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Insurance commissioner
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An insurance commissioner (or commissioner of insurance) is a public official in the executive branch of a state or territory in the United States who, along with his or her office, regulate the insurance industry. The powers granted to the office of an insurance commissioner differ in each state. The office of an insurance commissioner is established either by the state constitution or by statute. While most insurance commissioners are appointed, in some jurisdictions they are elected.[1] The office of the insurance commissioner may be part of a larger regulatory agency, or an autonomous department.
Insurance law and regulation is established individually by each state. In order to better coordinate insurance regulation among the states and territories, insurance commissioners are members of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC).[2]
Duties and powers of insurance commissioners[edit]
The purpose of insurance commissioners is to maintain fair pricing for insurance products, protecting the solvency of insurance companies, preventing unfair practices by insurance companies, and ensuring availability of insurance coverage.[3] In order to accomplish these goals, each state grants several powers to insurance commissioners and their offices, including:[4]
Approval of insurance rates
Periodical financial examinations of insurers
Licensing of companies, agencies, agents, and brokers
Monitoring and regulating claims handling
List of current insurance commissioners[edit]
As of April 18. 2017, the various insurance commissioners are:[5]
State/territory
Name
Title
Name of Office
Elected/Appointed
Alabama Jim L. Ridling Commissioner Alabama Department of Insurance Appointed
Alaska Lori K. Wing-Heier Director Alaska Division of Insurance Appointed
American Samoa Peter Fuimaono Commissioner Office of the Governor Appointed
Arizona Leslie Hess Interim Director Arizona Department of Insurance Appointed
Arkansas Allen W. Kerr Commissioner Arkansas Insurance Department Appointed
California Dave Jones Commissioner California Department of Insurance Elected
Colorado Marguerite Salazar Commissioner Colorado Division of Insurance Appointed
Connecticut Katharine L. Wade Commissioner Connecticut Insurance Department Appointed
Delaware Trinidad Navarro Commissioner Delaware Department of Insurance Elected
District of Columbia Stephen C. Taylor Commissioner District of Columbia Department of Insurance, Securities, and Banking Appointed
Florida David Altmaier Commissioner Florida Office of Insurance Regulation Appointed
Georgia Ralph Hudgens Commissioner Office of Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner Elected
Guam Artemio B. Ilagan Commissioner Guam Department of Revenue and Taxation Appointed
Hawaii Gordon I. Ito Commissioner Hawaii Insurance Division Appointed
Idaho Dean Cameron Director Idaho Department of Insurance Appointed
Illinois Jennifer Hammer Director Illinois Department of Insurance Appointed
Indiana Stephen W. Robertson Commissioner Indiana Department of Insurance Appointed
Iowa Doug Ommen Commissioner Iowa Insurance Division Appointed
Kansas Ken Selzer Commissioner Kansas Insurance Department Elected
Kentucky Bryan Maynard Commissioner Kentucky Department of Insurance Appointed
Louisiana James J. Donelon Commissioner Louisiana Department of Insurance Elected
Maine Eric A. Cioppa Superintendent Maine Bureau of Insurance Appointed
Maryland Al Redmer Jr. Commissioner Maryland Insurance Administration Appointed
Massachusetts Gary D. Anderson Acting Commissioner Massachusetts Division of Insurance Appointed
Michigan Patrick M. Mcpharlin Director Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services Appointed
Minnesota Mike Rothman Commissioner Minnesota Department of Commerce Appointed
Mississippi Mike Chaney Commissioner Mississippi Insurance Department Elected
Missouri Chlora Lindley-Myers Acting Director Missouri Department of Insurance, Financial Institutions and Professional Registration Appointed
Montana Matthew Rosendale Commissioner Montana Office of the Commissioner of Securities and Insurance Elected
Nebraska Bruce R. Ramge Director Nebraska Department of Insurance Appointed
Nevada Barbara D. Richardson Commissioner Nevada Division of Insurance Appointed
New Hampshire Roger A. Sevigny Commissioner New Hampshire Insurance Department Appointed
New Jersey Richard J. Badolato Commissioner New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance Appointed
New Mexico John G. Franchini Superintendent New Mexico Office of Superintendent of Insurance Appointed
New York Maria T. Vullo Superintendent New York State Department of Financial Services Appointed
North Carolina Mike Causey Commissioner North Carolina Department of Insurance Elected
North Dakota John Godfread Commissioner North Dakota Insurance Department Elected
Northern Mariana Islands Mark O. Rabauliman Secretary of Commerce Office of the Insurance Commissioner Appointed
Ohio Jillian Froment Director Ohio Department of Insurance Appointed
Oklahoma John D. Doak Commissioner Oklahoma Insurance Department Elected
Oregon Laura Cali Robison Commissioner Oregon Insurance Division Appointed
Pennsylvania Teresa Miller Commissioner Pennsylvania Insurance Department Appointed
Puerto Rico Javier Rivera Rios Commissioner Office of the Commissioner of Insurance Appointed
Rhode Island Elizabeth Kelleher Dwyer Superintendent Rhode Island Division of Insurance Appointed
South Carolina Raymond G. Farmer Director South Carolina Department of Insurance Appointed
South Dakota Larry Deiter Director South Dakota Division of Insurance Appointed
Tennessee Julie Mix McPeak Commissioner Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance Appointed
Texas David Mattax Commissioner Texas Department of Insurance Appointed
Utah Todd E. Kiser Commissioner Utah Insurance Department Appointed
U.S. Virgin Islands Osbert Potter Lt. Governor/ Commissioner Division of Banking and Insurance Elected
Vermont Michael S. Pieciak Commissioner Vermont Department of Financial Regulation Appointed
Virginia Jacqueline K. Cunningham Commissioner Virginia Bureau of Insurance Appointed
Washington Mike Kreidler Commissioner Washington Office of the Insurance Commissioner Elected
West Virginia Allan L.McVey Commissioner West Virginia Offices of the Insurance Commissioner Appointed
Wisconsin Ted Nickel Commissioner Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of Insurance Appointed
Wyoming Tom Glause Commissioner Wyoming Insurance Department Appointed
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State Commissioners - 2014" (PDF). naic.org. NAIC. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "About the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC)". www.naic.org. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
Jump up ^ Kimball, Spencer (1961). "The Purpose of Insurance Regulation: A Preliminary Inquiry in the Theory of Insurance Law". heinonline.org. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
Jump up ^ Randall, Susan (1999). "Insurance Regulation in the United States: Regulatory Federalism and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners" (PDF). FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW.
Jump up ^ "National Association of Insurance Commissioners Membership List" (PDF). www.naic.org. NAIC. April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
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Pig (zodiac)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Chinese paper cutting
The Pig (豬) is the twelfth of the Earthly Branches (亥). In the continuous sexagenary cycle, every twelfth year corresponds to Hai, and is commonly called the "Year of the Pig" (豬年). There are five types of Pigs, named after the Chinese elements. In order, they are: Metal, Water, Wood, Fire, and Earth.
In the Japanese zodiac and the Tibetan zodiac, the Pig is replaced by the boar, which is technically a Pig.[1] In the Dai zodiac, the Pig is replaced by the elephant.[2] In the Gurung zodiac, the Pig is replaced by the deer, which has no close relation.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Pig in the Chinese zodiac legend
2 Years and the Five Elements
2.1 The Pig and the Elements
2.2 The Years of the Pig
3 The month and hour of the Pig
3.1 Month of the Pig
3.2 Hour of the Pig
4 Relationship with other zodiacs
5 Chinese zodiac Pig
6 Basic astrology elements
7 Cultural notes
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Pig in the Chinese zodiac legend[edit]
According to the myths, the Pig was the last to arrive when the Jade Emperor called for the great meeting. Other sources said that Buddha called for a great meeting when he was about to leave the Earth. The Pig came in last.
Legend has it that just as the emperor was about to call it a day, an oink and squeal was heard from a little Pig. The term "lazy Pig" is due here as the Pig got hungry during the race, promptly stopped for a feast then fell asleep. After the nap, the Pig continued the race and was named the 12th and last animal of the zodiac cycle.[4]
Other sources say that given his very stout form, he was just too slow a swimmer, and thus he could not do anything against the other animals.
Years and the Five Elements[edit]
The view of the Pig along the Coastal City of Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.
The Pig and the Elements[edit]
The natural element of the Pig is Water. Thus it is commonly associated with emotions and intuitions. Yet, given that along with the elements (also called the Celestial stem), the animal zodiac (called the Earthly stem) also follows a cycle, each of the elements affect the characteristic of the same Earthly stem.
However, the Pig is yin, and thus only the negative aspects of the elements can be attached to them, thus only 5 kinds of Pigs are found in the zodiac. They are the following:
乙亥 (yǐhài) - The Wood Pig
丁亥 (dīnghài) - The Fire Pig
己亥 (jǐhài) - The Earth Pig
辛亥 (xīnhài) - The Metal Pig
癸亥 (guǐhài) - The Water Pig
The Years of the Pig[edit]
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Pig", while also bearing the following elemental sign:[5]
Since the Chinese zodiac follows the Lunar calendar, it does not coincide with the Gregorian calendar years or months. Thus, a person born on February 9, 1899 still belongs to the preceding zodiac (i.e. the Dog) while those born on January 31, 1900 already belongs to the following zodiac (i.e. the Rat).[6]
Start date
End date
Heavenly Branch
4 February 1935 23 January 1936 Wood Pig
22 January 1947 9 February 1948 Fire Pig
8 February 1959 27 January 1960 Earth Pig
27 January 1971 14 February 1972 Metal Pig
13 February 1983 1 February 1984 Water Pig
31 January 1995 18 February 1996 Wood Pig
18 February 2007 6 February 2008 Fire Pig
5 February 2019 24 January 2020 Earth Pig
23 January 2031 10 February 2032 Metal Pig
10 February 2043 29 January 2044 Water Pig
The month and hour of the Pig[edit]
Month of the Pig[edit]
Aside from being assigned a year, the Pig is also assigned to govern a month in the Lunar calendar. As the lunar month cycle begins in spring, the Pig is assigned to the 10th month, usually the time when winter begins. This lunar month corresponds to the Gregorian calendar as beginning from November 7, and ending at December 6.
The first half of the month is called 立冬 (or in pinyin: Lìdōng). Literally, it means the "Start of Winter". It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 225° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 240°. It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 225°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around November 7, and ends around November 22.
The second half of the month is called 小雪 (or in pinyin: Xiǎoxuě). Literally, the time of the "Little Snow". It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 240° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 255°. It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 240°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around November 22, and ends around December 7.
A person born in any year is said to inherit some attributes of the Pig if they are born during these months. Thus, in order to complete the astrological reading, it is important to know this month as well.
Hour of the Pig[edit]
Given that the day is composed of 24 hours, each sign is given to the different signs of the zodiac. The Pig was assigned to govern the time between 21:00 hrs to 22:59 hrs. According to tradition, this is the time when the Pig is doing what it does best (sleeping and enjoying the sweet life).
In terms of astrology, the hours in which the person is born (technically termed as the Ascendant) is the second most important facet of their astrology. Thus, this alters greatly the characteristics of a person. Even if a person was born in a year governed by another animal (for example someone born on December 20, 2000, i.e. Year of the Dragon) will display strong characteristics of the Pig as well. Thus, they may be fierce and strong like the Dragon, but at the same time emotional and intuitive like the Pig.
Relationship with other zodiacs[edit]
The Pig belongs to the fourth Trine of the Chinese zodiac, along with the Rabbit, and the Goat. It is said that the relationship between these three archetypes work best as they strive for aestheticism, beauty, and a more philosophical, and intellectual approach in life. Their calm nature gives them great leadership abilities.
They are artistic, refined, intuitive, intelligent, and well-mannered. These souls love the preliminaries in love, and are fine artists in their lovemaking. The Rabbit, Goat, and Pig have been bestowed with calmer natures than the other nine signs.
These three are compassionately aware, yet detached and resigned to their condition. They seek beauty and a sensitive love. They are caring, unique, self-sacrificing, obliging, sensible, creative, empathetic, tactful, and prudent. They can also be naive, pedantic, insecure, cunning, indecisive, and pessimistic.
The Snake, is said to be the most incompatible with the Pig as the jovial character of the Pig is very opposite from that of the reserved and contemplative Snake.
Chinese zodiac Pig[edit]
Sign Best Match Average No Match
Pig Pig, Rabbit, Goat Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Rooster, Ox Snake
Basic astrology elements[edit]
Earthly Branches of Birth Year: Hai
The Five Elements: Water
Yin Yang: Yin
Lunar Month: Tenth
Lucky Numbers: 2, 5, 6, 8; Avoid: 3, 4, 9
Lucky Flowers: Lily of each and every species
Lucky Colors: yellow; Avoid: red, blue
Season: Winter
Cultural notes[edit]
Some Chinese Muslims will say that they were born in the year of the hai 亥 to avoid saying Pig.[7]
See also[edit]
Pig
Burmese zodiac
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ricardobaddouh (2014-01-28). "Tibetan Astrology – Table of Year-Animal-Element". Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Chinese Zodiac". Warrior Tours. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Tamu (Gurung) Losar Festival". ECS Nepal. 2010-07-11. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ Audrey Lim (2003-03-03). "Legend of the Chinese Zodiac". ThingsAsian. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ Hesse, Annie. "Chinese Astrology: Introduction". Retrieved 17 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chinese Zodiac - Pig (Boar)". Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ Gillette, Maris Boyd (2002). Between Mecca And Beijing. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p 124. Google Book Search.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pig (zodiac).
Further reading[edit]
Neil Somerville (2006). Your Chinese Horoscope 2007: What the Year of the Pig Holds for You. HarperCollins. p. 384. ISBN 9780007211326.
Neil Somerville (2012). The Pig in 2013: Your Chinese Horoscope. HarperCollins. p. 80. ISBN 9780007478651.
Neil Somerville (2013). The Pig in 2014: Your Chinese Horoscope. HarperCollins. p. 320. ISBN 9780007537044.
Neil Somerville (2015). The Pig in 2016: Your Chinese Horoscope. HarperCollins. p. 320. ISBN 9780008138189.
Neil Somerville (2016). The Pig in 2017: Your Chinese Horoscope. HarperCollins. p. 52. ISBN 9780008205515.
[hide]
v
t
e
Chinese zodiac
Rat
Ox
Tiger
Rabbit
Dragon
Snake
Horse
Goat
Monkey
Rooster
Dog
Pig
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pig_(zodiac)&oldid=838400142"
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Leviathan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the biblical creature. For other uses, see Leviathan (disambiguation).
The Destruction of Leviathan by Gustave Doré (1865)
Leviathan (/lɪˈvaɪ.əθən/; Hebrew: לִוְיָתָן, Modern Livyatan Tiberian Liwyāṯān) is a sea monster referenced in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Job, Psalms, and Isaiah.
The Leviathan of the Book of Job is a reflection of the older Canaanite Lotan, a primeval monster defeated by the god Hadad. Parallels to the role of Mesopotamian Tiamat defeated by Marduk have long been drawn in comparative mythology, as have been wider comparisons to dragon and world serpent narratives such as Indra slaying Vrtra or Thor slaying Jörmungandr,[1] but Leviathan already figures in the Hebrew Bible as a metaphor for a powerful enemy, notably Babylon (Isaiah 27:1), and some scholars have pragmatically interpreted it as referring to large aquatic creatures, such as the crocodile.[2] The word later came to be used as a term for "great whale" as well as of sea monsters in general.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and origins
2 Hebrew Bible
3 Judaism
4 Christianity
5 Modern reception
5.1 Satanic Bible
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Etymology and origins[edit]
See also: Lotan, Tannin (monster), Tiamat, Tehom, and Chaoskampf
The name לִוְיָתָן is a derivation from the root לוה lvh "to twine; to join", with an adjectival suffix ן-, with a literal meaning of "wreathed, twisted in folds".[2] Both the name and the mythological figure are a direct continuation of the Ugaritic sea monster Lôtān, one of the servants of the sea god Yammu defeated by Hadad in the Baal Cycle.[3][4] The Ugaritic account has gaps, making it unclear whether some phrases describe him or other monsters at Yammu's disposal such as Tunannu (the Biblical Tannin).[5] Most scholars agree on describing Lôtān as "the fugitive serpent" (bṯn brḥ)[4] but he may or may not be "the wriggling serpent" (bṯn ʿqltn) or "the mighty one with seven heads" (šlyṭ d.šbʿt rašm).[6] His role seems to have been prefigured by the earlier serpent Têmtum whose death at the hands Hadad is depicted in Syrian seals of the 18th–16th century BCE.[6]
Sea serpents feature prominently in the mythology of the Ancient Near East.[7] They are attested by the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumerian iconography depicting the god Ninurta overcoming a seven-headed serpent. It was common for Near Eastern religions to include a Chaoskampf: a cosmic battle between a sea monster representing the forces of chaos and a creator god or culture hero who imposes order by force.[8] The Babylonian creation myth describes Marduk's defeat of the serpent goddess Tiamat, whose body was used to create the heavens and the earth.[9]
Hebrew Bible[edit]
The Leviathan is mentioned six times in the Tanakh, in Job 3:8, Job 40:15–41:26, Amos 9:3, Psalm 74:13–23, Psalm 104:26 and Isaiah 27:1.
Job 41:1–34 is dedicated to describing him in detail: "Behold, the hope of him is in vain; shall not one be cast down even at the sight of him?"[10] In Psalm 74, God is said to "break the heads of Leviathan in pieces" before giving his flesh to the people of the wilderness. In Psalm 104, God is praised for having made all things, including Leviathan, and in Isaiah 27:1, he is called the "tortuous serpent" who will be killed at the end of time.[7]
The mention of the Tannins in the Genesis creation narrative[11] (translated as "great whales" in the King James Version)[12] and Leviathan in the Psalm[13] do not describe them as harmful but as ocean creatures who are part of God's creation. The element of competition between God and the sea monster and the use of Leviathan to describe the powerful enemies of Israel[14] may reflect the influence of the Mesopotamian and Canaanite legends or the contest in Egyptian mythology between the Apep snake and the sun god Horus. Alternatively, the removal of such competition may have reflected an attempt to naturalize Leviathan in a process that demoted it from deity to demon to monster.[8][15]
Judaism[edit]
Leviathan the sea-monster, with Behemoth the land-monster and Ziz the air-monster. "And on that day were two monsters parted, a female monster named Leviathan, to dwell in the abysses of the ocean over the fountains of the waters. But the male is named Behemoth, who occupied with his breast a waste wilderness named Duidain." (1 Enoch 60:7–8)
Later Jewish sources describe Leviathan as a dragon who lives over the Sources of the Deep and who, along with the male land-monster Behemoth, will be served up to the righteous at the end of time. The Book of Enoch (60:7–9) describes Leviathan as a female monster dwelling in the watery abyss (as Tiamat), while Behemoth is a male monster living in the desert of Dunaydin ("east of Eden").[7]
When the Jewish midrash (explanations of the Tanakh) were being composed, it was held that God originally produced a male and a female leviathan, but lest in multiplying the species should destroy the world, he slew the female, reserving her flesh for the banquet that will be given to the righteous on the advent of the Messiah[16]
Rashi's commentary on Genesis 1:21 repeats the tradition:
"Leviathan" (1983) a painting by Michael Sgan-Cohen, the Israel Museum Collection, Jerusalem
the...sea monsters: The great fish in the sea, and in the words of the Aggadah (B.B. 74b), this refers to the Leviathan and its mate, for He created them male and female, and He slew the female and salted her away for the righteous in the future, for if they would propagate, the world could not exist because of them. הַתַּנִינִם is written. [I.e., the final “yud,” which denotes the plural, is missing, hence the implication that the Leviathan did not remain two, but that its number was reduced to one.] – [from Gen. Rabbah 7:4, Midrash Chaseroth V’Yetheroth, Batei Midrashoth, vol 2, p. 225].[17]
In the Talmud Baba Bathra 75a it is told that the Leviathan will be slain and its flesh served as a feast to the righteous in [the] Time to Come, and its skin used to cover the tent where the banquet will take place. The festival of Sukkot (Festival of Booths) therefore concludes with a prayer recited upon leaving the sukkah (booth): "May it be your will, Lord our God and God of our forefathers, that just as I have fulfilled and dwelt in this sukkah, so may I merit in the coming year to dwell in the sukkah of the skin of Leviathan. Next year in Jerusalem."[18]
The enormous size of the Leviathan is described by Johanan bar Nappaha, from whom proceeded nearly all the aggadot concerning this monster: "Once we went in a ship and saw a fish which put his head out of the water. He had horns upon which was written: 'I am one of the meanest creatures that inhabit the sea. I am three hundred miles in length, and enter this day into the jaws of the Leviathan'".[19]
When the Leviathan is hungry, reports Rabbi Dimi in the name of Rabbi Johanan, he sends forth from his mouth a heat so great as to make all the waters of the deep boil, and if he would put his head into Paradise no living creature could endure the odor of him.[19] His abode is the Mediterranean Sea; and the waters of the Jordan fall into his mouth.[20]
In a legend recorded in the Midrash called Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer it is stated that the fish which swallowed Jonah narrowly avoided being eaten by the Leviathan, which eats one whale each day.
The body of the Leviathan, especially his eyes, possesses great illuminating power. This was the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer, who, in the course of a voyage in company with Rabbi Joshua, explained to the latter, when frightened by the sudden appearance of a brilliant light, that it probably proceeded from the eyes of the Leviathan. He referred his companion to the words of Job xli. 18: "By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning" (B. B. l.c.). However, in spite of his supernatural strength, the leviathan is afraid of a small worm called "kilbit", which clings to the gills of large fish and kills them (Shab. 77b).[21]
In the eleventh century piyyut (religious poem), Akdamut, recited on Shavuot (Pentecost), it is envisioned that, ultimately, God will slaughter the Leviathan, which is described as having "mighty fins" (and, therefore, a kosher fish, not an inedible snake or crocodile), and it will be served as a sumptuous banquet for all the righteous in Heaven.
Christianity[edit]
Leviathan in the fresco The Last Judgment; painted by Giacomo Rossignolo, c. 1555
Leviathan can also be used as an image of Satan, endangering both God's creatures—by attempting to eat them—and God's creation—by threatening it with upheaval in the waters of Chaos.[22] St. Thomas Aquinas described Leviathan as the demon of envy, first in punishing the corresponding sinners (Secunda Secundae Question 36). Peter Binsfeld likewise classified Leviathan as the demon of envy, as one of the seven Princes of Hell corresponding to the seven deadly sins. Leviathan became associated with, and may originally have referred to, the visual motif of the Hellmouth, a monstrous animal into whose mouth the damned disappear at the Last Judgement, found in Anglo-Saxon art from about 800, and later all over Europe.[23][24]
The Revised Standard Version of the Bible[25] suggests in a footnote to Job 41:1 that Leviathan may be a name for the crocodile, and in a footnote to Job 40:15, that Behemoth may be a name for the hippopotamus. Young Earth Creationists have also identified Leviathan and Behemoth with dinosaurs.[26]
Modern reception[edit]
The word Leviathan has come to refer to any sea monster, and from the early 17th century has also been used of overwhelmingly powerful people or things (comparable to Behemoth or Juggernaut), influentially so by Hobbes' book (1651).
As a term for sea monster, it has also been used of great whales in particular, e.g. in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. In Modern Hebrew, the word now simply means "whale".
Lord Tennyson wrote a sonnet, "The Kraken" (1830), which describes the massive creature that dwells at the bottom of the sea.[27]
Below the thunders of the upper deep;
Far far beneath in the abysmal sea,
His ancient, dreamless, uninvaded sleep
The Kraken sleepeth: faintest sunlights flee
About his shadowy sides; above him swell
Huge sponges of millennial growth and height;
And far away into the sickly light,
From many a wondrous grot and secret cell
Unnumber'd and enormous polypi
Winnow with giant arms the slumbering green.
There hath he lain for ages, and will lie
Battening upon huge seaworms in his sleep,
Until the latter fire shall heat the deep;
Then once by man and angels to be seen,
In roaring he shall rise and on the surface die.
Satanic Bible[edit]
Anton Szandor LaVey in his Satanic Bible (1969) has Leviathan representing the element of Water and the direction of west, listing it as one of the Four Crown Princes of Hell. This association was inspired by the demonic hierarchy from The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage. The Church of Satan uses the Hebrew letters at each of the points of the Sigil of Baphomet to represent Leviathan. Starting from the lowest point of the pentagram, and reading counter-clockwise, the word reads "לִוְיָתָן". Transliterated, this is (LVIThN) Leviathan.[28]
See also[edit]
Adamastor
Aspidochelone
Bakunawa
Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
Christian demons in popular culture
Kraken
Lernaean Hydra
Leviathan in popular culture
Lilith
Ouroboros
Rahab (Egypt)
Shesha
Tarasque
Ziz
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Leviathan". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company.
Jump up ^ Cirlot, Juan Eduardo (1971). A Dictionary of Symbols (2nd ed.). Dorset Press. p. 186.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilhelm Gesenius, Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (trans.) Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon to the Old Testament (1879).
Jump up ^ Uehlinger (1999), p. 514.
^ Jump up to: a b Herrmann (1999), p. 133.
Jump up ^ Heider (1999).
^ Jump up to: a b Uehlinger (1999), p. 512.
^ Jump up to: a b c K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, eds. (1999). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 512–14. Retrieved 13 July 2012. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Hermann Gunkel, Heinrich Zimmern; K. William Whitney Jr., trans., Creation And Chaos in the Primeval Era And the Eschaton: A Religio-historical Study of Genesis 1 and Revelation 12. (Grand Rapids: MI: Erdmans, 1895, 1921, 2006).
Jump up ^ Enuma Elish, Tablet IV, lines 104–105, 137–138, 144 from Alexander Heidel (1963) [1942], Babylonian Genesis, 41–42.
Jump up ^ Jewish Publication Society translation (1917).
Jump up ^ Gen. 1:21.
Jump up ^ Gen. 1:21 (KJV).
Jump up ^ Ps. 104.
Jump up ^ For example, in Isaiah 27:1.
Jump up ^ Watson, R.S. (2005). Chaos Uncreated: A Reassessment of the Theme of "chaos" in the Hebrew Bible. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110179938, ISBN 9783110179934
Jump up ^ Baba Bathra 74b
Jump up ^ Chabad. "Rashi's Commentary on Genesis". Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Finkel, Avraham (1993). The Essence of the Holy Days: Insights from the Jewish Sages. Northvale, N.J.: J. Aronson. p. 99. ISBN 0-87668-524-6. OCLC 27935834.
^ Jump up to: a b Baba Bathra 75a
Jump up ^ Bekorot 55b; Baba Bathra 75a
Jump up ^ Hirsch, Emil G.; Kaufmann Kohler; Solomon Schechter; Isaac Broydé. "Leviathan and Behemoth". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Labriola, Albert C. (1982). "The Medieval View of History in Paradise Lost". In Mulryan, John. Milton and the Middle Ages. Bucknell University Press. pp. 115–34. ISBN 978-0-8387-5036-0. p. 127.
Jump up ^ Link, Luther (1995). The Devil: A Mask Without a Face. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 75–6. ISBN 0-948462-67-1.
Jump up ^ Hofmann, Petra (2008). Infernal Imagery in Anglo-Saxon Charters (PDF) (Thesis). St Andrews. pp. 143–44.
Jump up ^ The Holy Bible Revised Standared Version. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1959. pp. 555–56
Jump up ^ "Genesis Park, Room 1: The Dinosaurs". Genesispark.com. Retrieved 13 July 2012. Taylor, Paul S. (13 February 2008). "Were Dinosaurs alive after Babel?". Answersingenesis.org. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ ""The Kraken" (1830)". www.victorianweb.org. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
Jump up ^ "The History of the Origin of the Sigil of Baphomet and its Use in the Church of Satan". Church of Satan website. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
Bibliography[edit]
Heider, George C. (1999), "Tannîn", Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 834–836 .
Herrmann, Wolfgang (1999), "Baal", Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 132–139 .
Uehlinger, C. (1999), "Leviathan", Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 511–515 .
External links[edit]
Look up leviathan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
'Sea monster' whale fossil unearthed. Named Leviathan by scientists 30 June 2010.
Putting God on Trial – The Biblical Book of Job contains a major section on the literary use of Leviathan.
Job 41:1–41:34 (KJV)
The fossilised skull of a colossal "sea monster" has been unearthed along the UK's Jurassic Coast. 27 October 2009
'Sea monster' whale fossil unearthed 30 June 2010
Enuma Elish (Babylonian creation epic)
Philologos concordance page
Text of the Leviathan passage from Job 40 and 41
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