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Sympathy for the Devil
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This article is about the song. For other uses, see Sympathy for the Devil (disambiguation).
"Sympathy for the Devil"
German single picture sleeve (1973)
Song by the Rolling Stones
from the album Beggars Banquet
Released
6 December 1968 (1968-12-06)
Recorded
4–5, 8–10 June 1968
Studio
Olympic, London
Genre
Samba rock
Length
6:18
Label
Decca
Songwriter(s)
Jagger/Richards
Producer(s)
Jimmy Miller
Audio sample
file
help
"Sympathy for the Devil" is a samba rock song by the Rolling Stones, written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Sung by Jagger, the song refers to the Devil, written in the first-person narrative, recounting atrocities committed throughout the history of humanity as if they were somehow "inspired" (or at least witnessed) by him. Although it has been deemed by some as "a homage", in reality, no admiration (or even sympathy, for that matter) is declared for the Devil in the song -other than his "own" request. It is performed in a rock arrangement with a samba rhythm, first appearing as the opening track on their 1968 album Beggars Banquet. Rolling Stone magazine placed it at number 32 in its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
Contents
[hide]
1 Inspiration
2 Recording
3 Aftermath
4 Personnel
5 Certifications
6 The 1968 film and others
7 Guns N' Roses version
7.1 Personnel
7.2 Charts
7.3 Sales and certifications
8 Other recorded versions
9 References
10 External links
Inspiration[edit]
"Sympathy for the Devil" is credited to Jagger and Richards, though the song was largely a Jagger composition.[1] The working title of the song was "The Devil Is My Name", having earlier been called "Fallen Angels", and it is sung by Jagger as a first-person narrative from the point of view of the Devil, recounting his control over the events of human existence.
In the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane, Jagger stated that his influence for the song came from Baudelaire and from the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita (which had just appeared in English translation in 1967). The book was given to him by Marianne Faithfull.
In a 1995 interview with Rolling Stone, Jagger said, "I think that was taken from an old idea of Baudelaire's, I think, but I could be wrong. Sometimes when I look at my Baudelaire books, I can't see it in there. But it was an idea I got from French writing. And I just took a couple of lines and expanded on it. I wrote it as sort of like a Bob Dylan song."[1] It was Richards who suggested changing the tempo and using additional percussion, turning the folk song into a samba.[2]
Furthermore, Jagger stated in the Rolling Stone interview: "it's a very long historical figure — the figures of evil and figures of good — so it is a tremendously long trail he's made as personified in this piece."[1] By the time Beggars Banquet was released, the Rolling Stones had already raised some hackles for sexually forward lyrics such as "Let's Spend the Night Together",[3] or after their reprise of the Willie Dixon's blues "I Just Want to Make Love to You" etc. and for allegedly dabbling in Satanism[4] (their previous album, while containing no direct Satanic references in its music or lyrics, was titled Their Satanic Majesties Request), and "Sympathy" brought these concerns to the fore, provoking media rumours and fears among some religious groups that the Stones were devil-worshippers and a corrupting influence on youth.[4]
The lyrics focus on atrocities in the history of mankind from Satan's point of view including the trial and death of Jesus Christ ("Made damn sure that Pilate washed his hands to seal his fate"), European wars of religion ("I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made"), the violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the 1918 shooting of the Romanov family ("I stuck around St. Petersburg when I saw it was a time for a change/Killed the Tsar and his ministers/Anastasia screamed in vain"), and World War II ("I rode a tank, held a general's rank when the blitzkrieg raged, and the bodies stank"). The song was originally written with the line "I shouted out 'Who killed Kennedy?'" After Robert F. Kennedy's death on 6 June 1968, the line was changed to "Who killed the Kennedys?".[5] And the answer is "when after all it was you and me", which is a way of saying that "the devil is not the other one, but eventually each one of us."[6]
The song may have been spared further controversy when the first single from the album, "Street Fighting Man", became even more controversial in view of the race riots and student protests occurring in many cities in Europe and in the United States.[7]
Recording[edit]
The recording of "Sympathy for the Devil" began at London's Olympic Sound Studios on 4 June 1968 and continued into the next day; overdubs were done on 8, 9 and 10 June.[8] Personnel included on the recording include Nicky Hopkins on piano, Rocky Dijon on congas and Bill Wyman on maracas. Marianne Faithfull, Anita Pallenberg, Brian Jones, Charlie Watts, producer Jimmy Miller, Wyman and Richards performed backup vocals, singing the "woo woos".[citation needed] Richards plays bass on the original recording,[citation needed] and also electric guitar. Brian Jones plays a mostly mixed out acoustic guitar, although in isolated tracks of the studio cut, it is audible playing along with the piano.
In the 2003 book According to the Rolling Stones, Watts commented:
"Sympathy" was one of those sort of songs where we tried everything. The first time I ever heard the song was when Mick was playing it at the front door of a house I lived at in Sussex ... He played it entirely on his own ... and it was fantastic. We had a go at loads of different ways of playing it; in the end I just played a jazz Latin feel in the style of Kenny Clarke would have played on "A Night in Tunisia" – not the actual rhythm he played, but the same styling.[2]
On the overall power of the song, Jagger continued in Rolling Stone:
It has a very hypnotic groove, a samba, which has a tremendous hypnotic power, rather like good dance music. It doesn't speed up or slow down. It keeps this constant groove. Plus, the actual samba rhythm is a great one to sing on, but it is also got some other suggestions in it, an undercurrent of being primitive—because it is a primitive African, South American, Afro-whatever-you-call-that rhythm (candomblé). So to white people, it has a very sinister thing about it. But forgetting the cultural colors, it is a very good vehicle for producing a powerful piece. It becomes less pretentious because it is a very unpretentious groove. If it had been done as a ballad, it wouldn't have been as good.[1]
Aftermath[edit]
In an interview with Creem, Jagger said, "[When people started taking us as devil worshippers], I thought it was a really odd thing, because it was only one song, after all. It wasn't like it was a whole album, with lots of occult signs on the back. People seemed to embrace the image so readily, [and] it has carried all the way over into heavy metal bands today. Some people have made a living out of doing this; for example, Jimmy Page." [4]
Of the change in public perception the band experienced after the song's release, Richards said in a 1971 interview with Rolling Stone, "Before, we were just innocent kids out for a good time, they're saying, 'They're evil, they're evil.' Oh, I'm evil, really? So that makes you start thinking about evil... What is evil? Half of it, I don't know how much people think of Mick as the devil or as just a good rock performer or what? There are black magicians who think we are acting as unknown agents of Lucifer and others who think we are Lucifer. Everybody's Lucifer."[6]
Contrary to a widespread misconception, it was "Under My Thumb" and not "Sympathy for the Devil" that the Rolling Stones were performing when Meredith Hunter was killed at the Altamont Free Concert.[4] Rolling Stone magazine's early articles on the incident misreported that the killing took place during "Sympathy for the Devil",[9] but the Stones in fact played "Sympathy for the Devil" earlier in the concert; it was interrupted by a fight and restarted, Jagger commenting, "We're always having—something very funny happens when we start that number." Several other songs were performed before Hunter was killed.[8]
Personnel[edit]
Mick Jagger – lead vocals
Keith Richards – guitar solo, bass guitar, backing vocals
Brian Jones – acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Bill Wyman – maracas, backing vocals
Charlie Watts – drums, backing vocals, cowbell
Nicky Hopkins – piano, backing vocals
Rocky Dzidzornu – congas
Anita Pallenberg, Marianne Faithfull – backing vocals
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[10]
Gold 25,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[11]
Silver 250,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
The 1968 film and others[edit]
Cover art for DVD release
Sympathy for the Devil is also the title of a producer's edit of a 1968 film by Jean-Luc Godard whose own original version is called One Plus One. The film, a depiction of the late 1960s American counterculture, also featured the Rolling Stones in the process of recording the song in the studio. On the filming, Jagger said in Rolling Stone: "[it was] very fortuitous, because Godard wanted to do a film of us in the studio. I mean, it would never happen now, to get someone as interesting as Godard. And stuffy. We just happened to be recording that song. We could have been recording 'My Obsession.' But it was 'Sympathy for the Devil', and it became the track that we used."[1]
Guns N' Roses version[edit]
"Sympathy for the Devil"
Single by Guns N' Roses
from the album Interview with the Vampire soundtrack
B-side
"Escape to Paris" (by Elliot Goldenthal)
Released
13 December 1994 (1994-12-13)
Recorded
October 1994
Genre
Hard rock
Length
7:36
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Jagger/Richards
Producer(s)
Guns N' Roses
Mike Clink
Matthias Gohl
Guns N' Roses singles chronology
"Since I Don't Have You"
(1994) "Sympathy for the Devil"
(1994) "Chinese Democracy"
(2008)
Guns N' Roses recorded a cover in 1994 which reached number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100; it was featured in the closing credits of Neil Jordan's film adaptation of Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire (except the 4K cut of the film) and was included on their Greatest Hits album. This cover is noteworthy for causing an incident involving incoming guitarist, Paul "Huge" Tobias, that was partially responsible for guitarist Slash departing from the band in 1996.[12] Slash has described the Guns N' Roses version of the song as "the sound of the band breaking up".[13]
Rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke, who does not appear on the recording, noted that the recording foreshadowed his departure from the band:
They did that while I was on the road touring for my solo record. […] I knew that that was the ending because nobody told me about it. Officially I was in the band at that time, and they did that song without me. That was one of the last straws for me, because nobody had said anything to me, and they recorded a song by one of my favorite bands. It was pretty clear I'm a big Rolling Stones fan, and they recorded the song without me. So I knew that was it.[14]
Personnel[edit]
W. Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano
Slash – lead and rhythm guitars
Duff McKagan – bass guitar, backing vocals
Matt Sorum – drums, percussion
Dizzy Reed – keyboards
Paul Tobias – rhythm and lead guitars, backing vocals
Charts[edit]
Chart (1994–1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[15]
12
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]
17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]
18
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[18]
40
Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)[19]
2
France (SNEP)[20]
15
Germany (Official German Charts)[21]
20
Ireland (IRMA)[22]
16
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[23]
9
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[24]
13
Norway (VG-lista)[25]
5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[26]
7
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[27]
15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[28]
10
US Billboard Hot 100[29]
55
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[30]
10
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Japan (RIAJ)[31]
Gold 50,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other recorded versions[edit]
In 2005, Cuban drummer and percussionist Horacio Hernandez ("El Negro") recorded a Latin Jazz version of the song, sung by Latin great Rubén Blades.[32]
British gothic rock band Inkubus Sukkubus released a cover of the song on their 2007 album Science and Nature.[33]
Indie rock bands Band of Skulls and John & Jehn covered the song for the French TV show Taratata broadcast in March 2010.[34]
Motörhead covered the song for their 2015 album Bad Magic.[35]
Ozzy Osbourne covered the song on the 2005 album Under Cover.
Sandie Shaw covered the song for her 1969 album Reviewing the Situation.[36]
Blood, Sweat & Tears released a version in 1970 on the band's third album.
English doom metal band Sabazius recorded their own 25-minute cover version of the song and released it as an EP of the same name.
Tiamat covered the song for their 1999 album Skeleton Skeletron.
Jane's Addiction as Sympathy on 1987 album Jane's Addiction. This version was featured on the television series Sons of Anarchy.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wenner, Jann (December 14, 1995). "Mick Jagger Remembers". Rolling Stone.
^ Jump up to: a b Jagger, Mick; Richards, Keith; Watts, Charlie; Wood, Ronnie (2003). According to the Rolling Stones. Chronicle Books. p. 119. ISBN 0-8118-4060-3.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "Let's Spend the Night Together". allmusic. 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cruickshank, Douglas. "Sympathy for the Devil". Salon.com. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Jagger/Richards (20 June 2004). "Sympathy for the Devil". RollingStones.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Greenfield, Robert (19 August 1971). "The Rolling Stone Interview: Keith Richards". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Wyman, Bill (2002). Rolling With the Stones. DK Publishing. p. 309. ISBN 0-7894-9998-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Zentgraf, Nico. "The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008". Retrieved 23 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Burks, John (7 February 1970). "Rock & Roll's Worst Day". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – The Rolling Stones – (Sympathy for the devil)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – The Rolling Stones – (Sympathy for the devil)". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 23 February 2017. Enter (Sympathy for the devil) in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Gary Graft (January 1997). "Total Guitar-Slash, Rock and Roses 1997". oocities.org; Total Guitar. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bozza, Anthony; Slash (2007). Slash (Paperback). New York: Harper Collins. p. 480. ISBN 0-00-725777-5. (German paperback is ISBN 0-00-725776-7)
Jump up ^ "Gilby Clarke Opens Up About His Final Guns N' Roses Gig". Ultimate Classic Rock.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Guns N' Roses". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". VG-lista. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ ""RIAJ > The Record > June 1995 > Page 5 > Certified Awards (April 1995)"" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 2014-02-14.
Jump up ^ "La timba no es como ayer". AllAboutJazz.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Science & Nature". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "video BAND OF SKULLS / JOHN JEHN : Sympathy for the devil – bande of skulls, band of skull, band skulls – videos MYTARATATA.COM". Video.mytaratata.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Motörhead To Release 'Bad Magic' In August". Blabbermouth.net. June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sandie Shaw – Reviewing The Situation". discogs.com. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
External links[edit]
"Reason to Rock" review
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Beggars Banquet
Side one
"Sympathy for the Devil"
"No Expectations"
"Dear Doctor"
"Parachute Woman"
"Jigsaw Puzzle"
Side two
"Street Fighting Man"
"Prodigal Son"
"Stray Cat Blues
"Factory Girl"
"Salt of the Earth"
[show]
v
t
e
The Rolling Stones singles discography
Decca (UK) and
London (US)
singles
"Come On"
"I Wanna Be Your Man" / "Stoned"
"Not Fade Away" / "Little by Little"
"It's All Over Now"
"Tell Me" / "I Just Want to Make Love to You"
"Time Is on My Side"
"Little Red Rooster"
"Heart of Stone"
"The Last Time" / "Play with Fire"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" / "The Spider and the Fly"
"Get Off of My Cloud" / "I'm Free"
"As Tears Go By"
"19th Nervous Breakdown" / "As Tears Go By"
"Paint It Black" / "Stupid Girl"
"Mother's Little Helper" / "Lady Jane"
"Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?"
"Let's Spend the Night Together" / "Ruby Tuesday"
"We Love You" / "Dandelion"
"In Another Land"
"She's a Rainbow" / "2000 Light Years from Home"
"Jumpin' Jack Flash"
"Street Fighting Man" / "No Expectations"
"Honky Tonk Women" / "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
Rolling Stones/
Atlantic singles
"Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" / "Let It Rock"
"Wild Horses" / "Sway"
"Tumbling Dice" / "Sweet Black Angel"
"Happy" / "All Down the Line"
"Angie" / "Silver Train"
"Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" / "Dancing with Mr. D"
"It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)"
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg" / "Dance Little Sister"
"Fool to Cry"
"Hot Stuff"
Rolling Stones
"Miss You" / "Far Away Eyes"
"Beast of Burden" / "When the Whip Comes Down"
"Respectable" / "When the Whip Comes Down"
"Shattered"
"Emotional Rescue"
"She's So Cold" / "Send It to Me"
"Start Me Up"
"Waiting on a Friend" / "Little T&A"
"Hang Fire" / "Neighbours"
"Going to a Go-Go" (live) / "Beast of Burden" (live)
"Time Is on My Side" (live) / "Twenty Flight Rock" (live)
"Undercover of the Night"
"She Was Hot"
"Too Much Blood"
"Harlem Shuffle"
"One Hit (To the Body)"
"Mixed Emotions"
"Rock and a Hard Place"
"Almost Hear You Sigh"
"Highwire" / "2000 Light Years from Home" (live)
"Ruby Tuesday" (live) / "Play with Fire" (live)
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live)
Virgin singles
"Love Is Strong"
"You Got Me Rocking"
"Out of Tears"
"I Go Wild"
"Like a Rolling Stone" (live) / "Black Limousine" / "All Down the Line"
"Wild Horses" (live) / "Live with Me" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live)
"Anybody Seen My Baby?"
"Saint of Me" / "Gimme Shelter" (live)
"Out of Control"
"Don't Stop" / "Miss You" (remix)
"Streets of Love" / "Rough Justice"
"Rain Fall Down"
"Biggest Mistake" / "Before They Make Me Run" (live)
Universal singles
"Plundered My Soul" / "All Down the Line"
"No Spare Parts" / "Before They Make Me Run"
"Doom and Gloom"
"One More Shot"
Other countries
"Let It Bleed" / "You Got the Silver" (London Japan)
"Rocks Off" / "Sweet Virginia" (Japan)
"Star Star" / "Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" (France, Germany)
[show]
v
t
e
Guns N' Roses
Axl Rose
Slash
Duff McKagan
Dizzy Reed
Richard Fortus
Frank Ferrer
Melissa Reese
Tracii Guns
Izzy Stradlin
Ole Beich
Rob Gardner
Steven Adler
Matt Sorum
Gilby Clarke
Paul Tobias
Robin Finck
Josh Freese
Tommy Stinson
Chris Pitman
Buckethead
Bryan "Brain" Mantia
Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal
DJ Ashba
Studio albums
Appetite for Destruction
G N' R Lies
Use Your Illusion I
Use Your Illusion II
"The Spaghetti Incident?"
Chinese Democracy
Live albums
Live Era '87–'93
Extended plays
Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide
Guns N' Roses
The "Civil War" EP
Compilation albums
Use Your Illusion
Greatest Hits
Singles
"It's So Easy"
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"Paradise City"
"Patience"
"Nightrain"
"You Could Be Mine"
"Don't Cry"
"Live and Let Die"
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
"November Rain"
"Yesterdays"
"Civil War"
"Ain't It Fun"
"Estranged"
"Since I Don't Have You"
"Sympathy for the Devil"
"Chinese Democracy"
Promo singles
"Mr. Brownstone"
"My Michelle"
"14 Years"
"Pretty Tied Up"
"Dead Horse"
"Hair of the Dog"
"Oh My God"
"Better"
"Street of Dreams"
Other songs
"Think About You"
"Rocket Queen"
"Used to Love Her"
"One in a Million"
"Coma"
"Get in the Ring"
"The Garden"
"Madagascar"
"Prostitute"
Videos and DVDs
Use Your Illusion I
Use Your Illusion II
Garden of Eden: Strictly Limited Edition
Welcome to the Videos
Appetite for Democracy 3D
Tours
The Early Days of Guns N' Roses
Appetite for Destruction Tour
Use Your Illusion Tour
Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour
Chinese Democracy Tour
Up Close and Personal Tour
Appetite for Democracy
Not in This Lifetime... Tour
Related
Articles
Discography
Members
Songs
Awards and nominations
Del James
West Arkeen
Guns N' Roses Pinball
Riverport Riot
Watch You Bleed: The Saga of Guns N' Roses
The Roots of Guns N' Roses
Uzi Suicide
Bands
Slash's Snakepit
The Dead Daisies
Hollywood Rose
Kings of Chaos
L.A. Guns
Neurotic Outsiders
Road Crew
Velvet Revolver
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Works based on Faust
Folk legend
Faust
Johann Georg Faust
Deal with the Devil
in popular culture
Simon Magus
Theophilus of Adana
Erdgeist
Mephistopheles
Pan Twardowski
Stingy Jack
Seminal works
Historia von D. Johann Fausten (1587 chapbook)
Cenodoxus (1602, play)
Doctor Faustus (1604 play)
Goethe's Faust (1808 play)
Faust, Part One
Faust, Part Two
Prose
"Bearskin"
"Daniel and the Devil"
Melmoth the Wanderer (1820)
"The Devil and Tom Walker" (1824)
St. John's Eve (1830)
Auriol (1844)
Chasse-galerie (1892)
The Sorrows of Satan (1896)
Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician (1898)
The Master and Margarita (1929–40)
Mephisto (1936)
The Devil and Daniel Webster (1937)
None but Lucifer (1939)
Doktor Faustus (1947)
The Devil in Velvet (1951)
The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant (1954)
Gimmicks Three (1956)
The Devil to Pay in the Backlands (1956)
That Hell-Bound Train (1958)
For a Breath I Tarry (1966)
The Damnation Game (1986)
Eric (1990)
The Devil's Own Work (1991)
Jack Faust (1997)
Johannes Cabal the Necromancer (2009)
Plays
Gretchen (1879)
Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1955)
The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon (1965)
Temptation (1986)
Operas
Faust (1816, Spohr)
La damnation de Faust (1846, Berlioz)
Faust (1859, Gounod)
Mefistofele (1868, Boito)
Faust and Marguerite (1855, Lutz)
Faust up to Date (1888, Lutz)
Doktor Faust (1916–25, Busoni)
Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights (1938)
The Rake's Progress (1951, Stravinsky)
Reuben, Reuben (1955)
Historia von D. Johann Fausten (1994)
Faustus, the Last Night (2006)
Classical music
Gretchen am Spinnrade (1814, Schubert)
Faust Overture (1840, Wagner)
Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges' 2nd movement "Quasi-Faust" (1847, Alkan)
Scenes from Goethe's Faust (1853, Schumann)
Part II of Symphony No. 8 (1906–07, Mahler)
Faust Symphony (1854–57, Liszt)
Mephisto Waltzes (Liszt)
Gothic Symphony (Brian)
Bagatelle sans tonalité (Liszt)
Other music
Albums
Epica Saga
Epica
The Black Halo
Beethoven's Last Night
The Black Rider
Songs
"Mephisto Polka" (1859–85)
"Cross Road Blues" (1936)
"Sympathy for the Devil" (1968)
"Friend of the Devil" (1970)
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (1975)
"The Devil Went Down to Georgia" (1979)
"Faustian Echoes" (2012)
"The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles" (2015)
Films
Faust and Marguerite (1900)
The Damnation of Faust (1903)
Faust and Marguerite (1904)
The Student of Prague (1913)
Rapsodia satanica (1915)
The Student of Prague (1926)
Faust (1926)
The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941)
Alias Nick Beal (1949)
Beauty and the Devil (1950)
Marguerite de la nuit (1955)
Damn Yankees (1958)
Faust (1960)
Bedazzled (1967)
Doctor Faustus (1967)
El extraño caso del doctor Fausto (1969)
Mephisto (1981)
Doctor Faustus (1982)
Faust (1994)
The Master and Margarita (1994)
Bedazzled (2000)
Faust: Love of the Damned (2001)
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Mitosis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 24 January 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Meiosis, Miosis, Myiasis, Myositis, or Myosotis.
Mitosis in an animal cell (phases ordered counter-clockwise).
Mitosis divides the chromosomes in a cell nucleus.
Onion (Allium) cells in different phases of the cell cycle enlarged 800 diameters.
a. non-dividing cells
b. nuclei preparing for division (spireme-stage)
c. dividing cells showing mitotic figures
e. pair of daughter-cells shortly after division
In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.[1] Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other.
The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell.[2] The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The rest of the cell may then continue to divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells.[3] Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication).[4] Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.[5]
Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission. Mitosis varies between organisms.[6] For example, animal cells undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, whereas fungi undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus.[7] Most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Most human cells are produced by mitotic cell division. Important exceptions include the gametes – sperm and egg cells – which are produced by meiosis.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery
2 Overview
3 Phases of cell cycle and mitosis
3.1 Interphase
3.2 Mitosis
3.2.1 Preprophase (plant cells)
3.2.2 Prophase
3.2.3 Prometaphase
3.2.4 Metaphase
3.2.5 Anaphase
3.2.6 Telophase
3.3 Cytokinesis
4 Significance
5 Cell shape changes during mitosis
6 Errors and variations
7 Mitotic recombination
8 Timeline in pictures
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Discovery[edit]
Cell division was first discovered by the German botanist Hugo von Mohl in 1835 as he worked with the green alga Cladophora glomerata.[8] The German zoologist Otto Bütschli might have claimed the discovery of the process presently known as "mitosis",[9] a term coined by Walther Flemming in 1882.[10]
Mitosis was discovered in frog, rabbit, and cat cornea cells in 1873 and described for the first time by the Polish histologist Wacław Mayzel in 1875.[11][12] The term is derived from the Greek word μίτος mitos "warp thread".[13][14]
Overview[edit]
Types of mitosis
Play media
Time-lapse video of mitosis in a Drosophila melanogaster embryo
The primary result of mitosis and cytokinesis is the transfer of a parent cell's genome into two daughter cells. The genome is composed of a number of chromosomes—complexes of tightly coiled DNA that contain genetic information vital for proper cell function. Because each resultant daughter cell should be genetically identical to the parent cell, the parent cell must make a copy of each chromosome before mitosis. This occurs during the S phase of interphase.[15] Chromosome duplication results in two identical sister chromatids bound together by cohesin proteins at the centromere.
When mitosis begins, the chromosomes condense and become visible. In some eukaryotes, for example animals, the nuclear envelope, which segregates the DNA from the cytoplasm, disintegrates into small vesicles. The nucleolus, which makes ribosomes in the cell, also disappears. Microtubules project from opposite ends of the cell, attach to the centromeres, and align the chromosomes centrally within the cell. The microtubules then contract to pull the sister chromatids of each chromosome apart.[16] Sister chromatids at this point are called daughter chromosomes. As the cell elongates, corresponding daughter chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell and condense maximally in late anaphase. A new nuclear envelope forms around the separated daughter chromosomes, which decondense to form interphase nuclei.
During mitotic progression, typically after the anaphase onset, the cell may undergo cytokinesis. In animal cells, a cell membrane pinches inward between the two developing nuclei to produce two new cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two nuclei. Cytokinesis does not always occur; coenocytic (a type of multinucleate condition) cells undergo mitosis without cytokinesis.
Phases of cell cycle and mitosis[edit]
Interphase[edit]
Main article: Interphase
The mitotic phase is a relatively short period of the cell cycle. It alternates with the much longer interphase, where the cell prepares itself for the process of cell division. Interphase is divided into three phases: G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap). During all three parts of interphase, the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the S phase. Thus, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it duplicates its chromosomes (S), grows more and prepares for mitosis (G2), and finally divides (M) before restarting the cycle.[15] All these phases in the cell cycle are highly regulated by cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and other cell cycle proteins. The phases follow one another in strict order and there are "checkpoints" that give the cell cues to proceed from one phase to another. Cells may also temporarily or permanently leave the cell cycle and enter G0 phase to stop dividing. This can occur when cells become overcrowded (density-dependent inhibition) or when they differentiate to carry out specific functions for the organism, as is the case for human heart muscle cells and neurons. Some G0 cells have the ability to re-enter the cell cycle.
Mitosis[edit]
Preprophase (plant cells)[edit]
Main article: Preprophase
In plant cells only, prophase is preceded by a pre-prophase stage. In highly vacuolated plant cells, the nucleus has to migrate into the center of the cell before mitosis can begin. This is achieved through the formation of a phragmosome, a transverse sheet of cytoplasm that bisects the cell along the future plane of cell division. In addition to phragmosome formation, preprophase is characterized by the formation of a ring of microtubules and actin filaments (called preprophase band) underneath the plasma membrane around the equatorial plane of the future mitotic spindle. This band marks the position where the cell will eventually divide. The cells of higher plants (such as the flowering plants) lack centrioles; instead, microtubules form a spindle on the surface of the nucleus and are then organized into a spindle by the chromosomes themselves, after the nuclear envelope breaks down.[17] The preprophase band disappears during nuclear envelope breakdown and spindle formation in prometaphase.[18]:58–67
Prophase[edit]
Main article: Prophase
During prophase, which occurs after G2 interphase, the cell prepares to divide by tightly condensing its chromosomes and initiating mitotic spindle formation. During interphase, the genetic material in the nucleus consists of loosely packed chromatin. At the onset of prophase, chromatin fibers condense into discrete chromosomes that are typically visible at high magnification through a light microscope. In this stage, chromosomes are long, thin and thread-like. Each chromosome has two chromatids. The two chromatids are joined at the centromere.
Gene transcription ceases during prophase and does not resume until late anaphase to early G1 phase.[19][20][21] The nucleolus also disappears during early prophase.[22]
Condensing chromosomes. Interphase nucleus (left), condensing chromosomes (middle) and condensed chromosomes (right).
Close to the nucleus of animal cells are structures called centrosomes, consisting of a pair of centrioles surrounded by a loose collection of proteins. The centrosome is the coordinating center for the cell's microtubules. A cell inherits a single centrosome at cell division, which is duplicated by the cell before a new round of mitosis begins, giving a pair of centrosomes. The two centrosomes polymerize tubulin to help form a microtubule spindle apparatus. Motor proteins then push the centrosomes along these microtubules to opposite sides of the cell. Although centrosomes help organize microtubule assembly, they are not essential for the formation of the spindle apparatus, since they are absent from plants,[17] and are not absolutely required for animal cell mitosis.[23]
Prometaphase[edit]
Main article: Prometaphase
At the beginning of prometaphase in animal cells, phosphorylation of nuclear lamins causes the nuclear envelope to disintegrate into small membrane vesicles. As this happens, microtubules invade the nuclear space. This is called open mitosis, and it occurs in some multicellular organisms. Fungi and some protists, such as algae or trichomonads, undergo a variation called closed mitosis where the spindle forms inside the nucleus, or the microtubules penetrate the intact nuclear envelope.[24][25]
In late prometaphase, kinetochore microtubules begin to search for and attach to chromosomal kinetochores.[26] A kinetochore is a proteinaceous microtubule-binding structure that forms on the chromosomal centromere during late prophase.[26][27] A number of polar microtubules find and interact with corresponding polar microtubules from the opposite centrosome to form the mitotic spindle.[28] Although the kinetochore structure and function are not fully understood, it is known that it contains some form of molecular motor.[29] When a microtubule connects with the kinetochore, the motor activates, using energy from ATP to "crawl" up the tube toward the originating centrosome. This motor activity, coupled with polymerisation and depolymerisation of microtubules, provides the pulling force necessary to later separate the chromosome's two chromatids.[29]
Metaphase[edit]
A cell in late metaphase. All chromosomes (blue) but one have arrived at the metaphase plate.
Main article: Metaphase
After the microtubules have located and attached to the kinetochores in prometaphase, the two centrosomes begin pulling the chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell. The resulting tension causes the chromosomes to align along the metaphase plate or equatorial plane, an imaginary line that is centrally located between the two centrosomes (at approximately the midline of the cell).[28] To ensure equitable distribution of chromosomes at the end of mitosis, the metaphase checkpoint guarantees that kinetochores are properly attached to the mitotic spindle and that the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate.[30] If the cell successfully passes through the metaphase checkpoint, it proceeds to anaphase.
Anaphase[edit]
Main article: Anaphase
During anaphase A, the cohesins that bind sister chromatids together are cleaved, forming two identical daughter chromosomes.[31] Shortening of the kinetochore microtubules pulls the newly formed daughter chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell. During anaphase B, polar microtubules push against each other, causing the cell to elongate.[32] In late anaphase, chromosomes also reach their overall maximal condensation level, to help chromosome segregation and the re-formation of the nucleus.[33] In most animal cells, anaphase A precedes anaphase B, but some vertebrate egg cells demonstrate the opposite order of events.[31]
Telophase[edit]
Main article: Telophase
Telophase (from the Greek word τελος meaning "end") is a reversal of prophase and prometaphase events. At telophase, the polar microtubules continue to lengthen, elongating the cell even more. If the nuclear envelope has broken down, a new nuclear envelope forms using the membrane vesicles of the parent cell's old nuclear envelope. The new envelope forms around each set of separated daughter chromosomes (though the membrane does not enclose the centrosomes) and the nucleolus reappears. Both sets of chromosomes, now surrounded by new nuclear membrane, begin to "relax" or decondense. Mitosis is complete. Each daughter nucleus has an identical set of chromosomes. Cell division may or may not occur at this time depending on the organism.
Cytokinesis[edit]
Cilliate undergoing cytokinesis, with the cleavage furrow being clearly visible
Main article: Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is not a phase of mitosis but rather a separate process, necessary for completing cell division. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow (pinch) containing a contractile ring develops where the metaphase plate used to be, pinching off the separated nuclei.[34] In both animal and plant cells, cell division is also driven by vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, which move along microtubules to the middle of the cell.[35] In plants, this structure coalesces into a cell plate at the center of the phragmoplast and develops into a cell wall, separating the two nuclei. The phragmoplast is a microtubule structure typical for higher plants, whereas some green algae use a phycoplast microtubule array during cytokinesis.[18]:64–7, 328–9 Each daughter cell has a complete copy of the genome of its parent cell. The end of cytokinesis marks the end of the M-phase.
There are many cells where mitosis and cytokinesis occur separately, forming single cells with multiple nuclei. The most notable occurrence of this is among the fungi, slime molds, and coenocytic algae, but the phenomenon is found in various other organisms. Even in animals, cytokinesis and mitosis may occur independently, for instance during certain stages of fruit fly embryonic development.[36]
Significance[edit]
Mitosis is important for the maintenance of the chromosomal set; each cell formed receives chromosomes that are alike in composition and equal in number to the chromosomes of the parent cell.
Mitosis occurs in the following circumstances:
Development and growth
The number of cells within an organism increases by mitosis. This is the basis of the development of a multicellular body from a single cell, i.e., zygote and also the basis of the growth of a multicellular body.
Cell replacement
In some parts of body, e.g. skin and digestive tract, cells are constantly sloughed off and replaced by new ones. New cells are formed by mitosis and so are exact copies of the cells being replaced. In like manner, red blood cells have short lifespan (only about 4 months) and new RBCs are formed by mitosis.
Regeneration
Some organisms can regenerate body parts. The production of new cells in such instances is achieved by mitosis. For example, starfish regenerate lost arms through mitosis.
Asexual reproduction
Some organisms produce genetically similar offspring through asexual reproduction. For example, the hydra reproduces asexually by budding. The cells at the surface of hydra undergo mitosis and form a mass called a bud. Mitosis continues in the cells of the bud and this grows into a new individual. The same division happens during asexual reproduction or vegetative propagation in plants.
Cell shape changes during mitosis[edit]
Cell shape changes through mitosis for a typical animal cell cultured on a flat surface. The cell undergoes mitotic cell rounding during spindle assembly and then divides via cytokinesis. The actomyosin cortex is depicted in red, DNA/chromosomes purple, microtubules green, and membrane and retraction fibers in black. Rounding also occurs in live tissue, as described in the text.
Main article: Mitotic cell rounding
In animal tissue, most cells round up to a near-spherical shape during mitosis.[37][38][39] In epithelia and epidermis, an efficient rounding process is correlated with proper mitotic spindle alignment and subsequent correct positioning of daughter cells.[38][39][40][41] Moreover, researchers have found that if rounding is heavily suppressed it may result in spindle defects, primarily pole splitting and failure to efficiently capture chromosomes.[42] Therefore, mitotic cell rounding is thought to play a protective role in ensuring accurate mitosis.[41][43]
Rounding forces are driven by reorganization of F-actin and myosin (actomyosin) into a contractile homogeneous cell cortex that 1) rigidifies the cell periphery[43][44][45] and 2) facilitates generation of intracellular hydrostatic pressure (up to 10 fold higher than interphase).[46][47][48] The generation of intracellular pressure is particularly critical under confinement, such as would be important in a tissue scenario, where outward forces must be produced to round up against surrounding cells and/or the extracellular matrix. Generation of pressure is dependent on formin-mediated F-actin nucleation[48] and Rho kinase (ROCK)-mediated myosin II contraction,[44][46][48] both of which are governed upstream by signaling pathways RhoA and ECT2[44][45] through the activity of Cdk1.[48] Due to its importance in mitosis, the molecular components and dynamics of the mitotic actomyosin cortex is an area of active research.
Errors and variations[edit]
An abnormal (tripolar) mitosis (12 o'clock position) in a precancerous lesion of the stomach (H&E stain)
Errors can occur during mitosis, especially during early embryonic development in humans.[49] Mitotic errors can create aneuploid cells that have too few or too many of one or more chromosomes, a condition associated with cancer.[50][51] Early human embryos, cancer cells, infected or intoxicated cells can also suffer from pathological division into three or more daughter cells (tripolar or multipolar mitosis), resulting in severe errors in their chromosomal complements.[4]
In nondisjunction, sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase.[52] One daughter cell receives both sister chromatids from the nondisjoining chromosome and the other cell receives none. As a result, the former cell gets three copies of the chromosome, a condition known as trisomy, and the latter will have only one copy, a condition known as monosomy. On occasion, when cells experience nondisjunction, they fail to complete cytokinesis and retain both nuclei in one cell, resulting in binucleated cells.[53]
Anaphase lag occurs when the movement of one chromatid is impeded during anaphase.[52] This may be caused by a failure of the mitotic spindle to properly attach to the chromosome. The lagging chromatid is excluded from both nuclei and is lost. Therefore, one of the daughter cells will be monosomic for that chromosome.
Endoreduplication (or endoreplication) occurs when chromosomes duplicate but the cell does not subsequently divide. This results in polyploid cells or, if the chromosomes duplicates repeatedly, polytene chromosomes.[52][54] Endoreduplication is found in many species and appears to be a normal part of development.[54] Endomitosis is a variant of endoreduplication in which cells replicate their chromosomes during S phase and enter, but prematurely terminate, mitosis. Instead of being divided into two new daughter nuclei, the replicated chromosomes are retained within the original nucleus.[36][55] The cells then re-enter G1 and S phase and replicate their chromosomes again.[55] This may occur multiple times, increasing the chromosome number with each round of replication and endomitosis. Platelet-producing megakaryocytes go through endomitosis during cell differentiation.[56][57]
Mitotic recombination[edit]
Mitotic cells irradiated with X-rays in the G1 phase of the cell cycle repair recombinogenic DNA damages primarily by recombination between homologous chromosomes.[58] Mitotic cells irradiated in the G2 phase repair such damages preferentially by sister-chromatid recombination.[58] Mutations in genes encoding enzymes employed in recombination cause cells to have increased sensitivity to being killed by a variety of DNA damaging agents.[59] These findings suggest that mitotic recombination is an adaptation for repairing DNA damages including those that are potentially lethal.
Timeline in pictures[edit]
Mitotic cells can be visualized microscopically by staining them with fluorescent antibodies and dyes.
Early prophase: Polar microtubules, shown as green strands, have established a matrix around the currently intact nucleus, with the condensing chromosomes in blue. The red nodules are the centromeres.
Early prometaphase: The nuclear membrane has just disassembled, allowing the microtubules to quickly interact with the kinetochores, which assemble on the centromeres of the condensing chromosomes.
Metaphase: The centrosomes have moved to the poles of the cell and have established the mitotic spindle. The chromosomes have congressed at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase: Kinetochore microtubules pull the two sets of chromosomes apart, and lengthening polar microtubules push the halves of the dividing cell further apart, while chromosomes are condensed maximally.
Telophase: Reversal of prophase and prometaphase events and thus completing the cell cycle.
See also[edit]
Aneuploidy
Binary fission
Chromosome abnormality
Cytoskeleton
Meiosis
Mitogen
Mitosis Promoting Factor
Mitotic bookmarking
Motor protein
References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
Morgan DL (2007). The cell cycle: principles of control. London: Published by New Science Press in association with Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-9539181-2-2.
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). "Mitosis". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). Garland Science. Retrieved 2006-01-22.
Campbell N, Reece J (December 2001). "The Cell Cycle". Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings/Addison-Wesley. pp. 217–224. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5.
Cooper G (2000). "The Events of M Phase". The Cell: A Molecular Approach (2nd ed.). Sinaeur Associates, Inc. Retrieved 2006-01-22.
Freeman S (2002). "Cell Division". Biological Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 155–174. ISBN 0-13-081923-9.
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky L, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J (2000). "Overview of the Cell Cycle and Its Control". Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. Retrieved 2006-01-22.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitosis.
A Flash animation comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Khan Academy, lecture
Studying Mitosis in Cultured Mammalian Cells
General K-12 classroom resources for Mitosis
The Cell-Cycle Ontology
WormWeb.org: Interactive Visualization of the C. elegans Cell Lineage – Visualize the entire cell lineage tree and all of the cell divisions of the nematode C. elegans
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/wiki/Mitosis_Promoting_Factor
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Mitosis Promoting Factor

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/wiki/Mitotic_bookmarking
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Mitotic bookmarking

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Mitose – Afrikaans
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Mitose – Alemannisch
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value: انقسام متساو – Arabic

value: মাইটোসিস – Bangla

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Mitoza – Bosnian
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Mitosi – Catalan
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Mitosis – Welsh
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Mitose – Danish
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Mitose – German
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de
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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitoos
Mitoos – Estonian
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et
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value: Μίτωση – Greek

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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis
Mitosis – Spanish
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Mitozo – Esperanto
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Mitosi – Basque
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Mitose – French
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Mitose – Galician
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Mitoza – Croatian
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Mitoso – Ido
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Mitosis – Indonesian
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Mitosi – Italian
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Mitoz – Haitian Creole
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Mitosis – Latin
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Mitoze – Latvian
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Mitosi – Lombard
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Mitosis – Malay
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Mitose – Dutch
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Mitose – Norwegian
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Mitose – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Mitoza – Polish
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Mitose – Portuguese
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Mitosis – Scots
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Mitoza – Slovenian
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Mitoza – Serbo-Croatian
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