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Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
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Jammu and Kashmir
Princely State
1846–1952
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir from 1936
Coat of arms
Map of Kashmir
Capital Not specified
Religion Hinduism (privileged), Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism
Government Absolute Monarchy
Historical era New Imperialism
• Princely state of British India 1846
• technically independent 15 Aug 1947
• First Kashmir War (cession of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) 22 Oct 1947
• Accession to Indian Union 26 Oct 1947
• Monarchy abolished 1952
Preceded by Succeeded by
Sikh Empire
Trakhàn dynasty
Jammu & Kashmir
Azad Kashmir
Gilgit–Baltistan
Today part of India, Pakistan and China
Jammu and Kashmir was, from 1846 until 1952, a princely state of the British Empire in India and ruled by a Jamwal Rajput Dogra Dynasty.[1] The state was created in 1846 from the territories previously under Sikh Empire after the First Anglo-Sikh War. The East India Company annexed the Kashmir Valley,[2] Jammu, Ladakh, and Gilgit-Baltistan from the Sikhs, and then transferred it to Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu in return for an indemnity payment of 7,500,000 Nanakshahee Rupees.
At the time of the British withdrawal from India, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to become independent and remain neutral between the successor dominions of India and Pakistan.[3] However, an uprising in the western districts of the State followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, supported by Pakistan, put an end to his plans for independence. On 26 October 1947, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession joining the Dominion of India in return for military aid.[4] The western and northern districts presently known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan, while the remaining territory became the Indian state Jammu and Kashmir.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Establishment
1.1 Jammu State
1.2 Gulab Singh
1.3 Acquisition of Ladakh
1.4 Anglo-Sikh War
1.5 Creation of Jammu and Kashmir
1.6 Territorial adjustments
1.7 Gilgit
2 Rulers
3 Administration
3.1 Prime Ministers
4 Geography
4.1 Transport
4.2 Flooding
5 Demographics
6 End of the princely state
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
Establishment[edit]
Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
Jammu State[edit]
The Dogra state in Jammu was established by Dhruv Dev, of the Jamuwal (Jamwal) family, during the declining years of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century. The Jammu state then asserted its supremacy among the 'Dugar' states to the south of the Kashmir Valley. Its ascent reached its peak under Dhruv Dev's successor Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.[6][7]. Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh Misls (misls) gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by the Bhangi, Kanhaiya and Sukerchakia misls. Around 1770, the Bhangi misl attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, his successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia Misl under Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country.[8]
In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the son of Mahan Singh.[9]
Gulab Singh[edit]
Gulab Singh, the founder and the first Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu & Kashmir.
Gulab Singh, Dhruv Dev's direct descendant, was 16 years old when Jammu was annexed to the Sikh Empire. Gulab Singh and his two brothers, Dhyan Singh and Suchet Singh, went on to enrol with the Sikh forces. Gulab Singh soon distinguished himself in battle, and was awarded a Jagir near Jammu. He was also allowed to keep an independent force. After the conquest of Kishtwar (1821) and the subjugation of Rajouri, he was made a hereditary Raja of Jammu in 1822, with an annual allowance of 300,000 rupees. Ranjit Singh personally installed him as the Raja of Jammu. His brother Dhyan Singh received Poonch and Suchet Singh Ramnagar. Thus the Jammu state was reestablished after a gap of 20 years under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire, Gulab Singh proceeded to regain its preeminence among the hill states.[10][11]
By 1827, Gulab Singh brought under his control all the principalities lying between Kashmir and Jammu.[12] Dhyan Singh became the Lord Chamberlain and, later, Prime Minister for Ranjit Singh. Gulab Singh acquired fame in the Sikh court as a warrior and an able manager of the State's affairs.[13]
Acquisition of Ladakh[edit]
Through the conquest of Kishtwar, the Jammu state gained control of two of the roads which lead into Ladakh. Although there were huge difficulties due to the mountains and glaciers, Gulab Singh's Dogra troop under the command of general Zorawar Singh Kahluria conquered the whole of Buddhist Ladakh in two campaigns.[14] A few years later, in 1840, Zorawar Singh invaded Baltistan, captured the Raja of Skardu, who had sided with the Ladakhis, and annexed his country to Gulab Singh's kingdom. Thus, whether by policy or accident, Gulab Singh's dominions encircled Kashmir by 1840.[14]
Anglo-Sikh War[edit]
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh court fell into anarchy and palace intrigues took over. Gulab Singh's brothers Dhyan Singh and Suchet Singh as well as his nephew Hira Singh were murdered in the struggles. His eldest son, Udham Singh, also died in the process. Gulab Singh was careful to disassociate himself from the intrigues and focused on managing his Jagir and expanding his influence in the territories surrounding Kashmir.[15] Nevertheless, in early 1845, the Sikh Darbar marched on Jammu to seek the "reputed treasures" of Gulab Singh and demanded a fine of 30 million Nanakshahee rupees on the grounds that he had supported Hira Singh. But Gulab Singh used his battle skills as well as diplomacy to turn the Sikh troops in his favour and escaped with a payment of about 7 million rupees. He was however forced to surrender his second nephew Jawahir Singh, heir to Dhyan Singh, who was soon imprisoned by the Sikh Darbar.[16][17]
On the eve of the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846), the relations between Gulab Singh and the Sikh Darbar were severely strained. Robert Huttenback states that Gulab Singh, as well as the British East India Company, had anticipated that the Sikh power would collapse after the death of Ranjit Singh and Gulab Singh positioned himself to become an independent ruler in due course.[18] He also maintained friendly relations with the East India Company and had no intention of jeopardising them for the sake of the anarchic Sikh Darbar. On the other hand, The Sikh army had no trust in any of the Sikh commanders in Lahore and asked for Gulab Singh to lead them. This, Gulab Singh refused to do. He counselled alliance with the British instead, and pursued his own communications with the British, seeking reassurance that his Jagirs would not be disturbed.[19]
When the Sikh campaign was going badly, Gulab Singh arrived in Lahore and he was installed as the Prime Minister on 31 January 1846. He continued his criticism of the war and opened negotiations with the British. His conduct as the Prime Minister of the Sikh Government was duplicitous and contributed to a Sikh defeat. [20] During the negotiations, the British were appreciative of Gulab Singh's non-involvement in the war and offered to make him an independent ruler along with Kashmir added to his domains. According to K. M. Panikkar, Gulab Singh refused the offer, stating that he was negotiating on behalf of the Sikhs and could not accept offers in his own interest.[21]
However, the British made their own arrangement by demanding from the Sikhs the territories between Sutlej and Beas and a war indemnity of 15 million Nanakshahee rupees. These were agreed to by Gulab Singh and the Sikh delegation, forming the basis for the Treaty of Lahore.[22]
Creation of Jammu and Kashmir[edit]
Indus river and tributaries
Flag of J&K (1846–1936)
Flag of Maharaja of J&K (1846–1936)
Following the agreement with the British, the Sikh Darbar accused Gulab Singh of duplicity and stripped him of the Prime Ministership. The new Prime Minister, Lal Singh, offered Gulab Singh's own territories to the British in lieu of the war indemnity, signalling a complete break with Gulab Singh. The British, however, demanded the entire hill territory between Beas and the Indus in lieu of the indemnity, which included the Kashmir Valley and Hazara in addition to Gulab Singh's dominions. This was agreed. Having accepted the territory, the British then transferred it to Gulab Singh in the Treaty of Amritsar a week later, in return for a payment of 7.5 million rupees (half the indemnity demanded from the Sikhs). The British as well as the Sikh Empire recognized him as an independent Maharaja.[23]
Lahore however instructed its governor of Kashmir, Sheikh Imam Uddin, to resist the hand-over of Kashmir. Gulab Singh's emissary Wazir Lakhpat was killed by the Sikh army in Kashmir. Gulab Singh also faced rebellions in the provinces of Rajouri and Rampur. Beset by all sides, Gulab Singh appealed to the British to implement its treaty obligations. Subsequently, a combined force from Lahore, the British and the Dogras arrived in Kashmir and acquired the surrender of Kashmir. Wazir Lal Singh of the Sikh Darbar was dismissed for inciting rebellions. Gulab Singh entered Srinagar on 9 November 1846 as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.[24][25]
Territorial adjustments[edit]
Following a rebellion in Hazara, Gulab Singh asked for an exchange of Hazara for other territories. Consequently, Hazara was transferred back to Lahore and Gulab Singh received Kathua and Suchetgarh and part of Minawar in exchange. In 1847, Sujanpur and part of Pathankot were handed over to the British in lieu of pensions to disinherited hill chiefs.[26]
The sons of Dhyan Singh, Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh, put forward a claim to Poonch, on the grounds that it was the Jagir of their father, and to Jasrota, which was earlier a Jagir of their brother Hira Singh. After negotiation, the British granted them Chalayar and Watala as Jagirs with the title of Raja. They were to give the Maharaja Gulab Singh a horse with gold trappings every year and consult him on matters of importance. In 1852, Poonch was granted to Moti Singh as a Jagir on the same conditions.[27]
The Raja of the Chamba State (which became part of Gulab Singh's territories by the Treaty of Amritsar) put forward a claim that Bhadarwah was a Jagir granted to him by the Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Since the situation was anomalous, the British let Bhadarwah be retained by Gulab Singh but allowed Chamba to be separated in a subsidiary alliance with the British Government.[28]
The settlement of the boundary between Ladakh and Tibet was carried out by Alexander Cunningham with the assistance of Henry Strachey and Dr. Thomson in 1847. Thus the present borders of Jammu and Kashmir were finalised.[29]
Gilgit[edit]
Map of the Jammu and Kashmir state, Edward Stanford Ltd., 1885
Not long afterwards the Rajah of Hunza attacked Gilgit and defeated Gulab Singh's forces under the command of Nathu Shah. Gilgit fort was occupied by the Rajah of Hunza, along with Punial, Yasin, and Darel. Gulab Singh then sent two columns, one from Astore and one from Baltistan, which recovered Gilgit after some fighting. However, in 1852, the Dogras at Gilgit were annihilated by Gaur Rahman of Yasin, and for eight years, the Indus River formed the northern boundary of the Maharaja's territories.[30]
After Gulab Singh's death 1857, his successor, Ranbir Singh, loyally sided with the British in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. When Kashmir had recovered from the strain of the Rebellion, Ranbir Singh proceeded to recover Gilgit and to expand the frontier. In 1860 a force under Devi Singh crossed the Indus, and advanced on Gaur Rahman's fortress at Gilgit. Gaur Rahman had died just before the arrival of the Dogras, and Gilgit was taken.[30] Gilgit was not the last frontier, however. [31]Ranbir attempted to conquer Yasin and Punial, but failed due to lack of funds. Gilgit and Astore were nevertheless acquired and remained under the Dogra control until the partition of India in 1947, although the territory was leased to the British in later years.[32]
Ranbir Singh, although tolerant of other creeds, lacked his father's strong will and determination, and his control over the State officials was weak. The later part of his life was darkened by the dreadful famine in Kashmir, 1877–1879. In September 1885, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Pratap Singh.[30]
Pratap Singh defeated the ruler of Chitral in 1891, and forced Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state.[33]
Rulers[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)
S.no
Name
Reign
1. Gulab Singh 1846–1857
2. Ranbir Singh 1857–1885
3. Pratap Singh 1885–1925
4. Hari Singh 1925–1948
5. Karan Singh (Prince Regent) 1948–1952
Administration[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)
According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:[34][35]
Jammu province: Districts of Jammu, Jasrota (Kathua), Udhampur, Reasi and Mirpur.
Kashmir province: Districts of Kashmir South (Anantnag), Kashmir North (Baramulla) and Muzaffarabad.
Frontier districts: Wazarats of Ladakh and Gilgit.
Internal jagirs: Poonch, Bhaderwah and Chenani.
In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:[34]
Ladakh wazarat: Tehsils of Leh, Skardu and Kargil.
Gilgit wazarat: Tehsils of Gilgit and Astore
Frontier illaqas: Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh-Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar, Chilas.
Prime Ministers[edit]
#
Name
Took Office
Left Office
1 Raja Hari Singh 1925 1927
2 Sir Albion Banerjee January, 1927 March, 1929
3 G. E. C. Wakefield 1929 1931
4 Hari Krishan Kaul[36] 1931 1932
5 Elliot James Dowell Colvin[36] 1932 1936
6 Sir Barjor J. Dalal 1936 1936
7 Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 1936 July, 1943
8 Kailash Narain Haksar July, 1943 February, 1944
9 Sir B. N. Rau February, 1944 28 June 1945
10 Ram Chandra Kak 28 June 1945 11 August 1947
11 Janak Singh 11 August 1947 15 October 1947
12 Mehr Chand Mahajan 15 October 1947 5 March 1948
13 Sheikh Abdullah 5 March 1948 9 August 1953
Geography[edit]
1909 map showing Kashmir
The area of the state extended from 32° 17' to 36° 58' N and from 73° 26' to 80° 30' E.[37] Jammu was the southernmost part of the state and was adjacent to the Punjab districts of Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, and Gurdaspur. There is a fringe of level land along the Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This is known as the Kandi, the home of the Chibs and the Dogras. To travel north, a range of mountains 8,000 feet (2,400 m) high must be climbed.
This is a temperate country with forests of oak, rhododendron, chestnut, and higher up, of deodar and pine, a country of uplands, such as Bhadarwah and Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab river. The steps of the Himalayan range, known as the Pir Panjal, lead to the second story, on which rests the valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.[37]
Steeper parts of the Himalayas lead to Astore and Baltistan on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract drained by the river Indus. To the northwest, lies Gilgit, west and north of the Indus. The whole area is shadowed by a wall of giant mountains that run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the Hindu Kush, leading to the Pamirs and the Chinese dominions past Rakaposhi (25,561 ft), along the Muztagh range past K2 (Godwin-Austen Glacier, 28,265 feet), Gasherbrum and Masherbrum (28,100 and 28,561 feet (8,705 m) respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the Kunlun Mountains. Westward of the northern angle above Hunza and Nagar, the maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan territory.[37]
Transport[edit]
There used to be a route from Kohala to Leh; it was possible to travel from Rawalpindi via Kohala and over the Kohala Bridge into Kashmir. The route from Kohala to Srinagar was a cart-road 132 miles (212 km) in length. From Kohala to Baramulla the road was close to the River Jhelum. At Muzaffarabad the Kishenganga River joins the Jhelum and at this point the road from Abbottabad and Garhi Habibullah meet the Kashmir route. The road carried heavy traffic and required expensive maintenance by the authorities to repair.[38]
Flooding[edit]
In 1893, after 52 hours of continuous rain, very serious flooding took place in the Jhelum valley and much damage was done to Srinagar. The floods of 1903 were much more severe, a great disaster.[39]
Demographics[edit]
The state of Jammu and Kashmir combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities.[40] In the British census of India of 1941, Jammu and Kashmir registered a Muslim majority population of 77%, a Hindu population of 20% and a sparse population of Buddhists and Sikhs comprising the remaining 3%.[41] The total Muslim population in the State was over 31 lacs (3,100,000).[42]
The 1941 Census reported that most of the Muslims in the Jammu Province and its Jagirs were closely connected with the tribes of the Punjab and were of the same original stock as the Hindu elements of Jammu's population; with the Gujjars being an important element. Among Jammu Province's population the ethnic makeup was composed of Arains, Jats, Sudhans, Gujjars and Rajputs etc.[43]
The Muslims living in the southern part of the Kashmir Province (Baramulla and Anantnag districts) were of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and were designated as Kashmiri Muslims. The population of the Muzaffarabad District was partly Kashmiri Muslim, partly Gujjar and the rest were of the same stock as the tribes of the neighbouring Punjab and North West Frontier Province (NWFP). The 1921 Census report stated that Kashmiri Muslims were sub-divided into numerous sub-castes such as Bat, Dar, Wain etc.[44] The 1921 Census report stated that Kashmiri Muslims formed 31% of the Muslim population of the entire princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.[45]
The Muslims of the Ladakh District were mostly Mongolian (Baltis) by race. In Astore and the various illaqas of the Gilgit Agency the population mostly consisted of Dards.[42]
Muslims in the Kashmir Valley are predominantly Sunni, as is the case among Jammu's Muslims. However, nearly all Muslims in Ladakh are Shia.[46]
End of the princely state[edit]
Main articles: Kashmir conflict, 1947 Poonch rebellion, and Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
In 1947, Britain gave up its rule of India. The Indian Independence Act divided British India into two independent states, the Dominion of Pakistan and Dominion of India. According to the Act, "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States."[47] So each of the princely states was now free to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Most of the princes acceded to one or the other of the two nations.
Maharaja Hari Singh wanted his state to remain independent, joining neither Pakistan nor India but maintaining friendly relations with both. For this reason, he offered a standstill agreement to both the countries. Pakistan immediately accepted the offer, even though no actual agreement was ever executed. India requested a representative to be sent for discussions.[33][48] At any event, the agreement with Pakistan soon came unstuck as Pakistan imposed an economic blockade on the state in early September, stopping essential supplies and trade in timber and produce, resulting in heated exchanges between the two governments. The state turned to India for help, which started air-lifting essential items like salt and kerosene.[49]
The Maharaja also faced a rebellion in Poonch and Pakistan started arming the rebels. On 22 October, it launched a full-blown invasion of the state using Pashtun tribes with an intent to take the capital Srinagar. Unable to withstand the invasion, the Maharaja requested India for military assistance. India agreed to airlift troops under three conditions:
The Maharaja must accede to India.
He should democratise the internal administration of the state and frame a new constitution along the Mysore model.
He should take the National Conference leader Sheikh Abdullah into government and make him responsible for it along with the prime minister.[50]
The Mahraaja accepted the conditions and signed the Instrument of Accession in favour of India on 26–27 October. Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the Head of Emergency Administration to run the affairs in Kashmir while the Maharaja himself withdrew to Jammu.
The Instrument was accepted by the Governor-General the next day, 27 October. With the signature of the Maharaja and the acceptance by the Governor-General, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of the Dominion of India. Indian troops landed at Srinagar airport in Kashmir on 27 October and secured the airport before proceeding to evict the invaders from the Kashmir Valley.
The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, thus came under Indian suzerainty on 27 October 1947, with the western and northern portions ((Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) having passed to Pakistan's control. Later in 1948, The Maharaja appointed Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister and his son Karan Singh as the Prince Regent to act on his behalf. Jammu and Kashmir operated as a princely state under Indian control until 1952.
After the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir was elected in 1952, it passed a resolution supporting the abolition of monarchy. Via the 1952 Delhi Agreement, the Government of India conceded the wishes of the state's people and the monarchy was abolished. Prince Karan Singh then accepted the post of Sadar-i-Riyasat (constitutional Head of State).[51][52][53]
See also[edit]
The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Azad Kashmir
Kashmir conflict
Kashmir region
List of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jerath, Ashok (1998). Dogra Legends of Art and Culture, p. 22
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
Jump up ^ Mehr Chand Mahajan (1963). Looking Back. Bombay: Asia Publishing House. p. 162. ISBN 978-81-241-0194-0.
Jump up ^ "Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News".
Jump up ^ Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–37. ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
Jump up ^ Jeratha, Dogra Legends of Art & Culture 1998, p. 187.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 10–12.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 15–16.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 14-34.
Jump up ^ Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State 1961, p. 478.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 40-41.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kashmir and Jammu" Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, Chapters III, IV.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 65-72.
Jump up ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State 1961, p. 479.
Jump up ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971, pp. 39-43.
Jump up ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971, pp. 46-50.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 96-97.
Jump up ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971, pp. 51-52.
Jump up ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971, pp. 52-53.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 118-119.
Jump up ^ Major, Return to Empire 1981, pp. 135-137.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 119-120.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 121-123.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 120-121.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Kashmir and Jammu". Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 96.
Jump up ^ "The DOGRA Rule". krishnamehta.net. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
Jump up ^ Amar Singh Chohan (1997). Gilgit Agency 1877-1935. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
^ Jump up to: a b Victoria Schofield (2000). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unending War. I. B. Tauris.
^ Jump up to: a b Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013), Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers, Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 29–32, ISBN 978-1-935501-76-3
Jump up ^ Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931-34", Pacific Affairs, 54 (2): 228–259, JSTOR 2757363
^ Jump up to: a b c "Kashmir and Jammu" Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 72.
Jump up ^ "Kashmir and Jammu" Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 79.
Jump up ^ "Kashmir and Jammu" Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 89
Jump up ^ Bowers, Paul. 2004. "Kashmir". Research Paper 4/28, International Affairs and Defence, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom. Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, pp. 15–17
^ Jump up to: a b Census of India, 1941. VOLUME XXII. p. 9.
Jump up ^ Anant, Ram; Raina, Hira Nand (1933). Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part I: Report. p. 316. Retrieved 12 January 2017. Kashmiri Muslim.-The community occupies the fore-most position in the State having 1,352,822 members. The various sub-castes that are labelled under the general head Kashmiri Muslim are given in the Imperial Table. The most important sub-castes from the statistical point of view are the Bat, the Dar, the Ganai, the Khan, the Lon, the Malik, the Mir, the Pare, the Rather, Shah, Sheikh and Wain. They are mostly found in the Kashmir Province and Udhampur district of the Jammu Province.
Jump up ^ Mohamed, C K. Census of India, 1921. Vol. XXII: Kashmir. Part I: Report. p. 150. Retrieved 9 January 2017. The Kashmiri Musalmans are sub-divided into numerous sub-castes such as Dar, Bat, Wain, etc.
Jump up ^ Mohamed, C K. Census of India, 1921. Vol. XXII: Kashmir. Part I: Report. p. 147. Retrieved 9 January 2017. The bulk of the population in Group I is furnished by the Kashmiri Musalmans (796,804), who form more than 31 per cent of the total Musalman population of the State. The Kashmiri Musalman is essentially an agriculturist by profession, but his contribution to the trade and industry of the Kashmir Province is by no means negligible.
Jump up ^ Christopher Snedden (2015). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7.
Jump up ^ Indian Independence Act 1947 (c.30) Archived 15 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Revised Statute from the UK Statute Law Database
Jump up ^ Birdwood, Two Nations and Kashmir 1956, pp. 45.
Jump up ^ Birdwood, Two Nations and Kashmir 1956, pp. 46.
Jump up ^ Mahajan, Looking Back 1963, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (2010), pp. 221–222.
Jump up ^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (2012), pp. 185, 196–200.
Jump up ^ Noorani, Article 370 (2011), pp. 8–9.
Bibliography[edit]
Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, ISBN 8131708462
Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012), Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6
Birdwood, Lord (1956), Two Nations and Kashmir, R. Hale
Huttenback, Robert A. (1961), "Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh" (PDF), The Journal of Asian Studies, 20 (4): 477–488, doi:10.2307/2049956, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2016
Mahajan, Mehr Chand (1963), Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India, Asia Publishing House
Major, Andrew J. (1996), Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century Limited, New Delhi: Sterling Publisers, ISBN 81-207-1806-2
Major, Andrew J. (1981), Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century, Australian National University
Noorani, A. G. (2011), Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-807408-3, (Subscription required (help))
Panikkar, K. M. (1930). Gulab Singh. London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd.
Raghavan, Srinath (2010), War and Peace in Modern India, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 101–, ISBN 978-1-137-00737-7
Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850656614
Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983
Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War", Modern Asian Studies, 5 (1): 35–59, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00002845, JSTOR 311654
This article incorporates text from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, a publication now in the public domain.
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Castleford
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Castleford
Castleford
Castleford shown within West Yorkshire
Population
40,210 (Wards. Castleford Central and Glasshoughton, Whitwood and Ferry Fryston)
OS grid reference
SE424244
• London
160 mi (260 km) SSE
Metropolitan borough
City of Wakefield
Metropolitan county
West Yorkshire
Region
Yorkshire and the Humber
Country
England
Sovereign state
United Kingdom
Post town
CASTLEFORD
Postcode district
WF10
Dialling code
01977
Police
West Yorkshire
Fire
West Yorkshire
Ambulance
Yorkshire
EU Parliament
Yorkshire and the Humber
UK Parliament
Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
53°42′58″N 1°21′22″W / 53.716°N 1.356°W / 53.716; -1.356Coordinates: 53°42′58″N 1°21′22″W / 53.716°N 1.356°W / 53.716; -1.356
Castleford is a town in the metropolitan borough of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It had a population of 40,210 at the 2011 Census.[1][2][3] Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to the north of the town centre the River Calder joins the River Aire and the Aire and Calder Navigation.
The town is the site of a Roman settlement. Within the historical Castleford Borough are the suburbs of Airedale, Cutsyke, Ferry Fryston, Fryston Village, Glasshoughton, Half Acres, Hightown, Lock Lane, Wheldale and Whitwood.
Castleford is home to the rugby league Super League team Castleford Tigers.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Economy
3 Governance
4 Amenities and entertainment
5 Media
6 Transport
7 Education
8 Sport
9 Geography
10 Notable people
11 See also
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links
History[edit]
Castleford’s history dates back to Roman times, archaeological evidence points to modern day Castleford being built upon a Roman army settlement which was called Lagentium (thought to mean 'The Place of the Swordsmen').[4] Roman funeral urns have been found in modern-day Castleford, giving further evidence to this theory.[5] A Roman milestone was unearthed in Beancroft Road, now believed to be in Leeds City Museum.[6]
Queen’s Park in Castleford provides evidence of Roundhouses used by the Anglo Saxons. This was a strategic area due to the views of the entire settlement. The history of the area includes Oliver Cromwell’s encampment in nearby Knottingley and Ferrybridge (originally thought to be in Castleford itself) whilst his forces laid siege to Pontefract Castle.[7]
All Saints' Church
In the 19th century, Castleford became a boomtown with the population growing from 1,000 to 14,000 as collieries opened around the town; however, these collieries closed in the 20th century. Ferrybridge Power Station and Kellingley Colliery have also closed (in 2015 and 2016 respectively) and used to employ Castleford residents.[8][9] The newer warehouses and distribution centres in Glasshoughton have brought in many new jobs to the area.[10]
In 2008 Grand Designs presenter Kevin McCloud and Channel 4 led a community regeneration scheme to redevelop Castleford.[11]
In February 2017 Castleford Swimming Pool was permanently closed by the Labour run Wakefield Metropolitan District Council.
Economy[edit]
Carlton Street is Castleford's main shopping street.
Burberry, the retailer and designer label, has a factory in the town which is due to close when a new facility is built in Leeds.[12] The new plant will be a combination of the Castleford and Cross Hills plants, but the Brexit vote has stalled the decision, though Burberry insist it will go ahead.[13] A large Nestlé factory, which produced Toffee Crisp and After Eights for 40 years,[14] closed in 2012 and demolition starting in 2014 to make way for housing.[15] Castleford has previously been home to Dunsford and Wesley Textiles, which at peak business times had three factories in Castleford which have all since ceased production.
Governance[edit]
Castleford Civic Centre
Castleford was established as an urban district, in the administrative county of the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894, with an urban district council. Whitwood and Glasshoughton were added to the district in the 1930s. The urban district was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1955.
Following the Local Government Act 1972, the municipal borough was abolished on 1 April 1974, it then became an unparished area of the City of Wakefield, a metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire. Castleford is now controlled by Wakefield Council. Three electoral wards cover the town: Airedale and Ferry Fryston; Altofts and Whitwood; and Castleford Central and Glasshoughton.
Castleford is a major Labour stronghold.[16]
Amenities and entertainment[edit]
Xscape in Glasshoughton, Castleford
Carlton Lanes shopping centre
The town contains a Junction 32 multi-store centre and the Xscape Leisure Complex, both in the Glasshoughton suburb at the south of the town. In Xscape is Snozone, which used to have Britain’s largest indoor real snow slope (but this was edged out by Chillfactore in Manchester)[17] and contains Frankie & Benny's and Nando's restaurants.[18] Castleford has an open and an indoor market, a shopping centre on Carlton Street, a retail park, and Asda, Morrisons, and Co-operative supermarkets.
Entry to Castleford Forum Museum
In December 2013 the Forum, a library and art museum, opened in a new building. The town's library had been in temporary accommodation for two years while the old site was redeveloped. The existing frontage was kept, while the building further back was demolished. A new three-floor building was then constructed.[19]
The town centre has public houses, bars, and working men's clubs, although the number of these has declined in recent years[when?] with leisure becoming focused on the Xscape complex. In 2000 three nightclubs were situated in the town centre. Today this has reduced to one, with a further nightclub operating at Xscape.[citation needed]
Media[edit]
Ridings FM is Castleford's local radio station, Launched in 1999, The station can be heard in the town on 106.8 FM. Ridings FM broadcasts to the wider Wakefield District and has a close relationship with the community and is actively involved in local charities fundraising efforts.
Transport[edit]
Castleford is only 0.93 miles (1.5 km) away from the M62 at Junction 32 via the A656 road. It has other A roads that criss-cross the town and provide access to Junction 31 on the same motorway.[20]
The River Aire and the River Calder have a confluence just north west of the town and also feed the Aire and Calder Navigation. Whilst it is an industrial waterway, it also hosts tourism with moorings on the Castleford Cut of the Navigation.[21]
The town has a railway station on the Hallam and Pontefract lines. All trains arrive from the west and leave in that same direction.[22] Trains used to go eastwards to York via Burton Salmon, but passenger workings ceased in 1970 with the section retained for freight workings only.[23] Castleford also had a second service to Leeds that left eastwards and swung north onto the former Castleford to Garforth Line, which would see services calling at Ledston & Kippax, before arriving in Garforth and continuing to Leeds.[24] In 2016, a new £6 million bus station was opened adjacent to the railway station to allow an integrated travel site for the 12,000 people using the bus station per day.[25]
The towns Glasshoughton area is served by its own railway station.
Education[edit]
Wakefield College, Castleford Campus
The town's primary schools for infants and children are Wheldon Infant School, Castleford Park Junior, Smawthorne Henry Moore, Airedale Juniors, Oyster Park Primary, Fairburn View Primary, Three Lane Ends Academy, Acton Pastures and Half Acres. The town's secondary schools for children aged 11–16 are Castleford Academy and Airedale Academy. The town has a small further and higher education college on the Castleford Campus of Wakefield College in Glasshoughton.[26]
Sport[edit]
Rugby League
Wheldon Road
Castleford is a rugby league town. The local team, Castleford Tigers was formed in 1926, Castleford was one of the twelve founder members of Super League when the new league format was introduced in 1996. The 'Tigers' nickname and logo were introduced in 1992 and the clubs honours include four Challenge Cup and one Super League leaders shield.
The club have been based at Wheldon Road since 1927. Castleford also has two other lower league rugby league teams, Castleford Lock Lane and Castleford Panthers.
Rugby league in the town was originally represented by Castleford, unrelated to Castleford RUFC, who did not participate in The schism in English rugby and still exist, nor were they predecessors of the current Castleford Tigers who were founded in 1926. The original Castleford rugby league club played in the Northern Union (Rugby Football League) from 1896–97 to 1905–06,[27] and it had one player named Isaac Cole who won a cap for England in 1906 against Other Nationalities.[28]
Motorcycle sport
From June 1979 to July 1980, Castleford had its own Speedway racing team, The Kings, based at the Castleford Whitwood Stadium. The circuit was 202 yards and the team never entered the league – only challenge matches were staged.
Football
Glasshoughton Welfare play in the Northern Counties East League, Fryston Colliery Welfare were members of this league until they left in 1991 due to ground grading problems. In the 1920s Castleford Town played in the Midland League alongside clubs such as Doncaster Rovers, Chesterfield, Scunthorpe United, Halifax Town, Leeds United (for 1919–20 season only), Lincoln City and Mansfield Town. This league also contained the reserve sides of Sheffield Wednesday, Barnsley, Nottingham Forest, Grimsby Town and Hull City. In 1920 Castleford reached the 2nd round of the FA Cup, losing 2–3 at Bradford Park Avenue. Castleford played at Wheldon Road – when they shut down the ground was taken over by the rugby league team.
Greyhound racing
Castleford hosted two greyhound tracks both of which are no longer in existence. The first was in Whitwood and held racing from 1939 until 2001.[29]
Main article: Castleford Whitwood Stadium
The second track was the slightly larger 1,500 capacity Castleford Sports Stadium located east of Lock Lane sitting on the bank of the River Aire. Originally the football stadium used by Castleford Town F.C. and Castleford Tigers during the 1920s (also known as the Sandy Desert ground) it is believed to have hosted greyhounds from 1939 until 1950. It remained as an independent track meaning no affiliation to the National Greyhound Racing Club. It became a sports ground by 1960 and today has been redeveoped into the Castleford Lock Lane Sports Centre [30]
Rugby Union
Castleford Rugby Union Football Club
Geography[edit]
[show]
Places adjacent to Castleford
Garforth
Normanton
Castleford
Knottingley
Pontefract
Notable people[edit]
Henry Moore, sculptor who was born and educated in the town.[31]
Viv Nicholson, born in Castleford and became famous after she and her husband won the football pools in the early 1960s. On winning £152,000 (£3.5 million in 2015), Nicholson claimed that she would "Spend, spend, spend."[32]
Peter Robinson, crime writer famous for his Detective Inspector Banks novels, set in the Yorkshire Dales.[33]
See also[edit]
Trinity Methodist Church, Castleford
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "City of Wakefield Ward population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Castleford Ferry Fryston (ward)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Castleford Whitwood (ward)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roman Castleford" (PDF). Wakefield.gov.uk. p. 16. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Historic England. "Castleford Roman Fort (54328)". PastScape. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roman Castleford" (PDF). Wakefield.gov.uk. p. 7. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Early History". Knottingleyonline. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Last Kellingley coal miners will receive severance pay". BBC News. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ferrybridge C Power Station officially closes after 50 years". BBC News. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Anyone who expected quick and cheap regeneration was deluding themselves'". The Yorkshire Post. 15 March 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Brown. Maggie (2008). The Guardian. Kevin McCloud and the Big Town Plan: a heroic failure?.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Sam (14 November 2015). "'End of an era' as Castleford Burberry factory to close". Pontefract & Castleford Express. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Butler, Sarah (14 July 2016). "Burberry puts new Leeds factory on pause". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Treanor, Jill (10 December 2010). "40 years and billions of mints later, Nestlé to close After Eight factory". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "1,000 new homes planned at former Hickson and Nestle sites". Pontefract & Castleford Express. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Election 2015: Labour keep stronghold in Wakefield". Yorkshire Evening Post. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Homepage". Chillfactore.com. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Centre Map". xscapeyorkshire.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Homepage". Friends of Castleford Library. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "105" (Map). York & Selby (C ed.). 1:50,000. Landranger. Ordnance Survey. 2014. ISBN 9780319262030.
Jump up ^ "Castleford Cut". Waterside Mooring. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Williams, Michael (2015). "8. In the company of ghosts in Britain's spookiest service". The Trains Now Departed. London: Arrow Books. pp. 159–160. ISBN 9780099590583.
Jump up ^ "Church Fenton". Disused Stations. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Castleford to Garforth". Lost railways of West Yorkshire. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Castleford Bus Station now open". WYMetro. February 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Castleford Campus". wakefield.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Raymond Fletcher; David Howes (1995). Rothmans Rugby League Yearbook 1995–1996. London: Headline Book Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 0-7472-7817-2.
Jump up ^ "England Statistics at englandrl.co.uk". englandrl. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Licenced Tracks". Greyhound Racing History.
Jump up ^ "Independent Tracks". Greyhound Racing History.
Jump up ^ Catlow, Richard (31 October 2011). "Vote for Yorkshire's Greatest... Creative People". Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Davies, Caroline (12 April 2015). "'Spend, spend, spend' football pools winner, Viv Nicholson, dies aged 79". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Herbert, Rosemary (2003). Whodunit? A who's who in mystery and crime writing. Oxford: University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0195157613.
Bibliography[edit]
Brown, Maggie (2008). The Guardian. Kevin McCloud and the Big Town Plan: a heroic failure?.
External links[edit]
Media related to Castleford, West Yorkshire at Wikimedia Commons
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Only Love Can Break Your Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Only Love Can Break a Heart.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
Single by Neil Young and Crazy Horse
from the album After the Gold Rush
B-side
"Birds"
Released
September 19, 1970
October 19, 1970
(U.S. 7" single)
Recorded
March 15, 1970
Genre
Folk rock[1]
Length
3:05
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Neil Young
Producer(s)
David Briggs, Neil Young
Neil Young and Crazy Horse singles chronology
"Cinnamon Girl"
(1970) "Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
(1970) "When You Dance I Can Really Love"
(1971)
"Cinnamon Girl"
(1970) "Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
(1970) "When You Dance I Can Really Love"
(1971)
After the Gold Rush track listing
"After the Gold Rush"
(2) "Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
(3) "Southern Man"
(4)
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart" is a song written by Neil Young. It has been covered by many bands, including a 1990 single by Saint Etienne.
Contents
[hide]
1 Genesis and recording
2 Saint Etienne version
3 Other cover versions
4 Chart performance
4.1 Chart successions
5 References
Genesis and recording[edit]
The song is the third track on Neil Young's album After the Gold Rush. The song was supposedly written for Graham Nash after Nash's split from Joni Mitchell,[2] though Young in interviews has been somewhat tentative in admitting or remembering this.[3] Released as a single in October 1970, it became Young's first top 40 hit as a solo artist, peaking at number 33 in the U.S.[4] The single was issued with a Crazy Horse version of "Birds" (rather than the solo piano version of the album) on the B-side, apparently accidentally.[5] The song is praised as a "seemingly simple song which display[s] considerable attention to detail in the deployment of instruments."[6]
Saint Etienne version[edit]
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
Single by Saint Etienne featuring Moira Lambert
from the album Foxbase Alpha
B-side
"The Official Saint Etienne World Cup Theme" (UK)
"Filthy" (UK reissue)
"Stoned to Say the Least" (United States)
Released
May 1990
Recorded
January 1990[7]
Genre
Alternative dance, house[8]
Length
4:29
Label
Heavenly - HVN2 / HVN12 (reissue)
Songwriter(s)
Neil Young
Producer(s)
Saint Etienne
Saint Etienne featuring Moira Lambert singles chronology
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
(1990) "Kiss and Make Up"
(1990)
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
(1990) "Kiss and Make Up"
(1990)
In 1990, English band Saint Etienne recorded a cover version of the song, included on their debut album Foxbase Alpha. The vocals are by Moira Lambert, as Sarah Cracknell had not yet joined the band as a permanent member.[9] The band recorded the song in producer Ian Catt's bedroom studio in Pollards Hill.[10] The recording, made in under two hours, got them a record deal, their first single, and their first hit.[11] Andrew Weatherall later remixed the song, further emphasising its dub bassline: this remix, subtitled "A Mix of Two Halves" (duration 8:49), was featured on both releases of the single and on the compilation Casino Classics. The U.S. and European releases contained a different extended mix by Flowered Up (duration 6:19), issued in the UK only on a flexidisc, though it was mistakenly listed as the "Mix of Two Halves". Weatherall had no involvement with this mix.
The song was re-released in the UK as a double A-side with the track "Filthy", peaking at number 39 in the UK Singles Chart. "Filthy", was later covered as "Jungle Pulse" by Etienne Daho.[12] The song remains Saint Etienne's only entry in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 97 in 1992[13]. It did, however, top the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart. The U.S. b-side to the single was the Foxbase Alpha album track "Stoned to Say the Least." In 2003, Vibe listed Masters at Work's remix of the song as one of the "Top 25 remixes ever created."[14]
Two videos were released for the single. The original version is mostly in black and white and depicts Lucy from early 90s pop trio Golden miming the vocals (Lambert refused to appear in the video).[15] The second features Cracknell miming to Lambert's vocals and depicts the band entering a cinema in a small French town where they see themselves in a movie.
Other cover versions[edit]
Jackie DeShannon sang it on her Jackie album (1972).
It is a bonus track on the re-released 1972 John Baldry album Everything Stops for Tea as a duet between Baldry and Joyce Everson.
British singer Elkie Brooks achieved a UK hit with the song in 1978, which was taken from her Shooting Star album.
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young performed the song during their Live Aid set in 1985.
British girl group The Mint Juleps released a cover of the song on Stiff Records in 1986.[16]
Psychic TV played the song on The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young in 1989.
A sampled portion of the Saint Etienne version was used in a remix for Chez Damier's 1992 single "Can You Feel It."
Everlast covered the song for the 1999 film Big Daddy.
The Corrs recorded the song for VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin in 2002; The New Rolling Stone Album Guide called their version "pretty but lightweight."[17]
Juliana Hatfield recorded the song for her 2002 collection Gold Stars 1992-2002.
Gwyneth Herbert recorded the song for her debut album Bittersweet and Blue in 2004. Her cover also appears in the film Leap Year.
The New Standards recorded the song for their eponymous album released in 2005.
Bradford Cox aka Atlas Sound covered the song for his blog in 2007.[18]
Damien Leith covered the song on his album Catch the Wind: Songs of a Generation in 2008, which reached number 1 on the ARIA Chart for Australian albums.
Nils Lofgren covered the song on his album The Loner – Nils Sings Neil, released in 2008.
Kathleen Edwards recorded the song live for her iTunes exclusive Live Session in 2008.
Butch Walker released a live version on his iTunes release, Live from Lollapalooza, in 2008.
Angie Hart sang it on her Eat My Shadow album in 2009.
The S.I.G.I.T. covered this song for their split EP Hertz Dyslexia in 2009.
Jenn Grant covered the song on her album Echoes, released in 2009.
I Blame Coco has recorded covers of both the Neil Young and Saint Etienne versions of the song. A cover of Young's version was released with Fyfe Dangerfield in 2010. A cover of the Saint Etienne version appears on the album The Constant.
In 2010, Beccy Cole recorded a version for her album, Preloved.
Rickie Lee Jones covered it on her album The Devil You Know album, released in 2012.
Ida Sand covered the song on her album Young at Heart, released in 2015.
Natalie Imbruglia covered the song on her album Male released in 2015.
Asami Zdrenka of Neon Jungle covered the Saint Etienne version as part of her A Cover Trilogy series in 2015.[19]
Florence and The Machine covered it for the B Side of their Record Store Day Release of "Delilah" in 2016.[20]
Chart performance[edit]
Artist
Chart (1970)
Peak
position
Neil Young U.S. Billboard Hot 100 33
Artist
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Saint Etienne UK Singles Chart 39
Artist
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
Saint Etienne U.S. Billboard Hot 100 97
Saint Etienne U.S. Hot Dance Club Play 1
Saint Etienne U.S. Modern Rock Tracks 11[21]
Chart successions[edit]
Preceded by
"A Deeper Love" by Civiles & Cole Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one single (Saint Etienne version)
February 15 – 22, 1992 Succeeded by
"We Got a Love Thang" by CeCe Peniston
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mason, Stewart. "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" at AllMusic. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ McDonough, Jimmy (2003). Shakey: Neil Young's Biography. Random House. pp. 339–40. ISBN 978-0-679-31193-5.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Ben (1993-06-27). "Lives of the Great Songs: Soft, strong and not very long: Only Love Can Break Your Heart: It was written by one of Crosby Stills Nash & Young, for another, and later ruined by a third. Ben Thompson compiles the second in our series of song biographies". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ Lonergan, David F. Hit records, 1950-1975. Scarecrow. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-8108-5129-0.
Jump up ^ McDonough, Jimmy (2003). Shakey: Neil Young's Biography. Random House. p. 750. ISBN 978-0-679-31193-5.
Jump up ^ Echard, William (2005). Neil Young and the poetics of energy. Indiana University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-253-21768-4.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave (2000). Alternative Rock. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 605. ISBN 978-0-879-30607-6.
Jump up ^ "Saint Etienne | Music Biography, Streaming Radio and Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
Jump up ^ Kelly, N (2009-05-30). "Pop's never-never band return to the source". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Only Love Can Break Your Heart". Saint Etienne. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
Jump up ^ Hodgkinson, Will (2008). Song Man: A Melodic Adventure, Or, My Single-Minded Approach to Songwriting. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81581-2.
Jump up ^ Warwick, Neil; Tony Brown; Jon Kutner (2004). The complete book of the British charts: singles & albums. Omnibus. p. 950. ISBN 978-1-84449-058-5.
Jump up ^ "Music: Top 100 Songs | Billboard Hot 100 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Second Time Around". Vibe. March 2003. p. 160.
Jump up ^ "Golden - Golden's Photos". Facebook. 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
Jump up ^ "The Ultimate Stiff Record". Buythehour.se. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ Brackett, Nathan; Christian David Hoard (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition. Simon and Schuster. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8.
Jump up ^ Cox, Bradford (August 13, 2007). "Atlas Sound - Only Love Can Break Your Heart (N. Young / Psychic TV Cover)". deerhunter / atlas sound / lotus plaza blog. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ "A COVER TRILOGY: Asami Zdrenka - Only Love Can Break Your Heart (Saint Etienne/Neil Young cover)". YouTube. 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Florence + The Machine". recordstoreday.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Foxbase Alpha - Saint Etienne | Awards". AllMusic. 1992-01-14. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
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[show]
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Songs about loneliness
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Song recordings produced by David Briggs (producer)
1970 songs
Reprise Records singles
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