text:
Vredefort crater
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Vredefort Crater
Vredefort Dome (centre)
Vredefort Dome, seen from space by STS-51-I
Impact crater/structure
Confidence
Confirmed
Diameter
300 km (190 mi)
Age
2023 ± 4 Ma
Paleoproterozoic
Exposed
Yes
Drilled
Yes
Location
Coordinates
27°0′0″S 27°30′0″E / 27.00000°S 27.50000°E / -27.00000; 27.50000Coordinates: 27°0′0″S 27°30′0″E / 27.00000°S 27.50000°E / -27.00000; 27.50000
Country
South Africa
Province
Free State Province
Location of Vredefort crater
Vredefort crater
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Location
Free State, South Africa
Coordinates
27°00′S 27°30′E / 27°S 27.5°E / -27; 27.5
Criteria
Natural: (viii)
Reference
1162
Inscription
2005 (29th Session)
Location of Vredefort crater
[edit on Wikidata]
The Vredefort crater is the largest verified impact crater on Earth, more than 300 km (186 mi) across when it was formed.[1][2] What remains of it is located in the present-day Free State Province of South Africa and named after the town of Vredefort, which is situated near its center. Although the crater itself has long since eroded away, the remaining geological structures at its center are known as the Vredefort Dome or Vredefort impact structure. The crater is estimated to be 2.023 billion years old (± 4 million years), with impact being in the Paleoproterozoic Era. It is the second-oldest known crater on Earth.
In 2005, the Vredefort Dome was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites for its geologic interest.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation and structure
2 Conservation
3 Community
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Formation and structure[edit]
Map of South Africa showing the location of the Vredefort Dome, the remains of a 2.020 billion year-old impact crater. The interrupted line circle, 300 km in diameter, marks the extent of the original crater.
The asteroid that hit Vredefort is estimated to have been one of the largest ever to strike Earth (at least since the Hadean Eon some four billion years ago), thought to have been approximately 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) in diameter.[3] The bolide that created the Sudbury Basin could have been even larger.[4]
The original crater was estimated to have a diameter of roughly 300 km (190 mi),[2] although this has been eroded away. It would have been larger than the 250 km (160 mi) Sudbury Basin and the 180 km (110 mi) Chicxulub Crater. The remaining structure, the "Vredefort Dome", consists of a partial ring of hills 70 km in diameter, and are the remains of a dome created by the rebound of rock below the impact site after the collision.
The crater's age is estimated to be 2.023 billion years (± 4 million years),[1] which places it in the Paleoproterozoic Era. It is the second-oldest known crater on Earth, a little less than 300 million years younger than the Suavjärvi Crater in Russia. In comparison, it is about 10% older than the Sudbury Basin impact (at 1.849 billion years).
A timeline of the earth's history indicating when the Vredefort crater was formed in relation to some of the other important South African geological events. W indicates when the Witwatersrand Supergroup was laid down, C the Cape Supergroup, and K the Karoo Supergroup. The graph also indicates the period during which banded ironstone formations were formed on earth, indicative of an oxygen-free atmosphere. The Earth's crust was wholly or partially molten during the Hadean Eon. One of the first microcontinents to form was the Kaapvaal Craton, which is exposed at the center of the Vredefort Dome, and again north of Johannesburg.
The dome in the center of the crater was originally thought to have been formed by a volcanic explosion, but in the mid-1990s, evidence revealed it was the site of a huge bolide impact, as telltale shatter cones were discovered in the bed of the nearby Vaal River.
The crater site is one of the few multiple-ringed impact craters on Earth, although they are more common elsewhere in the Solar System. Perhaps the best-known example is Valhalla Crater on Jupiter's moon Callisto, although Earth's Moon has a number, as well. Geological processes, such as erosion and plate tectonics, have destroyed most multiple-ring craters on Earth.
A schematic diagram of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2020 million year old Vredefort impact crater and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown. Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin (the yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale.
The impact distorted the Witwatersrand Basin which was laid down over a period of 250 million years between 950 and 700 million years before the Vredefort impact. The overlying Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup which were laid down between 700 and 80 million years before the meteorite strike, were similarly distorted by the formation of the 300 km wide crater.[3][5] These rocks form partial concentric rings round the crater center today, with the oldest, the Witwatersrand rocks, forming a semicircle 25 km from the center. Since the Witwatersrand rocks consist of several layers of very hard, erosion resistant sediments (e.g. quartzites and banded ironstones),[3][6] they form the prominent arc of hills that can be seen to the NW of the crater center in the satellite picture above. The Witwatersrand rocks are followed, in succession, by the Ventersdorp lavas at a distance of about 35 km from the center, and the Transvaal Supergroup, consisting of a narrow band of the Ghaap Dolomite rocks and the Pretoria Subgroup of rocks, which together form a 25–30 km wide band beyond that.[7] From about halfway through the Pretoria Subgroup of rocks around the crater center, the order of the rocks is reversed. Moving outwards towards where the crater rim used to be, the Ghaap Dolomite group resurfaces at 60 km from the center, followed by an arc of Ventersdorp lavas, beyond which, at between 80 and 120 km from the center, the Witwatersrand rocks re-emerge to form an interrupted arc of outcrops today, of which the Johannesburg group is the most famous, because it was here that gold was discovered in 1886.[3][7] It is thus possible that if it had not been for the Vredefort impact this gold would never have been discovered.[3]
The 40 km diameter center of the Vredefort crater consists of a granite dome (where it is not covered by much younger rocks belonging to the Karoo Supergroup) which is an exposed part of the Kaapvaal craton, one of the oldest microcontinents which formed on earth 3900 million years ago.[3] This central peak uplift, or dome, is typical of a complex impact crater, where the liquefied rocks splashed up in the wake of the meteor as it penetrated the surface.
Conservation[edit]
Monochrome satellite view of the crater
The Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site is currently subject to property development, and local owners have expressed concern regarding sewage dumping into the Vaal River and the crater site.[8] The granting of prospecting rights around the edges of the crater has led environmental interests to express fear of destructive mining.
Community[edit]
The Vredefort Dome in the center of the crater is home to four towns, namely Parys, Vredefort, Koppies and Venterskroon. Parys is the largest and a tourist hub; both Vredefort and Koppies mainly depend on an agricultural economy.
On 19 December 2011, a broadcasting license was granted by ICASA to a community radio station to broadcast for the Afrikaans- and English-speaking members of the communities within the crater. The Afrikaans name Koepel Stereo (Dome Stereo) refers to the dome and announces its broadcast as KSFM. The station broadcasts on 94.9 MHz FM.
See also[edit]
List of impact craters on Earth
List of unconfirmed impact craters on Earth – for unconfirmed craters similar to or larger than Vredfort
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Vredefort". Earth Impact Database. University of New Brunswick. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Deep Impact - The Vredefort Dome". Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory. 2006-08-01. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). ‘’The Story of Earth and Life.’’ p. 89-90, 102-107, 134-136. Struik Publishers, Cape Town
Jump up ^ "The Vredefort Dome: Centre of the World's Largest Meteorite Impact Structure!". Retrieved 31 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Norman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006) ‘’Geological Journeys’’. p. 38-49, 60-61. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
Jump up ^ Truswell, J.F. (1977). The Geological Evolution of South Africa. pp. 23-38. Purnell, Cape Town
^ Jump up to: a b Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.
Jump up ^ Momberg, Eleanor (23 August 2009). "River heading for the rocks". Retrieved 22 March 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vredefort Dome.
Parys South Africa
Impact Cratering Research Group – University of the Witwatersrand
Earth Impact Database
Deep Impact – The Vredefort Dome
Satellite image of Vredefort crater from Google Maps
Impact Cratering: an overview of Mineralogical and Geochemical aspects – University of Vienna
google earth 3d .KMZ of 25 largest craters (requires google earth)
[show]
v
t
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World Heritage Sites in South Africa
For official site names, see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa.
Cape Floral Region Protected Areas
Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa
Cradle of Humankind
Makapan Valley
Taung Child
iSimangaliso Wetland Park
Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape
Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape
Robben Island
uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park
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ǀXam and ǂKhomani heartland
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vredefort_crater&oldid=830266671"
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text:
Baby, It's Cold Outside
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other works with this title, see Baby, It's Cold Outside (disambiguation).
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Song
Written
1944
Songwriter(s)
Frank Loesser
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" is a song written by Frank Loesser in 1944.[1] It is a call and response duet in which a host (usually performed by a male voice) attempts to convince a guest (usually performed by a female voice) that she should stay the evening because the weather is cold and the trip home would be difficult.
Loesser originally created it to sing with his wife, Lynn Garland, as a private performance for their friends. It was later recorded for the film Neptune's Daughter, it has been recorded by many artists since its original release, including Ray Charles, Dolly Parton and Michael Bublé.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Lyrics
3 Publication
4 1949 recordings
5 Other recordings
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
Loesser wrote the duet in 1944 and premiered the song with his wife, Lynn Garland, at their Navarro Hotel in New York housewarming party, and performed it toward the end of the evening, signifying to guests that it was nearly time to end the party. Loesser would introduce himself as the "Evil of Two Loessers", a play on the theme of the song, trying to keep the girl from leaving, and on the phrase "lesser of two evils". This was a period when the Hollywood elite's chief entertainment was throwing parties and inviting guests who were expected to perform. Garland wrote that after the first performance, "We become instant parlor room stars. We got invited to all the best parties for years on the basis of 'Baby.' It was our ticket to caviar and truffles. Parties were built around our being the closing act." Garland considered it their song and was furious when Loesser told her he was selling the song. Garland wrote, "I felt as betrayed as if I'd caught him in bed with another woman."[2]
Lyrics[edit]
The lyrics in this duet are designed to be heard as a conversation between two people, identified as "mouse" (usually female) and "wolf" (usually male) on the printed score; they are at the wolf's home and the mouse decides it is time to go home, but the wolf flirtatiously invites the mouse to stay as it is late and "it's cold outside." The mouse states that he/she has enjoyed the time and agrees at one point to another drink, but the mouse also says "the answer is no" and tries to return home, worried what family and neighbors will think.[3] Every line in the song features a statement from the mouse followed by a response from the wolf, which is musically known as a call and response song.
Although some critical analyses of the song have highlighted parts of the lyrics such as "What's in this drink?" and the wolf's unrelenting pressure to stay despite the mouse's repeated suggestions that she should go home,[4] others noted that cultural expectations of the time period were such that women were not socially permitted to spend the night with a boyfriend or fiancé, and that the mouse states that she wants to stay, while "What's in this drink?" was a common idiom of the period used to rebuke social expectations by blaming one's actions on the influence of alcohol.[4][5]
Publication[edit]
In 1948, after years of informally performing the song at various parties, Loesser sold the rights to MGM, which inserted the song into its 1949 motion picture, Neptune's Daughter.[2] The film featured two performances of the song: one by Ricardo Montalbán and Esther Williams and the other by Red Skelton and Betty Garrett, the second of which has the roles of wolf and mouse reversed. These performances earned Loesser an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[1]
In at least one published version the tempo of the song is given as "Loesserando", a humorous reference to the composer's name.[6]
1949 recordings[edit]
The following versions were recorded in 1949:
The recording by Dinah Shore and Buddy Clark was recorded on March 17 and released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38463. It first reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on June 4, 1949, and lasted 15 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 6.[7]
The recording by Margaret Whiting and Johnny Mercer was recorded on March 18 and released by Capitol Records as catalog number 567. It first reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on May 6, 1949, and lasted 19 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 4.[8]
The recording by Don Cornell and Laura Leslie with the Sammy Kaye orchestra was recorded on April 12 and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-3448. It first reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on June 24, 1949, and lasted 10 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 13.[8]
The recording by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Jordan was recorded on April 28 and released by Decca Records as catalog number 24644. It first reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on June 17, 1949, and lasted seven weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 17.[8]
A recording by Lynn Garland and Frank Loesser (credited as Lynn & Frank Loesser) was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5307.[9]
A parody recording was made by Homer and Jethro with June Carter; it went to No. 9 on the country charts and No. 22 on the pop charts.
Other recordings[edit]
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" has been recorded by numerous other artists over the years. At least five different versions of the song have made at least one singles chart in the United States.
1957: Sammy Davis Jr. and Carmen McRae on Boy Meets Girl.[10][11]
1961: Ray Charles and Betty Carter on their self-titled album (peaked at No. 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in March 1962)
1964: Al Hirt and Ann Margret on Hirt's album, Beauty and the Beard.
1999: Tom Jones and Cerys Matthews on Jones's album Reload (No. 17 on the UK Singles Chart)
2002: Brian Setzer and Ann Margret on The Brian Setzer Orchestra’s Boogie Woogie Christmas
2003: Zooey Deschanel and Leon Redbone on the movie soundtrack for Elf
2004: Rod Stewart with Dolly Parton on his album Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III (No. 2 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart)
2007: Martina McBride recorded an overdubbed duet with Dean Martin (from his original version recorded in 1959), and the song was added to her third re-release of her album White Christmas (No. 36 on the Hot Country Songs chart)
2008: Lady Antebellum as a promotional single (No. 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100)
2009: Willie Nelson with Norah Jones on his album American Classic (No. 55 on the Hot Country Songs chart)
2010: Chris Colfer and Darren Criss performed it on the TV show Glee in the episode "A Very Glee Christmas"; released the month before on Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album, and although not released as a single, it charted at No. 57 on the Billboard Hot 100, after the episode aired[12]
2011: Folk/indie rock band She & Him on their first Christmas album (and third studio album) A Very She & Him Christmas
2011: American Idol Season 10 alumni Haley Reinhart and Casey Abrams with a single, charting at No. 120 on the Billboard 200[13]
2013: Lady Gaga (as wolf) and Joseph Gordon-Levitt on Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular. Gaga also performed a version of the song with Tony Bennett in a 2015 Barnes & Noble commercial.[14]
2013: Jimmy Fallon and Cecily Strong on Saturday Night Live. The song begins in the traditional manner, but after sex, roles reverse and Fallon tries to get Strong out of his apartment.[15][16]
2014: Canadian pop artists Virginia to Vegas and Alyssa Reid with a single, charting at No. 5 on the Canadian Hot 100[17]
2014: Seth MacFarlane and Sara Bareilles on MacFarlane's album Holiday for Swing (No. 10 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart)
2014: Idina Menzel and Michael Bublé on Menzel's album Holiday Wishes (No. 78 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, spending three weeks on top)[18]
2014: Darius Rucker and Sheryl Crow on Rucker's album Home for the Holidays (No. 13 on the Adult Contemporary chart)
2016: Brett Eldredge and Meghan Trainor on Eldredge's album Glow (No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart)
2016: Amy Grant and Vince Gill on Grant's album "Tennessee Christmas"
2017: VoicePlay and Shoshana Bean
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2014 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2015 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2017 (U.S.)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 134. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Loesser, Susan (1993). A Most Remarkable Fella: Frank Loesser and the Guys and Dolls in His Life; A Portrait by His Daughter. Hal Leonard. pp. 79–81. ISBN 1-55611-364-1.
Jump up ^ Riis, Thomas Laurence (January 1, 2008). Frank Loesser. Yale University Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 0300110510.
^ Jump up to: a b Marya Hannun (December 19, 2014). "'Baby It's Cold Outside' was once an anthem for progressive women. What happened?". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Listening While Feminist: In Defense of 'Baby, It's Cold Outside'". Persophone Magazine. December 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Feinstein, Michael (June 29, 2010). "Comment made by Michael Feinstein during Fresh Air Celebrates Frank Loesser's 100th Birthday interview". Wbur.org. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.song-database.com/chhist.php?sid=21795&type=jb
^ Jump up to: a b c Whitburn, Joel (1973). Top Pop Records 1940–1955. Record Research.
Jump up ^ Loesser, Lynn & Loesser, Frank (December 16, 2017). "Baby It's Cold Outside". Retrieved December 16, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ "Boy Meets Girl: Sammy Davis, Jr. and Carmen McRae". SammyDavisJr.info. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Baby, It's Cold Outside': You choose the best version -- POLL". Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100: Week of December 25, 2010 (Biggest Jump)". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 9, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gunter, Barrie (July 24, 2014). "I Want to Change My Life: Can Reality TV Competition Shows Trigger Lasting Career Success?". Cambridge Scholars Publishing – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Watch Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett Sing Gorgeous 'Baby It's Cold Outside' Duet in New Commercial". Billboard. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ McGlynn, Katla (December 22, 2013). "Their Version Of 'Baby It's Cold Outside' Is So Much Better". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Fallon's 'Baby It's Cold Outside' SNL Duet Has Hilariously Cold Modern Twist". Mediaite. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chart Search Virginia to Vegas". Billboard. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary". Billboard. December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
27 Takes On Frank Loesser's 'Baby, It's Cold Outside' Broadwayworld
Is ‘Baby, It’s Cold Outside’ About Date Rape? Snopes. Includes 1949 recording by the Loessers.
[show]
v
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Academy Award for Best Original Song
1934–1940
"The Continental"
Music: Con Conrad
Lyrics: Herb Magidson (1934)
"Lullaby of Broadway"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Al Dubin (1935)
"The Way You Look Tonight"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Dorothy Fields (1936)
"Sweet Leilani"
Music and lyrics: Harry Owens (1937)
"Thanks for the Memory"
Music: Ralph Rainger
Lyrics: Leo Robin (1938)
"Over the Rainbow"
Music: Harold Arlen
Lyrics: E. Y. Harburg (1939)
"When You Wish upon a Star"
Music: Leigh Harline
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1940)
1941–1950
"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1941)
"White Christmas"
Music and Lyrics: Irving Berlin (1942)
"You'll Never Know"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Mack Gordon (1943)
"Swinging on a Star"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Johnny Burke (1944)
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
Music: Richard Rodgers
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1945)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1946)
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
Music: Allie Wrubel
Lyrics: Ray Gilbert (1947)
"Buttons and Bows"
Music: Jay Livingston
Lyrics: Ray Evans (1948)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Music and Lyrics: Frank Loesser (1949)
"Mona Lisa"
Music and Lyrics: Ray Evans and Jay Livingston (1950)
1951–1960
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
Music: Hoagy Carmichael
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1951)
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"
Music: Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1952)
"Secret Love"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1953)
"Three Coins in the Fountain"
Music: Jule Styne
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1954)
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1955)
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"
Music and lyrics: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans (1956)
"All the Way"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1957)
"Gigi"
Music: Frederick Loewe
Lyrics: Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
"High Hopes"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1959)
"Never on Sunday"
Music and lyrics: Manos Hatzidakis (1960)
1961–1970
"Moon River"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1961)
"Days of Wine and Roses"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1962)
"Call Me Irresponsible"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1963)
"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
Music and lyrics: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
Music: Johnny Mandel
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1965)
"Born Free"
Music: John Barry
Lyrics: Don Black (1966)
"Talk to the Animals"
Music and lyrics: Leslie Bricusse (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Music: Michel Legrand
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1968)
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
Music: Burt Bacharach
Lyrics: Hal David (1969)
"For All We Know"
Music: Fred Karlin
Lyrics: Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin (1970)
1971–1980
"Theme from Shaft"
Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971)
"The Morning After"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972)
"The Way We Were"
Music: Marvin Hamlisch
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1973)
"We May Never Love Like This Again"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974)
"I'm Easy"
Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
Music: Barbra Streisand
Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976)
"You Light Up My Life"
Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance"
Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978)
"It Goes Like It Goes"
Music: David Shire
Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979)
"Fame"
Music: Michael Gore
Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)
1981–1990
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Music and lyrics: Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen (1981)
"Up Where We Belong"
Music: Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Music and lyrics: Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me"
Music and lyrics: Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Tom Whitlock (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Music: Franke Previte, John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz
Lyrics: Franke Previte (1987)
"Let the River Run"
Music and lyrics: Carly Simon (1988)
"Under the Sea"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1989)
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
Music and Lyrics: Stephen Sondheim (1990)
1991–2000
"Beauty and the Beast"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1991)
"A Whole New World"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia"
Music and lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Music: Elton John
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1994)
"Colors of the Wind"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1995)
"You Must Love Me"
Music: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On"
Music: James Horner
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1997)
"When You Believe"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart"
Music and lyrics: Phil Collins (1999)
"Things Have Changed"
Music and lyrics: Bob Dylan (2000)
2001–2010
"If I Didn't Have You"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music: Eminem, Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Lyrics: Eminem (2002)
"Into the West"
Music and lyrics: Fran Walsh, Howard Shore and Annie Lennox (2003)
"Al otro lado del río"
Music and lyrics: Jorge Drexler (2004)
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Music and lyrics: Juicy J, Frayser Boy and DJ Paul (2005)
"I Need to Wake Up"
Music and lyrics: Melissa Etheridge (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music and lyrics: Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007)
"Jai Ho"
Music: A. R. Rahman
Lyrics: Gulzar (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music and lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"We Belong Together"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2010)
2011–present
"Man or Muppet"
Music and lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music and lyrics: Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music and lyrics: John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall"
Music and lyrics: James Napier and Sam Smith (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz
Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
[show]
v
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Lady Antebellum
Hillary Scott
Charles Kelley
Dave Haywood
Studio albums
and singles
Lady Antebellum
"Love Don't Live Here"
"Lookin' for a Good Time"
"I Run to You"
Need You Now
"Need You Now"
"American Honey"
"Our Kind of Love"
"Hello World"
Own the Night
"Just a Kiss"
"We Owned the Night"
"Dancin' Away with My Heart"
"Wanted You More"
Golden
"Downtown"
"Goodbye Town"
"Compass"
747
"Bartender"
"Freestyle"
"Long Stretch of Love"
Heart Break
"You Look Good"
"Heart Break"
EPs
iTunes Session
Christmas recordings
A Merry Little Christmas
On This Winter's Night
Other songs
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
"Friday Night"
"Golden" (w/ Stevie Nicks)
"A Holly Jolly Christmas"
"Never Alone" (w/ Jim Brickman)
"Slow Rollin'"
"Something Better" (w/ Audien)
Concert tours
Need You Now Tour (2010)
Own the Night Tour (2011-12)
Take Me Downtown Tour (2013-14)
Wheels Up Tour (2015)
You Look Good World Tour (2017)
Related articles
Discography
Charles Kelley's solo releases
The Driver
Hillary Scott's solo releases
Love Remains ("Thy Will")
[show]
v
t
e
Louis Jordan
Singles
"Barnacle Bill the Sailor"
"Keep a-Knockin'"
"Honeysuckle Rose"
"I'm Alabama Bound"
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby"
"Caldonia"
"Stone Cold Dead in the Market (He Had It Coming)"
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie"
"Ain't That Just Like a Woman (They'll Do It Every Time)"
"Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens"
"Let the Good Times Roll
"Open the Door, Richard"
"Early in the Mornin'"
"Beans and Corn Bread"
"Saturday Night Fish Fry"
"School Days"
"Ain't Nobody's Business but My Own"
"Tear Drops from My Eyes"
"I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby"
"How Blue Can You Get?"
"Junco Partner"
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out"
"Perdido"
"Whatever Lola Wants (Lola Gets)"
Related
Discography
Tympany Five
Jump blues
Rhythm and blues
Origins of Rock and Roll
Five Guys Named Moe
Let the Good Times Roll
[show]
v
t
e
Tom Jones
Discography
Studio albums
Along Came Jones (It's Not Unusual) (1965)
What's New Pussycat? (1965)
A-tom-ic Jones (1966)
From the Heart (1966)
Green, Green Grass of Home (1967)
Delilah (1968)
Help Yourself (1968)
Reload (1999)
Mr. Jones (2002)
Praise & Blame (2010)
Spirit in the Room (2012)
Long Lost Suitcase (2015)
Live albums
John Farnham & Tom Jones – Together in Concert (2005)
Tom Jones Live in Las Vegas
Songs
"All You Need Is Love"
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
"Black Betty"
"Burning Down the House"
"Carrying a Torch"
"Darlin'"
"Daughter of Darkness"
"Delilah"
"Detroit City"
"Gimme Shelter"
"Green, Green Grass of Home"
"Help Yourself"
"I (Who Have Nothing)"
"Islands in the Stream"
"It's Four in the Morning"
"It's Not Unusual"
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
"Kiss"
"Lady Lay Down"
"Mama Told Me Not to Come"
"Move Closer"
"Say You'll Stay Until Tomorrow"
"Sex Bomb"
"Sixteen Tons"
"She's a Lady"
"Stoned in Love"
"Till"
"What's New Pussycat?"
"Without Love (There Is Nothing)"
"The Young New Mexican Puppeteer"
"Thunderball"
Related articles
This Is Tom Jones (1969–71 TV show)
Tom Jones (1980–81 TV show)
Tom Jones: The Right Time (1992 TV show)
The Wexford Carols
[show]
v
t
e
Dean Martin
Discography
Studio albums
Dean Martin Sings
Swingin' Down Yonder
Pretty Baby
Sleep Warm
A Winter Romance
This Time I'm Swingin'!
Dino: Italian Love Songs
Cha Cha de Amor
French Style
Dino Latino
Dean "Tex" Martin: Country Style
Dean "Tex" Martin Rides Again
Dream with Dean
The Door Is Still Open to My Heart
Dean Martin Hits Again
(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You
Houston
Somewhere There's a Someone
Dean Martin Sings Songs from The Silencers
The Hit Sound of Dean Martin
The Dean Martin Christmas Album
The Dean Martin TV Show
Happiness Is Dean Martin
Welcome to My World
Gentle on My Mind
I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am
My Woman, My Woman, My Wife
For the Good Times
Dino
Sittin' on Top of the World
You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me
Once in a While
The Nashville Sessions
Posthumous albums
Live from Las Vegas
Forever Cool
Compilation albums
Hey, Brother, Pour the Wine
The Best of Dean Martin
Dino: The Essential Dean Martin
Singles
"Powder Your Face with Sunshine (Smile, Smile, Smile)"
"If"
"You Belong to Me"
"That's Amore"
"Sway"
"The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane"
"Mambo Italiano"
"Young and Foolish"
"Under the Bridges of Paris"
"Memories Are Made of This"
"Innamorata"
"Standing on the Corner"
"Return to Me"
"Angel Baby"
"Volare"
"On an Evening in Roma"
"Just in Time"
"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"
"Everybody Loves Somebody"
"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart"
"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
"Send Me the Pillow You Dream On"
"(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You"
"Houston"
"I Will"
"Somewhere There's a Someone"
"Come Running Back"
"A Million and One"
"Nobody's Baby Again"
"(Open Up the Door) Let the Good Times In"
"Lay Some Happiness on Me"
"In the Chapel in the Moonlight"
"Little Ole Wine Drinker, Me"
"In the Misty Moonlight"
"You've Still Got a Place in My Heart"
"Not Enough Indians"
"Gentle on My Mind"
"I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am"
"Detroit City"
"She's a Little Bit Country"
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Related
Martin and Lewis
Rat Pack
Deana Martin (daughter)
Dean Paul Martin (son)
Ricci Martin (son)
The Rat Pack (1998 film)
Martin and Lewis (2002 film)
[show]
v
t
e
Homer and Jethro
Henry D. "Homer" Haynes
Kenneth C. "Jethro" Burns
Studio albums
Homer and Jethro Go West (1963)
with Nashville String Band
The Nashville String Band (1969)
Down Home (1970)
Strung Up (1971)
Identified! (1971)
The Bandit (1972)
World's Greatest Melodies (1972)
Singles
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
"Hernando's Hideaway"
"Please Help Me, I'm Falling"
[show]
v
t
e
She & Him
Zooey Deschanel
M. Ward
Rachel Blumberg
Mike Mogis
Mike Coykendall
Studio albums
Volume One
Volume Two
A Very She & Him Christmas
Volume 3
Classics
Christmas Party
Singles
"Why Do You Let Me Stay Here?"
"In the Sun"/"I Can Hear Music"
"Thieves"
"I Put a Spell on You"
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Related topics
Discography
Songs list
[show]
v
t
e
Haley Reinhart
Discography
Videography
Songs
Studio albums
Listen Up! (2012)
Better (2016)
What's That Sound? (2017)
EPs
American Idol Season 10 Highlights: Haley Reinhart (2011)
Songs
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
"Free"
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
"Better"
Concert tours
American Idols LIVE! Tour 2011
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby,_It%27s_Cold_Outside&oldid=818574646"
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text:
Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Yeh Raaste Hain Pyar Ke (1963 film) starring Sunil Dutt.
Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke
Directed by
Deepak Shivdasani
Produced by
Deepak Shivdasani
Pradeep Sadarangani
Written by
Kader Khan,
Robin Bhatt,
K. V. Shankar (dialogues)
Screenplay by
Robin Bhatt,
Akash Khurana,
Umanand Singh
Story by
Deepak Shivadasani
Starring
Madhuri Dixit
Ajay Devgn
Preity Zinta
Music by
Sanjeev Darshan
Cinematography
Rajan Kinagi
Edited by
Shirish Kunder
Distributed by
Tips Industries
Release date
10 August 2001
Language
Hindi
Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke (Hindi: यह रास्ते हैं प्यार के,English: These Are The Path Of Love) is a 2001 Bollywood romantic drama film. It is a love triangle directed by Deepak Shivdasani.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 References
5 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Two con artists and car thieves, Vicky (Ajay Devgn) and Sakshi (Preity Zinta), are faced with death when they accidentally kill Bhanwarlal's (Deep Dhillon) brother. Bhanwarlal and his other brother swear to avenge the death of their brother and mistakenly kill Rohit Verma (Ajay Devgn), is a look-alike of Vicky.
The mistaken identity causes Sakshi to think that Vicky is dead and she is devastated. Meanwhile unknown to Sakshi and Bhanwarlal, Vicky is alive and reaches Manali where he is constantly confused for Rohit. On discovering Rohit's wealth Vicky realizes that he has hit the jackpot and decides to play along. Soon Rohit's dad, Pratap Verma (Vikram Gokhale), arrives home to find Vicky in his bed.
Vicky tries to trick Pratap Verma, but he already knows that Rohit is dead. He convinces Vicky to pose as Rohit for the sake of his daughter-in-law, Neha (Madhuri Dixit) who is in denial/shock to the fact that her husband died on the same day that they got married. He agrees to do the job for money. However, half way through the job he decides to grab the money and returns to Sakshi. They are about to forget all about Rohit and start a life of their own, when Vicky discovers that he is responsible for Rohit's death since Bhanwarlal meant to kill him and not Rohit. He realizes the debt he owes to Rohit and decides to return, leaving Sakshi once again.
Meanwhile Sakshi's uncle and aunt try to get her married off to Bhanwarlal's youngest brother. She runs away to Manali to be with Vicky. Vicky at this point can't tell Neha the truth and so tells Sakshi that he can't be with her. Soon, with the arrival of Bhanwarlal and Sakshi's aunt and uncle, the truth unravels. Finally, Neha realizes that her husband is actually dead and she accepts the reality. Vicky and Sakshi get back together. It is implied that Neha may find happiness again and start a new life with her childhood buddy Sagar Sunny Deol, who loved her from the beginning.
Cast[edit]
Madhuri Dixit as Neha
Ajay Devgn as Vicky/Rohit Verma
Preity Zinta as Sakshi
Vikram Gokhale as Pratap Verma
Deep Dhillon as Bhanwarlal
Smita Jaykar as Neha's Mother
Sunny Deol as Sagar (Special Appearance)
Soundtrack[edit]
#
Title
Singer(s)
1 "Mera Dil Ek Khali Kamra" Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal
2 "Jo Pyaar Karta Hai" Manohar Shetty, Anuradha Paudwal, Kavita Krishnamurthy
3 "Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke" Shaan, Jaspinder Narula
4 "Aaja Aaja" Asha Bhosle
5 "Bam Bhole" Vinod Rathod, Alka Yagnik
6 "Yeh Dil Mohabbat Mein" Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
7 "Halle Halle" Vinod Rathod, Alka Yagnik
8 "Khoya Khoya Chand Hai" Udit Narayan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Buragohain, Gautam (3 September 2001). "Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Raaste_Hain_Pyaar_Ke&oldid=829795113"
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Sewage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Raw sewage arriving at a sewage treatment plant in Syria
Sewage (or domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced from a community of people. It is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities). It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, tubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead of paper).
Sewage usually travels from a building's plumbing either into a sewer, which will carry it elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility (of which there are many kinds). Whether it is combined with surface runoff in the sewer depends on the sewer design (sanitary sewer or combined sewer). The reality is, however, that most wastewater produced globally remains untreated causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries: A global estimate by UNDP and UN-Habitat is that 90% of all wastewater generated is released into the environment untreated.[1] In many developing countries the bulk of domestic and industrial wastewater is discharged without any treatment or after primary treatment only.
The term sewage is nowadays regarded as an older term and is being more and more replaced by "wastewater".[2] In general American English usage, the terms "sewage" and "sewerage" mean the same thing.[3][4][5] In American technical and professional English usage, "sewerage" refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Types
3 Pollutants
3.1 Organic pollutants and nutrients
3.2 Pathogens
3.3 Micro-pollutants
4 Health and environmental aspects
5 Collection
6 Treatment
7 Disposal
8 Reuse of treated or untreated sewage
9 Legislation
9.1 European Union
10 Etymology
11 See also
12 References
Overview[edit]
Before the 20th century, sewers usually discharged into a body of water such as a stream, river, lake, bay, or ocean. There was no treatment, so the breakdown of the human waste was left to the ecosystem. Today, the goal is that sewers route their contents to a wastewater treatment plant rather than directly to a body of water. In many countries, this is the norm; in many developing countries, it may be a yet-unrealized goal.
Current approaches to sewage management may include handling surface runoff separately from sewage, handling greywater separately from blackwater (flush toilets), and coping better with abnormal events (such as peaks stormwater volumes from extreme weather).
Proper collection and safe, nuisance-free disposal of the liquid wastes of a community are legally recognized as a necessity in an urbanized, industrialized society.[7]
Types[edit]
Greywater samples before and after treatment in a constructed wetland in Peru
The wastewater from residences and institutions, carrying bodily wastes (primarily feces and urine), washing water, food preparation wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste products of normal living, are classed as domestic or sanitary sewage.
Liquid-carried wastes from stores and service establishments serving the immediate community, termed commercial wastes, are included in the sanitary or domestic sewage category if their characteristics are similar to household flows. Wastes that result from an industrial processes such as the production or manufacture of goods are classed as industrial wastewater, not as sewage.
Surface runoff, also known as storm flow or overland flow, is that portion of precipitation that runs rapidly over the ground surface to a defined channel. Precipitation absorbs gases and particulates from the atmosphere, dissolves and leaches materials from vegetation and soil, suspends matter from the land, washes spills and debris from urban streets and highways, and carries all these pollutants as wastes in its flow to a collection point.
Pollutants[edit]
Organic pollutants and nutrients[edit]
Sewage is a complex mixture of chemicals, with many distinctive chemical characteristics. These include high concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, nitrogen, phosphorus, high conductivity (due to high dissolved solids), high alkalinity, with pH typically ranging between 7 and 8. The organic matter of sewage is measured by determining its biological oxygen demand (BOD) or the chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Pathogens[edit]
Sewage contains human feces, and therefore often contains pathogens of one of the four types:[8][9]
Bacteria (for example Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Vibrio cholerae),
Viruses (for example hepatitis A, rotavirus, enteroviruses),
Protozoa (for example Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum) and
Parasites such as helminths and their eggs (e.g. ascaris (roundworm), ancylostoma (hookworm), trichuris (whipworm))
Sewage can be monitored for both disease-causing and benign organisms with a variety of techniques. Traditional techniques involve filtering, staining, and examining samples under a microscope. Much more sensitive and specific testing can be accomplished with DNA sequencing, such as when looking for rare organisms, attempting eradication, testing specifically for drug-resistant strains, or discovering new species.[10][11][12] Sequencing DNA from an environmental sample is known as metagenomics.
Micro-pollutants[edit]
Sewage also contains environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants. Trihalomethanes can also be present as a result of past disinfection.
Sewage has also been analyzed to determine relative rates of use of prescription and illegal drugs among municipal populations.[13]
Health and environmental aspects[edit]
All categories of sewage are likely to carry pathogenic organisms that can transmit disease to humans and animals. Sewage also contains organic matter that can cause odor and attract flies.
Sewage contains nutrients that may cause eutrophication of receiving water bodies; and can lead to ecotoxicity.
Collection[edit]
A medieval waste pipe in Stockholm Old Town formerly deposited sewage on the street to be flushed away by rain.
Sewage canal of a medieval house as depicted in 1447 St. Barbara Altarpiece in the National Museum in Warsaw.
Further information: Sewage collection and disposal and Sewerage
A system of sewer pipes (sewers) collects sewage and takes it for treatment or disposal. The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system (see London sewerage system) in British English and sewage system in American English. Where a main sewerage system has not been provided, sewage may be collected from homes by pipes into septic tanks or cesspits, where it may be treated or collected in vehicles and taken for treatment or disposal. Properly functioning septic tanks require emptying every 2–5 years depending on the load of the system.
Treatment[edit]
Main article: Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment is the process of removing the contaminants from sewage to produce liquid and solid (sludge) suitable for discharge to the environment or for reuse. It is a form of waste management. A septic tank or other on-site wastewater treatment system such as biofilters or constructed wetlands can be used to treat sewage close to where it is created.
Sewage treatment results in sewage sludge which requires sewage sludge treatment before safe disposal or reuse. Under certain circumstances, the treated sewage sludge might be termed "biosolids" and can be used as a fertilizer.
In developed countries sewage collection and treatment is typically subject to local and national regulations and standards.
Disposal[edit]
Raw sewage is also disposed of to rivers, streams, and the sea in many parts of the world. Doing so can lead to serious pollution of the receiving water. This is common in developing countries and may still occur in some developed countries, for various reasons - usually related to costs.
Reuse of treated or untreated sewage[edit]
Main article: Reclaimed water
Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water.
The International Water Management Institute has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a ‘multiple-barrier’ approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure.[14] The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for safe water use.
Legislation[edit]
European Union[edit]
Main article: Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
Council Directive 91/271/EEC on Urban Wastewater Treatment was adopted on 21 May 1991,[15] amended by the Commission Directive 98/15/EC.[16] Commission Decision 93/481/EEC defines the information that Member States should provide the Commission on the state of implementation of the Directive.[17]
Etymology[edit]
The words "sewage" and "sewer" came from Old French essouier = "to drain", which came from Latin exaquāre. Their formal Latin antecedents are exaquāticum and exaquārium.
Both words are descended from Old French assewer, derived from the Latin exaquare, "to drain out (water)".
See also[edit]
Look up sewage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
History of water supply and sanitation
Sanitary sewer overflow
Sanitation
Sewage pumping
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds) (2010). Sick water? : the central role of wastewater management in sustainable development : a rapid response assessment (PDF). Arendal, Norway: UNEP/GRID-Arendal. ISBN 978-82-7701-075-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-18. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse (4th ed.). Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw Hill, USA. 2003. p. 1807. ISBN 0-07-112250-8.
Jump up ^ Funk & Wagnall's Standard Dictionary (International Edition) New York, 1960, p. 1152.
Jump up ^ Flexner, Sturat; Hauck, Leonore, eds. (1987) [1966]. The Random House Unabridged Dictionary (Second ed.). New York City: Random House (published 1993). p. 1754.
Jump up ^ Neilson, William Allan; Knott, Thomas A., eds. (1934). Webster's new international dictionary of the English language. Second edition unabridged. An entirely new work (Hardcover)|format= requires |url= (help) (Second ed.). Springfield, Mass: C. & C. Merriam Company. p. 2296.
Jump up ^ "sewerage - definition of sewerage in English from the Oxford dictionary". Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
Jump up ^ McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (View excerpt at Answers.com Archived 2009-02-12 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ World Health Organization (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and greywater. World Health Organization. p. 31. ISBN 9241546859. OCLC 71253096.
Jump up ^ Andersson, K., Rosemarin, A., Lamizana, B., Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Seidu, R., Dickin, S. and Trimmer, C. (2016). Sanitation, Wastewater Management and Sustainability: from Waste Disposal to Resource Recovery Archived 2017-06-01 at the Wayback Machine.. Nairobi and Stockholm: United Nations Environment Programme and Stockholm Environment Institute. ISBN 978-92-807-3488-1, p. 56
Jump up ^ Poliovirus detected from environmental samples in Israel Archived 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Drug resistant bug review: NDM-1 in New Delhi’s sewage, WHO calls to action, recent outbreaks of antibiotic resistant bacteria Archived 2013-11-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations Archived 2013-06-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 'Testing the waters': First International conference on drug wastewater analysis Archived 2014-02-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Wastewater use in agriculture: Not only an issue where water is scarce! Archived 2014-04-09 at the Wayback Machine. International Water Management Institute, 2010. Water Issue Brief 4
Jump up ^ "EUR-Lex - 31991L0271 - EN - EUR-Lex".
Jump up ^ "EUR-Lex - 31998L0015 - EN - EUR-Lex".
Jump up ^ "EUR-Lex - 31993D0481 - EN - EUR-Lex".
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value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Sewage
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value:
/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: صرف صحي – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwasser
Abwasser – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value: वाहितमल – Hindi

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comberan
Comberan – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: שפכים – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: सांडपाणी – Marathi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

value:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbahan
Kumbahan – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigassas
Aigassas – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgoto
Esgoto – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value: Сточные воды – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: Господарсько-побутові стічні води – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: آبنکاسی – Urdu

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sewage rootpage-Sewage skin-vector action-view