text:
History of the Forbidden City
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Jump to: navigation, search
The history of the Forbidden City begins in the 15th century when it was built as the palace of the Ming emperors of China. It is located in the centre of Beijing, China, and was the Chinese imperial palace from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. It has been a museum since the 1920s.
Built from 1406 to 1420, the palace complex has undergone many changes.[1] After serving as the imperial palace for some five hundred years, the Forbidden City became a museum, the Palace Museum, in 1925. In 1987, it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Construction and Ming Dynasty
2 Qing Dynasty
3 After the revolution
4 Under the People's Republic of China
5 Present
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Construction and Ming Dynasty[edit]
The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of the Forbidden City
The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming Dynasty painting
The site of the Forbidden City was situated on the Imperial city during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty moved the capital from Beijing in the north to Nanjing in the south, and in 1369 ordered that the Yuan palaces be razed. His son Zhu Di was created Prince of Yan with his seat in Beijing. In 1402, Zhu Di usurped the throne and became the Yongle Emperor. He made Beijing a secondary capital of the Ming empire, and construction began in 1406 of what would become the Forbidden City.[3] The Forbidden City's plan was designed by many architects and designers, and then it was examined by the Emperor's Ministry of Work.[4] The chief architects and engineers include Cai Xin,[4][5] Nguyen An, a Vietnamese eunuch,[6] Kuai Xiang, Lu Xiang and others.[4]
Construction lasted 14 years and employed the work of 100,000 skilled artisans and up to a million labourers.[7] The pillars of the most important halls were made of whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood (Chinese: 楠木; pinyin: nánmù) found in the jungles of south-western China. Such a feat was not to be repeated in subsequent years — the great pillars seen today were rebuilt using multiple pieces of pinewood in the Qing Dynasty.[8] The grand terraces and large stone carvings were made of stone from quarries near Beijing. The larger pieces could not be transported conventionally. Instead, wells were dug along the way, and water from the wells was poured on the road in deep winter, forming a layer of ice. The stones were dragged along the ice.[9]
The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" (Chinese: 金砖; pinyin: jīnzhuān), baked with clay from seven counties of Suzhou and Songjiang prefectures.[10] Each batch took months to bake, resulting in smooth bricks that ring with a metallic sound.[7] Much of the interior pavings seen today are six-century-old originals.
Soil excavated during construction of the moat was piled up to the north of the palace to create an artificial hill, the Jingshan hill.[11]
Even before the palace was completed, Zhu Di moved to Beijing under the guise of "touring and hunting" (巡狩): the administrative centre of the empire gradually shifted from Nanjing to Beijing. When the palace was completed in 1420, Zhu Di moved there and Beijing officially became the primary capital of the empire.[9] However, scarcely nine months after their construction, the three main halls including the throne room burnt down, and it would be 23 years before they were rebuilt.
From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, rebel forces led by Li Zicheng captured it, and Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, hanged himself on Jingshan Hill. Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty at the Hall of Military Eminence.[12] However, he soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[13]
Qing Dynasty[edit]
The Kangxi Emperor returning to the Forbidden City after a tour to the south.
1756 Bellin View of the Grand Throne Room in the Forbidden City by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin
By October 1644, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and prince regent Dorgon proclaimed the Qing Dynasty as the successor to the Ming. A ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China.[14] The Qing rulers largely maintained the Palace's Ming Dynasty scheme, except for the names of some of the principal buildings. The Ming Dynasty names favoured the character ji (simplified Chinese: 极; traditional Chinese: 極), meaning "supremacy" or "extremity", while the new Qing names favoured names meaning "peace" and "harmony"; for example, Huangji Dian, the "Hall of Imperial Supremacy", was changed to Taihe Dian, the "Hall of Supreme Harmony".[15]
In addition, signs and name plates were made bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[16] and the main part of the Empress's official bedchamber, the Hall of Earthly Tranquility, became a Shamanist shrine.[17]
The Forbidden City thus became the power centre of the Qing Dynasty. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[18] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.
After being home to twenty-four emperors, fourteen of the Ming Dynasty and ten of the Qing Dynasty, the Forbidden City ceased to be the political centre of China in 1912, with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. However, under an agreement signed between the Qing imperial house and the new Republic of China government, Puyi was allowed, in fact required, to live within the walls of the Forbidden City. Puyi and his family retained the use of the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was handed over to the Republican authorities. A museum was established in the Outer Court in 1914.[19]
After the revolution[edit]
Republican troops fighting to retake the Forbidden City on July 12, 1917, after Zhang Xun’s attempted imperial restoration
Opposition to Puyi staying in the palace grew during the Beiyang government of the Republic of China.[20]
In 1923 Reginald Johnston, Puyi's English teacher, told Puyi about eunuchs smuggling treasures out of the palace and selling them in antique shops. Puyi ordered an audit of the palace's collections. Before it began, a fire consumed the gardens of the Palace of Establishing Prosperity (建福宫) where the bulk of the Qianlong Emperor's collection of art works was stored.[21] In his memoir, Puyi claimed the fire was started by the eunuchs to conceal their embezzlement. This fire further fuelled public sentiments against Puyi's continued occupation of the palace.[22] The gardens were not rebuilt until 2005.[23][not in citation given]
In 1924, Feng Yuxiang took control of Beijing in a coup. Denouncing the previous agreement with the Qing imperial house, Feng expelled Puyi from the Palace.[20] On October 10, 1925 (Double Ten Day), the Palace Museum was established in the Forbidden City. The large amount of treasures and curiosities housed there were gradually catalogued and put on public display.[24]
Soon, however, the Japanese invasion of China threatened the safety of these national treasures, and they were moved out of the Forbidden City. Starting in 1933, important artefacts were packed and evacuated. They were first shipped to Nanjing and thence to Shanghai. However, the Japanese forces soon threatened Shanghai. The Executive Yuan decided to evacuate the collections to the remote west. The artifacts were split into three lots. One took the northern route towards Shaanxi. One was shipped up the Yangtze River towards Sichuan. The final lot was transported south towards Guangxi. The pace of the Japanese advance forced the artifacts to be moved quickly to escape bombing and capture, often with just hours' notice. In the end, all three collections reached the relative safety of Sichuan, where they stayed until the end of the war.[25]
Meanwhile, the Japanese army captured the Forbidden City in Beijing, but were only able to remove a few large bronze tubs and a few pieces of cannon. Most of these were recovered after the war, in Tianjin.[18]
At the end of World War II in 1945, the artifacts were moved back to Nanjing and Beijing. Remarkably, none were damaged or lost.[26]
In the late 1940s, with the Kuomintang losing the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the artifacts from the Forbidden City and the National Museum in Nanjing to be moved to Taiwan. In the event no artifacts were shipped from Beijing, but many of the best collections stored in Nanjing were shipped to Taiwan, and today form the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.[27]
Under the People's Republic of China[edit]
The East Glorious Gate under renovation as part of the 19-year restoration process.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed at Tiananmen, directly in front of the Forbidden City. Over the next two decades various proposals were made to raze or reconstruct the Forbidden City to create a public park, a transport interchange, or "places of entertainment".[28]
The Forbidden City suffered some damage during this period, including the dismantling of the throne in the Hall of Middle Harmony, the removal of name tablets from several buildings and gardens, and the demolition of some minor gates and structures.[29]
The damage peaked during the Cultural Revolution. In 1966, the Hall of Worshipping Ancestors was modified and some artifacts destroyed for an exhibition of revolutionary mud sculptures. However, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai intervened by sending an army battalion to guard the city. These troops also prevented ransacking by the Red Guards who were swept up in the storm to demolish the "Four Olds". From 1966 to 1971, all gates to the Forbidden City were sealed, saving it from more destruction.[30]
The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties",[31] due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture.
Present[edit]
Tourists inside the Palace Museum
Currently, the Palace Museum is responsible for the preservation and restoration of the Forbidden City. Building heights around the Forbidden City are restricted. In 2005, a sixteen-year restoration project was started to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state. This is the largest restoration of the Forbidden City undertaken in two centuries, and involves progressively closing off sections of the Forbidden City for assessment, repairs, and restoration.[32] Also as part of the project, some derelict or destroyed sections are being rebuilt. The gardens of the Palace of Establishing Prosperity, destroyed by fire in 1923, were rebuilt in 2005, but remain closed to the public.[23] The interior was also designed in a different style, and the buildings are used by visiting dignitaries.[21]
A food court in the Six Western Palaces
While effort has been made to prevent the commercialisation of the palace, a variety of commercial enterprises exist, such as souvenir shops and photography stands. These commercial enterprises often rouse controversy. A Starbucks store, which opened in 2000, sparked objections[33] and eventually closed on July 13, 2007.[34] Chinese media also took notice of a pair of souvenir shops that refused to admit Chinese citizens in 2006.[35] According to the reports, the purpose was to preserve an atmosphere where foreigners could be victims of price gouging. The Palace Museum promised to investigate the matter. Some commentators, such as influential Phoenix TV host Luqiu Luwei, have further questioned the whole practice of renting out premises in the Forbidden City as retail space.[36]
In 2005, IBM Corporation and the Palace Museum announced a joint project to build a World Wide Web-based virtual model of the Forbidden City and associated sites in Beijing.[37] The online cultural heritage project, titled The Forbidden City: Beyond Space and Time, will be presented in both English and Chinese, and provide interactive, three-dimensional, representations of Forbidden City structures and cultural artifacts.[37] The virtual Forbidden City will consist of some 800 buildings, and will launch sometime during 2008.[38]
See also[edit]
History of Beijing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "故宫到底有多少间房 (How many rooms in the Forbidden City)" (in Chinese). Singtao Net. 2006-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
Jump up ^ "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang". UNESCO. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
Jump up ^ Yu (1984) p. 18
^ Jump up to: a b c "Vatican City and the Forbidden City; St. Peter's Square and Tiananmen Square: A Comparative Analysis. Page 5" (PDF). Asia-Pacific: Perspectives and the University of San Francisco. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-27.
Jump up ^ Stefan Czernecki; reviewed by Dave Jenkinson. "The Cricket's Cage". CM Magazine. University of Manitoba.
Jump up ^ Tsai, Shih (March 2002). Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. Seattle : University of Washington Press, c2001, p126. ISBN 978-0-295-98124-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Yang (2003) p. 15
Jump up ^ The only surviving large-scale hall built with whole logs of Phoebe zhennan is at Zhu Di's tomb at the Ming Tombs outside Beijing. This hall is only slightly smaller than the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City: China.org.cn: The Thirteen Ming Tombs in Beijing
^ Jump up to: a b China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "I. Building the Forbidden City" (Documentary). China: CCTV.
Jump up ^ Yu (1984) p. 21
Jump up ^ Yu (1984) p. 20
Jump up ^ Yang (2003) p. 69
Jump up ^ p 3734, Wu, Han (1980). 朝鲜李朝实录中的中国史料 (Chinese historical material in the Annals Yi Dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. CN / D829.312.
Jump up ^ Guo, Muoruo (1944-03-20). "甲申三百年祭 (Commemorating 300th anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year)". New China Daily (in Chinese).
Jump up ^ China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "II. Ridgeline of a Prosperous Age" (Documentary). China: CCTV.
Jump up ^ "故宫外朝宫殿为何无满文？ (Why is there no Manchu on the halls of the Outer Court?)". People Net (in Chinese). 2006-06-16. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
Jump up ^ Zhou Suqin. "坤宁宫 (Palace of Earthly Tranquility)" (in Chinese). The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
^ Jump up to: a b China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "XI. Flight of the National Treasures" (Documentary). China: CCTV.
Jump up ^ Yang (2003) p. 137
^ Jump up to: a b Yan, Chongnian (2004). "国民—战犯—公民 (National – War criminal – Citizen)". 正说清朝十二帝 (True Stories of the Twelve Qing Emperors) (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-04445-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Forbidden City 4__Destruction and Rebuilding". CRI Online. 2007-02-15. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
Jump up ^ Aisin-Gioro, Puyi (1964). From Emperor to citizen : the autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN 0-19-282099-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jianfu Palace Garden". China Heritage Fund. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
Jump up ^ Cao Kun (2005-10-06). "故宫X档案: 开院门票 掏五毛钱可劲逛 (Forbidden City X-Files: Opening admission 50 cents)". Beijing Legal Evening (in Chinese). People Net. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
Jump up ^ See map of the evacuation routes at: "National Palace Museum – Tradition & Continuity". National Palace Museum. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ "National Palace Museum – Tradition & Continuity". National Palace Museum. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ "三大院长南京说文物 (Three museum directors talk artifacts in Nanjing)". Jiangnan Times (in Chinese). People Net. 2003-10-19. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
Jump up ^ Wang, Jun (2006-09-01). "Forbidden City reconstruction plans" (in Chinese). Guangming Daily. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ Chen, Jie (2006-02-04). "Several horrifying reconstruction proposals had been made for the Forbidden City". Yangcheng Evening News (in Chinese). Eastday. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ Xie, Yinming; Qu, Wanlin (2006-11-07). ""文化大革命"中谁保护了故宫 (Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution?)". CPC Documents (in Chinese). People Net. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
Jump up ^ The Forbidden City was listed as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (UNESCO World Heritage Official Document). In 2004, Mukden Palace in Shenyang was added as an extension item to the property, which then became known as "Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang": "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang". UNESCO. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
Jump up ^ Palace Museum. "Forbidden City restoration project website". Archived from the original on April 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
Jump up ^ Reuters (2000-12-11). "Starbucks brews storm in China's Forbidden City". CNN. Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ Mellissa Allison (2007-07-13). "Starbucks closes Forbidden City store". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Two stores inside Forbidden City refuse entry to Chinese nationals" (in Chinese). Xinhua Net. 2006-08-23. Archived from the original on 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ "闾丘露薇：星巴克怎么进的故宫？Luqiu Luwei: How did Starbucks get into the Forbidden City" (in Chinese). People Net. 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2007-07-25. ; see also the original blog post here (in Chinese).
^ Jump up to: a b IBM Corp., Corporate Citizenship; Corporate Affairs, Arts & Culture (2005-06-16). "Forbidden City". IBM.com. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Jump up ^ Skwiot, Rick (Spring 2008). "A Digital Character". Washington University in St. Louis Magazine.
Further reading[edit]
Huang, Ray (1981). 1587, A Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02518-1.
Yang, Xiagui (2003). The Invisible Palace. Translated by Chen, Huang. Li, Shaobai (photography). Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN 7-119-03432-4.
Yu, Zhuoyun (1984). Palaces of the Forbidden City. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-53721-7.
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Circle of Willis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Circle of Willis
Schematic representation of the circle of Willis, arteries of the brain and brain stem. Blood flows up to the brain through the vertebral arteries and through the internal carotid arteries.
The arteries of the base of the brain. Basilar artery labeled below center. The temporal pole of the cerebrum and the cerebellar hemisphere have been removed on the right side. Inferior aspect (viewed from below).
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Circulus arteriosus cerebri
Circulus Willisi
MeSH
D002941
TA
A12.2.07.080
FMA
50454
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The circle of Willis (also called Willis' circle, loop of Willis, cerebral arterial circle, and Willis polygon) is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures. It is named after Thomas Willis (1621–1675), an English physician.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Origin of arteries
1.2 Variation
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Aneurysms
3.2 Subclavian steal syndrome
4 Additional images
5 References
6 See also
Structure[edit]
The circle of Willis is a part of the cerebral circulation and is composed of the following arteries:[2]
Anterior cerebral artery (left and right)
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery (left and right)
Posterior cerebral artery (left and right)
Posterior communicating artery (left and right)
The middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are not considered part of the circle.
Origin of arteries[edit]
The left and right internal carotid arteries arise from the left and right common carotid arteries.
The posterior communicating artery is given off as a branch of the internal carotid artery just before it divides into its terminal branches - the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The anterior cerebral artery forms the anterolateral portion of the circle of Willis, while the middle cerebral artery does not contribute to the circle.
The right and left posterior cerebral arteries arise from the basilar artery, which is formed by the left and right vertebral arteries. The vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries.
The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries and could be said to arise from either the left or right side.
All arteries involved give off cortical and central branches. The central branches supply the interior of the circle of Willis, more specifically, the Interpeduncular fossa. The cortical branches are named for the area they supply. Since they do not directly affect the circle of Willis, they are not dealt with here.
Variation[edit]
Considerable anatomic variation exists in the circle of Willis. Based on a study of 1413 brains, the classic anatomy of the circle is only seen in 34.5% of cases.[3] In one common variation the proximal part of the posterior cerebral artery is narrow and its ipsilateral posterior communicating artery is large, so the internal carotid artery supplies the posterior cerebrum. In another variation the anterior communicating artery is a large vessel, such that a single internal carotid supplies both anterior cerebral arteries.
Function[edit]
The arrangement of the brain's arteries into the circle of Willis creates redundancy (analogous to engineered redundancy) for collateral circulation in the cerebral circulation. If one part of the circle becomes blocked or narrowed (stenosed) or one of the arteries supplying the circle is blocked or narrowed, blood flow from the other blood vessels can often preserve the cerebral perfusion well enough to avoid the symptoms of ischemia.[4]
Clinical significance[edit]
Aneurysms[edit]
Circle of Willis with the most common locations of ruptured aneurysms marked
Main article: Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subclavian steal syndrome[edit]
The redundancies that the circle of Willis introduce can also lead to reduced cerebral perfusion.[5][6] In subclavian steal syndrome, blood is "stolen" from the circle of Willis to preserve blood flow to the upper limb. Subclavian steal syndrome results from a proximal stenosis (narrowing) of the subclavian artery, an artery supplied by the aorta which is also the same blood vessel that eventually feeds the circle of Willis via the vertebral artery.
Additional images[edit]
Fetal ultrasound image at the level of circle of Willis, showing PCA, MCA and ACA
Cerebral angiogram showing an anterior/posterior projection of the vertebrobasilar and posterior cerebral circulation, the posterior aspect of the circle of Willis and one of its feeding vessels.
An anterior view of major cerebral and cerebellar arteries.
Circle of Willis
Circle of Willis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Uston, Cagatay (February 20, 2004). "Dr. Thomas Willis' Famous Eponym: The Circle of Willis" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 34: 271–274. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale; George J. Augustine; David Fitzpatrick; William C. Hall; Anthony-Samuel LaMantia; James O. McNamara; Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience, 4th Ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 834–5. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7. Archived from the original on 2007-12-07.
Jump up ^ Bergman RA, Afifi AK, Miyauchi R, Circle of Willis. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation, URL: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Text/Arteries/CircleofWillis.shtml. Accessed on November 6, 2005.
Jump up ^ Boorder, Michiel J.; Van Der Grond, J; Van Dongen, AJ; Klijn, CJ; Jaap Kappelle, L; Van Rijk, PP; Hendrikse, J (2006). "Spect measurements of regional cerebral perfusion and carbon dioxide reactivity: Correlation with cerebral collaterals in internal carotid artery occlusive disease". J Neurol. 253 (10): 1285–1291. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0192-1. PMID 17063318.
Jump up ^ Klingelhöfer, J; Conrad, B; Benecke, R; Frank, B (1988). "Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of carotid-basilar collateral circulation in subclavian steal". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 19 (8): 1036–42. doi:10.1161/01.STR.19.8.1036. PMID 3041649.
Jump up ^ Lord, RS; Adar, R; Stein, RL (1969). "Contribution of the circle of Willis to the subclavian steal syndrome". Circulation. 40 (6): 871–8. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.40.6.871. PMID 5377222.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Circle of Willis.
Cerebral circulation
Leptomeningeal collateral circulation
[hide]
v
t
e
Arteries of the head and neck
CC
EC
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text:
Kuroshio Current
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Kuroshio" redirects here. For other uses, see Kuroshio (disambiguation).
The Kuroshio Current is the west side of the clockwise North Pacific ocean gyre
The ocean currents surrounding the Japanese archipelago: 1. Kuroshio 2. Kuroshio extension 3. Kuroshio countercurrent 4. Tsushima Current 5. Tsugaru Current 6. Sōya Current 7. Oyashio 8. Liman Current
The Kuroshio (黒潮, , "くろしお", [kɯɾoɕio] "Black Tide", "Japan Current") is a north-flowing ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean. It is similar to the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic and is part of the North Pacific ocean gyre. Like the Gulf stream, it is a strong western boundary current.
Contents
[hide]
1 Physical properties
2 Biological properties
2.1 Distribution
3 Production
3.1 Impact of eddies
3.2 Fish
3.3 Squid
4 References
Physical properties[edit]
It begins off the east coast of Luzon, Philippines, Taiwan and flows northeastward past Japan, where it merges with the easterly drift of the North Pacific Current. It is analogous to the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean, transporting warm, tropical water northward toward the polar region. It is sometimes known as the Black Stream — the English translation of kuroshio and an allusion to the deep blue of its water — and also as the "Japan Current" (日本海流, Nihon Kairyū).
The path of Kuroshio south of Japan is reported every day.[1] Its counterparts are the North Pacific Current to the north, the California Current to the east, and the North Equatorial Current to the south. The warm waters of the Kuroshio Current sustain the coral reefs of Japan, the northernmost coral reefs in the world. The branch into the Sea of Japan is called Tsushima Current (対馬海流, Tsushima Kairyū).
Biological properties[edit]
Distribution[edit]
Western boundary currents transport organisms long distances rapidly and a variety of commercially important marine organisms migrate in these currents in the course of completing their lives.[2] Subtropical gyres occupy a large fraction of the world's ocean and are more productive than originally thought. In addition, their fixation of carbon dioxide is an important factor in the global budget for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Satellite images of the Kuroshio Current illustrate how the current path meanders and forms isolated rings or eddies on the order of 100 to 300 kilometres (60 to 190 mi). Eddies retain their unique form for several months and have their own biological characteristics that depend on where they form. If the eddies are formed between the current and coastline of Japan, they may impinge on the continental shelf; their high kinetic energy has the effect of drawing large volumes of water off the shelf on one side of the ring, while adding water to the other side. The eddies size and strength decline with distance from major ocean currents. The amount of energy decreases from the rings associated with the major currents and down to eddies remote from those currents. Cyclonic eddies have the potential to cause upwelling that would affect the global primary-production budget.[2] Upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface resulting in an increase in productivity. The biological consequences for young fish populations that inhabit the shelf are quite large.
Production[edit]
The Oyashio Current colliding with the Kuroshio Current near Hokkaido. When two currents collide, they create eddies. Phytoplankton growing in the surface waters become concentrated along the boundaries of these eddies, tracing out the motions of the water.
Impact of eddies[edit]
The Kuroshio is a warm current—24 °C (75 °F) annual average sea-surface temperature—about 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide and produces frequent small to meso-scale eddies. The Kuroshio Current is ranked as a moderately high productivity ecosystem—with primary production of 150 to 300 grams (5 to 11 oz)—of carbon per square meter per year—based on SeaWiFS global primary productivity estimates. The coastal areas are highly productive and the maximum chlorophyll value is found around 100 metres (330 ft) depth.[3]
There are indications that eddies contribute to the preservation and survival of fish larvae transported by the Kuroshio.[4] Plankton biomass fluctuates yearly and is typically highest in the eddy area of the Kuroshio’s edge. Warm-core rings are not known for having high productivity. However, the biology of the warm-core rings from the Kuroshio Current show results of productivity equally distributed throughout for a couple of reasons. One is upwelling at the periphery; the other is the convective mixing caused by the cooling of surface water as the ring moves north of the current. The thermostad is the deep mixed layer that has discrete boundaries and uniform temperature. Within this layer, nutrient-rich water is brought to the surface, which generates a burst of primary production. Given that the water in the core of a ring has a different temperature regime than the shelf waters, there are times when a warm-core ring is undergoing its spring bloom while the surrounding shelf waters are not.[2]
There are many complex interactions with the warm-core ring and thus lifetime productivity is not very different from the surrounding shelf water. A study in 1998[2] found that the primary productivity within a warm-core ring was almost the same as in the cold jet outside it, with evidence of upwelling of nutrients within the ring. In addition, there was discovery of dense populations of phytoplankton at the nutricline in a ring, presumably supported by upward mixing of nutrients.[2] Furthermore, there have been acoustic studies in the warm-core ring, which showed intense sound scattering from zooplankton and fish populations in the ring and very sparse acoustic signals outside of it.
Copepods have been used as indicator-species of water masses. It has been suggested that copepods have been transported from the Kuroshio Current into southwest Taiwan through the Luzon Strait.[5] The Kuroshio intrusion through the Luzon Strait and further into the South China Sea may explain why copepods show a very high diversity in adjacent waters of the intrusion areas. The Kuroshio Current intrusion has a major influence on C. sinicus and E. concinna, which are two copepod species with higher index values for winter and originate from the East China Sea. During the southwestern monsoon, the South China Sea Surface Current moves northward during the summer toward the Kuroshio Current. As a result of this water circulation, the zooplankton communities in the boundary waters are unique and diverse.[5]
Fish[edit]
The biomass of fish stocks depends on the biomass of lower trophic levels, primary production and on oceanic and atmospheric conditions.[4] In the Kuroshio-Oyashio region, the fish catches depend on oceanographic conditions, such as the Oyashio’s southward intrusion and the Kuroshio’s large meander south of Honshu. The Oyashio Current contains subarctic water that is much colder and fresher than the resident water east of Honshu. Thus, the fish intrusion affects recruitment, biomass, and catch of species such as pollock, sardine, and anchovy. When the Oyashio is well developed and protrudes southward, the cold waters are favorable for sardine production. The Kuroshio large meander development correlates with sardine recruitment and catch due to the proximity of the Kuroshio meander to the southern spawning grounds of sardine.[4]
Squid[edit]
The Japanese squid Todarodes pacificus has three stocks that breed in winter, summer, and autumn. The winter spawning group is associated with the Kuroshio Current. After spawning in January to April in the East China Sea, the larvae and juveniles travel north with the Kuroshio Current. They are turned inshore and are caught between the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido during the summer. The summer spawning is in another part of the East China Sea, from which the larvae are entrained into the Tsushima current that flows north between the islands of Japan and the mainland. Afterward, the current meets a southward flowing cold coastal current, the Liman Current, and the summer-spawned squid are fished along the boundary between the two.[2] This illustrates the use of these western boundary currents as a rapid transport that enable the eggs and larvae to develop during winter in warm water, while the adults travel with minimum energy expenditure to exploit the rich northern feeding grounds.[2] Studies have reported that annual catches in Japan have gradually increased since the late 1980s and it has been proposed that changing environmental conditions have caused the autumn and winter spawning areas in the Tsushima Strait and near the Goto Islands to overlap.[6] In addition, winter spawning sites over the continental shelf and slope in the East China Sea are expanding.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Japan Coast Guard. "Quick Bulletin of Ocean Conditions".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Mann, K.H. and J.R.N. Lazier. (2006). Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 2nd Edition
Jump up ^ Terazaki, Makoto (1989) "Recent Large-Scale Changes in the Biomass of the Kuroshio Current Ecosystem" in Kenneth Sherman and Lewis M. Alexander (eds.), Biomass Yields and Geography of Large Marine Ecosystems (Boulder: Westview) AAAS Selected Symposium 111, pp.37-65. ISBN 0-8133-7844-3
^ Jump up to: a b c Belkin, I., "Kuroshio Current: LME #49"
^ Jump up to: a b Hwang, J. (2007). "Instrusions of the Kuroshio Current in the northern South China Sea affect copepod assemblages of the Luzon Strait." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 352
Jump up ^ Sakurai, H., (2007). "An overview of the Oyashio ecosystem." Deep-Sea Research Part II 54
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Efren Reyes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the actor and film director, see Efren Reyes, Jr.
In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Manalang and the surname or paternal family name is Reyes.
Efren Reyes
Reyes in the World 9-Ball Pool Championship
Medal record
Representing Philippines
Men's Eight-Ball
Asian Games
2002 Busan Singles
Men's Carom 1 Cushion
Southeast Asian Games
2011 Palembang Singles
2013 Naypyidaw Singles
2015 Singapore Singles
Men's Carom 3 Cushion
Southeast Asian Games
2011 Palembang Singles
Efren Manalang Reyes, OLD, PLH (born August 26, 1954), nicknamed the Magician and Bata, is a Filipino professional pool player. A winner of over 70 international titles, Reyes was the first player to win world championships in two different disciplines in pool. Among his numerous titles Reyes is a four-time World Eight-ball Champion, the 1999 WPA World Nine-ball Champion, a three-time US Open winner, a two-time World Pool League winner and a 14-time Derby City Classic winner – including an unprecedented five Master of the Table crowns. By defeating Earl Strickland in the inaugural Color of Money event in 1996, Reyes took home the largest single event purse in pool history.[1] Many analysts, fans, and current and former players consider Reyes to be the greatest pool player of all time.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Career
2 Accolades
3 Playing Style
4 Films and television
5 Nicknames and aliases
6 Titles and achievements
7 References
8 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Reyes was born in Pampanga in the Philippines in 1954. He moved to Manila with his family at the age of 5. In Manila, he worked as a billiards attendant at his uncle's billiards hall, where he started learning the various cue sports. Because he was not tall enough to reach the pool table, he played while standing on Coca-Cola cases that he moved around. At night, while he was dreaming of playing pool, the pool table was his bed.[4]
Reyes is often referred to as Bata, which is Tagalog for 'Kid', because there was another older pool player named Efren when he was young. To distinguish between the two, he was referred to as Efren Bata. He was also called "Efrey" by his colleagues (Ef from Efren and rey from Reyes).
Career[edit]
Gambling from a young age, Reyes played three cushion billiards in the 1960s and 1970s. After establishing himself as a winner, he was discovered by promoters. This gave him the opportunity to compete in big-time tournaments.
During the 1980s, when Reyes was considered a top-class player in his homeland but not yet internationally recognized, he went to the U.S. to hustle. Popular legend claims that Reyes earned US$80,000 in a week; this feat made him a folk hero back home.[5]
Reyes began winning a number of tournaments in the U.S., Europe and parts of Asia. Thus, he started to gain attention and recognition worldwide. At the start of his career, he used aliases to hide his identity so he would be allowed to compete. By the mid-1990s, he had become one of the elite players of the Philippines, alongside Jose Parica and Francisco Bustamante.
Reyes' fame began when he won the US Open Nine Ball Championship in 1994 by defeating Nick Varner in the finals. He was the first non-American to win the event.
Two years later, Efren Reyes and Earl Strickland were chosen to face each other in an event called the Color of Money, named after the movie. The event was a three-day race-to-120 challenge match of 9-ball. It was held in Hong Kong, with a winner-take-all prize of US$100,000. Reyes won the match 120-117. This was the largest single-winning purse in a pool event.[1]
Although Strickland was the first to win the WPA World Nine-ball Championship, Reyes, in 1999, became the first to win while it was broadcast on television. This tournament was not recognized at the time by the WPA, but Reyes was later retrospectively acknowledged as the winner of one of two world championships held in 1999. Nick Varner won the "official" world title. The two tournaments were merged for the following year, with both men listed as the champion for 1999. At the time, the Matchroom Sport-organised event in Cardiff, Wales, was called the World Professional Pool Championship (despite the entry of many non-professional players).
Efren Reyes posing with fan after he won a historic US$200,000 at the 2005 IPT King of the Hill Shootout
In 2001, Reyes won the International Billiard Tournament. The event was held in Tokyo, with over 700 players and a total purse of ¥100M ($850K). Reyes dominated the event and beat Niels Feijen in the finals 15-7 and earned the ¥20M[6] ($170K) first prize. At the time, this was the biggest first prize in a pool tournament.
In 2002 he won the $50K winner-take-all International Challenge of Champions, defeating Mika Immonen in a deciding rack after both players split sets.[7]
Near the end of 2004, Reyes beat Marlon Manalo to become the first-ever WPA World Eight Ball Champion. With the win, he became the first player in WPA history to win world championships in two different disciplines.
In December 2005, Reyes won the IPT King of the Hill 8-Ball Shootout. Reyes won a record-breaking $200K for first place by beating fellow Hall of Fame member Mike "the Mouth" Sigel two sets to none (8-0 and 8-5).
In 2006, Reyes and Francisco Bustamante represented their country as Team Philippines in the inaugural World Cup of Pool. They defeated Team USA, Earl Strickland and Rodney Morris, to capture the title.
That same year, Reyes won the IPT World Open Eight-ball Championship over Rodney Morris 8-6. He earned $500K which was the largest prize money tournament in the history of pocket billiards. Unfortunately, due to IPT's financial problems, he has not been able to claim much of this money as of 2007.[8]
In 2009, the Filipino tandem of Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante beat the German pair of Ralf Souquet and Thorsten Hohmann by a grueling 11-9 score to take their second championship title. This, together with the semifinal finish of the other Filipino team of Ronato Alcano and Dennis Orcollo, was the best performance by a host nation in the tournament's history.
In 2010, Reyes clinched his fifth title in the 12th annual Derby City Classic as the overall champion, making him the most successful player in the tournament's history.
He has topped the AZ Billiards Money List five times: in 2001,[9] 2002,[10] 2004,[11] 2005[12] and 2006.[13] In 2006, he set a record by earning $646K in a single year.[13]
Accolades[edit]
Numerous fellow professional players have credited Reyes with being the greatest living player in the world.[14] During ESPN television commentary on a semi-finals match between Reyes and Mika Immonen at the 2000 Billiard Congress of America Open 9-Ball Championship, veteran professional Billy Incardona stated that Reyes was "indisputably the best player in the world—especially when you consider all games—he can play any game as well as anyone, maybe better than anyone.... In my opinion we're watching probably the greatest player in my lifetime and I've been watching pool for the better part of forty years."[14]
In 1995 Billiards Digest Magazine named Reyes the Player of the Year.[15] The following year, when Reyes was ranked number one on the U.S.'s Pro Billiards Tour, the June 1996 issue of the magazine featured a poll of "billiard cognoscenti"—pro players, billiards writers, industry insiders and the like—to pick the best in billiards in various categories.[15] Billiards' own elite named Reyes the best one-pocket player of all time.[15] The magazine wrote, "While a bevy of one-pocket geniuses abound, Efren Reyes, whose prowess in one-pocket is sometimes obscured by his 9-ball stardom, was the popular pick. Is there anything Bata can't do?"[15]
In 2003, he became the first Asian to be inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame.[16]
Reyes was appointed Philippine Sports Ambassador of the 2005 South East Asian Games alongside some of the Philippines' greatest athletes (Allan Caidic, Yubob Saminiano,and Jen Sasaluya) to promote the event throughout the country.
For 2007, he was ranked #2 in Pool & Billiard Magazine's "Fans' Top 20 Favorite Players" poll.[17]
Other awards and honors include:
Philippine Legion of Honor
Philippine Order of Lakandula "Champion for Life Award"[18]
Outstanding Filipino Awardee of the Jaycees
Philippine Sportswriters Association Sportsman of the Year 1999, 2001 and 2006
One Pocket Hall of Fame (inducted in 2004)
Playing Style[edit]
Efren Reyes is well known for his highly unorthodox cueing technique. His cue action is characterized by a very light grip (using only his forefinger and thumb) and a warm-up stroking routine that involves both wrist and shoulder movement, giving the appearance of a moving piston. Upon the final forward delivery, Reyes releases the cue from his grip in a controlled manner. This technique allows him to have a good timing on the cue ball, generating power with minimal effort.
In addition to his exceptional shotmaking, Reyes is also widely regarded as the pioneer in the art of "kicking", which is a term used to describe the way in which players escape from a snooker and consequently either landing his/her opponents in a counter-snooker or pocketing the object ball. Reyes also popularized a method of positional play involving the use of multiple rails/cushions to control the speed of the cue ball. He attributes his knowledge of angles and positional play to his mastery of 3-cushion billiards, another popular cue sport variant.
Films and television[edit]
In 2003, Reyes was featured in the Filipino movie Pakners with the late actor Fernando Poe, Jr., which was his last film before his run for President in 2004 and then death in latter part of 2004. Reyes also appeared in the 2007 short film Nineball.[19]
In one episode of the TV series Magpakailanman, the story follows a young Efren Reyes (portrayed by actor Anjo Yllana) in his early pool-playing days as he progresses from a money player to a tournament contender.
Nicknames and aliases[edit]
Reyes is often called by his nickname "Bata" (Filipino for "Kid"), given to him by close friends to distinguish him from an older Efren.
Reyes, along with the other "Filipino invasion" players, revolutionized the way pool is played by introducing the art of pinpoint precision kicking (going into a rail with the cue ball and then hitting an object ball). Reyes' ability to "kick safe" and to kick balls into intended pockets is legendary. This ability, coupled with his superb skill at other aspects of the game, led U.S. professionals to give him the appellation "The Magician." Before Reyes and his compatriots came over to the U.S., no one there had seen anything like their kicking skill set.[20]
"[The] first time I came over to the states, I used an alias of Cesar Morales. Pool players in the US already knew Efren Reyes as a great shooter from the Philippines, but they [hadn't]...seen...[me]...in person." — Efren Reyes[21]
Titles and achievements[edit]
2016 Accu-Stats Make-It-Happen One-Pocket Invitational [22][23]
2015 Accu-Stats Make-It-Happen One-Pocket Invitational [24][25][26]
2014 MP Cup Gensan International Open 10-Ball [27][28][29][30]
2014 Smokin' Aces One-Pocket Shootout [31]
2014 Derby City Classic One-Pocket [32][33][34]
2012 Chuck Markulis Memorial One-Pocket Division[35]
2011 World Mixed Doubles Classic (with Rubilen Amit)[36]
2011 US Open One Pocket Championship[37]
2010 Spanish Open 2010[38]
2010 Predator International Ten-Ball Championship[39]
2010 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[40]
2010 Derby City Classic Fatboy Challenge 10-Ball[41]
2010 Derby City Classic Nine-Ball[42]
2010 Asia vs. Europe Challenge Match[43]
2009 World Mixed Doubles Classic (with Rubilen Amit)[44]
2009 Galveston World Classic One Pocket[45]
2009 World Cup of Pool (with Francisco Bustamante)[46]
2007 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[47]
2007 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[48]
2006 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Indonesia Leg)[49]
2006 IPT World Open Eight-Ball Championship[50]
2006 World Cup of Pool (with Francisco Bustamante)[51]
2006 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Vietnam Leg)[52]
2006 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[53]
2005 IPT King of the Hill Eight-Ball Shootout[54]
2005 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Indonesia Leg)[55]
2005 All Japan Championship[56]
2005 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[57]
2005 Derby City Classic Nine-Ball[58]
2005 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[59]
2004 WPA World Eight-Ball Championship[60]
2004 On Cue 3: Intercontinental Conquest[61]
2004 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Singapore Leg)[62]
2004 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Vietnam Leg)[63]
2004 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Taiwan Leg)[64]
2004 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[65]
2004 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[66]
2003 Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame
2003 World Classic Billiards Tournament[67]
2003 Las Vegas Nine-Ball Open[68]
2003 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Manila Leg)[69]
2003 Mid-Atlantic Nine-Ball Championship[70]
2003 All Japan Championship[71]
2002 Asian Games Eight-Ball singles (bronze)
2002 World Pool League[72]
2002 Cafe Puro Challenge of the Masters[73]
2002 Shooters Labor Day Weekend Open Nine-Ball[74]
2002 ESPN International Challenge of Champions[75]
2001 World Pool League[76]
2001 Tokyo Open 9-Ball [77][78]
2001 US Masters Nine-Ball[79]
2001 International Billiard Tournament[71]
2001 Accu-Stats Eight-Ball Invitational[71]
2001 The Color of Money II (vs. Earl Strickland)[80]
2000 U.S. Open One-Pocket Championship[81]
2000 PBT World Eight-Ball Championship
2000 Camel Pro Eight-Ball Championship[71]
2000 Pennsylvania State Nine-Ball Championship[82]
2000 USA Billiards Challenger Event 2[83]
1999 ESPN Ultimate Nine-Ball Challenge[84]
1999 ESPN Ultimate Shootout[85]
1999 Sands Regency Open 29 Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1999 WPA World Nine-Ball Championship
1999 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[71]
1999 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[86]
1998 World Eight-Ball Championship[71][clarification needed]
1998 Camel South Jersey Ten-Ball Open[71]
1997 PCA Shooters Challenge[71]
1997 PCA Treasure Island Resort Event[71]
1996 The Color of Money (vs. Earl Strickland)[71]
1996 PBT World Eight-Ball Championship
1996 PBT Legends of Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1996 Camel World Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1996 PBT Western Open[71]
1996 PBT Florida Flare Up III[71]
1995 Sands Regency Open 21 Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1995 PBT World Eight-Ball Championship
1995 Pro Tour Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1995 Maine 14.1 Event[71]
1995 Bicycle Club VII[71]
1994 U.S. Open Nine-Ball Championships[87]
1994 PBT Bicycle Club Invitational[71]
1992 International Nine-Ball Classic[71]
1992 World Nine-Ball Open (Tokyo)[71]
1990 World Cup (Taipei)[71]
1988 PBA McDermott Masters Nine-Ball[71]
1986 Sands Regency Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1985 Sands Regency Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1985 Red's Nine-Ball Open[71]
1985 Tar Heel Open[71]
1985 Willard's Open[71]
1985 Chicago Billiard Cafe Open[71]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Manlosa, Rommel C. (2 January 2014). "Battle of legends". sunstar newspaper. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE GREAT ONES: Efren Reyes". Chalk Is Free. 16 April 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Efren Reyes makes the greatest shot ever". View From the Sugar Island. 24 April 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Billiards Star Reyes Gets Everyone into the Pool
Jump up ^ Forrest, Brett (May 8, 2012). "Running the tables". ESPN The Magazine. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Press of the Tokyo Open Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Leider, Nick. "The Big Time". Billiards Digest. Billiards Digest Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Jump up ^ Leider, Nick. "The Big Time". Billiards Digest. Archived from the original on 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Jump up ^ 2001 AZB MONEY LEADERBOARD
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Jump up ^ 2005 AZB MONEY LEADERBOARD
^ Jump up to: a b 2006 AZB MONEY LEADERBOARD
^ Jump up to: a b ESPN Classic rebroadcast of 2000 Billiard Congress of America Open 9-Ball Championship, playoff round 1 playoff: Efren Reyes v. Mika Immonen. Commentary by Billy Incardona and Mitch Laurance. Aired and viewed February 13, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mangahas, Mahar (September 2, 1996). "Pinoys in Billiards' Best". Manila Standard. Manila. p. 25B.
Jump up ^ Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame
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Jump up ^ "The Order of Lakandula". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Efren Reyes Defends Make It Happen Title". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Accu-Stats Make-It-Happen One-Pocket 2016". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Reyes Wins 2015 Accu-Stats Make It Happen One-Pocket". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Accu-Stats Make-It-Happen One-Pocket". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "EFREN 'BATA' REYES WEAVES HIS MAGIC TO WIN ACCU-STATS 'MAKE IT HAPPEN' ONE POCKET INVITATIONAL". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Efren Reyes.
Efren Reyes Matches
Efren Reyes bio at AZBilliards
Preceded by
Nick Varner WPA Men's World Nine-ball Champion
1999 Succeeded by
Chao Fong-pang
Inaugural champion WPA Men's World Eight-ball Champion
2004 Succeeded by
Wu Chia-ching
Preceded by
Earl Strickland US Open Nine-ball Champion
1994 Succeeded by
Reed Pierce
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efren_Reyes&oldid=837634050"
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Philippine name

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value: Billiards and snooker at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games

value: Billiards and snooker at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games

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value: WPA or PBT? Can this even be verified with more than one source? (October 2017)

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//www.worldcat.org/issn/1049-2852

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Wu Chia-ching

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US Open Nine-ball Championship

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value: エフレン・レイズ – Japanese

value: 艾夫倫·瑞雷耶斯 – Chinese

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