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List of Super Bowl broadcasters
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The following is a list of Super Bowl broadcasters, that is, all of the national American television and radio networks and sports announcers that have broadcast the first four AFL-NFL World Championship Games and thereafter the championship games of the National Football League. It does not include any announcers who may have appeared on local radio broadcasts produced by the participating teams.
Originally alternated between the AFL network (then NBC) and the NFL network (then CBS), the network that televises each Super Bowl game is currently determined by the TV contracts that the league negotiates with all of its broadcasters about every 4–8 years. Currently (beginning with the 2006 season), the rights to televise the Super Bowl are rotated on an annual basis by CBS, Fox and NBC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Television
1.1 Notes
1.2 See also
2 Radio
3 References
4 External links
Television[edit]
Game
Date
Network
Play-by-play announcers
Color commentators
Sideline reporters
Pregame hosts
Pregame analysts
Trophy presentation
I* January 15, 1967 CBS Ray Scott
(first half)
Jack Whitaker
(second half) Frank Gifford Pat Summerall Pat Summerall
NBC Curt Gowdy Paul Christman Charlie Jones Jim Simpson George Ratterman George Ratterman
II January 14, 1968 CBS Ray Scott Pat Summerall and Jack Kemp Frank Gifford and Jack Whitaker Frank Gifford
III January 12, 1969 NBC Curt Gowdy Kyle Rote and Al DeRogatis Jim Simpson Curt Gowdy Kyle Rote and Al DeRogatis Jim Simpson
IV January 11, 1970 CBS Jack Buck Pat Summerall Frank Gifford and Jack Whitaker Frank Gifford
V January 17, 1971 NBC Curt Gowdy Kyle Rote Bill Enis Curt Gowdy Joe Namath Bill Enis
VI January 16, 1972 CBS Ray Scott Pat Summerall Tom Brookshier Jack Whitaker Tom Brookshier
VII January 14, 1973 NBC Curt Gowdy Al DeRogatis Bill Enis Curt Gowdy Joe Namath Bill Enis
VIII January 13, 1974 CBS Ray Scott Pat Summerall and Bart Starr Tom Brookshier Jack Whitaker Tom Brookshier
IX January 12, 1975 NBC Curt Gowdy Al DeRogatis and Don Meredith Charlie Jones Jack Perkins Joe Namath and Don Meredith Charlie Jones
X January 18, 1976 CBS Pat Summerall Tom Brookshier
Hank Stram (fourth quarter) Brent Musburger Irv Cross, Phyllis George and Jack Whitaker Tom Brookshier and Sonny Jurgensen
XI January 9, 1977 NBC Curt Gowdy Don Meredith Lee Leonard and Bryant Gumbel John Brodie Bryant Gumbel
XII January 15, 1978 CBS Pat Summerall Tom Brookshier Paul Hornung and Nick Buoniconti Brent Musburger Irv Cross, Phyllis George and Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder Gary Bender
XIII January 21, 1979 NBC Curt Gowdy John Brodie and Merlin Olsen Dick Enberg Bryant Gumbel, Mike Adamle, Donna De Varona and Fran Tarkenton Mike Adamle
XIV January 20, 1980 CBS Pat Summerall Tom Brookshier Brent Musburger Irv Cross, Jayne Kennedy, Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, John Madden and George Allen Brent Musburger
XV January 25, 1981 NBC Dick Enberg Merlin Olsen John Brodie and Len Dawson Bryant Gumbel Mike Adamle, Pete Axthelm, and Bob Trumpy Bryant Gumbel
XVI January 24, 1982 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Irv Cross and Phyllis George Brent Musburger Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, Terry Bradshaw and Roger Staubach Brent Musburger
XVII January 30, 1983 NBC Dick Enberg Merlin Olsen Bill Macatee Len Berman Mike Adamle, Pete Axthelm and Ahmad Rashād Mike Adamle
XVIII January 22, 1984 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Irv Cross and Jim Hill Brent Musburger Pat O'Brien, Phyllis George, Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, Dick Vermeil, Charlsie Cantey, and Tom Brookshier Brent Musburger
XIX[1] January 20, 1985 ABC Frank Gifford Don Meredith and Joe Theismann Al Michaels and Jim Lampley O. J. Simpson and Tom Landry Jim Lampley
XX January 26, 1986 NBC Dick Enberg Merlin Olsen and Bob Griese Bill Macatee Bob Costas Pete Axthelm and Ahmad Rashād Bob Costas
XXI January 25, 1987 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Irv Cross and Will McDonough Brent Musburger Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, Dan Dierdorf, Terry Bradshaw and Joe Theismann Brent Musburger
XXII January 31, 1988 ABC Al Michaels Frank Gifford and Dan Dierdorf Jack Whitaker, Jim Hill and Becky Dixon Keith Jackson Lynn Swann and Mike Adamle Keith Jackson
XXIII[2] January 22, 1989 NBC Dick Enberg Merlin Olsen Jim Gray Bob Costas and Gayle Gardner Paul Maguire and Don Shula Bob Costas
XXIV[3] January 28, 1990 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Irv Cross and Will McDonough Brent Musburger Terry Bradshaw, Mike Ditka, Ken Stabler and Dan Fouts Brent Musburger
XXV[4] January 27, 1991 ABC Al Michaels Frank Gifford and Dan Dierdorf Lynn Swann and Jack Arute Brent Musburger Dick Vermeil and Bob Griese Brent Musburger
XXVI**[5] January 26, 1992 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Lesley Visser and Pat O'Brien and Jim Gray Greg Gumbel Terry Bradshaw, Dan Fouts and Randy Cross Lesley Visser
XXVII[6] January 31, 1993 NBC Dick Enberg Bob Trumpy O. J. Simpson and Todd Christensen Bob Costas Mike Ditka and Joe Gibbs Bob Costas
XXVIII*** January 30, 1994 NBC Dick Enberg Bob Trumpy O. J. Simpson and Will McDonough Jim Lampley and Bob Costas Mike Ditka and Joe Gibbs Jim Lampley
XXIX January 29, 1995 ABC Al Michaels Frank Gifford and Dan Dierdorf Lynn Swann and Lesley Visser Brent Musburger Dick Vermeil and Boomer Esiason Brent Musburger
XXX[7] January 28, 1996 NBC Dick Enberg Phil Simms and Paul Maguire Jim Gray and Will McDonough Greg Gumbel and Ahmad Rashād Mike Ditka, Joe Gibbs and Joe Montana Greg Gumbel
XXXI[8] January 26, 1997 Fox Pat Summerall John Madden Ron Pitts and Bill Maas James Brown Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Ronnie Lott Terry Bradshaw
XXXII[9] January 25, 1998 NBC Dick Enberg Phil Simms and Paul Maguire Jim Gray and John Dockery Greg Gumbel and Ahmad Rashād Cris Collinsworth, Sam Wyche and Joe Gibbs Greg Gumbel
XXXIII[10] January 31, 1999 Fox Pat Summerall John Madden Ron Pitts and Bill Maas James Brown Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Cris Collinsworth Terry Bradshaw
XXXIV[11] January 30, 2000 ABC Al Michaels Boomer Esiason Lesley Visser and Lynn Swann Chris Berman Steve Young Mike Tirico
XXXV[12] January 28, 2001 CBS Greg Gumbel Phil Simms Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Nantz Mike Ditka, Craig James, Randy Cross and Jerry Glanville Jim Nantz
XXXVI[13] February 3, 2002 Fox Pat Summerall John Madden Pam Oliver and Ron Pitts James Brown Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Cris Collinsworth Terry Bradshaw
XXXVII[14] January 26, 2003 ABC Al Michaels John Madden Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann Chris Berman Steve Young, Michael Strahan and Brian Billick Mike Tirico
XXXVIII February 1, 2004 CBS Greg Gumbel Phil Simms Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Nantz Dan Marino, Deion Sanders and Boomer Esiason Jim Nantz
XXXIX February 6, 2005 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman and Cris Collinsworth Pam Oliver and Chris Myers James Brown Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Jimmy Johnson Terry Bradshaw
XL February 5, 2006 ABC Al Michaels John Madden Michele Tafoya and Suzy Kolber Chris Berman (main set) and Mike Tirico (2nd set) Steve Young, Michael Irvin and Tom Jackson (main set); Bill Belichick (2nd set) Mike Tirico
XLI February 4, 2007 CBS Jim Nantz Phil Simms Lesley Visser, Sam Ryan, Steve Tasker and Solomon Wilcots James Brown Dan Marino, Shannon Sharpe and Boomer Esiason Jim Nantz
XLII February 3, 2008 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Curt Menefee Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Jimmy Johnson Terry Bradshaw
XLIII February 1, 2009 NBC Al Michaels John Madden Andrea Kremer and Alex Flanagan Bob Costas, Dan Patrick and Keith Olbermann Cris Collinsworth, Jerome Bettis, Tiki Barber, Matt Millen, Tony Dungy, Mike Holmgren and Rodney Harrison Dan Patrick
XLIV February 7, 2010 CBS Jim Nantz Phil Simms Steve Tasker and Solomon Wilcots James Brown Dan Marino, Bill Cowher, Shannon Sharpe and Boomer Esiason Jim Nantz
XLV February 6, 2011 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Curt Menefee Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, Michael Strahan and Jimmy Johnson Terry Bradshaw
XLVI February 5, 2012 NBC Al Michaels Cris Collinsworth Michele Tafoya Bob Costas and Dan Patrick Tony Dungy, Rodney Harrison, Aaron Rodgers and Hines Ward Dan Patrick
XLVII February 3, 2013 CBS Jim Nantz Phil Simms Steve Tasker, Solomon Wilcots and Tracy Wolfson James Brown and Greg Gumbel Dan Marino, Bill Cowher, Shannon Sharpe, Boomer Esiason, Clay Matthews and Larry Fitzgerald Jim Nantz
XLVIII February 2, 2014 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman Pam Oliver and Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Howie Long, Michael Strahan and Jimmy Johnson Michael Strahan****
XLIX February 1, 2015 NBC Al Michaels Cris Collinsworth Michele Tafoya Bob Costas and Dan Patrick Tony Dungy, Rodney Harrison, Hines Ward and John Harbaugh Dan Patrick
50 February 7, 2016 CBS Jim Nantz Phil Simms Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn James Brown, Ian Eagle and Greg Gumbel Tony Gonzalez, Bill Cowher, Bart Scott, Boomer Esiason, Sean Payton, Brandon Marshall, Trent Green, Steve Smith Sr. and Amy Trask Jim Nantz
LI February 5, 2017 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman Erin Andrews and Chris Myers Curt Menefee Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, Michael Strahan and Jimmy Johnson Terry Bradshaw
LII February 4, 2018 NBC Al Michaels Cris Collinsworth Michele Tafoya Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh Tony Dungy, Rodney Harrison and John Harbaugh Dan Patrick
LIII February 3, 2019 CBS Jim Nantz Tony Romo Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn James Brown Phil Simms, Bill Cowher, Nate Burleson, Boomer Esiason Jim Nantz
Notes[edit]
(*) Note 1: Super Bowl I was simulcast on both CBS (at the time the sole NFL network) and NBC[15] (the AFL network). From Super Bowl II onward, the networks began rotating exclusive coverage of the game on an annual basis. Super Bowls I–VI were blacked out in the television markets of the host cities, due to league restrictions then in place.
(**) Note 2: The 1989 television contract (which was in effect) gave CBS Super Bowl XXVI instead of Super Bowl XXVII, which was in their rotation. The NFL swapped the CBS and NBC years in an effort to give CBS enough lead-in programming for the upcoming 1992 Winter Olympics two weeks later.
(***) Note 3: The television contract for 1990-1993 had each network having one Super Bowl telecast of the first three games as part of the package. The fourth Super Bowl (XXVIII) was up for a separate sealed bid. NBC won the bid, and since they were last in the rotation for Super Bowl coverage in the regular contract, ended up with two straight Super Bowls. CBS is the only other network to televise two Super Bowls (I and II) in a row. It is also of note that those two Super Bowls are the only back-to-back Super Bowls to feature the same two teams (Dallas Cowboys and Buffalo Bills).
(****) Note 4: Michael Strahan was a last-minute substitute for the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremony; as Terry Bradshaw (who has normally covered the Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremonies for Super Bowls airing on Fox) left the New Jersey/New York area the day before Super Bowl XLVIII to fly home due to the death of his father.
See also[edit]
The NFL Today
Fox NFL Sunday
The NFL on NBC pregame show
Football Night in America
Radio[edit]
Game
Date
Network
Play-by-play announcers
Color commentators
Sideline reporters
Studio hosts
I January 15, 1967 CBS Jack Drees Tom Hedrick
NBC Jim Simpson George Ratterman
II January 14, 1968 CBS Jack Drees Tom Hedrick
III January 12, 1969 NBC Charlie Jones George Ratterman and Pat Summerall
IV January 11, 1970 CBS Bob Reynolds Tom Hedrick
V January 17, 1971 NBC Jay Randolph Al DeRogatis
VI January 16, 1972 CBS Andy Musser Ray Geracy
VII January 14, 1973 NBC Jim Simpson Kyle Rote
VIII January 13, 1974 CBS Andy Musser Bob Tucker
IX January 12, 1975 NBC Jim Simpson John Brodie
X January 18, 1976 CBS Ed Ingles Jim Kelly
XI January 9, 1977 NBC Jim Simpson John Brodie
XII January 15, 1978 CBS Jack Buck Jim Kelly and Sonny Jurgensen
XIII January 21, 1979 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Brent Musburger Pat Summerall
XIV January 20, 1980 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Dick Stockton
XV January 25, 1981 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Irv Cross Dick Stockton and Brent Musburger
XVI January 24, 1982 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Dick Stockton
XVII January 30, 1983 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Dick Stockton and Brent Musburger
XVIII January 22, 1984 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Dick Stockton
XIX January 20, 1985 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Irv Cross Brent Musburger
XX January 26, 1986 NBC Don Criqui Bob Trumpy Stan Martyn
XXI January 25, 1987 NBC Don Criqui Bob Trumpy Bob Costas
XXII January 31, 1988 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Brent Musburger
XXIII January 22, 1989 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Irv Cross and Will McDonough Brent Musburger
XXIV January 28, 1990 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram
Randy Cross (fourth quarter) Brent Musburger
XXV January 27, 1991 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Greg Gumbel
XXVI January 26, 1992 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Greg Gumbel
XXVII January 31, 1993 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Greg Gumbel
XXVIII January 30, 1994 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Greg Gumbel
XXIX January 29, 1995 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Jim Hunter
XXX January 28, 1996 CBS/Westwood One Jack Buck Hank Stram Jim Hunter
XXXI January 26, 1997 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen Jim Hunter
XXXII January 25, 1998 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen Jim Hunter
XXXIII January 31, 1999 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen John Dockery Tommy Tighe
XXXIV January 30, 2000 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen John Dockery Tommy Tighe
XXXV January 28, 2001 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen and Boomer Esiason John Dockery and James Lofton Tommy Tighe
XXXVI February 3, 2002 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Boomer Esiason and Lesley Visser John Dockery and James Lofton Jim Gray and Tommy Tighe
XXXVII January 26, 2003 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Warren Moon Jim Gray
XXXVIII February 1, 2004 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery, John Riggins, and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Gray and Beasley Reece
XXXIX February 6, 2005 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Gray and Dave Sims
XL February 5, 2006 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Gray, Beasley Reece, and Josh Elliott
XLI February 4, 2007 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Gray
XLII February 3, 2008 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Kevin Kiley Jim Gray and Tommy Tighe
XLIII February 1, 2009 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Tommy Tighe
XLIV February 7, 2010 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLV February 6, 2011 CBS/Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLVI February 5, 2012 Dial Global Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLVII February 3, 2013 Dial Global Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLVIII February 2, 2014 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLIX February 1, 2015 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
50 February 7, 2016 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
LI February 5, 2017 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Tony Boselli Jim Gray and Scott Graham
LII February 4, 2018 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren Ed Werder and Tony Boselli Jim Gray and Scott Graham
LIII February 3, 2019 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason Ed Werder and Tony Boselli Jim Gray and Scott Graham
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXIX (1995) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXIII (1989) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXIV (1990) home page at Hollywood.com". Archived from the original on July 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV (1991) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXVI (1992) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXVII (1993) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXX (1996) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ The Fox Sports Special: XXXI Superbowl (sic) Green Bay vs. New England (1997)
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXII (1998) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIII (1999) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXIV (2000) home page at Hollywood.com". Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXV (2001) home page at Hollywood.com". Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXVI (2002) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXVII (2003) home page at Hollywood.com". Archived from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "NBC presents Super Bowl I". NBC Sports History Page.
External links[edit]
Tom Hoffarth of the Los Angeles Daily News breaks down the Super Bowl by play-by-play announcer.
Only 11 have called TV's biggest game - Times Union
The best and worst analysts in the booth
Super Bowl 2015 Online Live Broadcasters - "Super Bowl 2015 Live" - XLIX
Pat Summerall and John Madden top list of greatest broadcast booths in Super Bowl history - NY Daily News
SUPER BOWL BROADCASTERS HISTORY (1967-2013)
NBC and WESTWOOD ONE Network: Official broadcasters of Super Bowl XLIX
Ranking the best and worst Super Bowl announcers, from John Madden to Phil Simms
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1 – From 1966 to 1969, the first four Super Bowls were "World Championship" games played between two independent professional football leagues, AFL and NFL, and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game.
2 – Dates in the list denote the season, not the calendar year in which the championship game was played. For instance, Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007, but was the championship for the 2006 season.
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Congressional oversight
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Congressional oversight is oversight by the United States Congress over the Executive Branch, including the numerous U.S. federal agencies. Congressional oversight includes the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation.[1] Congress exercises this power largely through its congressional committee system. However, oversight, which dates to the earliest days of the Republic, also occurs in a wide variety of congressional activities and contexts. These include authorization, appropriations, investigative, and legislative hearings by standing committees; specialized investigations by select committees; and reviews and studies by congressional support agencies and staff.
Congress’s oversight authority derives from its “implied” powers in the Constitution, public laws, and House and Senate rules. It is an integral part of the American system of checks and balances.
Contents
[hide]
1 Report on the Organization of Congress
2 Congressional control of agencies
3 Principles
4 Purposes
5 Powers and prerogatives
5.1 U.S. Constitution
5.2 Statutes
6 Activities and avenues
7 Congressional Oversight Training
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Report on the Organization of Congress[edit]
Oversight is an implied rather than an enumerated power under the U.S. Constitution.[2] The government's charter does not explicitly grant Congress the authority to conduct inquiries or investigations of the executive, to have access to records or materials held by the executive, or to issue subpoenas for documents or testimony from the executive.
There was little discussion of the power to oversee, review, or investigate executive activity at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 or later in The Federalist Papers, which argued in favor of ratification of the Constitution. The lack of debate was because oversight and its attendant authority were seen as an inherent power of representative assemblies which enacted public law.[3]
Oversight also derives from the many and varied express powers of the Congress in the Constitution. It is implied in the legislature's authority, among other powers and duties, to appropriate funds, enact laws, raise and support armies, provide for a Navy, declare war, and impeach and remove from office the President, Vice President, and other civil officers. Congress could not reasonably or responsibly exercise these powers without knowing what the executive was doing; how programs were being administered, by whom, and at what cost; and whether officials were obeying the law and complying with legislative intent.
The Supreme Court of the United States has confirmed the oversight powers of Congress, subject to constitutional safeguards for civil liberties, on several occasions. In 1927, for instance, the Court found that in investigating the administration of the Justice Department, Congress was considering a subject "on which legislation could be had or would be materially aided by the information which the investigation was calculated to elicit".[4]
Congressional control of agencies[edit]
If Congress believes that an agency has drifted from its original mandate, Congress can respond in a number of ways. Congress can pass a law to overrule agency decisions, or to narrow the agency's jurisdiction. Congress can use its appropriations power to restrict the agency's funding. Congress can also narrow the agency's regulatory authority. For example, in the 1980s Congress narrowed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's regulatory discretion using detailed substantive criteria to limit EPA rulemaking.[5]
Principles[edit]
Underlying the legislature's ability to oversee the executive are democratic principles as well as practical purposes. John Stuart Mill, the British Utilitarian philosopher, insisted that oversight was the key feature of a meaningful representative body: “The proper office of a representative assembly is to watch and control the government”.[6] As a young scholar, Woodrow Wilson equated oversight with lawmaking, which was usually seen as the supreme function of a legislature. He wrote, “Quite as important as legislation is vigilant oversight of administration”.[7]
The philosophical underpinning for oversight is the Constitution’s system of checks and balances among the legislature, executive, and judiciary. James Madison, known as the “Father of the Constitution”, described the system in Federalist No. 51 as establishing “subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner that each may be a check on the other”.
Purposes[edit]
Oversight, as an outgrowth of this principle, ideally serves a number of overlapping objectives and purposes:
improve the efficiency, economy, and effectiveness of governmental operations;
evaluate programs and performance;
detect and prevent poor administration, waste, abuse, arbitrary and capricious behavior, or illegal and unconstitutional conduct;
protect civil liberties and constitutional rights;
inform the general public and ensure that executive policies reflect the public interest;
gather information to develop new legislative proposals or to amend existing statutes;
ensure administrative compliance with legislative intent; and
prevent executive encroachment on legislative authority and prerogatives.
In sum, oversight is a way for Congress to check on, and check, the executived directors
Powers and prerogatives[edit]
U.S. Constitution[edit]
Although the U.S. Constitution grants no formal, express authority to oversee or investigate the executive or program administration, oversight is implied in Congress’s array of enumerated powers.[8] The legislature is authorized to appropriate funds; raise and support armies; provide for and maintain a navy; declare war; provide for organizing and calling forth the national guard; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish post offices and post roads; advise and consent on treaties and presidential nominations (Senate); and impeach (House) and try (Senate) the President, Vice President, and civil officers for treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Reinforcing these powers is Congress’s broad authority “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof”.
The authority to oversee derives from these constitutional powers. Congress could not carry them out reasonably or responsibly without knowing what the executive is doing; how programs are being administered, by whom, and at what cost; and whether officials are obeying the law and complying with legislative intent. The Supreme Court has legitimated Congress’s investigative power, subject to constitutional safeguards for civil liberties. In 1927, the Court found that, in investigating the administration of the Department of Justice, Congress was considering a subject “on which legislation could be had or would be materially aided by the information which the investigation was calculated to elicit”.[9]
Statutes[edit]
The “necessary and proper” clause of the Constitution also allows Congress to enact laws that mandate oversight by its committees, grant relevant authority to itself and its support agencies, and impose specific obligations on the executive to report to or consult with Congress, and even seek its approval for specific actions.
Broad oversight mandates exist for the legislature in several significant statutes.
The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 (P.L. 79-601), for the first time, explicitly called for “legislative oversight” in public law. It directed House and Senate standing committees “to exercise continuous watchfulness” over programs and agencies under their jurisdiction; authorized professional staff for them; and enhanced the powers of the Comptroller General, the head of Congress’s investigative and audit arm, the Government Accountability Office (GAO).
The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-510) authorized each standing committee to “review and study, on a continuing basis, the application, administration and execution” of laws under its jurisdiction; increased the professional staff of committees; expanded the assistance provided by the Congressional Research Service; and strengthened the program evaluation responsibilities of GAO.
The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-344) allowed committees to conduct program evaluation themselves or contract out for it; strengthened GAO’s role in acquiring fiscal, budgetary, and program-related information; and upgraded GAO’s review capabilities.
Besides these general powers, numerous statutes direct the executive to furnish information to or consult with Congress. For example, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-62) requires agencies to consult with Congress on their strategic plans and report annually on performance plans, goals, and results. In fact, more than 2,000 reports are submitted each year to Congress by federal departments, agencies, commissions, bureaus, and offices. Inspectors General (IGs), for instance, report their findings about waste, fraud, and abuse, and their recommendations for corrective action, periodically to the agency head and Congress. The IGs are also instructed to issue special reports concerning particularly serious problems immediately to the agency head, who transmits them unaltered to Congress within seven days. The Reports Consolidation Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-531), moreover, instructs the IGs to identify and describe their agencies’ most serious management and performance challenges and briefly assess progress in addressing them. This new requirement is to be part of a larger effort by individual agencies to consolidate their numerous reports on financial and performance management matters into a single annual report. The aim is to enhance coordination and efficiency within the agencies; improve the quality of relevant information; and provide it in a more meaningful and useful format for Congress, the President, and the public.
In addition, Congress creates commissions and establishes task forces to study and make recommendations for select policy areas that can also involve examination of executive operations and organizations.
There is a long history behind executive reports to Congress. Indeed, one of the first laws of the First Congress—the 1789 Act to establish the Treasury Department (1 Stat. 66)—called upon the Secretary and the Treasurer to report directly to Congress on public expenditures and all accounts. The Secretary was also required “to make report, and give information to either branch of the legislature...respecting all matters referred to him by the Senate or House of Representatives, or which shall appertain to his office.” Separate from such reporting obligations, public employees may provide information to Congress on their own. In the early part of the 20th century, Congress enacted legislation to overturn a “gag” rule, issued by the President, that prohibited employees from communicating directly with Congress (5 U.S.C. 7211 (1994)). Other “whistleblower” statutes, which have been extended specifically to cover personnel in the intelligence community (P.L. 105-272), guarantee the right of government employees to petition or furnish information to Congress or a Member.
House and Senate Rules Chamber rules also reinforce the oversight function. House and Senate rules, for instance, provide for “special oversight” or “comprehensive policy oversight”, respectively, for specified committees over matters that relate to their authorizing jurisdiction. In addition, House rules direct each standing committee to require its subcommittees to conduct oversight or to establish an oversight subcommittee for this purpose. House rules also call for each committee to submit an oversight agenda, listing its prospective oversight topics for the ensuing Congress, to the House Committee on Government Reform, which compiles and prints the agendas.
The House Government Reform Committee and the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, which have oversight jurisdiction over virtually the entire federal government, furthermore, are authorized to review and study the operation of government activities to determine their economy and efficiency and to submit recommendations based on GAO reports. In addition, House rules require that the findings and recommendations from the Government Reform Committee be considered by authorizing panels, if presented to them in a timely fashion.
Activities and avenues[edit]
Oversight occurs through a wide variety of congressional activities and avenues. Some of the most publicized are the comparatively rare investigations by select committees into major scandals or into executive branch operations gone awry.
Cases in point are temporary select committee inquiries into: China’s acquisition of U.S. nuclear weapons information, in 1999; the Iran-Contra affair, in 1987; intelligence agency abuses, in 1975–1976, and the Watergate scandal in 1973–1974. The precedent for this kind of oversight goes back two centuries: in 1792, a special House committee investigated the defeat of an Army force by confederated Indian tribes.
By comparison to these select panel investigations, other congressional inquiries in recent Congresses—into the Whitewater controversy, access to Federal Bureau of Investigation files, White House Travel Office firings, and campaign financing—have relied upon standing committees.
The impeachment proceedings against President Bill Clinton in 1998 in the House and in 1999 in the Senate also generated considerable oversight. The oversight not only encompassed the President and the White House staff, but also extended to the office of independent counsel, specifically its authority, jurisdiction, and expenditures. Although such highly visible endeavors are significant, they usually reflect only a small portion of Congress’s total oversight effort. More routine and regular review, monitoring, and supervision occur in other congressional activities and contexts. Especially important are appropriations hearings on agency budgets as well as authorization hearings for existing programs. Separately, examinations of executive operations and the implementation of programs—by congressional staff, support agencies, and specially created commissions and task forces—provide additional oversight.
Another avenue of oversight is a resolution of inquiry, which is a simple resolution making a direct request or demand of the President or the head of an executive department to furnish the House of Representatives with specific factual information in the Administration’s possession.[10]
Congressional Oversight Training[edit]
The CRS and the Project On Government Oversight, an independent nonprofit watchdog, train Congressional staff how to conduct effective oversight.
See also[edit]
Government Accountability Office (GAO) - assists Congressional oversight by monitoring the executive branch and reporting to Congress.
Congressional oversight hearings
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kaiser FM. (2001). Congressional Oversight. CRS Report for Congress 97-936, 2001 Updated 2012 version: Halchin LE. (2012). Congressional Oversight.
Jump up ^ Final Report of the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress - Congressional Oversight Archived 2006-11-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress (December 1993). "Organization of the Congress – Congressional Oversight". house.gov.
Jump up ^ "McGrain v. Daugherty". Oyez.org. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Congress, The Supreme Court, and the quiet revolution in administrative law, 1988 Duke Law Journal 819.
Jump up ^ John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (London: Parker, Son, and Bourn, 1861), p. 104.
Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885), p. 297.
Jump up ^ Article I, Sec. 8 and Article II, Secs. 2 and 4.
Jump up ^ McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135, 177 (1927); see also Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 187 (1957), and Barenblatt v. United States, 360 U.S. 109, 111 (1959).
Jump up ^ Davis, Christopher M. (November 9, 2017). Resolutions of Inquiry: An Analysis of Their Use in the House, 1947-2017 (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Much of the content in this article was excerpted from CRS Report for Congress 97-936, 2001.
External links[edit]
CRS Congressional Oversight Manual (PDF)
CRS Report for Congress 97-936, 2001 (PDF)
Updated January 3, 2006
Final Report of the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, 1993
Congressional Oversight
The General Principles of Congressional Oversight, House Committee on Rules
Project On Government Oversight Congressional Oversight Training Series
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Response to the State of the Union address
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The response to the State of the Union address is a rebuttal speech, often brief, delivered by a representative (or representatives) of the opposition party following a presidential State of the Union address. When the president is a Democrat, the rebuttal is given by a Republican, and vice versa.
The practice began in 1966 when Republican U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) and U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson.[1] The opposition party's response has varied in format, ranging from a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970[2] to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers.[1] Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address.[1]
Three people have given both a response and a State of the Union address: Democrat Bill Clinton and Republicans Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush.
List of responses[edit]
Date
President
Response given by[1]
January 12, 1966 Lyndon Johnson U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)
U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)1
January 10, 1967 U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)
U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)
January 17, 1968 U.S. Senators Howard Baker (Tennessee), Peter Dominick (Colorado), Robert Griffin (Michigan), Thomas Kuchel (California), George Murphy (California), Chuck Percy (Illinois), Hugh Scott (Pennsylvania), and John Tower (Texas)
U.S. Representatives George Bush (Texas), Gerald Ford (Michigan), Mel Laird (Wisconsin), Bob Mathias (California), Dick Poff (Virginia), Al Quie (Minnesota), Charlotte Reid (Illinois), and Bill Steiger (Wisconsin)
January 22, 1970 Richard Nixon U.S. Senators Scoop Jackson (Washington), Mike Mansfield (Montana), Ed Muskie (Maine), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)
U.S. Representatives Donald Fraser (Minnesota), John McCormack (Massachusetts), and Patsy Mink (Hawaii)2
January 22, 1971 U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)
January 20, 1972 U.S. Senators Lloyd Bentsen (Texas), Frank Church (Idaho), Tom Eagleton (Missouri), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)
U.S. Representatives Carl Albert (Oklahoma), Hale Boggs (Louisiana), John Brademas (Indiana), Martha Griffiths (Michigan), John Melcher (Montana), Ralph Metcalfe (Illinois), and Leonor Sullivan (Missouri)
January 20, 1974 U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)
January 15, 1975 Gerald Ford U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey (Minnesota)
U.S. Representative Carl Albert (Oklahoma)
January 19, 1976 U.S. Senator Ed Muskie (Maine)
January 19, 1978 Jimmy Carter U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)
January 23, 1979 U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)
January 23, 1980 U.S. Senator Ted Stevens (Alaska)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)
January 26, 1982 Ronald Reagan U.S. Senators Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Alan Cranston (California), Gary Hart (Colorado), Bennett Johnston (Louisiana), Ted Kennedy (Massachusetts), Don Riegle (Michigan), Paul Sarbanes (Maryland), and Jim Sasser (Tennessee)
U.S. Representatives Al Gore (Tennessee), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)2
January 25, 1983 U.S. Senators Joe Biden (Delaware), Bill Bradley (New Jersey), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), and Paul Tsongas (Massachusetts)
U.S. Representatives Les AuCoin (Oregon), Tom Daschle (South Dakota), Bill Hefner (North Carolina), Barbara Kennelly (Connecticut), George Miller (California), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts), Paul Simon (Illinois), and Tim Wirth (Colorado)2
January 25, 1984 U.S. Senators Max Baucus (Montana), Joe Biden (Delaware), David Boren (Oklahoma), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Dee Huddleston (Kentucky), Carl Levin (Michigan), and Claiborne Pell (Rhode Island)
U.S. Representatives Barbara Boxer (California), Dante Fascell (Florida), Bill Gray (Pennsylvania), Tom Harkin (Iowa), and Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)
February 6, 1985 Governor Bill Clinton (Arkansas), Governor Bob Graham (Florida)
U.S. Representative Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)3
February 4, 1986 U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)
Governor Chuck Robb (Virginia)
U.S. Representatives Tom Daschle (South Dakota) and Bill Gray (Pennsylvania)
Lieutenant Governor Harriett Woods (Missouri)
January 27, 1987 U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)
January 25, 1988 U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)
January 31, 1990 George H. W. Bush U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)
January 29, 1991 U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)
January 28, 1992 U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)
January 25, 1994 Bill Clinton U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)
January 24, 1995 Governor Christine Todd Whitman (New Jersey)
January 23, 1996 U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)
February 4, 1997 U.S. Representative J. C. Watts (Oklahoma)
January 27, 1998 U.S. Senator Trent Lott (Mississippi)
January 19, 1999 U.S. Representatives Jennifer Dunn (Washington) and Steve Largent (Oklahoma)
January 27, 2000 U.S. Senators Susan Collins (Maine) and Bill Frist (Tennessee)
January 29, 2002 George W. Bush U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)
January 28, 2003 Governor Gary Locke (Washington)
January 23, 2004 U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)
U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)
February 2, 2005 U.S. Senator Harry Reid (Nevada)
U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)
January 31, 2006 Governor Tim Kaine (Virginia)
January 23, 2007 U.S. Senator Jim Webb (Virginia)
January 28, 2008 Governor Kathleen Sebelius (Kansas)
January 27, 2010 Barack Obama Governor Bob McDonnell (Virginia)
January 25, 2011 English: U.S. Representative Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)
Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)
January 24, 2012 Governor Mitch Daniels (Indiana)
February 12, 2013 U.S. Senator Marco Rubio (Florida) – English and Spanish
January 28, 2014 English: U.S. Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers (Washington)
Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)
January 20, 2015 English: U.S. Senator Joni Ernst (Iowa)
Spanish: U.S. Representative Carlos Curbelo (Florida)
January 12, 2016 Governor Nikki Haley (South Carolina)
January 30, 2018 Donald Trump English: U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III (Massachusetts)
Spanish: State Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán (Virginia)
1First organized, televised response to a presidential State of the Union message
2Denotes prerecorded program
3Randomly selected Democratic voters participated in this televised discussion
Non–State of the Union responses[edit]
In addition to responses to official State of the Union addresses, there have been five official responses to non–State of the Union speeches which were delivered soon after presidential inaugurations.
Date
President
Address type
Response given by
February 9, 1989 George H. W. Bush First address to joint session of Congress U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen (Texas)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)[1]
February 17, 1993 Bill Clinton First address to joint session of Congress U.S. Representative Bob Michel (Illinois)[1]
February 27, 2001 George W. Bush First address to joint session of Congress U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)
U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)[3]
February 24, 2009 Barack Obama First address to joint session of Congress Governor Bobby Jindal (Louisiana)[4]
February 28, 2017 Donald Trump First address to joint session of Congress English: Former Governor Steve Beshear (Kentucky)
Spanish: Activist Astrid Silva (Nevada)[5]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Opposition Responses to the State of the Union Messages" (PDF). Senate.gov. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 47. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
Jump up ^ "The Democratic Response". PBS.org. February 27, 2001. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Transcript of Gov. Jindal's GOP response to Obama speech". CNN. February 24, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Democrats Pick Ex-Kentucky Governor To Respond To Trump Speech To Congress". NPR. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
General reference
"Televised Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages (1966-Present)". Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
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Delivered as a
written message
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1932
1946
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1981
Delivered as
both
1972
1974
1978
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Delivered as a
written message
to Congress,
summary
delivered to
public
1945
1956
1973
Unofficial
addresses
1989
1993
2001
2009
2017
Related
Opposition party's response
Designated survivor
Notable invited guests
United States presidential address
Joint Session of Congress (List)
Monroe Doctrine
Regional
speeches
State of the State address
State of the City address
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State of the Union address

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