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401(k)
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In the United States, a 401(k) plan is the tax-qualified, defined-contribution pension account defined in subsection 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code.[1] Under the plan, retirement savings contributions are provided (and sometimes proportionately matched) by an employer, deducted from the employee's paycheck before taxation (therefore tax-deferred until withdrawn after retirement or as otherwise permitted by applicable law), and limited to a maximum pre-tax annual contribution of $18,500 (as of 2018).[2][3]
Other employer-provided defined-contribution plans include 403(b) plans for nonprofit institutions, 457(b) plans for governmental employers, and 401(a) plans. These plans may provide total annual addition of $55,000 (as of 2018) per plan participant, including both employee and employer contributions.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Taxation
3 Withdrawal of funds
3.1 Required minimum distributions (RMD)
3.2 Force-out
4 Rollovers
4.1 Direct rollovers
4.2 Traditional to Roth conversions
5 Technical details
5.1 Contribution deferral limits
5.2 Contribution deadline
5.3 Highly compensated employees (HCE)
5.4 Automatic enrollment
5.5 Fees
5.6 Top-heavy provisions
6 Plans for certain small businesses or sole proprietorships
6.1 Rollovers as business start-ups (ROBS)
7 Other countries
8 Risk
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
In the early 1970s a group of high earning individuals from Kodak approached Congress to allow a part of their salary to be invested in the stock market and thus be exempt from income taxes.[4] This resulted in section 401(k) being inserted in the then taxation regulations that allowed this to be done. The section of the Internal Revenue Code that made such 401(k) plans possible was enacted into law in 1978.[5] It was intended to allow taxpayers a break on taxes on deferred income. In 1980, a benefits consultant and attorney named Ted Benna took note of the previously obscure provision and figured out that it could be used to create a simple, tax-advantaged way to save for retirement. The client for whom he was working at the time chose not to create a 401(k) plan.[6] He later went on to install the first 401(k) plan at his own employer, the Johnson Companies[7] (today doing business as Johnson Kendall & Johnson).[8] At the time, employees could contribute 25% of their salary, up to $30,000 per year, to their employer's 401(k) plan.[9]
Taxation[edit]
Income taxes on pre-tax contributions and investment earnings in the form of interest and dividends are tax deferred. The ability to defer income taxes to a period where one's tax rates may be lower is a potential benefit of the 401(k) plan. The ability to defer income taxes has no benefit when the participant is subject to the same tax rates in retirement as when the original contributions were made or interest and dividends earned. Earnings from investments in a 401(k) account in the form of capital gains are not subject to capital gains taxes. This ability to avoid this second level of tax is a primary benefit of the 401(k) plan. Relative to investing outside of 401(k) plans, more income tax is paid but less taxes are paid overall with the 401(k) due to the ability to avoid taxes on capital gains.
For pre-tax contributions, the employee does not pay federal income tax on the amount of current income he or she defers to a 401(k) account, but does still pay the total 7.65% payroll taxes (social security and medicare). For example, a worker who otherwise earns $50,000 in a particular year and defers $3,000 into a 401(k) account that year only reports $47,000 in income on that year's tax return. Currently this would represent a near-term $750 saving in taxes for a single worker, assuming the worker remained in the 25% marginal tax bracket and there were no other adjustments (like deductions). The employee ultimately pays taxes on the money as he or she withdraws the funds, generally during retirement. The character of any gains (including tax-favored capital gains) is transformed into "ordinary income" at the time the money is withdrawn.
Beginning in the 2006 tax year, employees have been allowed to designate contributions as a Roth 401(k) deferral. Similar to the provisions of a Roth IRA, these contributions are made on an after-tax basis.
If the employee made after-tax contributions to the non-Roth 401(k) account, these amounts are commingled with the pre-tax funds and simply add to the non-Roth 401(k) basis. When distributions are made the taxable portion of the distribution will be calculated as the ratio of the non-Roth contributions to the total 401(k) basis. The remainder of the distribution is tax-free and not included in gross income for the year.
For accumulated after-tax contributions and earnings in a designated Roth account (Roth 401(k)), "qualified distributions" can be made tax-free. To qualify, distributions must be made more than 5 years after the first designated Roth contributions and not before the year in which the account owner turns age 59½, unless an exception applies as detailed in IRS code section 72(t). In the case of designated Roth contributions, the contributions being made on an after-tax basis means that the taxable income in the year of contribution is not decreased as it is with pre-tax contributions. Roth contributions are irrevocable and cannot be converted to pre-tax contributions at a later date. (In contrast to Roth individual retirement accounts (IRAs), where Roth contributions may be re characterized as pre-tax contributions.) Administratively, Roth contributions must be made to a separate account, and records must be kept that distinguish the amount of contribution and the corresponding earnings that are to receive Roth treatment.
Unlike the Roth IRA, there is no upper income limit capping eligibility for Roth 401(k) contributions. Individuals who find themselves disqualified from a Roth IRA may contribute to their Roth 401(k). Individuals who qualify for both can contribute the maximum statutory amounts into either or a combination of the two plans (including both catch-up contributions if applicable). Aggregate statutory annual limits set by the IRS will apply.[10]
Withdrawal of funds[edit]
The Internal Revenue Code imposes severe restrictions on withdrawals of tax-deferred or Roth contributions while a person remains in service with the company and is under the age of 59½. Any withdrawal that is permitted before the age of 59½ is subject to an excise tax equal to ten percent of the amount distributed (on top of the ordinary income tax that has to be paid), including withdrawals to pay expenses due to a hardship, except to the extent the distribution does not exceed the amount allowable as a deduction under Internal Revenue Code section 213 to the employee for amounts paid during the taxable year for medical care (determined without regard to whether the employee itemizes deductions for such taxable year).[11] Amounts withdrawn are subject to ordinary income taxes to the participant.
The Internal Revenue Code generally defines a hardship as any of the following.[12]
Unreimbursed medical expenses for the participant, the participant's spouse, or the participant's dependent.
Purchase of principal residence for the participant.
Payment of college tuition and related educational costs such as room and board for the next 12 months for the participant, the participant's spouse or dependents, or children who are no longer dependents.
Payments necessary to prevent foreclosure or eviction from the participant's principal residence.
Funeral and burial expenses.
Repairs to damage of participant's principal residence.
Some employers may disallow one, several, or all of the previous hardship causes. To maintain the tax advantage for income deferred into a 401(k), the law stipulates the restriction that unless an exception applies, money must be kept in the plan or an equivalent tax deferred plan until the employee reaches 59½ years of age. Money that is withdrawn prior to the age of 59½ typically incurs a 10% penalty tax unless a further exception applies.[13] This penalty is on top of the "ordinary income" tax that has to be paid on such a withdrawal. The exceptions to the 10% penalty include: the employee's death, the employee's total and permanent disability, separation from service in or after the year the employee reached age 55, substantially equal periodic payments under section 72(t), a qualified domestic relations order, and for deductible medical expenses (exceeding the 7.5% floor). This does not apply to the similar 457 plan.
Many plans also allow employees to take loans from their 401(k) to be repaid with after-tax funds at predefined interest rates. The interest proceeds then become part of the 401(k) balance. The loan itself is not taxable income nor subject to the 10% penalty as long as it is paid back in accordance with section 72(p) of the Internal Revenue Code. This section requires, among other things, that the loan be for a term no longer than 5 years (except for the purchase of a primary residence), that a "reasonable" rate of interest be charged, and that substantially equal payments (with payments made at least every calendar quarter) be made over the life of the loan. Employers, of course, have the option to make their plan's loan provisions more restrictive. When an employee does not make payments in accordance with the plan or IRS regulations, the outstanding loan balance will be declared in "default". A defaulted loan, and possibly accrued interest on the loan balance, becomes a taxable distribution to the employee in the year of default with all the same tax penalties and implications of a withdrawal.
These loans have been described[by whom?] as tax-disadvantaged, on the theory that the 401(k) contains before-tax dollars, but the loan is repaid with after-tax dollars. While this is precisely correct, the analysis is fundamentally flawed with regard to the loan principal amounts. From your perspective as the borrower, this is identical to a standard loan where you are not taxed when you get the loan, but you have to pay it back with taxed dollars. However, the interest portion of the loan repayments, which are essentially additional contributions to the 401(k), are made with after-tax funds but they do not increase the after-tax basis in the 401(k). Therefore, upon distribution/conversion of those funds the owner will have to pay taxes on those funds a second time.[14]
Required minimum distributions (RMD)[edit]
Account owners must begin making distributions from their accounts by April 1 of the calendar year after turning age 70½ or April 1 of the calendar year after retiring, whichever is later. The amount of distributions is based on life expectancy according to the relevant factors from the appropriate IRS tables.[15] There is an exception to minimum distribution for people still working once they reach that age. The exception only applies to the current plan they are participating in and does not apply if the account owner is a 5% owner of the business sponsoring the retirement plan.[16] Required minimum distributions apply to both pretax and after-tax Roth contributions. Only a Roth IRA is not subject to minimum distribution rules. Other than the exception for continuing to work after age 70½ differs from the rules for IRA minimum distributions. The same penalty applies to the failure to make the minimum distribution. The penalty is 50% of the amount that should have been distributed, one of the most severe penalties the IRS applies. In response to the economic crisis, Congress suspended the RMD requirement for 2009.
Force-out[edit]
Former employees ("terminated participants") can have their 401(k) accounts closed if their account balances are low; such a provision in the plan is referred to as a "force-out" provision. Almost 90% of plans have a force-out provision.[17] As of March 2005, the limit for force-out provisions is a balance of $1,000—participants whose balance is over $1,000 cannot have their account closed. Before March 2005, the limit was $5,000.
Closing an account requires that the participant either roll-over the funds to an IRA, another 401(k) plan or take a distribution ("cash out"). 85% of those with balances of under $1,000 cash out, either voluntarily or due to a force-out provision.
Rollovers[edit]
Rollovers between eligible retirement plans are accomplished in one of two ways: by a distribution to the participant and a subsequent rollover to another plan or by a direct rollover from plan to plan. Rollovers after a distribution to the participant must generally be accomplished within 60 days of the distribution. If the 60-day limit is not met, the rollover will be disallowed and the distribution will be taxed as ordinary income and the 10% penalty will apply, if applicable. The same rules and restrictions apply to rollovers from plans to IRAs.
Direct rollovers[edit]
A direct rollover from an eligible retirement plan to another eligible retirement plan is not taxable, regardless of the age of the participant.[18]
Traditional to Roth conversions[edit]
In 2013 the IRS began allowing conversions of existing Traditional 401(k) contributions to Roth 401(k). In order to do so, an employee's company plan must offer both a Traditional and Roth option and explicitly permit such a conversion.[19]
Technical details[edit]
Contribution deferral limits[edit]
There is a maximum limit on the total yearly employee pre-tax or Roth salary deferral into the plan. This limit, known as the "402(g) limit", was $15,500 for the year 2008; $16,500 for 2009–2011; $17,000 for 2012; $17,500 for 2013–2014; $18,000 for 2015–2017; and $18,500 for 2018.[20][21][22][23][24][25] For future years, the limit may be indexed for inflation, increasing in increments of $500. Employees who are at least 50 years old at any time during the year are now allowed additional pre-tax "catch up" contributions of up to $5,000 for 2008; $5,500 for 2009–2014; and $6,000 for 2015–2018.[25] The limit for future "catch up" contributions may also be adjusted for inflation in increments of $500. In eligible plans, employees can elect to contribute on a pre-tax basis or as a Roth 401(k) contribution, or a combination of the two, but the total of those two contributions amounts must not exceed the contribution limit in a single calendar year. This limit does not apply to post-tax non-Roth elections.
If the employee contributes more than the maximum pre-tax/Roth limit to 401(k) accounts in a given year, the excess as well as the deemed earnings for those contributions must be withdrawn or corrected by April 15 of the following year. This violation most commonly occurs when a person switches employers mid-year and the latest employer does not know to enforce the contribution limits on behalf of their employee. If this violation is noticed too late, the employee will not only be required to pay tax on the excess contribution amount the year was earned, the tax will effectively be doubled as the late corrective distribution is required to be reported again as income along with the earnings on such excess in the year the late correction is made.
Plans which are set up under section 401(k) can also have employer contributions that cannot exceed other regulatory limits. Employer matching contributions can be made on behalf of designated Roth contributions, but the employer match must be made on a pre-tax basis.[26]
Some plans also have a profit-sharing provision where employers make additional contributions to the account and may or may not require matching contributions by the employee. These additional contributions may or may not require a matching employee contribution to earn them.[27][28] As with the matching funds, these contributions are also made on a pre-tax basis.
There is also a maximum 401(k) contribution limit that applies to all employee and employer 401(k) contributions in a calendar year. This limit is the section 415 limit, which is the lesser of 100% of the employee's total pre-tax compensation or $44,000 for 2006; $45,000 for 2007; $46,000 for 2008; $49,000 for 2009–2011; $50,000 for 2012; $51,000 for 2013; $52,000 for 2014; $53,000 for 2015-2016; $54,000 for 2017; and $55,000 for 2018.[25] For employees over 50, the catch-up contribution limit is also added to the section 415 limit.
Governmental employers in the United States (that is, federal, state, county, and city governments) are currently barred from offering 401(k) retirement plans unless the retirement plan was established before May 1986. Governmental organizations may set up a section 457(b) retirement plan instead.
Contribution deadline[edit]
For a corporation, or LLC taxed as a corporation, contributions must be made by the end of a calendar year. For a sole proprietorship, partnership, or an LLC taxed as a sole proprietorship, the deadline for depositing contributions is generally the personal tax filing deadline (April 15, or September 15 if an extension was filed).
Highly compensated employees (HCE)[edit]
To help ensure that companies extend their 401(k) plans to low-paid employees, an IRS rule limits the maximum deferral by the company's highly compensated employees (HCEs) based on the average deferral by the company's non-highly compensated employees (NHCEs). If the less compensated employees save more for retirement, then the HCEs are allowed to save more for retirement. This provision is enforced via "non-discrimination testing". Non-discrimination testing takes the deferral rates of HCEs and compares them to NHCEs. In 2008, an HCE was defined as an employee with compensation greater than $100,000 in 2007, or as an employee that owned more than 5% of the business at any time during the year or the preceding year.[29] In addition to the $100,000 limit for determining HCEs, employers can elect to limit the top-paid group of employees to the top 20% of employees ranked by compensation.[29] That is, for plans with the first day of the plan-year in the 2007 calendar year, HCEs are employees who earned more than $100,000 in gross compensation (also known as 'Medicare wages') in the prior year. For example, most testing done in 2009 was for the 2008 plan-year, which compared 2007 plan-year gross compensation to the $100,000 threshold in order to determine who was an HCE and who was an NHCE. The threshold became $110,000 for 2010–2011.[30] The threshold was $115,000 for 2012–2014; and $120,000 for 2015–2018.[25]
The actual deferral percentage (ADP) of all HCEs as a group cannot exceed 2 percentage points greater than all NHCEs as a group. This is known as the ADP test. When a plan fails the ADP test, it essentially has two options to come into compliance. A return of excess can be given to the HCEs to lower the HCE ADP to a passing level, or it can process a "qualified non-elective contribution" (QNEC) to some or all of the NHCEs in order to raise the NHCE ADP to a passing level. A return of excess requires the plan to send a taxable distribution to the HCEs (or reclassify regular contributions as catch-up contributions subject to the annual catch-up limit for those HCEs over 50) by March 15 of the year following the failed test. A QNEC must be vested immediately.
The annual contribution percentage (ACP) test is similarly performed but also includes employer matching and employee after-tax contributions. ACPs do not use the simple 2% threshold, and include other provisions which can allow the plan to "shift" excess passing rates from the ADP over to the ACP. A failed ACP test is likewise addressed through return of excess, or a QNEC or qualified match (QMAC).
There are a number of "safe harbor" provisions that can allow a company to be exempted from the ADP test. This includes making a "safe harbor" employer contribution to employees' accounts. Safe harbor contributions can take the form of a match (generally totaling 4% of pay) or a non-elective profit sharing (totaling 3% of pay). Safe harbor 401(k) contributions must be 100% vested at all times with immediate eligibility for employees. There are other administrative requirements within the safe harbor, such as requiring the employer to notify all eligible employees of the opportunity to participate in the plan, and restricting the employer from suspending participants for any reason other than due to a hardship withdrawal.
Automatic enrollment[edit]
Employers are allowed to automatically enroll their employees in 401(k) plans, requiring employees to actively opt out if they do not want to participate (traditionally, 401(k)s required employees to opt in). Companies offering such automatic 401(k)s must choose a default investment fund and savings rate. Employees who are enrolled automatically will become investors in the default fund at the default rate, although they may select different funds and rates if they choose, or even opt out completely.[31]
Automatic 401(k)s are designed to encourage high participation rates among employees. Therefore, employers can attempt to enroll non-participants as often as once per year, requiring those non-participants to opt out each time if they do not want to participate. Employers can also choose to escalate participants' default contribution rate, encouraging them to save more.[32]
The Pension Protection Act of 2006 made automatic enrollment a safer option for employers. Prior to the Pension Protection Act, employers were held responsible for investment losses as a result of such automatic enrollments. The Pension Protection Act established a safe harbor for employers in the form of a "Qualified Default Investment Alternative", an investment plan that, if chosen by the employer as the default plan for automatically enrolled participants, relieves the employer of financial liability. Under Department of Labor regulations, three main types of investments qualify as QDIAs: lifecycle funds, balanced funds, and managed accounts. QDIAs provide sponsors with fiduciary relief similar to the relief that applies when participants affirmatively elect their investments.[33]
Fees[edit]
401(k) plans charge fees for administrative services, investment management services, and sometimes outside consulting services. They can be charged to the employer, the plan participants or to the plan itself and the fees can be allocated on a per participant basis, per plan, or as a percentage of the plan's assets. For 2011, the average total administrative and management fees on a 401(k) plan was 0.78 percent or approximately $250 per participant.[34] The United States Supreme Court ruled, in 2015, that plan administrators could be sued for excessive plan fees and expenses, in Tibble v. Edison International.[35] In the Tibble case, the Supreme Court took strong issue with a large company placing plan investments in "retail" mutual fund shares as opposed to "institutional" class shares.[36]
Top-heavy provisions[edit]
The IRS monitors defined benefit plans such as 401(k)s to determine if they are top-heavy, or weighted too heavily in providing benefits to key employees. If the plans are too top-heavy, the company must remedy this by allocating funds to the other employees' (known as non-key employees) benefit plans.[37]
Plans for certain small businesses or sole proprietorships[edit]
The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) made 401(k) plans more beneficial to the self-employed. The two key changes enacted related to the allowable "Employer" deductible contribution, and the "Individual" IRC-415 contribution limit.
Prior to EGTRRA, the maximum tax-deductible contribution to a 401(k) plan was 15% of eligible pay (reduced by the amount of salary deferrals). Without EGTRRA, an incorporated business person taking $100,000 in salary would have been limited in Y2004 to a maximum contribution of $15,000. EGTRRA raised the deductible limit to 25% of eligible pay without reduction for salary deferrals. Therefore, that same businessperson in Y2008 can make an "elective deferral" of $15,500 plus a profit sharing contribution of $25,000 (i.e. 25%), and—if this person is over age 50—make a catch-up contribution of $5,000 for a total of $45,500. For those eligible to make "catch-up" contribution, and with salary of $122,000 or higher, the maximum possible total contribution in 2008 would be $51,000. To take advantage of these higher contributions, many vendors now offer Solo 401(k) plans or Individual(k) plans, which can be administered as a Self-Directed 401(k), permitting investment in real estate, mortgage notes, tax liens, private companies, and virtually any other investment.
Note: an unincorporated business person is subject to slightly different calculation. The government mandates calculation of profit sharing contribution as 25% of net self-employment (Schedule C) income. Thus on $100,000 of self-employment income, the contribution would be 20% of the gross self-employment income, 25% of the net after the contribution of $20,000.
Rollovers as business start-ups (ROBS)[edit]
ROBS is an arrangement in which prospective business owners use their 401(k) retirement funds to pay for new business start-up costs.[38] ROBS is an acronym from the United States Internal Revenue Service for the IRS ROBS Rollovers as Business Start-Ups Compliance Project.
ROBS plans, while not considered an abusive tax avoidance transaction, are questionable because they may solely benefit one individual – the individual who rolls over his or her existing retirement 401(k) withdrawal funds to the ROBS plan in a tax-free transaction. The ROBS plan then uses the rollover assets to purchase the stock of the new business. A C corporation must be set up in order to roll the 401(k) withdrawal.
Other countries[edit]
Even though the term "401(k)" is a reference to a specific provision of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code section 401, it has become so well known that it has been used elsewhere as a generic term to describe analogous legislation. For example, in October 2001, Japan adopted legislation allowing the creation of "Japan-version 401(k)" accounts even though no provision of the relevant Japanese codes is in fact called "section 401(k)."[39][40][41]
Similar pension schemes exist in other nations as well. The term is not used in the UK, where analogous pension arrangements are known as personal pension schemes. In Australia, they are known as superannuation funds.
Similarly, India has a scheme called PPF and EPF, that are loosely similar to 401 (k) schemes, wherein the employee contributes 7.5% of his / her salary to the provident fund and this is matched by an equal contribution by the employer.[42] The Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) is a statutory body of the Government of India under the Ministry of Labour and Employment. It administers a compulsory contributory Provident Fund Scheme, Pension Scheme and an Insurance Scheme. The schemes covers both Indian and international workers (for countries with which bilateral agreements have been signed; 14 such social security agreements are active). It is one of the largest social security organisations in India in terms of the number of covered beneficiaries and the volume of financial transactions undertaken. The EPFO's apex decision making body is the Central Board of Trustees.
Nepal and Sri Lanka have similar employees provident fund schemes. In Malaysia, The Employees Provident Fund (EPF) was established in 1951 upon the Employees Provident Fund Ordinance 1951. The EPF is intended to help employees from the private sector save a fraction of their salary in a lifetime banking scheme, to be used primarily as a retirement fund but also in the event that the employee is temporarily or no longer fit to work. As of March 31, 2014, the size of the EPF asset size stood at RM597 billion (US$184 billion), making it the fourth largest pension fund in Asia and seventh largest in the world.
Risk[edit]
Unlike defined benefit ERISA plans or banking institution savings accounts, there is no government insurance for assets held in 401(k) accounts. Plans of sponsors experiencing financial difficulties sometimes have funding problems. Fortunately, the bankruptcy laws give a high priority to sponsor funding liability. In moving between jobs, this should be a consideration by a plan participant in whether to leave assets in the old plan or roll over the assets to a new employer plan or to an individual retirement arrangement (an IRA). Fees charged by IRA providers can be substantially less than fees charged by employer plans and typically offer a far wider selection of investment vehicles than employer plans.
See also[edit]
Australia's superannuation system
Belgium's pensioensparen
Brazil's and Portugal's Fundo de pensão
Canada's Registered Retirement Savings Plan
France's special retirement plan
Germany Betriebliche Altersversorgung
India's Public Provident Fund
Malaysia's Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja
Mexico's Retirement Funds Administrators
New Zealand's KiwiSaver system
Philippines Social Security System
Singapore's Central Provident Fund
South Africa's Government Employees' Pension Fund and the Financial Services Board
Spain Plan de pensiones
The United Kingdom's pension provision and individual savings account
United States
Comparison of 401(k) and IRA accounts
403(b)
457(b)
Self directed IRA
Vivien v. Worldcom
Thrift Savings Plan, a defined contribution account for federal government employees operated similar to a 401(k)
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External links[edit]
401(k) information from the Internal Revenue Service
401(k) Plans For Small Businesses from the Department of Labor
401(k) at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
401(k) Resources and Research from AARP, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, and the Retirement Security Project
American Savings Education Council, American Savings Education Council
Center for Retirement Research, Center for Retirement Research
EBRI.org, Employee Benefit Research Institute, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization.
Wiserwomen.org, Women's Institute for a Secure Retirement
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=401(k)&oldid=836777024"
Categories:
Internal Revenue Code
Retirement plans in the United States
Tax-advantaged savings plans in the United States
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The Shape of Water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the American film. For the unrelated Italian novel, see The Shape of Water (novel).
The Shape of Water
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Guillermo del Toro
Produced by
Guillermo del Toro
J. Miles Dale
Screenplay by
Guillermo del Toro
Vanessa Taylor
Story by
Guillermo del Toro
Starring
Sally Hawkins
Michael Shannon
Richard Jenkins
Doug Jones
Michael Stuhlbarg
Octavia Spencer
Music by
Alexandre Desplat
Cinematography
Dan Laustsen
Edited by
Sidney Wolinsky
Production
companies
TSG Entertainment
Double Dare You Productions
Distributed by
Fox Searchlight Pictures
Release date
August 31, 2017 (2017-08-31) (Venice)
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01) (United States)
Running time
123 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
American Sign Language
English
Budget
$19.5 million[2]
Box office
$194.3 million[3]
The Shape of Water is a 2017 American romantic dark fantasy drama film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Vanessa Taylor.[3][4] It stars Sally Hawkins, Michael Shannon, Richard Jenkins, Doug Jones, Michael Stuhlbarg, and Octavia Spencer. Set in Baltimore in 1962, the story follows a mute custodian at a high-security government laboratory who falls in love with a captured humanoid amphibian creature.
The Shape of Water was screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival, where it premiered on August 31, 2017,[5] and was awarded the Golden Lion for best film in the competition.[6] It also screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.[7] It began a limited release in two theaters in New York City on December 1, 2017, before expanding following December 8, 2017, and has grossed $194 million worldwide. A novelization by del Toro and Daniel Kraus was published on March 6, 2018.[8]
The Shape of Water received critical acclaim for its performances, screenplay, direction, visuals, production design, and musical score, with many critics calling it del Toro's best work since Pan's Labyrinth;[9] the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 films of the year.[10] The film received a number of awards and nominations, including thirteen nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, where it won for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Production Design and Best Original Score.[11][12] It was nominated for seven awards at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, winning for Best Director and Best Original Score.[13] At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, it received twelve nominations and won three awards, including Best Director.[14] The film also earned fourteen nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards and won four awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Top-ten lists
6.4 Accolades
6.5 Lawsuit alleging plagiarism
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Elisa Esposito, who was found in a river as an orphaned child with wounds on her neck, is mute, and communicates through sign language. She lives alone in an apartment above a cinema, and works as a cleaning woman at a secret government laboratory in Baltimore at the height of the Cold War. Her friends are her closeted next-door neighbor Giles, a struggling advertising illustrator who shares a strong bond with her, and her African-American co-worker Zelda, a woman who also serves as her interpreter at work.
The facility receives a mysterious creature captured from a South American river by Colonel Richard Strickland, who is in charge of the project to study it. Curious about the creature, Elisa discovers it is a humanoid amphibian. She begins visiting him in secret, and the two form a close bond.
Seeking to exploit the creature to American advantage in the Space Race, General Frank Hoyt orders Strickland to vivisect it. One scientist, Robert Hoffstetler—who is in truth a Soviet spy named Dimitri Mosenkov—pleads unsuccessfully to keep the creature alive for further study and, at the same time, is ordered by his Soviet handlers to euthanize the creature. When Elisa learns of the Americans' plans for the creature, she persuades Giles to help her free him. Mosenkov discovers Elisa's plot and chooses to help her. Though initially reluctant, Zelda becomes involved in the escape, and it is successful.
Elisa keeps the creature in her bathtub, adding salt to the water to keep him alive. She plans to release the creature into a nearby canal when it will be opened to the ocean in several days' time. As part of his efforts to recover the creature, Strickland interrogates Elisa and Zelda, but the failure of his advances toward Elisa hampers his judgment, and he dismisses them. Back at the apartment, Giles discovers the creature devouring one of his cats, Pandora. Startled, the creature slashes Giles's arm and rushes out of the apartment. The creature gets as far as the cinema downstairs before Elisa finds him and returns him to her apartment. The creature touches Giles on his balding head and his wounded arm; the next morning, Giles discovers his hair has begun growing back and the wounds on his arm have healed. Elisa and the creature soon become romantically involved, having sex in her bathroom, which she at one point fills completely with water.
Hoyt gives Strickland an ultimatum, asking him to recover the creature within 36 hours. Meanwhile, Mosenkov is told by his handlers that he will be extracted in two days. As the planned release date approaches, the creature's health starts deteriorating. Mosenkov leaves to rendezvous with his handlers, with Strickland tailing him. At the rendezvous, Mosenkov is shot by one of his handlers, but Strickland shoots the handlers dead and then tortures Mosenkov for information. Mosenkov implicates Elisa and Zelda before dying from his wounds. Strickland then threatens Zelda in her home, causing her terrified husband to reveal that Elisa had been keeping the creature. Strickland searches Elisa's apartment and finds a calendar note revealing when and where she plans to release him.
At the canal, Elisa and Giles bid farewell to the creature, but Strickland arrives and attacks them all. Strickland knocks Giles down and shoots the creature and Elisa, who both appear to die. However, the creature heals himself and slashes Strickland's throat, killing him. As police arrive on the scene with Zelda, the creature takes Elisa and jumps into the canal, where, deep under water, he heals her. When he applies his healing touch to the scars on her neck, they open to reveal gills like his. In a closing voice-over narration, Giles conveys his belief that Elisa lived "happily ever after" with the creature.
Cast[edit]
Sally Hawkins as Elisa Esposito, a mute cleaner who works at a secret government laboratory.
Michael Shannon as Richard Strickland, a United States Colonel in charge of the project to study the "asset".
Richard Jenkins as Giles, Elisa's neighbor and close friend who is a struggling advertising illustrator.
Octavia Spencer as Zelda Delilah Fuller, Elisa's African-American co-worker and friend who serves as her interpreter.
Michael Stuhlbarg as Robert Hoffstetler / Dimitri Mosenkov, a Soviet spy working as a scientist studying the creature under an alias.
Doug Jones as "Amphibian Man", an amphibious creature referred to as the "asset", with whom Elisa forms a close bond.
David Hewlett as Fleming, the laboratory's head of security.
Nick Searcy as Frank Hoyt, a United States General who is Strickland's superior.
Stewart Arnott as Bernard, Giles' employer and former lover.
Nigel Bennett as Mihalkov, Mosenkov's handler.
Lauren Lee Smith as Elaine Strickland, Strickland's wife.
Martin Roach as Brewster Fuller, Zelda's husband.
Allegra Fulton as Yolanda, a cleaning woman at the laboratory.
John Kapelos as Mr. Arzoumanian, the owner of the cinema who resided below Elisa and Giles' apartments.
Morgan Kelly as Pie Guy, a diner employee to whom Giles is attracted.
Production[edit]
The Gill-man in Creature from the Black Lagoon was an inspiration to del Toro's concept.
The idea for The Shape of Water formed during del Toro's breakfast with Daniel Kraus in 2011, with whom he later co-wrote the novel Trollhunters.[15] It shows similarities to the 2015 short film The Space Between Us.[16] It was also primarily inspired by del Toro's childhood memories of seeing Creature from the Black Lagoon and wanting to see the Gill-man and Kay Lawrence (played by Julie Adams) succeed in their romance.[17] When del Toro was in talks with Universal to direct a remake of Creature from the Black Lagoon, he tried pitching a version focused more on the creature's perspective, where the Creature ended up together with the female lead, but the studio executives rejected the concept.[18]
Del Toro set the film during the 1960s Cold War era to counteract today's heightened tensions, specifying, "if I say once upon a time in 1962, it becomes a fairy tale for troubled times. People can lower their guard a little bit more and listen to the story and listen to the characters and talk about the issues, rather than the circumstances of the issues."[19]
Filming began on August 15, 2016, in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario,[20][21][22][23][24] and wrapped on November 6, 2016.[25]
In an interview with IndieWire about the film, del Toro said, "This movie is a healing movie for me. ... For nine movies I rephrased the fears of my childhood, the dreams of my childhood, and this is the first time I speak as an adult, about something that worries me as an adult. I speak about trust, otherness, sex, love, where we're going. These are not concerns that I had when I was nine or seven."[26]
Soundtrack[edit]
The Shape of Water (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat
Released
December 1, 2017
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
1:16:23
Label
Decca
Producer
Dominique Lemonnier
Alexandre Desplat is the composer of the film's score.[27] The score won the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 90th Academy Awards.[12]
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Alexandre Desplat, except where noted.
[show]Track listing
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Shape of Water" 3:42
2. "You'll Never Know" (feat. Renée Fleming) 4:38
3. "The Creature" 1:46
4. "Elisa's Theme" 2:36
5. "Fingers" 2:09
6. "Spy Meeting" 1:42
7. "Elisa and Zelda" 1:10
8. "Five Stars General" 1:31
9. "The Silence of Love" 1:35
10. "Egg" 2:13
11. "That Isn't Good" 1:43
12. "Underwater Kiss" 2:12
13. "The Escape" 10:57
14. "Watching Ruth" 2:18
15. "Decency" 2:23
16. "He's Coming For You" 1:39
17. "Overflow of Love" 2:56
18. "Without You" 2:30
19. "Rainy Day" 3:12
20. "A Princess Without a Voice" 1:50
21. "La Javanaise" (Madeleine Peyroux) 4:10
22. "I Know Why (And So Do You)" (Glenn Miller and His Orchestra) 2:58
23. "Chica Chica Boom Chic" (Carmen Miranda) 2:19
24. "Babalú" (Caterina Valente & Silvio Francesco) 2:51
25. "A Summer Place" (Andy Williams) 2:34
26. "You'll Never Know" (feat. Renée Fleming [Alternative Version]) 6:49
27. "Mermaid" (Skøtt) 3:32
28. "Oceanful" (I.AM.WILLOW) 3:37
Total length: 1:16:23
Release[edit]
The Shape of Water premiered on August 31, 2017 at the 74th Venice International Film Festival.[5] It also screened at Telluride Film Festival, the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and BFI London Film Festival, among others.[1] The film was released in two theaters in New York City on December 1, 2017 and then expended to several other cities the following week. It had its official wide release in the United States on December 22, 2017.[28]
Home media[edit]
On March 13, 2018, the film was released on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download.[29]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of April 24, 2018[update], The Shape of Water has grossed $63.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $130.5 million in other countries, for a total of $194.3 million.[3]
After grossing $4.6 million over three weeks of limited release, the film began its wide release on December 22, 2017, alongside the openings of Downsizing, Pitch Perfect 3 and Father Figures, and the wide expansion of Darkest Hour, and grossed $3 million from 726 theaters over the weekend, and $4.4 million over the four-day Christmas frame.[30] The following weekend, the film made $3.5 million.[31] The weekend of January 27, 2018, following the announcement of the film's 13 Oscar nominations, the film was added to over 1,000 theaters (for a total of 1,854) and made $5.9 million (an increase of 171% over the previous week's $2.2 million), finishing 8th.[32] The weekend of March 9–11, following its four Oscar wins, the film made $2.4 million. It marked a 64% increase from the previous week's $1.5 million and was similar to the $2.5 million made by the previous year's Best Picture winner, Moonlight.[33]
Critical response[edit]
Sally Hawkins' performance garnered widespread critical acclaim and earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 348 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "The Shape of Water finds Guillermo del Toro at his visually distinctive best—and matched by an emotionally absorbing story brought to life by a stellar Sally Hawkins performance."[34] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[35] According to CinemaScore, audience members under the age of 40 gave the film an average grade of either "A+" or "A", while those over 40 gave it an "A" or "A−", on an A+ to F scale;[36] PostTrak reported filmgoers gave the film an overall positive score of 80%.[37]
Ben Croll of IndieWire gave the film an 'A' rating and called it "one of del Toro's most stunningly successful works... also a powerful vision of a creative master feeling totally, joyously free."[38] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising Hawkins's performance, the cinematography and del Toro's direction, and saying: "Even as the film plunges into torment and tragedy, the core relationship between these two unlikely lovers holds us in thrall. Del Toro is a world-class film artist. There's no sense trying to analyze how he does it."[39] For the Minnesota Daily, Haley Bennett reacted positively, writing, "The Shape of Water has tenderness uncommon to del Toro films. ... While The Shape of Water isn't groundbreaking, it is elegant and mesmerizing."[19]
Conversely, Rex Reed of the New York Observer gave the film 1 out of 4 stars and calling it "a loopy, lunkheaded load of drivel" and, referring to Hawkins's role in Maudie, described people with disabilities as "defective creatures."[40] Reed's review was criticized for referring to Sally Hawkins' mute character as "mentally handicapped" and for erroneously crediting actor Benicio del Toro as the film's director.[41]
Top-ten lists[edit]
The Shape of Water appeared on many critics' year-end top-ten lists,[42] among them:
1st — Anne Thompson, IndieWire
1st — Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times
1st — Sasha Stone, Awards Daily
1st — Drew McWeeny, The Tracking Board
1st — Nicholas Barber, BBC
1st — Mike Scott, The Times-Picayune
1st — James Verniere, Boston Herald
1st — Borys Kit, The Hollywood Reporter
1st — Marjorie Baumgarten & Steve Davis, The Austin Chronicle
1st — Joe Morgenstern, The Wall Street Journal
2nd — David Rooney, The Hollywood Reporter
2nd — Mark Olsen, Los Angeles Times
3rd — Sheri Linden, The Hollywood Reporter
3rd — Matthew Jacobs, HuffPost
3rd — E. Oliver Whitney, ScreenCrush
3rd — Alonso Duralde, TheWrap
4th — Pete Hammond, Deadline Hollywood
4th — Brian Tallerico, RogerEbert.com
4th — Chris Bumbray, JoBlo.com
5th — Marc Savlov, The Austin Chronicle
5th — James Berardinelli, Reelviews
5th — Christopher Orr, The Atlantic
5th — Gregory Ellwood, IndieWire
5th — Peter Hartlaub, San Francisco Chronicle
6th — Kimber Myers, IndieWire
6th — People
7th — The Guardian
7th — Peter Debruge, Variety
7th — Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
8th — Peter Howell, Toronto Star
9th — Steve Erickson, RogerEbert.com
9th — Stephen Whitty, The Star-Ledger
9th — Ryan Oliver, IndieWire
10th — Danny Bowes, RogerEbert.com
10th — Paste
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) — IGN
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) — Ty Burr, The Boston Globe
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) — Moira Macdonald, The Seattle Times
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) — Walter Addiego, San Francisco Chronicle
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) — Calvin Wilson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Best of 2017 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) — Newsweek
Accolades[edit]
See also: List of accolades received by The Shape of Water
The Shape of Water received 13 nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, the most of any film in the 2018 race. It won in four categories: Best Production Design, Best Original Score, Best Director, and Best Picture.
The film also spawned some debate about whether the fact that it was filmed in Canada, with a predominantly Canadian crew and many Canadian actors in the supporting roles, should have made it eligible to be nominated for the Canadian Screen Awards. Under Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television rules, to qualify for CSA nominations under the rules for international coproductions at least 15 per cent of a film's funding must come from a Canadian film studio. Even the film's Canadian co-producer, J. Miles Dale, stated that he supports the rules and does not believe the film should have been eligible.[43]
Lawsuit alleging plagiarism[edit]
In February 2018, the estate of Paul Zindel initiated a lawsuit in United States District Court for the Central District of California against director Guillermo del Toro and associate producer Daniel Kraus, alleging that The Shape of Water "brazenly copies the story, elements, characters, and themes" of Zindel's 1969 work Let Me Hear You Whisper, which depicts a cleaning lady bonding with a dolphin and attempting to rescue it from a secret research laboratory's nefarious uses.[44] The complaint spends more than a dozen pages detailing alleged "overwhelming similarities" between the works.[45]
Del Toro denied the claim of the Zindel estate, saying that "I have never read nor seen the play. I'd never heard of this play before making The Shape of Water, and none of my collaborators ever mentioned the play." Distributor Fox Searchlight also denied the claim and said that it would "vigorously defend" itself in court.[46]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Shape of Water". tiff. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (November 21, 2017). "Spirit Awards: 'Call Me by Your Name,' 'Get Out' Soar, 'Shape of Water' Shunned Again". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Shape of Water (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Shape of Water". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Ariston (July 27, 2017). "Venice Competition Includes Films From George Clooney, Guillermo del Toro, Darren Aronofsky". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff and agencies (September 9, 2017). "Guillermo del Toro's The Shape of Water wins Venice Golden Lion". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (July 25, 2017). "Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (December 6, 2017). "The Shape of Water Novel Does Much, Much More Than Adapt the Movie". io9. Gawker Media. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kiang, Jessica (August 31, 2017). "Guillermo Del Toro's 'The Shape of Water' Is Sweet & Scary Movie Magic [Venice Review]". The Playlist. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AFI Awards 2017". American Film Institute. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Academy Award Winners 2018: The Complete List". Variety. Penske Business Media. March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Phillips, Michael (March 5, 2018). "Oscars can still surprise us". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globe Nominations: Complete List". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Shape of Water leads Bafta nominations". BBC News. BBC. January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ del Toro, Guillermo [@RealGDT] (August 22, 2017). "Shape of Water- first birthed over a looong breakfast with @DanielDKraus in 2011. It shows next week at the Venice Film Festival" (Tweet). Retrieved August 25, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Is 'The Shape of Water' Cribbed Directly From the Short Film 'The Space Between Us'?". AwardsWatch. August 18, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Iconic Horror Movie Scene That Inspired 'The Shape of Water' – Bloody Disgusting". bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Del Toro Talks Black Lagoon Influence On "Shape"". darkhorizons.com. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bennett, Haley (December 15, 2017). "'Review: The Shape of Water' Mermaid film noir sounds like a fishy genre, but director Guillermo del Toro navigates it with skill". Minnesota Daily. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ del Toro, Guillermo [@RealGDT] (August 10, 2016). "We start shooting The Shape of Water on Monday. I will tweet some images now and then--" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (August 15, 2016). "Shape of Water: Guillermo del Toro Begins Production". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ del Toro, Guillermo [@RealGDT] (August 15, 2016). "4 PM in Toronto. Started" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Guillermo Del Toro's staff plan Hamilton visit to talk film studio locations: mayor". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "All the Toronto locations that show up in Guillermo del Toro's The Shape of Water". Toronto Life Magazine. January 9, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ del Toro, Guillermo [@RealGDT] (November 7, 2016). "Wrapped shooting on The Shape of Water last night!!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Marotta, Jenna (November 19, 2017). "Guillermo del Toro: 'The Shape of Water' Saved My Life". IndieWire. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guillermo del Toro's The Shape of Water Finds A Composer". Wegotthiscovered.com. December 27, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave. "Guillermo del Toro's 'Shape of Water' Gets Awards Season Release Date". Variety. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Shape of Water Blu-Ray & DVD". Amazon. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 24, 2017). "Last Jedi' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100M+ As 'Jumanji' Roars $65M+ & 'Pitch Perfect 3' Sings $27M". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (December 31, 2017). "'Last Jedi' Has Upper Hand Over 'Jumanji' In New Year's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1B – Monday Update". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 28, 2018). "Fox Controls Close To 40% Of Weekend B.O. Led By 'Maze Runner' & Oscar Holdovers; 'Hostiles' Gallops Past $10M". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (March 11, 2018). "'Black Panther' Rules 4th Frame With $41M+; 'A Wrinkle In Time' At $33M+: A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Shape of Water (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Shape of Water Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 8, 2017). "'Coco' Topping Another Sleepy Weekend Of Holdovers & Awards Season Breakouts Before 'Last Jedi' Takes Over B.O." Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 29, 2018). "How Much Of A Box Office Boost Will The Nominees Get By Oscar Night?". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Croll, Ben (August 31, 2017). "The Shape of Water Review: Guillermo del Toro's Lush Fairy Tale Is a Powerful Vision of Love". Indiewire. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (November 27, 2017). "'The Shape of Water' Review: Guillermo del Toro's Girl-Meets-Monster Romance Is a Gem". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reed, Rex (December 19, 2017). "One Star: The Shape of Water Is a Loopy, Lunkheaded Load of Drivel". New York Observer. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sharf, Zack (December 20, 2017). "Rex Reed's Negative 'The Shape of Water' Review Goes Viral After Crediting Benicio del Toro as Director". IndieWire. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dietz, Jason (December 5, 2017). "Best of 2017: Film Critic Top Ten Lists". Metacritic. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Are the Canadian Screen Awards too Canadian?". Toronto Star, March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Shape Of Water' Creators Sued Over Plagiarism Claims As Oscars Approach".
Jump up ^ Eliza Berman, Everything to Know About the Shape of Water Plagiarism Controversy, Time (March 1, 2018).
Jump up ^ Colin Dwyer (February 23, 2018). "'Shape of Water' Creators Sued Over Plagiarism Claims As Oscars Approach". NPR.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutThe Shape of Waterat Wikipedia's sister projects
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
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The Shape of Water on IMDb
The Shape of Water at Rotten Tomatoes
The Shape of Water at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Guillermo del Toro
Filmography
Unrealized projects
Awards and nominations
Films
Directed
Doña Lupe (short; 1985)
Geometria (short; 1987)
Cronos (1993)
Mimic (1997)
The Devil's Backbone (2001)
Blade II (2002)
Hellboy (2004)
Pan's Labyrinth (2006)
Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008)
Pacific Rim (2013)
Crimson Peak (2015)
The Shape of Water (2017)
Written only
Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010)
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
Produced only
Crónicas (2004)
Insignificant Things (2008)
Rudo y Cursi (2008)
Julia's Eyes (2010)
Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010)
The Book of Life (2014)
Pacific Rim Uprising (2018)
Novels
The Strain (2009)
The Fall (2010)
The Night Eternal (2011)
Trollhunters (2015)
Television
"Treehouse of Horror XXIV" (2013; opening sequence)
The Strain (2014–17)
"Night Zero"
Tales of Arcadia
Trollhunters (2016–present)
3 Below (2018)
Wizards (2019)
Video games
Hellboy: The Science of Evil (2008)
P.T. (2014)
Death Stranding (TBA)
Sundown (canceled)
Insane (canceled)
Silent Hills (canceled)
Related articles
Cha Cha Cha Films
Mirada Studios
The Hobbit (film series)
[show]
Awards for The Shape of Water
[show]
v
t
e
Academy Award for Best Picture
1927/28–1950
Wings (1927/28)
The Broadway Melody (1928/29)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1929/30)
Cimarron (1930/31)
Grand Hotel (1931/32)
Cavalcade (1932/33)
It Happened One Night (1934)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
The Life of Emile Zola (1937)
You Can't Take It with You (1938)
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Rebecca (1940)
How Green Was My Valley (1941)
Mrs. Miniver (1942)
Casablanca (1943)
Going My Way (1944)
The Lost Weekend (1945)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)
Hamlet (1948)
All the King's Men (1949)
All About Eve (1950)
1951–1975
An American in Paris (1951)
The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
On the Waterfront (1954)
Marty (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Gigi (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
The Apartment (1960)
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Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
My Fair Lady (1964)
The Sound of Music (1965)
A Man for All Seasons (1966)
In the Heat of the Night (1967)
Oliver! (1968)
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
Patton (1970)
The French Connection (1971)
The Godfather (1972)
The Sting (1973)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
1976–2000
Rocky (1976)
Annie Hall (1977)
The Deer Hunter (1978)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Ordinary People (1980)
Chariots of Fire (1981)
Gandhi (1982)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
Amadeus (1984)
Out of Africa (1985)
Platoon (1986)
The Last Emperor (1987)
Rain Man (1988)
Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Unforgiven (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Braveheart (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
Titanic (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
2001–present
A Beautiful Mind (2001)
Chicago (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Million Dollar Baby (2004)
Crash (2005)
The Departed (2006)
No Country for Old Men (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
The King's Speech (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Birdman or: (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014)
Spotlight (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
The Shape of Water (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture
Sense and Sensibility (1995)
Fargo (1996)
L.A. Confidential (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
A Beautiful Mind (2001)
Chicago (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Sideways (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
The Departed (2006)
No Country for Old Men (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
The Social Network (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
Spotlight (2015)
La La Land (2016)
The Shape of Water (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Lion winning films
1949–1968
Manon (1949)
Justice Is Done (1950)
Rashomon (1951)
Forbidden Games (1952)
No award (1953)
Romeo and Juliet (1954)
Ordet (1955)
No award (1956)
Aparajito (1957)
Rickshaw Man (1958)
General Della Rovere / The Great War (1959)
Tomorrow Is My Turn (1960)
Last Year at Marienbad (1961)
Family Diary / Ivan's Childhood (1962)
Hands over the City (1963)
Red Desert (1964)
Sandra (1965)
The Battle of Algiers (1966)
Belle de Jour (1967)
Artists Under the Big Top: Perplexed (1968)
1980–2000
Atlantic City / Gloria (1980)
Marianne and Juliane (1981)
The State of Things (1982)
First Name: Carmen (1983)
A Year of the Quiet Sun (1984)
Vagabond (1985)
The Green Ray (1986)
Au revoir les enfants (1987)
The Legend of the Holy Drinker (1988)
A City of Sadness (1989)
Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990)
Urga (1991)
The Story of Qiu Ju (1992)
Short Cuts / Three Colours: Blue (1993)
Vive L'Amour / Before the Rain (1994)
Cyclo (1995)
Michael Collins (1996)
Fireworks (1997)
The Way We Laughed (1998)
Not One Less (1999)
The Circle (2000)
2001–present
Monsoon Wedding (2001)
The Magdalene Sisters (2002)
The Return (2003)
Vera Drake (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
Still Life (2006)
Lust, Caution (2007)
The Wrestler (2008)
Lebanon (2009)
Somewhere (2010)
Faust (2011)
Pietà (2012)
Sacro GRA (2013)
A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence (2014)
From Afar (2015)
The Woman Who Left (2016)
The Shape of Water (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture
Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
The Crying Game (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Apollo 13 (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
Titanic (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
Moulin Rouge! (2001)
Chicago (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Aviator (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
Little Miss Sunshine (2006)
No Country for Old Men (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
The King's Speech (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave / Gravity (2013)
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014)
The Big Short (2015)
La La Land (2016)
The Shape of Water (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shape_of_Water&oldid=838509467"
Categories:
2017 films
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Ableism
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