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Thai alphabet
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Thai
Type
Abugida
Languages
Standard form:
Thai, Southern Thai
Non standard form:
Lanna, Isan,
Pattani Malay, and others.
Creator
King Ramkhamhaeng the Great
Time period
1283–present
Parent systems
Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
Phoenician alphabet
Aramaic alphabet
Brāhmī
Pallava
Khmer
Thai
Direction
Left-to-right
ISO 15924
Thai, 352
Unicode alias
Thai
Unicode range
U+0E00–U+0E7F
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
History of the alphabet[show]
Egyptian hieroglyphs 32 c. BCE
Hieratic 32 c. BCE
Demotic 7 c. BCE
Meroitic 3 c. BCE
Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCE
Ugaritic 15 c. BCE
Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. BCE
Ge’ez 5–6 c. BCE
Phoenician 12 c. BCE
Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. BCE
Samaritan 6 c. BCE
Libyco-Berber 3 c. BCE
Tifinagh
Paleohispanic (semi-syllabic) 7 c. BCE
Aramaic 8 c. BCE
Kharoṣṭhī 4 c. BCE
Brāhmī 4 c. BCE
Brahmic family (see)
E.g. Tibetan 7 c. CE
Devanagari 13 c. CE
Canadian syllabics 1840
Hebrew 3 c. BCE
Pahlavi 3 c. BCE
Avestan 4 c. CE
Palmyrene 2 c. BCE
Syriac 2 c. BCE
Nabataean 2 c. BCE
Arabic 4 c. CE
N'Ko 1949 CE
Sogdian 2 c. BCE
Orkhon (old Turkic) 6 c. CE
Old Hungarian c. 650 CE
Old Uyghur
Mongolian 1204 CE
Mandaic 2 c. CE
Greek 8 c. BCE
Etruscan 8 c. BCE
Latin 7 c. BCE
Cherokee (syllabary; letter forms only) c. 1820 CE
Runic 2 c. CE
Ogham (origin uncertain) 4 c. CE
Coptic 3 c. CE
Gothic 3 c. CE
Armenian 405 CE
Georgian (origin uncertain) c. 430 CE
Glagolitic 862 CE
Cyrillic c. 940 CE
Old Permic 1372 CE
Hangul 1443 (probably influenced by Tibetan)
Thaana 18 c. CE (derived from Brahmi numerals)
v
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Thai alphabet (Thai: อักษรไทย; RTGS: akson thai; [ʔàksɔ̌ːn tʰāj] listen) is used to write the Thai, Southern Thai and other languages in Thailand. It has 44 consonant letters (Thai: พยัญชนะ, phayanchana), 15 vowel symbols (Thai: สระ, sara) that combine into at least 28 vowel forms, and four tone diacritics (Thai: วรรณยุกต์ or วรรณยุต, wannayuk or wannayut).
Although commonly referred to as the "Thai alphabet", the script is in fact not a true alphabet but an abugida, a writing system in which each consonant may invoke an inherent vowel sound. In the case of the Thai script this is an implied 'a' or 'o'. Consonants are written horizontally from left to right, with vowels arranged above, below, to the left, or to the right of the corresponding consonant, or in a combination of positions.
Thai has its own set of Thai numerals that are based on the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (Thai: เลขไทย, lek thai), but the standard western Hindu-Arabic numerals (Thai: เลขฮินดูอารบิก, lek hindu arabik) are also commonly used.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Orthography
2.1 Punctuation
3 Alphabet listing
3.1 Consonants
3.1.1 Alphabetic
3.1.2 Phonetic
3.2 Vowels
3.3 Tone
3.4 Diacritics
3.5 Numerals
4 Other symbols
5 Sanskrit and Pali
5.1 Plosives (วรรค vargaḥ)
5.2 Non-plosives (อวรรค avargaḥ)
5.2.1 Sibilants (เสียดแทรก)
5.2.2 Voiced h (มีหนักมีลม)
5.2.3 Voiced lla
5.3 Vowels (สระ)
5.4 Other symbols
5.4.1 Nikkhahit นิคหิต (anusvāra)
5.4.2 Pinthu พินทุ (virāma)
5.4.3 Yamakkan ยามักการ
5.4.4 Visarga
6 Unicode
7 Keyboard Layouts
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The Thai alphabet is derived from the Old Khmer script (Thai: อักษรขอม, akson khom), which is a southern Brahmic style of writing derived from the south Indian Pallava alphabet (Thai: ปัลลวะ).
Thai is considered to be the first script in the world which invented tone markers to indicate distinctive tones,[1] which are lacking in the Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic languages) and Indo-Aryan languages from which its script is derived. Although Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages have distinctive tones in their phonological system, no tone marker is found in their orthographies. Thus, tone markers are an innovation in the Thai language that later influenced other related Tai languages and some Tibeto-Burman languages on the Southeast Asian mainland.
Thai tradition attributes the creation of the script to King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (Thai: พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) in 1283, though this has been challenged.
Ramkhamhaeng inscription, the oldest inscription using proto-Thai script (Bangkok National Museum)
Orthography[edit]
There is a fairly complex relationship between spelling and sound. There are various issues:
For many consonant sounds, there are two different letters that both represent the same sound, but which cause a different tone to be associated. This stems from a major change (a tone split) that occurred historically in the phonology of the Thai language. At the time the Thai script was created, the language had three tones and a full set of contrasts between voiced and unvoiced consonants at the beginning of a syllable (e.g. b d g l m n vs. p t k hl hm hn). At a later time, the voicing distinction disappeared, but in the process, each of the three original tones split in two, with an originally voiced consonant (the modern "low" consonant signs) producing a lower-variant tone, and an originally unvoiced consonant (the modern "mid" and "high" consonant signs) producing a higher-variant tone.
Thai borrowed a large number of words from Sanskrit and Pali, and the Thai alphabet was created so that the original spelling of these words could be preserved as much as possible. This means that the Thai alphabet has a number of "duplicate" letters that represent separate sounds in Sanskrit and Pali (e.g. the breathy voiced sounds bh, dh, ḍh, jh, gh and the retroflex sounds ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ) but which never represented distinct sounds in the Thai language. These are mostly or exclusively used in Sanskrit and Pali borrowings.
The desire to preserve original Sanskrit and Pali spellings also produces a particularly large number of duplicate ways of spelling sounds at the end of a syllable (where Thai is strictly limited in the sounds that can occur but Sanskrit allowed all possibilities, especially once former final /a/ was deleted), as well as a number of silent letters. Moreover, many consonants from Sanskrit and Pali loanwords are generally silent. The spelling of the words resembles Sanskrit or Pali orthography:
Thai สามารถ (spelled sǎamaarth but pronounced sa-mat [sǎːmâːt] with a silent r and a plain t that is represented using an aspirated consonant) "to be able" (Sanskrit समर्थ samartha)
Thai จันทร์ (spelled chanthr but pronounced chan [tɕan] because the th and the r are silent) "moon" (Sanskrit चन्द्र chandra)
Thai letters do not have small and capital forms like the Roman alphabet. Spaces between words are not used, except in certain linguistically motivated cases.
Punctuation[edit]
Minor pauses in sentences may be marked by a comma (Thai: จุลภาค or ลูกน้ำ, chunlaphak or luk nam), and major pauses by a period (Thai: มหัพภาค or จุด, mahap phak or chut), but most often are marked by a blank space (Thai: วรรค, wak). A bird's eye ๏ (Thai: ตาไก่, ta kai, officially called ฟองมัน, fong man) formerly indicated paragraphs, but is now obsolete.
A kho mut ๛ (Thai: โคมูตร) can be used to mark the end of a chapter or document.
Thai writing also uses quotation marks (Thai: อัญประกาศ, anyaprakat) and parentheses (round brackets) (Thai: วงเล็บ, wong lep or Thai: นขลิขิต, nakha likhit), but not square brackets or braces.
Alphabet listing[edit]
Consonants[edit]
There are 44 consonant letters representing 21 distinct consonant sounds. Duplicate consonants either correspond to sounds that existed in Old Thai at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exist (in particular, voiced obstruents such as b d g v z), or different Sanskrit and Pali consonants pronounced identically in Thai. There are in addition four consonant-vowel combination characters not included in the tally of 44.
Consonants are divided into three classes — in alphabetic order these are middle (กลาง, klang,) high (สูง, sung,) and low (ต่ำ, tam) class — as shown in the table below. These class designations reflect phonetic qualities of the sounds to which the letters originally corresponded in Old Thai. In particular, "middle" sounds were voiceless unaspirated stops; "high" sounds, voiceless aspirated stops or voiceless fricatives; "low" sounds, voiced. Subsequent sound changes have obscured the phonetic nature of these classes.[nb 1] Today, the class of a consonant without a tone mark, along with the short or long length of the accompanying vowel, determine the base accent (พื้นเสียง, pheun siang.) Middle class consonants with a long vowel spell an additional four tones with one of four tone marks over the controlling consonant: mai ek, mai tho, mai tri, and mai chattawa. High and low class consonants are limited to mai ek and mai tho, as shown in the Tone table. Differing interpretations of the two marks or their absence allow low class consonants to spell tones not allowed for the corresponding high class consonant. In the case of digraphs where a low class follows a higher class consonant, the higher class rules apply, but the marker, if used, goes over the low class one; accordingly, ห นำ ho nam and อ นำ o nam may be considered to be digraphs as such, as explained below the Tone table.[nb 2]
Notes
Jump up ^ Modern Thai sounds /b/ and /d/ were formerly — and sometimes still are — pronounced /ʔb/ and /ʔd/. For this reason, they were treated as voiceless unaspirated, and hence placed in the "middle" class; this was also the reason they were unaffected by the changes that devoiced most originally voiced stops.
Jump up ^ Only low class consonants may have a base accent determined by the syllable being both long and dead.
To aid learning, each consonant is traditionally associated with an acrophonic Thai word that either starts with the same sound, or features it prominently. For example, the name of the letter ข is kho khai (ข ไข่), in which kho is the sound it represents, and khai (ไข่) is a word which starts with the same sound and means "egg".
Two of the consonants, ฃ (kho khuat) and ฅ (kho khon), are no longer used in written Thai, but still appear on many keyboards and in character sets. When the first Thai typewriter was developed by Edwin Hunter McFarland in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus two had to be left out.[2] Also, neither of these two letters correspond to a Sanskrit or Pali letter, and each of them, being a modified form of the letter that precedes it (compare ข and ค), has the same pronunciation and the same consonant class as the preceding letter (somewhat like the European long s). This makes them redundant. Set in 1890s Siam, a 2006 film titled in Thai: ฅนไฟบิน Flying Fire Person (in English: Dynamite Warrior), uses ฅ kho khon to spell ฅน Person. Compare entry for ฅ in table below, where person is spelled คน.[citation needed]
Equivalents for romanisation are shown in the table below. Many consonants are pronounced differently at the beginning and at the end of a syllable. The entries in columns initial and final indicate the pronunciation for that consonant in the corresponding positions in a syllable. Where the entry is '-', the consonant may not be used to close a syllable. Where a combination of consonants ends a written syllable, only the first is pronounced; possible closing consonant sounds are limited to 'k', 'm', 'n', 'ng', 'p' and 't'.
Although official standards for romanisation are the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) defined by the Royal Thai Institute, and the almost identical ISO 11940-2 defined by the International Organization for Standardization, many publications use different romanisation systems. In daily practice, a bewildering variety of romanisations are used, making it difficult to know how to pronounce a word, or to judge if two words (e.g. on a map and a street sign) are actually the same. For more precise information, an equivalent from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is given as well.
Alphabetic[edit]
Symbol
Name
RTGS
IPA
Class
Thai
RTGS
Meaning
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
ก ก ไก่ ko kai chicken k k [k] [k̚] mid
ข ข ไข่ kho khai egg kh k [kʰ] [k̚] high
ฃ ฃ ขวด kho khuat bottle (obsolete) kh k [kʰ] [k̚] high
ค ค ควาย kho khwai buffalo kh k [kʰ] [k̚] low
ฅ ฅ คน kho khon person (obsolete) kh k [kʰ] [k̚] low
ฆ ฆ ระฆัง kho ra-khang bell kh k [kʰ] [k̚] low
ง ง งู ngo ngu snake ng ng [ŋ] [ŋ] low
จ จ จาน cho chan plate ch t [tɕ] [t̚] mid
ฉ ฉ ฉิ่ง cho ching cymbals ch – [tɕʰ] – high
ช ช ช้าง cho chang elephant ch t [tɕʰ] [t̚] low
ซ ซ โซ่ so so chain s t [s] [t̚] low
ฌ ฌ เฌอ cho choe tree ch – [tɕʰ] – low
ญ[1] ญ หญิง yo ying woman y n [j] [n] low
ฎ ฎ ชฎา do cha-da headdress d t [d] [t̚] mid
ฏ ฏ ปฏัก to pa-tak goad, javelin t t [t] [t̚] mid
ฐ[2] ฐ ฐาน tho than pedestal th t [tʰ] [t̚] high
ฑ ฑ มณโฑ tho montho Montho, character from Ramayana th t [tʰ] [t̚] low
ฒ ฒ ผู้เฒ่า tho phu-thao elder th t [tʰ] [t̚] low
ณ ณ เณร no nen samanera n n [n] [n] low
ด ด เด็ก do dek child d t [d] [t̚] mid
ต ต เต่า to tao turtle t t [t] [t̚] mid
ถ ถ ถุง tho thung sack th t [tʰ] [t̚] high
ท ท ทหาร tho thahan soldier th t [tʰ] [t̚] low
ธ ธ ธง tho thong flag th t [tʰ] [t̚] low
น น หนู no nu mouse n n [n] [n] low
บ บ ใบไม้ bo baimai leaf b p [b] [p̚] mid
ป ป ปลา po pla fish p p [p] [p̚] mid
ผ ผ ผึ้ง pho phueng bee ph – [pʰ] – high
ฝ ฝ ฝา fo fa lid f – [f] – high
พ พ พาน pho phan phan ph p [pʰ] [p̚] low
ฟ ฟ ฟัน fo fan teeth f p [f] [p̚] low
ภ ภ สำเภา pho sam-phao Junk ph p [pʰ] [p̚] low
ม ม ม้า mo ma horse m m [m] [m] low
ย ย ยักษ์ yo yak giant, yaksha y –
or n[3] [j] –
or [n] low
ร ร เรือ ro ruea boat r n [r] [n] low
ล ล ลิง lo ling monkey l n [l] [n] low
ว ว แหวน wo waen ring w –[4] [w] – low
ศ ศ ศาลา so sala pavilion, sala s t [s] [t̚] high
ษ ษ ฤๅษี so rue-si hermit s t [s] [t̚] high
ส ส เสือ so suea tiger s t [s] [t̚] high
ห ห หีบ ho hip chest, box h – [h] – high
ฬ ฬ จุฬา lo chu-la kite l n [l] [n] low
อ อ อ่าง o ang basin –[5] – [ʔ] – mid
ฮ ฮ นกฮูก ho nok-huk owl h – [h] – low
Notes
^ The lower curves of the letter ญ are removed when certain letters are written below them, such as ญ + the mark nikkhahit (lower dot) = ญฺ, etc.
^ The lower curves of the letter ฐ are removed when certain letters are written below them, such as ฐ + the vowel mark ุ = ฐุ, etc.
^ When ย ends a syllable, it is usually part of the vowel. For example, mai (หมาย, [maːj˩˥]), muai (หมวย, [muaj˩˥]), roi (โรย, [roːj˧]), and thui (ทุย, [tʰuj˧]). There are some cases in which ย ends a syllable and is not part of the vowel (but serves as an independent ending consonant). An example is phinyo (ภิยโย, [pʰĩn˧.joː˧]).
^ When ว ends a syllable, it is always part of the vowel. For example, hio (หิว, [hiw˩˥]), kao (กาว, [kaːw˧]), klua (กลัว, [kluːa˧]), and reo (เร็ว, [rew˧]).
^ อ is a special case in that at the beginning of a word it is used as a silent initial for syllables that start with a vowel (all vowels are written relative to a consonant — see below). The same symbol is used as a vowel in non-initial position.
Phonetic[edit]
The consonants can be organised by place and manner of articulation according to principles of the International Phonetic Association. Thai distinguishes among three voice/aspiration patterns for plosive consonants:
unvoiced, unaspirated
unvoiced, aspirated
voiced, unaspirated
Where English has only a distinction between the voiced, unaspirated /b/ and the unvoiced, aspirated /pʰ/, Thai distinguishes a third sound which is neither voiced nor aspirated, which occurs in English only as an allophone of /p/, approximately the sound of the p in "spin". There is similarly an alveolar /t/, /tʰ/, /d/ triplet. In the velar series there is a /k/, /kʰ/ pair and in the postalveolar series the /tɕ/, /tɕʰ/ pair.
In each cell below, the first line indicates International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA),[3] the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). Note how the conventional alphabetic order shown in the table above follows roughly the table below, reading the coloured blocks from right to left and top to bottom.
Pronunciation of Thai characters in initial position
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Alveolar
Alveolo-
palatal
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
[m]
ม [n]
ณ,น [ŋ]
ง
Plosive
[p]
ป [pʰ]
ผ,พ,ภ [b]
บ [t]
ฏ,ต [tʰ]
ฐ,ฑ,ฒ,ถ,ท,ธ [d]
ฎ,ด [k]
ก [kʰ]
ข,ฃ,ค,ฅ,ฆ[6] [ʔ]
อ[7]
Affricate
[tɕ]
จ [tɕʰ]
ฉ, ช, ฌ
Fricative
[f]
ฝ,ฟ [s]
ซ,ศ,ษ,ส [h]
ห,ฮ
Trill
[r]
ร
Approximant
[w]
ว [j]
ญ,ย
Lateral
approximant
[l]
ล,ฬ
Notes
^ ฃ and ฅ are no longer used. Thus, modern Thai is said to have 42 consonants.
^ Initial อ is silent and therefore considered as glottal plosive.
Although the overall 44 Thai consonants provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. Note how the consonant sounds in the table for initials collapse in the table for final sounds. At the end of a syllable, all plosives are unvoiced, unaspirated, and have no audible release. Initial affricates and fricatives become final plosives. The initial trill (ร), approximant (ญ), and lateral approximants (ล,ฬ) are realized as a final nasal /n/.
Only 8 ending sounds, as well as no ending sound, are available in Thai pronunciation. Among these consonants, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) cannot be used as a final. The remaining 36 are grouped as following.
Pronunciation of Thai characters in final position
Bilabial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
[m]
ม [n]
ณ,น,ญ,ร,ล,ฬ [ŋ]
ง
Plosive
[p̚]
บ,ป,พ,ฟ,ภ [t̚]
จ,ช,ซ,ฌ,ฎ,ฏ,ฐ,ฑ,ฒ,
ด,ต,ถ,ท,ธ,ศ,ษ,ส [k̚]
ก,ข,ค,ฆ [ʔ][8]
Approximant
[w]
ว [j]
ย
Notes
^ The glottal plosive appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel.
Vowels[edit]
Thai vowel sounds and diphthongs are written using a mixture of vowel symbols on a consonant base. Each vowel is shown in its correct position relative to a base consonant and sometimes a final consonant as well. Note that vowels can go above, below, left of or right of the consonant, or combinations of these places. If a vowel has parts before and after the initial consonant, and the syllable starts with a consonant cluster, the split will go around the whole cluster.
Twenty-one vowel symbol elements are traditionally named, which may appear alone or in combination to form compound symbols.
Symbol
Name
Combinations
Thai
RTGS
ะ วิสรรชนีย์ Wisanchani (from Sanskrit visarjanīya) ◌ะ; ◌ัวะ; เ◌ะ; เ◌อะ; เ◌าะ; เ◌ียะ; เ◌ือะ; แ◌ะ; โ◌ะ
◌ั ไม้หันอากาศ Mai han a-kat ◌ั◌; ◌ัว; ◌ัวะ
◌็ ไม้ไต่คู้ Mai tai khu ◌็; ◌็อ◌; เ◌็◌; แ◌็◌
า ลากข้าง Lak khang ◌า; ◌า◌; ำ; เ◌า; เ◌าะ
◌ิ พินทุอิ Phinthu i ◌ิ; เ◌ิ◌; ◌ี; ◌ี◌; เ◌ีย; เ◌ียะ; ◌ื◌; ◌ือ; เ◌ือ; เ◌ือะ
◌̍ ฝนทอง Fon thong[9] ◌ี; ◌ี◌; เ◌ีย; เ◌ียะ
◌̎ ฟันหนู Fan nu[10] ◌ื◌; ◌ือ; เ◌ือ; เ◌ือะ
◌ํ นิคหิต Nikkhahit ◌ึ; ◌ึ◌; ◌ำ
◌ุ ตีนเหยียด Tin yiat ◌ุ; ◌ุ◌
◌ู ตีนคู้ Tin khu ◌ู; ◌ู◌
เ ไม้หน้า Mai na เ◌; เ◌◌; เ◌็◌; เ◌อ; เ◌อ◌; เ◌อะ; เ◌า; เ◌าะ; เ◌ิ◌; เ◌ีย; เ◌ีย◌; เ◌ียะ; เ◌ือ; เ◌ือ◌; เ◌ือะ; แ◌; แ◌◌; แ◌็◌; แ◌ะ
โ ไม้โอ Mai o โ◌; โ◌◌; โ◌ะ
ใ ไม้ม้วน Mai muan ใ◌
ไ ไม้มลาย Mai malai ไ◌
อ ตัว อ Tua o ◌อ; ◌็อ◌; ◌ือ; เ◌อ; เ◌อ◌; เ◌อะ; เ◌ือ; เ◌ือะ
ย ตัว ย Tua yo เ◌ีย; เ◌ีย◌; เ◌ียะ
ว ตัว ว Tua wo ◌ัว; ◌ัวะ
ฤ ตัว ฤ Tua rue ฤ
ฤๅ ตัว ฤๅ Tua rue ฤๅ
ฦ ตัว ฦ Tua lue ฦ
ฦๅ ตัว ฦๅ Tua lue ฦๅ
Notes
^ These symbols are always combined with phinthu i (◌ิ).
The inherent vowels are /a/ in open syllables (CV) and /o/ in closed syllables (CVC). For example, ถนน transcribes /tʰànǒn/ "road". There are a few exceptions in Pali loanwords, where the inherent vowel of an open syllable is /o/. The circumfix vowels, such as เ–าะ /ɔʔ/, encompass a preceding consonant with an inherent vowel. For example, /pʰɔʔ/ is written เพาะ, and /tɕʰapʰɔʔ/ "only" is written เฉพาะ.
The characters ฤ ฤๅ (plus ฦ ฦๅ, which are obsolete) are usually considered as vowels, the first being a short vowel sound, and the latter, long. As alphabetical entries, ฤ ฤๅ follow ร, and themselves can be read as a combination of consonant and vowel, equivalent to รึ (short), and รือ (long) (and the obsolete pair as ลึ, ลือ), respectively. Moreover, ฤ can act as ริ as an integral part in many words mostly borrowed from Sanskrit such as กฤษณะ (kritsana, not kruetsana), ฤทธิ์ (rit, not ruet), and กฤษดา (kritsada, not kruetsada), for example. It is also used to spell อังกฤษ angkrit England/English.
The pronunciation below is indicated by the International Phonetic Alphabet[3] and the Romanisation according to the Royal Thai Institute as well as several variant Romanisations often encountered. A very approximate equivalent is given for various regions of English speakers and surrounding areas. Dotted circles represent the positions of consonants or consonant clusters. The first one represents the initial consonant and the latter (if it exists) represents the final.
Ro han (ร หัน) is not usually considered a vowel and is not included in the following table. It represents the sara a /a/ vowel in certain Sanskrit loanwords and appears as ◌รร◌. When used without a final consonant (◌รร), /n/ is implied as the final consonant, giving [an].
Short vowels
Long vowels
Name
Symbol
IPA
RTGS
Variants
Similar Sound
(English RP pronunciation)
Name
Symbol
IPA
RTGS
Variants
Similar Sound
(English RP pronunciation)
Simple vowels
สระอะ Sara a ◌ะ
◌
◌ั◌ a a u u in "nut" สระอา Sara a ◌า
◌า◌ aː a ah, ar, aa a in "father"
สระอิ Sara i ◌ิ
◌ิ◌ i i y in "greedy" สระอี Sara i ◌ี
◌ี◌ iː i ee, ii, y ee in "see"
สระอึ Sara ue ◌ึ
◌ึ◌ ɯ ue eu, u, uh u in French "du" (short) สระอือ Sara ue ◌ือ
◌ื◌ ɯː ue eu, u u in French "dur" (long)
สระอุ Sara u ◌ุ
◌ุ◌ u u oo oo in "look" สระอู Sara u ◌ู
◌ู◌ uː u oo, uu oo in "too"
สระเอะ Sara e เ◌ะ
เ◌็◌ e e e in "neck" สระเอ Sara e เ◌
เ◌◌ eː e ay, a, ae, ai, ei a in "lame"
สระแอะ Sara ae แ◌ะ
แ◌็◌ ɛ ae aeh, a a in "at" สระแอ Sara ae แ◌
แ◌◌ ɛː ae a a in "ham"
สระโอะ Sara o โ◌ะ
◌◌ o o oa in "boat" สระโอ Sara o โ◌
โ◌◌ oː o or, oh, ô o in "go"
สระเอาะ Sara o เ◌าะ
◌็อ◌ ɔ o o, aw o in "not" สระออ Sara o ◌อ
◌อ◌
◌◌[11]
◌็[12] ɔː o or, aw aw in "saw"
สระเออะ Sara oe เ◌อะ ɤʔ oe eu e in "the" สระเออ Sara oe เ◌อ
เ◌ิ◌
เ◌อ◌[13] ɤː
ɤ oe er, eu, ur u in "burn"
Diphthongs
สระเอียะ Sara ia เ◌ียะ iaʔ ia iah, ear, ie ea in "ear" with glottal stop สระเอีย Sara ia เ◌ีย
เ◌ีย◌ ia ia ear, ere, ie ea in "ear"
สระเอือะ Sara uea เ◌ือะ ɯaʔ uea eua, ua ure in "pure" สระเอือ Sara uea เ◌ือ
เ◌ือ◌ ɯa uea eua, ua, ue ure in "pure"
สระอัวะ Sara ua ◌ัวะ uaʔ ua ewe in "sewer" สระอัว Sara ua ◌ัว
◌ว◌ ua ua uar ewe in "newer"
Phonetic diphthongs[14]
สระอิ + ว Sara i + wo waen ◌ิว iu; iw io ew ew in "new"
สระเอะ + ว Sara e + wo waen เ◌็ว eu; ew eo eu, ew สระเอ + ว Sara e + wo waen เ◌ว eːu; eːw eo eu, ew ai + ow in "rainbow"
สระแอ + ว Sara ae + wo waen แ◌ว ɛːu; ɛːw aeo aew, eo a in "ham" + ow in "low"
สระเอา Sara ao[15] เ◌า au; aw ao aw, au, ow ow in "cow" สระอา + ว Sara a + wo waen ◌าว aːu ao au ow in "now"
สระเอีย + ว Sara ia + wo waen เ◌ียว iau; iaw iao eaw, iew, iow io in "trio"
สระอะ + ย Sara a + yo yak ◌ัย ai; aj ai ay i in "hi" สระอา + ย Sara a + yo yak ◌าย aːi; aːj ai aai, aay, ay ye in "bye"
สระไอ Sara ai[16] ใ◌[17], ไ◌
ไ◌ย[18]
สระเอาะ + ย Sara o + yo yak ◌็อย ɔi; ɔj oi oy สระออ + ย Sara o + yo yak ◌อย ɔːi; ɔːj oi oy oy in "boy"
สระโอ + ย Sara o + yo yak โ◌ย oːi; oːj oi oy
สระอุ + ย Sara u + yo yak ◌ุย ui; uj ui uy
สระเออ + ย Sara oe + yo yak เ◌ย ɤːi; ɤːj oei oey u in "burn" + y in "boy"
สระอัว + ย Sara ua + yo yak ◌วย uai; uaj uai uay uoy in "buoy"
สระเอือ + ย Sara uea + yo yak เ◌ือย ɯai; ɯaj ueai uai
Extra vowels[19]
สระอำ Sara am ำ am am um um in "sum"
ฤ Rue ฤ rɯ
ri rue ru, ri rew in "grew", ry in "angry" ฤๅ Rue ฤๅ rɯː rue ruu
ฦ Lue ฦ lɯ lue lu, li lew in "blew" ฦๅ Lue ฦๅ lɯː lue lu
^ Only with ร (ro ruea) as final consonant, appearing as ◌ร [ɔːn].
^ Only with the word ก็ [kɔ̂ː].
^ Used only in certain words.
^ Mai malai (ไ◌) is used for the [ai] vowel in most words, while mai muan (ใ◌) is only used in twenty specific words.
^ ไ◌ย is found in ไทย Thai and in Pali loanwords which contain -eyya. The ย is redundant, but may be pronounced in a compound word when joined by samāsa.
^ Traditionally, these sets of diphthongs and triphthongs are regarded as combinations of regular vowels or diphthongs with wo waen (ว, /w/) or yo yak (ย, /j/) as the final consonant, and are not counted among the thirty-two vowels.
^ Extra vowels are not distinct vowel sounds, but are symbols that represent certain vowel-consonant combinations. They are traditionally regarded as vowels, although some sources do not.
^ Sara ai (ใ◌ and ไ◌)and sara ao (เ◌า) are also considered extra vowels.
Tone[edit]
Thai is a tonal language, and the script gives full information on the tones. Tones are realised in the vowels, but indicated in the script by a combination of the class of the initial consonant (high, mid or low), vowel length (long or short), closing consonant (plosive or sonorant, i.e., dead or live) and, if present, one of four tone marks, whose name derive from the name of the digits 1–4 borrowed from Pali or Sanskrit. The rules for denoting tones are shown in the following chart:
Tone type top to bottom: high, rising, mid, falling, low. Initial consonant class left to right: low (blue), middle (green), high (red). Syllable type: live (empty circle), dead (full circle), dead short (narrow ellipse), dead long (wide ellipse).
Symbol
Name
Syllable composition and initial consonant class
Thai
RTGS
Vowel and final
Low
Mid
High
(ไม่มี) (none) live
long vowel or vowel plus sonorant mid mid rising
(ไม่มี) (none) dead short
short vowel at end or plus plosive high low low
(ไม่มี) (none) dead long
long vowel plus plosive falling low low
่ ไม้เอก mai ek any falling low low
้ ไม้โท mai tho any high falling falling
๊ ไม้ตรี mai tri any - high -
๋ ไม้จัตวา mai chattawa any - rising -
Thai language tone chart
Flowchart for determining the tone of a Thai syllable. Click to enlarge
"None", that is, no tone marker, is used with the base accent (พื้นเสียง, pheun siang). Mai tri and mai chattawa are only used with mid-class consonants.
Two consonant characters (not diacritics) are used to modify the tone:
ห นำ ho nam, leading ho. A silent, high-class ห "leads" low-class nasal stops (ง, ญ, น and ม) and non-plosives (ว, ย, ร and ล), which have no corresponding high-class phonetic match, into the tone properties of a high-class consonant. In polysyllabic words, an initial mid- or high-class consonant with an implicit vowel similarly "leads" these same low-class consonants into the higher class tone rules, with the tone marker borne by the low-class consonant.
อ นำ o nam, leading o. In four words only, a silent, mid-class อ "leads" low-class ย into mid-class tone rules: อย่า (ya, don't) อยาก (yak, desire) อย่าง (yang, kind, sort, type) อยู่ (yu, stay). Note all four have long-vowel, low-tone siang ek, but อยาก, a dead syllable, needs no tone marker, but the three live syllables all take mai ek.
Low Consonant
High Consonant
IPA
ง หง [ŋ]
ญ หญ [j]
น หน [n]
ม หม [m]
ร หร [r]
ล หล [l]
ว หว [w]
Low Consonant
Middle Consonant
IPA
ย อย [j]
Exceptions where words are spelled with one tone but pronounced with another often occur in informal conversation (notably the pronouns ฉัน chan and เขา khao, which are both pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone indicated by the script). Generally, when such words are recited or read in public, they are pronounced as spelled.
Diacritics[edit]
Other diacritics are used to indicate short vowels and silent consonants:
Mai taikhu means "stick that climbs and squats". It is a miniature Thai numeral 8 ๘. Mai taikhu is often used with sara e (เ) and sara ae (แ) in closed syllables.
Thanthakhat means "killing as punishment". Compare virama.
Symbol
Name
Meaning
Thai
RTGS
็ ไม้ไต่คู้ mai taikhu shortens vowel
์ ทัณฑฆาต thanthakhat indicates silent letter
Fan nu means "rat teeth" and is thought as being placed in combination with short sara i and fong man to form other characters.
Symbol
Name
Use
Thai
RTGS
" ฟันหนู fan nu combined with short sara i (ิ) to make long sara ue (ื)
combined with fong man (๏) to make fong man fan nu (๏")
Numerals[edit]
Main article: Thai numerals
The Thai script contains decimal numerical digits.
Hindu-Arabic
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Thai
๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙
Other symbols[edit]
Symbol
Name
Meaning
Thai
RTGS
ฯ ไปยาลน้อย pai-yan noi marks formal phrase shortened by convention (abbreviation)
ฯลฯ ไปยาลใหญ่ pai-yan yai et cetera
ๆ ไม้ยมก mai ya-mok preceding word or phrase is reduplicated
๏ ฟองมัน, ตาไก่ fong man, ta kai previously marked beginning of a sentence, paragraph, or stanza (obsolete);[4] now only marks beginning of a stanza in a poem; now also used as bullet point[5]
๏" ฟองมันฟันหนู, ฟันหนูฟองมัน, ฝนทองฟองมัน fong man fan nu, fan nu fong man, fon tong fong man previously marked beginning of a chapter (obsolete)
๐" ฟองดัน fong dan
ฯ อังคั่นเดี่ยว, คั่นเดี่ยว, ขั้นเดี่ยว angkhan diao, khan diao, khan diao previously marked end of a sentence or stanza (obsolete)[4]
๚ อังคั่นคู่, คั่นคู่, ขั้นคู่ angkhan khu, khan khu, khan khu marks end of stanza; marks end of chapter[4] or long section[5]
ฯะ อังคั่นวิสรรชนีย์ angkhan wisanchani marks end of a stanza in a poem[5]
๚ะ
๛ โคมูตร, สูตรนารายณ์ khomut, sutnarai marks end of a chapter or document;[5] marks end of a story[4]
๚ะ๛ อังคั่นวิสรรชนีย์โคมูตร angkhan wisanchani khomut marks the very end of a written work
฿ บาท bat baht
Pai-yan noi and angkhan diao share the same character. Sara a (–ะ) used in combination with other characters is called wisanchani.
Some of the characters can mark the beginning or end of a sentence, chapter, or episode of a story or of a stanza in a poem. These have changed use over time and are becoming uncommon.
Sanskrit and Pali[edit]
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmic script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic[show]
Gupta script
Bhaiksuki alphabet
Tocharian alphabet
Khotanese
Śāradā script
Laṇḍā scripts
Gurmukhī alphabet
Khojki
Khudabadi script
Multani alphabet
Mahajani
Devāśeṣa
Takri alphabet
Dogra
Siddhaṃ script
Tibetan alphabet
'Phags-pa script
Pungs-chen
Pungs-chung
Marchen
Marchung
Horizontal square script
Soyombo alphabet
Lepcha alphabet
Limbu alphabet
Nāgarī script
Devanagari
Gujarati alphabet
Modi alphabet
Nandinagari
Kaithi
Sylheti Nagari
Kalinga alphabet
Odia alphabet
Gaudi
Assamese-Bengali
Tirhuta
Bhujinmol
Newar
Ranjana alphabet
Meithei script
Southern Brahmic[show]
Tamil-Brahmi
Vatteluttu alphabet
Kolezhuthu
Tamil script
Grantha alphabet
Malayalam script
Tigalari alphabet
Sinhala alphabet
Dhives Akuru
Thaana
Saurashtra alphabet
Khmer alphabet
Lao alphabet
Thai alphabet
Cham alphabet
Ahom alphabet
Kawi script
Balinese script
Javanese script
Baybayin
Batak script
Buhid alphabet
Hanunó'o alphabet
Tagbanwa alphabet
Sundanese script
Lontara script
Makasar
Rejang script
Old Mon script
Burmese script
S'gaw Karen alphabet
Chakma alphabet
Tai Tham alphabet
New Tai Lue alphabet
Tai Le alphabet
Tai Viet alphabet
Bhattiprolu alphabet
Kadamba alphabet
Kannada alphabet
Telugu script
Pyu script
v
t
e
The Thai script (like all Indic scripts) uses a number of modifications to write Sanskrit and related languages (in particular, Pali). Pali is very closely related to Sanskrit and is the liturgical language of Thai Buddhism. In Thailand, Pali is written and studied using a slightly modified Thai script. The main difference is that each consonant is followed by an implied short a (อะ), not the 'o', or 'ə' of Thai: this short a is never omitted in pronunciation, and if the vowel is not to be pronounced, then a specific symbol must be used, the pinthu อฺ (a solid dot under the consonant). This means that sara a (อะ) is never used when writing Pali, because it is always implied. For example, namo is written นะโม in Thai, but in Pali it is written as นโม, because the อะ is redundant. The Sanskrit word 'mantra' is written มนตร์ in Thai (and therefore pronounced mon), but is written มนฺตฺร in Sanskrit (and therefore pronounced mantra). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used.
This is an example of a Pali text written using the Thai Sanskrit orthography: อรหํ สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺโธ ภควา [arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bhagavā]. Written in modern Thai orthography, this becomes อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ ภะคะวา arahang sammasamphuttho phakhawa.
In Thailand, Sanskrit is read out using the Thai values for all the consonants (so ค is read as kha and not [ga]), which makes Thai spoken Sanskrit incomprehensible to sanskritists not trained in Thailand. The Sanskrit values are used in transliteration (without the diacritics), but these values are never actually used when Sanskrit is read out loud in Thailand. The vowels used in Thai are identical to Sanskrit, with the exception of ฤ, ฤๅ, ฦ, and ฦๅ, which are read using their Thai values, not their Sanskrit values. Sanskrit and Pali are not tonal languages, but in Thailand, the Thai tones are used when reading these languages out loud.
In the tables in this section, the Thai value (transliterated according to the Royal Thai system) of each letter is listed first, followed by the IAST value of each letter in square brackets. Remember that in Thailand, the IAST values are never used in pronunciation, but only sometimes in transcriptions (with the diacritics omitted). This disjoint between transcription and spoken value explains the romanisation for Sanskrit names in Thailand that many foreigners find confusing. For example, สุวรรณภูมิ is romanised as Suvarnabhumi, but pronounced su-wan-na-phum. ศรีนครินทร์ is romanised as Srinagarindra but pronounced si-nakha-rin.
Plosives (วรรค vargaḥ)[edit]
Plosives (also called stops) are listed in their traditional Sanskrit order, which corresponds to Thai alphabetical order from ก to ม with three exceptions: in Thai, high-class ข is followed by two obsolete characters with no Sanskrit equivalent, high-class ฃ and low-class ฅ; low-class ช is followed by sibilant ซ (low-class equivalent of high-class sibilant ส that follows ศ and ษ.) The table gives the Thai value first, and then the IAST value in square brackets.
class
unaspirated
unvoiced
aspirated
voiced
aspirated
voiced
nasal
velar ก kà [ka] ข khà [kha] ค khá [ga] ฆ khá [gha] ง ngá [ṅa]
palatal จ cà [ca] ฉ chà [cha] ช chá [ja] ฌ chá [jha] ญ yá [ña]
retroflex ฏ tà [ṭa] ฐ thà [ṭha] ฑ thá [ḍa] ฒ thá [ḍha] ณ ná [ṇa]
dental ต tà [ta] ถ thà [tha] ท thá [da] ธ thá [dha] น ná [na]
labial ป pà [pa] ผ phà [pha] พ phá [ba] ภ phá [bha] ม má [ma]
tone class M H L L L
None of the Sanskrit plosives are pronounced as the Thai voiced plosives, so these are not represented in the table. While letters are listed here according to their class in Sanskrit, Thai has lost the distinction between many of the consonants. So, while there is a clear distinction between ช and ฌ in Sanskrit, in Thai these two consonants are pronounced identically (including tone). Likewise, the Thai phonemes do not differentiate between the retroflex and dental classes, because Thai has no retroflex consonants. The equivalents of all the retroflex consonants are pronounced identically to their dental counterparts: thus ฏ is pronounced like ต, and ฐ is pronounced like ถ, and so forth.
The Sanskrit unaspirated unvoiced plosives are pronounced as unaspirated unvoiced, whereas Sanskrit aspirated voiced plosives are pronounced as aspirated unvoiced.
Non-plosives (อวรรค avargaḥ)[edit]
Semivowels and liquids (กิ่งสระ pha king sara branch vowels") come in Thai alphabetical order after ม, the last of the plosives. The term อวรรค awak means "without a break"; that is, without a plosive.
series
symbol
value
related vowels
palatal ย yá [ya] อิ and อี
retroflex ร rá [ra] ฤ and ฤๅ
dental ล lá [la] ฦ and ฦๅ
labial ว wá [va] อุ and อู
Sibilants (เสียดแทรก)[edit]
เสียดแทรก, pronounced เสียดแซก (siat saek), meaning inserted sound(s), follow the semi-vowel ว in alphabetical order.
series
symbol
value
palatal ศ sà [śa]
retroflex ษ sà [ṣa]
dental ส sà [sa]
Like Sanskrit, Thai has no voiced sibilant (so no 'z' or 'zh'). In modern Thai, the distinction between the three high-class consonants has been lost and all three are pronounced 'sà'; however, foreign words with an sh-sound may still be transcribed as if the Sanskrit values still hold (e.g., ang-grit อังกฤษ for English instead of อังกฤส).
ศ ศาลา (so sala) leads words, as in its example word, ศาลา. The digraph ศรี (Indic sri) is regularly pronounced สี (si), as in Sisaket Province, Thai: ศรีสะเกษ.
ษ ฤๅษี (so rue-si) may only lead syllables within a word, as in its example, ฤๅษี, or to end a syllable as in ศรีสะเกษ Sisaket and อังกฤษ Angkrit English.
ส เสือ (so suea) spells native Thai words that require a high-class /s/, as well as naturalized Pali/Sanskrit words, such as สารท (สาท) in Thetsakan Sat: เทศกาลสารท (เทด-สะ-กาน-สาท), formerly ศารท (สาท).
ซ โซ่ (so so), which follows the similar-appearing ช in Thai alphabetical order, spells words requiring a low-class /s/, as does ทร + vowel.
ทร, as in the heading of this section, เสียดแทรก (pronounced เสียดแซก siat saek), when accompanied by a vowel (implicit in ทรง (ซง song an element in forming words used with royalty); a semivowel in ทรวง (ซวง suang chest, heart); or explicit in ทราย (ซาย sai sand). Exceptions to ทร + vowel = /s/ are the prefix โทร- (equivalent to tele- far, pronounced โทระ to-ra), and phonetic re-spellings of English tr- (as in the phonetic respelling of trumpet: ทรัมเพ็ท.) ทร is otherwise pronounced as two syllables ทอระ-, as in ทรมาน (ทอระมาน to-ra-man to torment).
Voiced h (มีหนักมีลม)[edit]
symbol
value
ห hà [ha]
ห, a high-class consonant, comes next in alphabetical order, but its low-class equivalent, ฮ, follows similar-appearing อ as the last letter of the Thai alphabet. Like modern Hindi, the voicing has disappeared, and the letter is now pronounced like English 'h'. Like Sanskrit, this letter may only be used to start a syllable, but may not end it. (A popular beer is romanized as Singha, but in Thai is สิงห์, with a mai karan on the ห; correct pronunciation is "sing", but foreigners to Thailand typically say "sing-ha".)
Voiced lla[edit]
symbol
value
ฬ llá [la]
Vowels (สระ)[edit]
symbol
value
อะ a [a]
อา a [ā]
อิ i [i]
อี i [ī]
อุ u [u]
อู u [ū]
เอ e [e]
โอ o [o]
ฤ ru [ṛ]
ฤๅ ru [ṝ]
ฦ lu [ḷ]
ฦๅ lu [ḹ]
All consonants have an inherent 'a' sound, and therefore there is no need to use the ะ symbol when writing Sanskrit. The Thai vowels อื, ไอ, ใอ, and so forth, are not used in Sanskrit. The zero consonant, อ, is unique to the Indic alphabets descended from Khmer. When it occurs in Sanskrit, it is always the zero consonant and never the vowel o [ɔː]. Its use in Sanskrit is therefore to write vowels that cannot be otherwise written alone: e.g., อา or อี. When อ is written on its own, then it is a carrier for the implied vowel, a [a] (equivalent to อะ in Thai).
The vowels อำ and อึ occur in Sanskrit, but only as the combination of the pure vowels sara a อา or sara i อิ with nikkhahit อํ.
Other symbols[edit]
There are a number of additional symbols only used to write Sanskrit or Pali, and not used in writing Thai.
Nikkhahit นิคหิต (anusvāra)[edit]
Symbol
IAST
อํ ṃ
In Sanskrit, the anusvāra indicates a certain kind of nasal sound. In Thai this is written as an open circle above the consonant. Nasalisation does not occur in Thai, therefore, a nasal stop is always substituted: e.g. ตํ taṃ, is pronounced as ตัง tang by Thai sanskritists. If nikkhahit occurs before a consonant, then Thai uses a nasal stop of the same class: e.g. สํสฺกฺฤตา [saṃskṛta] is read as สันสกฤตา san-sa-krit-ta (The ส following the nikkhahit is a dental-class consonant, therefore the dental-class nasal stop น is used). For this reason, it has been suggested that in Thai, nikkhahit should be listed as a consonant.[4] Nikkhahit นิคหิต occurs as part of the Thai vowels sara am อำ and sara ue อึ.
Pinthu พินทุ (virāma)[edit]
อฺ
Because the Thai script is an abugida, a symbol (equivalent to virāma in devanagari) needs to be added to indicate that the implied vowel is not to be pronounced. This is the pinthu, which is a solid dot below the consonant.
Yamakkan ยามักการ[edit]
อ๎
Yamakkan is an obsolete symbol used to mark the beginning of consonant clusters: e.g. พ๎ราห๎มณ phramana [brāhmaṇa]. Without the yamakkan, this word would be pronounced pharahamana [barāhamaṇa] instead. This is a feature unique to the Thai script (other Indic scripts use a combination of ligatures, conjuncts or virāma to convey the same information). The symbol is obsolete because pinthu may be used to achieve the same effect: พฺราหฺมณ.
Visarga[edit]
The means of recording visarga (final voiceless 'h') in Thai has been lost.
Unicode[edit]
Main article: Thai (Unicode block)
Thai script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
The Unicode block for Thai is U+0E00–U+0E7F. It is a verbatim copy of the older TIS-620 character set which encodes the vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ and ไ before the consonants they follow, and thus Thai, Lao, and Tai Viet are the only Brahmic scripts in Unicode that use visual order instead of logical order.
Thai[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+0E0x ก ข ฃ ค ฅ ฆ ง จ ฉ ช ซ ฌ ญ ฎ ฏ
U+0E1x ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด ต ถ ท ธ น บ ป ผ ฝ พ ฟ
U+0E2x ภ ม ย ร ฤ ล ฦ ว ศ ษ ส ห ฬ อ ฮ ฯ
U+0E3x ะ ั า ำ ิ ี ึ ื ุ ู ฺ ฿
U+0E4x เ แ โ ใ ไ ๅ ๆ ็ ่ ้ ๊ ๋ ์ ํ ๎ ๏
U+0E5x ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙ ๚ ๛
U+0E6x
U+0E7x
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 10.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Keyboard Layouts[edit]
Thai characters can be typed using the Kedmanee layout and the Pattachote layout.
See also[edit]
Thai language
Thai language: Script: Transliteration
Royal Thai General System of Transcription
ISO 11940
ISO 11940-2
Thai numerals
Thai braille
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ Anthony V. N. Diller, Thai Orthography and the History of Marking Tone, Oriens Extremus, Vol. 39, No. 2 (1996), pp. 228 - 248, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24047473?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Retrieved May 8, 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "The origins of the Thai typewriter". Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Tingsabadh, Kalaya; Arthur S. Abramson (1993). "Thai". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 24̂–28. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Karoonboonyanan, Theppitak (1999). "Standardization and Implementations of Thai Language" (pdf). National Electronics and Computer Technology Center. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Thai" (pdf). Unicode. 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thai pronunciation.
Comprehensive free Thai alphabet resource
Comparing Thai script with Devanagari, Khmer, Burmese, and Tai Tham
Omniglot - Thai
Thai consonants
Thai vowels
Transliterations for Thai Vowels, Thai Consonants
Phonetic Organization of the Thai Consonants, by Richard Wordingham
Virtual Thai Keyboard Freeware for the Windows operating system
Insert Zero-Width Space Character – This utility prepares Thai text by inserting the Unicode "Zero-Width Space Character" between detected word breaks.
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List of Canadian television stations available in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This page lists all of the stations in Canada that are viewable in parts of the United States.
This television-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Market/City
Call-sign
Origin
Affiliation
Available on cable?
Notes
Presque Isle, Maine CBAT-DT Fredericton CBC Yes
Presque Isle, Maine CBAFT-DT Moncton SRC Yes
Presque Isle, Maine CIMT-DT Rivière-du-Loup TVA Yes
Bangor, Maine CBMT-DT Montreal CBC Yes
Augusta, Maine CKSH-DT Sherbrooke SRC Yes Channel 2 on Charter Spectrum in Augusta; not carried in Portland
Augusta, Maine CHLT-DT Sherbrooke TVA Yes Channel 16 on Charter Spectrum in Augusta; not carried in Portland
Boston, Massachusetts CKSH-DT Sherbrooke SRC Yes Finally added to cable systems in the area after a long battle
Champlain Valley (Burlington, VT/Plattsburgh, NY) CBFT-DT Montreal SRC Yes
Champlain Valley (Burlington, VT/Plattsburgh, NY) CBMT-DT Montreal CBC Yes
Champlain Valley (Burlington, VT/Plattsburgh, NY) CBOT-DT Ottawa CBC Yes Not available on all systems; most carry CBMT instead
Champlain Valley (Burlington, VT/Plattsburgh, NY) CFCF-DT Montreal CTV Yes
Champlain Valley (Burlington, VT/Plattsburgh, NY) CJOH-DT Ottawa CTV Yes Carried via CJSS-TV, now CJOH broadcast translator "CJOH-8"
Kingston, ON/Watertown, NY CBOT-DT Ottawa CBC Partial Carried in Ogdensburg, Potsdam and Massena due to their relative proximity to Ottawa-Hull; not carried in Watertown itself. Massena is also served by CBMT; additional Montréal locals are available OTA in Massena but are not carried on cable.
Kingston, ON/Watertown, NY CBMT-DT Montreal CBC Partial Carried in Massena due to that town's proximity to Montréal; not carried in other cities in the Watertown market.
Kingston, ON/Watertown, NY CJOH-DT Ottawa CTV Yes Carried via CJOH broadcast translator "CJOH-6" Deseronto in Carthage, carried directly in Ogdensburg and Potsdam due to these communities' proximity to Ottawa-Hull. CJOH-TV-8 Cornwall is carried in nearby Massena, where it provides the sole full-power city-grade OTA service.
Kingston, ON/Watertown, NY CICO-DT Toronto TV Ontario No Available OTA from Kingston UHF 38 rebroadcaster in much of Jefferson County but not carried by local US cable systems.
Kingston, ON/Watertown, NY CBLFT-DT Toronto SRC No Onced carried OTA from Kingston UHF 32 rebroadcaster in much of Jefferson County but not carried by local US cable systems. Due to Budget cuts from the CBC, the rebroadcaster went off the air as of July 31, 2012
Kingston, ON/Watertown, NY CKWS-TV Kingston CTV Yes Transmitter is located on the border between Kingston, Ontario-Cape Vincent, New York, therefore city-grade to much of Jefferson County. Carried by Charter Spectrum in Carthage, Watertown and Ogdensburg.
Utica-Rome, New York CKWS-TV Kingston CTV Yes Station is unavailable OTA in Utica (co-channel interference with MyTV's WPNY 11) but remains on some cable systems in Utica-Rome.
Buffalo, New York CBLT-DT Toronto CBC Yes
Buffalo, New York CFTO-DT Toronto CTV Yes
Buffalo, New York CHCH-DT Hamilton Independent Yes
Buffalo, New York CIII-DT-41 Toronto Global Listed in some local TV Guides Available over-the-air via Ontario-wide repeater chain, closest Niagara-region repeater is now CN Tower in Toronto
Buffalo, New York CITY-DT Toronto City Yes Not available on all systems; not available in immediate Buffalo area
Erie, Pennsylvania CFPL-DT London CTV 2 No Carried over-the-air
Erie, Pennsylvania CBLT-DT Toronto CBC No Once carried over-the-air via its London repeater CBLN, however, due to Budget cuts, it went off the air as of July 31, 2012
Erie, Pennsylvania CITY-DT Toronto City No Carried over-the-air via its Woodstock repeater CITY-TV-2
Cleveland, Ohio CBET-DT Windsor CBC Dropped Was listed in local Cleveland and area TV Guides until the early 1990s
Toledo/Sandusky, Ohio CBET-DT Windsor CBC Yes Still carried on Buckeye Cablevision, dropped by Time Warner Cable (now Charter Spectrum in Findlay, Ohio and elsewhere
Detroit, Michigan CBET-DT Windsor CBC Yes Carried across much of southern Michigan, from Detroit and Monroe to Flint and Lansing
Detroit, Michigan CICO-DT Toronto TVOntario Yes Carried on cable via Comcast in Royal Oak and Troy, in TV guide listings throughout Metro area Also available over the air in most cities in Metro Detroit
Detroit, Michigan CKCO-DT Kitchener CTV Listed in local Detroit TV Guides CKCO-TV-3 ch. 42 transmitter from Oil Springs/Sarnia
Detroit, Michigan CIII-DT-22 Paris-Toronto Global Listed in local Detroit TV Guides Stevenson/Wheatley-area transmitter
Detroit, Michigan CBEFT Windsor SRC No CBEFT formerly an originating station on UHF 78, and later channel 54, that was listed in TV guides in metro Detroit. Station moved to analog channel 35 in 2011, but was decommissioned by CBC and went off the air in July, 2012.
Port Huron, Michigan CIII-DT-22 / CIII-DT-29 Paris-Toronto Global Yes Stevenson (ch. 22) and Oil Springs (ch. 29) transmitters
Sanilac County, Michigan CFPL-DT London CTV 2 Yes
Bay City-Midland, Michigan CBMT-DT Montreal CBC Yes Not carried in Flint/Saginaw areas, which have CBET instead
Alpena, Michigan CBMT-DT Montreal CBC Yes
Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan CJIC-TV Sault Ste. Marie CBC No Eastern Upper Peninsula only, later CBLT-TV-5, shut down on July 31, 2012 due to budget cuts. Replaced on EUP cable systems by CBMT.
Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan CHBX-TV Sault Ste. Marie CTV Partial Eastern Upper Peninsula
Marquette, Michigan CKPR-DT Thunder Bay CBC Partial Keweenaw Peninsula systems only
Duluth, Minnesota/Superior, WI CBMT-DT Montreal CBC Partial Not available on all systems; not available in the immediate Duluth area
Duluth, Minnesota/Superior, WI CKPR-DT Thunder Bay CTV Partial Not available on all systems; not available in the immediate Duluth area
Grand Forks, North Dakota CBWT-DT Winnipeg CBC Yes
Grand Forks, North Dakota CKY-DT Winnipeg CTV Partial Available mainly on systems close to the border; not available in the immediate Grand Forks area
Minot, North Dakota CKCK-DT Regina CTV Partial Available mainly on systems close to the border
Minot, North Dakota CBKT-DT Regina CBC Partial Available mainly on systems close to the border; carried via CKOS-TV, now CBKT broadcast translator "CBKT-6"
Great Falls, Montana CISA-DT Lethbridge Global Partial Not available on all systems; not available in the immediate Great Falls area; station has a few repeaters in Montana, owned by local interests
Great Falls, Montana CFCN-DT Calgary CTV Partial Not available on all systems; not available in the immediate Great Falls area
Missoula, Montana CISA-DT Lethbridge Global Yes
Seattle, Washington CBUT-DT Vancouver CBC Yes
Seattle, Washington CHAN-DT Vancouver Global Partial Not available on all systems; not available in the immediate Seattle area
Seattle, Washington CHEK-DT Victoria Independent Partial Not available on all systems; not available in the immediate Seattle area
Seattle, Washington CIVT-DT Vancouver CTV Partial Not available on all systems; not available in the immediate Seattle area
See also[edit]
List of television stations in Canada by call sign
List of Canadian television networks (table)
List of Canadian television channels
List of Canadian specialty channels
Category A services
Category B services
Category C services
List of foreign television channels available in Canada
List of United States stations available in Canada
Digital television in Canada
Multichannel television in Canada
List of television stations in North America by media market
External links[edit]
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