text:
Flag of Romania
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Romania
Name
Tricolorul
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
26 June 1848
24 April 1867
27 December 1989
Design
A vertical tricolor of blue, yellow, and red
The national flag of Romania (Romanian: drapelul României) is a tricolor with vertical stripes, beginning from the flagpole: blue, yellow and red. It has a width-length ratio of 2:3.
The Constitution of Romania[1] provides that "The flag of Romania is tricolor; the colors are arranged vertically in the following order from the flagpole: blue, yellow, red". The proportions, shades of color as well as the flag protocol were established by law in 1994[2] and extended in 2001.[3]
The flag is coincidentally very similar to the civil flag of Andorra and the state flag of Chad. The similarity with Chad's flag, which differs only in having a darker shade of blue (indigo rather than cobalt), has caused international discussion. In 2004, Chad asked the United Nations to examine the issue, but then-president of Romania Ion Iliescu announced no change would occur to the flag.[4] The flag of Moldova is related to the Romanian tricolor, except it has a 1:2 ratio, a lighter shade of blue, a slightly different tint of yellow, and the Moldovan coat of arms in the middle. The civil ensign of Belgium uses black rather than blue.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 History and significance of the colors
3 Gallery of historical flags
4 Flag protocol
4.1 Legislation
4.2 Penalties
5 Flag Day
6 Other official flags of Romania
6.1 Governmental flags
6.2 Military colors and ensigns
6.3 Naval jack and rank flags
7 Bibliography
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Further reading
11 External links
Design[edit]
Specifications for the flag of Romania
l = 2⁄3 L; C = 1⁄3 L
The law mentioned above specifies that the stripes of the national flag are cobalt blue, chrome yellow and vermilion red. The publication Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives (2000) suggests the following equivalents in the Pantone scale:
Scheme
Blue
Yellow
Red
Pantone 280c 116c 186c
CMYK 99-86-1-00 2-18-95-0 4-99-94-0
RGB 0-43-127 252-209-22 206-17-38
Hexadecimal #002B7F #FCD116 #CE1126
History and significance of the colors[edit]
Main articles: History of the flags of Romania, Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia, Historical coat of arms of Transylvania, and Flag of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Early 1848 tricolor inscribed "Dreptate, Frăție": watercolor by C. Petrescu
During the 1970s and 1980s, with Protochronism receiving official endorsement, it was claimed that red, yellow and blue were found on late 16th-century royal grants of Michael the Brave, as well as shields and banners.[5] Contemporary descriptions and later reconstructions indicate the flag of Wallachia during Michael's reign was made of damask, originally yellow-white but later faded to white. It featured a black eagle on a green juniper branch, with a cross in its beak.[6] During the Wallachian uprising of 1821, the colors were present, among many others, on the canvas of the revolutionaries' flag (a religious image) and in its fringes; much later historiography attributed to them the following meanings: "Liberty (sky-blue), Justice (field yellow), Fraternity (blood red)".[7]
The tricolor was first adopted in Wallachia in 1834, when the reforming domnitor Alexandru II Ghica submitted naval and military colors designs for the approval of Sultan Mahmud II. The latter was a "flag with a red, blue and yellow face, also having stars and a bird's head in the middle".[8] Soon, the order of colors was changed, with yellow appearing in the center.
In 1848, the flag adopted for Wallachia by the revolutionaries was a blue-yellow-red tricolor (with blue above, in line with the meaning "Liberty, Justice, Fraternity"). Already on 26 April, according to Gazeta de Transilvania,[9] Romanian students in Paris were hailing the new government with a blue, gold and red national flag, "as a symbol of union between Moldavians and Muntenians".[10][11] Decree no. 1 of 14/26 June 1848 of the provisional government mentioned that "the National Flag will bear three colors: blue, yellow, red", emblazoned with the words "DPEПTATE ФPЪЦIE" (Dreptate, Frăție or "Justice, Fraternity"). It differed from earlier tricolors in that the blue stripe was on top, the princely monogram was eliminated from the corners, as was the crown atop the eagle at the end of the flagpole, while a motto was now present.[12]
The 1848 Tricolor with vertical stripes
Nevertheless, decree no. 252 of 13/25 July 1848, issued because "it has not been understood [yet] how the national flags should be designed", defined the flag as three vertical stripes, possibly influenced by the French model.[13] The shades were "dark blue, light yellow and carmine red"; as for order, "near the wood comes blue, then yellow and then red fluttering".[14]
Petre Vasiliu-Năsturel observes that from a heraldic point of view, on the French as well as the revolutionary Wallachian flag, the middle stripe represents a heraldic metal (argent and or respectively), thus, the two flags could be related.[13] Other historians believe that the tricolor was not an imitation of the French flag, instead embodying an old Romanian tradition.[15][16] This theory is supported by a note from the revolutionary minister of foreign affairs to Emin Pasha: "the colors of the band that we, the leaders, wear, as well as all our followers, are not of modern origin. We have had our flags since an earlier time. When we received the tricolor insignia and bands we did not follow the spirit of imitation or fashion".[11] The same minister assured the extraordinary envoy of the Porte, Suleiman Pasha, that the flag's three colors had existed "for a long time; our ancestors bore them on their standard and their flags. So they are not a borrowing or an imitation from the present or a threat for the future".[16]
After the revolution was quelled, the old flags were restored and the revolutionaries punished for having worn the tricolor.[16]
Flag of the United Principalities of Romania
From 1859 until 1866, the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia had a red-yellow-blue Romanian tricolor, with horizontal stripes, as national flag.[17] The flag was described properly in Almanahul român din 1866: "a tricolor flag, divided in three stripes, red, yellow and blue and laid out horizontally: red above, blue below and yellow in the middle".[18] Although the Ottoman Empire did not allow the United Principalities to have their own symbols, the new flag gained a degree of international recognition. Relating prince Cuza's May–June 1864 journey to Constantinople, doctor Carol Davila observed: "The Romanian flag was raised on the great mast, the Sultan's kayaks awaited us, the guard was armed, the Grand Vizier at the door... The Prince, quiet, dignified, concise in his speech, spent 20 minutes with the Sultan, who then came to review us… Once again, the Grand Vizier led the Prince to the main gate and we returned to the Europe Palace, the Romanian flag still fluttering on the mast...".[19]
Article 124 of the 1866 Constitution of Romania provided that "the colors of the United Principalities will be Blue, Yellow and Red".[20] The order and placement of the colors were decided by the Assembly of Deputies in its session of 26 March 1867. Thus, following a proposal by Nicolae Golescu, they were placed just as in 1848:[21] vertically and in the following order: blue hoist, yellow in the middle and red fly. The country's coat of arms was placed only on army and princely flags, in the center; civilian flags remained without a coat of arms.[22] The same distinction was made between flags of the Navy and those of the civil and merchant ships.
The rapporteur Mihail Kogălniceanu, who also conveyed the opinion of Cezar Bolliac, Dimitrie Brătianu, Constantin Grigorescu, Ion Leca, Nicolae Golescu and Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, said: "The tricolor flag as it is today is not (as the minister claims) the flag of the United Principalities. It is much more: it is itself the flag of the Romanian nation in all lands inhabited by Romanians".[23]
The "Law for modifying the country's arms" of 11/23 March 1872 did not change these provisions,[22] only the design of the coat of arms. This design of the national flag lasted until 1948.
State flag of the Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
On 30 December 1947, Romania was proclaimed a people's republic and all the ex-kingdom's symbols were outlawed, including the coat of arms and the tricolor flags that showed it. During the communist era in Romania, the state flag had the emblem of the country in the middle of the yellow stripe, and for the first time the 2:3 proportion was regulated by law. By 1989, the coat of arms had been changed no less than four times.
Flag of the anti-Ceaușescu protesters during the Romanian Revolution of 1989, with the coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania cut out
Starting on 17 December 1989, during the revolution at Timișoara, the protesters began waving flags with the Communist coat of arms cut out of the middle. The coat of arms was perceived as a symbol of Nicolae Ceaușescu's dictatorial regime. These flags were called "the flag with the hole" (drapelul cu gaură). Even today, these flags are occasionally waved in the wake of certain street protests, especially regarding government misconduct.
Decree-Law no. 2 of 27 December 1989 regarding the membership, organization and functioning of the Council of the National Salvation Front and of the territorial councils of the National Salvation Front.[24] provided at article 1, among other matters, that "the national flag is the traditional tricolor of Romania, with the colors laid out vertically, in the following order, starting from the flagpole: blue, yellow, red".
In May 2013, a Romanian flag that was the largest in the world was unfurled at Clinceni. The flag, weighing some 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) and with a size of 349.425 m × 226.917 m (1,146.41 ft × 744.48 ft), had an official surface area of 79,290.39 m2 (853,474.7 sq ft). This area surpassed the previous world record of 65,975 m2 (710,150 sq ft), held by a flag of Lebanon.[25][26][27][28][29]
Gallery of historical flags[edit]
Flag used 1859–1862
Flag used 1862–1866
Civilian flag (1866–1948, 1989–present)
First official flag of the communist era (1948). Established in January 1948, with a provisional coat of arms. This is a reconstituted/theoretical model, as the "tractor" coat of arms was never used.
Second flag of the communist era (1948–1952)
Third flag of the communist era (1952–1965)
Fourth and final flag of the communist era (1965–1989)
Flag protocol[edit]
Legislation[edit]
This article is part of a series on
Symbols of Romania
Flag of Romania (history, list)
Coat of arms of Romania
Romanian Anthem
Romanian heraldry
Orders, decorations and medals
Postage stamps of Romania
Romanian leu
Symbols of Romanian Royalty
Symbols of Romania
v
t
e
Law no. 75/1994 establishes the protocol for the flag of Romania. Its provisions are extended by the Governmental Decision no. 1157/2001[30] which approves the Regulations regarding the display of the Romanian flag, the singing of the national anthem and the use of insignia containing the Romanian coat of arms. Protocol for military flags and standards is fixed by internal regulation. The law contains the following provisions:[31]
The flag of Romania is always to be hoisted on the buildings and in the headquarters of public authorities and institutions, at the headquarters of political parties, unions, of educational and cultural institutions, on border crossings and in international airports. As ensign, it is permanently hoisted on ships of any kind and other vessels that navigate under the Romanian flag. According to customary protocol, the flag of Romania is hoisted at the headquarters of diplomatic missions and consular offices of Romania, as well as at the residences of the chiefs of diplomatic missions and consular offices. Likewise, the flag of Romania is used as a standard on vehicles transporting chiefs of Romanian diplomatic missions and consular offices, in their official travels, according to the same customs.
Flag hoisted on the Triumphal Arch, Bucharest
Temporarily, on the national day of Romania and other national holidays, the flag of Romania may be hoisted in public places decided upon by the local authorities; and for official festivals and ceremonies with a local, national and international character, in the locations where these take place. Likewise, it must be raised for official visits undertaken in Romania by heads of state and of government, as well as by high political personalities representing the principal international intergovernmental bodies, at airports, rail stations, ports and on their various routes. The flag is also hoisted at sporting competitions, at stadiums and other sporting grounds, and during election campaigns, at the headquarters of electoral commissions and polling stations. During military ceremonies, the flag is hoisted according to military regulations.
The flag of Romania may be raised without restrictions by individuals at their domicile or residence, or by legal entities at their headquarters.
The Government is the only official body that fixes days of national mourning, on which the flag of Romania is lowered at half-staff.
The flags of other states may be hoisted on Romanian territory only together with the national flag and only on the occasion of visits with an official state character, international festivities and meetings, on official buildings and in public places specified in Law no. 75/1994. In such cases, the flag of Romania is hoisted in the place of honor, that is in the center, if the number of flags is odd, or to the right of the flag with which it occupies the center if the number of flags is even. In such cases, all flags must have the same dimensions (but not proportions, which are fixed by each respective country).
The flag of the European Union is raised next to the flag of Romania, to the left of the latter.
The raising of the flag of Romania at events that take place under the aegis of international organizations is done according to international regulations and customs.
Military colors without coat of arms and weapon signs in the corners. During the march, the color bearer salutes by bowing the military colors at 45 degrees, regardless of the person. Soldiers depicted here are from the Mihai Viteazul 30th Honor Guard Regiment, participating in the 2007 Bastille Day Military Parade in Paris.
The military colors are removed from its display case for the solemn occasion of its presentation, at the ceremony for taking the military oath, at parades of troops and reviews on the front, at the giving or taking of command by the respective unit, at the granting of military honors during military funerals, or on other occasions if required.[32]
When in formation and standing, the color bearer keeps the military colors near his foot, holding his right hand down on the rod and his left hand on the rod, at his chest level. The rod's low end must be in front of his right foot. When saluting from this position, the military colors are bowed at horizontal for the Romanian President and other heads of state and at 45 degrees for the other civil and military staff. When marching, the color bearer holds the military colors vertically. If the unit is walking more than 100 m, the rod is introduced inside the scarf's muff. When traveling by vehicle, the color bearer with the military color stands inside the unit commander's car. During the march, the color bearer salutes by bowing the military colors at 45 degrees, regardless the person. When two military units cross each other (either one or both of them are marching in formation) the military colors are bowed for salute at 45 degrees. In case of raining, snowing or strong winds, the military colors are protected by a transparent plastic cover.[32]
The ensign of a Navy vessel must be raised daily on the stern flagpole at 8 a.m., and on holidays at 9 a.m. If the vessel is in motion, the ensign remains raised permanently where the boom meets the mast. Usually, the hoisting of a vessel's ensign takes place in the presence of the entire crew, which is not the case at the lowering, daily at sunset.[32]
Penalties[edit]
According to Governmental Decision no. 1157/2001,[33] which details the rules of hoisting the flag of Romania, the citizens must show respect to the Romanian flag and never offend it.
The hoisting of a Romanian flag of another shape, dimension, model or color than those regulated by law, or having an improper condition, is a contravention and is punishable with a fine of between 500 and 1500 lei.
Not raising the national flag by public authorities and institutions, or in the mandatory situations stated by the law, the improper hoisting of the flag and the hoisting of the flag of another country outside the situations regulated by law, or with improper dimensions, represents contravention and is punishable with a fine of between 2500 and 5000 lei.
The contraventions are ascertained and sanctioned by mandataries of the Minister of Public Administration, by the Prefect or his mandataries, and are applied to the director of the public authority or institution, to the mayor, to the President of the county's council, or to the private individual or juridical person that committed the contraventions.
Until 2011, article 236 of the Penal Code of Romania stated that any display of contempt against the symbols of Romania was punishable by detention between 6 months and 3 years in prison. Article 344 of the same Penal Code provided that, in times of war, lowering the vessel's ensign during a battle in order to serve the enemy's cause is punishable by life in prison or detention between 15 and 25 years in prison and civil penalties. A new penal code adopted that year eliminates the provisions of article 236 and reduces the punishment provided by article 344 (renamed article 420) to between 10 and 20 years' imprisonment and civil penalties.
Flag Day[edit]
Law no. 96 of 20 May 1998[34] proclaimed 26 June as the Day of the National Flag of Romania. It was on this day in 1848 that Decree no. 1 of the Wallachian Provisional Government was issued, making the red-yellow-blue tricolor the national flag.
On Flag Day, public authorities and other state institutions are obliged by law to organize cultural/educational programs and events, with a patriotic or scientific character, devoted to Romanian history, as well as specific military ceremonies, organized within units of the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of the Internal Affairs.
Other official flags of Romania[edit]
See also: List of flags of Romania
Governmental flags[edit]
Flag of the President of Romania
The publication Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives (2000)[35] indicates that the flag of the President of Romania is a square tricolor with a white edge and a blue border. It is decorated on all sides with fringes of golden thread and, in the corners, tassels of the same material. The flag of the Prime Minister is similar to the one of the President, except that its border is yellow and it lacks fringes and tassels. The flag of the Minister of National Defense is almost identical to its interwar predecessor, being a square tricolor with the letter M written in white in the middle of the blue stripe. The Pilot ensign represents the national flag with a thick white border.
Military colors and ensigns[edit]
According to the Romanian General Staff, "The military colors are the symbol of military honor, bravery and glory. They evoke the past struggle of the Romanian people for national liberty and the traditions of unity, reminding each soldier of his sacred duty to serve the Fatherland with trust, and to defend at all costs the unity, sovereignty and independence of Romania".[32]
The military colors are granted to military units by presidential decree, on the advice of the Minister of National Defense, the Minister of Internal Affairs or the director of the Romanian Intelligence Service. According to the Ministry of National Defense, the complete description of this military insignia is as follows:[32]
Military colors. Air Force design
The military colors of Romania are made of double silk cloth and have dimensions of 100 × 66 cm (2:3 ratio). The canvas has the colors of the Romanian flag and its obverse is identical with the reverse. The national coat of arms, measuring 29 × 21.5 cm, is applied in the middle of the yellow stripe, 18 cm above its base. In each corner, 5 cm from the edge of the canvas, is sewed a wreath of oak leaves, which surrounds the weapon signs, all of golden thread:
two crossed swords for land forces
a helicopter blade juxtaposed over a pair of wings in downward flight, a radar and a crossed rocket and telescope for aerial forces
an anchor for naval forces.
the letter J in a rhombus over two crossed swords for gendarmerie units
the emblem of the Romanian Intelligence Service for its units
The three sides of the flag not attached to the pole are decorated with fringes of golden thread (5–7 cm long) and tassels of the same material (10–12 cm long) hang from the corners of the fly. The flag is attached to the pole by an antioxidant metal rod 70 cm long.
The identifying flag of the Romanian General Staff (obverse and reverse)
The pole, of brown wood, is 240 cm high and 3.5 cm in diameter. A brass cylinder is at the base, 4 cm long and closed on the bottom. The rod is attached to the pole by a brass ring, gilt on its lower part, and a 6 cm high cylindrical protective tube of the same material and gilt on its upper part. The ring (3.2 cm high) is inscribed with the name of the unit. Another brass cylinder is placed on the tip of the pole, 6 cm long and of brass. The eagle, of gilt copper, sheet, 15 cm high and 11.5 cm wide, is placed over this. Looking rightward, the eagle's wings are pointed downward and it holds the thunderbolts of Jupiter in its talons. It is placed on a parallelepipedic support of the same metal (10 × 3.5 × 2 cm), which has a 3.4 cm high ornament on its lower part. The support is screwed onto the brass cylinder and has inscribed into the front the motto "Onoare și Patrie" ("Honor and Fatherland"). The name of the respective unit is engraved into the reverse.
Other features of the military colors are a tie for attaching decorations, six sashes for the troops in the flag's guard and a protective cover of impermeable fabric.
The military colors of navy vessels are identical to their ensign. The ensign is in turn identical to the national flag, being made of ordinary canvas in various dimensions, according to the ship's rank, size and place of hoisting.
At the beginning of the 2000s, four identifying flags were selected for the armed forces:[36]
The flag of the General Staff is light yellow. One side shows the coat of arms of the General Staff and four gold stars, with the symbols of the General Staff and the land, naval and air forces in the corners. On the reverse are the Prophet Elijah, the Virgin Mary and Saint George, patrons of the air force, navy and land forces respectively.
The flag of the General Staff of the Land Forces is red. One side shows the coat of arms of the Staff, four gold stars, and the symbol of the land forces in the corners. The reverse depicts Saint George.
The flag of the General Staff of the Air Force is light blue. One side shows the coat of arms of the Staff, four gold stars, and the symbol of the air force in the corners. The reverse depicts the Prophet Elijah.
The flag of the General Staff of the Navy is sea blue. One side shows the coat of arms of the Staff, four gold stars, and the symbol of the navy in the corners. The reverse depicts the Virgin Mary.
Naval jack and rank flags[edit]
Current Navy jack
Between 1995 and 1998, the Romanian naval jack was similar to the rank flags of Navy officers. Afterward, it was replaced with a 1:1 national flag with two crossed white anchors in the center of the blue stripe, similarly to the naval jack used between 1966 and 1989.
The standard of the Chief of the General Staff is a square Romanian tricolor with four white stars, one beneath the other, in the center of the blue stripe. It can be used both as car standard or as rank flag on Navy vessels.
The ships' pennant is a horizontal piece of canvas in the shape of an isosceles triangle, with a 1:10 ratio, on which is printed the Romanian national tricolor.
The Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives (2000)[35] also depicts the rank flags of navy officers. These flags indicate that a commanding or leadership officer is on board. But one exception, they are rectangular light blue 2:3 canvases, on which are found a blue anchor, the Romanian flag in the canton and a number of five-pointed yellow stars, according to rank: four for the Chief of the Naval Forces Staff, three for the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, two for fleet or flotilla Commander and one for a major Naval unit Commander. The flag of a regular Navy unit Commander is, by exception, triangular and it lacks stars.
Bibliography[edit]
Laws, decrees, decisions and regulations
Decree no. 1 of the provisional Government of Wallachia, published in Monitorul Român, no. 1 of 19 June/1 July 1848.
Decree no. 252 of the provisional Government of Wallachia, published in Monitorul Român, no. 6 of 19/31 July 1848.
The Law for establishing the coat of arms of Romania, adopted on 24 April 1867.
The Law for modifying the coat of arms of Romania, published in Monitorul Oficial al României, no. 57 of 11/23 March 1872.
Decree no. 3 from 8 January 1948, regarding the attributions of the Presidium of the People's Republic of Romania, published in Monitorul Oficial, no. 7 of 9 January 1948.
Decree no. 972 from 5 November 1968 regarding the symbols of the Socialist Republic of Romania, published in Buletinul Oficial, no. 141 of 5 November 1968.
Decree-Law no. 2/1989 regarding the membership, organization and functioning of the Council of the National Salvation Front and of the territorial councils of the National Salvation Front, published in Monitorul Oficial no. 4 of 27 December 1989.
Law no. 75, of July 16, 1994, regarding the display of the Romanian flag, the singing of the national anthem and the use of insignia containing the Romanian coat of arms by public authority and institutions, published in Monitorul Oficial no. 237 of 26 August 1994.
Law no. 96 from 20 May 1998 regarding the proclamation of the National Flag Day, in Monitorul Oficial no. 190 of 22 May 1998.
Governmental Decision no. 1157/2001 for approving the Regulations regarding the display of the Romanian flag, the singing of the national anthem and the use of insignia containing the Romanian coat of arms, published in Monitorul Oficial no. 776 of 5 December 2001.
Law no. 15 from 21 June 1968: the Penal Code of Romania.
Other works
Căzănişteanu, Constantin, Trei culori cunosc pe lume... (I know only three colors in the world) in Magazin istoric, no. 8/1967.
Dogaru, Maria, Tricolorul şi cocardele în contextul luptei revoluţionarilor paşoptişti (The tricolor and the cockades during the struggle of the 1848 revolutionaries), in Revista de istorie no. 5 of 31 May 1978 (extract).
Mihalache, Marin, Cuza Vodă (Prince Cuza), Editura Tineretului, Bucharest, 1967.
Năsturel, Petre Vasiliu, Steagul şi stema României. Perioada convenţională (The flag and the coat of arms of Romania. Conventional period), in Albina, year IV, 1900/1901, no. 10; no. 38; no. 151.
Pălănceanu, Elena, Steaguri din colecţia Muzeului de Istorie al Republicii Socialiste România (Flags from the collection of the History Museum of the Socialist Republic of Romania), in Muzeul Naţional, vol. I, Bucharest, 1974.
Velcu, Anton, Steagurile României (The flags of Romania) in Enciclopedia României, vol. I, Bucharest, 1938.
Vexilological albums
Armand du Payrat, Daniel Roudaut, Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives, Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine, Brest, 2000, ISBN 978-2-11-088247-9.
See also[edit]
List of flags of Romania
History of the flags of Romania
Coat of arms of Romania
Romanian heraldry
Flag of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ At article 12, clause 1
Jump up ^ Law no. 75 of 16 July 1994, published in Monitorul Oficial no. 237 of 26 August 1994.
Jump up ^ Governmental Decision no. 1157/2001, published in Monitorul Oficial no. 776 of 5 December 2001.
Jump up ^ "'Identical flag' causes flap in Romania"
Jump up ^ Pălănceanu (1974), p. 138.
Jump up ^ (in Romanian) Ioan Silviu Nistor, "Tricolorul românesc: simbol configurat de Mihai Viteazul", in Dacoromania, nr. 76/2015
Jump up ^ Iscru, Gheorghe D., "Steagul Revoluţiei din 1821", in Revista Arhivelor no. 2/1981, p. 211.
Jump up ^ Buletinul – Gazetă Oficială a Țării Românești, no. 34 of 14 October 1834, p. 144
Jump up ^ Gazeta de Transilvania, year XI, no. 34 of 26 April 1848, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Dogaru (1978), p. 862.
^ Jump up to: a b Căzănișteanu (1967), p. 36.
Jump up ^ Dogaru (1978), p. 861.
^ Jump up to: a b Năsturel (1900/1901), p. 255.
Jump up ^ Anul 1848 în Principatele Române, II, Bucharest, 1902, p. 477.
Jump up ^ Căzănişteanu (1967), p. 36
^ Jump up to: a b c Dogaru (1978), p. 868.
Jump up ^ Năsturel (1900/1901), p. 253
Jump up ^ Pălănceanu (1974), p. 145.
Jump up ^ Mihalache (1967), pp. 180–1.
Jump up ^ Constituţia României, 1866, title VI, art. 124.
Jump up ^ Năsturel (1900/1901), p. 257
^ Jump up to: a b Velcu (1938), p. 81
Jump up ^ Năsturel (1900/1901), p. 257.
Jump up ^ Decree-Law published in Monitorul Oficial no. 4 of 27 December 1989
Jump up ^ "'World's biggest flag' covers field in Romania – Europe – World". The Independent. 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
Jump up ^ Associated Press. "World's biggest flag unfurled in Romania | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
Jump up ^ "BBC News – Romania village of Clinceni claims largest flag record". BBC.com. 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Romanian town unfurls world's largest flag". The Herald Sun. 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
Jump up ^ (in Romanian) România are cel mai mare drapel din lume! Antena 3, în Guinness World Records™, antena3.ro, accessed 2013-05-27
Jump up ^ Law published in Monitorul Oficial no. 776 of 5 December 2001.
Jump up ^ Law published in Monitorul Oficial no. 237 of 26 August 1994.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Military colors of Romania Archived 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Law published in Monitorul Oficial no. 776 of 5 December 2001.
Jump up ^ Law published in Monitorul Oficial no. 190 of 22 May 1998.
^ Jump up to: a b Album des pavillons..., 2000.
Jump up ^ Flags of the Armed Forces at mapn.ro
Further reading[edit]
Năsturel, Petre Vasiliu, Steagul, stema română, însemnele domneşti, trofee (The Romanian flag [and] coat of arms; the princely insignias [and] trophies), Bucharest, 1903.
Popescu, Elena and Căzănişteanu, Constantin, Piese din colecţia de drapele a Muzeului Militar Central (Specimens from the flag collection of the Central Military Museum [of Romania]), in Revista Muzeelor, year III, no. 2/1966.
Potoschi, A. and Velcu, A., Catalogul colecţiilor de steaguri, stindarde şi fanioane (The catalog of the collection of flags, standards and pennants), manuscript, Biblioteca Muzeului Militar Central.
Rosetti, Radu R., Când s-a adoptat steagul tricolor la noi (When we adopted the tricolor flag), in Memoriile secţiunii istorice, 3rd series, vol. XI, 1930.
Sbierea, I. G., Ceva despre tricolorul român (On the Romanian tricolor), in Calendarul Minervei pe anul 1905, Bucharest, 1905.
Vasile, Alexandru, Drapelul este istoria întreagă a României (The flag is the entire history of Romania) in Lupta întregului popor, no. 1 (3) of 1985.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Romania.
Romania at Flags of the World
Military flags of Romania
(in Romanian) Military colors of Romania and protocol
(in Romanian) A history of the flag of Romania, by Adrian Roşian, in Alma Mater Militaris, year VII, no. 1 (13)/2006.
[show]
v
t
e
Romanian heraldry
National
Coat of arms of Romania
Flag of Romania
History of the flags
Other flags used in Romania
Historical provinces
Wallachia
Moldavia
Northern Dobruja
Transylvania
Oltenia
Banat
Counties
Alba
Arad
Argeș
Bacău
Bihor
Bistrița Năsăud
Botoșani
Brașov
Brăila
Buzău
Caraș-Severin
Călărași
Cluj
Constanța
Covasna
Dâmbovița
Dolj
Galați
Giurgiu
Harghita
Hunedoara
Ialomița
Iași
Ilfov
Maramureș
Mehedinți
Mureș
Neamț
Olt
Prahova
Sălaj
Satu Mare
Sibiu
Suceava
Teleorman
Timiș
Tulcea
Vaslui
Vâlcea
Vrancea
County Capitals
(Municipalities, Cities, Communes)
Alba Iulia
Alexandria
Arad
Bacău
Baia Mare
Bistrița
Botoșani
Brașov
Brăila
Bucharest
Buftea
Buzău
Călărași
Constanţa
Craiova
Cluj-Napoca
Deva
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Focșani
Galați
Giurgiu
Iași
Miercurea-Ciuc
Oradea
Piatra Neamț
Pitești
Ploiești
Râmnicu Vâlcea
Reșița
Satu Mare
Sfântu Gheorghe
Sibiu
Slatina
Slobozia
Suceava
Târgoviște
Târgu Jiu
Târgu Mureș
Timișoara
Tulcea
Vaslui
Zalău
Ministries
Ministry of Administration and Interior
Other institutions
Romanian Armed Forces ranks and insignia
Romanian Police
Inspectorate for Emergency Situations
Border Police
Romanian Gendarmerie
National Archives
History of Romania
[show]
v
t
e
Flags of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
[show]
v
t
e
Romania articles
Topics
History
Timeline
Prehistoric Romania
Dacia
Roman Dacia
Early Middle Ages
Middle Ages
Early Modern Era
National awakening
United Principalities
Kingdom
World War I
Greater Romania
World War II
Communist Romania
Revolution
Since 1989
Geography
Cities
Climate
Counties
Earthquakes
Fauna
Flora
Historical Regions
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Protected areas
Rivers
Topography
Politics
Administrative divisions
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Government
Human rights
LGBT
LGBT history
Judiciary
Law enforcement
Military
Parliament
Political parties
Unification with Moldova
Economy
Agriculture
Energy
Exports
Foreign investment
Foreign trade
Industry
automotive
construction
mining
petrochemical
Leu (currency)
National Bank
Property bubble
Science and technology
Services
Stock Exchange
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transport
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Healthcare
Immigration
Languages
Minorities
Hungarians in Romania
Public holidays
Religion
Romanians
Social structure
Urban planning
Welfare
Culture
Academy
Architecture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Folklore
Humour
Literature
Media
Music
Philosophy
Sport
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Romania&oldid=828182088"
Categories:
National flags
Flags of Romania
Hidden categories:
Articles with Romanian-language external links
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles containing Romanian-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Armãneashti
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Tok Pisin
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Yorùbá
中文
51 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 01:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

tag: th

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/National_ensign
mw-redirect
National ensign

attr: width border cellpadding cellspacing style

value: background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-collapse: collapse; white-space: nowrap; text-align: left

value: Edit section: History and significance of the colors

value: Flag of the Socialist Republic of Romania

value:
/wiki/Ottoman_Porte
mw-redirect
Ottoman Porte

value: United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia

value: Constantin Grigorescu (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Communist_Romania
mw-redirect
Communist Romania

value:
/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989
mw-redirect
Romanian Revolution of 1989

value: Edit section: Gallery of historical flags

value:
/wiki/File:Symbols_of_Romania.png
image
Flag and coat of arms of Romania

value:
/wiki/Romanian_heraldry
mw-redirect
Romanian heraldry

value: Orders, decorations, and medals of Romania

value: Postage stamps and postal history of Romania

value:
/wiki/Symbols_of_Romania
mw-redirect
Symbols of Romania

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

value:
/wiki/Romanian_educational_system
mw-redirect
Romanian educational system

value:
/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Romania
mw-redirect
Diplomatic missions of Romania

value:
/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Union
mw-redirect
Flag of the European Union

value:
/wiki/Bastille_Day_Military_Parade
mw-redirect
Bastille Day Military Parade

value:
/wiki/Military_colors
mw-redirect
Military colors

value:
/wiki/Romanian_Navy
mw-redirect
Romanian Navy

value: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform (Romania)

value: Edit section: Other official flags of Romania

value:
/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_Romania
mw-redirect
Flag of the President of Romania

value:
/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Romania)
mw-redirect
Ministry of Defense (Romania)

value: Edit section: Military colors and ensigns

value:
/wiki/Jandarmeria_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83
mw-redirect
Jandarmeria Română

value:
/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
mw-redirect
Mary (mother of Jesus)

value: ro:s:Decretul No. 1 al Guvernului provisoriu al Ţării-Românesci

value: ro:s:Decretul No. 252 al Guvernului provisoriu al Ţării-Românesci

value: ro:s:Lege pentru fixarea şi stabilirea armelor României (1867)

value: ro:s:Lege pentru modificarea armelor ţărei (1872)

value: ro:s:Decretul nr. 3 privind fixarea atribuţiunilor Prezidiumului Republicii Populare Române

value:
/wiki/The_Herald_Sun
mw-redirect
The Herald Sun

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://flagspot.net/flags/ro.html

value:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: Flag and coat of arms of Northern Dobruja (page does not exist)

value: Flag and coat of arms of Oltenia (page does not exist)

value: Flag and coat of arms of Banat (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Alba County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Arad County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Argeș County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Bacău County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Bihor County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Bistrița-Năsăud County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Botoșani County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Brașov County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Brăila County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Buzău County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Caraș-Severin County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Călărași County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Cluj County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Constanța County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Covasna County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Dâmbovița County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Dolj County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Galați County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Giurgiu County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Harghita County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Hunedoara County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Ialomița County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Iași County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Ilfov County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Maramureș County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Mehedinți County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Mureș County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Neamț County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Olt County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Prahova County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Sălaj County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Satu Mare County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Sibiu County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Suceava County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Teleorman County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Timiș County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Tulcea County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Vaslui County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Vâlcea County (page does not exist)

value: Coat of arms of Vrancea County (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Municipalities_of_Romania
mw-redirect
Municipalities of Romania

value:
/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania
mw-redirect
List of cities in Romania

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Arad
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Arad

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bac%C4%83u
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Bacău

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Baia_Mare
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Baia Mare

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bistri%C8%9Ba
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Bistrița

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Boto%C8%99ani
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Botoșani

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bra%C8%99ov
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Brașov

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Br%C4%83ila
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Brăila

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Buftea
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Buftea

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Constan%C5%A3a
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Constanţa

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Craiova
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Craiova

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gala%C8%9Bi
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Galați

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Giurgiu
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Giurgiu

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ia%C8%99i
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Iași

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Miercurea-Ciuc
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Miercurea-Ciuc

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Oradea
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Oradea

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Piatra_Neam%C8%9B
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Piatra Neamț

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pite%C8%99ti
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Pitești

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Reșița

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Satu_Mare
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Satu Mare

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sibiu
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Sibiu

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slatina,_Romania
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Slatina, Romania

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Suceava
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Suceava

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Târgu Jiu

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tulcea
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Tulcea

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vaslui
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Vaslui

value:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zal%C4%83u
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Zalău

value: Coat of arms of the Romanian Ministry of Administration and Interior

value: Romanian Armed Forces ranks and insignia

value: Coat of arms of the Romanian Inspectorate for Emergency Situations

value: Coat of arms of the Romanian Border Police

value: Coat of arms of the Romanian Gendarmerie

value: Coat of arms of the Romanian National Archives

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg

value:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
/wiki/Flag_of_Svalbard
mw-redirect
Flag of Svalbard

value: Flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

value:
/wiki/Prehistoric_Romania
mw-redirect
Prehistoric Romania

value:
/wiki/Dacia_(Roman_province)
mw-redirect
Dacia (Roman province)

value:
/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(World_War_I)
mw-redirect
Romanian Campaign (World War I)

value:
/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II
mw-redirect
Romania during World War II

value:
/wiki/Protected_areas_in_Romania
mw-redirect
Protected areas in Romania

value:
/wiki/Courts_in_Romania
mw-redirect
Courts in Romania

value:
/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania
mw-redirect
Law enforcement in Romania

value:
/wiki/Military_of_Romania
mw-redirect
Military of Romania

value:
/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania
mw-redirect
Telecommunications in Romania

value:
/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania
mw-redirect
Social structure of Romania

value:
/wiki/Social_welfare_in_Romania
mw-redirect
Social welfare in Romania

value:
/wiki/Literature_of_Romania
mw-redirect
Literature of Romania

value:
/wiki/Communications_media_in_Romania
mw-redirect
Communications media in Romania

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Articles with Romanian-language external links

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Flag_of_Romania
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: علم رومانيا – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value: Сцяг Румыніі – Belarusian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value: Сьцяг Румыніі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

value: Национално знаме на Румъния – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Σημαία της Ρουμανίας – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: پرچم رومانی – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: 루마니아의 국기 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Ռումինիայի դրոշ – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: रोमानिया का ध्वज – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: রোমানিয়ার ফিরালহান – Bishnupriya

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: דגל רומניה – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: რუმინეთის დროშა – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value: Знаме на Романија – Macedonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value: रोमेनियाचा ध्वज – Marathi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: ルーマニアの国旗 – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value: ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆ ਦਾ ਝੰਡਾ – Punjabi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value: Флаг Румынии – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value: Застава Румуније – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: ธงชาติโรมาเนีย – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Прапор Румунії – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

value: 羅馬尼亞國旗 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Flag_of_Romania rootpage-Flag_of_Romania skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Presidents of Zambia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
President of the
Republic of Zambia
Presidential Flag
Incumbent
Edgar Lungu
since 25 January 2015
Term length
5 years, renewable once
Inaugural holder
Kenneth Kaunda
Formation
24 October 1964
Deputy
Vice-President of Zambia
Zambia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Zambia
Constitution[show]
Human rights
Government[show]
President
Edgar Lungu
Vice-President
Inonge Wina
Cabinet
Legislature[show]
National Assembly
Speaker: Patrick Matibini
Constituencies
Elections[show]
General
1964 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021
Referendums
1969 2016
Political parties
Administrative divisions[show]
Provinces
Districts
Foreign relations[show]
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Diplomatic missions
of Zambia
to Zambia
Passport
Visa requirements
National symbols[show]
Flag
Anthem
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The President of Zambia is the head of state and the head of government of Zambia. The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964. Since 1991, when Kaunda left the Presidency, the office has been held by five others: Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, and current President Edgar Lungu. In addition, Acting President Guy Scott served in an interim capacity after the death of President Michael Sata.
Since 31 August 1991 the President is also the head of government, as the position of Prime Minister was abolished in the last months of Kaunda's presidential term.
The President is elected for a term of five years. Since 1991, the officeholder has been restricted to two consecutive terms.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Presidents of Zambia (1964–present)
3 Footnotes
4 Latest election
5 Rank by time in office
6 Living former Presidents
7 See also
8 External links
Key[edit]
Political parties
United National Independence Party (UNIP)
Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD)
Patriotic Front (PF)
Symbols
§ Elected unopposed
† Died in office
Presidents of Zambia (1964–present)[edit]
No.
Picture
Name
(Birth–Death)
Elected
Took office
Left office
Political Party
1
Kenneth Kaunda
(1924–) 1968
1973[§]
1978[§]
1983[§]
1988[§] 24 October 1964 2 November 1991 UNIP
2
Frederick Chiluba
(1943–2011) 1991
1996 2 November 1991 2 January 2002 MMD
3
Levy Mwanawasa
(1948–2008) 2001
2006 2 January 2002 19 August 2008[†] MMD
—
Rupiah Banda
(1937–)
Acting President[1] — 29 June 2008 2 November 2008 MMD
4
Rupiah Banda
(1937–) 2008 2 November 2008 23 September 2011
5
Michael Sata
(1937–2014) 2011 23 September 2011 28 October 2014[†] PF
—
Guy Scott
(1944–)
Acting President[2] — 28 October 2014 25 January 2015 PF
6
Edgar Lungu
(1956–) 2015
2016 25 January 2015 Incumbent PF
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Acting for Mwanawasa to 19 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Acting after Sata died in office.
Latest election[edit]
Main article: Zambian general election, 2016
Rank by time in office[edit]
Rank
President
Time in office
1 Kenneth Kaunda 7003987000000000000♠27 years, 9 days
2 Frederick Chiluba 7003371400000000000♠10 years, 61 days
3 Levy Mwanawasa 7003242100000000000♠6 years, 230 days
4 Rupiah Banda 7003105500000000000♠2 years, 325 days 7003118100000000000♠3 years, 86 days
— Rupiah Banda 7002126000000000000♠126 days (Acting)
5 Michael Sata 7003113100000000000♠3 years, 35 days
6 Edgar Lungu 7003107900000000000♠2 years, 348 days
— Guy Scott 7001890000000000000♠89 days (Acting)
Living former Presidents[edit]
There are two living former Zambian Presidents and one living former acting president:
Kenneth Kaunda
(1964-1991)
(1924-04-28) April 28, 1924 (age 93)
Rupiah Banda
(2008–2011)
(1937-02-13) February 13, 1937 (age 80)
Guy Scott
(2014–2015)
(1944-06-01) June 1, 1944 (age 73)
See also[edit]
First Lady of Zambia
Governor of Northern Rhodesia
Prime Minister of Zambia
Lists of office-holders
List of current heads of state and government
External links[edit]
World Statesmen - Zambia
[show]
v
t
e
Zambia articles
History
History of Zambia
Company rule (Rhodesia)
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Monuments and historic sites
Northern Rhodesia
Geography
Cities and towns
Climate
Districts
Ecoregions
National parks
Provinces
Wildlife
Politics
Defence Force
Elections
parliamentary constituencies
Foreign relations
Judiciary
LGBT history
National Assembly
Political parties
Presidents
Prime Minister
Vice Presidents
Economy
Central bank
Companies
Kwacha (currency)
Stock Exchange
Telecommunications
Transport
airports
Society
Anthem
Coat of arms
Culture
Demographics
Education
Films
Flag
Languages
List of Zambians
Media
Newspapers
Music
Religion
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Presidents of Zambia
Kenneth Kaunda
Frederick Chiluba
Levy Mwanawasa
Rupiah Banda
Michael Sata
Guy Scott*
Edgar Lungu
* denotes interim presidents
[show]
v
t
e
Years in Zambia (1964–present)
Pre-1964
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
[show]
v
t
e
Heads of state and government of Africa
Heads of state
UN member states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other states
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Heads of government
UN member states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other states
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Defunct states
and governments
Belgian Congo
Governor-General
Burundi
King
Prime Minister
Ethiopia
Emperor (list)
Malawi
Prime Minister
Kenya
Prime Minister
Rwanda
King
Rhodesia
President
Prime Minister
Southern Rhodesia
Governor
South Africa
Governor-General
State President
Prime Minister
Sudan
Governor-General
Zanzibar
Sultan
Prime Minister
Zambia
Prime Minister
Zimbabwe
Prime Minister
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Zambia&oldid=811925542"
Categories:
Lists of national presidents
Lists of political office-holders in Zambia
Presidents of Zambia
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from September 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
Galego
한국어
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 November 2017, at 20:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: br

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

value: text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href title

tag: b

value: padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;

value: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

value: List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Zambia

value: List of Zambian parliamentary constituencies

value: Northern Rhodesian general election, 1964

value:
/wiki/Zambian_general_election,_2021
mw-redirect
Zambian general election, 2021

value: Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free

value: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:22.0em;

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#C94E47; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#3BADF3; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#3063AE; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: Edit section: Presidents of Zambia (1964–present)

value: Kenneth David Kaunda detail DF-SC-84-01864.jpg

attr: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: List of current heads of state and government

value:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Zambia
mw-redirect
LGBT history in Zambia

value:
/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zambia
mw-redirect
National Assembly of Zambia

value:
/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Zambia
mw-redirect
List of Vice Presidents of Zambia

value:
/wiki/Culture_of_Zambia
mw-redirect
Culture of Zambia

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px

value:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Years of the 20th century in Zambia

value: Category:1975 in Zambia (page does not exist)

value: Category:1976 in Zambia (page does not exist)

value: Category:1981 in Zambia (page does not exist)

value: Category:1989 in Zambia (page does not exist)

value: Category:2019 in Zambia (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template:Heads of state and government of Africa

value: Template talk:Heads of state and government of Africa

value:
/wiki/Heads_of_state
mw-redirect
Heads of state

value: List of heads of state of the Central African Republic

value: President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

value: List of Presidents of the Republic of the Congo

value: List of Presidents of São Tomé and Príncipe

value: President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

value:
/wiki/Heads_of_government
mw-redirect
Heads of government

value: List of heads of government of the Central African Republic

value: Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

value: List of Prime Ministers of the Republic of the Congo

value: List of Prime Ministers of Equatorial Guinea

value: List of Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau

value: List of heads of government of Ivory Coast

value: List of heads of government of Mozambique

value: List of Prime Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe

value: Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

value: List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo

value:
/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Burundi
mw-redirect
List of Kings of Burundi

value: Governor-General of the Union of South Africa

value: List of governors of pre-independence Sudan

value: Category:Lists of political office-holders in Zambia

value: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2011

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Zambia
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: قائمة رؤساء زامبيا – Arabic

value: Κατάλογος προέδρων της Ζάμπιας – Greek

value: Lista de presidentes de Zambia – Galician

value: 잠비아의 대통령 목록 – Korean

value: נשיא זמביה – Hebrew

value: ზამბიის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian

value: Замбия президенттерінің тізімі – Kazakh

value: Замбийн ерөнхийлөгч – Mongolian

value: Lijst van presidenten van Zambia – Dutch

value: ザンビアの大統領 – Japanese

value: Liste over Zambias presidenter – Norwegian

value: Lista dels presidents de Zambia – Occitan

value: Lista de presidentes da Zâmbia – Portuguese

value: Список президентов Замбии – Russian

value: Luettelo Sambian presidenteistä – Finnish

value: Lista över Zambias presidenter – Swedish

value: சாம்பியா அரசுத் தலைவர்களின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

value: Zambiya devlet başkanları listesi – Turkish

value: Список президентів Замбії – Ukrainian

value: 赞比亚总统列表 – Chinese

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Presidents_of_Zambia rootpage-List_of_Presidents_of_Zambia skin-vector action-view


text:
Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation
CCE's official logo
Board of education
CBSE
Examinations
Formatives
4
Summatives
2
Scale
9 points
Grades
6th to 10th & 12th
Course
Main subjects
English, Hindi, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Civics, Geography and Economics.
Additional subjects (optional)
Japanese, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Kannada, Marathi, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Oriya, Punjabi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, French, Tibetan, German, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Nepali, Limboo, Lepcha, Bhutia, and Mizo.
Continuous and comprehensive evaluation was a process of assessment, mandated by the Right to Education Act, of India. This approach to assessment has been introduced by state governments in India, as well as by the Central Board of Secondary Education in India, for students of sixth to tenth grades and twelfth in some schools. From this the smaller classes student can have a practice to face the exam of board in younger age The Karnataka government has introduced CCE for grades 1 through 9 later it was also introduced for 12th grades students.[1] The main aim of CCE is to evaluate every aspect of the child during their presence at the school. This is believed to help reduce the pressure on the child during/before examinations as the student will have to sit for multiple tests throughout the year, of which no test or the syllabus covered will be repeated at the end of the year, whatsoever. The CCE method is claimed to bring enormous changes from the traditional chalk and talk method of teaching, provided it is implemented accurately. In 2017, the CCE system was cancelled for students appearing in the Class 10 Board Exam for 2017-18, bringing back compulsory Annual Board Exam and removing the Formative and Summative Assessments under the Remodeled Assessment Pattern.[2]
As a part of this new system, student's marks will be replaced by grades which will be evaluated through a series of curricular and extra-curricular evaluations along with academics. The aim is to decrease the workload on the student by means of continuous evaluation by taking number of small tests throughout the year in place of single test at the end of the academic program. Only Grades are awarded to students based on work experience skills, dexterity, innovation, steadiness, teamwork, public speaking, behavior, etc. to evaluate and present an overall measure of the student's ability. This helps the students who are not good in academics to show their talent in other fields such as arts, humanities, sports, music, athletics, and also helps to motivate the students who have a thirst of knowledge.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pattern of education
2 Outcome, results and effect
3 School affected by CCE
4 References
5 External links
Pattern of education[edit]
Unlike CBSE's old pattern of only one test at the end of the academic year, the CCE conducts several. There are two different types of tests. Namely, the formative and the summative. Formative tests will comprise the student's work at class and home, the student's performance in oral tests and quizzes and the quality of the projects or assignments submitted by the child. Formative tests will be conducted four times in an academic session, and they will carry a 40% weightage for the aggregate. In some schools, an additional written test is conducted instead of multiple oral tests. However, at least one oral test is conducted.
The summative assessment is a three-hour long written test conducted twice a year. The first summative or Summative Assessment 1 (SA-1) will be conducted after the first two formatives are completed. The second (SA-2) will be conducted after the next two formatives. Each summative will carry a 30% weightage and both together will carry a 60% weightage for the aggregate. The summative assessment will be conducted by the schools itself. However, the question papers will be partially prepared by the CBSE and evaluation of the answer sheets is also strictly monitored by the CBSE. Once completed, the syllabus of one summative will not be repeated in the next. A student will have to concentrate on totally new topics for the next summative.
At the end of the year, the CBSE processes the result by adding the formative score to the summative score, i.e. 40% + 60% = 100%. Depending upon the percentage obtained, the board will deduce the CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average) and thereby deduce the grade obtained. In addition to the summative assessment, the board will offer an optional online aptitude test that may also be used as a tool along with the grades obtained in the CCE to help students to decide the choice of subjects in further studies. The board has also instructed the schools to prepare the report card and it will be duly signed by the principal, the student.
Deductive Method - What does the student know and how can he use it to explain a situation.
Co-relation with a real-life situation - Whether the situation given matches any real-life situation, like tsunamis, floods, tropical cyclones, etc.
Usage of Information Technology - Can the problem be solved with the use of IT? If yes, how?
In addition to that, various assignments can be given such as projects, models and charts, group work, worksheet, survey, seminar, etc. The teacher will also play a major role. For example, they give remedial help, maintain a term-wise record and checklists, etc.
Outcome, results and effect[edit]
The outcome of the CCE system at the initial level varies. Though most of the schools implemented it quickly, teachers and students who were accustomed to the older system of evaluation and examination faced difficulties coping with the changes. The main aim of CCE is to reduce pressure on students who are unable to effectively participate in the educational system and leave it dejected and with low self-confidence. However the system has also been criticised for focussing more on projects and activities than actual learning. Critics also state that students' workload has not actually gone down because even though exams have been reduced, stressed students wrestle with projects and oral tests all the year round. Students are required to participate in activities even if the syllabus is not covered. Despite these criticisms, the outcomes of this system were projected to be better that the rote learning of the previous system, which placed an undue emphasis on memory and facts instead of understanding and creating a learning environment.[citation needed]
School affected by CCE[edit]
All schools are affected by CCE, but for the 10th grade it is entirely up to the students whether they want to follow the annual or CCE pattern. However, only a small numbers of schools provide this choice to their students.CCE has come to end in the academic year 2016-17 and the annual pattern has been made mandatory.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ["Continuous evaluation for classes 1 to 9 in from this year" Check |url= value (help).
Jump up ^ "CBSE Circular dated 31/01/2017" (PDF). cbse.nic.in.
Training of Trainers in Science and Technology Education: Asian edition. Commonwealth Secretariat. 1 January 1996. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-0-85092-480-0.
Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation: Teachers' Handbook for Primary Stage. National Council of Educational Research and Training. 2003. ISBN 978-81-7450-246-9.
J. P. Singhal (1 June 2010). Academic Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in Social Science X. Laxmi Publications Pvt Limited. ISBN 978-93-80644-19-6.
Dr. N. K. Sharma (1 June 2010). Academic Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in Science X. Laxmi Publications Pvt Limited. ISBN 978-93-80644-18-9.
Poonam Banga (1 August 2010). Solutions to Academic Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in Hindi X B. Laxmi Publications Pvt Limited. ISBN 978-93-80644-27-1.
J. B. Dixit (1 February 2010). Comprehensive Mathematics Activities and Projects X. Laxmi Publications. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-81-318-0806-1.
The Indian Journal of Social Work. 59. Department of Publications, Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 1998. pp. 625–.
Rewa Bhasin (14 February 2014). Dynamic Memory Modern Paragraph Writing-Secondary Level. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-93-5083-345-2.
Publisher's Monthly. 38. 1996. pp. 80–.
J. S. Rajput; National Council of Educational Research and Training (India) (2004). Encyclopaedia of Indian Education: A-K. NCERT. pp. 365–. ISBN 978-81-7450-303-9.
Journal of Indian Education. 18. National Council of Educational Research and Training. 1992. pp. 11–.
External links[edit]
Official website for CCE
Official website for CBSE
Additional subjects offered by the CBSE for CCE students
[hide]
v
t
e
School education in India
Ministry of Human Resource Development
Boards of
education
(list)
National
Central Board of Secondary Education
Central Tibetan School Administration
Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations
National Institute of Open Schooling
State
Andhra Pradesh (Secondary
Intermediate)
Assam (Secondary
Higher Secondary)
Bihar (School
Intermediate)
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka (Secondary
Pre-University)
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur (Secondary
Higher Secondary)
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha (Secondary
Higher Secondary)
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu (Secondary
Higher Secondary)
Telangana (Secondary
Intermediate)
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal (Primary
Secondary
Higher Secondary
Open
Vocational
Madrasah)
Schools
(list)
(category)
By location
Bangalore
Chennai
Gurgaon
Hisar
Hyderabad
Jaipur
Jamshedpur
Kanpur
Kolkata
Kollam
Lucknow
Mumbai
Patna
Ranchi
Rourkela
Shillong
Tiruchirappalli
Thiruvananthapuram
Udaipur
Vatakara
By type
Railway Schools (list)
DAV Public School (list)
Ramakrishna Mission (list)
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (list)
Bal Bharati Public School (list)
Delhi Public School (list)
Saraswati Shishu Mandir (list)
Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan (list)
Sainik School (list)
Kendriya Vidyalaya (list)
Chinmaya Vidyalayas (list)
Atomic Energy Central School (list)
Vivekananda Vidyalaya (list)
Ryan International Schools (list)
Indian Army Public Schools (list)
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (list)
Waldorf Schools (India) (list)
List of boarding schools
List of international schools
By state
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Other
topics
All India Secondary School Examination
Board examination
Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation
Higher Secondary Examination
Literacy in India
Midday Meal Scheme
National Council of Educational Research and Training
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous_and_Comprehensive_Evaluation&oldid=831880896"
Categories:
Central Board of Secondary Education
Student assessment and evaluation
School examinations in India
Hidden categories:
Pages with URL errors
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
Español
हिन्दी
മലയാളം
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 March 2018, at 17:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: scope style

value: row background:#ddf;

value:
/wiki/Hindi_language
mw-redirect
Hindi language

value:
/wiki/Oriya_language
mw-redirect
Oriya language

value:
/wiki/Tibetan_languages
mw-redirect
Tibetan languages

value: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act

value:
/wiki/Tropical_cyclones
mw-redirect
Tropical cyclones

value:
/wiki/Information_Technology
mw-redirect
Information Technology

value: Edit section: Outcome, results and effect

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://cbse.nic.in/cce/index.html

value:
nofollow
http://www.cbse.nic.in/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/mil02.pdf

value: Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)

value: Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education

value: Andhra Pradesh Board of Intermediate Education

value: Assam Higher Secondary Education Council

value: Bihar Intermediate Education Council (page does not exist)

value: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education

value: Goa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education

value: Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board

value: Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education

value: Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education

value: Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board

value: Karnataka Board of the Pre-University Education (page does not exist)

value: Kerala Higher Secondary Examination Board

value: Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh

value: Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

value: Manipur Board of Secondary Education (page does not exist)

value: Manipur Council of Higher Secondary Education (page does not exist)

value: Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha

value: Tamil Nadu Board of Higher Secondary Education (page does not exist)

value: Telangana Board of Intermediate Education

value: Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad

value: West Bengal Board of Secondary Education

value: West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education

value: West Bengal Council of Rabindra Open Schooling

value: West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training

value: List of educational institutions in Gurgaon

value:
/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Jaipur
mw-redirect
List of schools in Jaipur

value: List of educational institutes in Jamshedpur

value:
/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Kanpur
mw-redirect
List of schools in Kanpur

value: List of educational institutions in Lucknow

value: List of educational institutions in Mumbai

value: List of educational institutions in Shillong

value: List of educational institutions in Tiruchirappalli

value: List of schools in Thiruvananthapuram district

value: List of educational institutions in Vatakara

value: List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions

value: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust

value:
/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan#Schools
mw-redirect
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan

value:
/wiki/Saraswati_Shishu_Mandir
mw-redirect
Saraswati Shishu Mandir

value: Ryan International Group of Institutions

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Central Board of Secondary Education

value: Category:Student assessment and evaluation

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: অবিৰত আৰু বোধগম্য মূল্যায়ন – Assamese

value: অবিরত ও বোধগম্য মূল্যায়ন – Bangla

value: सतत तथा व्यापक मूल्यांकन – Hindi

value: നിരന്തരവും സമഗ്രവുമായ മൂല്യനിർണ്ണയം – Malayalam

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Continuous_and_Comprehensive_Evaluation rootpage-Continuous_and_Comprehensive_Evaluation skin-vector action-view