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List of punishments for murder in the United States
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Main article: Murder (United States law)
Murder, as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent (or malice aforethought), and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide (such as manslaughter). As the loss of a human being inflicts an enormous amount of grief for individuals close to the victim, as well as the fact that the commission of a murder permanently deprives the victim of their existence, most societies have considered it a very serious crime deserving of the harshest punishment available. Typically a convicted murder suspect is given a life sentence or even the death penalty for such an act. A person who commits murder is called a murderer, and the penalties, as outlined below, vary from state to state.
Contents
[hide]
1 Federal
1.1 Civilian
1.2 Military
1.3 District of Columbia
2 By states
2.1 GA
2.2 Alaska
2.3 Arizona
2.4 Arkansas
2.5 California
2.6 Colorado
2.7 Connecticut
2.8 Delaware
2.9 Florida
2.10 Georgia
2.11 Hawaii
2.12 Idaho
2.13 Illinois
2.14 Indiana
2.15 Iowa
2.16 Kansas
2.17 Kentucky
2.18 Louisiana
2.19 Maine
2.20 Maryland
2.21 Massachusetts
2.22 Michigan
2.23 Minnesota
2.24 Mississippi
2.25 Montana
2.26 Nebraska
2.27 Nevada
2.28 New Hampshire
2.29 New Jersey
2.30 New Mexico
2.31 New York
2.32 North Carolina
2.33 North Dakota
2.34 Ohio
2.35 Oklahoma
2.36 Oregon
2.37 Pennsylvania
2.38 Rhode Island
2.39 South Carolina
2.40 South Dakota
2.41 Tennessee
2.42 Texas
2.43 Utah
2.44 Vermont
2.45 Virginia
2.46 Washington
2.47 West Virginia
2.48 Wisconsin
2.49 Wyoming
3 References
4 Bibliography
5 External links
Federal[edit]
Civilian[edit]
Source:[1]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second degree murder Life without parole or any other term
(There is no federal parole for murder, U.S. sentencing guidelines offense level 38: 19–25 years with clean record, 30–life with serious past offenses)
Second degree murder by an inmate, even escaped, serving a life sentence Life Imprisonment without parole
First degree murder Death penalty or life imprisonment without parole
Military[edit]
Source:[2]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Murder under UCMJ Article 118 Clause (2) or (3) (Second Degree Murder) Any legal punishment (other than death) as directed by the court-martial
Murder under UCMJ Article 118 Clause (1) or (4) (First Degree Murder) Death penalty or life imprisonment
District of Columbia[edit]
Source:[3][4]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second degree murder 20–40 years (parole eligibility: one-third of sentence)
Second degree murder with aggravating circumstance Between 20 years and life (parole eligibility: one-third of sentence, or 15 years if life sentence is imposed)
First degree 30–60 years (parole eligibility: 30 years)
First degree murder with aggravating circumstance Between 30 years and life without parole (parole eligibility: 30 years if life without parole is not imposed)
Murder of a law enforcement officer Life without parole
By states[edit]
GA[edit]
Source:[5]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Manslaughter 2-20 years
Murder 10-99 years or life with parole
Capital Murder Death or Life without parole
Alaska[edit]
Source:[6]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 10–99 years
First degree murder or Second Degree Murder of an unborn child 20–99 years
First Degree Murder with aggravating factor 99 years
Arizona[edit]
Source:[7]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Negligent Homicide imprisonment of up to 3.75 years for a first offense
Manslaughter imprisonment up to 12.5 years in prison for a first offense
Second Degree Murder Not less than 10 years nor more than 25 years
Felony Murder 25 years to life or Natural life imprisonment
First Degree Murder Death or Natural life imprisonment
Arkansas[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 6–30 years
First Degree Murder 10–40 years or Life
Capital Murder Death or Life without parole
California[edit]
Source:[8] [9]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 15 years to life
Second Degree Murder using a firearm from a motor vehicle 20 to life[10]
Second Degree Murder by an offender previously convicted of murder (First or Second Degree) 15 years to life or life without parole
Second Degree Murder of a law enforcement officer 25 years to life
First Degree Murder 25 years to life
First Degree Murder constituting a hate crime or of an operator or driver Life without parole
First Degree Murder with special circumstance Death penalty or life without parole
Colorado[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 16–48 years (Followed by 5 Years Mandatory Parole)
First Degree Murder Death penalty or life without parole
Connecticut[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Murder and Felony Murder 25 to 60 years in prison (No Parole)
Murder with special circumstances Life without parole
Delaware[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 15 years to Life in prison
First Degree Murder Life Without Parole or Death
Florida[edit]
Source:[11]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Manslaughter Maximum of 15 years in prison; maximum of 30 years in prison if a firearm is used
Aggravated Manslaughter of a child Maximum of 30 years in prison; maximum could be enhanced to life in prison if a firearm is used
Third Degree Murder Maximum of 15 years in prison; maximum of 30 years in prison if a firearm is used plus a mandatory minimum of 25 years
Second Degree Murder Maximum of life in prison; Minimum of 25 years if a firearm is used, otherwise a minimum of 10 years under sentencing guidelines for a person with a clean record.
First Degree Murder Death penalty or life without parole
Georgia[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Involuntary Manslaughter 1-5 years
Voluntary Manslaughter 1-20 years
Second Degree Murder 1-30 years
Malice Murder & Felony Murder Death (Malice Murder Only), Life without parole, or Life with parole after 30 years
Hawaii[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Life imprisonment with possibility of parole. There is enhanced sentencing for repeat offenders (HRS 706-606.5).
First Degree Murder Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, with possible commuting of sentence by governor to life imprisonment with parole at the end of twenty years of imprisonment. (HRS §706-656) There is enhanced sentencing for repeat offenders. (HRS 706-606.5)
Idaho[edit]
Offense
Mandatory Sentencing
Second Degree Murder 10 years to Life With Parole (Eligible for parole after serving 1/3 of sentence or 10 years with a life sentence)
First Degree Murder Death Penalty or Life
Parole Eligibility for a Life Sentence must be at least 10 years up to Natural Life
Illinois[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 4–20 years (Up to 4 years are probational)
Certain factors increase the maximum to 30 years (Up to 4 years are probational).
First Degree Murder 20–60 years, 45 years to life if firearm used
Indiana[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing[12]
Murder Between 45 and 65 years
Murder with aggravating circumstances Death or life without parole
Iowa[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 50 years mandatory minimum 70% served.
First/Second Degree Murder by a Person Previously Convicted of First/Second Degree Murder Life Imprisonment Without Parole
First Degree Murder Life Imprisonment Without Parole
Kansas[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder (Intentional) 12.5–54 years
Second Degree Murder (Unintentional) 9–41 years
First Degree Murder 25 or 50 years to Life
Capital Murder Death or Life without parole
Kentucky[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Murder Death Penalty, Life Without Parole, Life with parole eligibility in 25 years, Life with parole eligibility in 20 years, or 20 to 50 years
Voluntary Manslaughter 10 to 20 years imprisonment
Involuntary Manslaughter Five to ten years imprisonment
Reckless Homicide One to five years imprisonment
Louisiana[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Manslaughter Maximum term of 40 years
Second Degree Murder Natural Life Imprisonment
First Degree Murder Death or Natural life Imprisonment
Maine[edit]
Source:[13]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Manslaughter 1–20 years
Felony Murder 1-30 years
Murder Life without parole or no less than 25 years
Maryland[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Maximum of 30 years
First Degree Murder Life with or without parole
Massachusetts[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Life with parole eligibility in 15 years
First Degree Murder if under 18 Life with parole eligibility in 20-30 years
First Degree Murder Life without parole
Michigan[edit]
Source:[14]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Life (Minimum 15 Years) or a number of years
First Degree Murder Life without parole
Minnesota[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Third Degree Murder Maximum of 25 years
Second Degree Murder Maximum of 40 years
First Degree Murder Life without parole or life with parole eligibility after 30 years
Mississippi[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Life (eligible parole at age 65) or no less than 20 years and no more than 40 years
First Degree Murder Life (eligible parole at age 65)
Capital murder Death or Life without Parole
Missouri
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 10-30 years in prison or Life (Minimum 30 years)
First Degree Murder Death or Life without parole
Montana[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Mitigated Deliberate Homicide 2–40 years
Deliberate Homicide Death, Life without parole, Life (Minimum 30 years) or 10–100 years
Nebraska[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Minimum of 20 years, Maximum of life without parole
First Degree Murder Life (no parole) or death
Nevada[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Life with parole after 10 years, 25 years in prison with the possibility of parole after 10
First Degree Murder Death (aggravating circumstances), Life without parole, Life with parole after 20 years, or 50 years with the possibility of parole after 20
New Hampshire[edit]
Source:[15]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Negligent Homicide Imprisonment for a term of not less than 7 1/2 years and not more than 17 years.
Causing or Aiding Suicide For causing a suicide or suicide attempt, imprisonment for a term of up to seven years in prison. For aiding or assisting in a suicide or suicide attempt without causing the suicide or attempt, up to one year in jail.[16][17]
Manslaughter Imprisonment for a term of not more than 30 years.
Second Degree Murder Life with Parole or 30–40 years.
First Degree Murder Life without Parole
Capital Murder Death or Life Without Parole
New Jersey[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
First Degree Murder 30 years to life imprisonment or life imprisonment without possibility of parole in some circumstances
Murder (with aggravating circumstances) Life imprisonment without Parole
New Mexico[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Involuntary Manslaughter Maximum of 3 years in prison
Voluntary Manslaughter Maximum of 6 years in prison
Second Degree Murder Maximum of 15 years in prison
First Degree Murder with no special circumstances Imprisonment no less than of 30 years or life (minimum of 30 years)
First Degree Murder with special circumstances Life without parole or Life (minimum of 30 years)
New York[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Minimum: 15 years to life, Maximum: 25 years to life
First Degree Murder Minimum: 20 years to life, Maximum: Life without Parole
Aggravated Murder Life Imprisonment without Parole
North Carolina[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Involuntary Manslaughter 13 months to 16 months (depending on prior record level)
Voluntary Manslaughter 51 months to 64 Months (depending on prior record level)
Second Degree Murder (Inherently Dangerous Act or by unlawful distribution of certain illicit substances) 94 months to 393 months (depending on prior record level)
Second Degree Murder 144 months to Life without Parole (depending on prior record level)
First Degree Murder Death or Life without Parole
North Dakota[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Maximum of 40 years
First Degree Murder Life without Parole or 30 years to Life
Ohio[edit]
Ohio differentiates between "Aggravated Murder" and "Murder." Aggravated Murder consists of purposely causing the death of another (or unlawful termination of a pregnancy) with prior calculation and design, or purposely causing the death of another under the age of 13, a law enforcement officer, or in the course of committing certain serious felony offenses. Murder consists of purposely causing the death of another, or causing the death of another as a proximate result of committing certain serious felony offenses.
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Involuntary Manslaughter 3 to 11 years (if underlying offense is a felony) 9 months to 3 years (if underlying offense is a misdemeanor)
Voluntary Manslaughter 3 to 11 years
Second Degree Murder 15 years to life
Second Degree Murder (victim under 13 years old or committed with sexual motivation) 30 years to life and up to Life without Parole
Aggravated Murder Life without Parole, Life with Possibility of Parole after 20, 25, or 30 years
Aggravated Murder (with capital specification for certain aggravating factors such as special victims, murder-for-hire, multiple victims, witness as victim, committed in the course of another serious felony offense) Death, Life without Parole, Life with Possibility of Parole after 25 or 30 years
Oklahoma[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Life with parole or not less than 10 years
First Degree Murder Death Penalty, Life without Parole, or Life with parole eligibility after 38 years
Oregon[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Murder Life with parole or not less than 25 years
Aggravated Murder Death Penalty, Life without Parole, or Life with parole eligibility after 30 years
Pennsylvania[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentence
Third Degree Murder 20–40 years, 5–40 years in the case of person dying from using drugs delivered to them
Second Degree Murder Life without parole
First Degree Murder Death Penalty or Life without parole
Rhode Island[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentence
Second Degree Murder Life or no less than 10 years
First Degree Murder Life without parole or Life (parole eligibility after 15 years)
South Carolina[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Involuntary Manslaughter Maximum of 5 years
Voluntary Manslaughter Maximum of 30 years
Murder Death, Life without parole, or no less than 30 years
South Dakota[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Life Without Parole
First Degree Murder Death or Life without parole
Tennessee[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Imprisonment for not less than 15 years nor more than 60.
First Degree Murder Death, Life without parole, or life with parole possible. [18]
Texas[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing[19]
Murder 5 to 99 years or life (possibility of parole after at least 30 years)
Capital murder Death or life without parole (Parole eligible after 40 years if under 18)
Utah[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
(Parole Eligibility Determined by Parole Board)
Second Degree Murder 15 years to life
First Degree/Aggravated murder Death penalty, life without parole, or 25 years to life
Vermont[edit]
Source:[20]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder if mitigating factors outweigh any aggravating factors 10–20 years to life
Second Degree Murder 12 years to life without parole (depending on the person's record)
Second Degree Murder if aggravating factors outweigh any mitigating factors Between 20 years to life and life without parole
First Degree Murder if mitigating factors outweigh any aggravating factors 15–34 years to life
First Degree Murder 35 years to life
First Degree Murder if aggravating factors outweigh any mitigating factors Between 35 years to life and life without parole
Aggravated Murder Life without parole
Virginia[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 5–40 years[21]
Felony Murder 5–40 years
First Degree Murder Between 20 years and life imprisonment (parole eligibility for life sentence if crime committed before January 1st, 1995: 15 years or 20 years if sentenced to more than 1 life sentence, 25 years if the victim was under the age of 18 except commit with sexual motivation) (Prisoners are eligible for geriatric parole when they turn 60.)
Capital Murder Death Penalty or Natural Life (Ineligible for geriatric parole) (Judge can use discretion to suspend portion of life sentence.)
Washington[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentence
Second Degree Murder 10 to 18 years imprisonment
First Degree Murder 20 years to life. Standard sentence without criminal record is 20-26 years. At least 20 years must be served before parole eligibility. Special Circumstances may increase the number of years to an equivalent sentence of life imprisonment
Aggravated First Degree Murder Death penalty or life without parole
West Virginia[edit]
Source:[22]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder 10–40 years
First Degree Murder Life without parole or 15 years to life
Wisconsin[edit]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Intentional Homicide Minimum of 15, Maximum of 60 years
First Degree Intentional Homicide Minimum of 20 years to Life, Life imprisonment without parole
Wyoming[edit]
Source:[23]
Offense
Mandatory sentencing
Second Degree Murder Life with parole or not less than 20 years
First Degree Murder Death or life imprisonment without parole
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Title 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE :: 2010 US Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Law.justia.com. 2011-01-07. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "10 USC § 918 - Art. 118. Murder | LII / Legal Information Institute". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "LexisNexis® Legal Resources". Michie.com. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "LexisNexis® Legal Resources". Michie.com. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ Template:Https://www.alabamacriminalandfamilylawyerblog.com/2016/09/14/alabamas-criminal-laws-murder-manslaughter-criminally-negligent-homicide/
Jump up ^ "Alaska Statutes: AS 12.55.125. Sentences of Imprisonment For Felonies". Touchngo.com. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Arizona Vehicular Crimes - Phoenix AZ Criminal Lawyers - Gillespie Law Firm". Craiggillespie.com. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "CA Codes (pen:187-199)". Leginfo.ca.gov. 1997-01-01. Archived from the original on 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "CA LegInfo Code Search". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. c. 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
Jump up ^ "Penal Code Section 12022.53(d)".
Jump up ^ "782.04(2)". Florida legislature.
Jump up ^ "Indiana Death Penalty Laws". Clarkprosecutor.org. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "§1251 — Imprisonment for murder :: Chapter 51 — SENTENCES OF IMPRISONMENT (§1251 - §1258) :: TITLE 17-A — MAINE CRIMINAL CODE :: 2005 Maine Code :: Maine Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Law.justia.com. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Legislature - 328-1931-XLV". Legislature.mi.gov. 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "New Hampshire Statutes - Table of Contents". Gencourt.state.nh.us. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "New Hampshire Statutes, Sec. 630:4 Causing or Aiding Suicide". New Hampshire General Court. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan (2007). "The Student Guide To N.H. Criminal Law" (PDF). Franklin Pierce University. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ https://tnsocialjustice.wordpress.com/2014/07/08/51-years-the-new-life-without-parole/
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 12. PUNISHMENTS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "§ 2303. — Penalties for first and second degree murder :: Chapter 53 — HOMICIDE (contains §§ 2301 – 2311) :: Title 13 — Crimes and Criminal Procedure :: 2005 Vermont Code :: Vermont Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Law.justia.com. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "First and second degree murder defined; punishment". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "§61-2-2. — Penalty for murder of first degree. :: CHAPTER 61. — CRIMES AND THEIR PUNISHMENT :: 2005 West Virginia Code :: West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Law.justia.com. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 2 - Offenses Against The Person :: Title 6 - Crimes And Offenses :: 2010 Wyoming Statutes :: Wyoming Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Law.justia.com. 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Bibliography[edit]
Lord Mustill on the Common Law concerning murder
Sir Edward Coke Co. Inst., Pt. III, ch.7, p. 50
External links[edit]
Look up murder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
1986 Seville Statement on Violence (from UNESCO)[permanent dead link]
Introduction and Updated Information on the Seville Statement on Violence
U.S. Centers for Disease Control "Atlas of United States Mortality"
Cezanne's depiction of "
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Jacques Cartier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the French explorer. For other uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).
Jacques Cartier
Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel, ca. 1844. No contemporary portraits of Cartier are known.
Born
December 31, 1491
St. Malo, Duchy of Brittany
Died
September 1, 1557(1557-09-01) (aged 65)
St. Malo, Kingdom of France
Occupation
French navigator and explorer
Known for
First European to travel inland in North America. Claimed what is now known as Canada for France.
Signature
Jacques Cartier (French pronunciation: [ʒak kaʁtje]; Breton: Jakez Karter; December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a Breton explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map[1] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).[2][3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 First voyage, 1534
3 Second voyage, 1535–1536
4 Third voyage, 1541–1542
5 Later life
6 Legacy
7 Rediscovery of Cartier's first colony
8 Ships
9 Monuments, remembrances and other art
10 Popular references
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Early life
Jacques Cartier was born in 1491[6] in Saint-Malo, the port on the north-west coast of Brittany. Cartier, who was a respectable mariner, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading family.[7] His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.[8]
First voyage, 1534
In 1534, two years after the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with France in the Edict of Union, Cartier was introduced to King Francis I by Jean Le Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo and abbot of Mont Saint-Michel, at the Manoir de Brion. The king had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the eastern coast of North America on behalf of France in 1524.[9] Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland and Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships to the discovery of new lands in the New World".[10]
Route of Cartier's first voyage
On April 20, 1534,[11] Cartier set sail under a commission from the king, hoping to discover a western passage to the wealthy markets of Asia.[12] In the words of the commission, he was to "discover certain islands and lands where it is said that a great quantity of gold and other precious things are to be found".
It took him twenty days to sail across the ocean. Starting on May 10 of that year, he explored parts of Newfoundland, areas that now comprise the Canadian Atlantic provinces and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. During one stop at Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of the Birds, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal bird sanctuary, northeast of Brion Island in the Magdalen Islands), his crew slaughtered around 1000 birds, most of them great auks (now extinct). Cartier's first two encounters with aboriginal peoples in Canada on the north side of Chaleur Bay, most likely the Mi'kmaq, were brief; some trading occurred.
His third encounter took place on the shores of Gaspé Bay with a party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24, he planted a cross to claim the land for France.[13] The 10-meter cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France" took possession of the territory in the name of the king. The change in mood was a clear indication that the Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Here he kidnapped the two sons of their captain.[14] Cartier wrote that they later told him this region where they were captured (Gaspé) was called by them Honguedo. The natives' captain at last agreed that they could be taken, under the condition that they return with European goods to trade.[15]
Cartier returned to France in September 1534, sure that he had reached an Asian land.
Second voyage, 1535–1536
Route of Cartier's second voyage.
This Spanish chart of the Saint Lawrence River, from ca. 1541, contains a legend in front of the "isla de Orliens" that says: "Here many French died of hunger"; possibly alluding to Cartier's second settlement in 1535–1536.[16]
Jacques Cartier set sail for a second voyage on May 19 of the following year with three ships, 110 men, and his two Iroquoian captives. Reaching the St. Lawrence, he sailed up-river for the first time, and reached the Iroquoian capital of Stadacona, where Chief Donnacona ruled.
Cartier left his main ships in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship to continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on October 2, 1535. Hochelaga was far more impressive than the small and squalid village of Stadacona, and a crowd of over a thousand came to the river edge to greet the Frenchmen. The site of their arrival has been confidently identified as the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault – where the bridge named after him now stands. The expedition could proceed no further, as the river was blocked by rapids. So certain was Cartier that the river was the Northwest Passage and that the rapids were all that was preventing him from sailing to China, that the rapids and the town that eventually grew up near them came to be named after the French word for China, La Chine: the Lachine Rapids and the town of Lachine, Quebec.[17]
After spending two days among the people of Hochelaga, Cartier returned to Stadacona on October 11. It is not known exactly when he decided to spend the winter of 1535–1536 in Stadacona, and it was by then too late to return to France. Cartier and his men prepared for the winter by strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and salting down game and fish.
From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French fleet lay frozen solid at the mouth of the St. Charles River, under the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a fathom (1.8 m) thick on the river, with snow four feet (1.2 m) deep ashore. To add to the misery, scurvy broke out – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the French. Cartier estimated the number of dead Iroquoians at 50. On a visit by Domagaya to the French fort, Cartier inquired and learned from him that a concoction made from a tree known as annedda, probably Spruce beer,[18] or arbor vitae, would cure scurvy. This remedy likely saved the expedition from destruction, allowing 85 Frenchmen to survive the winter. In his journal, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, not ten were well enough to help the others, a pitiful thing to see". The Frenchmen used up the bark of an entire tree in a week on the cure, and the dramatic results prompted Cartier to proclaim it a Godsend, and a miracle.[17][19][20]
Ready to return to France in early May 1536, Cartier decided to kidnap Chief Donnacona and take him to France,[21] so that he might personally tell the tale of a country further north, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", said to be full of gold, rubies and other treasures. After an arduous trip down the St. Lawrence and a three-week Atlantic crossing, Cartier and his men arrived in Saint-Malo on July 15, 1536, concluding the second, 14-month voyage, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.[20]
Third voyage, 1541–1542
The Dauphin Map of Canada, c. 1543, showing Cartier's discoveries
On October 17, 1540, Francis ordered the navigator Jacques Cartier to return to Canada to lend weight to a colonization project of which he would be "captain general". However, January 15, 1541, saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval, a Huguenot courtier and friend of the king named as the first lieutenant general of French Canada. Roberval was to lead the expedition, with Cartier as his chief navigator. While Roberval waited for artillery and supplies, he gave permission to Cartier to sail on ahead with his ships.[22]
On May 23, 1541, Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage with five ships. This time, any thought of finding a passage to the Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its riches, and to establish a permanent settlement along the St. Lawrence River.[23]
Anchoring at Stadacona, Cartier again met the Iroquoians, but found their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, and decided not to build his settlement there. Sailing a few kilometres up-river to a spot he had previously observed, he decided to settle on the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and other colonists were landed, the cattle that had survived three months aboard ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, and seeds of cabbage, turnip, and lettuce were planted. A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built on the cliff overlooking the settlement, for added protection.
The men also began collecting what they believed to be diamonds and gold, but which upon return to France were discovered to be merely quartz crystals and iron pyrites, respectively — which gave rise to a French expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false as Canadian diamonds"). Two of the ships were sent on their journey home with some of these minerals on September 2.[23]
Having set tasks for everyone, Cartier left with the longboats for a reconnaissance in search of "Saguenay" on September 7. Having reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and the numerous rapids from continuing up to the Ottawa River.
Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found the situation ominous. The Iroquoians no longer made friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister manner. No records exist about the winter of 1541–1542 and the information must be gleaned from the few details provided by returning sailors. It seems the natives attacked and killed about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native remedy (Thuja occidentalis infusion), the impression left is of a general misery, and of Cartier's growing conviction that he had insufficient manpower either to protect his base or to go in search of the Saguenay Kingdom.
Cartier left for France in early June 1542, encountering Roberval and his ships along the Newfoundland coast, at about the time Roberval marooned Marguerite de La Rocque. Despite Roberval's insistence that he accompany him back to Saguenay, Cartier slipped off under the cover of darkness and continued on to France, still convinced his vessels contained a wealth of gold and diamonds. He arrived there in October, in what proved to be his last voyage. Meanwhile, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned in 1543 after disease, foul weather and hostile natives drove the would-be settlers to despair.[24]
Later life
Cartier spent the rest of his life in Saint-Malo and his nearby estate, where he often was useful as an interpreter in Portuguese. He died at age 65 on September 1, 1557, during an epidemic,[25] possibly of typhus,[26] though many sources list his cause of death as unknown. Cartier is interred in St. Vincent's Cathedral.
No permanent European settlements were made in Canada before 1605, when Samuel Champlain founded Port Royal in present-day Victoria Beach just outside Annapolis Royal.
Legacy
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The Fleet of Cartier was commemorated on a 1908 Canadian postage stamp.
Having already located the entrance to the St. Lawrence on his first voyage, he now opened up the greatest waterway for the European penetration of North America. He produced an intelligent estimate of the resources of Canada, both natural and human, albeit with a considerable exaggeration of its mineral wealth. While some of his actions toward the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, he did try at times to establish friendship with them and other native peoples living along the St. Lawrence River—an indispensable preliminary to French settlement in their lands.
Cartier was the first to document the name Canada to designate the territory on the shores of the St-Lawrence River. The name is derived from the Huron-Iroquois word "kanata", or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as the native term for the newly discovered land.[27] Cartier used the name to describe Stadacona, the surrounding land and the river itself. And Cartier named "Canadiens" the inhabitants (Iroquoians) he had seen there. Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate the small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens, until the mid-nineteenth century, when the name started to be applied to the loyalist colonies on the Great Lakes and later to all of British North America. In this way Cartier is not strictly the European discoverer of Canada as this country is understood today, a vast federation stretching a mari usque ad mare (from sea to sea). Eastern parts had previously been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Galician and Breton fishermen, and perhaps the Corte-Real brothers and John Cabot (in addition of course to the Natives who first inhabited the territory). Cartier's particular contribution to the discovery of Canada is as the first European to penetrate the continent, and more precisely the interior eastern region along the St. Lawrence River. His explorations consolidated France's claim of the territory that would later be colonized as New France, and his third voyage produced the first documented European attempt at settling North America since that of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526–27.
Cartier's professional abilities can be easily ascertained. Considering that Cartier made three voyages of exploration in dangerous and hitherto unknown waters without losing a ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 undiscovered harbors without serious mishap, he may be considered one of the most conscientious explorers of the period.
Cartier was also one of the first to formally acknowledge that the New World was a separate land mass from Europe/Asia.
Rediscovery of Cartier's first colony
Plaque on the statue of Jacques Cartier in front of the Gabrielle-Roy public library, in the Saint-Roch neighbourhood of Quebec City.
On August 18, 2006, Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists had discovered the precise location of Cartier's lost first colony of Charlesbourg-Royal.[28] The colony was built where the Cap-Rouge river runs into the St. Lawrence River and is based on the discovery of burnt wooden timber remains that have been dated to the mid-16th century, and a fragment of a decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italy, between 1540 and 1550, that could only have belonged to a member of the French aristocracy in the colony. Most probably this was the Sieur de Roberval, who replaced Cartier as the leader of the settlement.[29] This colony was the first known European settlement in modern-day Canada since the c.1000 AD L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village in northern Newfoundland. Its rediscovery has been hailed by archaeologists as the most important find in Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.[28]
Ships
Jacques Cartier on a 1934 Canadian postage stamp
Grande Hermine
Built: France 1534; given in 1535 to Cartier by the King of France; used in the 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages; replica 1967 built for "Expo 67" in Montréal; abandoned in 2001 from Saint-Charles River (Québec City)
Petite Hermine
Built: France; used in the 1535–1536 voyage and abandoned in 1536 springtime by Cartier in Saint-Charles River because too many of his sailors died in Québec City during last wintertime
Émérillon
Built: France; used in the 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages
Georges (1541–1542)
Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage
Saint-Brieux
Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage
Monuments, remembrances and other art
Jacques Cartier Monument in St Malo
Croix Jacques Cartier on Saint-Quentin Island
Jacques Cartier Island, located on the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador in the town of Quirpon, is said to have been named by Jacques Cartier himself on one of his voyages through the Strait of Belle Isle during the 1530s.
Jacques-Cartier River, a tributary at Donnacona, Quebec of the St. Lawrence River
Jacques Cartier Park in Gatineau, Quebec
Jacques Cartier Bridge, a steel-truss bridge between Montreal and Longueil, Quebec
Jacques Cartier Provincial Park, located 5 km east of Alberton, PEI
Jacques-Cartier State Park, in St. Lawrence County, New York
Place Jacques-Cartier, a square in Old Montreal
Cartier Pavilion, built in 1955, at Royal Military College Saint-Jean
Jacques Cartier Monument, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
The province of Quebec's Parliament Building tower, which was built between 1877 and 1886 by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is dedicated to Cartier
Manoir de Limoelou, Saint Malo houses the Musee Jacques Cartier
plaque at Saint Malo cathedral[30]
Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site, Quebec City
Statuary
at his birthplace, Rothéneuf
Quebec City, in front of Gabrielle-Roy public library
at Palais de la Découverte, Paris
by Joseph-Arthur Vincent in Montreal: Place Jacques-Cartier[31][32][33]
bronze at PEI's Jacques Cartier Provincial Park
cast iron sculptures at Gaspe, Quebec[34]
cross monument at Gaspe, Quebec[35]
cross monument at Saint-Quentin Island near Trois-Rivieres Quebec
by Joseph-Émile Brunet
in Saint-Malo
Paintings
Charles Walter Simpson, Saint-Malo, April 1534[31]
C.W. Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, 1534[36]
Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Cartier découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en 1535[36]
Walter Baker, The Arrival of Cartier at Stadacona, 1535[31][37]
Lawrence R. Batchelor, Jacques Cartier at Hochelaga (Montreal)[36]
Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga en 1535[38]
Lucien Boudot and Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu par le chef Agouhana[39]
Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur le sommet du mont Royal[40]
Frank Craig, Jacques Cartier Relating the Story of His Discovery to Francis I at Fontainebleau[36]
Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Return to Stadacona, 1541[41]
Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced on many stamps)
Léopold Massard and de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur[42]
Auguste Lemoine (1895) after François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d’Histoire de St Malo)[43]
Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians of the St. Lawrence, 1535[36]
Napoleon Sarony (ca. 1850) Jacques Cartier – His First Interview with the Indians at Hochelaga[44]
Paul-Émile Borduas, Les voyages de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 et 1535[45]
Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier en 1535[46]
Popular references
The fr:Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between 1861 and 1899 in Lower Canada, then Quebec. It was folded into the fr:Banque provinciale du Canada, and later still the National Bank of Canada.
In 2005, Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI was named one of the 100 most important books in Canadian history by the Literary Review of Canada.[47]
The Tragically Hip reference Jacques Cartier in their song "Looking for a Place to Happen". The song deals with primitivism and colonialism in the context of European ideologies and mythic exploration narratives in line with Cartier's journey's to the "New World".[citation needed]
See also
New France portal
Brittany portal
Timeline of New France history (1534 to 1607)
References
Jump up ^ His maps are lost but referenced in a letter by his nephew Jacques Noël, dated 1587 and printed by Richard Hakluyt with the Relation of Cartier's third voyage, in The Principall Navigations [...], London, G. Bishop, 1600.
Jump up ^ Trudel, Marcel. "Cartier, Jacques". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2009. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them.
Jump up ^ Jacques Cartier at Encyclopædia Britannica. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them.
Jump up ^ "Exploration — Jacques Cartier". The Historica Dominion Institute. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Jacques Cartier". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2009. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them.
Jump up ^ No baptismal certificate has been found, but Cartier stated his age in at least three letters. See Marcel Trudel, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, Fides, vol. 1, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod. A Savage Empire: Trappers, Traders, Tribes, and the Wars That Made America. Macmillan, 2011; p. 30
Jump up ^ Biggar, H.P. (1930) A Collection of Documents relating to Jacques Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval, Ottawa, Public Archives of Canada. Over 20 baptisms cited.
Jump up ^ Gustave Lanctôt observed that Cartier was absent from Saint-Malo's registers at the time and that his first voyage in 1534 arrived at the very place in Newfoundland where Verrazzano's explorations had ended ten years prior; Lanctôt surmised that Cartier had accompanied Verrazzano on that voyage. This was dismissed as conjecture by Marcel Trudel, who noted that Cartier's Relations are devoid of any reference to such an experience. See Trudel, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, vol. 1, 1966, p. 58-60.
Jump up ^ Baron de La Chapelle, « Jean Le Veneur et le Canada », Nova Francia, vol. 6, 1931, pp. 341–343, quoting a genealogical work made in 1723 for the Le Veneur family. After his final trip, he said he would never search again.
Jump up ^ Tracy, Frank Basil (1908). The Tercentenary History of Canada. New York, Toronto: P.F. Collier & Sons.
Jump up ^ "A History of Vermont". Mocavo.com. 1903. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Seed, Patricia (1995). Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World: 1492-1640. Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
Jump up ^ Some accounts make this captain to be Donnacona himself, the ruler at Stadacona, e.g. the Canadian Encyclopedia, but this does not seem possible from Cartier's firsthand accounts. Other sources show that Donnacona let his sons go willingly, along with some corn. the World Book Online Encyclopedia This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them.
Jump up ^ Trudel, Marcel (1979) [1966]. "Cartier, Jacques". In Brown, George Williams. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Jump up ^ Carta del curso del río de San Lorenzo desde su desembocadura hasta el lago de Golesme. Bibliotecadigital.rah.es
^ Jump up to: a b "Jacques Cartier's Voyages". Chronicles of America. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ebberts, Derek (9 March 2015). "To Brew or Not to Brew: A Brief History of Beer in Canada". Manitoba Historical Society. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 28 January 2017. Jacques Cartier and his crew could well have died from scurvy had they not been shown how to make this brew
Jump up ^ "Jacques Cartier". Eindhoven University. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Biggar, H.P. (1924) The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Ottawa: Publications of the Public Archives of Canada. No. 11. p. 204
Jump up ^ Hildreth, Richard (1871). The History of the United States of America. 1. p. 46.
Jump up ^ "Jacques Cartier, Short Biography (w/timeline)". Elizabethan Era. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cartier's Third Voyage to Canada, 1541–1542". American Journeys. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jacques Cartier's Third Voyage – 1541, Settlement of Charlesbourg-Royal". Simpson Shack. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Parks Canada — Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site of Canada — Natural Wonders & Cultural Treasures — Jacques Cartier, Explorer and Navigator". Pc.gc.ca. July 15, 2009. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Walford, Cornelius (1874). The insurance cyclopeadia.
Jump up ^ McMullen, J.M. (1855) The History of Canada: From Its First Discovery to the Present Time. C. W., J. M'Mullen (no copyright in the United States), p. 7. No ISBN.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pottery shard unearths North America's first French settlement". canada.com. August 22, 2006. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Long-lost Jacques Cartier settlement rediscovered at Quebec City". canada.com. August 19, 2006. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ muse-Jacques-cartier.fr: "The memory of Jacques Cartier"
^ Jump up to: a b c ameriquefrancaise.org: article on "Jacques Cartier"
Jump up ^ "Montreal Neighborhoods: St Henri - Monuments Archived August 31, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Joseph-Arthur Vincent - Monument à Jacques Cartier - 1893" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ shutterstock.com: "Stock Photo: Gaspe, Quebec, Canada - September 18, 2009 : cast iron sculptures symbolize the scenes of the historic encounter between Jacques Cartier and Iroquois in July 1534"
Jump up ^ pointeoharagaspe.ca: "Jacques-Cartier’s Cross Monument"
^ Jump up to: a b c d e begbiecontestsociety.org: "New France - La Nouvelle France"
Jump up ^ declaration.net: "the declaration of Conquerants" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Adrien Hébert - Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga en 1535" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Lucien Boudot, Fernand Cerceau - Jacques Cartier est reçu par le chef Agouhana" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Alfred Faniel - Jacques Cartier sur le sommet du mont Royal" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ habitantheritage.org: "Walter Baker - Compiled by Diane Wolford Sheppard"
Jump up ^ collectionscanada.ca: "Jacques Cartier - W.H. Coverdale collection of Canadiana"
Jump up ^ traveltoeat.com: "Jacques Cartier, Verrazano and France in the New World"
Jump up ^ loc.gov: "Photos, Prints, Drawings - Jacques Cartier, his first interview with the Indians at Hochelaga now Montreal in 1535"
Jump up ^ artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Paul-Émile Borduas - Les voyages de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 et 1535" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Paul-Émile Borduas - Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier en 1535" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "What Howie Meeker and Atwood have in common". The Globe and Mail, November 18, 2005.
Further reading
Blashfield, Jean F (2002), Cartier: Jacques Cartier in search of the Northwest Passage, Compass Point Books, ISBN 0-7565-0122-9
Cartier, Jacques (1993). Ramsay Cook, ed. The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5015-8.
Greene, Meg (2004), Jacques Cartier: Navigating the St. Lawrence River, Rosen Central, ISBN 0-8239-3624-4
Guitard, Michèle (1984). Jacques Cartier in Canada. Ottawa: National Library of Canada. Text in English and in French, in parallel columns. ISBN 0-662-52832-8
Jacob, Yves (2000), Jacques Cartier (French version), Éditions l'Ancre de marine, ISBN 2-84141-145-1
Trudel, Marcel (1973). The Beginnings of New France, 1524–1663. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ASIN B000RQPTDK.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacques Cartier.
Jacques Cartier at Encyclopædia Britannica
Works by Jacques Cartier at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Jacques Cartier at Internet Archive
English translation of Cartier's accounts
Jacques Cartier at Civilization.ca
Watch a Heritage Minutes feature on Jacques Cartier
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 54179877
LCCN: n50080987
ISNI: 0000 0001 2133 4905
GND: 118668633
SUDOC: 029552257
BNF: cb12115432r (data)
BIBSYS: 90165117
NKC: uk2014840106
BNE: XX1238394
SNAC: w6s77ttq
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Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI
Developer(s)
Koei
Publisher(s)
WW: Koei
AU: THQ Asia Pacific
Director(s)
Shinji Imura
Designer(s)
Hisatsugu Ishikawa
Hitoshi Yamamoto
Makoto Yoshida
Kushinsai Nakamiwa
Ichiro Yasuda
Toshiyuki Kobayashi
Yukinori Ito
Sho Maeno
Toru Endo
Series
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Platform(s)
Windows 2000, PlayStation 2, Wii
Release
Microsoft Windows
JP: 17 March 2006
JP: 8 September 2006 (With Power Up Kit)
EU: 5 September 2008
NA: 9 September 2008
PlayStation 2
JP: 28 September 2006
JP: 21 March 2007 (With PUK)
NA: 6 February 2007
Wii
JP: 21 March 2007 (With PUK)
Genre(s)
Turn-based strategy
Mode(s)
Single player,
Multiplayer
Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI, also known as Sangokushi 11 (三國志11), is the 11th installment in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sangokushi) grand strategy game series by Koei. The game was released for the PC on March 17, 2006 in Japan. A Traditional Chinese version was released on July 27 in Taiwan.
A PlayStation 2 version was released on September 28, 2006 in Japan and on February 6, 2007 in North America.[1] A Wii version was released on March 21, 2007 for the Japanese market at a premium price of ¥9,800.[2]
The premium version includes a walkthrough, a tactical map, four cards illustrated by Tsuyoshi Nagano, and an orchestra soundtrack CD. The Chinese version of the premium version includes a walkthrough and a map.
An official English version for the PC was announced on April 23, 2008, and was planned to be released in North America on July 29.[3] However, the release date was delayed until September 9, 2008. There is an expansion pack for the PC version, but it was not included in the English version and is available only in Asian markets. This marked the Koei reintroduction of a PC version of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms series for the English market which had not happened since November 30, 1995, with the American release of Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV: Wall of Fire.
Some of the 3D models in this game were borrowed from Dynasty Warriors 4.
32 historical characters not from the Three Kingdoms era can be unlocked after the player completes all the game tutorials.
Contents
[hide]
1 Power-up kit
1.1 PS2 and Wii with power-up kit version
2 Reception
3 References
4 External links
Power-up kit[edit]
The power-up kit adds the following features:
Similar neighboring facilities can be combined.
10 new city facilities.
Generals can research new abilities. Over 50 abilities are available based on attack, defense, administration, and strategy.
A new battle game mode, which allows playing preset battle scenarios.
6 new campaign scenarios, and 30 new events.
Editor can alter generals, cities, kingdoms, equipment.
New voices. Player can choose between Mandarin or Japanese voices.
A new "Super" (超級) game difficulty setting.
Duel success rate.
A friendlier command dialogue during research and waging wars. For example, when assigning generals to perform a task, a dialogue box will show items and time needed to perform the task.
A new national research subject named "Internal administration" (内政).
New military features including:
Can assign troops to transport supplies to specific camps.
Improved AI.
Seize items.
Enhanced facilities and strategy including:
Increased effects for fortresses, and heightened status recovery rate.
Increased range for drum tower, increasing the chance for successfully entering a duel.
When using spearman strategies to destroy troops, the trap effect increases.
When using cavalry strategies to trap troops, the chances for capturing enemy generals increase.
The power-up kit was sold separately for the Windows version, and standard for the Wii version.
Koei offered the power-up kit in Japanese and Traditional Chinese. They never made or sold an English version, despite good sales for the game.
PS2 and Wii with power-up kit version[edit]
It adds following:
2 scenario for total 16 scenario, 8 stage scenario, and 20 duels. The Chibi scenario from the PC power-up kit is unlocked.
Special events for when completing certain events.
Adds 50 characters from Bandit Kings of Ancient China.
New Action mode (Wii only).
Reception[edit]
IGN praised the length and depth of the game, saying it "packs literally hundreds of hours of play time on its single disc", but criticized the pace of the game, saying players will "have to endure an almost relentless level of tedium." and "It will bore to tears most of the jump cut-addled, MTV-watching, Ritalin-popping masses due to a sometimes excruciatingly slow pace."[4] GameSpot had a similar view, "The strategy is complex and rewarding, but the menu shuffling and extremely slow pace won't earn the series any new fans."[5] Games Radar emphasised that Kingdoms XI would mainly appeal to fans of the series, "...addicts that have kept up with the series and crave more of its rare gameplay will eat it up. Gamers that have never cared about or have never heard of the series don't have any reasons to give it a whirl."[6] 1UP.com called the game's learning curve "intimidating" even for veteran strategy gamers, but praised "the top-notch writing, nifty historical setting, and unique aesthetic", claiming "the game gives you everything you could want from a turn-based tactics extravaganza."[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tecmo Koei America Corp". Koei.com. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ "三國志11 with パワーアップキット". Gamecity.ne.jp. 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Tecmo Koei America Corp". Koei.com. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ Sam Bishop (2008-02-08). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI Review - PlayStation 2 Review at IGN". Uk.ps2.ign.com. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ Mueller, Greg (2007-02-06). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI Review for PlayStation 2 - GameSpot". Uk.gamespot.com. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ Words: Raymond Padilla, GamesRadar US. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI". Games Radar.com. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI Review for PS2 from". 1UP.com. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
External links[edit]
The official site for the English version
Japan Gamecity RTK11 page
China Gamecity RTK11 page
Taiwan Gamecity RTK11 page
Koei Europe RTK11 page
[hide]
v
t
e
Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms video games
Main series
II
III: Dragon of Destiny
IV: Wall of Fire
V
VI: Awakening of the Dragon
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
12
XIII
Spin-offs
Internet
Battlefield
Online
Koumeiden
Sousouden
Dynasty Warriors
Dynasty Tactics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_XI&oldid=802133897"
Categories:
2006 video games
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (video game series)
Turn-based strategy video games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Windows games
Grand strategy video games
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