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Kubo and the Two Strings
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Kubo and the Two Strings
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Travis Knight
Produced by
Travis Knight
Arianne Sutner
Screenplay by
Marc Haimes
Chris Butler
Story by
Shannon Tindle
Marc Haimes
Starring
Charlize Theron
Art Parkinson
Ralph Fiennes
Rooney Mara
George Takei
Matthew McConaughey
Music by
Dario Marianelli
Edited by
Christopher Murrie
Production
company
Laika
Distributed by
Focus Features
Release date
August 13, 2016 (2016-08-13) (MIFF)
August 19, 2016 (2016-08-19) (United States)
Running time
102 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$60 million[2]
Box office
$77.5 million[3]
Kubo and the Two Strings is a 2016 American 3D stop-motion fantasy film directed and produced by Travis Knight (in his directorial debut) and written by Marc Haimes and Chris Butler. It stars the voices of Charlize Theron, Art Parkinson, Ralph Fiennes, Rooney Mara, George Takei, and Matthew McConaughey. It is Laika's fourth feature film produced. The film revolves around Kubo, who wields a magical shamisen and whose left eye was stolen in infancy. Accompanied by an anthropomorphic snow monkey and beetle, he must subdue his mother's corrupted Sisters and his power-hungry grandfather Raiden (The Moon King), who stole his left eye.
Kubo premiered at Melbourne International Film Festival and was released by Focus Features in the United States on August 19 to critical acclaim and grossed $77 million worldwide against a budget of $60 million. The film won the BAFTA for Best Animated Film and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Visual Effects, becoming the second animated film ever to be nominated in the latter category following The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
5.4 Home media
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In feudal Japan, 12-year-old eyepatched Kubo tends to his ill mother Sariatu in a mountain cave near a village. He earns their living by magically manipulating origami with music from his shamisen for the village folk, telling the tale of his missing father Hanzo, a samurai warrior. Kubo is never able to finish his story, as he does not know what happened to Hanzo and Sariatu cannot recall the end due to her deteriorating mental state. Sariatu warns him not to stay out after dark as her Sisters, Karasu and Washi, and his grandfather, the Moon King (who took his eye when he was a baby) will find him and take his remaining eye.
One day, Kubo learns of the village's Bon festival allowing them to speak to deceased loved ones. Kubo attends but is angry that Hanzo does not appear from his lantern, and forgets to return home before sunset. Karasu and Washi quickly find him and attack, but Sariatu suddenly appears and uses her magic to send Kubo far away, telling him to find his father's armor.
Kubo wakes up in a distant land to find Monkey, his wooden snow monkey charm, has come alive. Monkey tells him Sariatu is gone and the village destroyed. With help of "Little Hanzo", an origami figure based on Kubo's father, they set out to find the armor. Along the way, they meet Beetle, an amnesiac samurai who was cursed to take the form of a stag beetle/human hybrid but believes himself to have been Hanzo's apprentice.
Kubo, Monkey, and Beetle reclaim the "Sword Unbreakable" from an underground cave guarded by a giant skeleton. They cross the Long Lake in a leaf boat to locate the "Breastplate Impenetrable" deep underwater. Kubo and Beetle swim down to retrieve it and encounter a sea monster, the "Garden of Eyes", who can entrance its victims with its many eyes by showing secrets. Kubo is caught in the creature's sight, but while entranced, comes to realize that Monkey is the reincarnated spirit of his mother. Beetle rescues the unconscious Kubo and obtains the Breastplate, but on returning to the boat, they find that Monkey has been badly wounded fighting and defeating Karasu.
They go to shore to recover, where Monkey explains that she and her Sisters were ordered by the Moon King to kill Hanzo, but she instead fell in love with him, and the Moon King branded her an enemy. That night, Kubo dreams of meeting Raiden, a blind elderly man, who points him towards the "Helmet Invulnerable" in Hanzo's abandoned fortress. They travel there the next day but realize too late it is a trap set by the Moon King and Washi. Washi reveals that Beetle is Hanzo, whom they cursed for taking Sariatu away from them, and kills Beetle. Monkey sacrifices herself, buying Kubo the time to use his shamisen to defeat Washi, breaking two of the three strings on it. Little Hanzo provides insight that the Helmet is actually the bell at the village, and Kubo breaks the last string to quickly travel there.
At the village, Kubo meets Raiden, who is revealed as the Moon King. He offers to take Kubo's other eye to make him immortal, but Kubo refuses. Raiden transforms into a giant Dunkleosteus-like dragon, the Moon Beast, and pursues Kubo and the remaining villagers into its cemetery. When Hanzo's armor proves ineffective, Kubo removes it and restrings his shamisen using his mother's hair, his father's bowstring, and his own hair. With the instrument, he summons the spirits of the villagers' loved ones, who show the Moon Beast that memories are the strongest magic of all and can never be destroyed. Kubo and the spirits' magic protect themselves and the villagers from the Moon Beast, stripping him of his powers and leaving him a mortal human without any memories. Spurred on by Kubo's stories, the villagers take compassion and tell Raiden he was a man of many positive traits, accepting him into the village. Kubo is able to speak to his parents' ghosts during the subsequent Bon ceremony, as they watch the deceased villagers' lanterns transform into golden herons and fly to the spirit world.
Cast[edit]
Art Parkinson as Kubo, an eyepatch-wearing boy who is the son of Sariatu and Hanzo.
Charlize Theron as Monkey/Sariatu, Kubo's mother and one of the Moon King's daughters, reincarnated in a little Japanese snow monkey charm, known as Monkey, after she is killed by her Sisters.
Matthew McConaughey as Beetle/Hanzo, Kubo's father, who was transformed by the Sisters into a stag beetle/human hybrid with no recollection of his true identity, believing himself to be Hanzo's apprentice.
Ralph Fiennes as Raiden the Moon King, Kubo's evil grandfather, and the Sisters and Sariatu's father.
Rooney Mara as Karasu and Washi the Sisters, two twin sisters who are Kubo's evil aunts, Sariatu's younger sisters, and the Moon King's twin daughters.
George Takei as Hosato, a villager who teaches his daughter their Japanese culture and traditions.
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Hashi, a villager and Kubo's biggest fan.
Brenda Vaccaro as Kameyo, a villager and an elderly but young-hearted widow who is a grandmother-figure to Kubo.
Meyrick Murphy as Mari
Minae Noji as Minae
Alpha Takahashi as Aiko
Laura Miro as Miho
Ken Takemoto as Ken
Production[edit]
Announced in December 2014, the project is the directoral debut of Laika's CEO Travis Knight.[4] Knight was pitched the story by production designer Shannon Tindle as a "stop-motion samurai epic". Although the studio had never ventured into the genre before, Knight was enthusiastic about the project; owing partly his affinity towards both the "epic fantasy" genre as well as Japanese culture in general.[5]
The art took inspiration from such Japanese mediums as ink wash painting and origami among others. A particular influence came from the ukiyo-e wood block style, with Laika intending to make the entire film "to look and feel as if it’s a moving woodblock print"[5] Assistance came from 3D printing firm Stratasys who allowed Laika to use their newest technologies in exchange for feedback on them.[5]
For the Skeleton monster the team created a giant 16-foot, 400-pound puppet, which Laika claims is the record holder for largest stop-motion puppet.[6] The idea to make such a massive puppet was born out of a fear that individual smaller parts (meant to represent the larger monster) would not work well on screen interacting with the other puppets.[6] The resulting puppet was built in two parts which were then attached together by magnets. For movement Laika had to design a robot to easily manipulate it. The team at one point purchased an industrial robot off of eBay but found that it would not work with their setup.[6]
Soundtrack[edit]
Kubo and the Two Strings
Soundtrack album by Dario Marianelli
Released
August 5, 2016
Genre
Film score
Length
53:11
Label
Warner Bros. Records
Laika film soundtrack chronology
The Boxtrolls
(2014)The Boxtrolls2014 Kubo and the Two Strings
(2016)
Dario Marianelli chronology
Everest
(2015) Everest2015 Kubo and the Two Strings
(2016) Kubo and the Two Strings2016
Dario Marianelli composed the score for the film.[7]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Impossible Waves" 2:37
2. "Kubo Goes to Town" 1:25
3. "Story Time" 2:10
4. "Ancestors" 2:07
5. "Meet the Sisters!" 2:22
6. "Origami Birds" 3:25
7. "The Giant Skeleton" 3:30
8. "The Leafy Galleon" 4:36
9. "Above and Below" 3:59
10. "The Galleon Restored" 1:06
11. "Monkey's Story" 2:57
12. "Hanzo's Fortress" 5:45
13. "United-Divided" 3:01
14. "Showdown with Grandfather" 7:04
15. "Rebirth" 1:33
16. "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Regina Spektor) 5:23
Release[edit]
The film screened at the Melbourne International Film Festival on August 13, 2016,[8] and was theatrically released in the United States on August 19, 2016.[9]
Box office[edit]
Kubo and the Two Strings grossed $48 million in North America and $29.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $77.5 million, against a budget of $60 million.[3]
In the United States, the film was released on August 19, 2016, alongside Ben-Hur and War Dogs, and was projected to gross $12–15 million from 3,260 theaters in its opening weekend.[10] It made $515,000 from its Thursday night previews and $4.1 million on its first day. It went on to gross $12.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing 4th at the box office.[11]
Critical response[edit]
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 97% based on reviews from 193 critics, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Kubo and the Two Strings matches its incredible animation with an absorbing—and bravely melancholy—story that has something to offer audiences of all ages."[12] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[13] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 85% overall positive score and a 63% "definite recommend".[11]
Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com awarded the film 3.5 stars out of 4, saying that "one of the most impressive elements of Kubo and the Two Strings—besides its dazzling stop-motion animation, its powerful performances and its transporting score—is the amount of credit it gives its audience, particularly its younger viewers."[14] IGN's Samantha Ladwig gave the film 7.5/10, stating that the film is "Dark, twisted, and occasionally scary, but also with humor, love, and inspiration."[15] Jesse Hassenger, of The A.V. Club, praised the film, saying that "no American animation studio is better-suited to dreamlike plotting than Laika, and the animation of Kubo is truly dazzling, mixing sophistication and handmade charm with inspired flow."[16]
Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film 4/4 stars, stating that the film is "both extraordinarily original and extraordinarily complex, even for a grown-up movie masquerading as a kiddie cartoon (which it kind of is)."[17] In The New York Times, Glenn Kenny said that "the movie's blend of stop-motion animation for the main action with computer-generated backgrounds is seamless, creating what is the most visually intoxicating of all Laika's movies."[18] Peter Debruge of Variety wrote that ""Kubo" offers another ominous mission for a lucky young misfit, this one a dark, yet thrilling adventure quest that stands as the crowning achievement in Laika's already impressive oeuvre."[19]
Jonathan Pile, member of the British film magazine Empire, wrote about the film: "Yet another success for stop-motion giants Laika … boasts big laughs and effective scares in a typically gorgeous animated tale."[20]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Kubo and the Two Strings
At the 89th Academy Awards, Kubo and the Two Strings was nominated for two awards, Best Animated Feature and Best Visual Effects.[21][22]
Home media[edit]
Kubo and the Two Strings was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and digital media on November 22, 2016.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kubo and the Two Strings (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. August 19, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kubo and the Two Strings (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kubo and the Two Strings (2016)". The Numbers. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (December 22, 2014). "Laika & Focus Begin Production On All-Star 'Kubo And The Two Strings' To Kick Off 3-Pic Deal". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lott-Lavinga, Ruby. "Kubo and the Two Strings: an epic film made on a 12-foot-long table". Wired.co.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fails, Ian. "Laika Was Crazy Enough To Animate A 16-Foot Tall Skeleton for 'Kubo and The Two Strings'". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dario Marianelli to Score Laika's 'Kubo and the Two Strings'". Film Music Reporter. April 28, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "KIDS GALA: KUBO AND THE TWO STRINGS 3D". Melbourne International Film Festival. Archived from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reyes, Mike. "The Kubo And The Two Strings Trailer Is Epic And Magical". Cinema Blend. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Ben-Hur' remake likely won't be able to topple 'Suicide Squad' at the box office". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "War Dogs' Begins Barking On Thursday Night – Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kubo and the Two Strings (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kubo and the Two Strings". Metacritic. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kubo and the Two Strings Movie Review (2016) - Roger Ebert". Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kubo and the Two Strings Review - IGN". Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kubo And The Two Strings - Film Review Laika releases another, less ghoulish triumph with Kubo And The Two Strings - Movie Review - The A.V. Club". Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Kubo and the Two Strings' weaves a magical tale that feels both ancient and fresh - The Washington Post". Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kubo and the Two Strings - The New York Times". Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Kubo and the Two Strings' Review: Puts the Emotion in Stop-Motion - Variety". Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kubo And The Two Strings Review - Movie - Empire". Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (January 24, 2017). "Oscars: 'La La Land' Ties Record With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Oscar Nominations: Complete List". Variety. January 24, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kubo and the Two Strings Blu-ray".
External links[edit]
Official website
Kubo and the Two Strings on IMDb
Kubo and the Two Strings at Box Office Mojo
Kubo and the Two Strings at Rotten Tomatoes
Kubo and the Two Strings at Metacritic
[show]
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Laika
Feature films
Coraline (2009)
ParaNorman (2012)
The Boxtrolls (2014)
Kubo and the Two Strings (2016)
Short films
Moongirl (2005)
People
Phil Knight
Travis Knight
Henry Selick
Associated productions
Corpse Bride (2005)
King of California (2007)
Slacker Cats (2007–2009)
A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas (2011)
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Will Vinton
[show]
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Ratatouille (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
Up (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Rango (2011)
Brave (2012)
Frozen (2013)
The Lego Movie (2014)
Inside Out (2015)
Kubo and the Two Strings (2016)
Coco (2017)
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text:
Listen to Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Listen to Love
Promotional poster
Also known as
Cheating
Genre
Romance
Melodrama
Family[1]
Based on
My Wife's Having an Affair this Week?!
by Tomoko Yoshida
Directed by
Kim Seok-yoon
Starring
Lee Sun-kyun
Song Ji-hyo
BoA
Lee Sang-yeob
Kim Hee-won
Ye Ji-won
Country of origin
South Korea
Original language(s)
Korean
No. of episodes
12
Production
Executive producer(s)
Ham Young-hoon
Choi Joon-hyeong
Producer(s)
Jung Sung-soon
Park Jun-seo
Running time
70 minutes
Production company(s)
Drama House (ko)
Distributor
JTBC
Release
Original network
JTBC
Original release
October 28 (2016-10-28) – December 3, 2016 (2016-12-03)
External links
Website
Listen to Love[2] (Hangul: 이번 주, 아내가 바람을 핍니다; RR: Ibeon Ju, Anaega Barameul Pibnida; lit. My Wife's Having an Affair this Week) is a 2016 South Korean television series starring Lee Sun-kyun and Song Ji-hyo about husbands who try to protect their marriage with the help of anonymous netizens, based on the 2007 Japanese TV series by the same title. It aired on JTBC's Fridays and Saturdays at 20:30 KST time slot from October 28 to December 3, 2016 for 12 episodes.[3][4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Supporting cast
2.2.1 Others
2.3 Cameo
3 Ratings
4 References
5 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Do Hyun-woo (Lee Sun-kyun), a ten-year veteran producer, believes that his wife (Song Ji-hyo) is having an affair. They have been married for eight years in what he believed was a strong relationship, until he catches on to a sign that his wife is on the verge of cheating. This pushes him to talk with anonymous people on online social networks to figure out what to do and try to save his marriage.[7]
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Lee Sun-kyun as Do Hyun-woo/Toycrane
Song Ji-hyo as Jung Soo-yeon
Kim Hee-won as Choi Yoon-gi
Ye Ji-won as Eun Ah-ra
Lee Sang-yeob as An Joon-young
BoA as Kwon Bo-young
Supporting cast[edit]
Lee Do-yeon as Yoon-ki's secretary
Ye Soo-jung as Hyun-woo's mother
Kim Kang-hoon as Do Joon-soo
Lee Seok-jun as Ji Seon-woo
Han Seo-jin as Yoon-ki's secret mistress
Park Soo-young as Park Young-soo
Jung A-in as Jung Eun-jung
Jung Ji-ahn as Kim Mi-ha
Sim Hee-seop as Lee Ji-hoon
Lee Su-woong as Kang Seung-hyun
Kim Young-ok
Kim Hye-ok as Myunmokdongok (user name)
Woo Hyeon as Hanganggabshida (user name)
Jo Jae-ryong as Bbinkkobeunseunim (user name)
Kim Sun-hwa as Doksoogongbangnyeo (user name)
Jang Liu as Wetoli (user name)
Lee Byung-jin as Nooneneunnoon (user name)
Kim Tae-woo as Hyoomungeubshigchoong (user name)
Others[edit]
Baek Bo-ram
Cameo[edit]
Eun Ji-won[8]
Kang Ho-dong
Jung Yu-mi[9]
Lee Hwi-jae
Ki Tae-young
Ratings[edit]
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
Ep.
Original broadcast date
Average audience share
AGB Nielsen[10]
TNmS[11]
1
October 28, 2016 2.653% 2.1%
2
October 29, 2016 2.119% 1.9%
3
November 4, 2016 2.647% 2.3%
4
November 5, 2016 2.732% 2.6%
5
November 11, 2016 3.072% 2.4%
6
November 12, 2016 2.510% 2.0%
7
November 18, 2016 3.351% 2.5%
8
November 19, 2016 3.077% 2.6%
9
November 25, 2016 3.340% 2.6%
10
November 26, 2016 2.805% 2.7%
11
December 2, 2016 2.5% 2.6%
12
December 3, 2016 3.047% 2.8%
Note: This drama airs on a cable channel/pay TV which normally has a relatively smaller audience compared to free-to-air TV/public broadcasters (KBS, SBS, MBC & EBS).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Son, Hyo-jeong. "'이번주 아내가' 이선균♥송지효, 대본리딩 "역대급 웃긴 드라마"". Naver (in Korean). TV Report. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Listen To Love". JTBC Worldwide. JTBC Content Hub. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jin, Min-ji. "BoA confirms lead role in 'Cheating'". Korea JoongAng Daily. Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lee, Sang-won. "BoA confirmed for JTBC's new drama". Kpop Heral. Herald Corporation. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ji-hae. "Song Ji-hyo and Lee Sun-kyun to co-star in JTBC drama". Kpop Heral. Herald Corporation. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kwon, Hye-rim. "송지효, JTBC '이번 주, 아내가~' 캐스팅…이선균과 호흡". Naver (in Korean). Joy News 24. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kim, Myeong-mi. "'이번주 아내가 바람을 핍니다' 결혼 8년차 이선균♥송지효 케미 어떨까". Newsen (in Korean). Newsen. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Im, Ji-yeon. "[단독]젝키 은지원, JTBC 새금토극 '이번주 아내가...' 카메오". Herald Pop (in Korean). Herald Corporation. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kim, Soo-hyeon. "정유미, '아내가 바람을'에 카메오 출연…이선균과 호흡". Sports Seoul (in Korean). Sports Seoul. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ ": TNMS 홈페이지에 오신 것을 환영합니다. :". www.tnms.tv. Archived from the original on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
External links[edit]
Official website (in Korean)
Listen to Love at HanCinema
Listen to Love on IMDb
Listen to Love at Daum (in Korean)
Listen to Love at Naver Movies (in Korean)
JTBC: Friday–Saturday dramas
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Hot Coffee mod
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hot Coffee mod
A screenshot of GTA: San Andreas with the Hot Coffee mod
Developer(s)
Rockstar Games
Publisher(s)
Rockstar Games
Designer(s)
Patrick Wildenborg
Series
Grand Theft Auto
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox
Release
See Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Hot Coffee is a normally inaccessible mini-game in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, developed by Rockstar North. Public awareness of the existence of the mini-game arrived with the release of the Hot Coffee mod, created for the Microsoft Windows port of GTA: San Andreas in 2005. This mod enables access to the mini-game.
The mini-game portrays crudely animated sexual intercourse between the main character, Carl "CJ" Johnson, and his chosen in-game girlfriend. The name of the mod is derived from the girlfriend's offer for the main character to come into her home for "coffee", a euphemism for sex.
Although the "Hot Coffee" mini-game was completely disabled and its existence was only highlighted after the mod's release for the PC version on June 9, 2005,[1] the assets for the mini-game were also discovered in both the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of the game, and people found ways to enable the mini-game via console video game hacking tools. By the middle of July 2005, the mini-game's discovery attracted considerable controversy from lawmakers and politicians, prompting the game to be re-assessed with an "Adults Only (AO)" rating by the U.S. Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), and refused classification in Australia, resulting in its removal from sale.
An updated version of San Andreas has since been released with the mini-game removed completely, allowing the game to regain its original rating. A patch for the original version of the game, Cold Coffee, was designed to counter edit the script and disable the mini-game and crash the game if one attempts to access it.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Minigame overview and Hot Coffee mod
2 Controversy
3 Response
3.1 Product re-rating
3.2 Product withdrawal and recall
3.3 Federal and legal action
3.4 Civil class actions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Minigame overview and Hot Coffee mod[edit]
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Throughout the game, Carl "CJ" Johnson, the game's protagonist, may date up to six girlfriends, carrying out various "date missions" in order to improve his relationship with a particular woman. Once CJ has become particularly close to a girlfriend, or if he has collected all oysters in the game, his girlfriend may end a successful date by inviting him into her house for "coffee," from which CJ may choose to accept or decline. Improving relationships with girlfriends through successful dates and other related activities will eventually reward CJ with new items, such as vehicles and special wardrobes, along with pre-existing gameplay benefits (e.g. dating a nurse grants CJ with free visits to the hospital without losing his weapons after dying).
In the unmodified version of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, an exterior view of the girlfriend's house is seen while muffled voices of CJ and his girlfriend engaging in sexual intercourse are heard. However, the Hot Coffee mod replaces this with a minigame which allows the player to actually enter the girlfriend's bedroom and control Carl's actions during sex, with the same controls as dancing.
Rockstar Games, the publisher of the Grand Theft Auto series, initially denied allegations that the mini-game was "hidden" in the video game, stating that the Hot Coffee modification (which they claim violated the game's End User License Agreement) is the result of "hackers" making "significant technical modifications to and reverse engineering" the game's code.[3] However, this claim was undermined when a user known as gothi from the website PS2 Save Tools released the "GTA:SA Censor Remover" tool for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions in June 2005, which allowed the minigame to be accessed on consoles. These new methods of accessing "Hot Coffee" demonstrated that the controversial content was, indeed, built into the console versions as well.
The PC mod itself is only an edited copy of the main game script file ("main.scm") with a single bit changed. The mod was also made possible on the console versions, by changing the bit inside a user's saved game file or by using a third-party modding device. Take-Two has stated that the mod constitutes a violation of the End User License Agreement,[4] even though modification of the main.scm file is common within the mod community.
However, the oral sex animations are clearly visible in the background during one scene of the mission "Cleaning the Hood", even in the re-released game.[5] This may explain why the minigame was not simply removed when the decision was made to cut it from the game; its assets were already in use elsewhere.[6]
Controversy[edit]
Wikinews has related news:
Video game's secret sex scenes spark outrage
Grand Theft Auto under fire
The revelation of the mini-game sparked a fair amount of controversy around Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, with some politicians firing harsh words at both the game's developer and the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), the organization which establishes content ratings for video games in North America. It also rekindled the debate over the influence of video games in general with new protests against several other games such as Killer7, The Sims 2, and Bully.
Jack Thompson was one of the first to criticize the game for its hidden content, believing violent media is one of the main causes of violent crime in America. Thompson lashed out against Rockstar Games on several occasions for previous games they have developed.
U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton suggested that new regulations be put on video games sales.[7] The ESRB conducted an investigation that ultimately changed the game's rating from Mature to Adults Only 18+.[8] Also, Congress passed a resolution to have the Federal Trade Commission investigate whether Rockstar intentionally undermined the ESRB by having the content in the game.[9]
In New York, a class action lawsuit was filed by Florence Cohen, an 85-year-old grandmother who purchased the game for her 14-year-old grandson (according to the old rating of "M", the game is typically considered inappropriate for this age). Cohen's lawsuit claimed that Rockstar Games and Take-Two Interactive, the publisher of the game, are guilty of deception, false advertising, fraud and abuse. The accusation of deception is based on the change from M-rated to AO, meaning according to the lawsuit that the original rating was a deceptive practice.[10]
A protest group known as the Peaceholics organized a protest on August 4, 2005 at Rockstar's headquarters. The group demonstrated against San Andreas as well as the upcoming game Bully, the latter due to fears that the content could inspire children to become bullies themselves.[11][12]
Response[edit]
Product re-rating[edit]
On July 8, 2005, the ESRB announced that it was aware of and opening an investigation into the circumstances surrounding 'Hot Coffee.' The investigation examined "whether the mod unlocks preexisting code...or is actually a purely third-party creation."[13]
On July 20, 2005, the ESRB announced that it was changing the rating of GTA:SA from Mature (M) to Adults Only (AO).[14] Rockstar stated that it would discontinue manufacturing the current version of the game, and produce a new version that would not include the content that is unlocked by the Hot Coffee mod. In the fourth quarter of 2005, Rockstar released this "clean" version with the "Hot Coffee" scenes removed (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 1.01), allowing the rating of the game to be reverted to its original Mature rating.[15]
On July 29, 2005, as a result of the newly discovered scenes, the Australian Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC) revoked the game's "MA15+" classification (the highest rating then available for computer games in Australia) and changed the game's rating to Refused Classification (RC), which officially banned the original version from being sold in the country. The patched version was given an "MA15+" classification on September 12, 2005.[16]
On August 10, 2005, Rockstar Games officially released a patch for San Andreas.[17] The patch fixed many performance issues and bugs. However, the patch also disabled the controversial "Hot Coffee" scenes, even if the "Hot Coffee" mod was re-installed.
There was little reaction in Europe. The game was already rated "18+" by PEGI prior to the release of the mod. Furthermore, PEGI ratings are enforced by law in many European nations, making it a criminal offense to sell 18+ games to minors. In the United Kingdom, the BBFC similarly gave the game an "18" rating (as of 2012, the BBFC no longer classifies video games, and PEGI was adopted instead).
Product withdrawal and recall[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Stores drop game "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas" after given 'Adults Only' rating
The day after the rating change, several North American chain stores, and IEMA retailers, which accounted for every major retailer in the United States and approximately 85% of the game's market in the country, removed the PC and console versions of the game from their store shelves, either re-sticker the box with the new rating, or returning it to Take-Two Interactive. These included major chains such as GameStop, Sears, Hudson's Bay Company, Zellers, Hollywood Video, Blockbuster, Wal-Mart, Target, Best Buy, and Electronics Boutique.[18] Rockstar gave some retailers ESRB "Adults Only" rating stickers to put on their copies of GTA:SA, should they decide to keep selling the original product.
eBay removed copies of GTA:SA that had been reported by the eBay community. eBay claimed that GTA:SA violated the terms of the eBay seller policy and could not be sold unless it was located in the Everything Else > Mature Audiences section. This section requires a credit card to validate the age of the eBay user.[citation needed]
On August 24, 2005, Rockstar announced a mandatory recall for all games still owned by the general public.[citation needed] Consumers who had already purchased the game were allowed to keep it in certain areas, but with the patch installed, although players cannot be forced to return (or destroy) existing copies. Given the higher value of the "uncensored" versions, it is doubtful that many gamers will return their copies voluntarily. However, those who were over 18 (or 21 depending on region) have grandfathered these copies of the game to their collection.[citation needed]
Version 2.0 of GTA:SA, which omitted the sexual mini-game content, was designed by Rockstar to crash if the game data files were modified. This made it necessary for players to use a previous version if they wished to install multiplayer game modifications such as San Andreas Multiplayer or Multi Theft Auto and other game modifications that include new scripts or vehicles. Certain pirated or illegally distributed versions of the original game may also be made available on the Internet or from illegal retail outlets. Downgraders are also available to unpatch and revert the game version and support the Hot Coffee mini-game again.
This limitation later was overcome[19] by two members of the unofficial Grand Theft Auto modding community, who discovered a method of creating modifications which would work with version 2.0. Users of version 2.0 might still need to use previous versions or use a downgrade in order to install a mod not created with the new method.
Federal and legal action[edit]
In December 2005, Senators Hillary Clinton, Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, which called for a federal mandate enforcement of the ESRB ratings system in order to protect children from inappropriate content.[20]
On January 27, 2006, the city of Los Angeles filed a lawsuit against Take-Two Interactive, the game's publisher, accusing the company of failing to disclose the game's sexual content.[21]
On June 8, 2006, Rockstar, Take-Two and the FTC settled. They are required to "clearly and prominently disclose on product packaging and in any promotion or advertisement for electronic games, content relevant to the rating, unless that content had been disclosed sufficiently in prior submissions to the rating authority." Should the companies violate the settlement they are liable for $11,000 in civil penalties.[22]
Civil class actions[edit]
In 2006 attorneys brought several class actions alleging Take-Two committed consumer fraud. In December 2007, a settlement of the litigation was reached.[23] In 2008, Ted Frank filed an objection to the settlement on the grounds that the settlement sought $1 million for attorneys' fees, but the total payout to class members was less than $27,000.[24][25] A court hearing was already scheduled on June 25, 2008. Frank previously told GamePolitics that the lawsuits were meritless and extortionate.[26]
As part of the settlement, Take-Two will pay a $873,000 cy-près award to the National Parent-Teacher Association and the ESRB.[24][25]
As of June 25, 2008, fewer than 2,700 claimants responded to the settlement, for which the plaintiff's attorneys expressed disappointment.[27] Frank expressed that this was further proof that the case had no merit.
As of September 1, 2009, Take Two agreed to settle a securities class action suit related to the controversy over the game and over backdating allegations for just over $20 million.[28]
See also[edit]
2000s portal
Pornography portal
United States portal
Video games portal
List of AO-rated video games
The Gamechangers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hot Coffee mod developer's mod listing". PatrickW's modding website. Retrieved July 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ "No More Hot Coffee". Rockstar Games. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Grand Theft' maker blames hackers for sex scenes". Reuters. Retrieved 13 July 2005.
Jump up ^ Take-Two Games - Investor Relations General Information[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Nye sex-avsløringer i drapsspill" [New sex revelations in murder game]. Nettavisen (in Norwegian). 5 August 2005. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "My Take On "Hot Coffee"". Rom's Rants. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "Clinton calls for federal game regulation". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 21 July 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2005.
Jump up ^ Bowles, Scott (2005-07-21). "'Grand Theft Auto' gets pulled over - USA Today July 20, 2005". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Take-Two sued, confirms FTC investigation". GameSpot. Retrieved 27 July 2005.
Jump up ^ "Grandma Sues Rockstar Over San Andreas". TeamXbox. Retrieved 27 July 2005.
Jump up ^ "March against Bully". Joystiq. Retrieved 4 August 2005.
Jump up ^ "Group Releases Rockstar Demands". Joystiq. Retrieved 4 August 2005.
Jump up ^ "ESRB to investigate San Andreas sex content". CNET. CNET Networks. 2005-07-08. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "San Andreas rated AO, Take-Two suspends production". GameSpot. CNET Networks. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ "FTC Hot Coffee ruling scalds, but doesn't burn Take-Two". GameSpot. CNET Networks. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ The Classification Board and Classification Review Board[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "No More Hot Coffee". Rockstar Games patch website. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Chris Morris (20 July 2005). "Wal-Mart and Target Pull Grand Theft Auto". CNN Money. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "GTA modding". Retrieved 2010-05-07.
Jump up ^ Jennie Lees (16 December 2005). "Family Entertainment Protection Act Now Filed". Engadget. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Eric Bangeman (27 January 2006). "Take-Two Interactive Sued over Hot Coffee Mod". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Adams, David (2006-06-08). "Rockstar, FTC Settle Over Hot Coffee". IGN. Retrieved 2006-06-16.
Jump up ^ "GTA Settlement". Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Did Lawyers Inflate Fees in Hot Coffee Class Action Suit?". Gamepolitics.com. 2008-05-27. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grand Theft Auto: Class Action Settlement - $26,505 for the unrepresented class, $1 million fee request". Overlawyered. 2008-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Overlawyered Disses Hot Coffee Class Action Settlement". Gamepolitics.com. 2008-04-29.
Jump up ^ Matt Martin (2008-06-25). "Lawyers shocked at lack of Hot Coffee claimants". gamesindustry.biz. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. Announces Settlement of Securities Class Action". Thomson Reuters. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
External links[edit]
PatrickW's Website (creator of original mod)
PS2 Save Tools (home to GTA:SA Censor Remover)
Hot Coffee Modification on Grand Theft Wiki
GTA: San Andreas Hot Coffee guide at StrategyWiki
New York Times article about Hot Coffee Mod controversy
Igniq.com article on the code's existence in the PS2 version
IGN: Rockstar Responds to GTA: SA's AO Rating
Who spilled Hot Coffee? at Eurogamer
Rockstar's anti Hot Coffee game patch
[show]
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List of controversial video games
List of banned video games
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Religion and video games
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Law 3037/2002
Truth in Video Game Rating Act
Video Game Decency Act
Video Recordings Act 1984
Game content
rating boards
Active
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IARC (online)
iOS App Store (online)
MDA (Singapore)
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USK (Germany)
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Defunct
3DO Rating System (USA)
BBFC** (UK)
ICRA (online)
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SELL (France)
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Lawsuits
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
Entertainment Software Ass'n v. Foti
Jack Thompson lawsuits
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Controversies
Atari video game burial
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
Grand Theft Auto IV
Grand Theft Auto V
Left 4 Dead 2
Mortal Kombat
Night Trap
Resistance: Fall of Man
Corrupted Blood incident
Disappearance of Brandon Crisp
ESRB re-rating of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
Hot Coffee mod
Jynx
"No Russian"
Skin gambling
Loot boxes (complete gacha)
*Not all of Europe uses the PEGI rating system.
**The BBFC still exists for movie ratings, but no longer rates video games.
[show]
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Mesoamerican writing systems
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Mesoamerica, along with Mesopotamia and China, is among the three known places in the world where writing has developed independently.[citation needed] Mesoamerican scripts deciphered to date are a combination of logographic and syllabic values. They are often called hieroglyphs due to the iconic shapes of many of the glyphs, a pattern superficially similar to Egyptian hieroglyphs. Five or six scripts have been documented in Mesoamerica, but the limits of archaeological dating methods make it difficult to establish which was earliest and hence the forebearer from which the others developed. The best documented and deciphered Mesoamerican writing system, and the most widely known, is the classic Maya script. An extensive Mesoamerican literature has been conserved partly in indigenous scripts and partly in the postconquest transcriptions in the Latin script.
Contents
[hide]
1 Olmec writing
2 Zapotec writing
3 Epi-Olmec or Isthmian script
4 Abaj Takalik and Kaminaljuyú scripts
5 Maya writing
6 Mixtec writing
7 Writing in post-classic cultures
8 References
9 External links
Olmec writing[edit]
The 62 glyphs of the Cascajal block.
Main article: Cascajal block
Early Olmec ceramics show representations of something that may be codices, suggesting that amatl bark codices, and by extension well-developed writing, existed in Olmec times.[citation needed] It was also long thought that many of the glyphs present on Olmec monumental sculpture, such as those on the so-called "Ambassador Monument" (La Venta Monument 13), represented an early Olmec script. This suspicion was reinforced in 2002 by the announcement of the discovery of similar glyphs at San Andres.
In September 2006, a report published in Science magazine announced the discovery of the Cascajal block, a writing-tablet-sized block of serpentine with 62 characters unlike any yet seen in Mesoamerica. This block was discovered by locals in the Olmec heartland and was dated by the archaeologists to approximately 900 BCE based on other debris. If the authenticity and date can be verified, this will prove to be the earliest writing yet found in Mesoamerica.
Monument 3 at San Jose Mogote. The two shaded glyphs between his legs are likely his name, Earthquake 1.
Zapotec writing[edit]
Another candidate for earliest writing system in Mesoamerica is the writing system of the Zapotec culture. Rising in the late Pre-Classic era after the decline of the Olmec civilization, the Zapotecs of present-day Oaxaca built an empire around Monte Alban. On a few monuments at this archaeological site, archaeologists have found extended text in a glyphic script. Some signs can be recognized as calendric information but the script as such remains undeciphered. Read in columns from top to bottom, its execution is somewhat cruder than that of the later Classic Maya and this has led epigraphers to believe that the script was also less phonetic than the largely syllabic Maya script. These are, however, speculations.
The earliest known monument with Zapotec writing is a "Danzante" stone, officially known as Monument 3, found in San Jose Mogote, Oaxaca. It has a relief of what appears to be a dead and bloodied captive with two glyphic signs between his legs, probably representing his name. First dated to 500–600 BCE, this was earlier considered the earliest writing in Mesoamerica. However doubts have been expressed as to this dating and the monument may have been reused. The Zapotec script went out of use only in the late Classic period.
Detail showing three columns of glyphs from 2nd century CE La Mojarra Stela 1 currently located at the Museum of Anthropology of Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. The two right columns are glyphs from the Epi-Olmec script. The left column gives a Long Count date of 8.5.16.9.9, or 162 CE.
Epi-Olmec or Isthmian script[edit]
Main article: Epi-Olmec script
A small number of artifacts found in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec show examples of another early Mesoamerican writing system. They can be seen to contain calendric information but are otherwise undeciphered. The longest of these texts are on La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette. The writing system used is very close to the Maya script, using affixal glyphs and Long Count dates, but is read only in one column at a time as is the Zapotec script. It has been suggested that this Isthmian or Epi-Olmec script is the direct predecessor of the Maya script, thus giving the Maya script a non-Maya origin. Another artifact with Epi-Olmec script is the Chiapa de Corzo stela which is the oldest monument of the Americas inscribed with its own date: the Long Count on the stela dates it to 36 BCE.
In a 1997 paper, John Justeson and Terrence Kaufman put forward a decipherment of Epi-Olmec. The following year, however, their interpretation was disputed by Stephen Houston and Michael D. Coe, who unsuccessfully applied Justeson and Kaufman's decipherment system against epi-Olmec script from the back of a hitherto unknown mask. The matter remains under dispute.
Abaj Takalik and Kaminaljuyú scripts[edit]
In the highland Maya archaeological sites of Abaj Takalik and Kaminaljuyú writing has been found dating to Izapa culture. It is likely that in this area in late Pre-Classic times an ancient form of a Mixe–Zoquean language was spoken, and the inscriptions found here may be in such a language rather than a Maya one. Some glyphs in this scripts are readable as they are identical to Maya glyphs but the script remains undeciphered. The advanced decay and destruction of these archaeological sites make it improbable that more monuments with these scripts will come to light making possible a decipherment.
Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico
Maya writing[edit]
Main article: Maya script
Maya writing is attested from the mid-preclassic period in the center of Petén in the Maya lowlands, and lately scholars have suggested that the earliest Maya inscriptions may in fact be the oldest of Mesoamerica. The earliest inscriptions in an identifiably Maya script date back to 200–300 BCE. Early examples include the painted inscriptions at the caves of Naj Tunich and La Cobanerita in El Petén, Guatemala. The most elaborate inscriptions are considered to be those at classic sites like Palenque, Copán and Tikal.
The Maya script is generally considered to be the most fully developed Mesoamerican writing system, mostly because of its extraordinary aesthetics and because it has been partially deciphered. In Maya writing, logograms and syllable signs are combined. Around 700 different glyphs have been documented, with some 75% having been deciphered. Around 7000 texts in Maya script have been documented.
Maya writing first developed as only utilizing logograms, but later included the use of phonetic complements in order to differentiate between the semantic meanings of the logograms and for context that allows for syllabic spelling of words.[1]
Mixtec writing[edit]
The Mixtec writing emerged during the 13th century, much later than the systems previously mentioned. Mixtec is a semasiographic system that was used by the pre-Hispanic Mixtecs. Many of its characteristics were later adopted by the Mexica and Mixteca-Puebla writing systems. The origin of the Mixteca-Puebla is the subject of debate amongst experts. The Mixtec writing system consisted of a set of figurative signs and symbols that served as guides for storytellers as they recounted legends. These storytellers were usually priests and other members of the Mixtec upper class.
Mixtec writing has been categorized as being a mixture of pictorial and logographic, rather than a complete logogram system.[2]
Mixtec writing has been preserved through various archaeological artifacts that have survived the passage of time and the destruction of the Spanish conquest.[3] Among these objects are four pre-Hispanic codices written on tanned deer skin covered with stucco. These codices are read in boustrophedon, a zigzag style in which the reader follows red lines that indicate the way to read.[4] Most of the current knowledge about the writing of the Mixtecans is due to the work of Alfonso Caso, who undertook the task of deciphering the code based on a set of pre-Columbian and colonial documents of the Mixtec culture.[5]
Although the Mixtecs had a set of symbols that allowed them to record historical dates, they did not use the long count calendar characteristic of other southeast Mesoamerican writing systems. Instead, the codices that have been preserved record historical events of this pre-Columbian people, especially those events related to expansionism in the era of Ocho Venado, lord of Tilantongo.[6]
Writing in post-classic cultures[edit]
Detail of first page from the Aztec Boturini Codex showing the use of semasiological writing combined with phonetic glyph elements.
After the collapse of the classic Maya civilization, the Maya glyphic system continued to be used, but much less so. Post-classic inscriptions are found at the Yucatán peninsula in sites such as Chichén Itza and Uxmal but the style is not nearly as accomplished as the classic Maya inscriptions. Other post-classic cultures such as the Aztec did not have fully developed writing systems, but instead used semasiographic writing although they have been said to be slowly developing phonetic principles in their writing by the use of the rebus principle. Aztec name glyphs for example do combine logographic elements with phonetic readings.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ L Campbell; Kaufman, and T. (1985). "Maya Linguistics: Where Are We Now?". Annual Review of Anthropology. 14 (1): 187–198. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.001155.
Jump up ^ Kubler, George (1974). "Review of Picture Writing from Ancient Southern Mexico: Mixtec Place Signs and Maps". American Anthropologist. 76 (3): 670–672. doi:10.2307/674740.
Jump up ^ Pohl, John M. D. (2005). "The Griffin Fragment: A Mixtec Drinking Vessel Portraying the Pace Sign for 'Hill of the Turkey". Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. 64: 81–90 – via JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Jansen, Marten (1982). Huisi Tacu. Estudio interpretativo de un libro mixteco antiguo. Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I. Amsterdam: Centro de Estudios y Documentación Latinoamericanos.
Jump up ^ Fagan, Brian (2014). The Great Archaeologists. New York: Thames & Hudson. pp. 110–114. ISBN 978-0-500-05181-8.
Jump up ^ López Ramos, Juan Arturo (1987). Esplendor de la antigua Mixteca. México: Editorial Trillas. pp. 99–109. ISBN 968-24-2613-8.
Michael D. Coe and Justin Kerr, The Art of the Maya Scribe, Thames and Hudson. 1997.
Martinez, Ma. del Carmen Rodríguez; Ponciano Ortíz Ceballos; Michael D. Coe; Richard A. Diehl; Stephen D. Houston; Karl A. Taube; Alfredo Delgado Calderón; "Oldest Writing in the New World", in Science, 15 September 2006, vol. 313, no. 5793, pp. 1610–1614.
Nielsen, Jesper, Under slangehimlen, Aschehoug, Denmark, 2000.
Sampson, Geoffrey. Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Hutchinson (London), 1985.
External links[edit]
Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program, at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, volumes 1–9. Published by the Peabody Museum Press and distributed by the Harvard University Press.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_writing_systems&oldid=816694189"
Categories:
Mesoamerican writing systems
Logographic writing systems
Proto-writing
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This page was last edited on 23 December 2017, at 01:47.
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value: Oidamerikanische Schriftsystem – Bavarian

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