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Siege of Béxar
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Siege of Bexar
Part of the Texas Revolution
Date
October 12 – December 11, 1835
Location
modern-day San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
Result
Texian victory
Belligerents
Mexico Texian Rebels
Commanders and leaders
Martín Perfecto de Cos
Domingo Ugartechea
Francisco de Castañeda Stephen F. Austin
Thomas J. Rusk
Edward Burleson
Ben Milam †
Frank W. Johnson
Strength
1,200 600
Casualties and losses
150 killed, wounded & captured 35 killed, wounded & captured
[hide]
v
t
e
Texas Revolution
Gonzales
Goliad
Concepción
Lipantitlán
Grass Fight
Béxar
San Patricio
Agua Dulce
The Alamo
Refugio
Coleto
San Jacinto
The Siege of Béxar (or Bejar) was an early campaign of the Texas Revolution in which a volunteer Texian army defeated Mexican forces at San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio, Texas, US). Texians had become disillusioned with the Mexican government as President and General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's tenure became increasingly dictatorial. In early October, 1835, Texas settlers gathered in Gonzales to stop Mexican troops from reclaiming a small cannon. The resulting skirmish, known as the Battle of Gonzales, launched the Texas Revolution. Men continued to assemble in Gonzales and soon established the Texian Army. Despite a lack of military training, well-respected local leader General Stephen F. Austin was elected commander.
Santa Anna had sent his brother-in-law, General Martin Perfecto de Cos, to Béxar with reinforcements. On October 13, Austin led his forces towards Béxar to confront the Mexican troops. The Texians initiated a siege of the city.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Siege
2.1 Investment
2.2 Consultation
2.3 Grass Fight
3 Battle
3.1 Surrender
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Main articles: Mexican Texas and Texas Revolution
General Antonio López de Santa Anna's centralist policies fomented rebellion throughout the Mexican states.
In 1835, federalists in several interior Mexican states revolted against the increasingly centralist reign of Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna.[1] The Texians staged a minor revolt against customs duties in June,[2] and wary colonists soon began forming militias, ostensibly to protect themselves.[3] As protests spread across Texas, Mexican officials increasingly blamed the settlers from the United States for the discontent. As historian Alwyn Barr noted, many of the new settlers had "lived entirely within growing Anglo colonies ... and had made few adjustments to the Spanish traditions of Mexico.[4]
Domingo Ugartechea, the military commander at San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio, Texas, USA) sent a force of 100 soldiers under Francisco de Castañeda to reclaim a small cannon that had been given to the citizens of Gonzales.[5] The request angered the Texians, who immediately sent couriers to other Anglo communities to ask for assistance. For several days the Texians stalled and reinforcements began to arrive.[6] On October 2, the Texians attacked the Mexican force; under orders to avoid bloodshed, Castaneda and his men withdrew. This Battle of Gonzales is considered the official opening of the Texas Revolution.[7] Encouraged, a small group of Texians then went to Goliad, where, at the Battle of Goliad, they succeeded in driving off the small Mexican force garrisoned at Presidio La Bahia.[8]
Fearing that strong measures were needed to quell the unrest, Santa Anna ordered General Martín Perfecto de Cos to lead a large force into Texas.[2] When Cos arrived in San Antonio on October 9[9] there were 647 soldiers ready for duty. When Goliad fell to the Texians, Cos lost his line of communication to the coast. Convinced that the Texians would soon attack San Antonio, he chose to take a defensive position rather than launch an attack against the Texian army.[10]
Stephen F. Austin was elected to lead the new Texian Army.
Two days after the Texian victory at Gonzales, respected Texian leader Stephen F. Austin reported to the San Felipe Committee of Public Safety that "War is declared—public opinion has proclaimed it against a Military despotism—The campaign has commenced".[11] His letter concluded: "One spirit and one purpose animates the people of this party of the country, and that is to take Bexar, and drive the military out of Texas. ... A combined effort of all Texas would soon free our soil of Military despots."[12] Colonists continued to assemble in Gonzales, and on October 11 they unanimously elected Austin, the first empresario granted permission to settle Anglos in the state, as their commander-in-chief.[13][14] Although Austin had no official military training, he was widely respected in Texas for his sound judgement, and he had led several excursions against raiding Indian tribes.[15]
Austin's first order was that the men should be prepared to march at 9 am the following morning.[14] For the rest of the day, the men practiced firing and retreating in lines.[16] Austin issued a string of orders, including barring men from indiscriminately firing their weapons and instructing them to keep their weapons in good repair at all times.[17] He also felt it necessary to, in his words "remind each citizen soldier that patriotism and firmness will but little avail, without discipline and strict obedience. The first duty of a soldier is obedience."[14] A later order instructed that "All riotous conduct and noisy clamorous talk is specially prohibited".[17] Austin also organized elections for regimental officers. John H. Moore, who had led the Texians in the Battle of Gonzales, was elected colonel. Edward Burleson, a former militia officer in Missouri and Tennessee, was named Lieutenant Colonel, and Brazoria merchant Alexander Somervell was elected Major.[18]
On October 12, the Texian army numbered approximately 300 men, drawn primarily from Austin's colonies and the DeWitt Colony.[16] About half of the men had entered Texas in the 1820s; the others were newer arrivals who had lived in the area less than 5 years. Several had official militia experience while they lived in the United States, and others had joined companies within Texas to counter Indian raids. Almost all of the men were proficient with firearms, as hunting was a primary source of food.[19] The men crossed the Guadalupe River that morning and paused to await further reinforcements from Nacogdoches.[20]
On October 13, Austin led the Texian Army toward San Antonio de Bexar, location of the last large garrison of Mexican troops in Texas.[21] Some of the Texians had no weapons; those that did had little gunpowder or shot.[15] As the army marched, Ben Milam formed a makeshift mounted company to scout ahead. On October 15 one of the scouting parties briefly skirmished with a ten-man Mexican cavalry patrol; no injuries were reported and the Mexican soldiers soon retreated to Bexar.[22]
The Texians arrived at Cibolo Creek, several miles east of Bexar, on October 16. Austin requested a meeting with Cos, but Cos declined to meet with a man he said was commanding an illegal force.[17][23] A Texian council of war decided to remain in place and wait for reinforcements. The following day they reversed their decision, and Austin moved his army to Salado Creek, 5 miles (8.0 km) from Bexar.[23] Over the next several days, reinforcements and supplies arrived from various English-speaking colonies. One of the new companies, commanded by James C. Neill, brought 2 new six-pounder cannons with them. The reinforcements brought the Texian official strength to 453 men, although only about 384 of them were available for duty.[24] On October 24, Austin wrote the Committee of Public Safety in San Felipe that he had "'commenced the investment of San Antonio", and that with additional reinforcements he believed the town could be taken in a matter of days.[25]
Meanwhile, Cos worked to fortify the town squares in San Antonio and the walls of the Alamo, a mission-turned-fort near the town. By October 26, Cos's men had mounted 11 cannon—5 in the town squares and 6 on the walls of the Alamo. An eighteen-pounder cannon, with a much longer range than the other Mexican artillery, was positioned inside the Alamo chapel.[26] Additional Mexican soldiers arrived in Bexar, and on October 24 the Mexican garrison stood at its highest number, 751 men.[27] Although the Mexican soldiers attempted to restrict access to and from the city, James Bowie was able to leave his home and join the Texians.[26] Bowie was well known throughout Texas for his fighting prowess; stories of his exploits in the Sandbar Fight and his search for the lost San Saba mine were widely reported.[28] Juan Seguin, a government official in San Antonio, arrived with 37 Tejanos on the morning of October 22, and later that day an additional 76 men joined the Texian Army from Victoria, Goliad, and the ranches south of Bexar.[29] According to Barr, the presence of the Tejanos helped to "blur the essence of ethnic conflict", providing evidence that the Texian response was not simply an overreaction by American immigrants.[29]
Siege[edit]
Investment[edit]
Further information: Battle of Concepción
Even with the additional men, Austin realized that his army was not large enough to prevail in a full assault on Bexar. The Texians thus prepared for a siege, looking for a position that was, in the words of historian Stephen L. Hardin, "near Bexar, yet defensible against a sortie; in a position to block enemy communications arriving daily".[30] On October 22, Austin named Bowie and Captain James W. Fannin[Note 1] co-commanders of the 1st Battalion and sent them on a reconnaissance mission.[28][29] By the end of the day the Texians had seized the Espada mission from Mexican pickets.[31] On October 24, Austin informed the Committee of Public Safety that he had initiated a siege; in his opinion, the city could be taken in a few days if Texian reinforcements arrived quickly.[25]
Austin sent Bowie and Fannin to find another good defensive spot on October 27.[32] Rather than return immediately to Austin, as their orders specified, Bowie and Fannin instead sent a courier to take Austin directions to their chosen campsite, the former Mission Concepción.[32] The scouting party camped along the San Antonio River near the mission, which was approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) from San Antonio de Bexar and 6 miles (9.7 km) from the Texian camp at Espada.[33] An angry Austin, fearing that his army would be easily defeated now that it was split, issued a statement threatening officers who chose not to follow orders with court-martial. He ordered the army to be prepared to join Bowie and Fannin at first light.[32][34]
Hoping to neutralize the Texian force at Concepción before the remainder of the Texian Army arrived, Cos ordered Colonel Domingo Ugartechea to lead an early-morning assault on the forces at Concepcion on October 29.[33] The Texians had a good defensive position, surrounded by trees, which left the Mexican cavalry no room to maneuver.[35] The Mexican infantry soon found themselves outgunned, as their Brown Bess muskets had a maximum range of only 70 yards (64 m), compared to the 200-yard (180 m) effective range of the Texian long rifles.[36] The Texians were short of ammunition,[34] however, and although Mexican ammunition was plentiful it was poor quality. In several cases, Mexican musket balls bounced off Texian soldiers, causing little damage other than a bruise.[36] The Battle of Concepción lasted only 30 minutes; at that point the Mexican soldiers retreated towards Bexar.[37]
Less than 30 minutes after the battle ended, the rest of the Texian Army arrived.[37] Austin felt that the Mexican morale must be low after their defeat and wanted to proceed immediately to Bexar. Bowie and other officers refused, as they believed Bexar was too heavily fortified.[37] The Texians searched the area for any Mexican equipment which had been abandoned during the retreat. They found several boxes of cartridges. Complaining that the Mexican powder was "little better than pounded charcoal", the Texians emptied the cartridges but kept the bullets.[38] One Texian, Richard Andrews, died and one was wounded, while estimates of the Mexican dead range from 14 to 76.[38][39]
On November 1, Austin sent a note to Cos, suggesting that the Mexican army surrender. Cos returned the note unopened, with a message that he refused to correspond with rebels.[40] Austin sent men to reconnoiter the town's perimeter and discovered that the fortifications within the city were stronger than the Texians had believed. On November 2, Austin called a council of war, which voted to continue the siege and wait for reinforcements and more artillery before attacking.[41] Members of the Texian army were impatient to begin the fighting however. Austin complained to the provisional government on November 4 that "This force, it is known to all, is but undisciplined militia and in some respects of very discordant materials."[42] He followed this note with a strong plea that "In the name of Almighty God, send no more ardent spirits to this camp!"[42]
Consultation[edit]
The siege continued, and soon additional reinforcements arrived under Thomas J. Rusk, bringing the Texian army to 600. Cos also gathered reinforcements, bringing the Mexican army to 1,200 and discouraging the Texians even further from making any direct assaults on the city.
Sam Houston arrived in San Felipe expecting to gather for a meeting of the Consultation government, but since many of the members were fighting in the siege of Bexar, Houston instead went to the Texian army outside San Antonio. When Houston arrived in the camp, Austin offered him command of the army, but Houston declined and went ahead gathering the members of the Consultation. The members were released from the army for the meeting (except for Austin and William B. Travis) and returned to San Felipe. There the delegates agreed to fight to uphold the Constitution of 1824 rather than Texas' independence.
Houston was named general-in-chief of all Texas forces, except those fighting around San Antonio, and Stephen Austin was authorized to travel to the U.S. to gain support for their cause. Edward Burleson, who had been serving as Austin's second-in-command, was elected Major General and Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army to replace Austin.
Grass Fight[edit]
Main article: Grass Fight
The Texian people had little or no experience as professional soldiers, and by early November many had begun to miss their homes. As the weather turned colder and rations grew smaller, many soldiers became sick, and groups of men began to leave, most without permission.[43] On November 18, however, a group of volunteers from the United States, known as the New Orleans Greys, joined the Texian Army.[44][45] Unlike the majority of the Texian volunteers, the Greys looked like soldiers, with uniforms, well-maintained rifles, adequate ammunition, and some semblance of discipline.[45] The Greys, as well as several companies of Texians who had arrived recently, were eager to face the Mexican Army directly.[46] Encouraged by their enthusiasm, on November 21, Austin ordered an assault on Bexar the following morning. Several of his officers polled the soldiers that evening and discovered that fewer than 100 men were willing to launch an attack on Bexar; Austin then cancelled his orders.[47] Within days Austin resigned his command to become a commissioner to the United States; Texians elected Edward Burleson as their new commander.[48]
On the morning of November 26, Texian scout Erastus "Deaf" Smith rode into camp to report that a pack train of mules and horses, accompanied by 50–100 Mexican soldiers, was within 5 miles (8.0 km) of Bexar.[49][50] For several days, the Texians had heard rumors that the Mexican Army was expecting a shipment of silver and gold to pay the troops and purchase additional supplies.[51] The Texians had been fighting without pay, and most wanted to charge from camp and loot the expected riches.[50] Burleson ordered Bowie to investigate, but warned him not to attack unless necessary. After Bowie recruited the army's 12 best marksmen for the expedition, there was little doubt that he intended to find a reason to attack. Burleson managed to stop the entire army from following by sending Colonel William Jack with 100 infantry to support Bowie's men.[50][52]
About 1 mile (1.6 km) from Bexar, Bowie and his men spotted the Mexican soldiers crossing a dry ravine.[49] This was likely near the confluence of the Alazán, Apache, and San Pedro Creeks.[53] After a short battle, the Mexican soldiers withdrew towards Bexar, leaving their pack animals behind.[52] To the surprise of the Texians, the saddlebags contained not bullion, but freshly cut grass to feed the Mexican horses trapped in Bexar.[54] Four Texians were wounded in the fighting, and one soldier deserted during the battle.[54][55] Estimates of the number of Mexican casualties ranged from 3–60 killed and 7–14 wounded.[54][55] Their victory allowed the Texians to believe that, although outnumbered, they could prevail over the Mexican garrison.[54] The Texians believed that Cos must have been desperate to send troops outside of the safety of Bexar.[56] The type of weapons the mexicans had were cannons and musket balls.
Battle[edit]
Texian morale began to drop severely, and with winter approaching and supplies running low, Burleson considered withdrawing into winter quarters. In a council of war, Burleson's officers overruled his decision to withdraw, and the army stayed. One of the officers who adamantly opposed the withdrawal was Colonel Ben Milam. Undaunted, Milam stalked into the Texian camp and called out "Who will go with old Ben Milam into San Antonio?" 300 soldiers cheered their support for Milam.
Reports from a captured Mexican soldier and escaped Texian prisoners alerted Burleson that Mexican morale was just as low. Burleson ordered a two-column attack. One attack was to be carried out by Milam's troops, and the other was to be carried out by those of Colonel Francis W. Johnson. On December 5, Milam and Johnson launched a surprise attack and seized two houses in the Military Plaza (one of the houses seized belonged to the in-laws of Jim Bowie). The Texians were unable to advance any further that day, but they fortified the houses and remained there during the night, digging trenches and destroying nearby buildings.
On December 7, the attack continued, and Milam's force captured another foothold in the city. However, Milam was killed while leading the attack. Colonel Johnson subsequently took command of both his and Milam's men and continued the street fighting, gradually driving the Mexicans back into the city. Cos withdrew into the Alamo, where he was joined by Colonel Ugartechea and 600 reinforcements, but it was too late. Cos entrenched his position, and Texian artillery pounded the fortified mission.
Surrender[edit]
As the Texians advanced closer to the plazas, Cos realized that his best defensive position would be within the Alamo Mission just outside Bexar.[57] In his official report to Santa Anna, Cos wrote that ""In such critical circumstances there was no other measure than to advance and occupy the Alamo which, due to its small size and military position, was easier to hold. In doing so, I took with me the artillery, packs and the rest of the utensils I was able to transport.”[58] At 1 a.m. on December 9, the cavalry began to pull back towards the Alamo. Colonel Nicolas Condell, his small force of 50 men from the Morelos and Tamaulipas units, and two cannon remained as the rear guard at the plaza.[57][59] Years later, however, Sanchez Navarro maintained that Cos was not planning to abandon the town but wished to move the wounded to the relative safety of the Alamo.[58]
Inside the Alamo, Cos presented a plan for a counterattack; cavalry officers believed that they would be surrounded by Texians and refused their orders.[57] Possibly 175–soldiers from four of the cavalry companies left the mission and rode south.[58] According to Barr, Cos ran after the horseman to tell them to stop and was almost run down. For a brief period, those in the mission believed that Cos might have been killed.[57] Sanchez Navarro said the troops were not deserting but misunderstood their orders and were withdrawing all the way to the Rio Grande.[58]
By daylight, only 120 experienced infantry remained in the Mexican garrison.[57] Cos called Sanchez Navarro to the Alamo and gave him orders to "go save those brave men. ... Approach the enemy and obtain the best terms possible".[60] Sanchez Navarro first returned to his post at the plaza to inform the soldiers of the imminent surrender. Several officers argued with him, explaining that "the Morelos Battalion has never surrendered", but Sanchez Navarro held firm to his orders.[60] Bugle calls for a parley received no response from the Texians, and at 7 am Sanchez Navarro raised a flag of truce.[60]
Father de la Garza and William Cooke came forward to escort Sanchez Navarro and two other officers to Johnson, who summoned Burleson. When Burleson arrived two hours later, he found that the Mexican soldiers did not have written authorization from Cos. One of the Mexican officers was sent to bring back formal permission for the surrender.[60] Burleson agreed to an immediate cease-fire,[61] and negotiations began. Johnson, Morris, and James Swisher represented the Texians, while José Miguel de Arciniega and John Cameron interpreted. The men haggled for much of the day before reaching terms at 2 a.m. on December 10.[60]
According to the terms of the agreement, Mexican troops could remain in the Alamo for six days to prepare for the trip to the Mexican interior. During that time frame, Mexican and Texian troops were not to carry arms if they interacted. Regular soldiers who had established ties to the area could remain in Bexar; all recently arrived troops were expected to return to Mexico. Each Mexican soldier would receive a musket and ten rounds of ammunition, and the Texians would allow one four-pound cannon and ten rounds of powder and shot to accompany the troops.[58] All other weapons and all supplies would remain with the Texians,[60] who agreed to sell some of the provisions to the Mexicans for their journey.[62] As the final term of their parole, all of Cos's men were required to pledge that they would not fight against the Constitution of 1824.[60]
At 10 a.m. on December 11, the Texian army paraded. Johnson presented the terms of surrender and asked for the army's approval, stressing that the Texians had little ammunition left to continue the fight. Most of the Texians voted in favor of the surrender, although some termed it a "child's bargain", too weak to be useful.[62]
Aftermath[edit]
The Siege of Bexar was the longest Texian campaign of the Texas Revolution, and according to Barr, it was "the only major Texian success other than San Jacinto".[63] According to Barr, of the 780 Texians who had participated in some way in the battle, between 30 and 35 were wounded, with 5 or 6 killed.[62] Historian Stephen Hardin places the Texian casualties slightly lower, with 4 killed and 14 wounded.[64] The losses were spread evenly amongst Texas residents and newcomers from the United States.[62] Although some Texians estimated that as many as 300 Mexican soldiers were killed, historians agree that it likely that a total of 150 Mexican soldiers were killed or wounded during the five-day battle.[62][64] About two-thirds of the Mexican casualties came from the infantry units defending the plazas.[65] To celebrate their victory, Texian troops threw a fandango on the evening of December 10.[62] Governor Henry Smith and the governing council sent a letter to the army, calling the soldiers "invincible" and "the brave sons of Washington and freedom".[64] After the war, those who could prove they had participated in this campaign were granted 320 acres (130 ha) of land. Eventually, 504 claims were certified.[66] At least 79 of the Texians who participated later died at the Battle of the Alamo or the Goliad Massacre,[67] and 90 participated in the final battle of the Texas Revolution, at San Jacinto.[66] The Texians confiscated 400 small arms, 20 cannon, and supplies, uniforms, and equipment.[65] During the siege, Cos's men had strengthened the Alamo mission, and the Texians chose to concentrate their forces within the Alamo rather than continue to fortify the plazas.[66]
Cos left Bexar on December 14 with 800 men. The soldiers who were too weak to travel were left in the care of the Texian doctors.[65] With his departure, there was no longer an organized garrison of Mexican troops in Texas,[68] and many of the Texians believed that the war was over. Johnson described the battle as "the period put to our present war".[64] Burleson resigned his leadership of the army on December 15 and returned to his home. Many of the men did likewise, and Johnson assumed command of the soldiers who remained. Soon after, a new contingent of Texians and volunteers from the United States arrived with more heavy artillery.[65] According to Barr, the large number of American volunteers "contributed to the Mexican view that Texian opposition stemmed from outside influences. That belief may have contributed in turn to Santa Anna's order of 'no quarter' in his 1836 campaign."[69] Santa Anna was outraged that Cos had surrendered.[70] Already in preparations to move a larger army to Texas, Santa Anna moved quickly on hearing of his brother-in-law's defeat, and by late December 1835 had begun to move his Army of Operations northward. Although many of his officers disagreed with the decision to march towards the Texian interior rather than take a coastal approach, Santa Anna was determined to first take Bexar and avenge his family's honor.[71]
See also[edit]
List of Texas Revolution battles
Timeline of the Texas Revolution
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Fannin was one of the very few Texian soldiers with formal military training; he had briefly studied at the U.S. Military Academy. Hardin (1994), p. 29.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b Roell (1994), p. 36.
Jump up ^ Huson (1974), p. 4.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 4.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 7.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 8.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 12.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), pp. 14, 17.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 12.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 13.
Jump up ^ Winders (2004), p. 54.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), pp.6–7.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Winders (2004), p. 55.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin (1994), p. 26.
^ Jump up to: a b Barr (1990), p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Winders (2004), p. 56.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 7.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), pp. 8–9.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 10.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 15.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b Winders (2004), p. 57.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b Winders (1994), p. 58.
^ Jump up to: a b Barr (1990), p. 17.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 20.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin (1994), p. 29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barr (1990), p. 18.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 28.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barr (1990), p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b Barr (1990), p. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin (1994), p. 30.
Jump up ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 222.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin (1994), p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barr (1990), p. 25.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin (1994), p. 34.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 26.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 53.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin (1994), p. 51.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 29.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990),p. 35.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin (1994), p. 60.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 38.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 61.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 62.
^ Jump up to: a b Barr (1990), p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hardin (1994), p. 64.
Jump up ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Edmondson (2000), p. 237.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1998), p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Edmondson (2000), p. 238.
^ Jump up to: a b Barr (1990), p. 40.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Barr (1990), p. 55.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Todish et al. (1998), p. 26.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 89.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Barr (1990), p. 56.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 90.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Barr (1990), p. 57.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. vii.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hardin (1994), p. 91.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barr (1990), p. 58.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barr (1990), p. 65.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 60.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 64.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 63.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 98.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 102.
References[edit]
Barr, Alwyn (1990). Texians in Revolt: the Battle for San Antonio, 1835. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77042-1. OCLC 20354408.
Edmondson, J.R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-678-0. OCLC 42842410.
Groneman, Bill (1998). Battlefields of Texas. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-55622-571-0. OCLC 37935129.
Hardin, Stephen L. (1999) [1994]. Texian Iliad – A Military History of the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73086-1. OCLC 29704011.
Huson, Hobart (1974). Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution. Austin, TX: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co.
Roell, Craig H. (1994). Remember Goliad! A History of La Bahia. Fred Rider Cotten Popular History Series. Austin, TX: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 0-87611-141-X. OCLC 30667624.
Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998) [1997]. Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2. OCLC 36783795.
Winders, Richard Bruce (2004). Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution. Military History of Texas Series: Number Three. Abilene, TX: State House Press. ISBN 1-880510-80-4.
External links[edit]
Handbook of Texas
Siege of Bexar Descendants
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text:
List of longest suspension bridge spans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge has the longest central span of any suspension bridge.
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The world's longest suspension bridges are listed according to the length of their main span (i.e. the length of suspended roadway between the bridge's towers). The length of main span is the most common method of comparing the sizes of suspension bridges, often correlating with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge.[1] If one bridge has a longer span than another it does not necessarily mean that the bridge is longer from shore to shore (or from abutment to abutment).
Suspension bridges have the longest spans of any type of bridge. Cable-stayed bridges, the next longest design, are practical for spans up to just over 1 kilometre. Therefore, the 17 longest bridges on this list are all currently the 17 longest spans of all types of vehicular bridges (other than floating pontoon bridges).
Since 1998 Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan holds the record with its span of 1,991 metres (6,532 ft). The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge, currently under construction in Turkey, is expected to surpass it with a span of 2,023 metres (6,637 ft).
Contents
[hide]
1 Completed suspension bridges
2 Bridges under construction
3 Planned and proposed bridges
4 History of longest suspension spans
4.1 Other record holding suspension bridges
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Completed suspension bridges[edit]
This list includes only completed suspension bridges that carry automobiles or trains. It does not include cable-stayed bridges, footbridges, or pipeline bridges.
Rank
Name
Main
span
metres
Main
span
feet
Year opened
Location
Country
1 Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
1,991 6,532 1998 Kobe (Hyōgo)
34°37′1.3″N 135°1′18.9″E / 34.617028°N 135.021917°E / 34.617028; 135.021917 (Akashi Kaikyō Bridge) Japan [2]
2 Xihoumen Bridge 1,650 5,413 2009 Zhoushan (Zhejiang)
30°3′42.4″N 121°54′57.6″E / 30.061778°N 121.916000°E / 30.061778; 121.916000 (Xihoumen Bridge) China [3]
3 Great Belt Bridge 1,624 5,328 1998 Korsør – Sprogø (Region Zealand)
55°20′31″N 11°2′9.3″E / 55.34194°N 11.035917°E / 55.34194; 11.035917 (Great Belt Bridge) Denmark [4]
4 Osman Gazi Bridge 1,550 5,090 2016 Dilovası – Altınova (Gulf of İzmit)
40°45′15″N 29°30′55″E / 40.75417°N 29.51528°E / 40.75417; 29.51528 (İzmit Bay Bridge) Turkey [5]
5 Yi Sun-sin Bridge 1,545 5,069 2012 Gwangyang – Yeosu (South Jeolla Province)
34°54′21.4″N 127°42′18.1″E / 34.905944°N 127.705028°E / 34.905944; 127.705028 (Yi Sun-sin Bridge) South Korea [6]
6 Runyang Bridge 1,490 4,888 2005 Yangzhou – Zhenjiang (Jiangsu)
32°12′24.6″N 119°21′49.9″E / 32.206833°N 119.363861°E / 32.206833; 119.363861 (Runyang Bridge) China [7]
7 Nanjing Fourth Yangtze Bridge 1,418 4,652 2012 Nanjing (Jiangsu)
32°10′39.9″N 118°56′24.5″E / 32.177750°N 118.940139°E / 32.177750; 118.940139 (Nanjing Fourth Yangtze Bridge) China [8]
8 Humber Bridge 1,410 4,626 1981 Hessle – Barton-upon-Humber (Yorkshire and Lincolnshire)
53°42′28.7″N 0°27′0.3″W / 53.707972°N 0.450083°W / 53.707972; -0.450083 (Humber Bridge) United Kingdom [9]
9 Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 1,408 4,619 2016 İstanbul (Bosphorus)
41°12′31″N 29°7′5″E / 41.20861°N 29.11806°E / 41.20861; 29.11806 (Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge) Turkey [10]
10 Jiangyin Bridge 1,385 4,544 1999 Jiangyin – Jingjiang (Jiangsu)
31°56′43.1″N 120°16′10″E / 31.945306°N 120.26944°E / 31.945306; 120.26944 (Jiangyin Suspension Bridge) China [11]
11 Tsing Ma Bridge 1,377 4,518 1997 Tsing Yi – Ma Wan
22°21′4.8″N 114°4′25.6″E / 22.351333°N 114.073778°E / 22.351333; 114.073778 (Tsing Ma Bridge) Hong Kong [12]
12 Hardanger Bridge 1,310 4,298 2013 Ulvik – Ullensvang (Hordaland)
60°28′42.9″N 6°49′47.2″E / 60.478583°N 6.829778°E / 60.478583; 6.829778 (Hardanger Bridge) Norway [13]
13 Verrazano-Narrows Bridge 1,298 4,260 1964 New York City (New York)
40°36′23″N 74°2′43.2″W / 40.60639°N 74.045333°W / 40.60639; -74.045333 (Verrazano-Narrows Bridge) United States [14]
14 Golden Gate Bridge 1,280 4,200 1937 San Francisco – Marin County (California)
37°49′9.5″N 122°28′43.9″W / 37.819306°N 122.478861°W / 37.819306; -122.478861 (Golden Gate Bridge) United States [15]
15 Yangluo Bridge 1,280 4,200 2007 Wuhan (Hubei)
30°38′12.9″N 114°33′17.8″E / 30.636917°N 114.554944°E / 30.636917; 114.554944 (Yangluo Bridge) China [16]
16 Höga Kusten Bridge 1,210 3,970 1997 Utansjö (Västernorrland County)
62°47′53″N 17°56′15″E / 62.79806°N 17.93750°E / 62.79806; 17.93750 (Höga Kusten Bridge) Sweden [17]
17 Longjiang River Bridge 1,196 3,924 2016 Wuhexiang (Yunnan)
24°50′19.7″N 98°40′19.9″E / 24.838806°N 98.672194°E / 24.838806; 98.672194 (Longjiang River Bridge) China [18]
18 Aizhai Bridge 1,176 3,858 2012 Jishou (Hunan)
28°19′54.1″N 109°35′53.2″E / 28.331694°N 109.598111°E / 28.331694; 109.598111 (Aizhai Bridge) China [19]
19 Mackinac Bridge 1,158 3,800 1957 Mackinaw City – St. Ignace (Michigan)
45°48′56″N 84°43′40.6″W / 45.81556°N 84.727944°W / 45.81556; -84.727944 (Mackinac Bridge) United States [20]
External image 20 Ulsan Bridge (ko) 1,150 3,773 2015[21] Ulsan
35°30′41″N 129°23′28″E / 35.51139°N 129.39111°E / 35.51139; 129.39111 (Ulsan Bridge) South Korea [22]
21 Qingshui River Bridge 1,130 3,707 2015[23] Kaiyang County, Guizhou
27°1′49.5″N 107°11′21.6″E / 27.030417°N 107.189333°E / 27.030417; 107.189333 (Qingshui River Bridge) China
22 Huangpu Bridge 1,108 3,635 2008 Guangzhou (Guangdong)
23°4′17.1″N 113°28′33.9″E / 23.071417°N 113.476083°E / 23.071417; 113.476083 (Huangpu Bridge) China [24]
23 Minami Bisan-Seto Bridge 1,100 3,609 1989 Sakaide – Shiwaku Islands (Kagawa)
34°21′50″N 133°49′30.7″E / 34.36389°N 133.825194°E / 34.36389; 133.825194 (Minami Bisan-Seto Bridge) Japan [25]
24 Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 1,090 3,576 1988 İstanbul (Bosphorus)
41°5′28″N 29°3′40″E / 41.09111°N 29.06111°E / 41.09111; 29.06111 (Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge) Turkey [26]
25 Baling River Bridge 1,088 3,570 2009 Guanling Buyei and Miao Autonomous County (Guizhou)
25°57′40″N 105°37′46″E / 25.96111°N 105.62944°E / 25.96111; 105.62944 (Balinghe Bridge) China [27]
26 Taizhou Bridge 1,080 (x2) 3,543 (x2) 2012 Taizhou (Jiangsu)
32°14′47.8″N 119°52′36.1″E / 32.246611°N 119.876694°E / 32.246611; 119.876694 (Taizhou Bridge) China [28]
27 Ma'anshan Bridge 1,080 (x2) 3,543 (x2) 2013 Ma'anshan (Anhui)
31°36′36.4″N 118°23′31.4″E / 31.610111°N 118.392056°E / 31.610111; 118.392056 (Ma'anshan Bridge) China [29]
28 Bosphorus Bridge 1,074 3,524 1973 İstanbul (Bosphorus)
41°2′42″N 29°2′2″E / 41.04500°N 29.03389°E / 41.04500; 29.03389 (Bosphorus Bridge) Turkey [30]
29 George Washington Bridge 1,067 3,500 1931 New York City (New York) – Fort Lee (New Jersey)
40°51′6.2″N 73°57′9.8″W / 40.851722°N 73.952722°W / 40.851722; -73.952722 (George Washington Bridge) United States [31]
30 Fuma Yangtze River Bridge
驸马长江大桥 1,050 3,445 2017[32] Wanzhou (Chongqing)
30°50′04.8″N 108°28′09.4″E / 30.834667°N 108.469278°E / 30.834667; 108.469278 (Fuma Bridge) China [33]
31 Third Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge 1,030 3,379 1999 Imabari – Umashima Island (Ehime)
34°6′54.9″N 132°59′3.6″E / 34.115250°N 132.984333°E / 34.115250; 132.984333 (Third Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridgeo) Japan [34]
32 Second Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge 1,020 3,346 1999 Umashima Island – Ōshima (Ehime)
34°7′16″N 133°0′0.7″E / 34.12111°N 133.000194°E / 34.12111; 133.000194 (Second Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge) Japan [34]
33 25 de Abril Bridge 1,013 3,323 1966 Lisbon – Almada (Lisboa Region)
38°41′23.5″N 9°10′37.8″W / 38.689861°N 9.177167°W / 38.689861; -9.177167 (25 de Abril Bridge) Portugal [35]
34 Forth Road Bridge 1,006 3,301 1964 South Queensferry – North Queensferry (Fife)
56°0′5.4″N 3°24′15.1″W / 56.001500°N 3.404194°W / 56.001500; -3.404194 (Forth Road Bridge) United Kingdom [36]
35 Kita Bisan-Seto Bridge 990 3,248 1988 Sakaide – Shiwaku Islands (Kagawa)
34°22′42.4″N 133°49′13.2″E / 34.378444°N 133.820333°E / 34.378444; 133.820333 (Kita Bisan-Seto Bridge) Japan [25]
36 Severn Bridge 988 3,241 1966 Bristol (South Gloucestershire) – Chepstow (Monmouthshire)
51°36′36.2″N 2°38′26.4″W / 51.610056°N 2.640667°W / 51.610056; -2.640667 (Severn Bridge) United Kingdom [37]
37 Yichang Bridge 960 3,150 2001 Yichang (Hubei)
30°34′10.5″N 111°23′29.5″E / 30.569583°N 111.391528°E / 30.569583; 111.391528 (Yichang Bridge) China [38]
38 Shimotsui-Seto Bridge 940 3,084 1988 Kojima – Shiwaku Islands (Okayama)
34°25′52.4″N 133°48′23.2″E / 34.431222°N 133.806444°E / 34.431222; 133.806444 (Shimotsui-Seto Bridge) Japan [25]
39 Xiling Bridge 900 2,953 1996 Sandouping (Hubei)
30°49′42.5″N 111°2′48″E / 30.828472°N 111.04667°E / 30.828472; 111.04667 (Xiling Bridge) China [39]
40 Si Du River Bridge 900 2,953 2009 Yesanguan (Hubei)
30°37′16.1″N 110°23′43.1″E / 30.621139°N 110.395306°E / 30.621139; 110.395306 (Si Du River Bridge) China [40]
41 Humen Pearl River Bridge 888 2,913 1997 Dongguan (Guangdong)
22°47′49.5″N 113°36′57.2″E / 22.797083°N 113.615889°E / 22.797083; 113.615889 (Humen Pearl River Bridge) China [41]
42 Cuntan Yangtze River Bridge (zh)
寸滩长江大桥 880 2,887 2017 Chongqing
29°37′14.2″N 106°36′21.8″E / 29.620611°N 106.606056°E / 29.620611; 106.606056 (Cuntan Bridge) China [42]
43 Ōnaruto Bridge 876 2,874 1985 Naruto (Tokushima) – Awaji Island (Hyōgo)
34°14′19.5″N 134°39′1.1″E / 34.238750°N 134.650306°E / 34.238750; 134.650306 (Ōnaruto Bridge) Japan [43]
44 Lishui River Bridge 856 2,808 2013 Zhangjiajie (Hunan)
29°05′55″N 110°14′48″E / 29.09861°N 110.24667°E / 29.09861; 110.24667 (Lishui River Bridge) China [44][45]
45 Second Tacoma Narrows Bridge
(westbound) 853 2,799 1950 Tacoma (Washington)
47°16′5.6″N 122°33′0.7″W / 47.268222°N 122.550194°W / 47.268222; -122.550194 (Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1950)) United States [46]
46 Third Tacoma Narrows Bridge
(eastbound) 853 2,799 2007 Tacoma (Washington)
47°16′4.4″N 122°33′2.8″W / 47.267889°N 122.550778°W / 47.267889; -122.550778 (Tacoma Narrows Bridge (2007)) United States [46]
47 Askøy Bridge 850 2,789 1992 Bergen – Askøy (Hordaland)
60°23′43.6″N 5°12′54.8″E / 60.395444°N 5.215222°E / 60.395444; 5.215222 (Askøy Bridge) Norway [47]
48 Yingwuzhou Bridge 850 (x2) 2,790 (x2) 2014 Wuhan (Hubei)
30°32′2.6″N 114°16′36.8″E / 30.534056°N 114.276889°E / 30.534056; 114.276889 (Yingwuzhou Bridge) China [48]
49 Jeokgeum Bridge 850 2,790 2016 Ucheon – Jeokgeum (South Jeolla Province)
34°37′43″N 127°30′15″E / 34.62861°N 127.50417°E / 34.62861; 127.50417 (Jeokgeum Bridge) South Korea [49]
| 50 Miaozui Bridge (zh)
庙嘴长江大桥 838 2,749 2016 Yichang (Hubei)
30°42′56.2″N 111°15′45.2″E / 30.715611°N 111.262556°E / 30.715611; 111.262556 (Miaozui Bridge) China
51 Nanxi Bridge 820 2,690 2012 Nanxi District (Sichuan)
28°47′1.3″N 104°56′44.5″E / 28.783694°N 104.945694°E / 28.783694; 104.945694 (Nanxi Bridge) China [50]
52 Qincaobei Bridge 788 2,585 2013 Lidu (Chongqing)
29°42′51.5″N 107°16′52.7″E / 29.714306°N 107.281306°E / 29.714306; 107.281306 (Qincaobei Bridge) China [51][52]
53 Innoshima Bridge 770 2,526 1983 Innoshima – Mukaishima (Hiroshima)
34°21′25.7″N 133°10′49.5″E / 34.357139°N 133.180417°E / 34.357139; 133.180417 (Innoshima Bridge) Japan [53]
54 Akinada Bridge 750 2,461 2000 Kure – Shimokamagari (Hiroshima)
34°12′22.4″N 132°40′45.8″E / 34.206222°N 132.679389°E / 34.206222; 132.679389 (Akinada Bridge) Japan [54]
55 Semey Bridge 750 2,461 2000 Semey (East Kazakhstan Province)
50°24′35″N 80°13′28″E / 50.40972°N 80.22444°E / 50.40972; 80.22444 (Semipalatinsk Bridge) Kazakhstan [55]
56 New Carquinez Bridge 728 2,388 2003 Vallejo – Crockett
(California)
38°3′39.7″N 122°13′35.5″W / 38.061028°N 122.226528°W / 38.061028; -122.226528 (New Carquinez Bridge) United States [56]
57 Hakuchō Bridge 720 2,362 1998 Muroran (Hokkaido)
42°21′10.4″N 140°57′1.2″E / 42.352889°N 140.950333°E / 42.352889; 140.950333 (Hakucho Bridge) Japan [57]
58 Angostura Bridge 712 2,336 1967 Ciudad Bolívar (Bolívar)
8°8′39.9″N 63°35′53.2″W / 8.144417°N 63.598111°W / 8.144417; -63.598111 (Angostura Bridge) Venezuela [58]
59 Kanmon Bridge 712 2,336 1973 Kitakyushu (Fukuoka) – Shimonoseki (Yamaguchi)
33°57′42.2″N 130°57′31.3″E / 33.961722°N 130.958694°E / 33.961722; 130.958694 (Kanmonkyo Bridge) Japan [59]
60 San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
(east half of west span) 704 2,310 1936 San Francisco – Yerba Buena Island (California)
37°48′12.2″N 122°22′18.9″W / 37.803389°N 122.371917°W / 37.803389; -122.371917 (San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (east half of West span)) United States [60]
61 San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
(west half of west span) 704 2,310 1936 San Francisco – Yerba Buena Island (California)
37°47′35.4″N 122°22′59″W / 37.793167°N 122.38306°W / 37.793167; -122.38306 (San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (west half of West span)) United States [60]
62 Bronx–Whitestone Bridge 701 2,300 1939 New York City (New York)
40°48′6.7″N 73°49′47.2″W / 40.801861°N 73.829778°W / 40.801861; -73.829778 (Bronx-Whitestone Bridge) United States [61]
63 Stord Bridge 677 2,221 2001 Stord – Føyno (Hordaland)
59°44′53″N 5°24′10.6″E / 59.74806°N 5.402944°E / 59.74806; 5.402944 (Stord Bridge) Norway [62]
64 Pierre Laporte Bridge 668 2,192 1970 Quebec City (Quebec)
46°44′42.8″N 71°17′25.7″W / 46.745222°N 71.290472°W / 46.745222; -71.290472 (Pierre Laporte Bridge) Canada [63]
65 Delaware Memorial Bridge
(northbound) 656 2,152 1951 New Castle (Delaware) – Deepwater (New Jersey)
39°41′20.3″N 75°31′5″W / 39.688972°N 75.51806°W / 39.688972; -75.51806 (Delaware Memorial Bridge (northbound)) United States [64]
65 Delaware Memorial Bridge
(southbound) 656 2,152 1968 New Castle (Delaware) – Deepwater (New Jersey)
39°41′18.2″N 75°31′6.2″W / 39.688389°N 75.518389°W / 39.688389; -75.518389 (Delaware Memorial Bridge (southbound)) United States [64]
65 Jinshajiang Bridge Hulukou
葫芦口大桥 656 2,152 2017[65] Hulukouzhen (Sichuan)
26°58′16.4″N 102°53′30.2″E / 26.971222°N 102.891722°E / 26.971222; 102.891722 (Jinshajiang Bridge Hulukou) China [66]
68 Haicang Bridge 648 2,126 1999 Xiamen (Fujian)
24°29′50.2″N 118°4′7.2″E / 24.497278°N 118.068667°E / 24.497278; 118.068667 (Haicang Bridge) China [67]
69 Beipan River Hukun Expressway Bridge 636 2,087 2009 Qinglong County (Guizhou)
25°53′58.1″N 105°19′25″E / 25.899472°N 105.32361°E / 25.899472; 105.32361 (Beipanjiang River 2009 Bridge) China [68]
70 Puli Bridge 628 2,060 2015[69] Pulixiang (Yunnan)
26°19′20.6″N 104°35′16″E / 26.322389°N 104.58778°E / 26.322389; 104.58778 (Puli Bridge) China [70]
71 Gjemnessund Bridge 623 2,044 1992 Gjemnes – Bergsøya (Møre og Romsdal)
62°58′17″N 7°46′47″E / 62.97139°N 7.77972°E / 62.97139; 7.77972 (Gjemnessund Bridge) Norway [71]
72 Yuzui Yangtze Bridge 616 2,021 2009 Yuzuizhen (Chongqing)
29°36′40.7″N 106°46′21.2″E / 29.611306°N 106.772556°E / 29.611306; 106.772556 (Yuzui Yangtze Bridge) China [72]
73 Walt Whitman Bridge 610 2,001 1957 Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) – Gloucester City (New Jersey)
39°54′18.7″N 75°7′46.1″W / 39.905194°N 75.129472°W / 39.905194; -75.129472 (Walt Whitman Bridge) United States [73]
74 Tancarville Bridge 608 1,995 1959 Tancarville (Seine-Maritime) – Marais-Vernier (Eure)
49°28′21.6″N 0°27′52.8″E / 49.472667°N 0.464667°E / 49.472667; 0.464667 (Tancarville Bridge) France [74]
75 New Little Belt Bridge 600 1,969 1970 Middelfart – Fredericia (Region of Southern Denmark)
55°31′7.1″N 9°44′56.9″E / 55.518639°N 9.749139°E / 55.518639; 9.749139 (New Little Belt Bridge) Denmark [75]
76 First Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge 600 1,969 1999 Umashima Island – Ōshima (Ehime)
34°7′32.9″N 133°0′45.1″E / 34.125806°N 133.012528°E / 34.125806; 133.012528 (First Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge) Japan [34]
77 E'gongyan Bridge 600 1,969 2000 Chongqing
29°31′23.9″N 106°31′41.7″E / 29.523306°N 106.528250°E / 29.523306; 106.528250 (E'gongyan Bridge) China [76]
78 Jijiang Yangtze Bridge 600 1,969 2016 Chongqing China [77]
79 Osterøy Bridge 595 1,952 1997 Bergen – Osterøy (Hordaland)
60°25′33.4″N 5°32′9.5″E / 60.425944°N 5.535972°E / 60.425944; 5.535972 (Osterøy Bridge) Norway [78]
80 Second Wanxian Bridge 580 1,903 2003 Wanzhou District (Chongqing)
30°49′33.2″N 108°24′17.2″E / 30.825889°N 108.404778°E / 30.825889; 108.404778 (Second Wanxian Bridge) China [79]
81 Bømla Bridge 577 1,893 2001 Nautøy – Spissøy (Hordaland)
59°44′13.5″N 5°22′37.2″E / 59.737083°N 5.377000°E / 59.737083; 5.377000 (Bømla Bridge) Norway [62]
82 Rainbow Bridge 570 1,870 1993 Tokyo
35°38′11.6″N 139°45′47.4″E / 35.636556°N 139.763167°E / 35.636556; 139.763167 (Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)) Japan [80]
83 Ambassador Bridge 564 1,850 1929 Detroit (Michigan) – Windsor (Ontario)
42°18′43.2″N 83°4′27.2″W / 42.312000°N 83.074222°W / 42.312000; -83.074222 (Ambassador Bridge) United States
Canada [81]
84 Hakata–Ōshima Bridge 560 1,837 1988 Ōshima – Hakatajima (Ehime)
34°11′32.2″N 133°4′20.2″E / 34.192278°N 133.072278°E / 34.192278; 133.072278 (Hakata-Ōshima Bridge) Japan [82]
85 Zhongxian Yangtze River Bridge 560 1,837 2001 Zhong County (Chongqing)
30°18′6.6″N 108°2′56.8″E / 30.301833°N 108.049111°E / 30.301833; 108.049111 (Zhongxian Yangtze River Bridge) China [83]
86 Throgs Neck Bridge 549 1,801 1961 New York City (New York)
40°48′0.9″N 73°47′36″W / 40.800250°N 73.79333°W / 40.800250; -73.79333 (Throgs Neck Bridge) United States [84]
87 Toyoshima Bridge 540 1,772 2008 Teshima Island – Kami-Kamagari Island (Hiroshima)
34°10′35.1″N 132°46′6.9″E / 34.176417°N 132.768583°E / 34.176417; 132.768583 (Toyoshima Bridge) Japan [85]
88 Dimuhe River Bridge 538 1,765 2016 Liupanshui (Guizhou)
26°39′15″N 105°4′14.8″E / 26.65417°N 105.070778°E / 26.65417; 105.070778 (Dimuhe River Bridge) China [86]
89 Liujiaxia Bridge 536 1,759 2012 Liujiaxiazhen (Gansu)
35°50′42.47″N 103°15′56.83″E / 35.8451306°N 103.2657861°E / 35.8451306; 103.2657861 (Liujiaxia Bridge) China [87][88]
90 Benjamin Franklin Bridge 533.7 1,751 1926 Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) – Camden (New Jersey)
39°57′10.5″N 75°8′3.3″W / 39.952917°N 75.134250°W / 39.952917; -75.134250 (Benjamin Franklin Bridge) United States [89]
91 Skjomen Bridge 525 1,722 1972 Narvik (Nordland)
68°22′15.4″N 17°14′27.5″E / 68.370944°N 17.240972°E / 68.370944; 17.240972 (Skjomen Bridge) Norway [90]
92 Kvalsund Bridge 525 1,722 1977 Kvalsund (Finnmark)
70°30′45.3″N 23°57′5.6″E / 70.512583°N 23.951556°E / 70.512583; 23.951556 (Kvalsund Bridge) Norway [91]
93 Dalsfjord Bridge (no) 523 1,716 2013 Dale – Askvoll (Sogn og Fjordane)
61°22′26.4″N 5°23′47″E / 61.374000°N 5.39639°E / 61.374000; 5.39639 (Dalsfjorden Bridge) Norway [92]
94 Matadi Bridge 520 1,706 1983 Matadi (Bas-Congo)
5°49′31.4″S 13°26′3.1″E / 5.825389°S 13.434194°E / -5.825389; 13.434194 (Matadi Bridge) Democratic Republic of the Congo [93]
95 Emmerich Rhine Bridge 500 1,640 1965 Emmerich am Rhein (North Rhine-Westphalia)
51°49′44.8″N 6°13′35″E / 51.829111°N 6.22639°E / 51.829111; 6.22639 (Emmerich Rhine Bridge) Germany [94]
96 Dazi Bridge 500 1,640 1984 Dazi (Tibet)
29°40′45.84″N 91°22′32.16″E / 29.6794000°N 91.3756000°E / 29.6794000; 91.3756000 (Dazi Bridge) China [95]
97 Gwangan Bridge 500 1,640 2002 Busan
35°8′44.8″N 129°7′41.8″E / 35.145778°N 129.128278°E / 35.145778; 129.128278 (Gwangan Bridge) South Korea [96]
Bridges under construction[edit]
Most of the large suspension bridges built in recent years have been in the People's Republic of China. As the following list shows, most of the bridges under construction are also in China.
Name
Main
span
metres
Main
span
feet
Year to open
Location
Country
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge 2,023 6,637 2023 Gelibolu – Lapseki (Dardanelles)
40°20′18″N 26°37′58″E / 40.33833°N 26.63278°E / 40.33833; 26.63278 (Çanakkale 1915 Bridge) Turkey [97]
Yangsigang Yangtse River Bridge
杨泗港长江大桥 1,700 5,577 2019 Wuhan (Hubei)
30°30′24″N 114°15′24″E / 30.50667°N 114.25667°E / 30.50667; 114.25667 (Yangsigang Yangtze River Bridge) China [98]
Second Humen Bridge East
虎门二桥坭洲水道桥 1,688 5,538 2019[99] Dongguan (Guangdong)
22°53′05.1″N 113°33′56.4″E / 22.884750°N 113.565667°E / 22.884750; 113.565667 (Second Humen Bridge East) China [100]
Lingding Bridge
深中通道伶仃航道桥
1,666 5,466 2024 Shenzhen (Guangdong)
22°35′37.6″N 113°46′05.6″E / 22.593778°N 113.768222°E / 22.593778; 113.768222 (Lingding Bridge) China [101]
Dongting Lake Bridge Hangrui
洞庭湖大桥 1,480 4,856 2018 Yueyang (Hunan)
29°25′23″N 113°07′31.1″E / 29.42306°N 113.125306°E / 29.42306; 113.125306 (Dongting Lake Bridge Hangrui) China
Jin'an Bridge
金安金沙江大桥（丽攀高速）
1,386 4,547 2021 Lijiang, Yunnan
26°49′20″N 100°26′30″E / 26.82222°N 100.44167°E / 26.82222; 100.44167 (Jinsha River Jin'an Bridge)] China
Dahe Bridge
大河特大桥
1,250 4,101 2020 Lipanshui (Guizhou) China [102]
Second Humen Bridge West
虎门二桥大沙水道桥 1,200 3,937 2019 Dongguan (Guangdong)
22°52′59.8″N 113°31′08.0″E / 22.883278°N 113.518889°E / 22.883278; 113.518889 (Second Humen Bridge West) China [100]
Chishuihe Bridge
赤水河特大桥（江习古高速）
1,200 3,937 2021 Xishui (Guizhou)
Gulin (Sichuan)
China [103]
Longmen Bridge
龙门跨海大桥 1,160 3,806 2020 Fangchenggang – Qinzhou (Guangxi)
21°45′11.2″N 108°33′18.9″E / 21.753111°N 108.555250°E / 21.753111; 108.555250 (Longmen Bridge (Guangxi)) China [104]
Wujiagang Yangtse Bridge
伍家岗长江大桥
1,160 3,806 2020 Yichang (Hubei) China [105]
Hålogaland Bridge 1,145 3,757 2018 Rombaken, Narvik
68°27′32″N 17°28′56″E / 68.45889°N 17.48222°E / 68.45889; 17.48222 (Hålogaland Bridge) Norway
Xingkang Bridge
兴康大桥 1,100 3,609 2019 Luding County, Sichuan
29°57′55.4″N 102°12′53.6″E / 29.965389°N 102.214889°E / 29.965389; 102.214889 (Luding Yaye Expressway Bridge) China
Wufengshan Yangtse River Bridge
五峰山长江大桥 1,092 3,583 2020 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu
32°13′36.26″N 119°40′35.4″E / 32.2267389°N 119.676500°E / 32.2267389; 119.676500 (Wufengshan Bridge) China [106]
Qipanzhou Yangtse River Bridge
棋盘洲长江大桥 1,038 3,406 2020 Huangshi, Hubei
30°09′9.28″N 115°16′2.27″E / 30.1525778°N 115.2672972°E / 30.1525778; 115.2672972 (Qipanzhou Bridge) China [107]
Baiyang Yangtse River Bridge
白洋长江大桥 1,000 3,281 2020 Yidu, Hubei
30°24′33″N 111°31′00″E / 30.40917°N 111.51667°E / 30.40917; 111.51667 (Baiyang Bridge) China [108]
Xiushan Bridge
秀山大桥 926 3,038 2018 Daishan, Zhejiang
30°12′40″N 122°11′7.3″E / 30.21111°N 122.185361°E / 30.21111; 122.185361 (Xiushan Bridge) China [109]
Kazungula Bridge 923 3,028 2018
Jiangdihe Bridge
江底河大桥 920 3,018 2020 Yunnan China [110]
Second Namhae Bridge
제2남해대교 890 2,920 2020 Namhaedo (South Gyeongsang Province)
34°56′34.4″N 127°51′58.6″E / 34.942889°N 127.866278°E / 34.942889; 127.866278 (Second Namhae Bridge) South Korea [111][112]
Oujiang North Bridge
瓯江北口大桥 800 2,625 2021 Wenzhou, Zhejiang
27°58′37.5″N 120°55′48″E / 27.977083°N 120.93000°E / 27.977083; 120.93000 (Oujiang North Bridge) China [113]
Jinshajiang Bridge
金沙江大桥（香丽高速）
766 2,513 2019 Hutiaoxiazhen (Yunnan) China [114]
Changshou Yangtse River Bridge
长寿长江二桥 739 2,425 2019 Changshou, Chongqing
29°46′33″N 107°0′46″E / 29.77583°N 107.01278°E / 29.77583; 107.01278 (Changshou 2nd Yangtse River Bridge) China [115]
Yuecheng Xijiang Bridge
悦城西江大桥 738 2,421 2019 Yunfu, Guangdong China [116]
Jindong Bridge
金东大桥 730 2,395 2017 Huidong County (Sichuan)
26°30′33.3″N 103°02′24.7″E / 26.509250°N 103.040194°E / 26.509250; 103.040194 (Jindong Bridge) China
Guanting Reservoir Bridge
官厅水库特大桥 720 2,362 2019 Huailai, Hebei
40°20′40.33″N 115°42′50″E / 40.3445361°N 115.71389°E / 40.3445361; 115.71389 (Guantinghu Bridge) China [117]
Maputo–Catembe Bridge 680 2,231 2018 Maputo – Catembe
25°58′23.4″S 32°33′26.7″E / 25.973167°S 32.557417°E / -25.973167; 32.557417 (Maputo-Catembe Bridge) Mozambique [118]
Sunxihe Bridge
笋溪河大桥 660 2,165 2018 Bailinzhen (Chongqing)
28°42′44.7″N 106°27′44.4″E / 28.712417°N 106.462333°E / 28.712417; 106.462333 (Sunxihe Bridge) China [119]
Jinshajiang Railway Bridge
金沙江大桥（丽香铁路） 660 2,165 2020 Hutiaoxiazhen (Yunnan) China [120]
Second Saecheonnyeon Bridge
새천년대교 650 (x2) 2,133 (x2) 2018 Mokpo (South Jeolla Province)
34°51′37.3″N 126°12′19.8″E / 34.860361°N 126.205500°E / 34.860361; 126.205500 (Second Saecheonnyeon Bridge) South Korea [121]
Egongyan Metro Bridge (zh)
鵝公岩軌道專用長江大橋 600 1,969 2018 Chongqing
29°31′19.9″N 106°31′41.6″E / 29.522194°N 106.528222°E / 29.522194; 106.528222 (Egongyan Metro Bridge) China [122]
Guanshan Bridge
官山大桥 580 1,903 2018 Daishan, Zhejiang
30°13′27″N 122°12′12″E / 30.22417°N 122.20333°E / 30.22417; 122.20333 (Guanshan Bridge) China [123]
Luzhou 2nd Yangtse River Bridge
泸州长江二桥 (城东长江大桥) 576 1,890 2019 Luzhou, Sichuan
28°53′56.4″N 105°28′58.3″E / 28.899000°N 105.482861°E / 28.899000; 105.482861 (Luzhou 2nd Yangtse River Bridge) China [124]
Planned and proposed bridges[edit]
Name
Location
Main
span
Status
Notes
Gibraltar Bridge Spain to Morocco Very long Proposed Some designs have suspension spans of several miles. The suspension cables of a very long bridge might be suspended from the ends of cable-stayed struts extending diagonally from huge pylons. However, as of 2008, the feasibility of a tunnel is being considered instead.
HAFAST Sulafjorden, Norway 4,000 m (13,000 ft) Bridge under planning Will replace the ferry connecting Hareid and Sula, as well as being part of the national "Ferry-free E39" project. Expected start 2020 and finished 2024?
Sognebrua Sognefjorden, Norway 3,700 m (12,100 ft) Bridge under planning One of several proposals for crossing the 1,300-metre-deep (4,300 ft) fjord as part of making the E39 highway along Norway's west coast ferry-free. The bridge would utilize two towers 450 m tall and have a maximum clearance above water of 70 m. Plans call for the highway project, including this crossing, to finish by 2025.
Strait of Messina Bridge Sicily to mainland Italy 3,300 m (10,800 ft) Cancelled The project was canceled on 11 October 2006 by the Romano Prodi-led government amid controversy concerning the bridge's cost.[125] The new government from 2008 led by Silvio Berlusconi wanted to pick up the project again. Preliminary works were to begin in December 2009. The main construction was expected to begin in 2012. As of February 2013, the project has again been cancelled.
Sunda Strait Bridge Java to Sumatra, Indonesia about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) Cancelled This project has been approved by the Indonesian government. If completed, it will not only be the world's longest suspension bridge (26 km), but will also have a main span of about 3,000 m (9,800 ft)—roughly fifty percent longer than the current record.[126]
Malacca Strait Bridge Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia to Sumatra, Indonesia 2,600 m (8,500 ft) Preliminary work Joint project between the Malaysian and Indonesian governments for a 48-kilometre-long (30 mi) crossing. Included is a suspension span of 2,600 m and a cable-stayed span of 1,200 m, making both longer than any existing in their category.
Storfjord Bridge Storfjorden, Norway 2,300 m (7,500 ft) Plans under consideration Will replace the ferry connecting the municipalities of Sykkylven and Ålesund as well as being part of the "ferry-free E39" project. Unusually, the proposed design will have the roadway split around single column towers.
Edvard Grieg Bridge Halsafjord, Norway about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) Proposed The bridge will replace a ferry, and reduce the driving time between Trondheim and Molde by 34 minutes.
Mao Zedong Bridge Qiongzhou Strait, China about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) Preliminary work A suspension bridge is being considered to cross the 22.5-kilometre-wide (14.0 mi) Qiongzhou Strait.[127] One design consists of four bridges strung together with four main spans of 2,000 m, two main-spans of 1,800 m, five anchorages and 10 towers.[128] If completed this bridge will assume six of the top seven longest spans.
Chacao Channel bridge Chiloé to mainland Chile 1,100 m (3,600 ft) Preliminary work [129] This unusual design had two main spans of 1,055 m and 1,100 m without an anchorage between them. Construction was supposed to begin in 2007 and completed in 2012, but because of cost overruns, the project is now on hold.
History of longest suspension spans[edit]
See also: Timeline of three longest spans
Bridge
Location
length
m (ft)
Year became
longest span
Notes
Maya Bridge at Yaxchilan Mexico 62 m (203 ft) 600 Hemp-rope simple suspension footbridge. Existence unproven. No longer standing.
Chakzam Bridge Tibet 137 m (449 ft) 1430 Chain suspension footbridge south of Lhasa, built by Thangtong Gyalpo. Reported by British spies to still be in use in 1878. Later (before 1904) fell into disuse after river course changed, swamping the northern end.[130] Dynamited by Chinese soldiers after the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1950.[131]
Union Bridge UK (Scotland, England border) 137 m (449 ft) 1820 The oldest in the world still in use today.
Menai Suspension Bridge Wales, UK 176 m (577 ft) 1826
Great Suspension Bridge Fribourg, Switzerland 271 m (889 ft) 1834 The bridge was replaced by the Zähringen Bridge in the 1920s.
Wheeling Suspension Bridge West Virginia, US 308 m (1,010 ft) 1849 The longest deck span from 1849 until 1866, and the oldest vehicular suspension bridge in use in the United States.
Queenston-Lewiston Bridge US and Canada 317 m (1,040 ft) 1851 The longest cable span from 1851 until it was destroyed by wind in 1864. However, the road deck span was only 258 meters long.
John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge Kentucky - Ohio 322 m (1,056 ft) 1866
Niagara Clifton Bridge US and Canada 384 m (1,260 ft) 1869 Replaced in 1899.
Brooklyn Bridge New York City, US 486 m (1,594 ft) 1883
Williamsburg Bridge New York City, US 488 m (1,601 ft) 1903 It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges. The Forth Railway Bridge with two spans of 521 m was longer.
Bear Mountain Bridge New York, US 497 m (1,631 ft) 1924 It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges. The Quebec Bridge with a span of 549 m was longer. The first suspension bridge to have a concrete deck. The construction methods pioneered in building it would make possible several much larger projects to follow.
Benjamin Franklin Bridge Pennsylvania - New Jersey, US 533 m (1,749 ft) 1926 It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges.
Ambassador Bridge US and Canada 564 m (1,850 ft) 1929 Since this bridge was built, the record for longest bridge span has only been held by suspension bridges.
George Washington Bridge New York - New Jersey, US 1,067 m (3,501 ft) 1931 The first span longer than 1 km.
Golden Gate Bridge California 1,280 m (4,200 ft) 1937
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge New York City, US 1,298 m (4,259 ft) 1964
Humber Bridge United Kingdom 1,410 m (4,630 ft) 1981
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge Japan 1,991 m (6,532 ft) 1998 The longest span since 1998.
The first main span longer than 1 mile (1.6 km).
Sources: [132][133][134]
Other record holding suspension bridges[edit]
The Si Du River Bridge
Si Du River Bridge (People's Republic of China) 2009 The highest bridge in the world (472 m).
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (Eastern Span). The widest bridge in the world (78.74 m) is also the most expensive bridge and the largest self-anchored suspension bridge ever constructed.[135][136]
Tacoma Narrows Bridges (Washington State) 853 m—1950 and 2007. The pair of bridges with the longest spans in the world (853 m).
Tsing Ma Bridge (Hong Kong) 1997. The longest span carrying road and rail traffic, longest double deck span (1,377 m).
George Washington Bridge (New York – New Jersey). Suspension bridge with the most lanes of traffic (fourteen total on two levels).
Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge (Japan): The world's longest suspension bridge structure
Great Seto Bridge (Japan): World's longest two-tiered bridge system (not all of the spans that make up the bridge system are suspension bridges)
See also[edit]
Bridges portal
List of spans (list of permanent wire spans)
Comparison of the side elevations of some notable bridges at the same scale. (click for interactive version)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ ÍøÒ×. "张花高速成武陵源西南客源市场"快车道" 三省市自驾车获厚礼(组图)". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "WSDOT - Tacoma Narrows Bridge: Extreme History". Wsdot.wa.gov. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Askøy Bridge (1992)" (in German). En.structurae.de. 1994-10-15. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "主跨850米 鹦鹉洲长江大桥模样国内罕见 - 武汉晚报 - 汉网 - 武汉新闻┊武汉论坛┊武汉小吃┊武汉逛街┊武汉旅游┊武汉休闲┊武汉教育培训". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jeokguem Bridge (Jeollanam-do)". Structurae.
Jump up ^ Chinese Bridges and Health Monitoring Systems
Jump up ^ "重庆：涪陵青草背长江大桥 进入桥面扫尾阶段". 和讯网.
Jump up ^ "南涪高速公路9月28日正式通车". 中华人民共和国交通运输部. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nishi-Seto Expressway". Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Akinada Bridge (1999)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Semipatalinsk Irtysh River Bridge (2002)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "District 4 | The New Carquinez Bridge". Dot.ca.gov. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Hakucho Bridge (1997)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Puente de Angostura (1967)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Kanmon Bridge (1973)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Caltrans Toll Bridge - San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge". Dot.ca.gov. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Bronx Whitestone Bridge". mta.info. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Trekantsambandet" (in Norwegian). Trekantsambandet.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Pierre Laporte Bridge (1970)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Delaware Memorial Bridge". Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
Jump up ^ "白鹤滩水电站带来民生"大礼包"". 中国青年报. 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "HighestBridges.com: Jinshajiang Bridge Hulukou". Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Haicang Bridge (1999)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Beipanjiang River 2009 Bridge". highestbridges.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "普立特大桥—已建成的世界第一高桥_旅游_万花镜". 普立文化旅游网. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "HighestBridges.com: Puli Bridge". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Gjemnessundbrua (1992)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Yuzui Yangtze Bridge halves connected_Local—China Economic Net". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Walt Whitman Bridge". Delaware River Port Authority. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Tancarville Bridge (1959)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Little Belt Bridge (1970)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "2000 E'gongyan - Chongqing, Sichuan Province, China". Bridgemeister. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ 雷其霖 (8 July 2016). "几江长江大桥今日通车开启江津"一江两岸"发展新篇章". 华龙网. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Osterøy Bridge (1997)" (in German). En.structurae.de. 1997-10-03. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Second Wanxian Bridge (2004)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Rainbow Bridge (1993)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Ambassador Bridge". Retrieved 2009-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Honshu Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company". Retrieved 2009-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Jiangyin Bridge Engineering Co, Ltd". Jydqgs.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Throgs Neck Bridge". mta.info. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "15. Toyoshima Bridge". 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "HighestBridges.com: Dimuhe River Bridge". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Liujiaxia Bridge". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sichuan Tianyuan mechanical engineering CO., LTD.-Lijia Gorge Bridge". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Benjamin Franklin Bridge". Delaware River Port Authority. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Skjomen Bridge (1972)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Kvalsund Bridge (1977)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"|No "Dalsfjordbrua".
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Matadi Suspension Bridge (1983)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Rheinbrücke Emmerich (1965)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Dazi Bridge". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Structurae [en]: Kwang Ahn Great Suspension Bridge (2002)" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "5 foreign bidders named in $5B Çanakkale Bridge".
Jump up ^ Xiaomeng, Li (December 2014). "Construction for 2 Yangtze River bridges starts on same day" (PDF). Changjiang Weekly. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "东莞虎门二桥有望2019年通车_中国混凝土行业协会". 10 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Project of Humen Second Bridge is won by CCCC". CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Co., Ltd. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "深中通道年底或建全球最高海中大桥". tech.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "大国重器打造中国桥梁成为世界"桥"楚". news.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "四川叙古高速公路赤水河特大桥开工 古蔺叙永出省更方便_川南经济网". www.chuannane.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "广西第一桥——龙门跨海大桥开工建设_中国防城港" (in Chinese). 23 Aug 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "伍家岗长江大桥今日开工_三峡要闻_新闻中心_". news.sxxw.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "五峰山长江大桥简介_国家铁路局". www.nra.gov.cn. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
Jump up ^ "项目群 / 棋盘洲桥长江公路大桥_我的网站". www.hbwxqgs.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "宜昌白洋长江公路大桥开工 投资33亿2020年建成 - 动向新闻 - 荆楚网三峡频道_全国重点新闻网站". yc.cnhubei.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "挑战东海第一难度 岱山连岛第二跨3年后通车". nb.ifeng.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ www.yunnan.cn,云南日报报业集团,云南网. "大永高速开工 楚雄加速出滇入川高速交通枢纽建设楚雄州永仁县一季度集中开工50个项目 总投资逾96亿元_云南网". yn.yunnan.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2017-12-06. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ http://reaaa.vms.my/images/8/86/%2813-17%29The_Planning_and_Design_of_the_2nd_Namhae_Bridge.pdf
Jump up ^ Second Namhae Bridge at Structurae
Jump up ^ "温州瓯江北口大桥全线开建". zj.zjol.com.cn. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jinshajiang_Bridge_Hutiaoxia
Jump up ^ "重庆长寿长江二桥工程举行开工典礼 - 重庆市建筑科学研究院活动专题网". www.cqsjky.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "云房网". www.h0766.net. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "怀来官厅水库大桥猫道承重索安装完毕". www.sohu.com. 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Africa's longest suspension bridge". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "HighestBridges.com: Sunxihe Bridge". Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jinshajiang_Railway_Bridge_Hutiaoxia
Jump up ^ http://envico.biz/e/portfolio-items/new-millennium-bridge-main-channel-route-bridge/?ckattempt=1
Jump up ^ http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Egongyan_Metro_Line_Bridge
Jump up ^ "舟山岱山官山大桥顺利合龙 系全国首座隧道锚跨海大桥_新浪浙江资讯_新浪浙江". zj.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "泸州长江二桥基础将全部出水 双层公轨两用_地方_川南农经网". www.todayae.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Europe | Italy drops Sicily bridge plans". BBC News. 2006-10-12. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "/ Asia-Pacific - Indonesia plans world's longest bridge". Ft.com. 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Chinese province considers 31km bridge or tunnel proposal". Bridgeweb. 2005-02-04. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Translated version of http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/hnlgdxxb/hnlg99/hnlg9911/991109.htm". Translate.google.com. Retrieved 2009-04-03. External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2016/03/680-671951-9-obras-del-puente-chacao-presentan-retrasos-y-dificultades-administrativas.shtml
Jump up ^ "Lhasa and Its Mysteries : Laurence Austine Waddell : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Gerner, Manfred. "Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo" (PDF). Center for Bhutan Studies. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
Jump up ^ Virola, Juhani. "World's Longest Bridge Spans". Laboratory of Bridge Engineering (LBE), Helsinki University of Technology. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
Jump up ^ Denenberg, David. "1820 Union Bridge (each bridge is linked to the span that eclipsed it in length)". Bridgemeister.com. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
Jump up ^ "Most Expensive Bridge". Guinness Book of World Records. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Widest Bridge". Guinness Book of World Records. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
Note: Some of the information posted on the following sites may differ from that above. As of 21 February 2006, the sites were out of date or inaccurate as noted in parenthesis
Denenberg, David, Bridgemeister.com (an extensive inventory of roughly 2,000 suspension bridges)
Janberg, Nicolas, Suspension bridges, Structurae.de (an extensive database of structures including many suspension bridges)
Durkee, Jackson, "World's Longest Bridge Spans", National Steel Bridge Alliance, 24 May 1999 (out of date)
The World's Greatest Bridges, Archive.org copy of The Bridge over the Strait of Messina website (out of date and other errors)
List of longest spans, Pub Quiz Help (includes bridges that have not yet been completed)
Steel bridges in the world, and other bridge statistics, The Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, March 2003 (out of date)
Virola, Eur Ing Juhani, Two Millennia - Two Long-Span Suspension Bridges, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, ATSE Focus No 124, November/December 2002 (revised information up to date as of 2005)
Virola, Eur Ing Juhani, World's Longest Bridge Spans Laboratory of Bridge Engineering (LBE), Helsinki University of Technology (includes bridges that have not yet been completed)
Further reading[edit]
Podolny, Jr., Walter; Goodyear, David (2006). "Cable-suspended bridges". In Roger L. Brockenbrough. Structural steel designer's handbook : AISC, AASHTO, AISI, ASTM, AREMA, and ASCE-07 design standards (4 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 15.13–15.16. ISBN 0071432183. —includes a list of major suspension bridges by length
External links[edit]
Progress of Center Span on Long-Span Bridges at the Honshū—Shikoku Bridge Expressway Co.
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value: List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans

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List of bridge failures

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value: Seznam nejdelších visutých mostů – Czech

value: Liste der längsten Hängebrücken – German

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