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Invasion of Kuwait
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Invasion of Kuwait
Part of the Gulf War and the Persian Gulf Conflicts
Iraq in green, Kuwait in orange
Date
2–3 August 1990
(2 days)
Location
Kuwait
Result
Iraqi victory
Kuwait annexed by Iraq
Iraqi-backed puppet state installed
Start of the Gulf War
Belligerents
Iraq Kuwait
Commanders and leaders
Saddam Hussein Jaber III
Strength
88,000[1][2][3]
Kuwaiti Army 16,000[4]
Kuwaiti Air Force 2,200[4]
Kuwaiti Navy 1,800[4]
Kuwait National Guard
Kuwait Police
US contractors[5]
Casualties and losses
39 aircraft (est.)
295 killed, 361 wounded
≈120 tanks and other armored vehicles[6]
4 ships sunk 57 aircraft lost[7]
At least 8 aircraft captured (Mirage F1s)
4,200 killed[8][dead link]
12,000 captured
≈200 tanks destroyed/captured
850+ other armored vehicles destroyed/captured[9][10][11][12]
17 ships sunk, 6 captured[13][14][15]
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Gulf War
Invasion of Kuwait
Kuwaiti Bridges
Dasman Palace
Failaka
British Airways Flight 149
Coalition intervention
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Wadi Al-Batin
Naval operations
Ad-Dawrah
Qurah
Maradim
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Air campaign
Air to Air combat
"Package Q" Air Strike
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Liberation of Kuwait
Order of battle
67 Easting
73 Easting
Al Busayyah
Phase Line Bullet
Medina Ridge
Highway of Death
Jalibah
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Kuwait International Airport
Post-ceasefire
Rumaila
Safwan
The Invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 was a 2-day operation conducted by Iraq against the neighboring state of Kuwait, which resulted in the seven-month-long Iraqi occupation of the country. This invasion and Iraq's subsequent refusal to withdraw from Kuwait by a deadline mandated by the United Nations[16] led to military intervention by a United Nations-authorized coalition of forces led by the United States. These events came to be known as the first Gulf War and resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait and the Iraqis setting 600 Kuwaiti oil wells on fire during their retreat.
In early 1990 Iraq was accusing Kuwait of stealing Iraqi petroleum through slant drilling, although some Iraqi sources indicated Saddam Hussein's decision to attack Kuwait was made a few months before the actual invasion.[17] Some feel there were several reasons for the Iraqi move, including Iraq's inability to pay the more than US$14 billion that it had borrowed to finance the Iran–Iraq war, and Kuwaiti high petroleum production levels which kept revenues down for Iraq.[8] The invasion started on 2 August 1990, and within two days most of the Kuwait Armed Forces were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard or fell back to neighbouring Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The State of Kuwait was annexed, and Saddam Hussein announced a few days later that it was the 19th province of Iraq.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dispute over the financial debt
2 Alleged economic warfare and slant drilling
3 Iraqi hegemonic claims
4 Iraqi–American relations
5 Invasion
6 Kuwaiti resistance movement
7 Aftermath
7.1 International condemnation and Gulf War
7.2 Post-Gulf War
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Dispute over the financial debt[edit]
When the Iran–Iraq War broke out, Kuwait initially stayed neutral and also tried mediating between Iran and Iraq. In 1982, Kuwait along with other Arab states of the Persian Gulf supported Iraq in order to curb the Iranian Revolutionary government. In 1982–1983, Kuwait began sending significant financial loans to Iraq. Kuwait's large-scale economic assistance to Iraq often triggered hostile Iranian actions against Kuwait. Iran repeatedly targeted Kuwaiti oil tankers in 1984 and fired weapons at Kuwaiti security personnel stationed on Bubiyan island in 1988.[18] During the Iran–Iraq War, Kuwait functioned as Iraq's major port once Basra was shut down by the fighting.[19] However, after the war ended, the friendly relations between the two neighbouring Arab countries turned sour for several economic and diplomatic reasons that culminated in an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
By the time the Iran–Iraq War ended, Iraq was not in a financial position to repay the US$14 billion it borrowed from Kuwait to finance its war and requested that Kuwait forgive the debt.[8] Iraq argued that the war had prevented the rise of Iranian hegemony in Kuwait. However, Kuwait's reluctance to pardon the debt created strains in the relationship between the two countries. During late 1989, several official meetings were held between the Kuwaiti and Iraqi leaders but they were unable to break the deadlock between the two.
Alleged economic warfare and slant drilling[edit]
In 1988 Iraq's Oil Minister, Issam al-Chalabi, stressed a further reduction in the crude oil production quota of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members so as to end the 1980s oil glut.[20] Chalabi argued that higher oil prices would help Iraq increase its revenues and pay back its US$60 billion debt.[20] However, given its large downstream petroleum industry, Kuwait was less concerned about the prices of crude oil and in 1989, Kuwait requested OPEC to increase the country's total oil production ceiling by 50% to 1.35 million bpd.[21] Throughout much of the 1980s, Kuwait's oil production was considerably above its mandatory OPEC quota and this had prevented a further increase in crude oil prices.[21] A lack of consensus among OPEC members undermined Iraq's efforts to end the oil glut and consequently prevented the recovery of its war-crippled economy.[22] According to former Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz, "every US$1 drop in the price of a barrel of oil caused a US$1 billion drop in Iraq's annual revenues triggering an acute financial crisis in Baghdad".[19] It was estimated that between 1985 and 1989, Iraq lost US$14 billion a year due to Kuwait's oil price strategy.[23] Kuwait's refusal to decrease its oil production was viewed by Iraq as an act of aggression against it.
The increasingly tense relations between Iraq and Kuwait were further aggravated when Iraq alleged that Kuwait was slant-drilling across the international border into Iraq's Rumaila field. The dispute over Rumaila field started in 1960 when an Arab League declaration marked the Iraq–Kuwait border 2 miles north of the southernmost tip of the Rumaila field.[24] During the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi oil drilling operations in Rumaila declined while Kuwait's operations increased. In 1989, Iraq accused Kuwait of using "advanced drilling techniques" to exploit oil from its share of the Rumaila field. Iraq estimated that US$2.4 billion worth of Iraqi oil was "stolen" by Kuwait and demanded compensation.[25] Kuwait dismissed the accusations as a false Iraqi ploy to justify military action against it. Several foreign firms working in the Rumaila field also dismissed Iraq's slant-drilling claims as a "smokescreen to disguise Iraq's more ambitious intentions".[24]
On 25 July 1990, only a few days before the Iraqi invasion, OPEC officials said that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had agreed to a proposal to limit daily oil output to 1.5 million barrels, thus potentially settling differences over oil policy between Kuwait and Iraq.[26] At the time of the settlement, more than 100,000 Iraqi troops were deployed along the Iraq–Kuwait border, and American officials expressed little indication of decline in tensions despite the OPEC settlement.[27]
Iraqi hegemonic claims[edit]
The Basra Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in 1897. After the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, Kuwait was established as an autonomous kaza, or district, of the Ottoman Empire and a de facto protectorate of Great Britain.
Many westerners believed that Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was largely motivated by its desire to take control over the latter's vast oil reserves. The Iraqi government justified its invasion by claiming that Kuwait was a natural part of Iraq carved off as a result of British imperialism. After signing the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, the United Kingdom split Kuwait from the Ottoman territories into a separate sheikhdom. The Iraqi government also argued that the Kuwaiti Emir was a highly unpopular figure among the Kuwaiti populace. By overthrowing the Emir, Iraq claimed that it granted Kuwaitis greater economic and political freedom.[8]
Kuwait had been loosely under the authority of the Ottoman vilâyet of Basra, and although its ruling dynasty, the Al Sabah family, had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to Britain, it did not make any attempt to secede from the Ottoman Empire. For this reason, its borders with the rest of Basra province were never clearly defined or mutually agreed.
Iraqi–American relations[edit]
April Glaspie's first meeting with Saddam Hussein
On 25 July 1990, April Glaspie, the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, asked the Iraqi high command to explain the military preparations in progress, including the massing of Iraqi troops near the border.
The American ambassador declared to her Iraqi interlocutor that Washington, “inspired by the friendship and not by confrontation, does not have an opinion” on the disagreement between Kuwait and Iraq, stating "we have no opinion on the Arab–Arab conflicts".
She also let Saddam Hussein know that the United States did not intend "to start an economic war against Iraq". These statements may have caused Saddam to believe he had received a diplomatic green light from the United States to invade Kuwait.[28][29] . This exchange only became public knowledge in 2011, following a Wikileaks release of a cable, sent by the US embassy in Iraq, following on from Ms Glaspie's meeting with Saddam Hussein. In addition, one week before the invasion, the Assistant Secretary of State, John Kelly, told the US congress that the US had no treaty obligations to defend Kuwait.
According to Richard E. Rubenstein, Glaspie was later asked by British journalists why she had said that, her response was "we didn't think he would go that far" meaning invade and annex the whole country. Although no follow-up question was asked, it can be inferred that what the U.S. government thought in July 1990 was that Saddam Hussein was only interested in pressuring Kuwait into debt forgiveness and to lower oil production.[30]
Invasion[edit]
Main article: Timeline of Gulf War
An Iraqi Type 69 tank on display at the site of the Al-Qurain Martyrdom.
A Kuwait M-84 tank during Operation Desert Shield in 1990. Kuwait continues to maintain strong relations with the coalition of the Gulf War.
On 2 August 1990 at 2:00 am,[31] local time, Iraq launched an invasion of Kuwait with four elite Iraqi Republican Guard divisions (1st Hammurabi Armoured Division, 2nd al-Medinah al-Munawera Armoured Division, 3rd Tawakalna ala-Allah Mechanized Infantry Division and 4th Nebuchadnezzar Motorized Infantry Division) and Iraqi Army special forces units equivalent to a full division. The main thrust was conducted by the commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack Kuwait City (see Battle of Dasman Palace), while the other divisions seized the airports and two airbases.
In support of these units, the Iraqi Army deployed a squadron of Mil Mi-25 helicopter gunships, several units of Mi-8 and Mi-17 transport helicopters, as well as a squadron of Bell 412 helicopters. The foremost mission of the helicopter units was to transport and support Iraqi commandos into Kuwait City, and subsequently to support the advance of ground troops. The Iraqi Air Force (IQAF) had at least two squadrons of Sukhoi Su-22, one of Su-25, one of Mirage F1 and two of MiG-23 fighter-bombers. The main task of the IQAF was to establish air superiority through limited air strikes against two main air bases of Kuwaiti Air Force, whose aircraft consisted mainly of Mirage F1s and Douglas (T)A-4KU Skyhawks. Meanwhile, certain targets in the capital of Kuwait City were bombed by Iraqi aircraft.
Despite months of Iraqi sabre-rattling, Kuwait did not have its forces on alert and was caught unaware. The first indication of the Iraqi ground advance was from a radar-equipped aerostat that detected an Iraqi armour column moving south.[32] Kuwaiti air, ground, and naval forces resisted, but were vastly outnumbered. In central Kuwait, the 35th Armoured Brigade deployed approximately a battalion of Chieftain tanks, BMPs, and an artillery battery against the Iraqis and fought delaying actions near Al Jahra (see Battle of the Bridges), west of Kuwait City.[33] In the south, the 15th Armoured Brigade moved immediately to evacuate its forces to Saudi Arabia. Of the small Kuwaiti Navy, two missile boats were able to evade capture or destruction.
Kuwait Air Force aircraft were scrambled, but approximately 20% were lost or captured. An air battle with the Iraqi helicopter airborne forces was fought over Kuwait City, inflicting heavy losses on the Iraqi elite troops[citation needed], and a few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces. The remaining 80% were then evacuated to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, some aircraft even taking off from the highways adjacent to the bases as the runways were overrun. While these aircraft were not used in support of the subsequent Gulf War, the "Free Kuwait Air Force" assisted Saudi Arabia in patrolling the southern border with Yemen, which was considered a threat by the Saudis because of Yemen–Iraq ties.[8]
Iraqi troops attacked Dasman Palace, the Royal Residence, resulting in the Battle of Dasman Palace. The Kuwaiti Emiri Guard, supported by local police and M-84 tanks managed to repel an airborne assault by Iraqi Special Forces, but the Palace fell after a landing by Iraqi Marines (Dasman Palace is located on the coast). The Kuwaiti National Guard, as well as additional Emiri Guards arrived, but the palace remained occupied, and Republican Guard tanks rolled into Kuwait City after several hours of heavy fighting.[34]
The Emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah had already fled into the Saudi desert. His younger half brother, Sheikh Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, was shot and killed by invading Iraqi forces as he attempted to defend Dasman Palace after which his body was placed in front of a tank and run over, according to an Iraqi soldier who was present and deserted after the assault.[35]
Towards the end of the first day of the invasion, only pockets of resistance were left in the country. By August 3, the last military units were desperately fighting delaying actions at choke points and other defensible positions throughout the country until out of ammunition or overrun by Iraqi forces. Ali al-Salem Air Base of the Kuwaiti Air Force was the only base still unoccupied on August 3, and Kuwaiti aircraft flew resupply missions from Saudi Arabia throughout the day in an effort to mount a defense. However, by nightfall, Ali al-Salem Air Base had been overrun by Iraqi forces. From then on it was only a matter of time until all units of the Kuwaiti Military were forced to retreat or be overrun.
Kuwaiti resistance movement[edit]
Kuwaitis founded a local armed resistance movement following the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait.[36][37][38] Most of the Kuwaitis who were arrested, tortured, and executed during the occupation were civilians. The Kuwaiti resistance's casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages.[39] The resistance predominantly consisted of ordinary citizens who lacked any form of training and supervision.[39]
Aftermath[edit]
More than 600 Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire by retreating Iraqi forces, causing massive environmental and economic damage to Kuwait.[40]
The oil fires caused were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait
Aerial view of oil wells on fire
After the Iraqi victory, Saddam Hussein installed Alaa Hussein Ali as the Prime Minister of the "Provisional Government of Free Kuwait" and Ali Hassan al-Majid as the de facto governor of Kuwait.[41] The exiled Kuwaiti royal family and other former government officials began an international campaign to persuade other countries to pressure Iraq to vacate Kuwait. The UN Security Council passed 12 resolutions demanding immediate withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, but to no avail.[42]
Following the events of the Iraq–Kuwait war, about half of the Kuwaiti population,[43] including 400,000 Kuwaits and several thousand foreign nationals, fled the country. The Indian government evacuated over 170,000 overseas Indians by flying almost 488 flights over 59 days.[44]
During the 7-month occupation, the forces of Saddam Hussein looted Kuwait's vast wealth and there were also reports of violations of human rights.[45] A 2005 study revealed that the Iraqi occupation had a long-term adverse impact on the health of the Kuwaiti populace.[46]
International condemnation and Gulf War[edit]
Main articles: Operation Desert Storm and Operation Desert Shield (Gulf War)
Ground troop movements from February 24–28, 1991 during Operation Desert Storm.
American tanks from the 3rd Armored Division during Operation Desert Storm.
After Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait and Saddam Hussein deposed the Emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Sabah, he installed Ali Hassan al-Majid as the new governor of Kuwait.[47]
The Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait was unanimously condemned by all major world powers. Even countries traditionally considered to be close Iraqi allies, such as France and India, called for immediate withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait.[48][49] Several countries, including the USSR and China, placed arms embargoes on Iraq.[48] NATO members were particularly critical of the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait and by late 1990, the United States had issued an ultimatum to Iraq to withdraw its forces from Kuwait by 15 January 1991 or face war.[27]
On 3 August 1990, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 660 condemning the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and demanding that Iraq unconditionally withdraw all forces deployed in Kuwait.[50]
After a series of failed negotiations between major world powers and Iraq, the United States-led coalition forces launched a massive military assault on Iraq and Iraqi forces stationed in Kuwait in mid-January 1991. By January 16, Allied aircraft were targeting several Iraqi military sites and the Iraqi Air Force was destroyed.[51] Hostilities continued until late February and on February 25, Kuwait was officially liberated from Iraq.[52] On 15 March 1991, the Emir of Kuwait returned to the country after spending more than 8 months in exile.[53] During the Iraqi occupation, about 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed and more than 300,000 residents fled the country.[54][dead link]
Post-Gulf War[edit]
Kuwait Telecommunications Tower also known as the Liberation Tower because it was completed after the defeat of the invasion
In December 2002, Saddam Hussein apologized for the invasion shortly before being deposed in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[55] Two years later, the Palestinian leadership also apologized for its wartime support of Saddam.[56] A longtime ally of Saddam Hussein, in 1990 Yemen's president, Ali Abdullah Saleh backed Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait. After Iraq lost the Gulf War, Yemenis were deported en masse from Kuwait by the restored government.
US troops in Kuwait 2015
The US military continue a strong presence adding 4,000 troops in February 2015 alone.[57] There is also a very strong US civilian presence with an estimated 18,000 American children in Kuwait being taught by 625 US teachers.[58]
See also[edit]
Operation Desert Storm
Airlift — A Bollywood film based on the Indian evacuation right after the invasion.[59]
United Nations Security Council Resolution 660
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Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait – A Personal Experience
Aftermath photographs taken by a Kuwaiti journalist in 1991
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text:
Do not go gentle into that good night
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953).[1] Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951,[2] it was written in 1947 when he was in Florence with his family. It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of his In Country Sleep, And Other Poems in 1952.[1]
It has been suggested that it was written for Thomas' dying father, although he did not die until just before Christmas 1952.[3][4] It has no title other than its first line, "Do not go gentle into that good night", a line that appears as a refrain throughout. Its other refrain is "Rage, rage against the dying of the light".
The poem currently remains under copyright,[note 1] although the text is available on-line.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Notable use in popular culture
2 Notes
3 References
4 External links
Notable use in popular culture[edit]
It was used as the text for the 1954 In Memoriam Dylan Thomas (Dirge-Canons and Song) for tenor and chamber ensemble, by Igor Stravinsky. The piece was written soon after Thomas' death and first performed in 1954.[6]
It was the inspiration for three paintings by Swansea-born painter and print-maker Ceri Richards, in 1954, 1956, and 1965, respectively.[7]
The title of George R. R. Martin's 1977 novel Dying of the Light references a line from the poem.[citation needed]
It is the subject of a 1979 tone poem for wind ensemble by Elliot del Borgo.[8]
In the 1986 film Back to School Thornton Melon played by Rodney Dangerfield recites the poem during an exam board.
John Cale set the poem to orchestral music for his album Words for the Dying, released in 1989.[9]
In the 1996 film Independence Day, the President makes a rousing speech as he prepares to lead the attack against the alien invaders, adapting Thomas' line, saying, "We will not go quietly into the night."[10]
It is used as a main inspiration for the protagonist of the 2010 Ally Condie book Matched, the first of a trilogy by that name.[citation needed]
The refrain is cited by English synth-pop duo Hurts in the song "Somebody to Die For" on their 2013 album Exile.[citation needed]
In Christopher Nolan's 2014 movie Interstellar it is used repeatedly by Michael Caine's character Professor John Brand, as well as by several other supporting characters.[11] Leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hyper sleep with the final words "Do not go gentle into that good night."
In 2015 episode of Doctor Who, "The Magician's Apprentice", Clara Oswald, played by Jenna Coleman, quotes the first line of this poem when she discovers where the Doctor is and what he is up to.[12]
It is cited by G-Eazy in "Intro" on his 2015 album When It's Dark Out.[13]
In 2017 Irish broadcaster RTÉ Sport used the poem in a promotion for the World Cup qualifier second leg between Republic Of Ireland and Denmark, with Brendan Gleeson reading it as footage of famous Irish sporting moments at major tournaments were shown.[14]
In the song "Even My Dad Does Sometimes", on his 2014 album X, Ed Sheeran paraphrases one of the poem's lines.[citation needed]
The black metal band Anaal Nathrakh has a song called "Rage, rage against the dying of the light" from the 2004 album Domine Non Es Dignus.[citation needed]
The phrase "rage against the dying of the light" is used in the Metric song "Lie Lie Lie" from the 2015 album Pagans in Vegas.[citation needed]
The champion Lux in the popular video game League of Legends says the phrase "rage against the dying of the light" on one of her skins, Elementalist Lux.[citation needed]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ COPYRIGHT: from The Poems of Dylan Thomas, published by New Directions. Copyright © 1952, 1953 Dylan Thomas. Copyright © 1937, 1945, 1955, 1962, 1966, 1967 the Trustees for the Copyrights of Dylan Thomas. Copyright © 1938, 1939, 1943, 1946, 1971 New Directions Publishing Corp.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Dylan Thomas". Academy of American Poets. He took his family to Italy, and while in Florence, he wrote In Country Sleep, And Other Poems (Dent, 1952), which includes his most famous poem, “Do not go gentle into that good night.”
Jump up ^ Ferris, Paul (1989). Dylan Thomas, A Biography. New York: Paragon House. p. 283. ISBN 1-55778-215-6.
Jump up ^ "Dylan Thomas: Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night". BBC Wales. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
Jump up ^ * Thomas, David N. (2008). Fatal Neglect: Who Killed Dylan Thomas?. Seren. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-85411-480-8.
Jump up ^ "Do not go gentle into that good night | Academy of American Poets". Poets.org. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Keller, Hans (1955). "In Memoriam Dylan Thomas: Strawinsky's Schoenbergian Technique". Tempo (35): 13–20. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Ceri Richards: 'Do not go gentle into that good night' 1956". tate.org.uk/. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night", copyright 1979, Shawnee Press.
Jump up ^ Schaeffer, John (27 October 2015). "Five Songs For Dylan Thomas". NPR. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Mair, Jan (1998). "American rules, OK: Difference and otherness in 'Independence Day'". Futures. 30 (10): 981–991. doi:10.1016/s0016-3287(98)00100-1. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Wade, Chris (5 November 2014). ""Do not go gentle into that good night" in Interstellar, Back to School, and many other movies: the supercut (VIDEO)". Slate.
Jump up ^ "The Magician's Apprentice: The Fact File". BBC. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Ben (6 December 2015). "G-Eazy: When It's Dark Out review – almost a crossover home run". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Denmark v Republic of Ireland preview - Rage against the dying of the light.... on YouTube
External links[edit]
Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article: Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night (in the public domain in Canada)
[show]
v
t
e
Dylan Thomas (works)
Works
A Child's Christmas in Wales
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog
Under Milk Wood (radio play)
Rebecca's Daughters (screenplay)
Poems
18 Poems
Deaths and Entrances
"And death shall have no dominion"
"Do not go gentle into that good night"
"Fern Hill"
"In my Craft or Sullen Art"
"The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower"
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Aeronwy Thomas (daughter)
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The Kardomah Gang
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Set Fire to the Stars (2014 film)
A Poet in New York (2014 television film)
Dominion (2016 film)
[show]
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And death shall have no dominion
Der Erlkönig
Do not go gentle into that good night
[1]
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text:
Keeping Up with the Kardashians (season 14)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes. (Discuss) Proposed since September 2017.
Keeping Up With The Kardashians (season 14)
Starring
Kris Jenner
Kourtney Kardashian
Kim Kardashian West
Khloé Kardashian
Kendall Jenner
Kylie Jenner
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
19
Release
Original network
E!
Original release
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) – March 4, 2018
List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes
The fourteenth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians, premiered on October 1, 2017 on E! cable network.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Production
2.1 Development
3 Episodes
4 References
Cast and characters[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Kris Jenner
Kourtney Kardashian
Kim Kardashian
Khloé Kardashian
Kendall Jenner
Kylie Jenner
Recurring cast[edit]
Rob Kardashian
Kanye West
Jonathan Cheban
Tristan Thompson
Mary Jo Campbell
Malika Haqq
Corey Gamble
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On August 3, 2017 It was announced the show's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24, 2017 following the show's season 14 premiere.[1]
On September 19, 2017 E! introduced a new promo for the new season, in which the girls recreated the opening credits from the first season. [2]
This season has a new open sequence, which has not changed since Season 11.
This season will also have a Christmas themed episode.[3]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
196
1 "Cleveland Show" October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) 1.44[4]
Kim and Kourtney finally get a glimpse into Khloé's private life in Cleveland. Kendall receives some harsh feedback on a recent project. The family is blindsided when Cait reveals some shocking news.
197
2 "MILFs Gone Wild" October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08) 1.40[5]
Scott gets jealous when Kourtney goes on a girls trip to Mexico for her birthday. Meanwhile Kim feels violated when some unflattering photos of her in Mexico surface on the Internet.
198
3 "Cheers To That" October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) 1.26[6]
Kim struggles to regain her confidence after her trip to Mexico. Khloé's spirits sour when Kris becomes too busy for mother-daughter bonding. Kourtney acts sneaky about her dating life.
199
4 "Clothes Quarters" October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22) 1.13[7]
Kourtney is distracted during a sister getaway with Kendall. Kim stages an unwelcome intervention on Khloé's wardrobe.
200
5 "Catch Me If You Cannes" October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29) 0.89[8]
Scott threatens to ruin Kourtney's trip to Cannes with her new romantic interest. Kim struggles to set clear boundaries with her assistant. The girls get educated about Planned Parenthood.
201
6 "Fan-Friction" November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05) 1.15[9]
Khloé fears that Cleveland fans may turn on her family during a trip to see Tristan. The girls wonder how to treat Scott after his bad behavior in Cannes. Kim gets fed up with her lack of willpower and makes a drastic lifestyle change.
202
7 "Beauty Queen" November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12) 1.01[10]
Kim anxiously preps for the launch of her new KKW Beauty line. Kourtney tries to adopt a new positive attitude. Khloé scrambles to make arrangements for Tristan's upcoming move to LA.
203
8 "Close To Home" November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19) 0.77[11]
Kim is shocked to learn about the rising rate of homelessness in LA and sets out to bring awareness to the growing crisis. Meanwhile Kris hires a scribe to document her every word.
204
9 "Dog Tired" December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03) 0.96[12]
Khloé and Kendall consider getting guns for protection. Kris imposes strict guidelines for her mom to follow in her new condo. Kim can't handle her rambunctious new puppy.
205
10 "Baby One More Time" December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10) 1.06[13]
Kim gets some big news about the future of her family. The girls wonder if Kourtney sees a future with her current beau. Kim and Khloé compete to win Kris's affection.
206
11 "Press Pass" December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17) 1.03[14]
Khloé and Kourtney butt heads over the design of their fitness line. Kim thinks the family needs media training to learn to handle controversial topics.
207
12 "My Mother's Keeper" January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07) 1.05[15]
Khloé struggles to keep her explosive temper under control. Kris plants a secret tracking device on her mother and Kim wonders if Kourtney’s gluten-free diet is truly healthy.
208
13 "Mime Over Matter" January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14) 1.44[16]
A guilt-ridden Kourtney must decide whether to take a trip to Egypt without her kids. Khloé recognizes that the stress of dealing with six kids is weighing on Kris, so she hires a mime to cheer her mom up.
209
14 "Bun In The Oven" January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15) 1.33[17]
Khloé has some big news to share with her family, but her strained relationship with Corey threatens to overshadow the big reveal. Kris gets a complex about her sagging earlobes.
210
15 "Diamonds Are Forever" January 21, 2018 (2018-01-21) 1.16[18]
Scott's behavior takes a turn for the worse after he learns that Kourtney has a boyfriend. Kourtney struggles to find her career passion. Kris comes up with a creative way to preserve her memory long after she's gone.
211
16 "A Tangled Web" February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11) 1.14[19]
Kim fears for her surrogate's safety when sources begin exposing her personal information. Kris keeps a watchful eye on Scott during Fashion Week. Kourtney deals with a scary infestation.
212
17 "Kris Jenner's Legacy" February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18) 1.05[20]
Scott sets out to make Kris a commemorative legacy video. Kendall's anxiety strikes again right before Milan Fashion week. Khloé attempts to rebuild her friendship with Malika after a falling out.
213
18 "Trimester Trouble" February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25) 1.01[21]
Khloé attempts to keep her pregnancy a secret while dealing with some complications. Kourtney questions whether she is done having children. Kris debuts a loud new hairdo.
214
19 "The Gender Reveal" March 4, 2018 (2018-03-04) 1.28[22]
The girls take one last sister getaway to San Francisco before their babies arrive, but they quickly tire of Kourtney's bad attitude. Kim wants to include her family in the surrogacy process. Khloé anxiously awaits news of her baby's gender.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Watch Kim, Khloe & Family Throw Shade in Keeping Up With the Kardashians 10 Year Anniversary Special First Look! on Kardashians". E! Online. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Fiercer Than Ever! Watch Kim Kardashian and Fam Recreate the Keeping Up Season One Opening Credits 10 Years Later".
Jump up ^ "Christmas Themed Episode".
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' returns, 'Outlander' ticks up again". TV by the Numbers.com. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 10, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' keeps improving, MLB playoffs on top". TV by the Numbers.com. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 17, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' finale steady (but also down), NCLS on top again". TV by the Numbers.com. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 24, 2017). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 31, 2017). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 7, 2017). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 14, 2017). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.12.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 21, 2017). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.19.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 5, 2017). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.03.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 12, 2017). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.10.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 19, 2017). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.17.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 9, 2018). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.7.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 14, 2018). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.14.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 15, 2018). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.15.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 21, 2018). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.21.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 11, 2018). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 18, 2018). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 25, 2018). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 4, 2018). "Showbuzz Daily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.4.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
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Medicare Advantage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Medicare Advantage is a type of health insurance that provides coverage within Part C of Medicare in the United States. Medicare Advantage plans pay for managed health care based on a monthly fee per enrollee (capitation), rather than on the basis of billing for each medical service provided (fee-for-service) for unmanaged healthcare services. Most such plans are health maintenance organizations (HMOs) or preferred provider organizations (PPOs). Medicare Advantage plans finance at a minimum the same medical services as "Original Medicare" Parts A and B Medicare finance via fee-for-service. Part C plans, including Medicare Advantage plans, also typically finance additional services, including additional health services, and most importantly include an annual out of pocket (OOP) spend limit not included in Parts A and B. A Medicare Advantage beneficiary must first sign up for both Part A and Part B of Medicare.
All four Parts of Medicare -- A, B and C, and D -- are administered by private companies under contract to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Almost all these companies are insurance companies, except for those that administer Medicare Advantage and other Part C plans. Most Medicare Advantage and other Part C plans are administered (CMS uses the term "sponsored") by integrated health delivery systems and non-profit charities under state laws, and/or under union or religious management.
Medicare Part A provides payments for in-patient hospital, hospice, and skilled nursing services. Part B provides payments for most physician and surgical services, even some in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, as well as for medically-necessary outpatient hospital services such as ER, surgical center, laboratory, X-rays and diagnostic tests, certain preventative medical services, and certain durable medical equipment and supplies. Part C health plans, including Medicare Advantage plans, not only cover the same medical services as Parts A and B but also typically include an annual physical exam and vision and/or dental coverage of some sort not covered under Original Medicare Parts A and B. Less often, hearing and wellness benefits not found in Original Medicare are included in a Medicare Advantage plan. The most important difference between a Part C health plan and FFS Original Medicare is that all Part C plans, including capitated-fee Medicare Advantage plans, include a limit on how much a beneficiary will have to spend annually out of pocket; that amount is unlimited in Original Medicare Parts A and B.
Most but not all Medicare Advantage plans (and many of the other public managed-care health plans within Medicare Part C) include integrated self-administered drug coverage similar to the standalone Part D prescription drug benefit plan. The federal government makes separate capitated-fee payments to Medicare Advantage plans for providing these Part-D-like benefits if applicable just as it does for anyone on Original Medicare using Part D.
Nearly all Medicare beneficiaries (99%) had access to at least one Medicare Advantage plan; the average beneficiary had access to 18 plans in 2015.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act
1.2 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
2 Program structure
2.1 Capitation
2.2 Private sponsors
2.3 Benefits
2.4 Costs
2.5 Provider network
2.6 Competition
2.7 Rating system
3 Usage
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Government links - current
5.2 Private links
History[edit]
In the 1970s, less than a decade after the beginning of fee for service Medicare, Medicare beneficiaries gained the option to receive their Medicare benefits through managed, capitated health plans, mainly HMOs, as an alternative to FFS Original Medicare, but only under random Medicare demonstration programs. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 formalized the demonstration programs into Medicare Part C, introduced the term Medicare+Choice as a pseudo-brand for this option. Initially, fewer insurers participated than expected, leading to little competition.[2] In a 2003 law, the capitated-fee benchmark/bidding process was changed effective in 2005 to increase insurer participation, but also increasing the costs per person of the program.
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act[edit]
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 renamed +Choice "Medicare Advantage".[3] Other managed Medicare plans include (non-capitated) COST plans, dual-eligible (Medicare/Medicaid) plans and PACE plans (which try to keep seniors that need custodial care in their homes). However 97% of the beneficiaries in Part C are in one of the roughly one dozen types of Medicare Advantage plans (HMO, EGWP, SNP, regional PPO, etc.), primarily in classic vanilla HMOs.[citation needed]
Enrollment in the public Part C health plan program, including plans called Medicare Advantage since 2005, grew from zero in 1997 (not counting the pre-Part C demonstration projects) to over 21 million in 2018.[4] That 21,000,000-plus represents about 35% of the people on Medicare. But today over half the people fully signing up for Medicare for the first time, are choosing a public Part C plan of some type.
But the costs per person that had once been too low to attract beneficiaries then became too high to afford long term. So in 2009, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) reported that Medicare would spend 14 percent more on Medicare Advantage beneficiaries per person that year than they did per person for "like beneficiaries" under traditional Medicare, theoretically adding an additional 3% ($14 billion) to the cost of the overall Medicare program compared to spending without Part C,[5] This lack of parity and disconnect with the original goal of Part C was primarily caused by so-called Private Fee for Service (PFFS) plans (designed primarily for the rural and urban poor), special needs plans (SNPs), and Employer Group plans (which primarily served retired union members). A special situation relative to Puerto Rico contributed to the imbalance at that time. However the lack of parity also applied to a lesser degree to HMO and PPO plans nationwide.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act[edit]
As part of a broad set of overall reforms aimed to control the total cost of Medicare (e.g., large cuts in hospital and skilled nursing facility payments under Part A; adding surtaxes to Part D), the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) changed Trustee payments to Medicare Advantage and other Part C plans -- versus what they otherwise would have been -- by adjusting the way the statutory county benchmarks that kick off the annual Part C Medicare Advantage bidding process were calculated. The intention was to bring the capitated payments closer to the average costs of care per person under Original Medicare.
ACA provided bonus payments to plans with ratings of 4 (out of 5) stars or more. The Obama administration launched an $8.35 billion demonstration project in 2012 that increased the size of the bonus payments and increased the number of plans receiving bonus payments, providing bonus payments to the majority of Medicare Advantage plans.[6] According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) this demonstration project cost more than the previous 85 demonstration projects beginning in 1995 combined.[7]
ACA required plans beginning in 2014 to maintain a medical loss ratio of at least 85%, restricting the share of premiums that Medicare Advantage plans can use for administrative expenses and "profits".[8]
As a result of these changes and other administrative choices by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS, per-person expenditures for beneficiaries on Parts A/B/C and those not on A/B/C reached effective parity. One such choice ended the out-of-balance PFFS plan program except for grandfathered beneficiaries. The out-of-balance Employer Group plan program was cut back beginning in 2017.
Exact parity would require major changes to Medicare law (so-called "premium support" proposals, for example), but as of the March 2016 MedPAC report, in 2016 Medicare was expected to spend just 2 percent more on "like" Medicare Advantage beneficiaries per person than for a "like set of beneficiaries" under Original Medicare Parts A and B, theoretically adding an additional 0.5% ($3 billion) to the cost of the overall Medicare program vs. what would have been spent absent Part C. As in 2009, the major plans within Medicare Advantage causing the lack of parity were Employer Group plans (6 percent more) and the few grandfathered PFFS beneficiaries left (10 percent more). Vanilla HMO and PPO plans—as well as SNPs—cost only 1% more per person in comparing "like set of beneficiaries". Overall, only a few recent studies provide a limited picture of beneficiary experiences since the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed in 2010.
CMS and MedPAC now believe the "like beneficiary" calculations (those on A/B vs those on A/B/C) that have been used for a decade and that underlay many changes made by PPACA and subsequent regulations are not comparative and are misleading (see slide 8 of the January 12, 2017 MedPAC session on Medicare Advantage and other discussions on this subject since that time). That is because the calculations include the increasing number of people only on Part A (primarily because they did not "retire" at 65 given the higher Social Security full retirement age but did join Medicare Part A at 65 as recommended) whereas a "like" Medicare Part C beneficiary has to be on both Parts A and Part B. On an absolute basis, in 2015 Medicare spent 4% less on Medicare Advantage and other Part C beneficiaries per person than they did per person on Medicare beneficiaries under FFS Medicare.[9] In 2014 the difference in parity on an absolute basis was 2% less per person on Part C.[10] It appears from both points of view -- per "like beneficiary" and absolutely -- that the latest formula delivers the original cost-saving promise of Managed Medicare. But an absolute comparison is not totally accurate either.
Program structure[edit]
People can enroll in Medicare Advantage and other Part C health plans either by enrolling when they first become Medicare-eligible and first join both Parts A and B or by switching from traditional Medicare during an annual or special enrollment period as outlined in "Medicare and You, 2018" (there are over a dozen such enrollment periods).
Capitation[edit]
For each person who chooses to enroll in a Part C Medicare Advantage or other Part C plan, Medicare pays the health plan a set amount every month ("capitation"). The capitated fee associated with a Medicare Advantage plan is specific to each county in the United States and is primarily driven by a government-administered benchmark/bidding process that uses that county's average per-beneficiary FFS costs from a previous year as a starting point to determine the benchmark.
Private sponsors[edit]
Part C sponsors annually submit bids that allow them to participate in the program. All bids that meet the necessary requirements are accepted. The bids are compared to the pre-determined benchmark amounts set, which are the maximum amount Medicare will pay a plan in a given county, by law. If a plan’s bid is higher than the benchmark, enrollees pay the difference between the benchmark and the bid in the form of a monthly premium, in addition to the Medicare Part B premium. (Because of the county-specific nature of the framework and the bidding process leading to these differences, the same sponsor might offer the same benefits under the same brandname in adjacent counties at different prices.) If the bid is lower than the benchmark, the plan and Medicare share the difference between the bid and the benchmark; the plan’s share of this amount is known as a “rebate,” which must be used by the plan's sponsor to provide additional benefits or reduced costs to enrollees. A rebate cannot contribute to "profit" ("profit" is in quotes because most Medicare Advantage plans are administered by non-profit organizations, primarily integrated health delivery systems).
This benchmark/bidding/rebate process accounts for from 97% to 100% of the cost of the given Medicare Advantage plan to the Medicare Trust Funds. The individual fee for each Part C beneficiary is also uplifted or downsized slightly (approximately 1%-3% in either direction on average) from the county-specific fee based on a risk-based formula tied to the personal health characteristics of the capitated individual. The theory is that the risk-based formula will not affect spending, but in practice it almost always increases cost per beneficiary by one or two percent, either because the Medicare Advantage plan is diligent in upcoding to a beneficiary's specific risks or because patients on Original FFS Medicare, where providers have no incentive to code at all, are undercoded .
Benefits[edit]
Medicare Advantage plans are required to offer a benefit “package” that is at least equal to Original Medicare’s and cover everything Medicare covers, but they may cover benefits in a different way. For example, plans that require higher out-of-pocket costs than Original Medicare for some benefits, such as skilled nursing facility care, might offer lower copayments for doctor visits to balance their benefits package.[11] CMS limits the extent to which plans’ cost-sharing can vary from that of Original Medicare. Medicare Advantage plans that receive “rebates” or quality-based bonus payments are required to use the money to provide benefits not covered by Original Medicare.
Costs[edit]
Plans are required to limit out-of-pocket (OOP) spending by a beneficiary for Parts A and B to no more than $6,700 (as of 2016) per year for in-network providers. The OOP limit may be higher for out of network providers in a PPO; out of network providers are typically not permitted in an HMO. The average OOP limit in 2016 was around $5000. Note that an OOP limit is not a deductible as is often reported; it is instead a financial-protection benefit. It is rare for a Medicare Advantage beneficiary to reach the annual OOP limit.
Original Medicare provides no similar OOP spending cap and the exposure of an Original Medicare beneficiary to a financial catastrophe is unlimited (but also rare). Once the OOP maximum is reached for an individual, the plan pays 100% of medical services for the remainder of the calendar year (with no lifetime maximum). This OOP limit does not apply to a Part C plan's Part-D-like self-administered drug coverage (which uses another means of addressing catastrophic costs).
Provider network[edit]
As with all HMOs—no matter whether a person is on Medicare or not—persons who enroll in a Medicare Advantage or other Part C HMO cannot use certain specialist physicians or out-of-network providers without prior authorization from the HMO, except in emergencies. In almost all Medicare Advantage plans—HMO or otherwise—the beneficiary must choose a primary care physician (PCP) to provide referrals and the beneficiary must confirm that the plan authorizes the visit to which the beneficiary was referred by the PCP. As with all HMOs, this can be a problem for people who want to use out-of -network specialists or who are hospitalized and are forced to use out-of-network doctors while hospitalized. Many Medicare Advantage PPO plans permit a subscriber to use any physician or hospital without prior authorization, but at a somewhat higher expense.
If a patient's in-network physician orders tests or procedures or refers a patient to a specialty that are not available from an in-network provider, the plan pays for the patient's procedures or services at an out-of-network location and charges in-network rates to the patient, so long as the necessary services are normally covered by the plan (the beneficiary must still obtain authorization).
Competition[edit]
One rationale for adding Managed Medicare into Part C was the expectation that the introduction of competition among the participating insurance companies would provide higher-quality care via plans that were more responsive to beneficiaries' needs than traditional Medicare, at similar or lower cost.[12]
Rating system[edit]
The Five-Star Quality Rating System rates Medicare Advantage (MA) plans on a scale of 1-5. MA plans and Prescription Drug Plans (PDPs) are rated separately.[13] Health economist Uwe Reinhardt reviewed the academic literature and found little solid information on which to compare traditional Medicare to Medicare Advantage.[14]
Usage[edit]
It is common for people to continue to work after joining Medicare at age 65, use both Original Medicare (often just Part A) and employer sponsored insurance, and delay deciding between FFS Medicare and capitated-fee Medicare until retirement.
Sicker people and people with higher medical expenditures are more likely to switch from Medicare Advantage plans to Original Medicare. This statistic is primarily driven by people on Medicaid in custodial care at nursing home; such people no longer have need of any Medicare supplement, either a public Part C plan or a private Medigap or group retirement plan.[15] The Part C risk adjusted payments to Medicare Advantage plans are designed to limit this churn between types of Medicare (managed vs. FFS), but it is unclear how effective that policy is.[16]
Evidence is mixed on how quality and access compare between Medicare Advantage and "traditional" Medicare.[17] ("traditional" in quotes because it is not the same as Original Medicare; everyone in Medicare must begin by joining Original Medicare; the term "traditional" typically refers to FFS and almost always means the beneficiary has a private group or individually purchased supplement to Original Medicare). Most research suggests that enrollees in Medicare HMOs tend to receive more preventative services than beneficiaries in traditional Medicare; however, beneficiaries, especially those in poorer health, tend to rate the quality and access to care in traditional Medicare more favorably than in Medicare Advantage. It is difficult to generalize the results of studies across all plans participating in the program because performance on quality and access metrics varies widely across the types of Medicare Advantage plans and among the dozens of providers of Medicare Advantage plans.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Gretchen; Damico, Anthony; Neuman, Tricia; Gold, Marsha (December 10, 2014). "Medicare Advantage 2015 Data Spotlight: Overview of Plan Changes". www.kff.org. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Biles B, Casillas G, Guterman S (August 2015). "Competition Among Medicare's Private Health Plans: Does It Really Exist?". The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Medicare: Medicare Advantage - Kaiser Family Foundation Archived 2008-01-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Gold, Marsha; Jacobson, Gretchen; Damico, Anthony; Neuman, Tricia (May 1, 2014). "Medicare Advantage 2014 Spotlight: Enrollment Market Update". www.kff.org. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) (March 2009). "Report to the Congress: Medicare Payment Policy" (PDF). Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Medicare Advantage Plan Star Ratings and Bonus Payments in 2012". www.kff.org. November 1, 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Government Accountability Office (23 April 2012), Medicare Advantage: Quality Bonus Payment Demonstration Undermined by High Estimated Costs and Design Shortcomings
Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation (1 May 2014). "Medicare Advantage Fact Sheet". kff.org. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Table II.B.1 and IV.C.1 of the 2016 Medicare Trustees report
Jump up ^ 2015 Medicare Trustees report
Jump up ^ CMS (April 7, 2014). "Announcement of Calendar Year (CY) 2015 Medicare Advantage Capitation Rates and Medicare Advantage and Part D Payment Policies and Final Call Letter" (PDF). cms.gov. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Pizer, SD; Frakt, AB (Fall 2002). "Payment policy and competition in the Medicare+Choice program". Health Care Financ Rev. 24 (1): 83–94. PMC 4194777  . PMID 12545600.
Jump up ^ Sounding Board: A Systemic Approach to Containing Health Care Spending September 6, 2012 Emanuel E., Tanden N., Altman S., et al. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:949-954
Jump up ^ Comparing the Quality of Care in Medicare Options By Uwe E. Reinhardt, New York Times, January 18, 2013
Jump up ^ Riley, Gerald (2012). "Impact of Continued Biased Disenrollment from the Medicare Advantage Program to Fee-for-Service". Medicare & Medicaid Research Review. 2 (4): E1–E17. doi:10.5600/mmrr.002.04.a08.
Jump up ^ Jason Brown, Mark Duggan, Ilyana Kuziemko, and William Woolston, ""How does Risk Selection Respond to Risk Adjustment? Evidence from the Medicare Advantage Program."" NBER Working Paper No. 16977, April 2011
Jump up ^ Gold, Marsha; Casillas, Giselle (November 6, 2014). "What Do We Know About Health Care Access and Quality in Medicare Advantage Versus the Traditional Medicare Program?". www.kff.org. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
External links[edit]
Government links - current[edit]
CMS official web site at cms.hhs.gov
Legal Issues Relating to the Secretary’s Authority to Set Payment Rates Under the Medicare Advantage Program Congressional Research Service
Medicare.gov — the official website for people with Medicare
Private links[edit]
Medicare & Medicaid Resources — Medicare information site
Kaiser Family Foundation — Wide range of free information about the Medicare program and other U.S. health issues including state-level data on health care spending and utilization, including Medicare.
Medicare - Alliance for Health Reform The nonpartisan, nonprofit Alliance for Health Reform offers information about health reform, in a number of formats, to elected officials and their staffs, journalists, policy analysts and advocates.
Social Security and Disability News Resource Center
How Stuff Works - Medicare
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