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Jack Taylor (TV series)
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Jack Taylor
Genre
Crime drama
Created by
Ken Bruen
Written by
Marteinn Thorisson
Marcus Fleming
Directed by
Stuart Orme
Starring
Iain Glen
Killian Scott
Nora-Jane Noone
Siobhán O'Kelly
Paraic Breathnach
Jack Monaghan
Composer(s)
Colin Towns
Country of origin
Ireland
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
9 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Ralph Christians
Richard Price
Dirk Schweitzer
Producer(s)
Clodagh Freeman
Location(s)
Galway, Ireland; Bremen, Germany
Running time
90–100 minutes
Production company(s)
Magna Films
Distributor
TV3 Television Network
Release
Original network
TV3
Picture format
16:9
Audio format
Mono
Original release
2 August 2010 – present
External links
Jack Taylor Films
Jack Taylor is an Irish mystery television drama based on the novels by Ken Bruen. Set in Galway, the program features Iain Glen in the eponymous role of Jack Taylor, a former officer with the Garda Síochána (national police) who becomes a "finder" (private investigator) after leaving the service; Taylor looks for clues others have overlooked, and knows the streets of his hometown like the back of his hand.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
3 Background
4 Episodes
4.1 Series 1 (2010–11)
4.2 Series 2 (2013)
4.3 Series 3 (2016)
5 Reception
6 DVD releases
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
Set in Galway, the series is based on Ken Bruen's crime novels and features Iain Glen as the leading character, Jack Taylor, an old-school detective, and a maverick who often drinks much more than is good for him. After he is sacked from the Gardaí (the Irish police force) for assaulting a politician he had stopped for a traffic violation, Jack begins to work as a private investigator, reluctantly taking on cases the police will not investigate. According to the series' voiceover, there are no private eyes in Ireland–"It's too close to being an informant – a dodgy concept". Jack soon realises his experience suits him in his new role. He is aided in his investigations by his contacts, including some of his former Gardaí colleagues, notably Officer Kate Noonan.[1][2]
Cast[edit]
Iain Glen as Jack Taylor
Killian Scott as Cody Farraher
Nora-Jane Noone as Garda Kate Noonan (series 1—2)
Siobhán O'Kelly as Garda Kate Noonan (series 3)
Tara Breathnach as Anne Henderson (series 1)
Frank O'Sullivan as Superintendent Clancy (series 1)
Pádraic Breathnach as Father Malachy
Jack Monaghan as Darragh Noonan (series 3)
Background[edit]
The first Jack Taylor film, The Guards, received its television debut on Ireland's TV3 on 2 August 2010.[3] It was later shown on Canvas in Belgium with Dutch subtitles, and received its first UK broadcast on Channel 5 on 21 February 2013.[1] Following The Guards, two further films, The Pikemen and The Magdalene Martyrs, were recorded and aired in September 2011. In November 2011 the Irish Film and Television Network reported that a further two films, The Dramatist and Priest, were in production, and that Noone and Scott would once again join Glen, reprising their roles. Aaron Monaghan, Emma Eliza Regan and Gavin Drea would also join the cast.[4] The Dramatist aired on TV3 on 3 March 2013,[5] with Priest debuting a week later.[6] Filming for Shot Down, the sixth episode of the series, and billed as the season one finale, began on 7 June 2013. The film is based on Bruen's novel The Killing of the Tinkers.[7] Episodes 1 through 6 are available in the US on Netflix Streaming as of 19 February 2014,[8] episodes 7 througn 9 as of 10 April 2017.[9]
Iain Glen spoke to the Daily Record about his role as Taylor shortly before the series began airing in the UK in February 2013, saying the chance to pay homage to the 1970s film, Chinatown, had inspired him to take the part:
I've always fancied playing a private eye, ever since I saw Jack Nicholson play Jake Gittes in Chinatown. It is familiar territory but I think there are various aspects that individualize it. One is Ireland's west coast, which has a stunning coastline, and the town of Galway itself [...] The big advantage of taking stuff from books as well written as Ken Bruen's, is that he offers you fantastic dialogue. It's kind of Philip Marlowe with American, quick, dry one-liners all the way. It's lovely to play.[10]
Episodes[edit]
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 3 2 August 2010 (2010-08-02) 15 September 2011 (2011-09-15)
2 3 3 March 2013 (2013-03-03) 1 December 2013 (2013-12-01)
3 3 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) 1 December 2016 (2016-12-01)
Series 1 (2010–11)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
1
1 "The Guards" Stuart Orme Tom Collins, Anne McCabe & Ralph Christians 2 August 2010 (2010-08-02)
Jack Taylor, a sergeant with the Gardaí Síochána, hands in his resignation after being told he would receive the boot for assaulting a politician that he caught speeding. When he is contacted by Anne Hennessy, a distraught mother whose daughter Sarah has supposedly disappeared, he agrees to use his skills as a 'private eye' to investigate her disappearance. After discovering that the girl may have become the latest in a series of suspicious deaths and disappearances in Galway, he seeks help from an old friend, Sutton, to investigate the case. After speaking with a group of young girls, Jack discovers that some of the victims were linked to a local factory, Planters, run by sleazy factory manager named Ford. When he discovers a collection of illegal sex videos, he realises that the revelations are only the beginning of his investigation. However, it soon transpires that Sutton (Ralph Brown) has alternative motives for wanting to work on the case, and Jack soon realises that his closest friend may also be his closest enemy.
2
2 "The Pikemen" Stuart Orme Marteinn Thorisson 1 September 2011 (2011-09-01)
Upon returning to Galway, Jack is an approached by an old friend, O'Shea, whose son, Niall, was killed after falling from a balcony on a construction site. Jack agrees to look into the circumstances surrounding his death, and discovers that he may be connected to several other victims who were found dead in mysterious circumstances. When another man is attacked, Jack learns of a vigilante group known as 'The Pikemen', who appear to be attacking people who were supposedly unconvicted of the crimes that they were responsible for. Assisted by eager young investigator Cody, Jack discovers that Niall was suspected of being responsible for the disappearance of three twelve year old girls. Meanwhile, upon re-establishing contact with Anne Henderson, Jack finds her in an abusive relationship with a local businessman, Caffrey. When Caffrey turns up dead, a victim of the Pikemen, Jack is arrested. He realises that the only way to prove his innocence is to escape from custody, and he is forced to rely on Cody to clear his name.
3
3 "The Magdalen Martyrs" Stuart Orme Marteinn Thorisson 15 September 2011 (2011-09-15)
Jack is hired by Maggie McCarthy, the daughter of a recently deceased former inmate at St Monica's, an infamous Magdalen laundry in Galway, who wishes to identify the sadistic nun mentioned in her mother's diary, known only as Lucifer. The investigation is quickly hampered when Cody discovers that incriminating church records have vanished; while Jack is warned to drop the case by local criminal, Bill Cassell. As the diary reveals the depth of Lucifer's brutality, Jack discovers a 50-year-old family secret that leads him to the nun's identity, and an unexpected connection to the recent deaths of two brothers, the sons of local patriarch Brendan Flood. When Jack is threatened by Cassell, he is forced to hand over the diary. Realising that it is the only piece of evidence which could lead him to Lucifer, and remembering that he promised Maggie that he would guard it with his life, he sets out to get it back – with tragic consequences. Kate is forced to once again suppress evidence from the crime scene in order to ensure Jack's freedom – but will he discover the link between the cases before the killer strikes again?
Series 2 (2013)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
4
1 "The Dramatist" Stuart Orme Marcus Fleming 3 March 2013 (2013-03-03)
Seven months after his mother's stroke, and continuing on his path of sobriety and healthier living, Jack is called on to investigate the death of a female university student, Sarah Bradley, who has fallen from a roof while dressed in theatre costume. A ring of paper around her wrist contains an apparent suicide note written in her blood, and Gardaí assume the death to be drug related. Jack is hired by university professor Eugene Gorman to investigate the case, suspecting that the girl was murdered. Jack sends Cody undercover, posing as a university student, to gather information on Bradley's fellow students, as well as one particularly suspicious tutor, Professor Doyle. Meanwhile, Kate has a new boss, DS Griffin, who is overseeing her promotion into a detective. Griffin, however, is less than pleased with Kate's association with Jack and warns him to stay clear of Kate – and the investigation. When a second girl is found dead in similar circumstances, the owner of a local bookshop, who deals in heroin, becomes prime suspect.
5
2 "Priest" Stuart Orme Marteinn Thorisson 10 March 2013 (2013-03-10)
Jack is hired by Father Malachy to investigate the death of a priest, Father Royce, who has been beheaded. He discovers the cleric abused two boys, Michael Clare and Tom Reed, several years earlier. Shortly after interviewing Tom Reed, he is found dead in the bath of a suspected heroin overdose. Jack initially suspects that Reed may have been targeted by a relative of a young boy whom he raped ten years ago, but when he finds a note identical to the one left at the scene of Father Royce's murder, he suspects that Reed met his fate at the hands of the same killer. Upon checking Reed's bank statements, Jack discovers he was receiving regular payments of £2,000 from an unknown account. As Clare's behaviour continues to become more and more erratic, Jack discovers that he was responsible for the rape that Reed was convicted of. As Jack begins to drift back into his old ways, and discovers more of his own demons, Cody decides to do a little covert digging of his own – but it leads him right into the path of the killer.
6
3 "Shot Down" Stuart Orme Marteinn Thorisson 1 December 2013 (2013-12-01)
Riddled with guilt after Cody's shooting, Jack leaves Galway, and after six months on the road, finds himself in Dublin. Whilst meeting with a client one evening to provide him with some surveillance photos, Jack finds a young girl, Rosie, covered in blood, who claims to have witnessed her mother being murdered. Her mother, Sinead Mangan, is later found dead with a shotgun wound to the head. Moving himself into the local traveller community, Jack becomes embroiled in a long-standing feud between the Kelly and Mangan families. As he tries to help Rosie recall the events of the tragic night, he discovers that Rosie's father, Eddie, is connected to well known Dublin crime kingpin Bridie Hannigan. But when Eddie is later murdered in an arson attack, Jack realises that Rosie may have been the intended victim. When Rosie disappears, Jack manages to track her down to a deserted workshop in the Dublin hills. With a little help from Kate, he finally manages to get her to open up – but it's not long before the killer comes calling.
Series 3 (2016)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
7
1 "Blood Cross" Stuart Orme Marteinn Thorisson 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)
A young man is found crucified, and Kate asks Jack to meet with the victim's mother, who is not satisfied with the direction of the police inquiry. Cody is moving to Boston with Sheena. Darragh, Kate's cousin, becomes Jack's assistant. Kate has a medical issue. Original title was "Cross".
8
2 "Nemesis" Stuart Orme Marteinn Thorisson 24 November 2016 (2016-11-24)
A troubled young man is kidnapped, seemingly for ransom from his wealthy parents, who have hired for the case a cocky London investigator (Christopher Fulford). When the victim's severed finger is separately sent to his girlfriend, she approaches Jack for help – even though the man and Jack have some very murky shared history. In the meantime, Kate has to face a personal struggle of her own. Original title was "Headstone".
9
3 "In Purgatory" Charlie McCarthy Marteinn Thorisson 1 December 2016 (2016-12-01)
While still dealing with the fallout from the previous episode's events, both Jack and Kate become involved with investigating the murder of a young intern who worked at the Irish branch of a large American game software company.
Reception[edit]
Bernice Harrison of The Irish Times gave the first film, The Guards, a mixed reception.
Stylishly filmed by director of photography John Conroy, its cool, contemporary atmosphere was spoiled by the corny device of periodically giving Taylor a voiceover, improbably turning the ex-guard in Galway with a drink problem into an old-style gumshoe in a film noir. Perhaps if it had been just an hour long instead of feature-length, director Stuart Orme would have insisted on a tighter script, been sharper with his edits and made a better drama. The book deserved it and grizzly Jack Taylor is a strong enough character to hang it – or for that matter, a series – on.[3]
She was far less positive about the following two films in 2011, finding Glen's Irish accent to be unconvincing.
TV3 is showing two more Jack Taylor investigations...and they are even worse than The Guards...The dramas are a mostly German production – filmed partially in Bremen, which may or may not look like Galway – and there's a touch of the Oirish about the whole thing, and not just because Taylor's weapon of choice is a hurley. Glenn [sic], who in The Guards couldn't quite settle on an accent, has now decided to channel Clint Eastwood: his voice is a husky American-tinged drawl that wouldn't have gone down too well in Templemore.[11]
Keith Watson of Metro felt The Guards had several problems, but that Glen had rescued it.
Sidestepping gumshoe cliché, Glen gave Taylor a world-weary charisma that lifted him above the odd story he found himself in from failure. A mixed-up yarn involving a dodgy old artist mate, a spot of under-age sex, a femme fatale and some sideswipes at the state of the Irish economy, the plot buckled under its baffling lack of logic. But Glen, peering at the world through Taylor's boozed-up eyes, lent the action a credibility and mystery it scarcely deserved.[12]
David Jenkins of Time Out was more positive about The Guards, although he felt there was nothing new in the storyline.
It's all very clichéd, from the wiseacre patter to the generic chase scene through a strangely empty warehouse. But who's complaining when the clichés are thrown together with this much tenderness and panache?[13]
David Stephenson of the UK's Daily Express praised the episode's opening sequence.
The first few minutes of this new feature-length drama confirmed in my mind that I was going to enjoy the next 90 minutes. For a start it began with a car chase after Jack had taken a requisite large slug of booze.[14]
Reviewing The Pikemen following its British television debut, the Radio Times's David Butcher was generally positive, praising Glen for his portrayal of the central character.
It's not the paciest of crime thrillers but Iain Glen makes Jack the kind of doleful, rugged character you want to keep watching and the story has the right kind of rough edges.[15]
Phil Harrison of Time Out called the second film, "surprisingly enjoyable", but echoed Jenkins's concerns about plot. "[T]he familiar scenarios are at least played out with appropriate relish and conviction and Glen's excellently gnarly in the lead. Daft, grimy fun."[16]
Reviewing the DVD release of the first three films, The Independent's Ben Walsh gave it three out of five stars, saying Iain Glen "convinces as damaged Jack Taylor, an alcoholic former cop who now works as a Galway gumshoe."[17]
In March 2013, The Guardian's Laura Barnett spoke to a real-life private investigator from UK Private Investigators who had a mixed opinion of the series. Tim Burchell of UK Private Investigators told Barnett:
The first time I tried to watch this, I turned it off after 20 minutes. I just couldn't stand all the cliches: the heavy-drinking, loner ex-cop. That's not who I am at all [...] I enjoyed it much more the second time. It does show all the groundwork we have to put in: people think we sit and type names into Google, but we're out there, pounding the streets. And although I've never taken on a murder case, as Taylor does, missing-person cases are our bread and butter."
He also felt that such shows can give a misleading view of his occupation. "Shows like this are great entertainment, but they do give people the wrong idea."[18]
DVD releases[edit]
Lumière released the first five episodes on DVD with Dutch subtitles on 29 January 2013.[19][20] Acorn Media released the first three episodes on DVD in the UK on 4 March 2013.[21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Simon, Jane (21 February 2013). "Channel 5's Jack Taylor The Guards hurtles around at an exhausting pace". Daily Mirror. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Carter, Carol (21 February 2013). "Jack Taylor, Murder on the Victorian Railway and Meet The Izzards". Metro. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Harrison, Bernice (7 August 2010). "A sub-standard adventure". The Irish Times. The Irish Times Trust. Retrieved 1 March 2013. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Drohan, Ciara (24 November 2011). "New 'Jack Taylor' Movies Filming in Galway, Monaghan, Regan & Drea Join Cast". The Irish Film & Television Network. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Gilmore, Gearóid (28 February 2013). "Jack Taylor Returning To TV3 With Two New Instalments". The Irish Film & Television Network. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Cronin, Kevin (7 March 2013). "'Jack Taylor' investigates murder of beheaded priest in TV3 finale". The Irish Film & Television Network. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Jack Taylor: Shot Down' Filming Until 28th June". The Irish Film and Television Network. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jack Taylor: A Netflix Original : 2016 undefined 1 Season". Movies.netflix.com. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "[US] Jack Taylor (2016) After a long absence, new episodes are back of the Irish ex-cop with a drinking problem solving cases on his own. • r/NetflixBestOf". Reddit.com. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Hendry, Steve (17 February 2013). "Game of thrones star Iain Glen ditches his sword and becomes a detective". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Bernice (17 September 2011). "One forensic documentary beats two cliche-ridden cop dramas". The Irish Times. The Irish Times Trust. Retrieved 1 March 2013. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Watson, Keith (23 February 2013). "TJack Taylor got a credibility it scarcely deserved from Iain Glen". Metro. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, David (14 February 2013). "Jack Taylor: The Guards review". Time Out London. Timeout. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Stephenson, David (24 February 2013). "PI Jack is worth a shot". Daily Express. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Butcher, David (1 March 2013). "Jack Taylor | Series 1 – 2. Jack Taylor: The Pikemen". Radio Times. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Phil (22 February 2013). "Jack Taylor: The Pikemen review". Time Out London. Timeout. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Ben (22 March 2013). "DVD & Blu-ray review: Jack Taylor: Collection One". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Barnett, Laura (18 March 2013). "A private investigator's view on TV drama Jack Taylor". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ken Bruens Jack Taylor binnenkort op DVD". Crimezone.nl. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jack Taylor (DVD)". Bol.com.
Jump up ^ "Jack Taylor: Collection One (DVD)". Amazon.co.uk.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Jack Taylor show page at Channel 5 (UK)
Jack Taylor on IMDb
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List of Coronation Street actors
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Many actors have appeared in Coronation Street who have then gone on to become more notable for other work. Actors and actresses who began or spent part of their career in Coronation Street include:
Regular appearances[edit]
Amanda Barrie, who played Alma Halliwell, one-time wife of Mike Baldwin, was an early star of the British series of Carry On films, and appeared in the prison drama Bad Girls.
Vicky Binns played Molly Dobbs. She is the daughter of Diggory Compton, and wife of Tyrone Dobbs.
Chris Bisson as Vikram Desai, later the star of East Is East and a recurring star in Shameless. He currently plays Jai Sharma in Emmerdale.
Craig Charles, star of Red Dwarf and played cab-driver Lloyd Mullaney.
Boyzone star Keith Duffy played Ciaran McCarthy, a barman in The Rovers Return.
Peter Duncan, who went on to present Blue Peter and become the UK's chief scout, played Christopher Cullen in the mid-1970s.
Roy Hudd played Audrey Roberts' close friend - and professional undertaker - Archie Shuttleworth from 2002 to 2003, who assisted Audrey in trying to bring down the Street's serial killer, Richard Hillman.
Sue Johnston, best known for her roles as Sheila Grant in Brookside and Barb Royle in The Royle Family, played Mrs. Chadwick in 1982. She returned to the show in 2012 to play regular Gloria Price until 2014.
Ben Kingsley, who portrayed Mahatma Gandhi in Richard Attenborough's biographical film Gandhi, appeared from 1966-1967 as Ron Jenkins.
Arthur Lowe, who starred as Captain Mainwaring in Dad's Army appeared for several years as Leonard Swindley, taking the character into the spin-off sitcom Pardon The Expression.
Helene Palmer, as Ida Clough from 1978 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 1998.[1]
Adam Rickitt who had played Nick Tilsley went to New Zealand to star on the soap opera, Shortland Street.
Linus Roache, son of William Roache (Ken Barlow) who played Peter Barlow in the early 1970s and went on to star in the film Priest. He returned in 2010 playing the guest role of Lawrence Cunningham.
William Russell, regular companion in Doctor Who as Rita Sullivan's second husband Ted Sullivan in 1992.
Michael Sheard who played Mr. Bronson in Grange Hill appeared as Arthur Dabner in 1989.
Elisabeth Sladen, who went on to genre fame as Sarah Jane Smith in Doctor Who, played Anita Reynolds in 1970.
Debra Stephenson, star of ITV prison drama Bad Girls played Frankie Baldwin from 2004 to 2006.
Bradley Walsh, comedian, once half of a comedy duo with Joe Pasquale, played Danny Baldwin, Mike Baldwin's "nephew" who later found out he was his son. Is now famous for presenting popular gameshow, The Chase.
Kenneth Cope, best known for playing Marty Hopkirk in Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), appeared as Jed Stone, a.k.a. "Sonny Jim", Minnie Caldwell's gaolbird lodger throughout the early 1960s.
Short-term appearances[edit]
Honor Blackman played Rula Romanoff, an ageing wife-swapper who wanted to swap with Norris and Rita, in 2004.
Music star Cliff Richard appeared in a scene, but he had his back to the camera. The main characteristics of him in the scene, which was shot in the Rovers, were black hair, and a jumper which had the words 'Rock and Roll' across it.
Graham Fellows, the comedian-pop star who created the fictional personae Jilted John and John Shuttleworth, had a cameo role in one episode and later returned as truck driver Les Charlton, a regular at Gail's cafe.
Davy Jones of the Monkees made an appearance before he became famous in 1961 (and again in 1972) as Ena Sharples's grandson Colin Lomax.
Farnworth comedian Peter Kay played a shopfitter in 1997 and made a cameo appearance over two episodes in January 2004 as Eric Gartside, a man who went on a date with Shelley Unwin.
Joanna Lumley of Absolutely Fabulous and The New Avengers played Elaine Perkins, a girlfriend of Ken Barlow, in 1973.
Bill Maynard, better known as Greengrass on Heartbeat, appeared as song agent Micky Malone when Ena Sharples's songs were being stolen and sold by Stan Ogden.[2]
Ian McKellen starred in 10 episodes in 2005 as con-merchant 'novelist' Melvin Hutchwright.
Peter Noone of Herman's Hermits played Stanley Fairclough in 1961.[3]
Norman Wisdom, comedian, played fitness fanatic Ernie Crabbe in one episode in 2004.
Patricia Routledge, better known as Hyacinth Bucket in the BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances, appeared in 1961 as Sylvia Snape.
Zöe Lucker, who played Tanya Turner in Footballers' Wives, played Sonia Leach in 1996.
Prunella Scales, best known as Sybil Fawlty in Fawlty Towers, played bus conductress Eileen Hughes in 1961.
Martin Shaw, who played Doyle in the ITV action series The Professionals, played hippy Robert Croft in 1968.
Joanne Whalley, who starred in the acclaimed BBC dramas Edge of Darkness and The Singing Detective before a Hollywood career beckoned, played Pamela Graham in 1974.
Laurence Olivier once offered to take part in a scene on the Street, acting alongside Jean Alexander, whom he admitted was his favourite actress on the programme. However, scheduling conflicts between the Street and the film Marathon Man denied him the chance to act on his favourite TV programme.[4] Michael Crawford and Robbie Williams have both appeared as extras, drinking in the bar of the Rovers.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thursby, Keith (2011-01-13). "Corrie star bows out". Bridlington Free Press. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
Jump up ^ Nown, Graham ed.(1985). Coronation Street 1960-1985: 25 years, CBC Enterprises, 1986. ISBN 0-88794-231-8 photo with brief description of cameo role p203.
Jump up ^ Nown, Graham ed.(1985). Coronation Street 1960-1985: 25 years, CBC Enterprises, 1986. ISBN 0-88794-231-8 photo with brief description of cameo role p209.
Jump up ^ William Roache (2010). 50 Years on the Street: My Life with Ken Barlow. Mainstream Publishing. p. 121.
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Conscription in the United Kingdom
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Conscription
Military service
National service
Conscription crisis
Conscientious objector
Alternative civilian service
Conscription by country
v
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Conscription in the United Kingdom has existed for two periods in modern times. The first was from 1916 to 1920, the second from 1939 to 1960, with the last conscripted soldiers leaving the service in 1963. Known as Military Service from 1916 to 1920, the system of conscription from 1939 to 1960 was called National Service, but between 1939 and 1948, it was often referred to as "war service" in documents relating to National Insurance and pension provision.
Contents
[hide]
1 First World War
2 Second World War
3 After 1945
4 British Overseas Territories
5 Support for reintroduction of conscription
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
First World War[edit]
See also: Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War
Conscription during the First World War began when the British government passed the Military Service Act in 1916. The act specified that single men aged 18 to 40 years old were liable to be called up for military service unless they were widowed with children or ministers of a religion. There was a system of Military Service Tribunals to adjudicate upon claims for exemption upon the grounds of performing civilian work of national importance, domestic hardship, health, and conscientious objection. The law went through several changes before the war ended. Married men were exempt in the original Act, although this was changed in June 1916. The age limit was also eventually raised to 51 years old. Recognition of work of national importance also diminished, and in the last year of the war there was some support for the conscription of clergy.[1] Conscription lasted until mid-1919.
Due to the political situation in Ireland, conscription was never applied there; only in England, Scotland and Wales.
Second World War[edit]
World War II poster from the United Kingdom
Conscription legislation lapsed in 1920. However, as a result of the deteriorating international situation and the rise of Nazi Germany, Leslie Hore-Belisha, Secretary of State for War, persuaded the cabinet of Neville Chamberlain to introduce a limited form of conscription on 27 April 1939, with the Military Training Act being passed the following month. Only single men 20 to 22 years old were liable to be called up, and they were to be known as "militiamen" to distinguish them from the regular army. To emphasise this distinction, each man was issued with a suit in addition to a uniform. The intention was for the first intake to undergo six months of basic training before being discharged into an active reserve. They would then be recalled for short training periods and attend an annual camp.
At the outbreak of war, on 3 September 1939, the Military Training Act was overtaken by the National Service (Armed Forces) Act, and the first intake was absorbed into the army. This act imposed a liability to conscription of all men 18 to 41 years old. Men could be rejected for medical reasons, and those engaged in vital industries or occupations were "reserved" at a particular age beyond which no one in that job would be enlisted. For example, lighthouse keepers were "reserved" at 18 years old. From 1943, some conscripts were directed into the British coal mining industry and become known as the "Bevin Boys". Provision was also made for conscientious objectors, who were required to justify their position to a tribunal, with power to allocate the applicant to one of three categories: unconditional exemption; exemption conditional upon performing specified civilian work (frequently farming, forestry or menial hospital work); exemption from only combatant service, meaning that the objector had to serve in the specially created Non-Combatant Corps or in some other non-combatant unit such as the Royal Army Medical Corps.
By 1942 all male British subjects between 18 and 51 years old and all females 20 to 30 years old resident in Britain were liable to be called up, with some exemptions:
British subjects from outside Britain and the Isle of Man who had lived in the country for less than two years
Police, medical and prison workers
Northern Ireland
Students
Persons employed by the government of any country of the British Empire except the United Kingdom
Clergy of any denomination
Those who were blind or had mental disorders
Married women
Women who had one or more children 14 years old or younger living with them. This included their own children, legitimate or illegitimate, stepchildren, and adopted children, as long as the child was adopted before 18 December 1941.
Pregnant women were not exempted, but in practice were not called up.[2]
Men under 20 years old were initially not liable to be sent overseas, but this exemption was lifted by 1942. People called up before they were 51 years old but who reached their 51st birthday during their service were liable to serve until the end of the war. People who had retired, resigned or been dismissed from the forces before the war were liable to be called back if they had not reached 51 years of age.
Britain did not completely demobilise in 1945, as conscription continued after the war. Those already in the armed forces were given a release class determined by length of service and age. In practice, releases began in June 1945, and the last of the wartime conscripts had been released by 1949. However, urgently needed men, particularly those in the building trades, were released in 1945, although some restrictions on their immediate employment were supposed to be enforced. All women were released at the end of the war.
After 1945[edit]
National Service (1939–1960) memorial at the National Memorial Arboretum
National Service as peacetime conscription was formulated by the National Service Act 1948. From 1 January 1949, healthy males 17 to 21 years old were expected to serve in the armed forces for 18 months, and remain on the reserve list for four years. They could be recalled to their units for up to 20 days for no more than three occasions during these four years. Men were exempt from National Service if they worked in one of the three "essential services": coal mining, farming and the merchant navy for a period of eight years. If they quit early, they were subject to being called up. Exemption continued for conscientious objectors, with the same tribunal system and categories.
In October 1950, in response to the British involvement in the Korean War, the service period was extended to two years; in compensation, the reserve period was reduced by six months. National Servicemen who showed promise could be commissioned as officers. National Service personnel were used in combat operations, including the Malayan Emergency, the Cyprus Emergency, in Kenya against the Mau Mau Uprising, and the Korean War, where conscripts to the Gloucestershire Regiment took part in the last stand during the Battle of the Imjin River. In addition, National Servicemen served in the Suez Crisis in 1956.
During the 1950s there was a prohibition on serving members of the armed forces standing for election to parliament. A few National Servicemen stood for election in the 1951 and 1955 general elections in order to be dismissed from service.[3]
National Service ended gradually from 1957.[4] It was decided that those born on or after 1 October 1939 would not be required, but conscription continued for those born earlier whose call-up had been delayed for any reason.[5] In November 1960 the last men entered service, as call-ups formally ended on 31 December 1960, and the last National Servicemen left the armed forces in May 1963.[6]
British Overseas Territories[edit]
Bermuda Regiment recruits clean their Ruger Mini-14/20GB rifles prior to a shoot at Warwick Camp during the 1994 Recruit Camp.
Currently, the British overseas territory of Bermuda practises conscription. Recruitment into the part-time military reserves in Bermuda (from 1895; service in the old Bermuda Militia, as in that in England and Wales, had been compulsory for all able-bodied, military-aged males) had originally followed the practices in England for the militia, in which soldiers voluntarily enlisted for six years, and in the later Volunteer Force, in which part-time soldiers served voluntarily and could quit their service with 14 days' notice, except while embodied for training, war, or national emergency. The Militia, Volunteer force, and Yeomanry were merged into the Territorial Force (later renamed the Territorial Army) in Britain in 1907, with the introduction of terms of service (specific lengths of service for which volunteers enlisted), but this did not occur in Bermuda until the 1920s. Conscription into the Bermuda Militia Artillery and the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps was discussed during the First World War, but had not been put into place before the cessation of hostilities. It was introduced during the Second World War, with conscripts serving full-time for the duration in the BMA, BVRC, the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers, or the Bermuda Militia Infantry. Those unable to serve full-time were directed into the Bermuda Home Guard. Although conscription ended with the war, a shortfall of volunteers led to its reintroduction to the BVRC in 1957 and the BMA in 1960. Since the two units were amalgamated in 1965, conscription has been retained, making the Bermuda Regiment the only conscripted force still serving under the British Crown. Conscription is for three years of part-time service, with the terms of service otherwise identical to those which originally applied to Territorial soldiers in Britain (with a basic service requirement of one drill night per week, one weekend camp per month, and one two-week annual camp per year, not including embodiment for active service. Service is for home defence purposes, and soldiers cannot be compelled to serve in overseas campaigns).
Support for reintroduction of conscription[edit]
In 2015 Prince Harry made a call for bringing back conscription. [7][8][9] Following the launch of his 2009 film Harry Brown, English actor Michael Caine called for the reintroduction of national service in the UK to give young people "a sense of belonging rather than a sense of violence".[10]
In popular culture[edit]
Film and TV
The following productions have content inspired by British conscription or National Service:
Down Among the Z Men (1952) featuring The Goon Show comics.
Queen and Country (2014) Character undergoes National Service training prior to Korean war.
Privates (2013) Mini-series about soldiers at an Army base.
Father Brown, Series 3, The Sign of the Broken Sword. (2013) Crime-drama set on a 1950s Army base.
Bad Lads Army (2002-06) Reality TV series.
The Krays (1990) Barrack room scene.
Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers (1977) Based on the novel of the same name.
Get Some In (1975-78) TV sitcom set in an RAF base.
The Virgin Soldiers (1969) Based on the novel of the same name.
Idol on Parade (1959) Character undergoes two years National Service.
Carry On Sergeant (1958) Comedy.
The Army Game (1957-61) TV sitcom contemporary with National Service.
Private's Progress (1956) Film.
Literature
Baxter, D; Two Years to Do, 1954. - Memoir.
Camp, W; Idol on Parade, 1958. Fiction.
Ions, E; Call to Arms: Interlude with the Military, 1972. - Memoir.
Lodge, D; Ginger, You're Barmy, 1962. - Fiction.
Thomas, L; The Virgin Soldiers, 1966. - Fiction.
Thomas, L; Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers, 1975. Fiction.
Weston, P; A Stranger to Khaki: Memoir of a National Service Officer, 1997.
See also[edit]
Military service
Recruit training
Alternative service
Class Z Reserve
Court-martial
Demobilisation of the British Armed Forces after the Second World War
Impressment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chelmsford, J. E. "Clergy and Man-Power", The Times 15 April 1918, p. 12
Jump up ^ Simkin, John (August 2014). "Conscription". Spartacus Educational.
Jump up ^ The British General Election of 1951: Candidates and Parties, John Williams
Jump up ^ Ministerial statement reported in The Times, Thursday, Apr 18, 1957; pg. 4; Issue 53819; col E "Defense Policy Approved/ Conscription To End With 1939 Class"
Jump up ^ National Service (RAF) Association
Jump up ^ Imperial War Museum. "What was National Service?". archive.iwm.org.UK. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3084790/Harry-happy-warrior-Bring-national-service-says-Prince-reveals-encourage-George-Charlotte-join-Armed-Forces.html/
Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-harry/11610690/Prince-Harry-calls-to-bring-back-National-Service.html/
Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/royals/prince-harry-throws-his-support-behind-national-service-and-reveals-he-is-happy-being-single/news-story/e6bd94dcb07f9f11b528330318802481/
Jump up ^ "Put Young People In The Army, Says Caine". 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
Further reading[edit]
Broad, R; Conscription in Britain 1939-64, 2006.
Broad, R; The Radical General: Sir Robert Adam and Britain's New Model Army, 2013.
Carradice, P; The Call Up,2016.
Chambers, P; (ed), Called Up, 1955.
Coates, B; National Service Fifty Years On,2014.
Doyle, P; National Service, 2012.
Hickman, T; The Call Up: A History of National Service 1947-1963, 2004.
Johnson, B.S; All Bull: The National Servicemen, 1973.
McCutcheon, C; (ed), The National Serviceman's Handbook, 2007.
Paul, E; National Service, 2012
Pollard, R; You and the Call Up, 1942.
Royle, T; National Service: The Best Years of Their Lives, 2002.
Shindler, C; National Service, 2012.
Thorne, T; Brasso, Blanco and Bull, 2012.
Vinen, R; National Service: A Generation in Uniform, 2014
External links[edit]
British Armed Forces National Service Stories
British Armed Forces National Service Stories – Bill Wyman
National Service Memoirs
Parliamentary Archives: WW1 Conscription
BBC History – Conscription Introduced
BBC History – The Peacetime Conscripts: National Service in the Post-war Years
BBC History – WW2 People's War – Fact File : Reserved Occupations
[hide]
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Conscription in Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
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Privileges or Immunities Clause
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Not to be confused with the related Privileges and Immunities Clause.
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The Privileges or Immunities Clause is Amendment XIV, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution. Along with the rest of the Fourteenth Amendment, this clause became part of the Constitution on July 9, 1868.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text of the clause
2 Drafting and adoption
3 Interpretation after adoption
3.1 Pre-Slaughter-House
3.2 Slaughter-House
3.3 Post-Slaughter-House
4 Redundancy issues
5 Right to travel
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Text of the clause[edit]
The clause states:
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States....
Drafting and adoption[edit]
The primary author of the Privileges or Immunities Clause was Congressman John Bingham of Ohio. The common historical view is that Bingham's primary inspiration, at least for his initial prototype of this Clause, was the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article Four of the United States Constitution,[1][2] which provided that "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States".
On February 3, 1866, the Joint Committee on Reconstruction (also known as the "Joint Committee of Fifteen") voted in favor of a draft constitutional amendment proposed by Bingham.[3] The draft constitutional amendment provided:
The Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper to secure to the citizens of each state all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states....
This language closely tracked the existing language in the Privileges and Immunities Clause. On February 28, 1866, Bingham expressed his opinion that this draft language would give Congress power to "secure to the citizens of each State all the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States in the several States", and he added that, "The proposition pending before the House is simply a proposition to arm the Congress…with the power to enforce the bill of rights as it stands in the constitution today. It hath that extent—no more…If the State laws do not interfere, those immunities follow under the Constitution”.[4]
Subsequently, on April 28, 1866, the Joint Committee of Fifteen voted in favor of a second draft proposed by Congressman Bingham, which would ultimately be adopted into the Constitution. The Joint Committee no longer tracked the existing language in Article Four as the Committee had previously done. On May 10, 1866, in the closing debate on the House floor, Bingham nevertheless quoted Article IV:
Contrary to the express letter of your Constitution, cruel and unusual punishments have been inflicted under State laws within this Union upon citizens, not only for crimes committed, but for sacred duty done, for which and against which the Government of the United States had provided no remedy and could provide none. Sir, the words of the Constitution that ‘the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states’ include, among other privileges, the right to bear true allegiance to the Constitution and the laws of the United States, and to be protected in life, liberty, and property.[5]
The Fourteenth Amendment was approved by the House later that day. Michigan Senator Jacob M. Howard introduced the amendment in the Senate, and gave a speech in which he discussed the meaning of this clause.[6] Howard noted that the U.S. Supreme Court had never squarely addressed the meaning of the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article IV, which therefore made the effect of the new Privileges or Immunities Clause somewhat uncertain.[7]
Congress gave final approval to the Privileges or Immunities Clause when the House proposed the Fourteenth Amendment to the states for ratification on June 13, 1866. There was much discussion of this proposed clause as the amendment awaited ratification by the states. For example, according to a November 15, 1866 pseudonymous letter published in the New York Times:[8]
"[N]o State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States." This is intended for the enforcement of the Second Section of the Fourth Article of the Constitution, which declares that "the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of the citizens in the several States."
The clause, together with the rest of the Fourteenth Amendment, became part of the Constitution in July 1868.
Interpretation after adoption[edit]
Many judges and scholars have interpreted this clause, and the Slaughter-House Cases decided in 1873 have thus far been the most influential.
Pre-Slaughter-House[edit]
On January 30, 1871, the House Judiciary Committee, led by John Bingham, released a House Report No. 22, interpreting the Fourteenth’s privileges or immunities this way:[9]
The clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States,” does not, in the opinion of the committee, refer to privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States other than those privileges and immunities embraced in the original text of the Constitution, article four, section two. The Fourteenth Amendment, it is believed, did not add to the privileges or immunities before mentioned, but was deemed necessary for the enforcement as an express limitation upon the powers of the States. It had been judicially determined that the first Eight Amendments of the Constitution were not limitations on the power of the States, and it was apprehended that the same might be held of the provision of the second section, fourth article.
Shortly thereafter, on March 31, 1871, Bingham elaborated:
I hope the gentleman now knows why I changed the form of the amendment of February, 1866. Mr. Speaker, that the scope and meaning of the limitations imposed by the first section, fourteenth amendment of the Constitution may be more fully understood, permit me to say that the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, as contradistinguished from citizens of a State, are chiefly defined in the first eight amendments to the Constitution of the United States.[10]
One of the earliest judicial interpretations of the Privileges or Immunities Clause was Garnes v. McCann, Ohio Sup. Ct., in 1871. In it Judge John Day interpreted the clause to protect enumerated constitutional rights such as those listed in the Bill of Rights, but not unenumerated common-law civil rights. He wrote:
This [case] involves the equity as to what privileges or immunities are embraced in the inhibition of this clause. We are not aware that this has been as yet judicially settled. The language of the clause, however, taken in connection with other provisions of the amendment, and of the constitution of which it forms a part, affords strong reasons for believing that it includes only such privileges or immunities as are derived from, or recognized by, the constitution of the United States. A broader interpretation opens into a field of conjecture limitless as the range of speculative theories, and might work such limitations of the power of the States to manage and regulate their local institutions and affairs as were never contemplated by the amendment.[11]
Slaughter-House[edit]
The Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is unique among constitutional provisions in that some scholars believe it was substantially read out of the Constitution in a 5–4 decision of the Supreme Court in the Slaughter-House Cases of 1873.[12] The Clause has remained virtually dormant since, but in 2010 this clause was the basis for the fifth and deciding vote in the case of McDonald v. Chicago, regarding application of the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution to the states.
In the Slaughter-House Cases the court recognized two types of citizenship. The rights citizens have by being citizens of the United States are covered under the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the 14th Amendment, while the rights citizens have by being citizens of a state fall under the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article Four.
The Supreme Court did not prevent application of the Bill of Rights to the states via the Privileges or Immunities Clause in Slaughter-House, but rather addressed whether a state monopoly statute violated the natural right of a person to do business and engage in his trade or vocation. In other words, no provision of the Bill of Rights was at issue in that case, nor any other right that followed under the U.S. Constitution.
In obiter dicta, Justice Miller's opinion in Slaughter-House went so far as to acknowledge that the privileges or immunities of a citizen of the United States include at least some rights listed in the first eight amendments: "The right to peaceably assemble and petition for redress of grievances...are rights of the citizen guaranteed by the Federal Constitution". The Privileges or Immunities Clause was perhaps originally intended to incorporate the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights against the state governments, while also incorporating other constitutional rights against the state governments such as the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. However, that incorporation has instead been achieved mostly by means of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Post-Slaughter-House[edit]
In the 1947 case of Adamson v. California, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black argued in his dissent that the framers intended the Privileges or Immunities Clause to apply the Bill of Rights against the states. Black argued that the framers' intent should control the Court's interpretation of the 14th Amendment, and he attached a lengthy appendix that quoted extensively from John Bingham's congressional statements.[13] However, Black's position on the Privileges or Immunities Clause fell one vote short of a majority in the Adamson case.
Legal scholars disagree about the precise meaning of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, although there are some aspects that are less controversial than others. William Van Alstyne has characterized the coverage of the Privileges or Immunities Clause this way:[14]
Each [citizen] was given the same constitutional immunity from abridging acts of state government as each was already recognized to possess from abridgment by Congress. What was previously forbidden only to Congress to do was, by the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, made equally forbidden to any state.
Roger Pilon of the Cato Institute has said that the meaning of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment depends upon the meaning of its counterpart in Article IV: the Privileges and Immunities Clause. Pilon further urges that the Article IV Clause should be reinterpreted as protecting a wide variety of natural rights, despite "its more recent history of interpretation or enforcement".[15]
On the other hand, Kurt Lash of the University of Illinois College of Law has argued that, at the time of the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, the privileges and immunities of "citizens of the United States" as referred to in the Fourteenth Amendment were understood as a class distinct from the privileges and immunities of "Citizens in the several States" as referred to in Article IV. Under this interpretation of the Privileges or Immunities Clause as an "antebellum term of art", Slaughter-House is consistent with the original meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment.[16]
Like Roger Pilon, some of the framers of the Privileges or Immunities Clause anticipated that it could protect (from state infringement) a broad range of rights far exceeding what had been enumerated in the Bill of Rights. However, as Pilon notes, that was often because of their interpretation of the Privileges and Immunities Clause in the original unamended Constitution. Regarding that interpretation of the older clause, Justice Clarence Thomas has noted that the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment realized the Supreme Court had not yet "undertaken to define either the nature or extent of the privileges and immunities" in the original unamended Constitution.[17] The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment left that matter of interpretation in the hands of the judiciary.
In the 2010 case of McDonald v. Chicago, Justice Thomas, while concurring with the majority in declaring the Second Amendment applicable to state and local governments, declared that he had reached the same conclusion only through the Privileges or Immunities Clause. Legal scholar Randy Barnett argues that since no other justice, either in majority or dissent, attempted to question his rationale, this constitutes a revival of the Privileges or Immunities Clause.[18]
Redundancy issues[edit]
One of the arguments against interpreting the Privileges or Immunities Clause as a requirement that the states comply with the Bill of Rights has been that such an interpretation would render the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment redundant, due to the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause.
Although constitutional scholars such as Raoul Berger have raised this question, Akhil Amar argues that the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted to extend the due process right not only to citizens, but to all other persons as well, which required a separate Due Process Clause. [19] The Fifth Amendment refers to "persons" and not "citizens" within its text, but it would only be incorporated by the Privileges or Immunities Clause as to citizens. An alternative or additional rationale for explicitly including the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment is that the Privileges or Immunities Clause only forbids states from making or enforcing laws, and therefore does not bar states from harming people outside the legal process.
Another redundancy issue is posed by an interpretation of the Privileges or Immunities Clause that views it as simply a guarantee of equality. Proponents of that interpretation acknowledge that, "the natural response to this approach is to say that ... any equality-based reading of the clause is redundant because the Equal Protection Clause provides the necessary ground and more". [20]
Right to travel[edit]
The right of citizens to travel from one state to another was already protected by the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the original, unamended Constitution;[21] even in Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court had already ruled that the Clause protected "the right to enter any other State whenever they [citizens] pleased, singly or in companies, without pass or passport, and without obstruction, to sojourn there as long as they pleased, to go where they pleased at any hour of the day or night without molestation," but no African-American could have this right.[22] Moreover, the right to travel has additional components, such as the right to take up residence and become a citizen of a different state. The Fourteenth Amendment's Citizenship Clause addresses residency: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside".
In the 1999 case of Saenz v. Roe, Justice John Paul Stevens, writing for the majority, said that the "right to travel" also has a component protected by the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment:[17]
Despite fundamentally differing views concerning the coverage of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, most notably expressed in the majority and dissenting opinions in the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), it has always been common ground that this Clause protects the third component of the right to travel. Writing for the majority in the Slaughter-House Cases, Justice Miller explained that one of the privileges conferred by this Clause "is that a citizen of the United States can, of his own volition, become a citizen of any State of the Union by a bona fide residence therein, with the same rights as other citizens of that State."
Justice Samuel Freeman Miller had written in the Slaughter-House Cases that the right to become a citizen of a state by residing in the state "is conferred by the very article under consideration".[12]
See also[edit]
Oyama v. California, 332 U.S. 633 (1948).
McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010) [Justice Thomas' concurrence]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt T. (2011). "The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Part II: John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment". Georgetown Law Journal. 99: 329. SSRN 1561183  .
Jump up ^ Berger, Raoul (1997) [First published 1977]. "Chapter 3: The "privileges Or Immunities of a Citizen of the United States"". Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. Preliminarily it will be useful to pull together a few strands that tie the privileges or immunities of §1 to the specific enumeration of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. There is first the correspondence to the Civil Rights Bill's "civil rights and immunities," "privileges" being narrower than "civil rights," which had been deleted at Bingham’s insistence. Second, Chairman Trumbull explained that the Bill had been patterned on the "privileges and immunities" of Article IV, §2, and its construction by Justice Washington. Third, in introducing the prototype of §1, Bingham said that the "privileges or immunities" had been drawn from Article IV; fourth, Senator Howard similarly referred back to the Article. Speaking after Howard, Senator Luke P. Poland stated that §1 "secures nothing beyond what was intended by" the original privileges and immunities provision. More important is the all but universal identification of §1 with the Civil Rights Act.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Michael Kent (1986). No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights. Duke University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8223-0599-2.
Jump up ^ Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., 1088, 1095 (1866).
Jump up ^ Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., 2542 (1866); the first of these two sentences was quoted in Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46, 92-118 (1947)
Jump up ^ Senator Jacob Howard, Speech Introducing the Fourteenth Amendment, Speech Delivered in the U.S. Senate, May 23, 1866" via Yale University. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
Jump up ^ On May 23, 1866. Howard said: "It would be a curious question to solve what are the privileges and immunities of citizens of each of the States in the several States. . . . I am not aware that the Supreme Court have ever undertaken to define either the nature or extent of the privileges and immunities thus guarantied. . . . But we may gather some intimation of what probably will be the opinion of the judiciary by referring to . . . Corfield vs. Coryell . . . , 4 Washington's Circuit Court Reports, page 380." This comment by Howard was quoted by Justice Hugo Black in Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46 (1947).
Jump up ^ Letter from "Madison", New York Times (November 15, 1866). This was the second of several parts by "Madison", and in the first part that author took a broad view of the rights already guaranteed by the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article IV — rights with which Madison said "states cannot constitutionally interfere" according to his understanding of the Privileges and Immunities Clause. "Madison", New York Times (November 10, 1866). Madison also cited the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford as persuasive authority regarding the inability of states to make people citizens of the United States. Id.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Michael Kent. No State Shall Abridge, the 14th Amendment and the Bill of Rights, p. 168 (Duke Univ. Press 1986).
Jump up ^ Curtis, Michael Kent. "Bill of Rights as a Limitation on State Authority: A Reply to Professor Berger", 16 Wake Forest L. Rev. 45 (1980). Bingham's full speech is here in the Congressional Globe.
Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt (May 5, 2014). "Defining American privileges and immunities". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b In Re Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (1872)
Jump up ^ Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46, 92-118 (1947)
Jump up ^ Van Alstyne, William. The Second Amendment and the Personal Right to Arms, 43 Duke L.J. 1236-1255 (1994)
Jump up ^ Shankman, Kimberly and Pilon, Roger. Reviving the Privileges or Immunities Clause to Redress the Balance Among States, Individuals, and the Federal Government Cato Policy Analysis No. 326 (1998)
Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt T. The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Part I: 'Privileges and Immunities' as an Antebellum Term of Art [1] (2009)
^ Jump up to: a b Saenz v. Roe, 526 U.S. 489 (1999). Several analyses of the Privileges or Immunities Clause were noted by Justice Thomas in the Saenz case, including these:
Currie, David. The Constitution in the Supreme Court 341-351 (1985) (Clause is an antidiscrimination provision)
Crosskey, William. Politics and the Constitution in the History of the United States, Volume 2, pp. 1089-1095 (1953) (Clause incorporates first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights)
Siegan, Bernard. Supreme Court's Constitution 46-71 (1987) (Clause guarantees Lockean conception of natural rights)
Ackerman, Bruce. Constitutional Politics/Constitutional Law, 99 Yale Law Journal 453, 521-536 (1989) (same)
Berger, Raoul. Government by Judiciary 30 (2d ed. 1997) (Clause forbids race discrimination with respect to rights listed in the Civil Rights Act of 1866)
Bork, Robert. The Tempting of America 166 (1990) (Clause is inscrutable and should be treated as if it had been obliterated by an ink blot)
Jump up ^ Barnett, Randy. Privileges or Immunities Clause alive again.
Jump up ^ Amar, Akhil. The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment, 101 Yale Law Journal 1193, 1224-1225 (1992).
Jump up ^ Harrison, John. Reconstructing the Privileges or Immunities Clause, 101 Yale Law Journal 1385, 1418 (1992).
Jump up ^ Paul v. Virginia, 75 U.S. 168 (1868): "it gives them the right of free ingress into other States, and egress from them."
Jump up ^ 60 U.S. 393, 417 (1857).
External links[edit]
Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, 1866.
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Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
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value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

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value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

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Language settings
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