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Steven Houghton
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Steven Houghton (born 16 February 1971) is a British actor and singer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life, career and family
1.1 Music career
2 Discography
2.1 Studio albums
2.2 Singles
3 References
4 External links
Early life, career and family[edit]
Born in Barnsley, South Yorkshire, Houghton trained at the Northern School of Contemporary Dance in Leeds. His first West End production was Children of Eden. Additional London credits include Cats, Hot Mikado, Martin Guerre, Blood Brothers and Spend Spend Spend, for which he was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award. He has toured the UK in Grease, Miss Saigon and Annie Get Your Gun.
Houghton's television credits include regular roles in London's Burning, BUGS, Holby City and Bernard's Watch, a guest role in Doctors and an appearance on French National Television singing the title role in The Phantom of the Opera.
Houghton spent time in Ireland playing several roles in a film workshop for new and established directors, including Stephen Frears and Jude Kelly.
He is also patron of Footloose Stage School.
In January 2011, it was revealed he would join the cast of Coronation Street as a love interest for Sally Webster. His first appearance on screen was in February 2011 and his last on 4 November 2011.
Music career[edit]
In 1997, Houghton released his eponymous debut album for BMG/RCA, which sold 200,000 copies and earned him a gold disc. The first single from the album, a cover version of the song "Wind Beneath My Wings", reached No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart,[1] while his rendition of Lionel Richie's 1982 song "Truly" reached #23 in 1998.[2]
Houghton was also the first winner of a Stars in Their Eyes celebrity episode, impersonating Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet and singing the hit song "Gold".
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Date
Title
Chart positions
UK
17 November 1997 Steven Houghton
Debut studio album
No. 21
Singles[edit]
Date
Title
Chart positions
Album
UK
17 November 1997 "Wind Beneath My Wings" No. 3 Steven Houghton
23 February 1998 "Truly" No. 23
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 260. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Steven Houghton UK chart info Chartstats.com. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
External links[edit]
Houghton's website
Steven Houghton on IMDb
Authority control
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Houghton&oldid=800700933"
Categories:
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List of multiple Olympic medalists
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The page lists various individuals who have won multiple Olympic medals at either the Summer Olympic Games or the Winter Olympic Games.
American swimmer Michael Phelps has won the most Olympic medals with 28 medals (23 gold, 3 silver, 2 bronze). He is also the most decorated Olympian in individual events, with 16 medals (13 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze). Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen is the most decorated Winter Olympian, with 15 medals (8 gold, 4 silver, and 3 bronze).
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Olympic medals over career
1.1 Timeline
2 List of most career medals in individual events
3 Athletes with medals in different disciplines
3.1 In the Summer and Winter Games
3.2 In the Summer Games
3.2.1 Swimming and water polo
3.2.2 Others in Summer Games
3.3 In the Winter Games
3.3.1 Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined
3.3.2 Others in Winter Games
4 See also
5 References
List of Olympic medals over career[edit]
This is a list of multiple Olympic medalists, listing people who have won seven or more Olympic medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games when they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed.
In those instances where more than one athlete has the same number of total medals, the first tiebreaker is the number of gold medals, then the number of silver medals. Where two or more athletes have exactly the same number of gold, silver and bronze medals, the ranking is shown as a tie and the athletes are shown in order by career years and name.
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 23 3 2 28
2 Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 9 5 4 18
3 Bjorgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002–2018 Winter F 8 4 3 15
4 Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1980 Summer M 7 5 3
5 Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998–2014 Winter M 8 4 1 13
6 Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 7 4 2
7 Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936–1960 Summer M 6 5 2
8 Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952–1964 Summer M 5 4 4
9 Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920–1928 Summer M 9 3 0 12
10 Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer East Germany
Germany Canoeing 1980–2004 Summer F 8 4 0
Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter M 8 4 0
12 Kato, SawaoSawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 8 3 1
Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992–2004 Summer F 8 3 1
14 Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 6 3 3
15 Torres, DaraDara Torres United States Swimming 1984–2008 Summer F 4 4 4
16 Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer M 4 2 6
17 Coughlin, NatalieNatalie Coughlin United States Swimming 2004–2012 Summer F 3 4 5
18 Spitz, MarkMark Spitz United States Swimming 1968–1972 Summer M 9 1 1 11
19 Biondi, MattMatt Biondi United States Swimming 1984–1992 Summer M 8 2 1
20 Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer F 7 4 0
21 Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 7 3 1
22 Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 5 5 1
23 Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn United States Shooting 1912–1924 Summer M 5 4 2
24 Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer M 9 1 0 10
25 Gerevich, AladarAladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932–1960 Summer M 7 1 2
26 Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992–2016 Summer F 6 4 0
27 Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 6 2 2
28 Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo Unified Team
Belarus Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer M 6 0 4
29 Keleti, AgnesÁgnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer F 5 3 2
Hall Jr., GaryGary Hall Jr. United States Swimming 1996–2004 Summer M 5 3 2
31 Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 5 2 3
32 Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina Soviet Union
Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976–1992 Winter F 4 5 1
33 Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer M 3 6 1
34 Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo Italy Cross-country skiing 1992–2002 Winter F 2 3 5
35 Almsick, FranziskaFranziska van Almsick Germany Swimming 1992–2004 Summer F 0 4 6
36 Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900–1920 Summer M 6 3 0 9
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1994 Winter F 6 3 0
Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix United States Athletics 2004–2016 Summer F 6 3 0
39 Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996–2012 Summer F 6 1 2
40 Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 3 1
Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 5 3 1
42 Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992–2006 Winter F 5 2 2
43 Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 5 1 3
44 Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov Unified Team
Russia Swimming 1992–2000 Summer M 4 5 0
45 Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956–1964 Winter M 4 3 2
Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer F 4 3 2
47 Kramer, SvenSven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter M 4 2 3
48 Charlotte Kalla Sweden Cross-country skiing 2010–2018 Winter F 3 6 0
49 Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1992–2012 Summer F 3 5 1
Jones, LeiselLeisel Jones Australia Swimming 2000–2012 Summer F 3 5 1
51 Gaudini, GiulioGiulio Gaudini Italy Fencing 1928–1936 Summer M 3 4 2
52 Swahn, AlfredAlfred Swahn Sweden Shooting 1908–1924 Summer M 3 3 3
53 Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 2 6 1
54 Disl, UschiUschi Disl Germany Biathlon 1992–2006 Winter F 2 4 3
55 Savolainen, HeikkiHeikki Savolainen Finland Gymnastics 1928–1952 Summer M 2 1 6
56 Titov, YuriYuri Titov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 1 5 3
57 Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey Jamaica Athletics 1980–2000 Summer F 0 3 6
58 Ewry, RayRay Ewry United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 8 0 0 8
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008–2016 Summer M 8 0 0
60 Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948–1960 Summer M 6 1 1
61 Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke United Team of Germany
West Germany Equestrian 1964–1988 Summer M 6 0 2
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn South Korea
Russia Short track speed skating 2006–2014 Winter M 6 0 2
63 Ritola, VilleVille Ritola Finland Athletics 1924–1928 Summer M 5 3 0
64 Lipa, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984–2000 Summer F 5 2 1
65 Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000–2016 Summer M 5 1 2
Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008–2016 Summer M 5 1 2
67 Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956–1964 Summer F 4 4 0
Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972–1976 Summer F 4 4 0
69 Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920–1924 Summer M 4 3 1
Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924–1936 Summer M 4 3 1
Gross, RicoRicco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992–2006 Winter M 4 3 1
Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter M 4 3 1
73 Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968–1976 Summer M 4 2 2
Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008–2016 Summer F 4 2 2
Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972–1980 Winter F 4 2 2
Aamodt, Kjetil AndreKjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992–2006 Winter M 4 2 2
Fischer, SvenSven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994–2006 Winter M 4 2 2
Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 2 2
Lezak, JasonJason Lezak United States Swimming 2000–2012 Summer M 4 2 2
80 Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992–2008 Summer F 4 1 3
81 Kovacs, KatalinKatalin Kovács Hungary Canoeing 2000–2012 Summer F 3 5 0
82 Ducret, RogerRoger Ducret France Fencing 1920–1928 Summer M 3 4 1
Cattiau, PhilippePhilippe Cattiau France Fencing 1920–1936 Summer M 3 4 1
Enke, KarinKarin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980–1988 Winter F 3 4 1
Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992–1998 Winter F 3 4 1
Thomas, PetriaPetria Thomas Australia Swimming 1996–2004 Summer F 3 4 1
87 Campbell-Brown, VeronicaVeronica Campbell-Brown Jamaica Athletics 2000–2016 Summer F 3 3 2
88 Babashoff, ShirleyShirley Babashoff United States Swimming 1972–1976 Summer F 2 6 0
89 Oneill, SusieSusie O'Neill Australia Swimming 1992–2000 Summer F 2 4 2
90 Korondi, MargitMargit Korondi Hungary Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer F 2 2 4
Muratova, SofiaSofia Muratova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1960 Summer F 2 2 4
Sautin, DmitriDmitri Sautin Unified Team
Russia Diving 1992–2008 Summer M 2 2 4
Ohno, ApoloApolo Ohno United States Short track speed skating 2002–2010 Winter M 2 2 4
94 Fontana, AriannaArianna Fontana Italy Short track speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 1 2 5
95 Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000–2012 Summer M 6 1 0 7
Kenny, JasonJason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008–2016 Summer M 6 1 0
97 Kovacs, PalPál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936–1960 Summer M 6 0 1
98 Endo, YukioYukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer M 5 2 0
Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000–2008 Summer M 5 2 0
Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter M 5 2 0
101 Lee, Willis AugustusWillis Augustus Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer M 5 1 1
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924–1928 Winter M 5 1 1
Winkler, Hans GunterHans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany
West Germany Equestrian 1956–1976 Summer M 5 1 1
Jager, TomTom Jager United States Swimming 1984–1992 Summer M 5 1 1
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988–1996 Summer F 5 1 1
Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 5 1 1
Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 5 1 1
Wu, MinxiaMinxia Wu China Diving 2004–2016 Summer F 5 1 1
109 Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968–1984 Summer M 4 3 0
110 Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908–1924 Summer M 4 2 1
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928–1936 Winter M 4 2 1
112 Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels United States Swimming 1904–1908 Summer M 4 1 2
Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer M 4 1 2
Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004–2012 Summer M 4 1 2
Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004–2012 Summer F 4 1 2
116 Carlberg, VilhelmVilhelm Carlberg Sweden Shooting 1908–1924 Summer M 3 4 0
117 Hakulinen, VeikkoVeikko Hakulinen Finland Cross-country skiing 1952–1960 Winter M 3 3 1
118 Mantyranta, EeroEero Mäntyranta Finland Cross-country skiing 1960–1968 Winter M 3 2 2
Szewinska, IrenaIrena Szewińska Poland Athletics 1964–1976 Summer F 3 2 2
Andersson, AgnetaAgneta Andersson Sweden Canoeing 1984–1996 Summer F 3 2 2
Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 3 2 2
122 Strickland, ShirleyShirley Strickland Australia Athletics 1948–1956 Summer F 3 1 3
Amanar, SimonaSimona Amânar Romania Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer F 3 1 3
Gottwald, FelixFelix Gottwald Austria Nordic combined 2002–2010 Winter M 3 1 3
125 Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984–1994 Winter F 3 0 4
Valbe, YelenaYelena Välbe Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 3 0 4
127 Marzi, GustavoGustavo Marzi Italy Fencing 1928–1936 Summer M 2 5 0
Gorokhovskaya, MariaMaria Gorokhovskaya Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 Summer F 2 5 0
129 Beard, AmandaAmanda Beard United States Swimming 1996–2004 Summer F 2 4 1
Khorkina, SvetlanaSvetlana Khorkina Russia Gymnastics 1996–2004 Summer F 2 4 1
Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Swimming 2004–2008 Summer F 2 4 1
132 Ujlaki-Rejto, IldikoIldikó Újlaky-Rejtő Hungary Fencing 1960–1976 Summer F 2 3 2
Janz, KarinKarin Janz East Germany Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer F 2 3 2
134 Miller, ShannonShannon Miller United States Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer F 2 2 3
Di Centa, ManuelaManuela Di Centa Italy Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 2 2 3
136 Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich East Germany Speed skating 1976–1988 Winter F 1 5 1
137 Smirnov, VladimirVladimir Smirnov Kazakhstan Cross-country skiing 1988–1998 Winter M 1 4 2
Timeline[edit]
This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most medals won. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.
Medal count
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record medal event
Earlier medal events
1
6 April 1896[1] James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump G –
Alexandre Tuffère France Triple jump S
Ioannis Persakis Greece Triple jump B
Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus G
Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos Greece Discus S
Sotirios Versis Greece Discus B
2
7 April 1896[1] Robert Garrett United States Athletics Long jump S See above
James Connolly United States Long jump B
3
Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put G 1896 – 1 G, 2 S
9 April 1896[1] Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault G 1896 – 1 G, 2 G
Hermann Weingärtner Germany Vault B 1896 – 1 G, 2 G
4
Gymnastics Pommel horse S
5
Rings S
6
Horizontal bar G
16 July 1900 Robert Garrett United States Athletics Standing triple jump B 1896 – 1 G, 2 S, 3 G, 4 S
1900 – 5 B
3 September 1904 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing triple jump G 1900 – 1 G, 2 G, 3 G
1904 – 4 G, 5 G
7
20 July 1908 Athletics Standing long jump G
8
23 July 1908 Standing high jump G
29 July 1920 Carl Osburn United States Shooting Team 300 m / 600 m military rifle, prone G 1912 – 1 B, 2 S, 3 S, 4 G
1920 – 5 B, 6 S, 7 G
9
30 July 1920 300 m military rifle, standing G
10
31 July 1920 Team free rifle G
11
27 June 1924 Shooting 600 m free rifle S
3 August 1928 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 5000 m S 1920 – 1 S, 2 G, 3 G, 4 G
1924 – 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G, 9 G
1928 – 10 G
12
4 August 1928 3000 m steeplechase S
2 September 1960 Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing Team foil S 1936 – 1 G
1948 – 2 S, 3 S, 4 B
1952 – 5 S, 6 S, 7 G, 8 G
1956 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 B
13
9 September 1960 Team épée G
21 October 1964 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Team G 1956 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 G, 4 G, 5 G, 6 S
1960 – 7 G, 8 G, 9 S, 10 S, 11 B, 12 G
14
All-around S
15
22 October 1964 Vault S
16
Uneven bars B
17
23 October 1964 Balance beam B
18
Floor exercise G
31 July 2012 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 m butterfly S 2004 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 B, 4 G, 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G
2008 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 G, 12 G, 13 G, 14 G, 15 G, 16 G
2012 – 17 S
19
4 × 200 m freestyle G
20
2 August 2012 200 m individual medley G
21
3 August 2012 100 m butterfly G
22
4 August 2012 4 × 100 m medley relay G
23
7 August 2016 4 × 100 m freestyle relay G
24
9 August 2016 200 m butterfly G
25
4 × 200 m freestyle relay G
26
11 August 2016 200 m individual medley G
27
12 August 2016 100 m butterfly S
28
13 August 2016 4 × 100 m medley relay G
Legend: G = Gold, S = Silver, B = Bronze.
List of most career medals in individual events[edit]
This list contains only medals won in individual events, no relays or team events count for this section.
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Sex
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 13 2 1 16
2 Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 6 5 3 14
3 Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1980 Summer M 6 3 3 12
4 Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 6 2 2 10
5 Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002–2018 Winter F 5 3 2
6 Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952–1964 Summer M 3 3 4
7 Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer M 3 2 5
8 Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920–1928 Summer M 6 3 0 9
Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter M 6 3 0
10 Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 5 3 1
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 5 3 1
Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998–2014 Winter M 5 3 1
13 Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo Unified Team
Belarus Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer M 5 0 4
14 Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 4 4 1
15 Ewry, RayRay Ewry United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 8 0 0 8
16 Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer F 7 1 0
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer M 7 1 0
18 Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 4 2 2
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992–2006 Winter F 4 2 2
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992–2006 Winter F 4 2 2
21 Enke, KarinKarin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980–1988 Winter F 3 4 1
Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992–1998 Winter F 3 4 1
23 Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer M 2 5 1
24 Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924–1928 Winter M 5 1 1 7
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948–1960 Summer M 5 1 1
Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 1 1
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988–1996 Summer F 5 1 1
28 Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1994 Winter F 4 3 0
29 Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928–1936 Winter M 4 2 1
30 Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956–1964 Winter M 3 3 1
31 Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 2 4 1
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina Soviet Union
Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976–1992 Winter F 2 4 1
Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Swimming 2004–2008 Summer F 2 4 1
34 Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo Italy Cross-country skiing 1992–2002 Winter F 2 3 2
35 Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte United States Swimming 2004–2012 Summer M 2 2 3
36 Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich East Germany Speed skating 1976–1988 Winter F 1 5 1
37 Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey Jamaica Athletics 1980–2000 Summer F 0 2 5
Athletes with medals in different disciplines[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
In the Summer and Winter Games[edit]
Athlete (Nation)
Summer Games
Winter Games
Ref
Year
Medal
Event
Year
Medal
Event
Eddie Eagan (USA) 1920 Antwerp 01 ! Gold Boxing (light heavyweight) 1932 Lake Placid 01 ! Gold Bobsleigh (four-man) [2]
Jacob Tullin Thams (NOR) 1936 Berlin 02 ! Silver Sailing (8-metre) 1924 Chamonix 01 ! Gold Ski jumping (individual large hill) [3]
Christa Luding-Rothenburger (GDR) 1988 Seoul 02 ! Silver Cycling (sprint) 1984 Sarajevo 01 ! Gold Speed skating (500 m) [4]
1988 Calgary 01 ! Gold Speed skating (1000 m)
02 ! Silver Speed skating (500 m)
1992 Albertville 03 ! Bronze Speed skating (500 m)
Clara Hughes (CAN) 1996 Atlanta 03 ! Bronze Cycling (road race) 2002 Salt Lake City 03 ! Bronze Speed skating (5000 m) [5]
2006 Turin 02 ! Silver Speed skating (team pursuit)
03 ! Bronze Cycling (time trial) 01 ! Gold Speed skating (5000 m)
2010 Vancouver 03 ! Bronze Speed skating (5000 m)
Lauryn Williams (USA) 2004 Athens 02 ! Silver Athletics (100 m) 2014 Sochi 02 ! Silver Bobsleigh (two-woman) [6]
2012 London 01 ! Gold Athletics (4 × 100 m relay)
Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics, winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924.
Eddie Eagan became the first person to win a medal in the Winter Olympics and in the Summer Olympics in different events. He is the only Summer and Winter medalist to win gold medals in different events.
Christa Luding-Rothenburger is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year. (This feat is no longer possible due to the staggering of the Winter and Summer Olympic years). She is also the first person to win medals in successive Winter and Summer Games or vice versa.
Clara Hughes is the first person to win multiple medals in both Summer and Winter Games and holds the highest number of medals of any Olympian to win medals in both the Summer and Winter Games.
In the Summer Games[edit]
Swimming and water polo[edit]
Paul Radmilovic (GBR)
Johnny Weissmuller (USA)
Gérard Blitz (BEL)
Tim Shaw (USA)
Others in Summer Games[edit]
Morris Kirksey (USA) (athletics and rugby)
Edwin Flack (AUS) (athletics and tennis)
Karch Kiraly (USA) (indoor volleyball and beach volleyball)
Otto Herschmann (AUT) (swimming and fencing)
Carl Schuhmann (GER) (gymnastics and wrestling)
Rebecca Romero (GBR) (cycling and rowing)
Roswitha Krause (GER) (swimming and handball)
Walter W. Winans (USA) (shooting and sculpture)
Alfréd Hajós (HUN) (swimming and architecture)
Conn Findlay (USA) (rowing and sailing)
Magnus Wegelius (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
Veli Nieminen (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
Daniel Norling (SWE) (gymnastics and equestrian)
Fritz Hofmann (GER) (gymnastics and athletics)
Oswald Holmberg (SWE) (gymnastics and tug of war)
Gustaf Dyrssen (SWE) (modern pentathlon and fencing)
In the Winter Games[edit]
Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined[edit]
Thorleif Haug (NOR)
Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
Thoralf Strømstad (NOR)
Oddbjørn Hagen (NOR)
Heikki Hasu (FIN)
Others in Winter Games[edit]
Anfisa Reztsova (URS) (biathlon and cross-country skiing)
Susi Erdmann (GER) (luge and bobsleigh)
Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA) (luge and bobsleigh)
Eric Flaim (USA) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
Jorien ter Mors (NED) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
Ester Ledecká (CZE) (alpine skiing and snowboarding)
See also[edit]
List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists
List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
All-time Olympic Games medal table
Leonidas of Rhodes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Coubertin, Pierre de; Timoleon J. Philimon; N. G. Politis; Ch. Anninos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896" (PDF). The Olympic Games, B.C. 776 – A.D. 1896 (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). IOC official Olympic reports. translated by A. v. K. London: Grevel. pp. 55–81 (passim). Retrieved 13 August 2008. (note: the source gives dates in the Julian calendar; this table uses the Gregorian calendar)
Jump up ^ "Eddie Eagan". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jacob Tullin Thams". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Christa Rothenburger-Luding". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Clara Hughes". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Borden, Sam (19 February 2014). "Canada Catches U.S. in Final Bobsled Run". New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
"Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
"databaseOlympics.com". databaseSports.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
See also references in the articles on each athlete.
[hide]
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Olympics and Paralympics statistics
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Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the film, see Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day (film).
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day
Author
Judith Viorst
Illustrator
Ray Cruz
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's
Publication date
June 16, 1972
Pages
32
ISBN
0-689-30072-7
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day, published in 1972, is an ALA Notable Children's Book written by Judith Viorst and illustrated by Ray Cruz.[1][2] It has also won a George G. Stone Center Recognition of Merit, a Georgia Children's Book Award, and is a Reading Rainbow book. Viorst followed this book up with two sequels, Alexander, Who Used to be Rich Last Sunday ISBN 978-0-689-30602-0, and Alexander, Who's Not (Do You Hear Me? I Mean It!) Going to Move ISBN 0-689-31958-4.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 TV adaptation
2.1 Cast
3 Other media
4 Characters
5 Cultural references
6 References
Plot[edit]
From the moment Alexander wakes up, things just do not go his way. As he gets up, the chewing gum that was in his mouth the night before ends up in his hair, he trips on the skateboard and drops his sweater in the sink while the water is running. His brothers Nick and Anthony find prizes in their breakfast cereal boxes at breakfast time, while Alexander finds nothing but breakfast cereal.
In the carpool on the way to school, he doesn't get a window seat. At school, his teacher, Mrs. Dickens, says she likes Phillip Parker's picture of a car rather than Alexander's picture of the invisible castle (which is actually just a blank sheet of paper). At singing time, she says that Alexander sang too loud and at counting time, she says that Alexander skipped the number 16. Then Alexander says that no one needs the number 16 ("Who needs sixteen?"). Then at recess, Alexander's best friend, Paul says that Alexander is no longer his best friend. He says that Phillip is his first best friend and Albert is his second best friend. But Alexander is only his third. Then Alexander tells Paul that he hopes he sits on a tack. He also says to Paul that the next time when he gets a double decker strawberry ice cream cone, the ice cream falls off the cone part and it lands somewhere in Australia. At lunch, Phillip has two cupcakes for dessert and Albert has a Hershey bar with almonds. And for Paul, his mother let him have a jelly roll with coconut sprinkles. But since Alexander's mother forgot to put in dessert, there is no dessert in his lunch bag.
After school, Alexander's mother takes both Alexander and his brothers Nick and Anthony to the dentist. The dentist Dr. Fields finds a cavity only in Alexander. He tells him he has a cavity and says he will see him next week and fix it. On the way down, the elevator door closes on Alexander's foot. Anthony pushes him into a mud puddle, and when Alexander cries because of the mud Nick says he is a crybaby. Then he punches Nick in response for saying cry baby. And at last, their mother comes back with the car. She then scolds Alexander for being muddy and fighting Nick.
At the shoe store, Alexander wanted blue shoes with red stripes, but they're out of Alexander's choice of sneakers, so his mother has to buy him plain white ones, which he refuses to wear. At his father's office, he makes a mess of things when he fools around with everything there (the copying machine, the books, and the telephone). He tells Alexander to not play with his phone, but Alexander calls Australia. Then, the father gets to the point where he tells the family to stop picking him up from work.
At home, they have lima beans for dinner (which he hates), Alexander watches kissing on TV (which he also hates), his bath-time is worst (the water being too hot, getting soap in his eyes, and his marble going down the drain), but the worst of all, he's forced to wear his railroad train pajamas (which he also hates). At bedtime, his Mickey Mouse nightlight burns out, he bites his tongue, Nick takes back a bed pillow he said Alexander could keep, and the cat says he wants to sleep with Anthony (but not Alexander).
In the end, Alexander says he is having a terrible, horrible, no good very bad day. His mother says to him that some days are like that, especially in Australia.
A running gag throughout the book is Alexander repeating several times that he wants to move to Australia because he thinks it's better there.[1] It ends with his mother's assurance that everybody has bad days, even those who live there.[1] In the Australian and New Zealand versions, he wants to move to Timbuktu instead. Alexander says tomorrow things must not get any worse.
TV adaptation[edit]
On Saturday, January 13, 1990, the book was adapted into a 30-minute animated musical television special that aired on HBO and Klasky Csupo in the United States.
While the special is mostly true to the book, the following differences are:
Aside from the running gag of Alexander making references to Australia, the producers added another running gag in the special: he searches everywhere for his favorite yo-yo, a purple glow-in-the-dark one.
Dad has no mustache and has brown hair instead of blonde.
Nick has blonde hair instead of brown and wears glasses.
Anthony has brown hair instead of blonde.
The cat, unnamed in the book, is named Timothy.
Phillip Parker is white instead of black and wears no glasses.
Albert Moyo is black instead of white.
This special features 11 more bad things for Alexander:
He opens a drawer too far, making it land on his right foot.
He spills cereal on the floor while searching for a free prize.
He falls off of the seat when the carpool stops by his school.
His friends will not let him play Monkey in the Middle.
He sings "roll" and "Mary Lee" while his class sings "Row, Row, Row Your Boat".
His friends tease him multiple times when he draws a picture of an invisible castle, sings his song loudly and incorrectly, skips the number 16, gets no dessert, and explains why he refuses to play ball with them after school.
His friends close the doors on him after school.
He was forced by the dentist, Dr. Fields, to sit still for 30 seconds for messing around with the toothpaste, dental chair, and tray.
His brothers pretend to be in pain when Alexander hops due to the elevator door closing on his foot.
The shoe salesman turns down his alternate choice of sneakers (green ones).
He is forced by his father to sit out on the couch for a time-out for playing with the copying machine and knocking the books off his father's desk.
The special also includes 4 good things to show the audience that even a bad day can have something good in it:
Alexander's friends ask him if he wants to play ball with them before Alexander refuses.
Anthony and Nick make up for what they did to Alexander while waiting for their mom to pick up the car.
Mom finds Alexander's favorite yo-yo in the closet while turning off the bedroom light.
Before the end credits, Timothy (the cat) changes his mind and sleeps with Alexander while talking about how Mom says everybody has bad days, even in Australia.
Although mentioned, the three following bad things are not shown in the special:
The family has lima beans for dinner.
Alexander watching kissing on TV.
Alexander's bath making the evening worse.
The special also included three original songs:
"So much to do, so little time in the morning"
"If I could be the only child"
"I've had a terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day"
Cast[edit]
Danny Tamberelli as Alexander (speaking voice)
Todd Defreitas as Alexander (singing voice)
Joey Rigel as Nick
Devon Michaels as Anthony
Linda Wallem as Mom
Steve Barton as Dad
Stephanie Maddin as Mrs. Dickens
William Bogert as Dr. Fields
Skip Hinnant as Shoe Salesman
Ashley Carin as Classmate #1
Erin Torpey as Classmate #2
Buddy Smith as Classmate #3
Daniel Riefsnyder as Classmate #4
Z. Wright as Classmate #5
Other media[edit]
In 1998, Viorst and the Kennedy Center joined together to turn the book into a musical production.[1][3] Charles Strouse wrote the music, Viorst wrote the script and lyrics, and the musical score was composed by Shelly Markham.[3] The productions have been performed around the country.[1][4]
Other characters in it are Audrey, Becky, and many others.
In 2004, a stage adaptation was run at the B Street Theatre.
A film adaptation was released in 2014.
Characters[edit]
Alexander and his two older brothers, Anthony and Nick, are based on Viorst's own three sons of the same names. But the film changed Nick to Emily, replacing the brother with a sister, and adds Trevor as well.[5]
Cultural references[edit]
The phrase "terrible, horrible, no good, very bad . . ." has become an Internet meme, often used by bloggers, and sometimes by mainstream media, to criticize, or characterize setbacks for, an individual or political movement. The phrase is also used in the Stephen King miniseries Kingdom Hospital by the orderlies Abel and Christa. [6][7][8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Kennedy Center (2007). "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day". The Kennedy Center. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ Scott Bernarde (2007). "I resolve to forget fishing in 2007". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Laurel Graeber (October 24, 2003). "Just One Of Those Days". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hispania News (2006). "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day". Hispania News. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ Mary-Liz Shaw (2007). "Grandmother learns lesson in flexibility". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/the-gaggle/2010/05/03/dick-cheney-s-terrible-horrible-no-good-very-bad-day.html
Jump up ^ Patrick Gavin (2013-05-16). "Obama's week? 'Horrible, no good'". Retrieved 2013-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Political Commentary and Opinion - Washington Examiner". Washington Examiner.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_and_the_Terrible,_Horrible,_No_Good,_Very_Bad_Day&oldid=836285813"
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Phototropism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The light from the lamp (1.) functions as a detectable change in the plant's environment. As a result, the plant exhibits a reaction of phototropism--directional growth (2.) toward the light stimulus.
Auxin distribution controls phototropism. 1. Sunlight strikes the plant from directly above. Auxin (pink dots) encourages growth straight up. 2, 3, 4. Sunlight strikes the plant at an angle. Auxin is concentrated on one side, encouraging growth at an angle from the preceding stem.
The Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) is regulated by blue to UV light.
Phycomyces, a fungus, also exhibit phototropism
Example on a Phalaenopsis
Play media
Example on Azuki beans
Ravenalas growing between two buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The plane (here perpendicular to the north-south axis) of these two plants is orientated to maximize daylight absorption.
Phototropism is the growth of an organism which responds to a light stimulus. It is most often observed in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light have a chemical called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This causes the plant to have elongated cells on the farthest side from the light. Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source is called positive phototropism, while growth away from light is called negative phototropism (skototropism).[1] Most plant shoots exhibit positive phototropism, and rearrange their chloroplasts in the leaves to maximize photosynthetic energy and promote growth.[2][3] Roots usually exhibit negative phototropism, although gravitropism may play a larger role in root behavior and growth. Some vine shoot tips exhibit negative phototropism, which allows them to grow towards dark, solid objects and climb them. The combination of phototropism and gravitropism allow plants to grow in the correct direction.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism
1.1 Five models of auxin distribution in phototropism
2 Effects of wavelength
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Mechanism[edit]
There are several signaling molecules that help the plant determine where the light source is coming from which helps the plant, and this activates several genes, which change the hormone gradients allowing the plant to grow towards the light. The very tip of the plant known as the coleoptile is necessary in light sensing.[2] The middle portion of the coleoptile is the area where the shoot curvature occurs. The Cholodny–Went hypothesis, developed in the early 20th century, predicts that in the presence of asymmetric light, auxin will move towards the shaded side and promote elongation of the cells on that side to cause the plant to curve towards the light source.[5] Auxins activate proton pumps, decreasing the pH in the cells on the dark side of the plant. This acidification of the cell wall region activates enzymes known as expansins which break bonds in the cell wall structure, making the cell walls less rigid. In addition, the acidic environment causes disruption of hydrogen bonds in the cellulose that makes up the cell wall. The decrease in cell wall strength causes cells to swell, exerting the mechanical pressure that drives phototropic movement.
A second group of genes, PIN genes, have been found to play a major role in phototropism. They are auxin transporters, so it is thought that they are responsible for the polarization of auxin. Specifically PIN3 has been identified as the primary auxin carrier.[6] It is possible that phototropins receive light and inhibit the activity of PINOID kinase (PID), which then promotes the activity of PIN3. This activation of PIN3 leads to asymmetric distribution of auxin, which then leads to asymmetric elongation of cells in the stem. pin3 mutants had shorter hypocotyls and roots than the wild-type, and the same phenotype was seen in plants grown with auxin efflux inhibitors.[7] Using anti-PIN3 immunogold labeling, movement of the PIN3 protein was observed. PIN3 is normally localized to the surface of hypocotyl and stem, but is also internalized in the presence of Brefeldin A (BFA), an exocytosis inhibitor. This mechanism allows PIN3 to be repositioned in response to an environmental stimulus. PIN3 and PIN7 proteins were thought to play a role in pulse-induced phototropism. The curvature responses in the "pin3" mutant were reduced significantly, but only slightly reduced in "pin7" mutants. There is some redundancy among "PIN1", "PIN3", and "PIN7", but it is thought that PIN3 plays a greater role in pulse-induced phototropism.[8]
There are phototropins that are highly expressed in the upper region of coleoptiles. The two main phototropins are phot1 and phot2. phot2 single mutants have phototropic responses like that of the wild-type, but phot1 phot2 double mutants do not show any phototropic responses.[4] The amounts of PHOT1 and PHOT2 present are different depending on the age of the plant and the intensity of the light. There is a high amount of PHOT2 present in mature Arabidopsis leaves and this was also seen in rice orthologs. The expression of PHOT1 and PHOT2 changes depending on the presence of blue or red light. There was a downregulation of PHOT1 mRNA in the presence of light, but upregulation of PHOT2 transcript. The levels of mRNA and protein present in the plant were dependent upon the age of the plant. This suggests that the phototropin expression levels change with the maturation of the leaves.[9] Mature leaves contain chloroplasts that are essential in photosynthesis. Chloroplast rearrangement occurs in different light environments to maximize photosynthesis. There are several genes involved in plant phototropism including the NPH1 and NPL1 gene. They are both involved in chloroplast rearrangement.[3] The nph1 and npl1 double mutants were found to have reduced phototropic responses. In fact, the two genes are both redundant in determining the curvature of the stem.
Five models of auxin distribution in phototropism[edit]
In 2012, Sakai and Haga[10] outlined how different auxin concentrations could be arising on shaded and lighted side of the stem, giving birth to phototropic response. Five models in respect to stem phototropism have been proposed, using Arabidopsis thaliana as the study plant.
Five models showing how auxin is transported in the plant Arabidopsis.
First model
In the first model incoming light deactivates auxin on the light side of the plant allowing the shaded part to continue growing and eventually bend the plant over towards the light.[10]
Second model
In the second model light inhibits auxin biosynthesis on the light side of the plant, thus decreasing the concentration of auxin relative to the unaffected side.[10]
Third model
In the third model there is a horizontal flow of auxin from both the light and dark side of the plant. Incoming light causes more auxin to flow from the exposed side to the shaded side, increasing the concentration of auxin on the shaded side and thus more growth occurring.[10]
Fourth model
In the fourth model it shows the plant receiving light to inhibit auxin basipetal down to the exposed side, causing the auxin to only flow down the shaded side.[10]
Fifth model
Model five encompasses elements of both model 3 and 4. The main auxin flow in this model comes from the top of the plant vertically down towards the base of the plant with some of the auxin travelling horizontally from the main auxin flow to both sides of the plant. Receiving light inhibits the horizontal auxin flow from the main vertical auxin flow to the irradiated exposed side. And according to the study by Sakai and Haga, the observed asymmetric auxin distribution and subsequent phototropic response in hypocotyls seems most consistent with this fifth scenario.[10]
Effects of wavelength[edit]
Phototropism in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana is directed by blue light receptors called phototropins.[11] Other photosensitive receptors in plants include phytochromes that sense red light[12] and cryptochromes that sense blue light.[13] Different organs of the plant may exhibit different phototropic reactions to different wavelengths of light. Stem tips exhibit positive phototropic reactions to blue light, while root tips exhibit negative phototropic reactions to blue light. Both root tips and most stem tips exhibit positive phototropism to red light.[citation needed] Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that absorb blue/ UV-A light, and they help control the circadian rhythm in plants and timing of flowering. Phytochromes are photoreceptors that sense red/far-red light, but they also absorb blue light. The combination of responses from phytochromes and cryptochromes allow the plant to respond to various kinds of light.[14] Together phytochromes and cryptochromes inhibit gravitropism in hypocotyls and contribute to phototropism.[2]
See also[edit]
Scotobiology
Cholodny–Went model
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Strong & Ray 1975.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goyal, A., Szarzynska, B., Fankhauser C. (2012). Phototropism: at the crossroads of light-signaling pathways. Cell 1-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Sakai, T., Kagawa, T., Kasahara, M., Swartz, T.E., Christie, J.M., Briggs, W.R., Wada, M., Okada, K. (2001). Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: Blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation. PNAS 98(12), 6969-6974.
^ Jump up to: a b Liscum, E. (2002). Phototropism: Mechanisms and Outcomes. Arabidopsis Book 1-21.
Jump up ^ Christie, J.M., and Murphy, A.S. (2013). Shoot phototropism in higher plants: New light through old concepts. American Journal of Botany 100(1), 35-46.
Jump up ^ Ding, Z., Galván-Ampudia, C.S., Demarsy, E., Langowski, L., Kleine-Vehn, J., Fan, Y., Morita, M.T., Tasaka M., Fankhauser, C., Offringa, R., Friml, J. (2011). Light-mediated polarization of the PIN3 auxin transporter for the phototropic response in Arabidopsis Nature Cell Biology 13(4), 447-453.
Jump up ^ Friml, J., Wisniewska, J., Benkova, E., Mendgen, K., Palme, K. (2002). Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis. Nature 415, 806-809.
Jump up ^ Haga, K., and Sakai, T. (2012). PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers Are Necessary for Pulse-Induced But Not Continuous Light-Induced Phototropism in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 160, 763-776.
Jump up ^ Labuz, J., Sztatelman, O., Banas, A. K., Gabrys H. (2012). The expression of phototropins in Arabidopsis leaves: developmental and light regulation. Journal of Experimental Botany 63(4), 1763-1771.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sakai, T; Haga, K (2012). "Molecular genetic analysis of phototropism in Arabidopsis". Plant & cell physiology. 53 (9): 1517–34. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcs111. PMC 3439871  . PMID 22864452.
Jump up ^ "Phototropins: Photoreceptors that provide a novel photochemical mechanism for signaling". Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Phytochrome". plantphys.info. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
Jump up ^ Eckardt, N. A. (1 May 2003). "A Component of the Cryptochrome Blue Light Signaling Pathway". The Plant Cell Online. 15 (5): 1051–1052. doi:10.1105/tpc.150510.
Jump up ^ McCoshum, S., Kiss, J.Z. (2011). Green light affects blue-light based phototropism in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana. Torrey Botanical Society 138(4), 409-417.
Bibliography[edit]
Strong, Donald R.; Ray, Thomas S. (1 January 1975). "Host Tree Location Behavior of a Tropical Vine (Monstera gigantea) by Skototropism". Science. 190 (4216): 804–806. doi:10.1126/science.190.4216.804. JSTOR 1741614.
External links[edit]
Media related to Phototropism at Wikimedia Commons
Time lapse films, Plants-In-Motion
[hide]
v
t
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Plant movements
Means
Differential cell growth
Changes in turgor pressure
Tropisms (directional)
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Phototropism
Thermotropism
Thigmotropism
Nastic movements (non-directional)
Nyctinasty
Thigmonasty
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hosts (file)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Host (disambiguation).
The computer file hosts is an operating system file that maps hostnames to IP addresses. It is a plain text file. Originally a file named HOSTS.TXT was manually maintained and made available via file sharing by Stanford Research Institute for the ARPANET membership, containing the hostnames and address of hosts as contributed for inclusion by member organizations. The Domain Name System, first described in 1983 and implemented in 1984,[1] automated the publication process and provided instantaneous and dynamic hostname resolution in the rapidly growing network. In modern operating systems, the hosts file remains an alternative name resolution mechanism, configurable often as part of facilities such as the Name Service Switch as either the primary method or as a fallback method.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 File content
3 Location in the file system
4 History
5 Extended applications
6 Security issues
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Purpose[edit]
The hosts file is one of several system facilities that assists in addressing network nodes in a computer network. It is a common part of an operating system's Internet Protocol (IP) implementation, and serves the function of translating human-friendly hostnames into numeric protocol addresses, called IP addresses, that identify and locate a host in an IP network.
In some operating systems, the contents of the hosts file is used preferentially to other name resolution methods, such as the Domain Name System (DNS), but many systems implement name service switches, e.g., nsswitch.conf for Linux and Unix, to provide customization. Unlike remote DNS resolvers, the hosts file is under the direct control of the local computer's administrator.[2]
File content[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The hosts file contains lines of text consisting of an IP address in the first text field followed by one or more host names. Each field is separated by white space – tabs are often preferred for historical reasons, but spaces are also used. Comment lines may be included; they are indicated by an octothorpe (#) in the first position of such lines. Entirely blank lines in the file are ignored. For example, a typical hosts file may contain the following:
127.0.0.1  localhost loopback
::1        localhost

This example only contains entries for the loopback addresses of the system and their host names, a typical default content of the hosts file. The example illustrates that an IP address may have multiple host names (localhost and loopback), and that a host name may be mapped to both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses, as shown on the first and second lines respectively.
Location in the file system[edit]
The location of the hosts file in the file system hierarchy varies by operating system. It is usually named hosts, without an extension.
Operating System
Version(s)
Location
Unix, Unix-like, POSIX /etc/hosts[3]
Microsoft Windows 3.1 %WinDir%\HOSTS
95, 98, ME %WinDir%\hosts[4]
NT, 2000, XP,[5] 2003, Vista,
2008, 7, 2012, 8, 10 %SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts[6]
Windows Mobile, Windows Phone Registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Comm\Tcpip\Hosts
Apple Macintosh 9 and earlier Preferences or System folder
Mac OS X 10.0–10.1.5[7] (Added through NetInfo or niload)
Mac OS X 10.2 and newer /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)[7]
Novell NetWare SYS:etc\hosts
OS/2 & eComStation "bootdrive":\mptn\etc\
Symbian Symbian OS 6.1–9.0 C:\system\data\hosts
Symbian OS 9.1+ C:\private\10000882\hosts
MorphOS NetStack ENVARC:sys/net/hosts
AmigaOS < 4 AmiTCP:db/hosts
4 DEVS:Internet/hosts
AROS ENVARC:AROSTCP/db/hosts
Android /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /system/etc/hosts)
iOS iOS 2.0 and newer /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)
TOPS-20 <SYSTEM>HOSTS.TXT
Plan 9 /lib/ndb/hosts
BeOS /boot/beos/etc/hosts[8]
Haiku /boot/common/settings/network/hosts[8]
OpenVMS UCX UCX$HOST
TCPware TCPIP$HOST
RISC OS 3.7, 5 !Boot.Resources.!Internet.files.Hosts
later boot sequence !Boot.Choices.Hardware.Disabled.Internet.Files.Hosts[9]
History[edit]
The ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, had no distributed host name database. Each network node maintained its own map of the network nodes as needed and assigned them names that were memorable to the users of the system. There was no method for ensuring that all references to a given node in a network were using the same name, nor was there a way to read the hosts file of another computer to automatically obtain a copy.
The small size of the ARPANET kept the administrative overhead small to maintain an accurate hosts file. Network nodes typically had one address and could have many names. As local area TCP/IP computer networks gained popularity, however, the maintenance of hosts files became a larger burden on system administrators as networks and network nodes were being added to the system with increasing frequency.
Standardization efforts, such as the format specification of the file HOSTS.TXT in RFC 952, and distribution protocols, e.g., the hostname server described in RFC 953, helped with these problems, but the centralized and monolithic nature of hosts files eventually necessitated the creation of the distributed Domain Name System (DNS).
On some old systems a file named networks is present that has similar to hosts file functions containing names of networks.
Extended applications[edit]
In its function of resolving host names, the hosts file may be used to define any hostname or domain name for use in the local system.
Redirecting local domains
Some web service and intranet developers and administrators define locally defined domains in a LAN for various purposes, such as accessing the company's internal resources or to test local websites in development.
Internet resource blocking
Entries in the hosts file may be used to block online advertising, or the domains of known malicious resources and servers that contain spyware, adware, and other malware. This may be achieved by adding entries for those sites to redirect requests to another address that does not exist or to a harmless destination. Commercial software applications may be used to populate the hosts file with entries of known undesirable Internet resources automatically.
Security issues[edit]
The hosts file may present an attack vector for malicious software. The file may be modified, for example, by adware, computer viruses, or trojan horse software to redirect traffic from the intended destination to sites hosting malicious or unwanted content.[10] The widespread computer worm Mydoom.B blocked users from visiting sites about computer security and antivirus software and also affected access from the compromised computer to the Microsoft Windows Update website.
See also[edit]
DNSBL, a DNS-based blackhole list
Content-control software
Ad filtering
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Internet Systems Consortium. "The Most Widely Used Name Server Software: BIND". History of BIND. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Cisco Networking Academy Program: First-Year Companion Guide", Cisco Systems, Inc., 2002 (2nd Edition), page 676, ISBN 1-58713-025-4
Jump up ^ "Linux Network Administrators Guide: Writing hosts and networks files". Retrieved May 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hosts File". Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft KB Q314053: TCP/IP and NBT configuration parameters for Windows XP". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft KB 972034 Revision 2.0: default hosts files". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mac OS X: How to Add Hosts to Local Hosts File". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Haiku/BeOS Tip Server". Retrieved November 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ RISC OS 6.14
Jump up ^ "Remove Trojan.Qhosts – Symantec". Retrieved May 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
Windows
TCP/IP in Windows 2000 Professional
Microsoft TCP/IP Host Name Resolution Order
Blocking Unwanted Connections with a Hosts File (Creative Commons License)
Solution if Windows stops you from modifying the Hosts file or the Lmhosts file in Windows Vista / 7 / 8
Beginners Guide on Editing Hosts File
List of Microsoft related domains that Windows won't redirect
Mac
How to block unwanted domains with a HOSTS file on Mac OS X 10.2 or later
"Gas Mask" - Hosts file manager for Mac OS X
Linux
Block unwanted advertisements with /etc/hosts file on Linux
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosts_(file)&oldid=833616207"
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