text:
Limiting factor
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A limiting factor in a variable of a system that, if subject to a small change, causes a non-negligible change in an output or other measure of the system. A factor not limiting over a certain domain of starting conditions may yet be limiting over another domain of starting conditions, including that of the factor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Ecology
3 Business and technology
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Overview[edit]
The identification of a factor as limiting is of use only in distinction to one or more other factors that are non-limiting. Disciplines differ in their use of the term as to whether they allow the simultaneous existence of more than one limiting factor (which may then be called "co-limiting"), but they all require the existence of at least one non-limiting factor when the terms are used. There are several different possible scenarios of limitation when more than one factor is present. The first scenario, called single limitation occurs when only one factor, the one with maximum demand, limits the system. Serial co-limitation is when one factor has no direct limiting effects on the system, but must be present to increase the limitation of a second factor. A third scenario, independent limitation, occurs when two factors both have limiting effects on the system but work through different mechanisms. Another scenario, independent limitation, occurs when both factors contribute to the same limitation mechanism, but in different ways.[1]
Ecology[edit]
In ecology, common limiting factor resources are environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem.[2]:G-11[3] The concept of limiting factors is based on Liebig's Law of the Minimum, which states that growth is controlled not by the total amount of resources available, but by the scarcest resource. In other words, a factor is limiting if a change in the factor produces increased growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism, when other factors necessary to the organisms life do not. Limiting factors may be physical or biological.[2]:417,8
Limiting factors are not limited to the condition of the species. Some factors may be increased or reduced based on circumstances. An example of a limiting factor is sunlight in the rain forest, where growth is limited to all plants on the forest floor unless more light becomes available. This decreases a number of potential factors that could influence a biological process, but only one is in effect at any one place and time. This recognition that there is always a single limiting factor is vital in ecology; and the concept has parallels in numerous other processes. The limiting factor also causes competition between individuals of a species population. For example, space is a limiting factor. Many predators and prey need a certain amount of space for survival: food, water, and other biological needs. If the population of a species is too high, they start competing for those needs. Thus the limiting factors hold down population in an area by causing some individuals to seek better prospects elsewhere and others to stay and starve. Some other limiting factors in biology include temperature and other weather related factors. Species can also be limited by the availability of macro- and micronutrients. There has even been evidence of co-limitation in prairie ecosystems. A study published in 2017 showed that sodium (a micronutrient) had no effect on its own, but when in combination with nitrogen and phosphorus (macronutrients), it did show positive effects, which is evidence of serial co-limitation.[1]
Business and technology[edit]
AllBusiness.com defines a limiting (constraining) factor as an "item that restricts or limits production or sale of a given product". The examples provided include: "limited machine hours and labor-hours and shortage of materials and skilled labor. Other limiting factors may be cubic feet of display or warehouse space, or working capital."[4] The term is also frequently used in technology literature.[5][6]
The analysis of limiting business factors is part of the program evaluation and review technique, critical path analysis, and theory of constraints as presented in the novel The Goal.
In the design of chemical reactions to produce a chemical product, one of the reagents may be consumed by the reaction before the others. The amount of product is limited by the supply of this reagent. This limiting factor determines the theoretical yield of the reaction.
See also[edit]
Abiotic component
Bateman's principle
Biotic component
Competition (biology)
Competitive exclusion principle
Ecology
Resource (biology)
Shelter
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kaspari, Michael; Roeder, Karl A.; Benson, Brittany; Weiser, Michael D.; Sanders, Nathan J. (2017-02-01). "Sodium co-limits and catalyzes macronutrients in a prairie food web". Ecology. 98 (2): 315–320. doi:10.1002/ecy.1677. ISSN 1939-9170.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas M. Smith., Robert Leo Smith. 2009. Or simply, Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any large. Elements of Ecology. Pearson International Edition. 7th Ed.
Jump up ^ "Limiting factor - Biology-Online Dictionary".
Jump up ^ "Business definition for: Limiting (constraining) factor". AllBusiness Business Glossary. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sheriff, A., Bouchlaghem, D., El-Hamalawi, A., and Yeomans, S. (2012). "Information Management in UK-Based Architecture and Engineering Organizations: Drivers, Constraining Factors, and Barriers". Journal of Management Engineering. 28 (2). pp. 170–180. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ John Leslie King, Vijay Gurbaxani, Kenneth L. Kraemer, F. Warren McFarlan, K. S. Raman & C. S. Yap (June 1994). "Institutional Factors in Information Technology Innovation". Information Systems Research (DOI= 10.1287/isre.5.2.139). 5 (2). pp. 139–169. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Further reading[edit]
Raghothama, K. G. & Karthikeyan, A.S. (2005) "Phosphate acquisition", Plant and Soil 274: 37-49.
Taylor, W. A. (1934) "Significance of extreme or intermittent conditions in distribution of species and management of natural resources, with a restatement of Liebig's law of the minimum", Ecology 15: 374-379.
Shelford, V. E. (1952). Paired factors and master factors in environmental relations. Illinois Acad. Sci. Trans., 45: 155-160
Sundareshwar P.V., J.T. Morris, E.K. Koepfler, and B. Fornwalt (2003) "Phosphorus limitation of coastal ecosystem processes", Science 299:563-565.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limiting_factor&oldid=816936353"
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Rachel Bilson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rachel Bilson
Bilson on the set of Jumper in 2006
Born
Rachel Sarah Bilson
(1981-08-25) August 25, 1981 (age 36)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1998–present
Partner(s)
Hayden Christensen (2007–2017)
Children
1
Rachel Sarah Bilson (born August 25, 1981)[1] is an American actress. Born to a California show business family, Bilson made her television debut in 2003, and then landed the role of Summer Roberts on the prime-time drama series The O.C. Bilson made her movie debut in The Last Kiss (2006) and starred in the science-fiction-action film Jumper (2008). From 2011-15, she starred as Dr. Zoe Hart on The CW series Hart of Dixie.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Fashion design
4 Personal life
5 Filmography
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Bilson was born in Los Angeles,[1] the daughter of Janice Stango, a sex therapist,[2][3] and Danny Bilson, a writer, director, and producer.[1] She has an older brother[4] and two younger[5] half-sisters, Rosemary and Hattie.[6] Her father is Jewish; her mother is Italian-American.[7]
Bilson's father comes from a show business family: her paternal grandfather is producer-director Bruce Bilson.[8] Her great-grandfather George Bilson, born in Leeds, Yorkshire, UK, worked for RKO Pictures,[2] where he headed the movie trailer department,[6] and her great-grandmother Hattie Bilson was a screenwriter[6] whose credits include Pal, Canine Detective (1950). Bilson's classmates at Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California included actress Kirsten Dunst, actor Rami Malek, and American Idol runner-up singer Katharine McPhee.[4]
Career[edit]
Bilson attended Grossmont College, a community college in a suburb of San Diego, but dropped out after one year,[9] taking her father's advice to pursue a professional acting career.[8] She then made several appearances in commercials, including advertisements for Subway restaurants, Raisin Bran and Pepto-Bismol.[8]
She made her screen acting debut in early 2003, appearing in one episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter. Bilson was subsequently cast in The O.C., which debuted in August 2003. Her character, Summer Roberts, was initially intended to appear in only a few episodes, but became a series regular after a successful run, as Bilson's on-screen romance with Seth Cohen (Adam Brody) became a noted aspect of the series.[9]
At the 2005 Teen Choice Awards, she collected three awards: "Choice Hottie Female", "Choice TV Actress (Drama)" and "Best Onscreen TV Chemistry" (jointly won with Adam Brody).[10] In 2005, Maxim magazine named her sixth in their annual "Hot 100 List";[11] in 2006, the publication awarded her #14.[12]
The UK edition of FHM Magazine named her 28th in the 2006 100 Sexiest Women in the World list,[13] while the US Edition Ranked her 77th in 2005.[14] Bilson was also named one of People magazine's "100 Most Beautiful People" in 2006.[15] Before appearing in Maxim, Bilson had turned down requests to appear seminude in men's magazines, specifying that she feels that her body "is sacred" and "not there for the whole world to see."[16]
Bilson's first film role was in The Last Kiss, a romantic comedy-drama also starring Zach Braff in 2006. She played a college student who seduces Braff's character. It was reported that she called for a body double during the sex scenes because she was uncomfortable being nude in front of the camera. One review of the film noted that Bilson played the role with "surprising depth",[17] although another critic described her role as "Glenn Close in Fatal Attraction as an airhead valley girl with a hot bod".[18]
In September 2006, Bilson refuted rumors she had been cast to star in a film version of the comic book character Wonder Woman;[19]
In late 2006, Bilson was cast in the film Doug Liman's thriller Jumper, as the replacement for actress Teresa Palmer; the film was released on February 14, 2008.[20] She appeared in a two-episode arc on The O.C. creator Josh Schwartz's NBC comedy, Chuck,[21] and in the film New York, I Love You. She appeared in the 100th episode of How I Met Your Mother ("Girls Versus Suits") as Ted Mosby's latest love interest.[22]
In September 2008, she started shooting the indie romantic film Waiting for Forever, directed by James Keach. In September 2009 Rachel appeared as a celebrity guest judge in the third episode of Project Runway (season 6). Bilson starred in the 2011 indie film L!fe Happens. In 2011, Bilson began starring in The CW series Hart of Dixie, executive produced by The O.C. creator Josh Schwartz. On May 7, 2015, the CW officially canceled the show after four seasons.[23] In 2017, Bilson joined the cast of CMT's Nashville which reunites her with her former The O.C. co-star Chris Carmack.[24]
In November 2017, it was announced that Bilson will be starring in the upcoming ABC drama series Take Two. The show was given a straight-to-series order.[25]
Fashion design[edit]
Bilson has been recognized by several media sources as being a "fashion junkie".[26][27][28] She has described herself as having a "vintage" sense of style, and has noted Kate Moss and Diane Keaton as inspirations.[28]
Bilson approached DKNY Jeans in late 2007 with a view to design a clothing line with the fashion brand.[29] Together they created Edie Rose. The collection was launched in September 2008. Her idea was to keep fashionable items accessible to young women by keeping the prices of each piece under $100.[30] An advertising image was released in July 2008 which featured Bilson modelling her Edie Rose collection.[31]
Bilson stated that she wanted to keep her fashion line "as separate as possible from Rachel Bilson the actress. I'm hoping people will appreciate it for the clothes, not the person behind them."[32] Much of her fashion collection was lost when her home was burglarized in May 2009.[33] Bilson's fashions and sense of style made her the unwitting target of the Bling Ring, who burglarized her home on several occasions.[34][35]
In 2011, Bilson collaborated with her personal stylist Nicole Chavez, and shoe industry leader Steve Madden, to launch the footwear destination, ShoeMint, an "online customized shoe shopping experience".[36]
In 2013, Bilson designed a shirt for Invisible Children.[37]
Personal life[edit]
Bilson and Adam Brody, her co-star on The O.C., dated for three years.[38] After she and Brody broke up, Bilson began a relationship with actor Hayden Christensen, with whom she co-starred on Jumper.[2]
By January 2008, the pair had been seen and photographed together around Los Angeles for almost a year, without confirming a relationship.[39] In February 2009, Bilson appeared publicly with what appeared to be an engagement ring, though no official announcement was made.[40] In August 2010, Bilson's representative confirmed there had been an engagement that had since been called off, giving no other details.[41] The two reconciled three months afterward,[42] and had daughter Briar Rose Christensen on October 29, 2014.[43] The couple supports the coalition No Kids Policy, which seeks to prevent children of celebrities from being photographed without parental consent.[42] Bilson and Christensen separated in September 2017.[44]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 Unbroken Rachel Film short
2006 The Last Kiss Kim Nominated—Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout – Female
2008 Jumper Millie Harris Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Drama/Action Adventure
2009 New York, I Love You Molly
2010 Waiting for Forever Emma Twist
2011 Life Happens Laura
2013 The To Do List Amber Klark
2014 American Heist Eyewitness cameo
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998 It's True! Jenna Episode: "The Rats of Rumfordton"
2003 8 Simple Rules Jenny Episode: "Career Choices"
2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Colleen Episode: "Dirty Girls"
2003–2007 The O.C. Summer Roberts Won – Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Drama
Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress – Drama/Action Adventure
Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Chemistry (shared with Adam Brody)
Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout TV Star – Female
Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress – Drama/Action Adventure
2004 That '70s Show Christy Episode: "5:15"
2007 Chuck Lou Palone Episodes: "Chuck Versus the Truth",
"Chuck Versus the Imported Hard Salami"
2010, 2013-14 How I Met Your Mother Cindy 4 episodes
2011–15 Hart of Dixie Dr. Zoe Hart Lead role
Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Drama
2012 Gossip Girl Herself Episode: "New York, I Love You XOXO"
2016 Drunk History Constance Kopp Episode: "Siblings"
2017 Nashville Alyssa Greene Recurring Role (Season 5; 5 episodes)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rachel Bilson: Biography". People.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elsworth, Catherine (February 17, 2008). "Rachel Bilson: The OC star lands on her feet". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on May 30, 2011. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
Jump up ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (2007-02-22). "Rachel Bilson: My mama Gave Me Advice". People. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Spencer, Amy (September 7, 2008). "Rachel Bilson's Divine Inspiration". New York Post. Archived from the original on September 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09. Her great grandmother wrote screenplays (like 1950's Pal, Canine Detective).
Jump up ^ Gostin, Nicki (2011-11-11). "Rachel Bilson Talks 'Hart Of Dixie,' Kugel And Justin Bieber". Huffington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rachel Bilson: Biography". TVGuide.com. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Editors, Parade (2011-10-06). "Rachel Bilson's Cozy Chicken Sputnik". Dashrecipes.com. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bried, Erin (May 2006). "Just beachy". Self: 36–38.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Toole, Lesley (2006-10-31). "Rachel Bilson: She's the one". London, UK: The Independent. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice awards". Melbourne: TheAge.com. 2005-08-15. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Maxim Magazine Unveils Their "Hot 100" for 2005; Eva Longoria Crowned #1 This Year" (Press release). Maxim. 2005-05-10. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Maxim Magazine Unveils Their 'Hot 100' for 2006" (Press release). Maxim. 2005-05-15. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2006". MyKensington.co.uk. 2006. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "FHM 100 Sexiest Women 2005". FreeJose.com. 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "RACHEL BILSON". People Magazine. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Bilson Believes Her Body Is Sacred & Only for Boyfriend To See". StarPulse.com. 2006-10-10. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ Wang, Li (2006-09-15). "Goofy Braff gets serious for mature take on modern relationships". PennLive.com. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ Verniere, James (2006-09-15). "Boys don't cry". The Boston Herald. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ Bilson, on Jimmy Kimmel Live! (September 15, 2006).
Jump up ^ Tyler, Josh (2006-10-16). "Rachel Bilson Is A Jumper". Cinema Blend. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Bilson ('The O.C.') to guest-star as potential love interest in multi-episode arc on NBC's new action-comedy series 'Chuck'" (Press release). NBC. 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
Jump up ^ Joyce Eng (October 2, 2009). "Rachel Bilson Appearing on How I Met Your Mother — As the Mother?". TVGuide. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 7, 2015). "'Hart Of Dixie' Officially Cancelled After 4 Seasons". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Bilson and Empire's Kaitlin Doubleday Are Heading to Nashville". 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 16, 2017). "'Take Two' Procedural From 'Castle' Creator Starring Eddie Cibrian & Rachel Bilson Gets Straight-To-Series ABC Order". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pearson, Ryan (2006-09-20). "Rachel Bilson, fashion junkie". PE.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Paul (2006-08-22). "Interview: Rachel Bilson "The Last Kiss"". Dark Horizons. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rachel Bilson The Last Kiss Q&A". FutureMovies. October 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Bilson to design Edie Rose collection for DKNY Jeans". Sassybella.com. 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Bilson Launches Edie Rose For DKNY Jeans". accesshollywood.com.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Bilson models her Edie Rose line for DKNY Jeans". Sassybella.com. 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
Jump up ^ Rachel Bilson Edie Rose Interview. Accessed 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Chiu, Alexis. "Rachel Bilson's L.A. Home Is Burglarized". People.
Jump up ^ News, A. B. C. (8 March 2010). "Exclusive: Inside Hollywood's 'Bling Ring'". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Sales, Nancy Jo. "Nancy Jo Sales on the Bling Ring".
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Behind The Design // Rachel Bilson + Ben Lovett design T-Shirts for". Invisible Children. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
Jump up ^ Margaret, Mary (December 5, 2006). "Rachel Bilson & Adam Brody split". People. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
Jump up ^ Bunim, Juliana (January 10, 2008). "Rachel Bilson Says No to Nudity". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sacre, Claire (February 26, 2009). "Rachel Bilson Reveals Her Engagement Ring". Elle. UK. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chu, Alexis; Shira, Dahvi (August 10, 2010). "Hayden Christensen & Rachel Bilson Call Off Engagement". People. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rachel Bilson and Hayden Christensen welcome daughter Briar Rose". CBS/Associated Press. November 6, 2014. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Confirmed by Bison's representative in Webber, Stephanie (November 6, 2014). "Rachel Bilson Gives Birth, Welcomes Baby Girl Briar Rose With Hayden Christensen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Us Weekly Staff (September 19, 2017). "Rachel Bilson and Hayden Christensen Split". Us Weekly. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rachel Bilson.
Rachel Bilson on IMDb
Rachel Bilson at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 168953561
LCCN: no2006010061
ISNI: 0000 0001 1802 0403
GND: 1052685714
SUDOC: 168029847
BNF: cb16684029c (data)
BIBSYS: 8046532
NKC: xx0078747
BNE: XX4741453
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Bilson&oldid=838408086"
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Virginia Dare
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Virginia Dare
US postage stamp issued in 1937, the 350th anniversary of Virginia Dare's birth
Born
August 18, 1587
Roanoke Colony (present-day North Carolina)[1]
Died
unknown
Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587, date of death unknown) was the first English child born in a New World English overseas possession, and was named after the territory of Virginia, her birthplace.[2] Her parents were Ananias Dare and Eleanor White (also spelled Ellinor or Elyonor)[1].
What became of Virginia and the other colonists remains a mystery. The fact of her birth is known because John White, Virginia's grandfather and the governor of the colony, returned to England in 1587 to seek fresh supplies. When White eventually returned three years later, the colonists were gone.
During the past four hundred years, Virginia Dare has become a prominent figure in American myth and folklore, symbolizing different things to different groups of people. She has been featured as a main character in books, poems, songs, comic books, television programs, and films. Her name has been used to sell different types of goods, from vanilla products to soft drinks, as well as wine and spirits. Many places in North Carolina and elsewhere in the Southern United States have been named in her honor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Mystery of the "Lost Colony"
3 Modern legacy
3.1 Eleanor Dare stones
3.2 1937 Roanoke commemorative coin
3.3 Literary and cultural references
3.4 Tourism and advertising
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Biography[edit]
St Bride's Church, Fleet Street, where Virginia Dare's parents were wed.
Baptism of Virginia Dare, lithograph, 1880
Virginia Dare was born in the Roanoke Colony in what is now North Carolina in August 1587, the first child of English parents born in the New World. "Elenora, daughter to the governor of the city and wife to Ananias Dare, one of the assistants, was delivered of a daughter in Roanoke".[2]
Little is known of the lives of either of her parents. Her mother Eleanor was born in London around 1563, and was the daughter of John White, the governor of the ill-fated Roanoke Colony. Eleanor married Ananias Dare (born c. 1560), a London tiler and bricklayer,[3] at St Bride's Church[4] on Fleet Street in the City of London.[5] He, too, was part of the Roanoke expedition. Virginia Dare was one of two infants born to the colonists in 1587 and the only female child born to the settlers.
Nothing else is known of Virginia Dare's life, as the Roanoke Colony did not endure. Virginia's grandfather John White sailed for England for fresh supplies at the end of 1587, having established his colony. He was unable to return to Roanoke until August 18, 1590 due to England's war with Spain and the pressing need for ships to defend against the Spanish Armada—by which time he found that the settlement had been long deserted. The buildings had collapsed and "the houses [were] taken down".[6] Worse, White was unable to find any trace of his daughter or granddaughter, or indeed any of the 80 men, 17 women, and 11 children who made up the "Lost Colony".[6]
Mystery of the "Lost Colony"[edit]
Main article: Roanoke Colony
The return of Governor White to the "Lost Colony"
Nothing is known for certain of the fate of Virginia Dare or her fellow colonists. Governor White found no sign of a struggle or battle. The only clue to the colonists' fate was the word "Croatoan" carved into a post of the fort, and the letters "Cro" carved into a nearby tree. All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled, suggesting that their departure had not been hurried. Before he had left the colony, White had instructed them that, if anything happened to them, they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby, indicating that their disappearance had been forced. There was no cross, and White took this to mean that they had moved to Croatoan Island (now known as Hatteras Island), but he was unable to conduct a search.
There are a number of theories regarding the fate of the colonists, the most widely accepted one being that they sought shelter with local Indian tribes, and either intermarried with the natives or were killed. In 1607, John Smith and other members of the successful Jamestown Colony sought information about the fate of the Roanoke colonists. One report indicated that the survivors had taken refuge with friendly Chesapeake Indians, but Chief Powhatan claimed that his tribe had attacked the group and killed most of the colonists. Powhatan showed Smith certain artifacts that he said had belonged to the colonists, including a musket barrel and a brass mortar and pestle. However, no archaeological evidence exists to support this claim. The Jamestown Colony received reports of some survivors of the Lost Colony and sent out search parties, but none were successful. Eventually they determined that they were all dead.[7]
William Strachey, a secretary of the Jamestown Colony, wrote in The History of Travel into Virginia Britannia in 1612 that there were reportedly two-story houses with stone walls at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen. The Indians supposedly learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers.[8] There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period.[9] Strachey also wrote that four English men, two boys, and one maid had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc, under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco. The captives were forced to beat copper. The captives, he reported, had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river, the present-day Chowan River in Bertie County, North Carolina.[8][10][11]
Modern legacy[edit]
Marble sculpture of Virginia Dare formerly in St Bride's Church, Fleet Street, London
Memorial to Virginia Dare at St Bride's Church, Fleet St
Virginia Dare has become a prominent figure in American myth and folklore in the more than four hundred years since her birth, representing different things to different people. A 2000 article in the Piedmont (North Carolina) Triad News and Record noted that she symbolizes innocence and purity for many Americans (particularly Southerners), "new beginnings, promise, and hope" as well as "adventure and bravery" in a new land. She also symbolizes mystery because of her mysterious fate.[12]
For some residents of North Carolina, she has been an important symbol of the state and the desire to keep it predominantly European-American. In the 1920s, a group that opposed suffrage for women feared that black women would get the vote. One group in Raleigh, North Carolina urged "that North Carolina remain white ... in the name of Virginia Dare".[12] Today, Virginia Dare's name is used for the anti-illegal immigration group The VDARE Project.
Some people also see her as a symbol of women's rights. In the 1980s, feminists in North Carolina called for state residents to approve the Equal Rights Amendment and "Honor Virginia Dare."[12]
There is a memorial to Virginia Dare in St Bride's Church, Fleet St, where her parents were married prior to their journey to Roanoke.[4] The bronze sculpture was created by Clare Waterhouse in 1999.[13] It replaced a marble sculpture of Dare carved by Marjorie Meggit in 1957, which was stolen in 1999 and never recovered.[citation needed]
Eleanor Dare stones[edit]
Main article: Dare Stones
Virginia's death and the fate of the other colonists were purportedly described in a series of inscribed stones written by Eleanor Dare and others. These were later revealed to be forgeries.[14]
1937 Roanoke commemorative coin[edit]
In 1937, the United States Mint issued a half-dollar commemorative coin that depicted Virginia Dare as the first English child born in the New World. This was also the first time that a child was depicted on United States currency.[15][16]
Literary and cultural references[edit]
Illustration from Virginia Dare: A Romance of the Sixteenth Century, 19th century novel by Mrs. E.A.B. Shackelford loosely based on the life of Virginia Dare
Virginia Dare quickly entered into folklore as the first white child born in British America. The fate of Virginia Dare and the Lost Colony has been the subject of many literary, film, and television adaptations, all of which have added to her myth:
One of the first was Cornelia Tuthill's 1840 novel Virginia Dare, or the Colony of Roanoke, in which Virginia marries a Jamestown settler. Virginia Dare met the Indian princess Pocahontas in E.A.B. Shackleford's 1892 novel Virginia Dare: A Romance of the Sixteenth Century. Virginia Dare was the main character in Sallie Southall Cotten's 1901 book in verse The White Doe: The Fate of Virginia Dare. In the book, she is turned into a white doe by an Indian witch doctor after she rejects his advances. When her true love, an Indian warrior, shoots her with a silver arrow, she turns back into a woman just before she dies in his arms. Cotten has asserted, however, that the tale of Dare as the White Doe had survived for some three centuries as part of colonial folklore.[17] In the 1908 novel The Daughter of Virginia Dare, author Mary Virginia Wall made Pocahontas the daughter of Virginia Dare. In Herbert Bouldin Hawes' 1930 novel The Daughter of the Blood, Virginia Dare is involved in a romantic triangle with John Smith and Pocahontas.
Neil Gaiman has extended this story in his comic book series 1602, where a Native American named Rojhaz meets Virginia Dare when she is about twelve, and an artifact of his travels causes her to transform into a series of white creatures whenever she is in danger. The storyline ends when Peter Parquagh and Virginia Dare head home to her father to plot the rescue of those left in England. In later stories in the 1602 universe (much like the figure of legend), when attempting to flee in the form of a white doe, she is shot by Master Norman Osborne and reverts to human form in front of Peter before dying.
Other authors have given the myth a fantasy twist. In Philip José Farmer's 1965 novel Dare, Virginia and the other Lost Colonists are abducted by aliens and settled on a planet called Dare. In 1969, Steve Cannon wrote Groove, Bang and Jive Around, in which Virginia Dare is one of two stewardesses aboard the Statecraft One who engages in a wild orgy with Annette, the foxy adolescent girl from New Orleans, and Estavanico, "Little Stevie" to some, the flight engineer. Near the end, in the land of Oobladee, she is eventually magically transformed into a frail, old woman with a cane, who explains the reasons for which she was left to explore much darker horizons, sexually. Ultimately, she falls to the floor as a pile of ashes. Virginia Dare appears in Mark Chadbourn's fantasy sequence Kingdom of the Serpent, comprising the novels Jack of Ravens and The Burning Man with a third yet[when?] to be published. She is kidnapped along with the other Roanoke colonists and taken to the Celtic Otherworld, the home of all myth and legend. She plays a key role in the final volume of the trilogy. A woman named Virginia Dare appears in Gregory Keyes' fantasy novel The Briar King. Keyes uses several hints and word clues to indicate this character is meant to be the historical figure. In Volume I of Tales of the Slayer, a horror story collection set in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universe, Virginia Dare appears as the vampire slayer "White Doe", an English girl adopted by the Croatoan Indians. She is turned into a white doe by a wizard of the tribe when she rejects his advances. Her true love, Seal of the Ocean, finds her but later kills her because he does not recognize her as a deer.
She is the main villain in the short-lived television show FreakyLinks. Inspired by The X-Files and The Blair Witch Project, it follows a young man who takes over his twin brother's paranormal Web site, Freakylinks, after his death. It is later found that his brother's death was related to his investigations into the lost colony of Roanoke. It is implied that Virginia Dare was a demon who destroyed the colonists, either directly or indirectly. However, the show was canceled before the end of the first season, and the mystery was never resolved.
In the 2007 made-for-TV movie on the SciFi Channel, Wraiths of Roanoke, Virginia Dare is the sole survivor after the colony is wiped out by Old Norse ghosts, or wraiths, who had died on the island centuries earlier but failed to achieve transit to Valhalla. In the movie the infant Virginia, whose innocence is needed by the wraiths, is used by her father to lure the wraiths onto a flaming raft set adrift for a Viking funeral. The last act of Ananias is to cast Virginia away from the raft in a wicker basket. She is found and adopted by the mainland Indians the next day.
In The Necromancer, the fourth book in Michael Scott's "Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel" series, Virginia Dare was introduced as an immortal who disables her enemies with charms from a magic flute. It is later revealed in the story that her father is the one who carved the word "Croatoan" onto the fence post and part of the tree.
In Sabotaged the third book of the "Missing Series" by Margaret Peterson Haddix, Virginia Dare is a missing child from history who had been kidnapped by one of the evil villains when she was a child, but then accidentally landed in the twenty-first century. The main characters, Jonah and Katherine, are sent back into time, again, to return her to the colony. However Andrea (also called Virginia) is tricked by a mysterious character named Second to sabotage the mission. The book takes place in Roanoke Island and they eventually travel to Croatoan Island.
In the ongoing faux-Southern Gothic show The Heart, She Holler (premiered in 2011) the town matriarch, commonly referred to as "Meemaw", is named Virginia Dare. in Season 3 it is confirmed that she is the actual Virginia Dare, "the first white person born on this continent". Her birth so offended the gods of the indigenous peoples that she was "cursed" with immortality and various psychic powers including but not limited to telekinesis, extrasensory perception, and as yet unexplained reality bending powers.
She is a character in the novel The Last American Vampire written by Seth Grahame-Smith.
Tourism and advertising[edit]
Virginia Dare Tobacco, label, circa 1871
Virginia Dare Flavoring Extracts
Virginia Dare's name has become a tourist attraction for North Carolina. Many locations are named after her, including Dare County, North Carolina; the Virginia Dare Trail, a section of NC 12; Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge, the second, newest, and widest bridge spanning the Croatan Sound connecting Roanoke Island to Manns Harbor, carrying US 64. Residents of Roanoke Island celebrate Virginia Dare's birthday each year with an Elizabethan Renaissance fair. A statue of Virginia as a grown woman, nude and wrapped in a buffalo skin, is on display in the Elizabethan Gardens on the island.[12] At Smith Mountain Lake, there is an active tour boat named Virginia Dare.
Virginia Dare's name has also been used to sell a number of products. Virginia Dare was the name of the first commercial wine to sell after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933.[18] The Virginia Dare Extract Company, a maker of vanilla products, sells its products with a symbol of Virginia as a fresh-faced, blonde girl wearing a white ruffled mob cap. The company's Web site notes that Virginia Dare symbolizes "wholesomeness and purity".[19] In Rancho Cucamonga, California, a now-defunct winery called Virginia Dare is on the corner of Haven Avenue and Foothill Boulevard (U.S. Route 66).
See also[edit]
First white child
List of people who disappeared mysteriously
Martín de Argüelles, first child born in St. Augustine, Florida (born 1566)
Snorri Thorfinnsson, said to have been born between 1005 and 1013 in Vinland
Peregrine White
United States portal
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Virginia Dare". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Hawks, Francis L. (1857). History of North Carolina: Embracing the period between the first voyage to the colony in 1584, to the last in 1591.
Jump up ^ Miller (2000), p. 27
^ Jump up to: a b "American Connections". St Bride's Fleet Street. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Morgan, p.77
^ Jump up to: a b Milton, p.265
Jump up ^ "Roanoke Island". Coastalguide.com. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Stick (1983), p. 222
Jump up ^ Miller (2000), p. 250
Jump up ^ Miller (2000), p. 242
Jump up ^ *Warner, Charles Dudley, Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed April 1, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Patterson, Donald W., "Time Hasn't Diminished the Image of Virginia Dare", News and Record (Piedmont Triad, N.C.) April 23, 2000
Jump up ^ Evans, Tony (December 19, 2008). "Painter Tessa Bradley to shows work in Bellevue". Idaho Mountain Express.
Jump up ^ Sparkes, Boyden (26 April 1941). "Writ on Rocke: Has America's First Murder Mystery Been Solved?". The Saturday Evening Post. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
Jump up ^ 1937 Roanoke Half Dollar
Jump up ^ The United States Mint · About The Mint
Jump up ^ Poole, W. Scott. Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the Haunting. Waco, Texas: Baylor, 2011), p. 35. ISBN 978-1-60258-314-6.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Gerald D. (October 11, 2005). "Wine Lore". Wine Review Online. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Dare Extract Company". Virginiadare.com. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
References[edit]
Miller, Lee, Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony (2000), Penguin Books, ISBN 0-1420-0228-3
Milton, Giles, Big Chief Elizabeth – How England's Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World, Hodder & Stoughton, London (2000)
Morgan, Dewi, Phoenix of Fleet St – 2,000 years of St Bride's, Charles Knight & Co., London (1973), ISBN 0-85314-196-7
Stick, David, Roanoake Island: The Beginnings of English America (1983), University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-4110-2
Tucker, Abigail, "Sketching the Earliest Views of the New World", Smithsonian magazine, December 2008
White, Robert W., A Witness For Eleanor Dare (1992), Lexikos, ISBN 0-938530-51-8
Scott, Michael. The Necromancer. New York: Delacorte, 2010
Further reading[edit]
Big Chief Elizabeth: How England's Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World, Giles Milton, Sceptre, 2001, ISBN 0-340-74882-6
Virginia Dare: A Romance of the Sixteenth Century, Mrs. E. A. B. Shackelford, Published by Thomas Whittaker, New York, 1892
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia Dare.
Virginia Dare and The Lost Colony
Women in the Roanoke Colony November 22, 2012.
Searching for the Lost Colony Blog
Lost Colony Center for Science and Research
Account of the Roanoke settlements
St Bride's Church – Virginia Dare at St Bride's Church Official Website
Webpage discussing authenticity of the Virginia Dare Stones
Article in the Saturday Evening Post discussing debunking the Dare Stones
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 18521954
LCCN: n80070498
ULAN: 500107972
SNAC: w6kh0ss3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Dare&oldid=823070016"
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value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: וירג'יניה דייר – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: ヴァージニア・デア – Japanese

value: Дэйр, Вирджиния – Russian

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

value: Вірджинія Дейр – Ukrainian

value: 弗吉尼亚·戴尔 – Chinese

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Virginia_Dare rootpage-Virginia_Dare skin-vector action-view