text:
From Russia with Love (soundtrack)
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From Russia with Love
Soundtrack album by John Barry
Released
1963
Recorded
March 1963
Length
34:20
Label
United Artists (LP)
Liberty (1980's LP Reissue)
EMI Manhattan Records (CD)
Capitol (2002 CD Re-release)
Producer
Frank Collura (Reissue)
John Barry chronology
'The Cool Mikado' From Russia with Love 'Zulu'
James Bond soundtrack chronology
Dr. No
(1962) Dr. No1962 From Russia with Love
(1963) From Russia with Love1963 Goldfinger
(1964) Goldfinger1964
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic
From Russia with Love is the soundtrack for the second James Bond film of the same name. This is the first series film with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer.
John Barry, arranger of Monty Norman's "James Bond Theme" for Dr. No, would be the dominant Bond series composer for most of its history and the inspiration for fellow series composer, David Arnold (who uses cues from this soundtrack in his own for Tomorrow Never Dies). The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame and sung by Matt Monro.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Album and cover versions
3 Track listing
4 Outside the Film
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Production[edit]
Following the decision of the producers not to use Monty Norman, though keeping his "James Bond Theme", Harry Saltzman decided on using the then popular Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame. Bart was unable to read or write music, but he offered to compose the music and lyrics for a title song to the film.
The producers chose John Barry to score the film. Barry had not only arranged and conducted the "James Bond Theme" from the previous film, but had already scored some films such as Beat Girl and Never Let Go. Barry's group also charted at No. 13 in the November 1962 UK charts with a different arrangement of the Bond theme from that heard in the film.[1]
The title song was sung by Matt Monro. Monro's vocal version is played during the film (as source music on a radio) and properly over the film's end titles. The title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune preceded by a brief Barry-composed "James Bond is Back" then segueing into the "James Bond Theme". On the original film soundtrack, Alan Haven played a jazzy organ over the theme but this version was not released on the soundtrack album. The tune also appears in a soft string arrangement as a theme for Tania. In Germany, the original release featured an end title track cover version called Die Wolga ist Weit sung by Ruthe Berlé.[2]
Originally planning to use local Turkish music as Norman had used Jamaican music on Dr No, Barry accompanied the film crew to Istanbul, however he found nothing suitable for the film.[3]
Recalling his visit to Istanbul, John Barry said, "It was like no place I'd ever been in my life. [The Trip] was supposedly to seep up the music, so Noel Rogers and I used to go 'round to these nightclubs and listen to all this stuff. We had the strangest week, and really came away with nothing, except a lot of ridiculous stories. We went back, talked to Lionel, and then he wrote 'From Russia with Love.'' [4]
There are different tracks of Turkish-type music in the film that do not appear on the soundtrack (the track "Leila Dances" is not heard in the film).
In this film, Barry introduced the percussive "007" that came to be considered the 'secondary James Bond Theme'.[citation needed] Barry's instrumental group The John Barry Seven had had a UK chart hit with a cover version of Elmer Bernstein's The Magnificent Seven; both that tune and "007" featured seven beats. It is used in various Bond films starring Sean Connery and also in Moonraker, starring Roger Moore. The arrangement appears twice on this soundtrack album; the second version, titled "007 Takes the Lektor", is the one used during the gunfight at the gypsy camp and also during Bond's theft of the Lektor decoding machine (the soundtrack album version is not heard in the film).
The completed film features a holdover from Norman's Dr. No music – the post-rocket-launch music from Dr. No (after Bond disrupts Dr. No's attempts to jam the takeoff) appears in From Russia with Love at the conclusion of the helicopter attack, and also at SPECTRE's attempt to intercept Bond's speedboat. This cue is absent from the From Russia with Love soundtrack album. The original Barry arrangement of the "James Bond Theme" for Dr. No was inserted by the producers in the film when Bond searches his room in Istanbul for microphones. Barry did a new arrangement of the theme used when Bond leaves London and flies into Istanbul titled "James Bond with Bongos" that Billy Strange did a cover version of for the US charts.
Barry noted that Bart's lyrics used the film's title, but had nothing to do with the film's story, a matter he would rectify when he was assigned the next Bond film, 1964's Goldfinger, which was the first Bond film for which he had total creative control over the soundtrack, including the theme song's music (Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley would contribute the theme's lyrics).
Barry's "Stalking", the music for the pre-credit sequence, is echoed by composer Marvin Hamlisch in his score for the 1977 Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me.
Album and cover versions[edit]
The soundtrack's original recordings are thought to be lost and did not appear when the Bond soundtrack albums were issued in remastered form on CD. The album is different from the film with the album's recording of the main titles sounding slower and not featuring the organ played by Alan Haven. Several tracks on the album do not appear in the completed film. The album was the last of the Bond soundtrack albums to feature more than the usual six tracks per record side.
The soundtrack album reached No. 28 on the Variety charts in March 1964 with the title song becoming Unart Music's most recorded song.[5] Other cover versions of the "James Bond Theme" were also released to coincide with the film. Barry also released different cover versions of the title song and "007" on his Ember records for the pop charts. The Roland Shaw Orchestra performed cover versions of most of the music of Barry's soundtrack on several albums.
Track listing[edit]
"Opening Titles: James Bond Is Back/From Russia with Love/James Bond Theme" (different arrangement from that heard in the film)
"Tania Meets Klebb"
"Meeting in St. Sophia"
"The Golden Horn" *
"Girl Trouble"
"Bond Meets Tania"
"007"
"Gypsy Camp"
"Death of Grant"
"From Russia with Love" – Matt Monro
"Spectre Island"
"Guitar Lament" *
"Man Overboard/SMERSH in Action"
"James Bond with Bongos"[a]
"Stalking"
"Leila Dances" *
"Death of Kerim"
"007 Takes the Lektor"
* Not heard in the film
Outside the Film[edit]
In 1965, KYW-TV in Philadelphia adopted the "007 Takes The Lektor" track as its longtime theme for its Eyewitness News format. It went on to be used in other Group W stations in Boston, Pittsburgh, Baltimore and San Francisco for their newscasts. Two years later, "007 Takes The Lektor" would be recycled for further Bond use, in the autogyro scene in You Only Live Twice.
See also[edit]
Outline of James Bond
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ contains the "James Bond Theme", originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack
References[edit]
Jump up ^ p.282 Thompson, Gordon Please Please Me: Sixties British Pop Inside Out 2008 Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ "Ruthe Berlé: Die Wolga ist weit (FRWL)". YouTube. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
Jump up ^ p.36 Smith, Jim & Lavington, Steven Bond Films 2002 Virgiin Books
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon (2012-11-01). The Music of James Bond. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780199986767.
Jump up ^ p.125 Lindner, Christop The James Bond Phenonomon: A Critical Reader 2004 Manchester University Press
[hide]
v
t
e
James Bond music
Themes
"James Bond Theme" (Monty Norman)
"James Bond Is Back" (John Barry)
"007 Theme" (John Barry)
"On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (John Barry)
"Bond 77" (Marvin Hamlisch)
"James Bond Theme" (Moby)
Soundtracks
Dr. No
From Russia with Love
Goldfinger
Thunderball
Casino Royale
You Only Live Twice
On Her Majesty's Secret Service
Diamonds Are Forever
Live and Let Die
The Man with the Golden Gun
The Spy Who Loved Me
Moonraker
For Your Eyes Only
Octopussy
Never Say Never Again
A View to a Kill
The Living Daylights
Licence to Kill
GoldenEye
Tomorrow Never Dies
The World Is Not Enough
Die Another Day
Casino Royale
Quantum of Solace
Skyfall
Spectre
Composers
Monty Norman
John Barry
Burt Bacharach
George Martin
Marvin Hamlisch
Bill Conti
Michel Legrand
Michael Kamen
Éric Serra
David Arnold
Thomas Newman
Eon themes
"Kingston Calypso"
"From Russia with Love"
"Goldfinger"
"Thunderball"
"You Only Live Twice"
"We Have All the Time in the World"
"Diamonds Are Forever"
"Live and Let Die"
"The Man with the Golden Gun"
"Nobody Does It Better"
"Moonraker"
"For Your Eyes Only"
"All Time High"
"A View to a Kill"
"The Living Daylights"
"Where Has Everybody Gone?"
"Licence to Kill"
"If You Asked Me To"
"GoldenEye"
"Tomorrow Never Dies"
"The World Is Not Enough"
"Die Another Day"
"You Know My Name"
"Another Way to Die"
"Skyfall"
"Writing's on the Wall"
Non-Eon themes
"Casino Royale"
"The Look of Love"
"Never Say Never Again"
Compilations
Shaken and Stirred
The Incredible World of James Bond
The Best of Bond...James Bond
Related articles
Eon films secondary songs
Non-Eon films secondary songs
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Urinary bladder
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Bladder" redirects here. For other uses, see bladder (disambiguation).
Urinary bladder
1. Human urinary system: 2. Kidney, 3. Renal pelvis, 4. Ureter, 5. Urinary bladder, 6. Urethra. (Left side with frontal section)
7. Adrenal gland
Vessels: 8. Renal artery and vein, 9. Inferior vena cava, 10. Abdominal aorta, 11. Common iliac artery and vein
With transparency: 12. Liver, 13. Large intestine, 14. Pelvis
Details
Precursor
urogenital sinus
System
Urinary system
Artery
Superior vesical artery
Inferior vesical artery
Umbilical artery
Vaginal artery
Vein
Vesical venous plexus
Nerve
Vesical nervous plexus
Identifiers
Latin
vesica urinaria
MeSH
A05.810.161
Dorlands
/Elsevier
Urinary bladder
TA
A08.3.01.001
FMA
15900
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in people and animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination. In the human the bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, that sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra. The typical human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 mL (10.14 and 16.91 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Microanatomy
1.2 Detrusor muscle
1.3 Blood- and lymph-supply
1.4 Nerve supply
1.5 Development
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Inflammation and infection
3.2 Incontinence and retention
3.3 Cancer
3.4 Investigation
4 Other animals
4.1 Reptiles
4.2 Amphibians
4.3 Fish
4.4 Mammals
4.5 Birds
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Further information: Urination § Anatomy of the bladder and outlet
Male and female urinary bladders in lateral cross-section
Bladder location and associated structures in the male
In humans the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis. Urine collects in the bladder, fed from the two ureters that connect the bladder with the kidneys. Urine leaves the bladder via the urethra, a single muscular tube which ends in an opening – the urinary meatus, where it exits the body.
Anatomists divide the bladder into:.[3]
a broad fundus
a body
an apex
a neck
The apex (prev.vertex) is directed forward toward the upper part of the pubic symphysis, and from there the median umbilical ligament continues upward on the back of the anterior abdominal wall to the umbilicus. The peritoneum is carried by it from the apex on to the abdominal wall to form the middle umbilical fold.
The neck of the bladder is the area at the base of the trigone that surrounds the internal urethral orifice that leads to the urethra.[3] In males the neck of the urinary bladder is adjacent to the prostate gland.
The three openings, two ureteric orifices, and the internal urethral orifice mark the triangular area called the trigone of the bladder. These openings have mucosal flaps in front of them that act as valves in preventing the backflow of urine into the ureters,[4] known as vesicoureteral reflux. Between the two ureteric openings is a raised area of tissue called the interureteric crest.[3] This makes the upper boundary of the trigone. The trigone is a smooth-muscle area that forms the floor of the bladder above the urethra.[5] It is an area of smooth tissue for the easy flow of urine into and from this part of the bladder - in contrast to the irregular surface formed by the rugae.
In men, the prostate gland lies outside the opening for the urethra. The middle lobe of the prostate causes an elevation in the mucous membrane behind the internal urethral orifice called the uvula of urinary bladder. The uvula can enlarge when the prostate becomes enlarged.
The bladder is situated below the peritoneal cavity near the pelvic floor and behind the pubic symphysis. In men, it lies in front of the rectum, separated by the recto-vesical pouch, and is supported by fibres of the levator ani and of the prostate gland. In women, it lies in front of the uterus, separated by the vesico-uterine pouch, and is supported by the elevator ani and the upper part of the vagina. The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3–5 mm thick.[6] When well distended, the wall is normally less than 3 mm.[6]
The inner walls have a series of ridges, thick mucosal folds known as rugae that allow for the expansion of the bladder.
The Latin phrase for "urinary bladder" is vesica urinaria, and the term vesical or prefix vesico - appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins. The modern Latin word for "bladder" - cystis - appears in associated terms such as cystitis (inflammation of the bladder).
Microanatomy[edit]
The outside of the bladder is protected by a serous membrane.[7] The bladder wall itself is smooth muscle.[7] The inner side of the bladder is lined with a mucosal membrane consisting of a surface glycocalyx that protects the cells beneath it from urine, the urothelium (a form of transitional epithelium), a basement membrane, and the lamina propria.[7][8] The mucosal lining also offers a urothelial barrier against the passing of infections.[9]
Vertical section of bladder wall.
Layers of the urinary bladder wall and cross section of the detrusor muscle.
Anatomy of the male bladder, showing transitional epithelium and part of the wall in a histological cut-out.
Detrusor muscle[edit]
The detrusor muscle is a layer of the urinary bladder wall made of smooth muscle fibers arranged in spiral, longitudinal, and circular bundles. Stretch receptors in the bladder signal the parasympathetic nervous system to stimulate the muscarinic receptors in the detrusor to contract the muscle when the bladder is extended.[10] This encourages the bladder to expel urine through the urethra. The main receptor activated is the M3 receptor, although M2 receptors are also involved and whilst outnumbering the M3 receptors they are not so responsive.[11] The main relaxant pathway is via the adenylyl cyclase cAMP pathway, activated by β2 adrenergic receptors.[12] The detrusor muscle is unusually able to change its length. It can also contract for a long time whilst voiding, and it stays relaxed whilst the bladder is filling.[12]
Blood- and lymph-supply[edit]
The bladder is supplied by the vesical arteries and drained by the vesical veins.[13] The superior vesical artery supplies blood to the upper part of the bladder. The lower part of the bladder is supplied by the inferior vesical artery in males and by the vaginal artery in females, both of which are branches of the internal iliac arteries.[13] In females, the uterine arteries provides additional blood supply.[13] Venous drainage begins in a network of small vessels on the lateral and posterior surfaces of the bladder, which coalesce and pass backwards along the lateral ligaments of the bladder into the internal iliac veins.[13]
The lymph drained from the bladder begins in a series of networks throughout the mucosal, muscular and serosal layers. These then form three sets of vessels: one set near the trigone draining the bottom of the bladder; one set draining the top of the bladder; and another set draining the outer undersurface of the bladder. The majority of these vessels drain into the external iliac lymph nodes.[13]
Nerve supply[edit]
The bladder receives motor innervation from both sympathetic fibers, most of which arise from the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses and nerves, and from parasympathetic fibers, which come from the pelvic splanchnic nerves.[14]
Sensation from the bladder is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) via general visceral afferent fibers (GVA). GVA fibers on the superior surface follow the course of the sympathetic efferent nerves back to the CNS, while GVA fibers on the inferior portion of the bladder follow the course of the parasympathetic efferents.[14]
For the urine to exit the bladder, both the autonomically controlled internal sphincter (in the male) and the voluntarily controlled external sphincter must be opened. Problems with these muscles can lead to incontinence.[15]
Development[edit]
The human urinary bladder derives from the urogenital sinus, and it is initially continuous with the allantois. The upper and lower parts of the bladder develop separately and join together around the middle part of development.[5] At this time the ureters move from the mesonephric ducts to the trigone.[5] In males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the recto-vesical pouch. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina; thus its maximum capacity is lower than in males. It is separated from the uterus by the vesico-uterine pouch. In infants and young children the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.[16]
Function[edit]
Main article: Urination
Urine, excreted by the kidneys, collects in the bladder before disposal by urination (micturition). The urinary bladder usually holds 300-350 ml of urine. As urine accumulates, the rugae flatten and the wall of the bladder thins as it stretches, allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal pressure.[17] Urination is controlled by the pontine micturition center in the brainstem.[18]
Clinical significance[edit]
See also: Urinary bladder disease
Inflammation and infection[edit]
Calcifiications on bladder wall caused by urinary schistosomiasis
Bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine which can indicate a urinary tract infection such as cystitis.
Interstitial cystitis
Incontinence and retention[edit]
Frequent urination can be due to excessive urine production, small bladder capacity, irritability or incomplete emptying. Males with an enlarged prostate urinate more frequently. One definition of an overactive bladder is when a person urinates more than eight times per day.[19] An overactive bladder can often cause urinary incontinence. Though both urinary frequency and volumes have been shown to have a circadian rhythm, meaning day and night cycles,[20] it is not entirely clear how these are disturbed in the overactive bladder. Urodynamic testing can help to explain the symptoms. An underactive bladder is the condition where there is a difficulty in passing urine and is the main symptom of a neurogenic bladder. Frequent urination at night may indicate the presence of bladder stones.
Disorders of or related to the bladder include:
Bladder exstrophy
Bladder sphincter dyssynergia, a condition in which the sufferer cannot coordinate relaxation of the urethra sphincter with the contraction of the bladder muscles
Paruresis
Trigonitis
Urinary retention
Disorders of bladder function may be dealt with surgically, by re-directing the flow of urine or by replacement with an artificial urinary bladder. The volume of the bladder may be increased by bladder augmentation. An obstruction of the bladder neck may be severe enough to warrant surgery.
Cancer[edit]
Bladder cancer – the most common type is transitional cell carcinoma.[21]
Investigation[edit]
A diverticulum of the bladder
Urodynamic testing can help to explain the symptoms.
Other animals[edit]
Reptiles[edit]
In all reptiles the urinogenital ducts and the anus both empty into an organ called a cloaca. In some reptiles, a midventral wall in the cloaca may open into a urinary bladder, but not all. It is present in all turtles and tortoises as well as most lizards, but is lacking in the monitor lizard, the legless lizards. It is absent in the snakes, alligators, and crocodiles.[22]:p. 474
Many turtles, tortoises, and lizards have proportionally very large bladders. Charles Darwin noted that the Galapagos tortoise had a bladder which could store up to 20% of its body weight.[23] Such adaptations are the result of environments such as remote islands and deserts where water is very scarce.[24]:143 Other desert-dwelling reptiles have large bladders that can store a long-term reservoir of water for up to several months and aid in osmoregulation.[25]
Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, located lateral to the neck of the urinary bladder and dorsal to the pubis, occupying a significant portion of their body cavity.[26] Their bladder is also usually bilobed with a left and right section. The right section is located under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in that side while the left section is more likely to have calculi.[27]
Amphibians[edit]
Most aquatic and semi-aquatic amphibians have a membranous skin which allows them to absorb water directly through it. Some semi-aquatic animals also have similarly permeable bladder membrane.[28] As as result, they tend to have high rates of urine production to offset this high water intake, and have urine which is low in dissolved salts. The urinary bladder assists such animals to retain salts. Some aquatic amphibian such as Xenopus do not reabsorb water, to prevent excessive water influx.[29] For land-dwelling amphibians, dehydration results in reduced urine output.[30]:p. 184
The amphibian bladder is usually highly distensible and among some land-dwelling species of frogs and salamanders may account for between 20% and 50% of their total body weight.[30]:p. 184
Fish[edit]
Although the gills of most teleost fish assist with the elimination of ammonia from the body and although fish virtually by definition live in an environment surrounded by water, most still have a distinct bladder for storing waste fluid. The urinary bladder of teleosts is permeable to water, though this is less true for freshwater dwelling species than saltwater ones.[23]:p. 219 Most fish also have an organ called a swim-bladder which is unrelated to the urinary bladder except in its membranous nature. The loaches, pilchards, and herrings are among the few types of fish in which a urinary bladder is poorly developed. It is largest in those fish which lack an air bladder, and is situated in front of the oviducts and behind the rectum.[31]
Mammals[edit]
All mammals have a urinary bladder. This structure begins as an embryonic cloaca. In the vast majority, this eventually becomes differentiated into a dorsal part connected to the intestine and a ventral part which becomes associated with the urinogenital passage and urinary bladder. The only mammals in which this does not take place are the platypus and the spiny anteater both of which retain the cloaca into adulthood.[22]
The mammalian bladder is an organ that regularly stores a hyperosmotic concentration of urine. It therefore is relatively impermeable and has multiple epithelial layers. The urinary bladder of the cetaceans (whales and dolphins) is proportionally smaller than that of land-dwelling mammals.[32]
Birds[edit]
In the whole class of Aves there is no urinary bladder per se. Although all birds have kidneys, the ureters open directly into a cloaca which serves as a reservoir for urine, fecal matter, and eggs.[33]
Additional images[edit]
Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic prostate (BPH) visualized by medical ultrasound.
See also[edit]
Alpha blocker
Cystitis glandularis
Ureterocele
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2016). Medical Physiology. 3: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 738. ISBN 9781455733286. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Walker-Smith, John; Murch, Simon (1999). Cardozo, Linda, ed. Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood (4 ed.). CRC Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781901865059. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Netter, Frank H. (2014). Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides (6th ed.). Philadelphia, Penn.: W B Saunders Co. pp. 346–348. ISBN 978-14557-0418-7.
Jump up ^ "SEER Training:Urinary Bladder". training.seer.cancer.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c Viana, R; et al. (October 2007). "The development of the bladder trigone, the center of the anti-reflux mechanism". Development. 134 (20): 3763–9. PMID 17881488. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Page 12 in: Uday Patel (2010). Imaging and Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781848828360.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fry, CH; Vahabi, B (October 2016). "The Role of the Mucosa in Normal and Abnormal Bladder Function". Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 119 Suppl 3: 57–62. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12626. PMID 27228303.
Jump up ^ Merrill, L; et al. (April 2016). "Receptors, channels, and signalling in the urothelial sensory system in the bladder". Nature reviews. Urology. 13 (4): 193–204. PMID 26926246. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Janssen, DA (January 2013). "The distribution and function of chondroitin sulfate and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the human bladder and their contribution to the protective bladder barrier". The Journal of Urology. 189 (1): 336–42. PMID 23174248.
Jump up ^ Giglio, D; Tobin, G (2009). "Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the lower urinary tract". Pharmacology. 83 (5): 259–69. PMID 19295256.
Jump up ^ Uchiyama, T; Chess-Williams, R (December 2004). "Muscarinic receptor subtypes of the bladder and gastrointestinal tract". Journal of smooth muscle research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai kikanshi. 40 (6): 237–47. PMID 15725706.
^ Jump up to: a b Andersson, K.-E. (1 July 2004). "Urinary Bladder Contraction and Relaxation: Physiology and Pathophysiology". Physiological Reviews. 84 (3): 935–986. doi:10.1152/physrev.00038.2003.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gray's 2008, p. 1249.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Keith; Anne Agur (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy, Third Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 227–228. ISBN 0-7817-6274-X.
Jump up ^ "Urinary Incontinence - Causes". NHS. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
Jump up ^ Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F (2006). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Jump up ^ Marieb, Mallatt. "23". Human Anatomy (5th ed.). Pearson International. p. 700.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale (2011). Neuroscience (5. ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-87893-695-3.
Jump up ^ "Overactive Bladder". Cornell Medical College. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
Jump up ^ Negoro, Hiromitsu (2012). "Involvement of urinary bladder Connexin43 and the circadian clock in coordination of diurnal micturition rhythm". doi:10.1038/ncomms1812.
Jump up ^ "Bladder Cancer". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Herbert W. Rand (1950). The Chordates. Balkiston.
^ Jump up to: a b P.J. Bentley (14 March 2013). Endocrines and Osmoregulation: A Comparative Account in Vertebrates. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-05014-9.
Jump up ^ Paré, Jean (January 11, 2006). "Reptile Basics: Clinical Anatomy 101" (PDF). Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. 20: 1657–1660.
Jump up ^ Davis, Jon R.; DeNardo, Dale F. (2007-04-15). "The urinary bladder as a physiological reservoir that moderates dehydration in a large desert lizard, the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum". Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (8): 1472–1480. doi:10.1242/jeb.003061. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 17401130.
Jump up ^ Wyneken, Jeanette; Witherington, Dawn (February 2015). "Urogenital System" (PDF). Anatomy of Sea Turtles. 1: 153–165.
Jump up ^ Divers, Stephen J.; Mader, Douglas R. (2005). Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 481, 597. ISBN 9781416064770.
Jump up ^ Urakabe, Shigeharu; Shirai, Dairoku; Yuasa, Shigekazu; Kimura, Genjiro; Orita, Yoshimasa; Abe, Hiroshi. "Comparative study of the effects of different diuretics on the permeability properties of the toad bladder". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology. 53 (2): 115–119. doi:10.1016/0306-4492(76)90063-0.
Jump up ^ Shibata, Yuki; Katayama, Izumi; Nakakura, Takashi; Ogushi, Yuji; Okada, Reiko; Tanaka, Shigeyasu; Suzuki, Masakazu. "Molecular and cellular characterization of urinary bladder-type aquaporin in Xenopus laevis". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 222: 11–19. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.09.001.
^ Jump up to: a b Laurie J. Vitt; Janalee P. Caldwell (25 March 2013). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Academic. ISBN 978-0-12-386920-3.
Jump up ^ Owen, Richard (1843). Lectures on the comparative anatomy and physiology of the invertebrate animals. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 283–284.
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Books
editor-in-chief, Susan Standring ; section editors, Neil R. Borley; et al. (2008). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2371-8. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustated by Robert (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urinary bladder.
Histology at KUMC epithel-epith09 "Urinary Bladder"
Anatomy photo: Urinary/mammal/bladder/bladder1 - Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis — "Mammal, bladder (LM, Medium)"
Virtual Slidebox at Univ. Iowa Slide 445
Anatomy photo:43:07-0100 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center — "The Female Pelvis: The Urinary bladder"
Anatomy photo:44:04-0103 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center — "The Male Pelvis: The Urinary bladder"
Bladder (ISSN 2327-2120) — An open-access journal on bladder biology and diseases.
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GND: 4072323-9
NDL: 00560840
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