text:
Maryland Toleration Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Maryland Toleration Act
Part of English Civil War and Protestant Revolution of Maryland
A small broadside reprint of the Maryland Toleration Act
Date
April 21, 1649
Location
Maryland Colony
Also known as
Act Concerning Religion
Participants
Colonial Assembly of Maryland
Outcome
Repealed in October 1694
The Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians. It was passed on April 21, 1649, by the assembly of the Maryland colony, in St. Mary's City. It was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created one of the pioneer statutes passed by the legislative body of an organized colonial government to guarantee any degree of religious liberty. Specifically, the bill, now usually referred to as the Toleration Act, granted freedom of conscience to all Christians.[1] (The colony which became Rhode Island passed a series of laws, the first in 1636, which prohibited religious persecution including against non-Trinitarians; Rhode Island was also the first government to separate church and state.) Historians argue that it helped inspire later legal protections for freedom of religion in the United States. The Calvert family, who founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics, sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and those of other religions that did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of Britain and her colonies.
The Act allowed freedom of worship for all Trinitarian Christians in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. It was revoked in 1654 by William Claiborne, a Virginian who had been appointed as a commissioner by Oliver Cromwell; he was an Anglican, a Puritan sympathizer, and strongly hostile to the Catholic Religion. When the Calverts regained control of Maryland, the Act was reinstated, before being repealed permanently in 1692 following the events of the Glorious Revolution, and the Protestant Revolution in Maryland. As the first law on religious tolerance in the British North America, it influenced related laws in other colonies and portions of it were echoed in the writing of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which enshrined religious freedom in American law.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the law
2 Description
3 Repeal and legacy
4 See also
5 External links
6 Footnotes
7 References
Origin of the law[edit]
Cecil Calvert, proprietor of the Maryland colony when the Maryland Toleration Act was passed
The Maryland colony was founded by Cecil Calvert in 1634. Like his father George Calvert, who had originated the efforts that led to the colony's charter, Cecil Calvert was Catholic at a time when England was dominated by the Anglican Church.[2] The Calverts intended the colony as a haven for Catholics fleeing England and as a source of income for themselves and their descendants.[3] Many of Maryland's first settlers were Catholic, including at least two Catholic priests, one of whom became the earliest chronicler of the colony's history.[4] But whatever Calvert's intentions, Maryland was a colony of an Anglican nation. Its charter had been granted by an Anglican king and seems to have assumed that the Church of England would be its official church. Anglican and later Puritan newcomers quickly came to outnumber the early Catholic settlers. Thus, by 1649 when the law was passed, the colonial assembly was dominated by Protestants, and the law was in effect an act of Protestant tolerance for Catholics, rather than the reverse.[3]
From Maryland's earliest days, Cecil Calvert had enjoined its colonists to leave religious rivalries behind. Along with giving instructions on the establishment and defense of the colony, he asked the men he appointed to lead it to ensure peace between Protestants and Catholics. He also asked the Catholics to practice their faith as privately as possible, so as not to disturb that peace.[5] The Ordinance of 1639, Maryland's earliest comprehensive law, expressed a general commitment to the rights of man, but did not specifically detail protections for religious minorities of any kind.[6] Peace prevailed until the English Civil War, which opened religious rifts and threatened Calvert's control of Maryland.[7] In 1647, after the death of Governor Leonard Calvert, Protestants seized control of the colony. Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, quickly regained power, but recognized that religious tolerance not specifically enshrined in law was vulnerable.[8] This recognition was combined with the arrival of a group of Puritans whom Calvert had induced to establish Providence, now Annapolis, by guaranteeing their freedom of worship.[9] Partially to confirm the promises he made to them, Calvert wrote the Maryland Toleration Act and encouraged the colonial assembly to pass it. They did so on April 21, 1649.[8]
Description[edit]
The Maryland Toleration Act was an act of tolerance, allowing specific religious groups to practice their religion without being punished, but retaining the ability to revoke that right at any time. It also only granted tolerance to Christians who believed in the Trinity.[3] The law was very explicit in limiting its effects to Christians:[10]
...no person or persons...professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be anyways troubled, Molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within this Province...
—  Maryland Toleration Act, 1649
Settlers who blasphemed by denying either the Trinity or the divinity of Jesus Christ could be punished by execution or the seizure of their lands. That meant that Jews, Unitarians, and other dissenters from Trinitarian Christianity were practicing their religions at risk to their lives.[8] Any person who insulted the Virgin Mary, the apostles, or the evangelists could be whipped, jailed, or fined. Otherwise, Trinitarian Christians' right to worship was protected. The law outlawed the use of "heretic" and other religious insults against them.[3] This attempt to limit the use of religious slurs and insults has been described as the first attempt in the world to limit the use of hate speech.[11]
The law was used in at least one attempt to prosecute a non-Christian. In 1658 a Jew named Jacob Lumbrozo was accused of blasphemy after saying that Jesus was not the son of God and that the miracles described in the New Testament were conjuring tricks. Lumbrozo did not deny having said such things, but argued that he had only been responding to questions asked of him.[12] He was held for trial but the case was later dismissed, and he was given full citizenship as a condition of the restoration of Calvert's rule following the English Civil War.[13]
The law had its detractors, even among those groups protected by it. Puritans were concerned that the act and the proprietary government in general were royalist. They were also concerned that by swearing allegiance to Calvert, who was Catholic, they were being required to submit to the Pope, whom they considered to be the antichrist. Some Anglicans also opposed the law, believing that the Church of England should be the colony's sole established church.[13]
Repeal and legacy[edit]
William Claiborne, who rescinded the Toleration Act when he took over the colony during the reign of Oliver Cromwell
In 1654, only five years after its passage, the Act was repealed.[8] Two years earlier the colony had been seized by Protestants following the execution of King Charles I of England and the outbreak of the English Civil War. In the early stages of that conflict, the colonial assembly of Maryland and its neighbors in Virginia had publicly declared their support for the King. Parliament appointed Protestant commissioners loyal to their cause to subdue the colonies, and two of them, the Virginian William Claiborne and Puritan leader Richard Bennett, took control of the colonial government in St. Mary's City in 1652. In addition to repealing the Maryland Toleration Act with the assistance of Protestant assemblymen, Claiborne and Bennett passed a new law barring Catholics from openly practicing their religion.[14] Calvert regained control after making a deal with the colony's Protestants, and in 1657 the Act was again passed by the colonial assembly. This time, it would last more than thirty years, until 1692.[8]
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England, when the Catholic King James II of England was deposed and the Protestant William III ascended the throne, a rebellion of Maryland Puritan Protestants overthrew Calvert's rule. They quickly rescinded the Toleration Act and banned public practice of Catholicism, and it would never be reinstated under colonial rule. In fact, the colony established the Church of England as its official church in 1702 and explicitly barred Catholics from voting in 1718.[8] The Calvert family regained control over the colony in 1715, but only after Benedict Calvert converted to Protestantism. His political control remained tenses enough that he did not risk an attempt to reinstate protections for Catholics.[15] It took until the era of the American Revolution for religious tolerance or freedom to again become the practice in Maryland.[8]
While the law did not secure religious freedom, and while it included severe limitations, it was nonetheless a significant milestone. It predates the Enlightenment, which is generally considered to be when the idea of religious freedom took root, and stands as the first legal guarantee of religious tolerance in American and British history. Later laws ensuring religious tolerance and freedom, including the British Act of Toleration of 1689, the Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania, and laws concerning religion in other colonies such as South Carolina, may have been influenced by its example.[3][12] According to historian Robert Brugger, "...the measure marked a notable departure from Old World oppression."[9] It was not until the passage of the signed First Amendment to the Constitution over a century later that religious freedom was enshrined as a fundamental guarantee,[3] but even that document echoes the Toleration Act in its use of the phrase, "free exercise thereof". Thus, despite its lack of a full guarantee of religious freedom or broad-based tolerance, the law is, "a significant step forward in the struggle for religious liberty."[8]
See also[edit]
History of religion in the United States
External links[edit]
Original text of the Maryland Toleration Act Yale University law library
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000025/html/intro.html
Jump up ^ Brugger, p 5
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Holmes, pp 20–22
Jump up ^ Brugger, p 3
Jump up ^ Brugger, p 7
Jump up ^ Hanley, p 325
Jump up ^ Maclear, pp 45–46
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Finkelman, p 675
^ Jump up to: a b Brugger, p 20
Jump up ^ Toleration Act, paragraph 6
Jump up ^ McConnell, p 17
^ Jump up to: a b Underwood, pp 6–7
^ Jump up to: a b Brugger, p 22
Jump up ^ Brugger, p 21
Jump up ^ Hoffman, pp 79–80
References[edit]
Brugger, Robert J. (1988). Maryland: A Middle Temperament. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3399-X.
Finkelman, Paul (2006). "Maryland Toleration Act". The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. New York: CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-94342-6.
Hanley, Thomas O'Brien (1957). "Church and State in the Maryland Ordinance of 1639". Church History (New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History) 26 (4): 325–341. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
Hoffman, Ronald (2000). Princes of Ireland, Planters of Maryland: A Carroll Saga, 1500–1782. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-5347-X.
Holmes, David Lynn (2006). The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-530092-0.
Maclear, J.F. (1995). Church and State in the Modern Age: A Documentary History. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508681-3.
McConnell, Michael W. (1992). "America's First "Hate Speech" Regulation". Constitutional Commentary (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota School of Law) 9 (17): 17–23. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
"Maryland Toleration Act". Yale University Avalon Project. 1649. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
Underwood, James L. and Burke, William Lewis (2006). The Dawn of Religious Freedom in South Carolina. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-621-7.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryland_Toleration_Act&oldid=819736071"
Categories:
History of the Thirteen Colonies
Colonial Maryland
Religion in Maryland
Christianity and law in the 17th century
1649 in law
1649 in Maryland
St. Mary's County, Maryland
St. Mary's City, Maryland
History of Maryland
1649 in Christianity
North America in the English Civil War
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from February 2014
All articles needing additional references
Good articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Italiano
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 January 2018, at 00:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attr: href title

attr: class id

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: class href

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: span

tag: i

tag: small

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: A printed page titled "A Law of Maryland Concerning Religion"

value:
/wiki/British_North_American_colonies
mw-redirect
British North American colonies

value:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic

value:
/wiki/Anglican_Church
mw-redirect
Anglican Church

value:
/wiki/Calvert_family
mw-redirect
Calvert family

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: A man is dressed in a brown robe, black cloak, and white collar. He is leaning on a high table and holding a map.

value:
/wiki/Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Jesus Christ

value:
/wiki/Virgin_Mary
mw-redirect
Virgin Mary

value: A man in a line drawing wearing armor, with long hair, a mustache, and a goatee

value:
/wiki/Act_of_Toleration_1689
mw-redirect
Act of Toleration 1689

value:
/wiki/South_Carolina_Colony
mw-redirect
South Carolina Colony

value:
/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Constitution of the United States

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3161413

value: Category:History of the Thirteen Colonies

value: Category:Christianity and law in the 17th century

value: Category:North America in the English Civil War

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2014

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: Atto di Tolleranza del Maryland – Italian

value: Maryland Toleration Act – Simple English

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Maryland_Toleration_Act rootpage-Maryland_Toleration_Act skin-vector action-view


text:
Chromolithography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the print-making method. For the Felipe Alfau novel, see Felipe Alfau.
Folding Card, The Old Woman Who Lived in A Shoe, 6 April 1883.
Part of a series on the
History of printing
Woodblock printing
200
Movable type
1040
Printing press
c. 1440
Etching
c. 1515
Mezzotint
1642
Aquatint
1772
Lithography
1796
Chromolithography
1837
Rotary press
1843
Hectograph
1869
Offset printing
1875
Hot metal typesetting
1884
Mimeograph
1886
Photostat and rectigraph
1907
Screen printing
1911
Spirit duplicator
1923
Dot matrix printing
1925
Xerography
1938
Phototypesetting
1949
Inkjet printing
1951
Dye-sublimation
1957
Laser printing
1969
Thermal printing
c. 1972
3D printing
1981
Solid Ink printing
1986
Digital printing
1991
v
t
e
Chromolithography is a unique method for making multi-colour prints. This type of colour printing stemmed from the process of lithography, and includes all types of lithography that are printed in colour.[1] When chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs, the term photochrome is frequently used. Lithographers sought to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead of raised relief or recessed intaglio techniques.[2]
Chromolithography became the most successful of several methods of colour printing developed by the 19th century; other methods were developed by printers such as Jacob Christoph Le Blon, George Baxter and Edmund Evans, and mostly relied on using several woodblocks with the colours. Hand-colouring also remained important; elements of the official British Ordnance Survey maps were coloured by hand by boys until 1875. The initial technique involved the use of multiple lithographic stones, one for each colour, and was still extremely expensive when done for the best quality results. Depending on the number of colours present, a chromolithograph could take even very skilled workers months to produce. However much cheaper prints could be produced by simplifying both the number of colours used, and the refinement of the detail in the image. Cheaper images, like advertisements, relied heavily on an initial black print (not always a lithograph), on which colours were then overprinted. To make an expensive reproduction print as what was once referred to as a “’chromo’”, a lithographer, with a finished painting in front of him, gradually created and corrected the many stones using proofs to look as much as possible like the painting in front of him, sometimes using dozens of layers.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Process
2 Origins
3 Arrival in the United States
4 Opposition to chromolithography
5 Famous printers
5.1 Louis Prang
5.2 Lothar Meggendorfer
5.3 August Hoen
5.4 Rufus Bliss
5.5 M. & N. Hanhart
6 Uses
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Process[edit]
Chromolithography is a chemical process. The process is based on the rejection of grease by water. The image is applied to stone, grained zinc or aluminium surfaces, with a grease-based crayon or ink. Limestone and zinc are two commonly used materials in the production of chromolithographs, as aluminium unfortunately corrodes easily. After the image is drawn onto one of these surfaces, the image is gummed-up with a gum arabic solution and weak nitric acid to desensitize the surface. Before printing, the image is proved before finally inking up the image with oil based transfer or printing ink. The inked image under pressure is transposed onto a sheet of paper using a flat-bed press. This describes the direct form of printing. The offset indirect method uses a rubber-covered cylinder that transfers the image from printing surface to the paper. Colours may be overprinted by using additional stones or plates to achieve a closer reproduction of the original. Accurate registration for multi-coloured work is achieved by the use of a key outline image and registration bars which are applied to each stone or plate before drawing the solid or tone image. Ben-Day medium uses a raised gelatin stipple image to give tone gradation. An air-brush sprays ink to give soft edges. These are just two methods used to achieve gradations of tone. The use of twelve overprinted colours would not be considered unusual. Each sheet of paper will therefore pass through the printing press as many times as there are colours in the final print. In order that each colour is placed in the right position, each stone or plate must be precisely ‘registered,’ or lined up, on the paper using a system of register marks.[2]
Chromolithographs are considered to be reproductions that are smaller than double demi, and are of finer quality than lithographic drawings which are concerned with large posters. Autolithographs are prints where the artist draws and perhaps prints his or her own limited number of reproductions. This is the true lithographic art form.[4]
Origins[edit]
Uncle Sam Supplying the World with Berry Brothers Hard Oil Finish, c. 1880. This cheaply produced chromolithographic advertisement employs a technique called stippling, with heavy reliance on the initial black line print.
Alois Senefelder, the inventor of lithography, introduced the subject of colored lithography in his 1818 Vollstaendiges Lehrbuch der Steindruckerey (A Complete Course of Lithography), where he told of his plans to print using colour and explained the colours he wished to be able to print someday.[5] Although Senefelder recorded plans for chromolithography, printers in other countries, such as France and England, were also trying to find a new way to print in colour. Godefroy Engelmann of Mulhouse in France was awarded a patent on chromolithography in July 1837,[5] but there are disputes over whether chromolithography was already in use before this date, as some sources say, pointing to areas of printing such as the production of playing cards.[5]
Arrival in the United States[edit]
1872 chromolithograph of roadside inn, published in Maryland
The first American chromolithograph—a portrait of Reverend F. W. P. Greenwood—was created by William Sharp in 1840.[6] Many of the chromolithographs were created and purchased in urban areas. The paintings were initially used as decoration in American parlours as well as for decoration within middle-class homes. They were prominent after the Civil War because of their low production costs and ability to be mass-produced, and because the methods allowed pictures to look more like hand-painted oil paintings.[7] Production costs were only low if the chromolithographs were cheaply produced, but top-quality chromos were costly to produce because of the necessary months of work and the thousands of dollars worth of equipment that had to be used.[8] Although chromos could be mass-produced, it took about three months to draw colours onto the stones and another five months to print a thousand copies. Chromolithographs became so popular in American culture that the era has been labeled as “chromo civilization”.[9] Over time, during the Victorian era, chromolithographs populated children's and fine arts publications, as well as advertising art, in trade cards, labels, and posters. They were also once used for advertisements, popular prints, and medical or scientific books.[10]
Opposition to chromolithography[edit]
Even though chromolithographs served many uses within society at the time, many were opposed to the idea of them because of their lack of authenticity. The new forms of art were sometimes tagged as "bad art" because of their deceptive qualities.[8] Some also felt that it could not serve as a form of art at all since it was too mechanical, and that the true spirit of a painter could never be captured in a printed version of a work.[8] Over time, chromos were made so cheaply that they could no longer be confused with original paintings. Since production costs were low, the fabrication of chromolithographs became more a business than the creation of art.
Famous printers[edit]
Louis Prang[edit]
A famous lithographer and publisher who strongly supported the production of chromolithographs was Louis Prang. Prang was a German-born entrepreneur who printed the first American Christmas card.[11] He felt that chromolithographs could look just as good as, if not better than, real paintings, and he published well-known chromolithographs based on popular paintings, including one by Eastman Johnson entitled The Barefoot Boy.[8] The reason Prang decided to take on the challenge of producing chromolithographs, despite criticisms, was because he felt quality art should not be limited to the elite.[11] Prang and others who continued to produce chromolithographs were sometimes looked down upon because of the fear that chromolithographs could undermine human abilities. With the Industrial Revolution already under way, this fear was not something new to Americans at the time. Many artists themselves anticipated the lack of desire for original artwork since many became accustomed to chromolithographs.[8] As a way to make more sales, some artists had a few paintings made into chromolithographs so that people in society would at least be familiar with the painter. Once people in society were familiar with the artist, they were more likely to want to pay for an original work.[8]
Lothar Meggendorfer[edit]
German chromolithographers, largely based in Bavaria, came to dominate the trade with their low-cost high-volume productions. Of these printers, Lothar Meggendorfer garnered international fame for his children's educational books and games. Owing to political unrest in mid-19th century Germany, many Bavarian printers emigrated to the United Kingdom and the United States, and Germany's monopoly on chromolithographic printing dissipated.
August Hoen[edit]
A. Hoen & Co., led by German immigrant August Hoen, were a prominent lithography house now known primarily for its stunning E.T. Paull sheet music covers. They also made advertisements, maps, and cigar box art. Hoen and his brothers Henry and Ernest took over the E. Weber Company in the mid-1850s upon Edward Weber's death. August Hoen's son Alfred ran the firm from 1886 throughout the early 20th century.[12]
Rufus Bliss[edit]
Rufus Bliss founded R. Bliss Mfg. Co., which was located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island from 1832 to 1914. The Bliss company is best known for their highly sought after paper litho on wood dollhouses. They also made many other lithoed toys, including boats, trains, and building blocks.[13]
M. & N. Hanhart[edit]
Established in Mulhouse in 1830 by Michael Hanhart who initially worked with Godefroy Engelmann in London. The firm, established at Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, was named after his two sons Michael and Nicholas. Artists like Joseph Wolf, Joseph Smit, J G Keulemans and others worked for him to produce natural history illustrations that were used in the Ibis (1859-1874), Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1848-1900) and a range of books. The company wound up in 1902 after the death of Nicholas Hanhart and the rise of new printing techniques.[14]
Uses[edit]
"Love or Duty", a chromolithograph by Gabriele Castagnola, 1873
Chromolithographs are mainly used today as fine art instead of advertisements, and they are hard to find because of poor preservation and cheaper forms of printing replaced it. Many chromolithographs have deteriorated because of the acidic frames surrounding them.[15] As stated earlier, production costs of chromolithographs were low, but efforts were still being made to find a cheaper way to mass-produce colored prints. Although purchasing a chromolithograph may have been cheaper than purchasing a painting, it was still expensive in comparison to other colour printing methods which were later developed. Offset printing replaced chromolithography in the late 1930s.
To find or purchase a lithograph, some suggest searching for examples with the original frame as well as the publisher's stamp.[16] Both European and American chromolithographs can still be found, and can range in cost from hundreds to thousands of dollars. The least expensive chromos tend to be European or produced by publishers who are less well-known compared to Prang.[16]
Bibliography[edit]
Twyman, Michael. A History of Chromolithography: Printed Colour for All. The British Library/Oak Knoll Press, 2013.
Friedman, Joan M. Colour Printing in England, 1486-1859. Yale Center for British Art, 1978.
Henker, Michael. Von Senefelder zu Daumier: Die Anfange der Lithograpischen Kunst. K.G. Saur, 1988.
Jay, Robert. The Trade Card in Nineteenth-Century America. University of Missouri Press, 1987.
Last, Jay T. The Colour Explosion: Nineteenth-Century American Lithography. Hillcrest Press, 2005.
Marzio, Peter C. The Democratic Art : Pictures for a 19th-century America : Chromolithography, 1840-1900. D. R. Godine, 1979.
Further reading[edit]
Friedman, Joan M. Colour Printing in England, 1486-1870: an Exhibition, Yale Center for British Art. New Haven: The Center, 1978.
Hunter, Mel. The New Lithography: A Complete Guide for Artists and Printers in the Use of Modern Translucent Materials for the Creation of Hand-Drawn Original Fine-Art Lithographic Prints. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984.
Marzio, Peter C. "Lithography as Democratic Art: A Reappraisal." Leonardo 3(1971):37-48.
See also[edit]
Look up chromolithography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Planography
Photochrom
Color printing
Zincography
History of graphic design
Lithography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ “Planographic Printing.” Seeing is Believing. 2001. The New York Public Library. 11 April 2007 <http://seeing.nypl.org/planographic.html>.
^ Jump up to: a b “Chromolithography and the Posters of World War I.” The War on the Walls. Temple University. 11 April 2007 < "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2006-02-18. >.
Jump up ^ Clapper, Michael. “’I Was Once a Barefoot Boy!’: Cultural Tensions in a Popular Chromo.” American Art 16(2002): 16-39.
Jump up ^ “Chromolithography.” Beautiful Birds Exhibit.1999. Cornell University Library. 11 April 2007 <http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ornithology/exhibit/exhibit5.htm>.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ferry, Kathryn. “Printing the Alhambra: Owen Jones and Chromolithography.” Architectural History 46(2003): 175–188.
Jump up ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 147 ISBN 0-471-29198-6
Jump up ^ Gaffney, Dennis. “Chromolithography: Bringing Color to the Masses.” Antiques Roadshow. 2006. WGBH. 11 April 2007 <https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/roadshow/tips/chromolithography/>.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Clapper, Michael. “’I Was Once a Barefoot Boy!’: Cultural Tensions in a Popular Chromo.” American Art 16(2002): 16-39.
Jump up ^ Glanz, Dawn. “The Democratic Art: Pictures for a Nineteenth-Century America, Chromolithography 1840-1900 (Review).” Winterthur Portfolio 16(1981): 96-97.
Jump up ^ “Planographic Printing.” Seeing is Believing.2001. The New York Public Library. 11 April 2007 <http://seeing.nypl.org/planographic.html>.
^ Jump up to: a b Stankiewicz, Mary Ann. “A Picture Age: Reproductions in Picture Study.” Studies in Art Education 26(1985): 86-92.
Jump up ^ "A. Hoen & Company". Perfessorbill.com. 1956-05-01. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Bliss Fire House & Pumper, ca. 1900 | Roadshow Archive". PBS. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ Jackson, CE (1999). "M. & N. Hanhart: printers of natural history plates, 1830-1903". Archives of Natural History. 26 (2): 287–292. doi:10.3366/anh.1999.26.2.287.
Jump up ^ Peters, Connie and Greg Peters. “True and Company: I Can See You Papa.” The Art of Print.True and Company. 11 April 2007 <http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/true_and_company_icanseeyoupapa.htm>.
^ Jump up to: a b Antiques Roadshow: “Chromolithography: Bringing Color to the Masses”, Gaffney, Dennis. 2006. WGBH. 11 April 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chromolithographs.
The Chromolithograph: A Journal of Arts, Literature, Decoration and the Accomplishments
Examples of the Liebig's Company trade cards
New York Public Library page on printing, includes an example in which 38 progressive proof prints are made with 19 stones to produce the final print.
Temple University Libraries discussion and World War I poster examples.
University of South Florida Tampa Library Special Collections maintains the Noel Wisdom Collection of Chromolithographic Prints.
Chromolithography: The Art of Color from The Philadelphia Print Shop
Collection of Chromolithographic Prints of Edinburgh, Scotland, 1897
George Washington Chromolithograph
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromolithography&oldid=822168068"
Categories:
Planographic printing
Printmaking
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Français
Frysk
Italiano
Кыргызча
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Русский
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 January 2018, at 20:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: href class title

value: There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe

attr: class style

tag: tr

tag: th

value:
/wiki/Solid_Ink_printing
mw-redirect
Solid Ink printing

value: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

value:
/wiki/Relief_print
mw-redirect
Relief print

value: Edit section: Arrival in the United States

value:
/wiki/F.W.P._Greenwood
mw-redirect
F.W.P. Greenwood

value: Edit section: Opposition to chromolithography

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3366%2Fanh.1999.26.2.287

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.chromo.be

value:
nofollow
external text
http://seeing.nypl.org/2781-6.html

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.scotcities.com/edinviews.htm

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Chromolithography
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: Хромолитография – Kyrgyz

value: Хромолитография – Russian

value: Хромолітографія – Ukrainian

value: 彩色平版印刷術 – Chinese

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chromolithography rootpage-Chromolithography skin-vector action-view


text:
Pay Commission
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pay Commission is set up by Government of India, and gives its recommendations regarding changes in salary structure of its employees. Since India's Independence, seven pay commissions have been set up on a regular basis to review and make recommendations on the work and pay structure of all civil and military divisions of the Government of India. Headquartered in Delhi, the Commission is given 18 months from date of its constitution to make its recommendations.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 First Pay Commission
2 Second Pay Commission
3 Third Pay Commission
3.1 Third Pay Commission and the Armed forces
4 Fourth Pay Commission
4.1 Fourth Pay Commission and the Armed forces
5 Fifth Pay Commission
5.1 Financial Impact of Fifth pay commission
5.2 Other recommendations
5.3 Criticisms by World Bank
5.4 Fifth Pay Commission and the Armed forces
5.4.1 Terms of Reference
5.4.2 Lateral Transfer
6 Sixth Pay Commission
7 Seventh Pay Commission
7.1 Composition
7.2 SC constitute a new Pay commission for trial court judges
7.3 Seventh Pay Commission and the Armed forces
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
First Pay Commission[edit]
The first pay commission was established on January, 1946 and it submitted its report in May, 1947 to the interim government of India.[1] It was under the chairmanship of Srinivasa Varadachariar.[2] The mandate of 1st (nine members) was to examining and recommending emolument structure of Civilian employees.
Post War Pay Committee for the armed Forces
Armed forces emoluments structure was determined not by the 1st Central Pay Commission(CPC) but by a Departmental Committee which had service members.[3] The task of this committee was to make recommendations "in the structure of emoluments and benefits of service personnel in the light of the recommendations made by the pay commission for civilian employees".[3]:para 5, Chapter 48 [4]:p 95–96 The First Pay Committee, set up after the 1st pay Commission, was called "The Post War Pay Committee for the armed Forces". The New Pay Code effective from 1 July 1947 was based on the recommendations of this Committee. The pensionary benefits were examined by separate committee called " Armed Forces Pension Revision Committee (1949–50)".
Second Pay Commission[edit]
The second pay commission was set up in August 1957, 10 years after independence[5] and it gave its report after two years. The recommendations of the second pay commission had a financial impact of ₹ 39.6 crore. The chairman of the second pay commission was Jagannath Das.The second pay commission reiterated the principle on which the salaries have to be determined. It stated that the pay structure and the working conditions of the government employee should be crafted in a way so as to ensure efficient functioning of the system by recruiting persons with a minimum qualification.
Raghuramiah Committee
The Departmental Pay Committee, set up after the 2nd pay Commission, was called, the Raghuramiah Committee(1960), which had service representatives. It examined armed forces emoluments and made recommendations .[3]:para 5, Chapter 48
Third Pay Commission[edit]
The third pay commission set up in April 1970 gave its report in March 1973 i.e. it took almost 3 years to submit the report, and created proposals that cost the government ₹ 144 crore. The chairman was Raghubir Dayal. The third pay commission (3CPC) added three very important concepts of inclusiveness, comprehensibility, and adequacy for pay structure to be sound in nature. The third pay commission went beyond the idea of minimum subsistence that was adopted by the first pay commission. The commission report says that the true test which the government should adopt is to know whether the services are attractive and it retains the people it needs and if these persons are satisfied by that they are getting paid.
Third Pay Commission and the Armed forces[edit]
The 3CPC was the first Pay Commission without military member.[6] Its "Terms of Reference" however included "examination of the structure of emoluments, the retirement benefits and terms and conditions of the Defence Forces personnel".[7]:para 2.3.5 The Commission, established 'relativity' of Defence Forces officers and Indian Police Service(IPS) officers, whose wages till for similar years of service were less than that of Armed Forces officers with similar years of service, noted that "the relativity" with IPS was "only a working method of devising scales of pay for the service officers which did not mean that the functional role of the two services were similar". The Commission, ambiguously "qualified this statement by mentioning that the job profile of IPS officers was the closest civilian analogue vis-à-vis infantry officers and that 'a working relationship did exist between the two organizations'". While establishing some sort of parity, and relativity with IPS, the Commission, without an explanation, noted "that the pay structure of the Indian Administrative Service with its long pay scales was particularly unsuitable for service officers", even though the pay structures of armed forces and Indian Civil Service had been, as a matter of established practice, at par.[7]:para 2.3.5
It controversially recommended that military pension be de-linked from military service conditions to conform to civil pensions. On the basis of the 3 CPC recommendations Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister in the Indian National Congress(INC) government, took an "ex-parte" decision and terminated One Rank, One Pension (OROP), the basis of military pensions till then.[6]:para 2 and 10.2 [8]:p 1
In 1973, the Government, implemented the following changes in pension and service conditions of the Armed Forces: [1] Increased the pension of civilians, who retired at 58, by 20 percent, from 30 to 50 percent; [2] reduced the pension of soldier, Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs), and Junior commissioned Officers (JCOs), by 20 percent, from 70 to 50 percent of basic pay, with the caveat that for full pension the minimum service was 33 years; [3] an exception was made for the armed forces, the mandatory service for full pension was reduced to 25 year. But as soldiers in 1973 retired after 15 years service, at the age of 33-36, they got less than 30 percent of the pay as pension; [4] soldiers pension was thus decreased not by 20 percent but 40 percent from 70 to 30 percent. The government in addition to down grading military pensions down graded the status of soldier by equating "infantry soldier with less than three years’ service" with a "semi-skilled/unskilled labour". These decisions were based on the recommendation, and endorsement of K B Lall, Defence Secretary. The decision was announced two months after Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, the victor of the 1971 war, retired from service.[9] The reason for depressing the armed Forces pensions given by the government was to ensure ‘equivalence’ of Armed Forces pensions with civilians.[10][11]
The reduction in armed Forces pension, and down grading its status immediately following the decisive Bangladesh war, was, not unexpectedly, unpopular with the armed Forces, and has since become a cause of persistent grievance, and distrust. Conflating civil and military pensions, and reduction of Armed forces Pension, by the Indira Gandhi Government, has been invoked to rally Armed Forces Veterans, most recently during the OROP protests.[6] :para 2 and 10.2 [12]
Fourth Pay Commission[edit]
Constituted in June 1983, its report was given in three phases within four years and the financial burden to the government was ₹ 1282 crore.[13] This commission has been set up on dated 18.3.1987, Gazette of India (Extra ordinary) Notification No 91 dated 18.3.1987, The chairman of fourth pay commission was P N Singhal.
Fourth Pay Commission and the Armed forces[edit]
Indian National Congress (I) Government, headed by Rajiv Gandhi, in the wake of the 4th CPC to implemented concept of 'Rank Pay' for armed forces officer. Rank Pay affected all officers ranks from second lieutenant to brigadier in the army, and equivalent ranks in the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. The 'rank pay', which varied from 200 to 1200, was not an additional pay, but amount deducted from their pay grade. This ended long established err Military Indian Police service equations. Police Officers, and officers from other AIS officers, with 14 years of service, who were formerly in the same pay grade as majors, with 14 years service, were equated to Brigadiers, on the basis of the new pay grades. Maj General Satbir Singh an expert on Police- military rank structures and pay grades, called rank pay, "rarest of rare fraud, perjury and Injustice to the defence forces".[12]
He explained, "How could it be allowed that the first military rank of Second Lieutenant along with two promotional ranks of Lieutenant and Captain were all clubbed with the first civilian rank?". Similarly at the level of major "rank pay' had the effect of promoting civilian pay grades equal to major till the 3 CPC, to that of Colonels."[12] The rank pay became an issue of considerable resentment in the armed forces, and cause of general distrust of the pay commissions, and the Congress I Government. Eventually, Maj AK Dhanapalan, a retired major, litigates 'rank Pay'. After protracted legal struggle high court, despite many appeals, in a landmark decision declares the 'rank pay' concept illegal. In its judgment the SC notes that the 'rank pay' was wrongly deducted from basic pay and ordered re-fixation of pay "with effect from" and not "as on" 1 January 1986.[14]
Fifth Pay Commission[edit]
The notification for setting up the Fifth CPC was issued on 9 April 1994, but started functioning only on 2 May 1994, with the assumption of charge by the Member Secretary.[15]:paras 1.63 The chairman of fifth pay commission was Justice S. Ratnavel Pandian. the members were: Suresh Tendulkar, Professor Delhi school of Economics; and M.K Kaw, Indian Administrative Service. In comparison, First CPC had nine members including military members, the second had six members including a military member, the 3 CPC and 4 CPC had five, but no military member. The fifth had three members, but no military member.[15]:para 1.11 The first had no member secretary, just a secretary. After the 1 CPC all pay commissions have had a member secretary, and invariably from the IAS.[15]:para 1.12
The 5 CPC report, a massive tome, had nine part in 172 chapters. It took three years with a sanctioned staff 107, which ballooned to 141, to prepare the report.[15]:page13 By way of comparison, 4 CPC took 209 bureaucrat Accounts Service, Indian Revenue Service, Indian Economic Service, Central Secretariat Service, Border Security Force, Geological Survey of India, Central Public Works Department and National Informatics Centre.[15]:paras 1.63 It cost ₹ 17,000 crore.
Part VI of report dealt with pensions and retirement benefits for civilian; Part VII dealt with pay scales and allowances of Armed Forces personnel. Part IX is the concluding part of the Report.[15]:page13
Financial Impact of Fifth pay commission[edit]
With the implementation of the Fifth Pay commission a huge burden was taken up by the central government. It declared hike in salary of about 3.3 million central government employees. Further, it also insisted on pay revision at the state government level. The Fifth pay commission disturbed the financial situation of both the Central and the State Governments and led to a hue and cry after its implementation. The Central government's wage bill before the implementation of the commission’s recommendations was 218.85 billion in 1996-1997 which also included pension dues, and by 1999 it shot up by about 99% and the burden on the exchequer was about to ₹ 43,568 crore in 1999-2000. With regard to the state government the bill went up by 74%. The state governments which paid about Rs 515.48 billion in 1997 as salaries, had to pay Rs 898.13 billion in 1999 as salaries. This clearly indicates the burden on the state and the central government. Many economists[who?] say that about 90% of the revenue of the state went in as salaries[verification needed]. 13 states of India were not in a position to pay salaries to its employees due to the hike and hence the central government’s help was sought[citation needed].
Other recommendations[edit]
One of its recommendations was to slash government workforce by about 30%. It also recommended to reduce the number of pay scale from 51 to 34 and to not recruit to about 3,50,000 vacant position in the government. None of these recommendations were implemented.[16]
Criticisms by World Bank[edit]
The World Bank criticized the Fifth Pay Commission, stating that the Fifth Pay Commission is the 'single largest adverse shock' to the public finance of the nation. It also said that the number of employees of the government was 'not unduly' large, but there was a 'pronounced imbalance' in the skills. It noted that about 93% of the employees were of 3rd or 4th grade.
Fifth Pay Commission and the Armed forces[edit]
Terms of Reference[edit]
The 4CPC, for unknown reasons, had no separate TORs for the Armed Forces. The 5 CPC, however, for the first time was asked to examine the terms and conditions of the Armed Forces, and make suggestions for what is "considered desirable and feasible".[15]:para 1.2 Thus, the pay commission noted ambiguously that "even their recommendations with regard to changes in the structure of emoluments including death cum gratuity in respect of Armed Forces Personnel had to be made with due regard to the terms and conditions of their service" [15]:para 1.2
Lateral Transfer[edit]
The 5 CPC, in its report submitted in January 1997, recommended increase in posts for Armed Forces personnel in Group C and D in Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) from 10 to 25percent. For Short Service Commissioned Officers, on completion of their military service, 5 CPC recommended earmarking 25 percent officer's post in the CAPFs. These recommendationsby the pay Commission were intended to reduce the defence pension bill; save on training and recruitment costs; provide trained manpower to government departments; and provide soldiers a second career after their term of military engagement.[17]:p 139, para 2.4.4
These recommendations of the Pay Commission were, however, mostly ignored by the Janata Dal (United Front), and BJP Government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee that followed. Mulayam Singh Yadav, Defence Minister (1 June 1996 – 19 March 1998), Indrajit Gupta (Communist Party of India-United Front), Home Minister (29 June 1996 – 19 March 1998), and L K Advani (BJP), Home Minister (19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004) did little to implement these recommendations. The problem festered, and the pension bill ballooned.[17]:p 139, para 2.4.4
Sixth Pay Commission[edit]
Main article: Sixth Central Pay Commission
In July 2006, the Cabinet approved setting up of the sixth pay commission. This commission has been set up under Justice B.N.Srikrishna with a timeframe of 18 months. The cost of hikes in salaries is anticipated to be about ₹ 20,000 crore for a total of 5.5 million government employees as per media speculation on the 6th Pay Commission, the report of which is expected to be handed over in late March/early April 2008. The employees had threatened to go on a nationwide strike if the government failed to hike their salaries. Reasons for the demand of hikes include rising inflation and rising pay in the private sector due to the forces of Globalization. The Class 1 officers in India are grossly underpaid with an IAS officer with 25 years of work experience earning just Rs.55,000 as his take home pay. Pay arrears are due from January 2006 till September 2008. Almost all the Government employees received 40% of the pay arrears in 2008 and balance 60% arrears (as promised by Government) has also been credited in Government employees account in 2009. The Sixth Pay Commission mainly focused on removing ambiguity in respect of various pay scales and mainly focused on reducing number of pay scales and bring the idea of pay bands. It recommended for removal of Group-D cadre.
Seventh Pay Commission[edit]
The Government of India has initiated the process to constitute the 7th Central Pay Commission along with finalisation of its Terms of Reference, the composition and the possible timeframe for submission of its Report.[18] On 25 September 2013 then Finance Minister P Chidambaram announced that Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has approved the constitution of the 7th Pay Commission. Its recommendations are likely to be implemented with effect from 1 January 2016. Justice A.K Mathur will be heading the Seventh Pay Commission, announcement of which was done on 4 February 2014.[19] On 29 June 2016, Government accepted the recommendation of 7th Pay Commission Report with meager increase in salary of 14% after six month of intense evaluation and successive discussions. The Finance Minister of India claimed it historical increase of salaries due to little knowledge of Sixth Pay Commission.[citation needed]
Composition[edit]
Name
Designation
Role in Commission
Ashok Kumar Mathur[20] Retired Judge, Supreme Court and Retired Chairman, Armed Forces Tribunal Chairman
Vivek Rae[21] Retd. Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Member (Full Time)
Dr. Rathin Roy[22] Director, NIPFP Member (Part Time)
Meena Agarwal OSD, Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance Secretary
In May 2014, a group of retired government officials, challenged the inclusion of a senior IAS officer in the three member 7th Pay Commission, in the Delhi High Court. They alleged that this would lead an inherent bias in the commission's recommendations towards IAS officers.[23]
On 9 November 2017, the government raised the maximum amount that a central government employee can borrow from the government to Rs 25 lakh for new construction/purchase of new house/flat
Earlier this limit was only Rs 7.50 lakh. This move is going to benefit about 50 lakh central government employees all over India.

The employee can borrow up to 34 months of the basic pay to a maximum of Rs 25 lakh, or cost of the house/flat, or the amount according to repaying capacity, whichever is the least.
If both spouses are central government employees, they can take Housing Building Advance (HBA) either jointly, or separately. Also, the rate of Interest on HBA will be only 8.50% at simple interest.

SC constitute a new Pay commission for trial court judges[edit]
The chief justice and other supreme court and high court judges got a threefold salary hike in the sixth pay commission however the trial court judges were paid low and a bench comprising Chief Justice K G Balakrishnan and Justices P Sathasivam and J M Panchal constituted a new pay commission for the trial court judges headed by retired Madras High Court judge, Justice E Padmanabhan for recommendation of revision of about 14000 trial court judges. This order from the SC came because of a petition filed by All India Judges Association, which stated that the first judicial commission which was headed by Justice Jagannatha Shetty said that there should be an upward revision of salaries of lower court judges in proportion to the hike to the judges of high court and Supreme Court. It also sought direction from the court to the centre for setting up a committee "forthwith appoint a committee of one or more persons to look into the matter" relating the salary of officers in the lower judiciary.
On 19 November 2015, the 7th Central Pay Commission recommended 23.55% hike in pay and allowances which will be implemented from 1 January 2016. The full report is available on the website of Ministry of Finance, Government of India[24]
The Union Cabinet approves 7th Pay panel recommendations on 29 June 2016. The recommendations will be effected from 1 January 2016 with arrears to be paid in the financial year 2016-17 itself unlike previously, when arrears were paid in the following financial year. Also this time, employees will had to wait only 6 months for the CPC's recommendations to be implemented as compared to 19 months for the 5th CPC and 32 months for the 6th [25] except for autonomous organizations like CSIR, ICAR, ICMR etc. under various ministries.
Seventh Pay Commission and the Armed forces[edit]
Main article: 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
The recommendation of the 7CPC affecting the armed forces are a cause of profound unease and resentment in the Armed Forces, especially, 7CPC recommendation on separate 'Pay Matrices', and allowance system for the armed forces and defence civilians, and police, and other civil servants. While 7CPC provides for mandated timescale promotions to from Defence civilians from audit and account services, police, and other officers at regular intervals of 4, 9, 13, 14, and 16 years of service; it does not do so armed forces officers. The orders implemented by the government on the basis of 7 CPC recommendation, despite armed forces advise and concerns, make time scale police officers and defence civilians, with lesser service and experience, senior to armed forces officers, and potentially in command of armed forces officers of equal or more seniority. For instance, Wing Commanders of the Air Force, commander of the navy, and Lt colonel of the army, with 13 years of service, according to MOD implementation tables, will be subordinate in 'level', rank, pay scale, and organizational hierarchy than police officers, auditors, accountants, with equal or even lesser service.[2]MOD implementation order has created an invidious situation for armed forces officers when serving alongside defence civilians and police officer. According to the MOD orders a police officer and Defence Accounts officer with 14 years service will be at higher level than the naval officer in command of INS Vikramaditya, India’s Aircraft carrier, a highly selective rank and appointment, with some 20 years of service.[7][8]
In March 2016, eighteen former heads of the Armed forces, including General Ved Prakash Malik, former Chief of Army Staff, and Admiral Arun Prakash, former Chief of naval staff, send a joint letter to Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister conveying their distress and alarm on the flawed approach and contentious recommendations of the 7CPC. [4] The representations by former Chiefs, and the Chiefs of Staff, to the MOD, the PM, other bureaucratic bodies reviewing the 7CPC recommendations, are in vain.[5] On 25 July 2016, without addressing or taking into account the key concerns of the armed forces, the Government issued instructions implementing 7CPC's "general recommendations on pay without any material alteration" including separate "Pay Matrices" (for civilians) and the armed forces.[4][6]
See also[edit]
One Rank, One Pension
Rank Pay
7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
Special Duty Allowance (SDA)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "About us". Pay Commission. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/government-constitutes-7th-pay-commission_art52f32b586c364.html#.VUBNQCGqqko
^ Jump up to: a b c 1 (April 1973). "Vol III, 3rd Central Pay Commission Report Report" (Report, pdf). New Delhi. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission" (PDF). New Delhi: Government of India. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original (p 899) on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Role Of pay commission". scribd.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Koshiyari, BJP, MP, Bhagat Singh (16 December 2011). "HUNDRED AND FORTY-SECOND REPORT ON Petition praying for the Grant of One Rank One Pension to members of the Armed Forces Personnel, (Presented on 19 December, 2011) Report" (PDF). Rajya Sabha, Secretariat. Retrieved 4 June 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Sixth Central Pay Commission (March 2008). "Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Ministry of Finance. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Singh, Surjit, Major General, (Retd) (2008). "One-Rank One-Pension: CLAWS ISSUE BRIEF No. 4, 2008" (PDF). Delhi Cantonment: CENTRE FOR LAND WARFARE STUDIES (CLAWS). Retrieved 17 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Mahalingam, Brigadier, Retd, V (21 September 2015). "OROP: Stop misleading the people and come out with the arithmetic". Times of India. Retrieved 22 September 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Oberoi, Vijay, Lt Gen, former Vice Chief of Army Staff (4 September 2015). "OROP: The End Game". Chandigarh: The Citizen. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Kamath, Lt Gen, PG. "SOLDIER'S PRIDE IS NATION'S SECURITY". Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Singh, Maj Gen, Satbir (18 February 2013). "Who Is the Biggest Enemy – China, Pakistan or Babus?". N Delhi: Indian Defence Review. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sixth pay commission to revise salaries". Indiaenews.com. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
Jump up ^ [1] KA Abdul Gafoor, and JM James, "Judgment Rank Pay", 4 July 2003
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Pandian, et. al (1996). "Report of the Fifth Central Pay Commission Volume I" (PDF). Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pay commission in india". Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Sixth Central Pay Commission (March 2008). "Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Ministry of Finance. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Govt initiates process to constitute 7th central pay commission". Retrieved 6 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Government announces constitution of Seventh Central Pay Commission". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Justice Ashok Kumar Mathur - Chairman, Seventh Central Pay Commission". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vivek Rae, Member, Seventh Central Pay Commission". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Rathin Roy, Member, Seventh Central Pay Commission". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Aneesha Mathur (7 May 2014). "Inclusion of IAS officer in 7th Pay Commission challenged in Delhi HC". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2014-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission". Ministry of Finance. Government of India.
Jump up ^ http://www.finmin.nic.in/7cpc/Cabinet_decisions_7thCPC_29062016.pdf
External links[edit]
Seventh Pay Commission, Official website
Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission Ministry of Finance
Pay Commission Key Points
7th Pay Commission News for Central Government Employees
Latest News on Seventh Pay Commission
Reference App for Central Government Employees
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pay_Commission&oldid=838013956"
Categories:
Government finances in India
Indian commissions and inquiries
1946 establishments in India
Wages and salaries
Ministry of Finance (India)
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Use dmy dates from March 2018
Use Indian English from March 2018
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2011
All pages needing factual verification
Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2011
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
हिन्दी
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 12:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: b

tag: sup

tag: p

attr: role tabindex class

value: button 0 togglelink

attr: class dir

value: toctitle ltr

tag: li

value: Edit section: Third Pay Commission and the Armed forces

value:
/wiki/Non_Commissioned_Officers
mw-redirect
Non Commissioned Officers

value:
/wiki/Junior_Commissioned_Officers
mw-redirect
Junior Commissioned Officers

value:
/wiki/Bangladesh_war
mw-redirect
Bangladesh war

value: Edit section: Fourth Pay Commission and the Armed forces

value: Edit section: Financial Impact of Fifth pay commission

value: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2011)

value: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

value: The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2011)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Edit section: Fifth Pay Commission and the Armed forces

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)

value: Edit section: SC constitute a new Pay commission for trial court judges

value: Edit section: Seventh Pay Commission and the Armed forces

value:
/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_India
mw-redirect
Armed Forces of India

value:
/wiki/Admiral_Arun_Prakash
mw-redirect
Admiral Arun Prakash

value:
nofollow
external text
http://7cpc.india.gov.in/about_us.html

value: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.finmin.nic.in/7cpc/index.asp

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
http://www.7cpc.in/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.staffnews.in/p/7th-cpc.html

value: Category:Indian commissions and inquiries

value: Category:Use Indian English from March 2018

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

value: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

value: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2011

value: Category:All pages needing factual verification

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2011

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Pay_Commission
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: वेतन आयोग – Hindi

value: ਤਨਖਾਹ ਕਮਿਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pay_Commission rootpage-Pay_Commission skin-vector action-view


text:
The Herd with Colin Cowherd
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Herd with Colin Cowherd
Genre
Sports talk
Running time
3 hours
Country of origin
United States
Home station
ESPN Radio (2004–2015)
Fox Sports Radio (2015–present)
Syndicates
Premiere Networks
TV adaptations
ESPNU (2008–2011, 2012–2015)
ESPNews (2011–2012)
Fox Sports 1 (2015–present)
Starring
Colin Cowherd
Kristine Leahy
Recording studio
Los Angeles, California
Original release
March 29, 2004 (ESPN), September 8, 2015 (Fox Sports Radio) – present
Opening theme
"Battle Without Honor or Humanity" by Tomoyasu Hotei
Website
The Herd with Colin Cowherd
iHeartRadio channel
The Herd with Colin Cowherd is a sports talk radio show hosted by Colin Cowherd on Fox Sports Radio and Fox Sports 1. The show features commentary on the day's sports news, perspective on other news stories, and interviews with celebrities, sports analysts and sports figures.
The program was originally carried by ESPN Radio and simulcast most recently on ESPNU until July 24, 2015 as a result of Cowherd's exit from the network. After Cowherd joined Fox Sports, The Herd moved to the Premiere Networks-distributed Fox Sports Radio network, airing from 12:00 to 3:00 p.m. ET. Its television simulcast also moved to FS1.[1] Fox Sports 1 airs a daily highlight show, The Best Thing I Herd, and YouTube also airs a weekly highlight show, The Best Thing I Herd This Week,[2] hosted by Kristine Leahy, or Joy Taylor.
Logo of the show when it was on ESPN
During its run on ESPN, Cowherd was joined by on-air by producers Vincent Kates, David Fisch and Tom Wassell. ESPN Radio SportsCenter updates during the show were performed by Dan Davis. On his March 5, 2010 show, Colin announced that Amanda Gifford would be leaving The Herd to become a "suit". Additionally, the show was cut back one hour, airing three hours, from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regular guests
2 Controversies
3 Guest hosts
4 Awards
5 References
6 External links
Regular guests[edit]
Current
Peter King
Greg Cosell
Jason Whitlock
Joel Klatt
Jay Glazer
Peter Schrager
Daniel Cormier
Jim Jackson
Champ Bailey
Eric Mangini
Chris Broussard
Nick Wright
Cris Carter
Former
Brian Billick
Trey Wingo and Mark Schlereth - "The Simultaneous Game" is on during the NFL season every Thursday.
Sal Paolantonio
Herman Edwards
RJ Bell - Every Friday During the NFL season, Colin does his "Blazin Five" in which he picks 5 games against the spread. RJ Bell is a guest at 12:45pm EST to give his Vegas insight on Colin's picks.
Trent Dilfer
Adam Schefter
Chris Mortensen
Stephen A. Smith - ESPN New York
Tedy Bruschi - ESPN Boston
Larry King
Joe Torre
Controversies[edit]
Eddie Guerrero's Death - In November 2005, Cowherd was criticized by former ESPN ombudsman, George Solomon for his treatment of the death of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) wrestler Eddie Guerrero. Colin was quoted as saying "he passed away doing steroids", implying that Guerrero's death had been caused by steroid use. According to Dr. Kathryn Berg, the assistant chief medical examiner for Hennepin County in Minnesota, the autopsy showed that Guerrero died from a hardening and narrowing of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.[3]
Using Un-attributed Material - In March 2006, Cowherd was criticized for using a joke on his show that was posted on the "M Zone", a University of Michigan fan blog without crediting it.[4] Cowherd later apologized on-air and gave the M Zone full credit for the material. The M Zone response: "He was very cool about everything. This incident is now resolved and over."
The Herd Knocks Blog Offline - On April 5, 2007, listeners of The Herd knocked The Big Lead blog site offline. Cowherd directed his listeners to access the web site home page simultaneously (emulating a denial of service attack), which resulted in a massive increase in traffic. The blog site's servers were not capable of handling so many users at one time so the site was knocked off-line for approximately 96 hours. ESPN's new Ombudsman, Le Anne Schreiber wrote an article sharing her (negative) opinion of Cowherd's actions. Schreiber contacted Traug Keller, a Senior Vice President at ESPN Radio, and Keller indicated that Cowherd would face no disciplinary action for the stunt, because there had been no policy against such a tactic at the time. To prevent this from happening again, Keller instituted a zero tolerance policy of such activities in the future.[5]
Sean Taylor's Murder - Cowherd was criticized for comments made regarding the circumstances surrounding Sean Taylor's death. On November 28, 2007, one day after Taylor's home invasion murder, Cowherd claimed that Taylor's past had brought this upon himself, and that Redskins fans who mourned him were not "grown ups." Cowherd stated about Taylor's turnaround; "Well, yeah, just because you clean the rug doesn't mean you got everything out. Sometimes you've got stains, stuff so deep it never ever leaves." Taylor's death was later found to be the result of a botched robbery, and the robbers hadn't known Taylor was home when they entered.[6]
Guest hosts[edit]
While on ESPN the regular fill-ins for Cowherd were Dave Rothenberg, Ryan Ruocco, Jorge Sedano, Linda Cohn, Adnan Virk, and Ryen Russillo. The fill-ins during his FOX tenure are Nick Wright, Cris Carter, Doug Gottlieb, and Jason Whitlock.
Awards[edit]
On December 19, 2005, Sports Illustrated named Cowherd "Radio Personality of the Year". Cowherd was lauded by columnist Richard Deitch for providing "an engaging mix of entertainment, information, and reportage.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Colin Cowherd officially signs with Fox; how the network will use him". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Best Thing I Herd This Week – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Solomon, George (December 27, 2005). "Radio aims to be provocative, fair". ESPN. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ Solomon, George (April 6, 2006). "Vitale still signature face, voice of ESPN hoops". ESPN.com.
Jump up ^ Schreiber, Le Anne (April 8, 2007). "Cowherd's 'attack' on blog: 'Zero tolerance'". ESPN. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ Schreiber, Le Anne (December 11, 2007). "Proportion, perspective missing ingredients in news coverage". ESPN. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
Jump up ^ Deitch, Richard (December 19, 2007). "2005 Media Awards". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Herd with Colin Cowherd
The Herd on Fox Sports Radio
The Herd on Fox Sports 1
The Herds Word
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Herd_with_Colin_Cowherd&oldid=785689973"
Categories:
American sports radio programs
ESPN Radio shows
Fox Sports 1 programs
Simulcasts
Television series based on radio programs
Radio programs on XM Radio
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 14 June 2017, at 21:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

value:
summary
font-style: italic

attr: colspan style

attr: scope style

value:
row
white-space: nowrap

value:
/wiki/Herman_Edwards
mw-redirect
Herman Edwards

value:
/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment
mw-redirect
World Wrestling Entertainment

value:
/wiki/Denial_of_service_attack
mw-redirect
Denial of service attack

value:
/wiki/Senior_Vice_President
mw-redirect
Senior Vice President

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: q:Special:Search/The Herd with Colin Cowherd

value:
nofollow
http://www.theherdsword.com/
external text

value: Category:Television series based on radio programs

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/The_Herd_with_Colin_Cowherd
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Herd_with_Colin_Cowherd rootpage-The_Herd_with_Colin_Cowherd vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view