text:
Taurine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the chemical compound. For the bovine sub-species, see Taurine cattle.
Taurine
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Aminoethane-1-sulfonic acid
Other names
2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid
Tauric acid
Identifiers
CAS Number
107-35-7 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:15891 N
ChEMBL
ChEMBL239243 Y
ChemSpider
1091 Y
DrugBank
DB01956 N
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.168
IUPHAR/BPS
2379
PubChem CID
1123
UNII
1EQV5MLY3D Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6) Y
Key: XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)
Key: XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYAA
SMILES[show]
O=S(=O)(O)CCN
Properties
Chemical formula
C2H7NO3S
Molar mass 125.14 g/mol
Density 1.734 g/cm3 (at −173.15 °C)
Melting point 305.11 °C (581.20 °F; 578.26 K)
Acidity (pKa) <0, 9.06
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Taurine (/ˈtɔːriːn/), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic compound that is widely distributed in animal tissues.[1] It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight. Taurine is named after the Latin taurus (a cognate of the Greek ταῦρος) which means bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin.[2]
Taurine has many fundamental biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. It is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system. Taurine is a common additive to energy drinks, which are often promoted as such.
Taurine is unusual among biological molecules in being a sulfonic acid, while the vast majority of biologically occurring acids contain the more weakly acidic carboxyl group. While taurine is sometimes called an amino acid, and indeed is an acid containing an amino group, it is not an amino acid in the usual biochemical meaning of the term, which refers to compounds containing both an amino and a carboxyl group.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synthesis and biosynthesis
1.1 Synthesis
1.2 Biosynthesis
2 Nutritional significance
2.1 Energy drinks
2.2 Magnesium taurate
3 Physiological functions
4 Safety and toxicity
5 In animal nutrition
6 Prematurely born infants deficiency risk
7 Other uses
7.1 In cosmetics and contact lens solutions
7.2 Derivatives
7.3 See also
8 References
9 External links
Synthesis and biosynthesis
Synthesis
Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite. A direct approach involves the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid.[4]
In 1993, about 5,000–6,000 tons of taurine were produced for commercial purposes: 50% for pet food and 50% in pharmaceutical applications.[5] As of 2010, China alone has more than 40 manufacturers of taurine. Most of these enterprises employ the ethanolamine method to produce a total annual production of about 3,000 tons.[6]
In the laboratory taurine can be produced by alkylation of ammonia with bromoethanesulfonate salts.[7]
Biosynthesis
Taurine is derived from cysteine. Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. Hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to yield taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase.[8]
Taurine is also produced by the transsulfuration pathway, which converts homocysteine into cystathionine. The cystathionine is then converted to hypotaurine by the sequential action of three enzymes: cystathionine gamma-lyase, cysteine dioxygenase, and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. Hypotaurine is then oxidized to taurine as described above.[9]
Oxidative degradation of cysteine to taurine
Nutritional significance
Taurine occurs naturally in fish and meat.[10][11][12] The mean daily intake from omnivore diets was determined to be around 58 mg (range from 9 to 372 mg) and to be low or negligible from a strict vegan diet. In another study, taurine intake was estimated to be generally less than 200 mg/day, even in individuals eating a high-meat diet. According to another study, taurine consumption was estimated to vary between 40 and 400 mg/day. [13]
Energy drinks
Taurine is an ingredient in energy drinks. Many contain 1000 mg per serving,[14] and some as much as 2000 mg.[15] The addition of taurine is used as a nervous system depressant.[16]
Magnesium taurate
Magnesium taurate, the magnesium salt of taurine, is a mineral supplement of magnesium.[17][unreliable medical source?][18][unreliable medical source?][19][unreliable medical source?]
Physiological functions
Taurine is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system.[20]
Taurine is conjugated via its amino terminal group with chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid to form the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate. The low pKa[21] of taurine's sulfonic acid group ensures this moiety is negatively charged in the pH ranges normally found in the intestinal tract, thus it improves the surfactant properties of the cholic acid conjugate.
Taurine crosses the blood–brain barrier[22][23][24] and has been implicated in a wide array of physiological phenomena including inhibitory neurotransmission,[25] long-term potentiation in the striatum/hippocampus,[26] membrane stabilization,[27][unreliable medical source?] feedback inhibition of neutrophil/macrophage respiratory burst, adipose tissue regulation and possible prevention of obesity,[28][29] calcium homeostasis,[30] recovery from osmotic shock,[31] protection against glutamate excitotoxicity[32] and prevention of epileptic seizures.[33]
It also acts as an antioxidant and protects against toxicity of various substances (such as lead and cadmium).[34][35][36][37] Additionally, supplementation with taurine has been shown to prevent oxidative stress induced by exercise.[38]
Taurine has been shown to reduce the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells.[39] High concentrations of serum lipids and apolipoprotein B100 (essential structural component of VLDL and LDL) are major risk factors of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Hence, taurine supplementation is possibly beneficial for the prevention of these diseases.
Dietary taurine has a blood cholesterol-lowering effect in young overweight adults. Furthermore, body weight also decreased significantly with taurine supplementation.[40] These findings are consistent with animal studies.[41]
Taurine has also been shown to help people with congestive heart failure by increasing the force and effectiveness of heart-muscle contractions.[42]
Taurine levels were found to be significantly lower in vegans than in a control group on a standard American diet. Plasma taurine was 78% of control values, and urinary taurine was 29%.[43]
In cells, taurine keeps potassium and magnesium inside the cell, while keeping excessive sodium out. In this sense, it works like a diuretic. Because it aids the movement of potassium, sodium, and calcium in and out of the cell, taurine has been used as a dietary supplement for epileptics, as well as for people who have uncontrollable facial twitches.[44]
According to animal studies, taurine produces an anxiolytic effect and may act as a modulator or antianxiety agent in the central nervous system by activating the glycine receptor.[45][46][47]
A study of mice hereditarily unable to transport taurine suggests it is needed for proper maintenance and functioning of skeletal muscles.[48] In addition, it has been shown to be effective in removing fatty liver deposits in rats, preventing liver disease, and reducing cirrhosis in tested animals.[49][50] Evidence indicates taurine may be beneficial for blood pressure in male rats. A single intravenous taurine supplementation resulted in measurable decreases in blood pressure. However, when rats were supplemented with taurine in their drinking water, only female rats showed an increase in blood pressure. Both genders showed significant tachycardia.[51]
Taurine is necessary for normal skeletal muscle functioning.[48] Mice with a genetic taurine deficiency had a nearly complete depletion of skeletal and cardiac muscle taurine levels and a reduction of more than 80% of exercise capacity compared to control mice. Taurine can influence (and possibly reverse) defects in nerve blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity, and nerve sensory thresholds in experimental diabetic neuropathic rats.[52][53]
In diabetic rats, taurine significantly decreased weight and decreased blood sugar.[54] Likewise, taurine administration to diabetic rabbits resulted in 30% decrease in serum glucose levels.[55] According to the single study on human subjects, daily administration of 1.5 g of taurine had no significant effect on insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity.[56] There is evidence that taurine may exert a beneficial effect in preventing diabetes-associated microangiopathy and tubulointerstitial injury in diabetic nephropathy.[57][58]
Taurine acts as a glycation inhibitor. Taurine-treated diabetic rats had a decrease in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and AGEs content.[59][60] The United States Department of Agriculture has found a link between cataract development and lower levels of vitamin B6, folate, and taurine in the diets of the elderly.[61]
Taurine has been investigated in animal studies as an alternative to glucose as an osmotic agent for use in peritoneal dialysis solutions.[62]
The cat lacks the enzyme necessary to produce taurine and must therefore acquire it from its diet. A taurine deficiency in cats can lead to retinal degeneration and eventually blindness. Other effects of a diet lacking in this essential amino acid are dilated cardiomyopathy and reproductive failure in females.[63]
Safety and toxicity
Taurine is involved in a number of crucial physiological processes. However, its role in these processes is not clearly understood and the influence of high taurine doses on these processes is uncertain. A substantial increase in the plasma concentration of growth hormone was reported in some epileptic patients during taurine tolerance testing (oral dose of 50 mg per kg body mass per day), suggesting a potential to stimulate the hypothalamus and to modify neuroendocrine function.[64] A 1966 study found an indication that taurine (2 g/day) has some function in the maintenance and possibly in the induction of psoriasis.[13] Three later studies failed to support that finding.[65][66][67] It may also be necessary to take into consideration that absorption of taurine from beverages may be more rapid than from foods.[13]
Taurine has an observed safe level of supplemental intake in normal healthy adults at up to 3 g/day.[68] Even so, a study by the European Food Safety Authority found no adverse effects for up to 1,000 mg of taurine per kilogram of body weight per day.[69]
A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, concluding, "The amounts of guarana, taurine, and ginseng found in popular energy drinks are far below the amounts expected to deliver either therapeutic benefits or adverse events".[70]
In animal nutrition
Taurine is an essential dietary requirement for feline health, since house cats (and all members of the cat family) cannot synthesize the compound.[71] The absence of taurine causes a cat's retina to slowly degenerate, causing eye problems and (eventually) irreversible blindness – a condition known as central retinal degeneration (CRD),[72][73] as well as hair loss and tooth decay. Decreased plasma taurine concentration has been demonstrated to be associated with feline dilated cardiomyopathy.[74] Unlike CRD, the condition is reversible with supplementation. Taurine is now a requirement of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and any dry or wet food product labeled approved by the AAFCO should have a minimum of 0.1% taurine in dry food and 0.2% in wet food.[75] Studies suggest the amino acid should be supplied at 10 mg/kg of bodyweight/day for domestic cats.[76]
Research suggests taurine is essential to the normal development of passerine birds. Many passerines seek out taurine-rich spiders to feed their young, particularly just after hatching. Researchers compared the behaviours and development of birds fed a taurine-supplemented diet to a control diet and found the juveniles fed taurine-rich diets as neonates were much larger risk takers and more adept at spatial learning tasks.[77]
The availability of taurine is affected depending on how the food is prepared, with raw diets retaining the most taurine, and baking or boiling resulting in the greatest taurine loss.[78]
Prematurely born infants deficiency risk
Prematurely born infants are believed to lack the enzymes needed to convert cystathionine to cysteine, and may, therefore, become deficient in taurine. Taurine is present in breast milk, and has been added to many infant formulas, as a measure of prudence, since the early 1980s. However, this practice has never been rigorously studied, and as such it has yet to be proven to be necessary, or even beneficial.[79]
Other uses
In cosmetics and contact lens solutions
Since the 2000s cosmetic compositions containing taurine have been introduced, possibly due to its antifibrotic properties. It has been shown to prevent the damaging effects of TGFB1 to hair follicles.[80] It also helps to maintain skin hydration.[81]
Taurine is also used in some contact lens solutions.[82]
Derivatives
Taurine is used in the preparation of the anthelmintic drug netobimin (Totabin).
Taurolidine
Taurocholic acid & Tauroselcholic acid.
Tauromustine
5-Taurinomethyluridine and 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine are modified uridines in (human) mitrochondrial tRNA.[83]
Tauryl is the functional group attaching at the sulfur, 2-aminoethylsulfonyl.[84]
Taurino is the functional group attaching at the nitrogen, 2-sulfoethylamino.
See also
Homotaurine (tramiprosate), which is precursor to Acamprosate.
Taurates, a substance group.
References
Jump up ^ Schuller-Levis, Georgia B.; Park, Eunkyue (2003). "Taurine: new implications for an old amino acid". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 226: 195–202. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00611-6.
Jump up ^ F. Tiedemann, L. Gmelin; Gmelin (1827). "Einige neue Bestandtheile der Galle des Ochsen". Annalen der Physik. 85 (2): 326–37. Bibcode:1827AnP....85..326T. doi:10.1002/andp.18270850214.
Jump up ^ "the definition of amino acid". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ Kosswig K, ed. (2000). "Sulfonic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_503.
Jump up ^ Tully PS, ed. (2000). "Sulfonic Acids". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/0471238961.1921120620211212.a01.
Jump up ^ Amanda Xia (2010-01-03). "China Taurine Market Is Expected To Recover". Press release and article directory: technology. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
Jump up ^ Marvel, C. S.; Bailey, C. F.; Cortese, Frank (1938). "Taurine". Org. Synth. 18: 77. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.018.0077.
Jump up ^ Sumizu K (1962). "Oxidation of hypotaurine in rat liver". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 63: 210–212. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(62)90357-8. PMID 13979247.
Jump up ^ Harris Ripps, Wen Shen (2012). "Review: Taurine: A "very essential" amino acid". Molecular Vision. 18: 2673–2686. PMC 3501277  . PMID 23170060.
Jump up ^ Bouckenooghe T, Remacle C, Reusens B (2006). "Is taurine a functional nutrient?". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 9 (6): 728–33. doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000247469.26414.55. PMID 17053427.
Jump up ^ Brosnan J, Brosnan M (2006). "The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview". J Nutr. 136 (6 Suppl): 1636S–40S. PMID 16702333.
Jump up ^ Huxtable RJ (1992). "Physiological actions of taurine". Physiol Rev. 72 (1): 101–163. PMID 1731369.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Opinion on Caffeine, Taurine and D-Glucurono — g -Lactone as constituents of so-called "energy" drinks". Directorate-General Health and Consumers, European Commission, European Union. 1999-01-21. Archived from the original on 2006-06-23.
Jump up ^ rockstar69.com Original Rockstar Ingredients
Jump up ^ Chang, PL (2008-05-03). "Nos Energy Drink – Review". energyfanatics.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Why Is Taurine in Energy Drinks and Pre Workouts? - 4 Gauge". 4 Gauge. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
Jump up ^ McCarty MF (1996). "Complementary vascular-protective actions of magnesium and taurine: a rationale for magnesium taurate". Medical Hypotheses. 46 (2): 89–100. doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90007-9. PMID 8692051. Retrieved 2016-01-31. The complex magnesium taurate may thus have potential as a vascular-protective nutritional supplement and might also be administered parenterally, as an alternative to magnesium sulfate, in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction as well as of pre-eclampsia.
Jump up ^ McCarty MF (1996). "Magnesium taurate for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia". Medical Hypotheses. 47 (4): 269–72. doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90065-1. PMID 8910874. Retrieved 2016-01-31. parenteral magnesium taurate can reasonably be proposed as a superior alternative to magnesium sulfate in the treatment of pre-eclampsia; administered orally as a component of prenatal supplementation, magnesium taurate might well have both preventive and therapeutic value in this syndrome. In the light of the hypoxia-protective actions of both magnesium and taurine, such supplementation might also protect fetuses experiencing temporary perinatal asphyxia, lessening the risk of cerebral palsy.
Jump up ^ McCarty MF (1996). "Magnesium taurate and fish oil for prevention of migraine". Medical Hypotheses. 47 (6): 461–6. doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90158-9. PMID 8961243. it is reasonable to speculate that supplemental magnesium taurate will have preventive value in the treatment of migraine.
Jump up ^ Huxtable, RJ (1992). "Physiological actions of taurine". Physiol Rev. 72 (1): 101–63. PMID 1731369.
Jump up ^ Irving CS, Hammer BE, Danyluk SS, Klein PD (1980). "13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Complexation of Calcium by Taurine". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 13 (2): 137–50. doi:10.1016/S0162-0134(00)80117-8. PMID 7431022.
Jump up ^ Urquhart, N; Perry, TL; Hansen, S; Kennedy, J (1974). "Passage of taurine into adult mammalian brain". Journal of Neurochemistry. 22 (5): 871–2. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04309.x. PMID 4407108.
Jump up ^ Tsuji, A; Tamai, I (1996). "Sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of taurine at the blood–brain barrier". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 403: 385–91. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0182-8_41. ISBN 978-1-4899-0184-2. PMID 8915375.
Jump up ^ Salimäki, J; Scriba, G; Piepponen, TP; Rautolahti, N; Ahtee, L (2003). "The effects of systemically administered taurine and N-pivaloyltaurine on striatal extracellular dopamine and taurine in freely moving rats". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 368 (2): 134–41. doi:10.1007/s00210-003-0776-6.
Jump up ^ Olive, MF (2002). "Interactions between taurine and ethanol in the central nervous system". Amino Acids. 23 (4): 345–57. doi:10.1007/s00726-002-0203-1. PMID 12436202.
Jump up ^ Dominy, J Jr; Thinschmidt, JS; Peris, J; Dawson, R Jr; Papke, RL (2004). "Taurine-induced long-lasting potentiation in the rat hippocampus shows a partial dissociation from total hippocampal taurine content and independence from activation of known taurine transporters". Journal of Neurochemistry. 89 (5): 1195–205. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02410.x. PMID 15147512.
Jump up ^ Birdsall, TC (1998). "Therapeutic applications of taurine". Alternative Medicine Review. 3 (2): 128–36. PMID 9577248.
Jump up ^ Ide T, Kushiro M, Takahashi Y, Shinohara K, Cha S. "mRNA expression of enzymes involved in taurine biosynthesis in rat adipose tissues. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2002 Sep;51(9):1191-7.
Jump up ^ Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N; Shozawa, C; Sano, K; Kamei, Y; Kasaoka, S; Hosokawa, Y; Ezaki, O (2006). "Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) deficiency creates a vicious circle promoting obesity". Endocrinology. 147 (7): 3276–84. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1007. PMID 16627576.
Jump up ^ Foos, TM; Wu, JY (2002). "The role of taurine in the central nervous system and the modulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis". Neurochemical Research. 27 (1–2): 21–6. doi:10.1023/A:1014890219513. PMID 11926272.
Jump up ^ Stummer W, Betz AL, Shakui P, Keep RF (1995). "Blood–brain barrier taurine transport during osmotic stress and in focal cerebral ischemia". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 15 (5): 852–9. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1995.106. PMID 7673378.
Jump up ^ Leon R, Wu H, Jin Y, Wei J, Buddhala C, Prentice H, Wu JY (2008). "Protective function of taurine in glutamate-induced apoptosis in cultured neurons". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 87 (5): 1185–1194. doi:10.1002/jnr.21926.
Jump up ^ El Idrissi A, Messing J, Scalia J, Trenkner E (2003). "Prevention of epileptic seizures by taurine". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 526: 515–25. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0077-3_62. ISBN 978-1-4613-4913-6. PMID 12908638.
Jump up ^ Green, TR; Fellman, JH; Eicher, AL; Pratt, KL (1991). "Antioxidant role and subcellular location of hypotaurine and taurine in human neutrophils". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1073 (1): 91–7. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(91)90187-L. PMID 1846756.
Jump up ^ Gürer, H; Ozgünes, H; Saygin, E; Ercal, N (2001). "Antioxidant effect of taurine against lead-induced oxidative stress" (PDF). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 41 (4): 397–402. doi:10.1007/s002440010265. PMID 11598776.
Jump up ^ Das, J; Ghosh, J; Manna, P; Sil, PC (2008). "Taurine provides antioxidant defense against NaF-induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes". Pathophysiology. 15 (3): 181–90. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.06.002. PMID 18676123.
Jump up ^ Sinha, M; Manna, P; Sil, PC (2008). "Taurine protects the antioxidant defense system in the erythrocytes of cadmium treated mice". BMB Reports. 41 (9): 657–63. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2008.41.9.657. PMID 18823590.
Jump up ^ Zhang M, Izumi I, Kagamimori S, Sokejima S, Yamagami T, Liu Z, Qi B (2004). "Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men". Amino Acids. 26 (2): 203–7. doi:10.1007/s00726-003-0002-3. PMID 15042451.
Jump up ^ Yanagita, T; Han, SY; Hu, Y; Nagao, K; Kitajima, H; Murakami, S (2008). "Taurine reduces the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells". Lipids in Health and Disease. 7: 38. doi:10.1186/1476-511x-7-38.
Jump up ^ Zhang, M; Bi, LF; Fang, JH; Su, XL; Da, GL; Kuwamori, T; Kagamimori, S (2004). "Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects". Amino Acids. 26 (3): 267–71. doi:10.1007/s00726-003-0059-z. PMID 15221507.
Jump up ^ Choi, MJ; Kim, JH; Chang, KJ (2006). "The effect of dietary taurine supplementation on plasma and liver lipid concentrations and free amino acid concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 583: 235–42. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-33504-9_25. ISBN 978-0-387-32356-5. PMID 17153607.
Jump up ^ Congestive Heart Failure Archived 2008-12-30 at the Wayback Machine., Healthnotes, Inc, PeaceHealth, January 19, 2007
Jump up ^ Laidlaw S, Shultz T, Cecchino J, Kopple J (1988). "Plasma and urine taurine levels in vegans". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 47 (4): 660–3. PMID 3354491.
Jump up ^ Kirk J and Kirk K. Inhibition of volume-activated I- and taurine efflux from HeLa cells by P-glycoprotein blockers correlates with calmodulin inhibition. J. Biol. Chem., Nov 1994;269:29389–29394.
Jump up ^ Kong WX, Chen SW, Li YL, et al. (2006). "Effects of taurine on rat behaviors in three anxiety models". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 83 (2): 271–6. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.02.007. PMID 16540157.
Jump up ^ Zhang, CG; Kim, SJ (2007). "Taurine induces anti-anxiety by activating strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in vivo". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 51 (4): 379–86. doi:10.1159/000107687.
Jump up ^ Chen, SW; Kong, WX; Zhang, YJ; Li, YL; Mi, XJ; Mu, XS (2004). "Possible anxiolytic effects of taurine in the mouse elevated plus-maze". Life Sciences. 75 (12): 1503–11. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.03.010. PMID 15240184.
^ Jump up to: a b Warskulat U, Flögel U, Jacoby C, Hartwig HG, Thewissen M, Merx MW, Molojavyi A, Heller-Stilb B, Schrader J, Häussinger D (2004). "Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromised". The FASEB Journal. 18 (3): 03–0496fje. doi:10.1096/fj.03-0496fje. PMID 14734644.
Jump up ^ Kerai, MDJ; Catherine J. Waterfield; S. H. Kenyon; D. S. Asker; J. A. Timbrell (1998). "Taurine: Protective properties against ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and lipid peroxidation during chronic ethanol consumption in rats". Amino Acids. 15 (1–2): 53–76. doi:10.1007/BF01345280. PMID 9871487.
Jump up ^ McCall, B (2005-12-28). "The ultimate hangover cure?". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
Jump up ^ El Idrissi A, Okeke E, Yan X, Sidime F, Neuwirth LS (2013). "Taurine regulation of blood pressure and vasoactivity". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 775: 407–25. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6130-2_31. ISBN 978-1-4614-6129-6. PMID 23392950.
Jump up ^ Li F, Abatan OI, Kim H, Burnett D, Larkin D, Obrosova IG, Stevens MJ (2006). "Taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in Zucker diabetic fatty rats". Neurobiology of Disease. 22 (3): 669–76. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.012. PMID 16624563.
Jump up ^ Pop-Busui R, Sullivan KA, Van Huysen C, Bayer L, Cao X, Towns R, Stevens MJ (2001). "Depletion of taurine in experimental diabetic neuropathy: implications for nerve metabolic, vascular, and functional deficits". Exp Neurol. 168 (2): 259–72. doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7591. PMID 11259114.
Jump up ^ Nakaya Y, Minami A, Harada N, Sakamoto S, Niwa Y, Ohnaka M (2000). "Taurine improves insulin sensitivity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (1): 54–8. PMID 10617946.
Jump up ^ Winiarska K, Szymanski K, Gorniak P, Dudziak M, Bryla J (2008). "Hypoglycaemic, antioxidative and nephroprotective effects of taurine in alloxan diabetic rabbits". Biochimie. 91 (2): 261–270. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2008.09.006. PMID 18957317.
Jump up ^ C. Brøns, C. Spohr, H. Storgaard, J. Dyerberg, A. Vaag. "Effect of taurine treatment on insulin secretion and action, and on serum lipid levels in overweight men with a genetic predisposition for type II diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 1239–1247.
Jump up ^ Wu QD, Wang JH, Fennessy F, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes D (1999). "Taurine prevents high-glucose-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosis". The American Journal of Physiology. 277 (6 Pt 1): C1229–38. PMID 10600775.
Jump up ^ Verzola, D; Bertolotto, MB; Villaggio, B; Ottonello, L; Dallegri, F; Frumento, G; Berruti, V; Gandolfo, MT; Garibotto, G; et al. (2002). "Taurine prevents apoptosis induced by high ambient glucose in human tubule renal cells". Journal of investigative medicine: the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 50 (6): 443–51. doi:10.2310/6650.2002.32504.
Jump up ^ Effects of taurine on advanced glycosylation end products and expression of TGF-β in renal cortex of, TsingHua, 2005, http://www.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/1599878-effects-taurine-advanced-glycosylation-end/
Jump up ^ Huang JS, Chuang LY, Guh JY, Yang YL, Hsu MS (2008). "Effect of taurine on advanced glycation end products-induced hypertrophy in renal tubular epithelial cells". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 233 (2): 220–6. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.002. PMID 18834896.
Jump up ^ "ARS: 50 Years of Research for the Growing World". Ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Evaluation Of Taurine As An Osmotic Agent For Peritoneal Dialysis Solution". Pdiconnect.com. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
Jump up ^ Hayes KC, Carey RE, Schmidt SY (1975). "Retinal degeneration associated with taurine deficiency in the cat". Science. 188 (4191): 949–51. doi:10.1126/science.1138364. PMID 1138364.
Jump up ^ John Mantovani, MD; Darryl C. DeVivo, MD (November 1979). "Effects of Taurine on Seizures and Growth Hormone Release in Epileptic Patients". Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zackheim, Herschel S; Farber, Eugene M (1968). "Taurine and Psoriasis". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 50 (3): 227–230. doi:10.1038/jid.1968.32. PMID 5644896. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
Jump up ^ Zackheim, Herschel S. (1982). "Taurine and Diet in Psoriasis". Archives of Dermatology. 118 (12): 961. doi:10.1001/archderm.1982.01650240005005. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
Jump up ^ Zackheim, Herschel S.; Farber, Eugene M. (1969). "Low-Protein Diet and Psoriasis A Hospital Study". Archives of Dermatology. 99 (5): 580–586. doi:10.1001/archderm.1969.01610230072012. PMID 5780964. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
Jump up ^ Shao A, Hathcock JN (2008). "Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP. 50 (3): 376–99. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.004. PMID 18325648. Retrieved 2016-02-02. the newer method described as the Observed Safe Level (OSL) or Highest Observed Intake (HOI) was utilized. The OSL risk assessments indicate that based on the available published human clinical trial data, the evidence for the absence of adverse effects is strong for Tau at supplemental intakes up to 3 g/d, Gln at intakes up to 14 g/d and Arg at intakes up to 20 g/d, and these levels are identified as the respective OSLs for normal healthy adults.
Jump up ^ "EFSA adopts opinion on two ingredients commonly used in some energy drinks". 12 February 2009. efsa.europa.eu.
Jump up ^ Clauson, KA; Shields, KM; McQueen, CE; Persad, N (2008). "Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks". Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA. 48 (3): e55–63; quiz e64–7. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055. PMID 18595815.
Jump up ^ KNOPF,, Karen (2011). "Taurine: An Essential Nutrient for the Cat" (PDF). The Journal of Nutrition. 108: 773–778 – via Primo.
Jump up ^ "Taurine And Its Importance In Cat Foods". Iams Cat Nutrition Library. 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-10-19. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Nutrient Requirements of Cats". Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition, 1986. 1986. Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
Jump up ^ PD Pion (1987). "Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: a reversible cardiomyopathy". Science. 237: 764–768. doi:10.1126/science.3616607. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "AAFCO CAT FOOD NUTRIENT PROFILES". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Burger, I. H.; Barnett, K. C. (1982). "The taurine requirement of the adult cat". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 23 (9): 533–537. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1982.tb02514.x.
Jump up ^ Arnold, KE; Ramsay, S.L.; Donaldson, C.; Adam, A (2007). "Parental prey selection affects risk-taking behaviour and spatial learning in avian offspring" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 274 (1625): 2563–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0687. PMC 2275882  . PMID 17698490. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Samuel G.; Kemp, Colin M.; Borruat, François-Xavier; Chaitin, Michael H.; Faulkner, David J. (1987-10-01). "Rhodopsin topography and rod-mediated function in cats with the retinal degeneration of taurine deficiency". Experimental Eye Research. 45 (4): 481–490. doi:10.1016/S0014-4835(87)80059-3.
Jump up ^ Heird, W.C. (2004). "Taurine in neonatal nutrition—revisited". Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal Neonatal. 89 (6): F473–F474. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.055095.
Jump up ^ Collin, C; Gautier, B; Gaillard, O; Hallegot, P; Chabane, S; Bastien, P; Peyron, M; Bouleau, M; et al. (2006). "Protective effects of taurine on human hair follicle grown in vitro". International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 28 (4): 289–98. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00334.x. ISSN 0142-5463. PMID 18489269. We showed that taurine [...] prevented TGF-β1-induced deleterious effects on hair follicle.
Jump up ^ Janeke G, Siefken W, Carstensen S, Springmann G, Bleck O, Steinhart H, Höger P, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Stäb F, Sauermann G, Schreiner V, Doering T (2003). "Role of taurine accumulation in keratinocyte hydration". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 121 (2): 354–61. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12366.x. PMID 12880428.
Jump up ^ James, TJ; Hansen D; Nolfi, J (2004-04-01). "Ocular Health and Next Generation Solutions". Optometric Management. Archived from the original on 2005-04-19. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ Suzuki, T.; Suzuki, T.; Wada, T.; Saigo, K.; Watanabe, K. (2002). "Taurine as a constituent of mitochondrial tRNAs: new insights into the functions of taurine and human mitochondrial diseases". EMBO J. 21 (23): 6581–6589. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf656. PMC 136959  . PMID 12456664.
Jump up ^ Bünzli-Trepp, Ursula (2007). Systematic nomenclature of organic, organometallic and coordination chemistry. EPFL Press. p. 226. ISBN 9781420046151.
External links
Taurine MS Spectrum
Taurine bound to proteins in the PDB
[show]
v
t
e
Dietary supplements
Types
Amino acids
Bodybuilding supplement
Energy drink
Energy bar
Fatty acids
Herbal supplements
Minerals
Prebiotics
Probiotics (Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium)
Protein bar
Vitamins
Vitamins and
chemical elements ("minerals")
Retinol (Vitamin A)
B vitamins: Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Biotin (B7)
Folic acid (B9)
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
Calcium
Choline
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Phosphorus
Potassium
Selenium
Sodium
Sulfur
Zinc
Other common ingredients
AAKG
β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
Carnitine
Chondroitin sulfate
Cod liver oil
Copper gluconate
Creatine/Creatine supplements
Dietary fiber
Echinacea
Elemental calcium
Ephedra
Fish oil
Folic acid
Ginseng
Glucosamine
Glutamine
Grape seed extract
Guarana
Iron supplements
Japanese Honeysuckle
Krill oil
Lingzhi
Linseed oil
Lipoic acid
Milk thistle
Melatonin
Red yeast rice
Royal jelly
Saw palmetto
Spirulina
St John's wort
Taurine
Wheatgrass
Wolfberry
Yohimbine
Zinc gluconate
Related articles
Codex Alimentarius
Enzyte
Hadacol
Herbal tea
Nutraceutical
Multivitamin
Nutrition
[show]
v
t
e
Neurotransmitters
Amino acid-derived
Major excitatory/inhibitory systems: Glutamate system: Agmatine
Aspartic acid (aspartate)
Cycloserine
Glutamic acid (glutamate)
Glutathione
Glycine
GSNO
GSSG
Kynurenic acid
NAA
NAAG
Proline
Serine; GABA system: GABA
GABOB
GHB; Glycine system: α-Alanine
β-Alanine
Glycine
Hypotaurine
Proline
Sarcosine
Serine
Taurine; GHB system: GHB
T-HCA (GHC)
Biogenic amines: Monoamines: 6-OHM
Dopamine
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
NAS (normelatonin)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Serotonin (5-HT); Trace amines: 3-Iodothyronamine
N-Methylphenethylamine
N-Methyltryptamine
m-Octopamine
p-Octopamine
Phenylethanolamine
Phenethylamine
Synephrine
Tryptamine
m-Tyramine
p-Tyramine; Others: Histamine
Neuropeptides: See here instead.
Lipid-derived
Endocannabinoids: 2-AG
2-AGE (noladin ether)
2-ALPI
2-OG
AA-5-HT
Anandamide (AEA)
DEA
LPI
NADA
NAGly
OEA
Oleamide
PEA
RVD-Hpα
SEA
Virodhamine (O-AEA)
Neurosteroids: See here instead.
Nucleobase-derived
Nucleosides: Adenosine system: Adenosine
ADP
AMP
ATP
Vitamin-derived
Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine
Miscellaneous
Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Nitric oxide (NO); Candidates: Acetaldehyde
Ammonia (NH3)
Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
[show]
v
t
e
Glycine receptor modulators
Receptor
(ligands)
GlyR
Agonists: β-Alanine
β-ABA (BABA)
β-AIBA
Caesium
D-Alanine
D-Serine
GABA
Glycine
Hypotaurine
Ivermectin
L-Alanine
L-Proline
L-Serine
L-Threonine
MDL-27531
Milacemide
Picolinic acid
Propofol
Quisqualamine
Sarcosine
Taurine
Positive modulators: Alcohols (e.g., brometone, chlorobutanol (chloretone), ethanol (alcohol), tert-butanol (2M2P), tribromoethanol, trichloroethanol, trifluoroethanol)
Alkylbenzene sulfonate
Anandamide
Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
Chlormethiazole
D12-116
Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine)
Etomidate
Ginseng constituents (e.g., ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside-Rf))
Glutamic acid (glutamate)
Ivermectin
Ketamine
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), pregnenolone acetate, minaxolone, ORG-20599)
Nitrous oxide
Penicillin G
Propofol
Tamoxifen
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Triclofos
Tropeines (e.g., atropine, bemesetron, cocaine, LY-278584, tropisetron, zatosetron)
Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, desflurane, diethyl ether (ether), enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, sevoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), trichloroethylene)
Xenon
Zinc
Antagonists: 2-Aminostrychnine
2-Nitrostrychnine
4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine
αEMBTL
Bicuculline
Brucine
Cacotheline
Caffeine
Colchicine
Colubrine
Cyanotriphenylborate
Dendrobine
Diaboline
Endocannabinoids (e.g., 2-AG, anandamide (AEA))
Gaboxadol (THIP)
Gelsemine
iso-THAZ
Isobutyric acid
Isonipecotic acid
Isostrychnine
Laudanosine
N-Methylbicuculline
N-Methylstrychnine
N,N-Dimethylmuscimol
Nipecotic acid
Pitrazepin
Pseudostrychnine
Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA)
RU-5135
Sinomenine
Strychnine
Thiocolchicoside
Tutin
Negative modulators: Amiloride
Benzodiazepines (e.g., bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam)
Corymine
Cyanotriphenylborate
Daidzein
Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine, nitrendipine)
Furosemide
Genistein
Ginkgo constituents (e.g., bilobalide, ginkgolides (e.g., ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, ginkgolide M))
Imipramine
NBQX
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., 3α-androsterone sulfate, 3β-androsterone sulfate, deoxycorticosterone, DHEA sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, progesterone)
Opioids (e.g., codeine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, levomethadone, levorphanol, morphine, oripavine, pethidine, thebaine)
Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin and picrotoxinin)
PMBA
Riluzole
Tropeines (e.g., bemesetron, LY-278584, tropisetron, zatosetron)
Verapamil
Zinc
NMDAR
See here instead.
Transporter
(blockers)
GlyT1
ACPPB
ALX-1393
ALX-5407 (NFPS)
AMG-747
ASP2535
Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)
CP-802079
Ethanol (alcohol)
Glycyldodecylamide
GSK1018921
LY-2365109
ORG-24598
ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)
PF-02545920
PF-03463275
PF-04958242
Sarcosine
SSR-103,800
SSR-504,734
GlyT2
Amoxapine
Ethanol (alcohol)
NAGly
Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
ORG-25543
VVZ-368
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
GABA receptor modulators
GABAA receptor positive modulators
Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
Authority control
NDL: 00572736
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taurine&oldid=833045671"
Categories:
Amines
Sulfonic acids
Glycine receptor agonists
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from July 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Articles without KEGG source
Articles with changed EBI identifier
Articles with changed DrugBank identifier
ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata
Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes
Chembox image size set
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017
Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
تۆرکجه
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Magyar
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Walon
中文
32 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 11:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: class id

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: caption

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/File:Taurine.svg
image
Skeletal formula of taurine

tag: td

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

value: Ball-and-stick model of the taurine molecule

value: Space-filling model of the taurine molecule

value: background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;

value: max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;

value: chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01956

value:
/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard
mw-redirect
ECHA InfoCard

value: font-size: 105%; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;

value: word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;

value: border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;

value: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; word-break: break-all; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

value:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

value: Simplified molecular-input line-entry system

value: border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;

value:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame2

value: margin:0 auto; text-align:left; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;

value: background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent;

value: width:40%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-right:1px solid transparent;

value: width:60%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-left:1px solid transparent;

value:
/wiki/Carboxyl_group
mw-redirect
Carboxyl group

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Energy_drinks
mw-redirect
Energy drinks

value:
/wiki/Nervous_system_depressant
mw-redirect
Nervous system depressant

value:
/wiki/Dietary_mineral
mw-redirect
Dietary mineral

value: Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (November 2017)

value: Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)

value:
/wiki/Sodium_taurocholate
mw-redirect
Sodium taurocholate

value: Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (December 2017)

value:
/wiki/Apolipoprotein_B100
mw-redirect
Apolipoprotein B100

value:
/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease
mw-redirect
Coronary heart disease

value:
/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure
mw-redirect
Congestive heart failure

value:
/wiki/Blood_sugar
mw-redirect
Blood sugar

value:
/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end_product
mw-redirect
Advanced glycation end product

value: Retinal degeneration (rhodopsin mutation)

value:
/wiki/Central_retinal_degeneration
mw-redirect
Central retinal degeneration

value: Association of American Feed Control Officials (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Tauroselcholic_acid
mw-redirect
Tauroselcholic acid

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18270850214

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a25_503

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.018.0077

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13979247

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23170060

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053427

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702333

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1731369

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8692051

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8910874

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961243

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7431022

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4407108

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8915375

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12436202

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15147512

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9577248

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2005-1007

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627576

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1014890219513

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11926272

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fjcbfm.1995.106

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7673378

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjnr.21926

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12908638

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1846756

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002440010265

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598776

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676123

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823590

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15042451

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-511x-7-38

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00726-003-0059-z

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17153607

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3354491

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2006.02.007

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540157

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1159%2F000107687

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lfs.2004.03.010

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240184

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.03-0496fje

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734644

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01345280

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9871487

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23392950

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nbd.2006.01.012

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16624563

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fexnr.2000.7591

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259114

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617946

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18957317

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600775

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.taap.2008.09.002

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834896

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1138364

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1138364

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fjid.1968.32

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5644896

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5780964

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yrtph.2008.01.004

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18325648

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1331%2FJAPhA.2008.07055

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18595815

value:
nofollow
external text
http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/910.html

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3616607

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0687

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698490

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.2004.055095

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0142-5463

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18489269

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12880428

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2Fcdf656

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12456664

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Oxidized_glutathione
mw-redirect
Oxidized glutathione

value:
/wiki/Trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic_acid
mw-redirect
Trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic acid

value: 2-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (page does not exist)

value: navigation navbox Neurotransmitters padding:3px

value: Template talk:Glycine receptor modulators

value: Β-Aminoisobutyric acid (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Alkylbenzene_sulfonate
mw-redirect
Alkylbenzene sulfonate

value:
/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid
mw-redirect
Neuroactive steroid

value:
/wiki/Penicillin_G
mw-redirect
Penicillin G

value: 4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine (page does not exist)

value: Α-Ethyl-α-methyl-γ-thiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)

value: Cyanotriphenylborate (page does not exist)

value: N-Methylbicuculline (page does not exist)

value: N-Methylstrychnine (page does not exist)

value: N,N-Dimethylmuscimol (page does not exist)

value: 4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)

value: 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)

value: 5,7-dichloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)

value: 7-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)

value: 7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)

value: 7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Ginkgolide_B
mw-redirect
Ginkgolide B

value: 3α-androsterone sulfate (page does not exist)

value: 3β-androsterone sulfate (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/DHEA_sulfate
mw-redirect
DHEA sulfate

value: Phenylbenzene ω-phosphono-α-amino acid (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartate_receptor
mw-redirect
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor

value: Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators

value: Glycyldodecylamide (page does not exist)

value: Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:All articles with dead external links

value: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2017

value: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

value: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

value: Category:Articles with changed EBI identifier

value: Category:Articles with changed DrugBank identifier

value: Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Taurine
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: حمض التورين – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurina
Taurina – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauriin
Tauriin – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurina
Taurina – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value: تائورین – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine
Taurine – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurina
Taurina – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Տաուրին – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurina
Taurina – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurina
Taurina – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: טאורין – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine
Taurine – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauryna
Tauryna – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurina
Taurina – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Таурин – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavrin
Tavrin – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauriini
Tauriini – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurin
Taurin – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Taurine rootpage-Taurine skin-vector action-view