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Psalm 23
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See Psalm 24 for Psalm 23 in Greek (Vulgata) numbering.
Illustration from "The Sunday at Home", 1880
Psalm 23 (Greek numbering: Psalm 22 because of its opening line) is the 23rd and perhaps best-known psalm in the Old Testament Book of Psalms and perhaps the best-known chapter in the Hebrew Bible. The writer describes God as his shepherd. The theme of this poem casts God in the role of protector and provider, and is routinely read and recited by Jews and Christians alike.
Like all the psalms, Psalm 23 was used in worship of the ancient Hebrews.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Shepherd theme
3 In Christian tradition
3.1 Metrical versions
3.2 Use in funerals
4 Use in Judaism
5 Musical settings
5.1 Liturgical and classical
5.2 Songs
6 Recitation
7 Media
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Text[edit]
The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.
He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: He leadeth me beside the still waters.
He restoreth my soul: He leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for His name's sake.
Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for Thou art with me; Thy rod and Thy staff they comfort me.
Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: Thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.
Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.
—  Psalm 23:1-6
Shepherd theme[edit]
The theme of God as a shepherd was common in ancient Palestine and Mesopotamia. For example, King Hammurabi, in the conclusion to his famous legal code, wrote: "I am the shepherd who brings well-being and abundant prosperity; my rule is just.... so that the strong might not oppress the weak, and that even the orphan and the widow might be treated with justice."[1] This imagery and language was well-known to the community that created the Psalm, and was easily imported into its worship.
Psalm 23 portrays God as a good shepherd, feeding (verse 1) and leading (verse 3) his flock. The "rod and staff" (verse 4) are also the implements of a shepherd. Some commentators see the shepherd imagery pervading the entire psalm. It is known that the shepherd is to know each sheep by name, thus when God is given the analogy of a shepherd, he is not only a protector but also the caretaker. God, as the caretaker, leads the sheep to green pastures (verse 2) and still waters (verse 2) because he knows that each of his sheep must be personally led to be fed. Thus, without its Shepherd, the sheep would die either by a predator or of starvation, since sheep are known for their helplessness without their shepherd.
J. Douglas MacMillan argues that verse 5 ("Thou preparest a table before me") refers to the "old oriental shepherding practice" of using little raised tables to feed sheep.[2] Similarly, "Thou anointest my head with oil" may refer to an ancient form of backliner – the oil is poured on wounds, and repels flies. MacMillan also notes that verse 6 ("Goodness and mercy shall follow me") reminds him of two loyal sheepdogs coming behind the flock.[3]
John Ellinwood argues that in verses 4 and 5 King David acknowledges God's protection in expeditions and in battles. "Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies" refers to the sober raucous dinner before major battles. These were raucous in order to demoralize hostiles camped within earshot, and (only) the king ate from a table. "Thou anointest my head with oil" because tomorrow this ceremony might be impossible. After each victory there was no longer a need for sobriety, so "my cup runneth over." The king's lyricist wisely shortened these military verses for balance. Also in Psalm 18 David mentions God's protection in battle. [13].
The first verse of the Psalm ascribes authorship to King David, said in the Hebrew Scriptures to have been a field shepherd himself as a youth. However, some scholars do not believe that David could have written any of the Psalms.
Psalm 23 is traditionally sung by Jews in Hebrew at the third Shabbat meal on Saturday afternoon.
In Christian tradition[edit]
This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Psalm 23 is often referred to as the Shepherd's psalm
For Christians the image of God as a shepherd evokes connections not only with David but with Jesus, described as "Good Shepherd" in the Gospel of John. The phrase about "the valley of the shadow of death" is often taken as an allusion to the eternal life given by Jesus.
Orthodox Christians typically include this Psalm in the prayers of preparation for receiving the Eucharist.
The Reformation inspired widespread efforts in western Europe to make biblical texts available in vernacular languages. One of the most popular early English versions was the Geneva Bible (1557). The most widely recognized version of the psalm in English today is undoubtedly the one drawn from the King James Bible (1611).
The psalm is a popular passage for memorization and is often used in sermons.
Metrical versions[edit]
Main article: Metrical psalter
Eastman Johnson's 1863 painting "The Lord is My Shepherd".
An early metrical version of the psalm in English was made in 1565 by Thomas Sternhold. Other metrical versions to emerge from the Protestant Reformation include those from The Bay Psalm Book (1640)[4] and a version influenced by Sternholm published in the Scottish Psalter (1650).[5] The latter version is still encountered, with modernized spelling, in many Protestant hymns. Other notable metrical versions include those by George Herbert, Philip Sidney, and Isaac Watts.[4]
A metrical version of the psalm is traditionally sung to the hymn tune Crimond, generally attributed to Jessie Seymour Irvine.[6] This version, with its opening words "The Lord's My Shepherd", is probably the best-known amongst English-speaking congregations.
'Crimond' played on church organ
Other melodies, such as Brother James' Air or Amazing Grace, are also used. Other tunes sometimes used include Belmont, Evan, Martyrdom, Orlington, and Wiltshire.[7]
Use in funerals[edit]
In the 20th century, Psalm 23 became particularly associated with funeral liturgies in the English-speaking world, and films with funeral scenes often depict a graveside recitation of the psalm. Official liturgies of English-speaking churches were slow to adopt this practice, though. The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England has only Psalms 39 and 90 in its order for the burial of the dead, and in the Episcopal Church in the United States, Psalm 23 was not used for funerals until the 1928 revision of the prayer book.
Use in Judaism[edit]
This Psalm is found in the Friday night Maariv service. It is also traditionally sung three times during the third Sabbath meal.[citation needed]
Musical settings[edit]
Liturgical and classical[edit]
Johann Sebastian Bach, Cantata No.112 Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt, BWV 112
James Leith Macbeth Bain – hymn tune Brother James' Air[8]
Lennox Berkeley Op. 91, No. 1 (1975)
Leonard Bernstein – Chichester Psalms (Hebrew, in Part 2, together with Psalm 2)
Anton Bruckner – Psalm 22 Der Herr regieret mich WAB 34 (c. 1852)
Noah Creshevsky – Psalm XXIII (2003)
Paul Creston – Psalm XXIII (1945)
Herbert Howells – Hymnus Paradisi
Jessie Seymour Irvine – hymn tune Crimond[8]
Albert Hay Malotte
Clément Marot (Latin)
George Rochberg[9]
Miklós Rózsa[10]
Edmund Rubbra – Three Psalms, op.61 (no.2)
John Rutter – The Lord is my Shepherd (1978), included in his Requiem (1985)
Franz Schubert – version by Moses Mendelssohn (German)
Randall Thompson[11]
Ralph Vaughan Williams[12]
Charles Villiers Stanford – "The Lord is my Shepherd" (1886)[13]
Alexander Zemlinsky Op. 14, (1910) for chorus and orchestra
Antonín Dvořák, verses 1–4, No. 4 of his Biblical Songs (1894)
Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach – Gam Ki Elech b'Gey Tzalmavet Lo Irah Rah Ki Atah Imadi. גם כי אלך [14]
Songs[edit]
1958: Duke Ellington – "Part VI" from Black, Brown and Beige with Mahalia Jackson
1966: The Moody Blues – "23rd Psalm" from the album The Magnificent Moodies deLuxe Edition (not released until 2014)
1966: Ed Ames – "My Cup Runneth Over RCA Victor single from the Musical Production "I Do!, I Do!"
1972: Dave Cousins – "Lay Down" from the album Bursting at the Seams
1977: Dennis Brown – "Here I Come" from the album Wolf & Leopards
1977: Peter Tosh – "Jah Guide" from the album Equal Rights
1977: Pink Floyd – "Sheep" from the album Animals
1978: Patti Smith Group – "Privilege (Set Me Free)" from the album Easter
1980: The Grateful Dead – "Alabama Getaway" from the album Go to Heaven
1981: Venom – "Welcome To Hell" from the album Welcome To Hell
1982: Keith Green – "The Lord is My Shepherd" from the album Songs for the Shepherd
1983: Marillion – "Forgotten Sons" from the album Script for a Jester's Tear
1985: Judy Collins – "The Lord is my Shepherd" from the album Amazing Grace
1988: Diamanda Galás – "The Lord is my Shepherd" from the album You Must Be Certain of the Devil
1988: U2 – "Love Rescue Me" from the album Rattle and Hum
1989: Lil' Louis – "Blackout" from the album From The Mind Of Lil Louis
1990: Bobby McFerrin – "The 23rd Psalm" from the album Medicine Music
1993: Alpha Blondy – "Psaume 23" from the album Jerusalem
1993: Christian Death – Psalm (Maggot's Lair) from album Path of Sorrows
1993: Midnight Oil – "In the Valley" from album Earth and Sun and Moon
1994: Howard Goodall – theme to The Vicar of Dibley, later covered by Katherine Jenkins and The Choirboys
1995: Coolio feat. L.V. – "Gangsta's Paradise"
1995: Michael W. Smith - "As It Is In Heaven" from I'll Lead You Home
1995: Tupac Shakur – "So Many Tears" from the album Me Against The World
1996: Cissy Houston, (Whitney Houston's mother) – "The Lord is My Shepherd" from The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album
1997: Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.) – "You're Nobody ('Til Somebody Kills You)" from the album Life After Death
1998: Colin Mawby – recording with Charlotte Church
1998: Kathy Troccoli - "Psalm 23" from Corner of Eden
1999: E Nomine – "Psalm 23" from the album Das Testament
1999: Jonathan Elias – "Forgiveness" from the album The Prayer Cycle
1999: Ky-mani Marley – "Lord is My Shepherd" from the album The Journey
2000: Marilyn Manson – "In The Shadow Of The Valley Of Death" from the album Holy Wood
2001: Dan Nichols – "Psalm 23" from the album Be Strong
2002: Boards of Canada – "From One Source All Things" from the album Geogaddi
2003: Lucinda Williams – "Atonement" from the album World Without Tears
2004: Kanye West – "Jesus Walks" from the album The College Dropout
2004: Megadeth – "Shadow of Deth" from the album The System Has Failed
2004: OverClocked Remix – "Beneath the Surface (Aquatic Ambiance)" from Kong in Concert
2005: Ministry (band) - "No W (Redux)" from Rantology
2007: Group 1 Crew – "Forgive Me" from the album Group 1 Crew
2007: Dream Theater – "In The Presence Of Enemies Part 2" from the album Systematic Chaos
2008: Jon Foreman – "The House of God, Forever" from the EP, Summer
2008: The Offspring – "Hammerhead" from the album Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace
2009: India.Arie, MC Lyte – "Psalms 23" from the album Testimony: Vol. 2, Love & Politics
2009: Rick Ross – "Valley of Death" from the album Deeper Than Rap
2010: Nas & Damian Marley – "Strong Will Continue" from the album Distant Relatives
2011: Hollywood Undead – "Hear Me Now" from the album American Tragedy
2013: The Black Dahlia Murder – "In Hell Is Where She Waits for Me" from the album Everblack
2013: Jay-Z – "Holy Grail" from the album Magna Carta Holy Grail
2013: Fall Out Boy – "Death Valley" from "Save Rock and Roll"
2013: Audrey Assad - "Good to Me" from Fortunate Fall
2016: Shane & Shane - "Psalm 23 (Surely Goodness, Surely Mercy)" from Psalms II
2016: Crowder – "Shepherd" from the album "American Prodigal"
Recitation[edit]
2013: Australian singer songwriter Paul Kelly from the album Poems For Funerals
Media[edit]
By Jessie S Irvine
02:47 Orchestral arrangement 5 Verses with intro
Problems playing this file? See media help.
By James Leith Macbeth Bain
02:36 Orchestral arrangement 5 Verses with intro
Problems playing this file? See media help.
See also[edit]
Lamb of God
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hammurabi's Code, circa 1780BC". history.hanover.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ J. Douglas MacMillan, The Lord of Shepherd. (Bryntirion: Evangelical Press of Wales, 1988), 78.
Jump up ^ J. Douglas MacMillan, The Lord of Shepherd. (Bryntirion: Evangelical Press of Wales, 1988), 82.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Psalms Compared: Psalm 23', retrieved 2007-08-05. (no public access!)". Smith Creek Music. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ Scottish Psalter and Paraphrases at CCEL
Jump up ^ "Crimond". Center for Church Music - Songs & Hymns. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC h2g2 Psalm 23". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ Together with Psalm 43 and Psalm 150 in an a capella setting for mixed chorus written in 1954. Dixon, Joan (1992). George Rochberg: A Bio-Bibliographic Guide to His Life and Works. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press, p. 175.
Jump up ^ The Miklós Rózsa Society Website[dead link]
Jump up ^ Blotner, Linda Solow (1983). The Boston Composers Project: A Bibliography of Contemporary Music. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 547.
Jump up ^ "Settings of: Psalm 23". ChoralNet. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ #NOV290116. Novello & Co Ltd.
Jump up ^ Gem Ki Elech 1(YouTube).
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Psalm 23
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psalm 23.
Hebrew text, translation, transliteration, recorded melodies from The Zemirot Database
Tehillim – Psalm 23 (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary.
Psalm 23 recited in Hebrew
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