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Boston mayoral election, 2017
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Boston mayoral election, 2017
← 2013 November 7, 2017 2021 →
Candidate
Marty Walsh Tito Jackson
Party
Nonpartisan Nonpartisan
Popular vote
70,125 36,433
Percentage
65.3% 33.9%
Mayor before election
Marty Walsh
Elected Mayor
Marty Walsh
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Boston[hide]
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The Boston mayoral election of 2017 was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2017, to elect the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts. Incumbent Democratic mayor Marty J. Walsh won re-election to a second term, defeating District 7 City Councilor Tito Jackson,[1] and two long-shot candidates, Robert Cappucci and Joseph Wiley.[2][3]
A preliminary election was held on Tuesday, September 26, 2017 with Walsh and Jackson advancing into a November runoff election.[4] In the November election, Walsh secured a landslide victory, winning 2-1.[5] A total of 108,909 (of the city's 390,136 registered voters) cast a ballot in the November election. The voter turnout of 28%, down 10 percentage points on turnout in the 2013 mayoral election (which generated more excitement as the first Boston mayoral race in a generation without an incumbent).[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Endorsements
2 Polling
3 Results
4 References
Endorsements[edit]
By October 2017, 10 out of the 13 Boston City Council members endorsed Walsh for re-election. Ayanna Pressley has remained neutral due to her husband being employed by the mayor and one councilor, Andrea Campbell, has declined to comment on her preference.[7]
The Boston Globe editorial board endorsed Walsh for a second time, citing his excellence in handling housing and the city’s vibrancy during this first term.[8] The Boston Herald editorial board also endorsed Walsh saying the newspaper was wrong not to give their endorsement to Walsh in 2013.[9]
Polling[edit]
Walsh led in polls by substantial margins. An Emerson College Polling Society survey in September poll of likely voters found Walsh at 52%, Jackson at 21%, Cappucci at 7%, and Wiley at 5%.[10] A Suffolk University/Boston Globe poll in June 2017 found Walsh with a 31-point lead.[11]
Results[edit]
Notes: all candidates are nonpartisan, 0.66% are write-in votes in the general election.
Candidates
Primary election[12]
General election[13]
Votes
%
Votes
%
Marty Walsh 34,882 62.52% 70,125 65.38%
Tito Jackson 16,216 29.07% 36,433 33.97%
Robert Cappucci 3,736 6.70%
Joseph Wiley 529 0.95%
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Irons, Meghan E. (January 11, 2017). "'I want to become the 55th mayor of the City of Boston'". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Meghan E. Irons, Long shots force runoff in Boston mayoral primary, Boston Globe (June 7, 2017).
Jump up ^ Marty Walsh faces 3 challengers on Boston's preliminary ballot, Associated Press (September 24, 2017).
Jump up ^ Steve LeBlanc, Marty Walsh, Tito Jackson advance to November election, Associated Press (September 26, 2017).
Jump up ^ Dan Atkinson & O'Ryan Johnson, [Mayor Walsh with a 'W' in re-election bid: Incumbent cruises home over challenger Tito Jackson], Boston Herald (November 8, 2017).
Jump up ^ Lisa Creamer, Low — But Slightly Higher Than Expected — Voter Turnout In Boston's Election, WBUR (November 8, 2017).
Jump up ^ Irons, Meghan E. (2017-10-04). "Mayoral candidate Tito Jackson gets a cold shoulder from political establishment". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
Jump up ^ Editorial Board (2017-10-23). "A second term for Mayor Walsh". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-10-23.
Jump up ^ Boston Herald, Editorial Staff (2017-10-25). "Editorial: Walsh has earned a second term". Boston Herald. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ Joe Battenfeld, Walsh up big in poll; pollster says Tito needs ‘perfect storm at this point', Boston Herald (September 18, 2017).
Jump up ^ Walsh has 31-point lead over Jackson in mayoral race, poll shows, Boston Globe (June 22, 2017).
Jump up ^ "PRELIMINARY MUNICIPAL ELECTION - SEPTEMBER 26, 2017 MAYOR" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-11-09.
Jump up ^ http://www.cityofboston.gov/elections/currentelections/default.asp
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Flame test
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The flame test carried out on a copper halide. The characteristic bluish-green color of the flame is due to the copper.
Different flame of Bunsen burner, depending on air flow through the valve:
air valve closed
air valve nearly fully closed
air valve semi-opened
air valve maximally opened
Gas flame
A flame test is an analytic procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements, primarily metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum. The color of flames in general also depends on temperature; see flame color.
Contents
[hide]
1 Process
2 Results
3 Common elements
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Process[edit]
The test involves introducing a sample of the element or compound to a hot, non-luminous flame, and observing the color of the flame that results. The idea of the test is that sample atoms evaporate and since they are hot, they emit light when being in flame. Bulk sample emits light too, but its light is not good for analysis. Bulk sample emits light primarily due to motion of the atoms, therefore its spectrum is broad, consisting of a broad range of colors. Separate atoms of sample present in flame can emit only due to electronic transitions between different atomic energy levels. Those transitions emit light of very specific frequencies, characteristic of chemical element itself. Therefore, the flame gets the color, which is primarily determined by properties of the chemical element of the substance being put into flame. The flame test is a relatively easy experiment to set up, and thus is often demonstrated or carried out in science classes in schools.
Samples are usually held on a platinum wire cleaned repeatedly with hydrochloric acid to remove traces of previous analytes.[1] The compound is usually made into a paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid, as metal halides, being volatile, give better results. Different flames should be tried to avoid wrong data due to "contaminated" flames, or occasionally to verify the accuracy of the color. In high-school chemistry courses, wooden splints are sometimes used, mostly because solutions can be dried onto them, and they are inexpensive. Nichrome wire is also sometimes used.[1] When using a splint, one must be careful to wave the splint through the flame rather than holding it in the flame for extended periods, to avoid setting the splint itself on fire. The use of cotton swab[2] or melamine foam (used in "eraser" cleaning sponges)[3] as a support have also been suggested.
Sodium is a common component or contaminant in many compounds and its spectrum tends to dominate over others. The test flame is often viewed through cobalt blue glass to filter out the yellow of sodium and allow for easier viewing of other metal ions.
Results[edit]
The flame test is relatively quick and simple to perform, and can be carried out with the basic equipment found in most chemistry laboratories. However, the range of elements positively detectable under these conditions is small, as the test relies on the subjective experience of the experimenter rather than any objective measurements. The test has difficulty detecting small concentrations of some elements, while too strong a result may be produced for certain others, which tends to cause fainter colors to not appear.
Although the flame test only gives qualitative information, not quantitative data about the proportion of elements in the sample, quantitative data can be obtained by the related techniques of flame photometry or flame emission spectroscopy. Flame Atomic absorption spectroscopy Instruments, made by e.g. PerkinElmer or Shimadzu, can be operated in emission mode according to the instrument manuals.[4]
Common elements[edit]
Some common elements and their corresponding colors are:
Symbol
Name
Color
Image
Al Aluminium Silver-white, in very hot such as an electric arc, light blue
As Arsenic Blue
B Boron Bright green
Ba Barium Pale/Apple green
Be Beryllium White
Bi Bismuth Azure
Ca Calcium Brick red, light green as seen through blue glass
Cd Cadmium Brick red
Ce Cerium Blue
Co Cobalt Silver-white
Cr Chromium Silver-white
Cs Caesium Blue-Violet
Cu(I) Copper(I) Bluish-green
Cu(II) Copper(II) (non-halide) Green
Cu(II) Copper(II) (halide) Blue-green
Ge Germanium Pale blue
Fe(II) Iron(II) Gold, when very hot such as an electric arc, bright blue, or green turning to orange-brown
Fe(III) Iron(III) Orange-brown
Hf Hafnium White
Hg Mercury Red
In Indium Indigo/Blue
K Potassium Lilac
Li Lithium crimson red; invisible through green glass
Mg Magnesium (none), but for burning Mg metal Intense White
Mn (II) Manganese (II) Yellowish green
Mo Molybdenum Yellowish green
Na Sodium Intense yellow; invisible through cobalt blue glass
Nb Niobium Green or blue
Ni Nickel Silver-white (sometimes reported as colorless)
P Phosphorus Pale bluish green
Pb Lead Blue/white
Ra Radium Crimson
Rb Rubidium Red-violet
Sb Antimony Pale green
Sc Scandium Orange
Se Selenium Azure
Sn Tin Blue-white
Sr Strontium Crimson to Scarlet, yellowish through green glass and violet through blue cobalt glass
Ta Tantalum Blue
Te Tellurium Pale green
Ti Titanium Silver-white
Tl Thallium Pure green
V Vanadium Yellowish Green
W Tungsten Green
Y Yttrium Carmine, Crimson, or Scarlet
Zn Zinc Colorless (sometimes reported as bluish-green)
Zr Zirconium Mild red
Gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and a number of other elements do not produce a characteristic flame color, although some may produce sparks (as do metallic titanium and iron); salts of beryllium and gold reportedly deposit pure metal on cooling.
See also[edit]
Colored fire
Emission spectrum
Photoelectric flame photometer
Qualitative inorganic analysis
Burning splint test
Glowing splint test
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jim Clark (2005). "Flame Tests". Chemguide.
Jump up ^ Sanger, Michael J.; Phelps, Amy J.; Catherine Banks (2004). "Simple Flame Test Techniques Using Cotton Swabs". Journal of Chemical Education. 81 (7): 969. Bibcode:2004JChEd..81..969S. doi:10.1021/ed081p969
Jump up ^ Landis, Arthur M.; Davies, Malonne I.; Landis, Linda; Nicholas c. Thomas (2009). ""Magic Eraser" Flame Tests". Journal of Chemical Education. 86 (5): 577. Bibcode:2009JChEd..86..577L. doi:10.1021/ed086p577
Jump up ^ "Atomic Absorption (AA)". Perkin Elmer. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flame test.
Flame Test - Coloring Fire - Pictures of Several Flame Tests, Includes Instructions
WebMineral.com - Flame Coloration by Element
Listen to this article (info/dl)
This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Flame test" dated 2012-07-22, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flame_test&oldid=816321223"
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