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Private pilot
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Picture of a flight computer and protractor used in the private pilot course
A private pilot is the holder of a private pilot license. With a private pilot license (PPL), a pilot is allowed to fly aeroplanes of the category and class that the license designates. Private pilots are not permitted to profit from any flight (except, in the USA, as denoted in [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol2/xml/CFR-2014-title14-vol2-sec61-113.xml 14 CFR 61.113[1]). In order to be compensated for flight services, a pilot must hold a commercial pilot license.
Private pilots are only allowed to fly in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) under Visual Flight Rules (VFR)unless they obtain an instrument pilot rating (IFR.) See instrument rating.
Contents
[hide]
1 ICAO License levels
1.1 Private pilot
1.2 Other ICAO license levels
1.3 Sub-ICAO licenses
2 Basic requirements
3 Completing the checkride (powered)
4 References
ICAO License levels[edit]
Private pilot[edit]
A typical Private Pilot airplane. A Cessna 172M.
A "private pilot's license" is the lowest class license defined by ICAO. ICAO defines three classes of pilot's license: Private, Commercial, and Airline Transport Pilot. These three levels are essentially the same worldwide, and most countries recognize those issued by most other countries.
The private license allows individual citizens to operate non-commercial aircraft for personal or recreational purposes. Most typical among these types are the aircraft manufactured by Cessna, Piper and Beechcraft, in addition to hundreds of amateur, or experimental built aircraft models. They generally seat two to six people and have engines in the 60 to 300 horsepower range. Private pilots may use their airplane for the purpose of commuting to and from work; however, they may not carry passengers or freight for hire. In some cases, a group of persons may share costs of taking a trip ("splitting the gas"), but they may not pay the pilot for his/her services.
The types of aircraft one may fly depends on what they are certified for, e.g. Airplane Single Engine land. See Categories and Classes for a list. Usually, a newly minted private pilot is certified to fly all planes in the generic category single engine piston, often abbreviated SEP. This includes the Cessna 172, PA-28, Diamond DA40, Robin DR400 and similar planes. More complex types, like those with retractable undercarriage or variable pitch props, require additional training and licensing.
Other ICAO license levels[edit]
After gaining the PPL, pilots can continue to gain the Commercial pilot license which is required for any revenue-earning flying, such as air-taxi, glider towing, paradropping, aerial photography. The next and last step up is the ATPL which is required to be the captain of an airliner.
Sub-ICAO licenses[edit]
Apart from the three levels of license defined by ICAO, many countries define their own licenses for other categories of aeroplanes. Glider licenses, for example, are a national competency. The United States defines recreational pilot and Sport Pilot licenses. In Europe, EASA has defined an LAPL for aeroplanes in the corresponding category; but ultralight and glider licenses are still regulated by national authorities, i.e. different for each country.
Basic requirements[edit]
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In the United States, a person must have a minimum of 40 hours of flight instruction in order to obtain a private pilot's license. The forty hours is divided between time spent with the instructor actually in the aircraft ("dual instruction") and with the student practicing maneuvers and cross country flights alone ("solo"). While there are some persons who have obtained their license with only the minimum hours required, most successful candidates complete their checkride between 50 and 65 hours[citation needed].
Prior to being allowed to solo a powered aircraft, the student pilot must obtain a Student Pilot Certificate which is part-and-parcel[clarification needed] of the FAA's Airman's Medical Certificate. During private pilot training, the student must be able to meet the requirements of a third class medical.
Also, students for a powered license (fixed or rotary wing) must be 16 years of age before they are allowed to solo. Students for a glider rating may be only 14 years old.
For all classes of license, and each category, there are requisite ground instruction for each category aircraft. The ground instruction prepares the student for their first flight and includes (but is not limited to...) the following; knowledge about aircraft systems, pre-flight inspections, pilot's duties, cross-country navigation, air-to-ground radio technique, weight-and-balance computations and emergency procedures, among others. Prior to being allowed to take "the checkride" (the assessment flight by an FAA examiner to determine applicant's readiness to be issued a license), the applicant will have to take and pass a written examination on the ground school curriculum.
Completing the checkride (powered)[edit]
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During the checkride, the FAA examiner will first review the applicant's test scores and logbook entries. S/he will then conduct an oral exam, that being a question-and-answer period, over numerous operational, safety and emergency practices. If the examiner then feels that the applicant is adequately prepared for the checkride, they will move to the aircraft. The examiner will watch the applicant conduct the pre-flight of the aircraft, often asking questions like "Why do you watch the control wheel in the cockpit when you move the flight surfaces?" or "What is the minimum safe levels for fluids in that chamber?"
Assuming that the applicant again successfully satisfied the examiner that they were adequately prepared to continue, they will enter the aircraft. The examiner will usually give the applicant a list or oral briefing on what they want the applicant to do during the flight. For example, "I want you to prepare for a VFR flight to Podunck County Airport at an altitude of 3,500 feet, and explain to me what steps you're taking along the way." The examiner will then begin to assess the applicant as they proceed. At some point, however, the examiner may suddenly throw in distractors such as loss of radio communications, loss of instruments, flight into non-visual weather condition, or other emergency situations that the applicant must then respond to, all the while continuing the safe operation of the flight. After the emergency maneuvers are completed, the examiner will then have the applicant make several different landing approaches as well as different take off modes.
Once the examiner is satisfied that the applicant has met all of the minimum requirements to be a pilot, they will direct the applicant to return to the home field, and then they will issue the applicant a Temporary Airman's Certificate. The applicant may then enjoy all the privileges of the private pilot airplane, single engine land certificate.
Note, that in the United States, an airman's certificate is good for life. However, there are certain recurring training requirements before a pilot may exercise their license on a continuing basis.(i.e. the biennial flight review). Also, pilots in the Private, Commercial and Airline categories must meet the FAA aeromedical requirements for that particular license. Recreational pilots and persons flying under Part 103 are only required to have a current driver's license to demonstrate compliance with medical qualification to act as pilot-in-command.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/0/946681AB499F661E86256EE1004BE0CC?OpenDocument
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FA Cup semi-finals
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The FA Cup semi-finals are played to determine which teams will contest the FA Cup Final. They are the penultimate phase of the FA Cup, the oldest football tournament in the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Location
2 Format
3 Records
4 List of FA Cup semi-finals
4.1 Semi-final Key
4.2 1870s
4.3 1880s
4.4 1890s
4.5 1900s
4.6 1910s
4.7 1920s
4.8 1930s
4.9 1940s
4.10 1950s
4.11 1960s
4.12 1970s
4.13 1980s
4.14 1990s
4.15 2000s
4.16 2010s
5 Semi-finals table
6 Venues
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Location[edit]
Since 2008, the new Wembley Stadium has been the home of the FA Cup semi-final.
The semi-finals have always been contested at neutral venues - now at Wembley. In the past any suitably large ground which was not the home ground of a teams in that semi-final was used including Villa Park in Birmingham, Old Trafford in Manchester and Hillsborough in Sheffield.
The 1991 semi-final between Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur was the first to be played at Wembley, the traditional venue for the FA Cup Final. Two years later both semi-finals were held at Wembley after the Steel City derby between Sheffield clubs Wednesday and United was switched from the original venue of Elland Road, Leeds. This was repeated in 1994, although a replay between Manchester United and Oldham Athletic was held at Maine Road, Manchester.
From 1995 to 1999 and from 2001 to 2004 other neutral grounds were used, though in 2000 both matches were played at the old Wembley, in its final year of operation. In 2005 both semi-finals were played at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. However, in 2006 the FA decided to revert to the neutral ground system, with Villa Park and Old Trafford hosting the games.
In 2003, it was announced that all future semi-finals would be played at the new Wembley Stadium, once it had opened;[1] this took effect in 2008. The decision was mainly for financial reasons, to allow the FA to recoup some of the costs of rebuilding the stadium. However, the move was to the disappointment of traditionalists and drew criticism from some supporters' groups.[2][3]
Format[edit]
Highfield Road in Coventry (1982 image) hosted the only semi-final third replay in 1979–80.
In the past a replay match was played if the first semi-final ended in a draw. If the replay match also ended in a draw a second replay match would take place. In theory an unlimited number of games could be played to determine the outcome of a tie. For example, in 1980 it took four games to decide the winner between Arsenal and Liverpool. This is the most games needed to settle an FA Cup Semi-final, although there were several occasions where three games were played. Prior to the 1992 semi-finals, the only semi-final played under different rules to this was the rearranged 1989 semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, for which it had been declared in advance that the game would be decided by extra-time and penalties if necessary.
In 1991 the FA decided that only one replay should be played (starting with the 1991–92 competition). If this game ended in a draw, extra time would be played, followed by penalty kicks if the match was still even. In 1999 it was decided that the semi-finals should be decided in one game, with extra time and penalties used to determine the outcome if the game ended in a draw (replays are still used in earlier rounds, however). The last FA Cup Semi-final replay, in 1999, saw Manchester United take on Arsenal at Villa Park. This turned out to become one of the most memorable semi-finals of all time, with Peter Schmeichel saving a last-minute penalty from Dennis Bergkamp and a Ryan Giggs extra time goal deciding the outcome in Manchester United's favour. In 2003 this goal was voted the greatest ever in FA Cup history.
Queen's Park chose not to contest the 1871–72 replay match with Wanderers. There were no semi-finals played in the 1872–73 competition, while between 1877–1881 only one semi-final was played.
The 1989 semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough, Sheffield, turned into tragedy when 96 supporters were killed in the stands due to overcrowding. The Hillsborough disaster had wide-ranging effects on future stadium design.
Records[edit]
Villa Park in Birmingham hosted 55 semi-final matches between 1901 and 2007, more than any other stadium.
Villa Park is the most used stadium in FA Cup semi–final history, having hosted 55 semi–finals.
The highest attendance for an FA Cup semi-final is 88,141 for Everton's penalty win over Manchester United on 19 April 2009.[4] It was the fourth semi-final to be played at the new Wembley Stadium.
The highest winning margin was Newcastle United's 6–0 victory over Fulham in the 1908 Anfield semi-final. The highest post-war winning margin was Stoke City's 5–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the second 2011 semi-final on 17 April 2011. The highest-scoring match was Hull City's 5–3 victory over Sheffield United in the second 2014 semi-final.
List of FA Cup semi-finals[edit]
Semi-final Key[edit]
* Match went to extra time
† Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time
Bold Winning team won The Double
Italics Team from outside the top level of English football
(since the formation of The Football League in 1888)
1870s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
1872 1 Royal Engineers 0–0 Crystal Palace Kennington Oval
3–0 Kennington Oval
2 Wanderers 0–0 Queen's Park Kennington Oval
w/o 1
1873 1 Oxford University w/o Queen's Park 2
Bye Wanderers
1874 1 Oxford University 1–0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval
2 Royal Engineers 2–0 Swifts Kennington Oval
1875 1 Old Etonians 1–0 Shropshire Wanderers Kennington Oval
2 Royal Engineers 1–1 Oxford University Kennington Oval
1–0 Kennington Oval
1876 1 Old Etonians 1–0 Oxford University Kennington Oval
2 Wanderers 2–1 Swifts Kennington Oval
1877 1 Wanderers 1–0 Cambridge University Kennington Oval
Bye Oxford University
1878 1 Royal Engineers 2–1 Old Harrovians Kennington Oval
Bye Wanderers
1879 1 Old Etonians 2–1 Nottingham Forest Kennington Oval
Bye Clapham Rovers
1 Queen's Park could not afford a second trip to London for their semi-final replay and were forced to withdraw
2 Queen's Park once again withdrew from the FA Cup at the semi-final stage.
1880s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
1880 1 Oxford University 1–0 Nottingham Forest Kennington Oval
Bye Clapham Rovers
1881 1 Old Carthusians 4–1 Darwen Kennington Oval
Bye Old Etonians
1882 1 Blackburn Rovers 0–0 The Wednesday St John's Ground
5–1 Whalley Range
2 Old Etonians 5–0 Marlow Kennington Oval
1883 1 Blackburn Olympic 4–0 Old Carthusians Whalley Range
2 Old Etonians 2–1 Notts County Kennington Oval
1884 1 Blackburn Rovers 1–0 Notts County Aston Lower Grounds
2 Queen's Park 4–1 Blackburn Olympic Trent Bridge
1885 1 Blackburn Rovers 5–1 Old Carthusians Trent Bridge
2 Queen's Park 1–1 Nottingham Forest Racecourse Ground
3–0 Merchiston Castle School
1886 1 Blackburn Rovers 2–1 Swifts Racecourse Ground
2 West Bromwich Albion 4–0 Small Heath Alliance Aston Lower Grounds
1887 1 Aston Villa 3–1 Rangers Alexandra Recreation Ground
2 West Bromwich Albion 3–1 Preston North End Trent Bridge
1888 1 Preston North End 4–0 Crewe Alexandra Anfield
2 West Bromwich Albion 3–0 Derby Junction Victoria Ground
1889 1 Preston North End 1–0 West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane
2 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–1 Blackburn Rovers Alexandra Recreation Ground
3–1 Alexandra Recreation Ground
1890s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
1890 1 Blackburn Rovers 1–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Racecourse Ground
2 The Wednesday[5] 2–1 Bolton Wanderers Wellington Road
1891 1 Blackburn Rovers 3–2 West Bromwich Albion Victoria Ground
2 Notts County 3–3 Sunderland Bramall Lane
2–0 Bramall Lane
1892 1 Aston Villa 4–1 Sunderland Bramall Lane
2 West Bromwich Albion 1–1 Nottingham Forest[5] Molineux
1–1 Molineux
6–2 Racecourse Ground
1893 1 Everton 2–2 Preston North End Bramall Lane
0–0 Bramall Lane
2–1 Ewood Park
2 Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–1 Blackburn Rovers Town Ground
1894 1 Bolton Wanderers 2–1 The Wednesday Fallowfield Stadium
2 Notts County[6] 1–0 Blackburn Rovers Bramall Lane
1895 1 Aston Villa 2–1 Sunderland Ewood Park
2 West Bromwich Albion 2–0 The Wednesday Racecourse Ground
1896 1 The Wednesday 1–1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park
3–1 Town Ground
2 Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–1 Derby County Wellington Road
1897 1 Aston Villa 3–0 Liverpool Bramall Lane
2 Everton 3–2 Derby County Victoria Ground
1898 1 Derby County 3–1 Everton Molineux
2 Nottingham Forest 1–1 Southampton[5] Bramall Lane
2–0 Crystal Palace
1899 1 Derby County 3–1 Stoke City Molineux
2 Sheffield United 2–2 Liverpool Burnden Park
4–4 Burnden Park
Abandoned Fallowfield Stadium
1–0 Baseball Ground
1900s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
1900 1 Bury 1–1 Nottingham Forest Victoria Ground
3–2 Bramall Lane
2 Southampton[5] 0–0 Millwall Athletic[5] Crystal Palace
3–0 Elm Park
1901 1 Sheffield United 2–2 Aston Villa City Ground
3–0 Baseball Ground
2 Tottenham Hotspur[5] 4–0 West Bromwich Albion Villa Park
1902 1 Sheffield United 2–2 Derby County The Hawthorns
1–1 Molineux
1–0 City Ground
2 Southampton[5] 3–1 Nottingham Forest White Hart Lane
1903 1 Bury 3–0 Aston Villa Goodison Park
2 Derby County 3–0 Millwall Athletic[5] Villa Park
1904 1 Bolton Wanderers[6] 1–0 Derby County Molineux
2 Manchester City 3–0 The Wednesday Goodison Park
1905 1 Aston Villa 1–1 Everton Victoria Ground
2–1 City Ground
2 Newcastle United 1–0 The Wednesday Hyde Road
1906 1 Everton 2–0 Liverpool Villa Park
2 Newcastle United 2–0 Woolwich Arsenal Victoria Ground
1907 1 Everton 2–1 West Bromwich Albion[6] Burnden Park
2 The Wednesday 3–1 Woolwich Arsenal St Andrew's
1908 1 Newcastle United 6–0 Fulham[6] Anfield
2 Wolverhampton Wanderers[6] 2–0 Southampton[6] Stamford Bridge
1909 1 Bristol City 1–1 Derby County[6] Stamford Bridge
2–1 St Andrew's
2 Manchester United 1–0 Newcastle United Bramall Lane
1910s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Loser
Score
Venue
1910 1 Barnsley[6] Everton 0–0 Elland Road
3–0 Old Trafford
2 Newcastle United Swindon Town[5] 2–0 White Hart Lane
1911 1 Bradford City Blackburn Rovers 3–0 Bramall Lane
2 Newcastle United Chelsea[6] 3–0 St Andrew's
1912 1 Barnsley[6] Swindon Town[5] 0–0 Stamford Bridge
1–0 Meadow Lane
2 West Bromwich Albion Blackburn Rovers 0–0 Anfield
1–0* Hillsborough
1913 1 Aston Villa Oldham Athletic 1–0 Ewood Park
2 Sunderland Burnley[6] 0–0 Bramall Lane
3–2 St Andrew's
1914 1 Burnley Sheffield United 0–0 Old Trafford
1–0 Goodison Park
2 Liverpool Aston Villa 2–0 White Hart Lane
1915 1 Chelsea Everton 2–0 Villa Park
2 Sheffield United Bolton Wanderers 2–1 Ewood Park
1920s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Loser
Score
Venue
1920 1 Aston Villa Chelsea 3–1 Bramall Lane
2 Huddersfield Town[6] Bristol City[6] 2–1 Stamford Bridge
1921 1 Tottenham Hotspur Preston North End 2–1 Hillsborough
2 Wolverhampton Wanderers[6] Cardiff City[6] 0–0 Anfield
3–1 Old Trafford
1922 1 Huddersfield Town Notts County[6] 3–1 Turf Moor
2 Preston North End Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 Hillsborough
1923 1 Bolton Wanderers Sheffield United 1–0 Old Trafford
2 West Ham United[6] Derby County[6] 5–2 Stamford Bridge
1924 1 Aston Villa Burnley 3–0 Bramall Lane
2 Newcastle United Manchester City 2–0 St Andrew's
1925 1 Cardiff City Blackburn Rovers 3–1 Meadow Lane
2 Sheffield United Southampton[6] 2–0 Stamford Bridge
1926 1 Bolton Wanderers Swansea Town[6] 3–0 White Hart Lane
2 Manchester City Manchester United 3–0 Bramall Lane
1927 1 Arsenal Southampton[6] 2–1 Stamford Bridge
2 Cardiff City Reading[6] 3–0 Molineux
1928 1 Blackburn Rovers Arsenal 1–0 Filbert Street
2 Huddersfield Town Sheffield United 2–2 Old Trafford
0–0 Goodison Park
1–0 Maine Road
1929 1 Bolton Wanderers Huddersfield Town 3–1 Anfield
2 Portsmouth Aston Villa 1–0 Highbury
1930s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Loser
Score
Venue
1930 1 Arsenal Hull City[6] 2–2 Elland Road
1–0 Villa Park
2 Huddersfield Town Sheffield Wednesday 2–1 Old Trafford
1931 1 Birmingham Sunderland 2–0 Elland Road
2 West Bromwich Albion[6] Everton[6] 1–0 Old Trafford
1932 1 Arsenal Manchester City 1–0 Villa Park
2 Newcastle United Chelsea 2–1 Leeds Road
1933 1 Everton West Ham United[6] 2–1 Molineux
2 Manchester City Derby County 3–2 Leeds Road
1934 1 Manchester City Aston Villa 6–1 Leeds Road
2 Portsmouth Leicester City 4–1 St Andrew's
1935 1 Sheffield Wednesday Burnley[6] 3–0 Villa Park
2 West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers[6] 1–1 Elland Road
2–0 Victoria Ground
1936 1 Arsenal Grimsby Town 1–0 Leeds Road
2 Sheffield United[6] Fulham[6] 2–1 Molineux
1937 1 Preston North End West Bromwich Albion 4–1 Highbury
2 Sunderland Millwall[7] 2–1 Leeds Road
1938 1 Huddersfield Town Sunderland 3–1 Ewood Park
2 Preston North End Aston Villa[6] 2–1 Bramall Lane
1939 1 Portsmouth Huddersfield Town 2–1 Highbury
2 Wolverhampton Wanderers Grimsby Town 5–0 Old Trafford
1940s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
1946 1 Charlton Athletic 2–0 Bolton Wanderers Villa Park
2 Derby County 1–1 Birmingham City Hillsborough
4–1* Maine Road
1947 1 Charlton Athletic 4–0 Newcastle United[6] Elland Road
2 Burnley[6] 0–0* Liverpool Ewood Park
1–0 Maine Road
1948 1 Manchester United 3–1 Derby County Hillsborough
2 Blackpool 3–1* Tottenham Hotspur[6] Villa Park
1949 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–1 Manchester United Hillsborough
1–0 Goodison Park
2 Leicester City[6] 3–1 Portsmouth Highbury
1950s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Loser
Score
Venue
1950 1 Liverpool Everton 2–0 Maine Road
2 Arsenal Chelsea 2–2 White Hart Lane
1–0* White Hart Lane
1951 1 Newcastle United Wolverhampton Wanderers 0–0 Hillsborough
2–1 Leeds Road
2 Blackpool Birmingham City[6] 0–0 Maine Road
2–1 Goodison Park
1952 1 Arsenal Chelsea 1–1 White Hart Lane
3–0 White Hart Lane
2 Newcastle United Blackburn Rovers[6] 0–0 Hillsborough
2–1 Elland Road
1953 1 Blackpool Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 Villa Park
2 Bolton Wanderers Everton[6] 4–3 Maine Road
1954 1 Preston North End Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 Maine Road
2 West Bromwich Albion Port Vale[7] 2–1 Villa Park
1955 1 Manchester City Sunderland 1–0 Villa Park
2 Newcastle United York City[7] 1–1 Hillsborough
1–0 Roker Park
1956 1 Birmingham City Sunderland 3–0 Hillsborough
2 Manchester City Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Villa Park
1957 1 Aston Villa West Bromwich Albion 2–2 Molineux
1–0 St Andrew's
2 Manchester United Birmingham City 2–0 Hillsborough
1958 1 Bolton Wanderers Blackburn Rovers[6] 2–1 Maine Road
2 Manchester United Fulham[6] 2–2 Villa Park
5–3 Highbury
1959 1 Luton Town Norwich City[7] 1–1 White Hart Lane
1–0 St Andrew's
2 Nottingham Forest Aston Villa 1–0 Hillsborough
1960s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Loser
Score
Venue
1960 1 Blackburn Rovers Sheffield Wednesday 2–1 Maine Road
2 Wolverhampton Wanderers Aston Villa[6] 1–0 The Hawthorns
1961 1 Leicester City Sheffield United[6] 0–0 Elland Road
0–0* City Ground
2–0* St Andrew's
2 Tottenham Hotspur Burnley 3–0 Villa Park
1962 1 Burnley Fulham 1–1 Villa Park
2–1 Filbert Street
2 Tottenham Hotspur Manchester United 3–1 Hillsborough
1963 1 Leicester City Liverpool 1–0 Hillsborough
2 Manchester United Southampton[6] 1–0 Villa Park
1964 1 Preston North End[6] Swansea Town[6] 2–1 Villa Park
2 West Ham United Manchester United 3–1 Hillsborough
1965 1 Liverpool Chelsea 2–0 Villa Park
2 Leeds United Manchester United 0–0 Hillsborough
1–0 City Ground
1966 1 Everton Manchester United 1–0 Burnden Park
2 Sheffield Wednesday Chelsea 2–0 Villa Park
1967 1 Chelsea Leeds United 1–0 Villa Park
2 Tottenham Hotspur Nottingham Forest 2–1 Hillsborough
1968 1 Everton Leeds United 1–0 Old Trafford
2 West Bromwich Albion Birmingham City[6] 2–0 Villa Park
1969 1 Leicester City West Bromwich Albion 1–0 Hillsborough
2 Manchester City Everton 1–0 Villa Park
1970s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
1970 1 Chelsea 5–1 Watford[6] White Hart Lane
2 Leeds United 0–0 Manchester United Hillsborough
0–0* Villa Park
1–0 Burnden Park
1971 1 Arsenal 2–2 Stoke City Hillsborough
2–0 Villa Park
2 Liverpool 2–1 Everton Old Trafford
1972 1 Arsenal 1–1 Stoke City Villa Park
2–1 Goodison Park
2 Leeds United 3–0 Birmingham City[6] Hillsborough
1973 1 Leeds United 1–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Maine Road
2 Sunderland[6] 2–1 Arsenal Hillsborough
1974 1 Liverpool 0–0 Leicester City Old Trafford
3–1 Villa Park
2 Newcastle United 2–0 Burnley Hillsborough
1975 1 Fulham[6] 1–1 Birmingham City Hillsborough
1–0* Maine Road
2 West Ham United 0–0 Ipswich Town Villa Park
2–1 Stamford Bridge
1976 1 Manchester United 2–0 Derby County Hillsborough
2 Southampton[6] 2–0 Crystal Palace[7] Stamford Bridge
1977 1 Manchester United 2–1 Leeds United Hillsborough
2 Liverpool 2–2 Everton Maine Road
3–0 Maine Road
1978 1 Arsenal 3–0 Orient[6] Stamford Bridge
2 Ipswich Town 3–1 West Bromwich Albion Highbury
1979 1 Arsenal 2–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Villa Park
2 Manchester United 2–2 Liverpool Maine Road
1–0 Goodison Park
1980s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
1980 1 Arsenal 0–0 Liverpool Hillsborough
1–1* Villa Park
1–1* Villa Park
1–0 Highfield Road
2 West Ham United[6] 1–1 Everton Villa Park
2–1 Elland Road
1981 1 Manchester City 1–0* Ipswich Town Villa Park
2 Tottenham Hotspur 2–2* Wolverhampton Wanderers Hillsborough
3–0 Highbury
1982 1 Queens Park Rangers[6] 1–0 West Bromwich Albion Highbury
2 Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 Leicester City[6] Villa Park
1983 1 Manchester United 2–1 Arsenal Villa Park
2 Brighton & Hove Albion 2–1 Sheffield Wednesday[6] Highbury
1984 1 Everton 1–0* Southampton Highbury
2 Watford 1–0 Plymouth Argyle[7] Villa Park
1985 1 Manchester United 2–2* Liverpool Goodison Park
2–1 Maine Road
2 Everton 2–1* Luton Town Villa Park
1986 1 Liverpool 2–0* Southampton White Hart Lane
2 Everton 2–1* Sheffield Wednesday Villa Park
1987 1 Coventry City 3–2* Leeds United[6] Hillsborough
2 Tottenham Hotspur 4–1 Watford Villa Park
1988 1 Liverpool 2–1 Nottingham Forest Hillsborough
2 Wimbledon 2–1 Luton Town White Hart Lane
1989 1 Liverpool Abandoned after 6min Nottingham Forest Hillsborough
3–1 Old Trafford
2 Everton 1–0 Norwich City Villa Park
1990s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
1990 1 Manchester United 3–3* Oldham Athletic[6] Maine Road
2–1* Maine Road
2 Crystal Palace 4–3* Liverpool Villa Park
1991 1 Nottingham Forest 4–0 West Ham United[6] Villa Park
2 Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (Original)
1992 1 Liverpool 1–1* Portsmouth[6] Highbury
0–0†[8] Villa Park
2 Sunderland[6] 1–0 Norwich City Hillsborough
1993 1 Arsenal 1–0 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium (Original)
2 Sheffield Wednesday 2–1* Sheffield United Wembley Stadium (Original)
1994 1 Chelsea 2–0 Luton Town[6] Wembley Stadium (Original)
2 Manchester United 1–1* Oldham Athletic Wembley Stadium (Original)
4–1 Maine Road
1995 1 Everton 4–1 Tottenham Hotspur Elland Road
2 Manchester United 2–2* Crystal Palace Villa Park
2–0 Villa Park
1996 1 Manchester United 2–1 Chelsea Villa Park
2 Liverpool 3–0 Aston Villa Old Trafford
1997 1 Chelsea 3–0 Wimbledon Highbury
2 Middlesbrough 3–3* Chesterfield[7] Old Trafford
3–0 Hillsborough
1998 1 Arsenal 1–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers[6] Villa Park
2 Newcastle United 1–0 Sheffield United[6] Old Trafford
1999 1 Manchester United 0–0* Arsenal Villa Park
2–1* Villa Park
2 Newcastle United 2–0* Tottenham Hotspur Old Trafford
2000s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
2000 1 Aston Villa 0–0†[9] Bolton Wanderers[6] Wembley Stadium (Original)
2 Chelsea 2–1 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium (Original)
2001 1 Arsenal 2–1 Tottenham Hotspur Old Trafford
2 Liverpool 2–1 Wycombe Wanderers[7] Villa Park
2002 1 Arsenal 1–0 Middlesbrough Old Trafford
2 Chelsea 1–0 Fulham Villa Park
2003 1 Arsenal 1–0 Sheffield United[6] Old Trafford
2 Southampton 2–1 Watford[6] Villa Park
2004 1 Manchester United 1–0 Arsenal Villa Park
2 Millwall[6] 1–0 Sunderland[6] Old Trafford
2005 1 Arsenal 3–0 Blackburn Rovers Millennium Stadium
2 Manchester United 4–1 Newcastle United Millennium Stadium
2006 1 Liverpool 2–1 Chelsea Old Trafford
2 West Ham United 1–0 Middlesbrough Villa Park
2007 1 Manchester United 4–1 Watford Villa Park
2 Chelsea 2–1* Blackburn Rovers Old Trafford
2008 1 Portsmouth 1–0 West Bromwich Albion[6] Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Cardiff City[6] 1–0 Barnsley[6] Wembley Stadium (New)
2009 1 Chelsea 2–1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Everton 0–0†[10] Manchester United Wembley Stadium (New)
2010s[edit]
Year
SF
Winner
Score
Loser
Venue
2010 1 Chelsea 3–0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Portsmouth 2–0* Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium (New)
2011 1 Manchester City 1–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Stoke City 5–0 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium (New)
2012 1 Liverpool 2–1 Everton Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Chelsea 5–1 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium (New)
2013 1 Wigan Athletic 2–0 Millwall[6] Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Manchester City 2–1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium (New)
2014 1 Arsenal 1–1†[11] Wigan Athletic[6] Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Hull City 5–3 Sheffield United[7] Wembley Stadium (New)
2015 1 Arsenal 2–1* Reading[6] Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Aston Villa 2–1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (New)
2016 1 Manchester United 2–1 Everton Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Crystal Palace 2–1 Watford Wembley Stadium (New)
2017 1 Chelsea 4–2 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Arsenal 2–1* Manchester City Wembley Stadium (New)
2018 1 Manchester United 2–1 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium (New)
2 Chelsea 2–0 Southampton Wembley Stadium (New)
Semi-finals table[edit]
Playing the first of their 28 semi-finals, Woolwich Arsenal (in dark shirts) faced Newcastle United (in striped shirts) at the Victoria Ground, Stoke in 1906.
Arsenal against Blackburn Rovers was one of the 2005 semi-finals held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, taking the fixture out of England for the first time since 1885.
The pre-match line-ups at Villa Park for Middlesbrough versus West Ham United, 2006
Blackburn Rovers v Chelsea at Old Trafford in 2007: the last FA Cup semi-final before the event was moved to the new Wembley Stadium.
Arsenal versus Chelsea in 2009 was one of several London derbies held at the national stadium
Manchester clubs City and United have reached the FA Cup semi-final a combined 40 times. The Manchester derby has twice been a semi-final.
In amongst Hull City fans at the 2014 all-Yorkshire semi-final against Sheffield United
Teams shown with an asterisk beside their name are no longer in existence. This table is updated after 2016–17 FA Cup.
Team
Appearances
Won
Lost
Arsenal 29 20 9
Aston Villa 21 11 10
Barnsley 3 2 1
Birmingham City 9 2 7
Blackburn Olympic 2 1 1
Blackburn Rovers 18 8 10
Blackpool 3 3 0
Bolton Wanderers 14 7 7
Bradford City 1 1 0
Brighton and Hove Albion 1 1 0
Bristol City 2 1 1
Burnley 8 3 5
Bury 2 2 0
Cambridge University 1 0 1
Cardiff City[note 1] 4 3 1
Charlton Athletic 2 2 0
Chelsea 22 12 10
Chesterfield 1 0 1
Clapham Rovers* 1 0 1
Coventry City 1 1 0
Crewe Alexandra 1 0 1
Crystal Palace (1861)* 1 0 1
Crystal Palace (1905) 4 2 2
Darwen 1 0 1
Derby County 13 4 9
Derby Junction* 1 0 1
Everton 26 13 13
Fulham 6 1 5
Grimsby Town 2 0 2
Huddersfield Town 7 5 2
Hull City 2 1 1
Ipswich Town 3 1 2
Leeds United 8 4 4
Leicester City 7 4 3
Orient 1 0 1
Liverpool 24 14 10
Luton Town 4 1 3
Manchester City 13 10 3
Manchester United 28 19 9
Marlow 1 0 1
Middlesbrough 3 1 2
Millwall 5 1 4
Newcastle United 17 13 4
Norwich City 3 0 3
Nottingham Forest 12 3 9
Notts County 5 2 3
Old Carthusians 3 1 2
Old Etonians 5 5 0
Old Harrovians 1 0 1
Oldham Athletic 3 0 3
Oxford University 5 3 2
Plymouth Argyle 1 0 1
Port Vale 1 0 1
Portsmouth 7 5 2
Preston North End 10 7 3
Queen's Park[note 2] 3 2 1
Queens Park Rangers 1 1 0
Rangers[note 3] 1 0 1
Reading 2 0 2
Royal Engineers 4 4 0
Sheffield United 14 6 8
Sheffield Wednesday 16 6 10
Shropshire Wanderers* 1 0 1
Southampton 11 4 7
Stoke City 4 1 3
Sunderland 12 4 8
Swansea City[note 4] 2 0 2
Swifts* 3 0 3
Swindon Town 2 0 2
Tottenham Hotspur 20 9 11
Wanderers* 3 3 0
Watford 6 1 5
West Bromwich Albion 20 10 10
West Ham United 7 5 2
Wigan Athletic 2 1 1
Wimbledon* 2 1 1
Wolverhampton Wanderers 14 8 6
Wycombe Wanderers 1 0 1
York City 1 0 1
Venues[edit]
Semi-finals were held at Sheffield Wednesday's home ground Hillsborough for 85 years.
Maine Road (1985 image), dubbed the Wembley of the North, was used for semi-finals between 1928 and 1994.
In the 19th century, seventeen FA Cup semi-final matches were held at the Kennington Oval (1891 image).
Bramall Lane (1965 photo) hosted 17 semi-finals from 1889 to 1938; Sheffield has been host city on 51 occasions.
The original Wembley Stadium began hosting semi-finals in 1991 with the North London derby.
Meadow Lane, The City Ground and Trent Bridge in 2003: the extant three of Nottingham's four FA Cup semi-final hosts.
Venues that no longer exist or regularly host football matches are denoted with an asterisk.
Stadium
City
SF
matches
Year of
first SF
Most
recent SF
Kennington Oval* London 17 1872 1883
St John's Ground* Huddersfield 1 1882 1882
Whalley Range* Manchester 2 1882 1883
Aston Lower Grounds* Birmingham 2 1884 1886
Trent Bridge* West Bridgford 3 1884 1887
Racecourse Ground* Derby 5 1885 1890
Merchiston Castle School* Edinburgh, Scotland [note 5] 1 1885 1885
Alexandra Recreation Ground* Crewe 3 1887 1889
Anfield Liverpool 5 1888 1929
Victoria Ground* Stoke-on-Trent 7 1897 1935
Wellington Road* Perry Barr 2 1890 1896
Bramall Lane Sheffield 17 1889 1938
Molineux Wolverhampton 10 1892 1957
Ewood Park Blackburn 6 1893 1947
Town Ground* Nottingham 2 1893 1896
Fallowfield Stadium* Manchester 2 1894 1899
Goodison Park Liverpool 10 1896 1985
Crystal Palace* London 2 1898 1900
Burnden Park* Bolton 5 1899 1970
Baseball Ground* Derby 2 1899 1901
Elm Park* Reading 1 1900 1900
Villa Park Birmingham 55 1901 2007
City Ground West Bridgford 5 1901 1965
The Hawthorns West Bromwich 2 1902 1960
White Hart Lane* London 12 1902 1988
Hyde Road* Manchester 1 1905 1905
St Andrew's Birmingham 9 1907 1961
Stamford Bridge London 10 1910 1978
Elland Road Leeds 10 1910 1995
Old Trafford Trafford 23 1910 2007
Meadow Lane Nottingham 2 1912 1925
Hillsborough Sheffield 34 1912 1997
Turf Moor Burnley 1 1922 1922
Filbert Street* Leicester 2 1928 1962
Maine Road* Manchester 18 1928 1994
Highbury* London 12 1929 1997
Leeds Road* Huddersfield 6 1932 1951
Roker Park* Sunderland 1 1955 1955
Highfield Road* Coventry 1 1980 1980
Old Wembley* London 7 1991 2000
Millennium Stadium Cardiff, Wales[note 6] 2 2005 2005
New Wembley London 20 2008 2017
See also[edit]
FA Cup
FA Cup Final
FA Cup Third-fourth place matches
Hillsborough Disaster
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Welsh team
Jump up ^ Scottish team that was invited to compete
Jump up ^ Scottish team that was invited to compete
Jump up ^ Welsh team
Jump up ^ Venue in another nation outside of England and Wales
Jump up ^ Venue outside of England
References[edit]
FA Cup statistics
Jump up ^ "New Wembley to host semis". BBC News. 3 January 2003. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Football Supporters Hail FA Cup Semi-final Decision" (Press release). Football Supporters Federation. 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Moyes unhappy with Wembley semi". BBC News. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob (6 April 2008). "Nwanko Kanu repays Harry Redknapp's faith in one moment". London: TimesOnline. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Non-League Club
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw Second Division/First Division/Championship Club
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Third Division (North)/Third Division (South)/Third Division/Second Division/League One
Jump up ^ 3–1 on penalties
Jump up ^ 4–1 on penalties
Jump up ^ 4–2 on penalties
Jump up ^ 4–2 on penalties
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Finals
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Trophy
List of finals
Third-fourth place matches
Semi-finals
Final referees
Winning managers
Non-English clubs
Non-League clubs in the 5th Round
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Microchip implant (animal)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For use in humans, see Microchip implant (human).
Microchip implant in a cat.
An RFID chip (also known as PIT tag) next to a grain of rice.
A microchip implant is an identifying integrated circuit placed under the skin of an animal. The chip, about the size of a large grain of rice, uses passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, and is also known as a PIT (Passive Integrated Transponder) tag.
Externally attached microchips such as RFID ear tags are commonly used to identify farm and ranch animals, with the exception of horses. Some external microchips can be read with the same scanner used with implanted chips.
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses and benefits
2 Usage
3 Components of a microchip
4 Implant location
5 Animal species
6 Worldwide use
7 Cross-compatibility and standards issues
8 Reported adverse reactions
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Uses and benefits[edit]
Animal shelters, animal control officers and veterinarians routinely look for microchips to return lost pets quickly to their owners, avoiding expenses for housing, food, medical care, outplacing and euthanasia. Many shelters place chips in all outplaced animals.
Microchips are also used by kennels, breeders, brokers, trainers, registries, rescue groups, humane societies, clinics, farms, stables, animal clubs and associations, researchers, and pet stores.
Some pet doors can be programmed to be activated by the microchips of specific animals, allowing only certain animals to use the door.[1]
Some countries require microchips in imported animals to match vaccination records. Microchip tagging may also be required for CITES-regulated international trade in certain endangered animals: for example, Asian Arowana are tagged to limit import to captive-bred fish. Also, birds not banded who cross international borders as pets or for trade must be microchipped so that each bird is uniquely identifiable.
Usage[edit]
Information about the implant is often imprinted on a collar tag worn by a pet
Microchips can be implanted by a veterinarian or at a shelter. After checking that the animal does not already have a chip, the vet or technician injects the chip with a syringe and records the chip's unique ID. No anesthetic is required it is a simple procedure and causes little discomfort: the pain is minimal and short-lived[2]. A test scan ensures correct operation.
An enrollment form is completed with chip ID, owner contact information, pet name and description, shelter and/or veterinarian contact information, and an alternate emergency contact designated by the pet owner. Some shelters and vets designate themselves as the primary contact to remain informed about possible problems with the animals they place. The form is sent to a registry, who may be the chip manufacturer, distributor or an independent entity such as a pet recovery service. Some countries have a single official national database. For a fee, the registry typically provides 24-hour, toll-free telephone service for the life of the pet. Some veterinarians leave registration to the owner, usually done online, but a chip without current contact information is essentially useless.
The owner receives a registration certificate with the chip ID and recovery service contact information. The information can also be imprinted on a collar tag worn by the animal. Like an automobile title, the certificate serves as proof of ownership and is transferred with the animal when it is sold or traded; an animal without a certificate could be stolen.
Authorities and shelters examine strays for chips, providing the recovery service with the ID number, description and location so they may notify the owner or contact. If the pet is wearing the collar tag, the finder does not need a chip reader to contact the registry. An owner can also report a missing pet to the recovery service, as vets look for chips in new animals and check with the recovery service to see if it has been reported lost or stolen.
Many veterinarians scan an animal's chip on every visit to verify correct operation. Some use the chip ID as their database index and print it on receipts, test results, vaccination certifications and other records.
Some veterinary tests and procedures require positive identification of the animal, and a microchip may be acceptable for this purpose as an alternative to a tattoo.
Components of a microchip[edit]
A microchip implant is a passive RFID device. Lacking an internal power source, it remains inert until it is powered by the scanner.
Most implants contain three elements: a 'chip' or integrated circuit; a coil inductor, possibly with a ferrite core; and a capacitor. The chip contains unique identification data and electronic circuits to encode that information. The coil acts as the secondary winding of a transformer, receiving power inductively coupled to it from the scanner. The coil and capacitor together form a resonant LC circuit tuned to the frequency of the scanner's oscillating magnetic field to produce power for the chip. The chip then transmits its data back through the coil to the scanner.
Example of an RFID scanner used with animal microchip implants.
These components are encased in biocompatible soda lime or borosilicate glass and hermetically sealed. Barring rare complications, dogs and cats are unaffected by them.
Implant location[edit]
In dogs and cats, chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline. According to one reference, continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck.[3] The chip can often be felt under the skin. Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place.
Horses are microchipped on the left side of the neck, halfway between the poll and withers and approximately one inch below the midline of the mane, into the nuchal ligament.
Birds are implanted in their breast muscles. Proper restraint is necessary so the operation requires either two people (an avian veterinarian and a veterinary technician) or general anesthesia.
Implanted microchips can distort magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), including those of the spinal cord.[4]
Animal species[edit]
Horse microchipping
Many animal species have been microchipped, including cockatiels and other parrots, horses, llamas, alpacas, goats, sheep, miniature pigs, rabbits, deer, ferrets, penguins, sharks, snakes, lizards, alligators, turtles, toads, frogs, rare fish, chimpanzees, mice, and prairie dogs—even whales and elephants. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses microchipping in its research of wild bison, black-footed ferrets, grizzly bears, elk, white-tailed deer, giant land tortoises and armadillos.
Worldwide use[edit]
Microchips are not yet universal, but they are legally required in some jurisdictions such as the state of New South Wales, Australia[5] and the United Kingdom (for dogs, since 6 April 2016[6]).
Some countries, such as Japan, require ISO-compliant microchips or a compatible reader on imported dogs and cats.[7]
In New Zealand, all dogs first registered after 1 July 2006 must be microchipped. Farmers protested that farm dogs should be exempt, drawing a parallel to the Dog Tax War of 1898.[8] Farm dogs were exempted from microchipping in an amendment to the legislation passed in June 2006.[9] A National Animal Identification and Tracing scheme in New Zealand is currently being developed for tracking livestock.
In April 2012 Northern Ireland became the first part of the United Kingdom to require microchipping of individually licensed dogs.[10] Dog microchipping became mandatory in England on 6 April 2016.[11]
In Israel, microchips in dogs are mandatory.[citation needed]
Australia has a National Livestock Identification System.
The United States uses the National Animal Identification System for farm and ranch animals other than dogs and cats. In most species except horses, an external eartag is typically used in lieu of an implant microchip. Eartags with microchips or simply stamped with a visible number can be used. Both use ISO 15 digit microchip numbers with the U.S. country code of 840.
Cross-compatibility and standards issues[edit]
In most countries, pet ID chips adhere to an international standard to promote compatibility between chips and scanners. In the United States, however, three proprietary types of chips compete along with the international standard. Scanners distributed to United States shelters and veterinarians well into 2006 could each read at most three of the four types. Scanners with quad-read capability are now available and are increasingly considered required equipment. Older scanner models will be in use for some time, so United States pet owners must still choose between a chip with good coverage by existing scanners and one compatible with the international standard. The four types include:
The ISO Conformant Full Duplex type has the greatest international acceptance. It is common in many countries including Europe (since the late 1990s) and Canada. It is one of two chip protocol types (along with the "Half Duplex" type sometimes used in farm and ranch animals) that conform to International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 11784 & 11785. To support international/multivendor application, the 3-digit country code can contain an assigned ISO country code or a manufacturer code from 900 to 998 plus its identifying serial number.[Note 1] In the United States, distribution of this type has been controversial. When 24PetWatch.com began distributing them in 2003 (and more famously Banfield Pet Hospitals in 2004) many shelter scanners couldn't read them. (Some still can't; asking local shelters about this is still a good idea.) At least one Banfield-chipped pet was inadvertently euthanized.[12]
The Trovan Unique type is another pet chip protocol type in use since 1990 in pets in the United States.[13] Patent problems forced the withdrawal of Trovan's implanter device from United States distribution and they became uncommon in pets in the United States, although Trovan's original registry database "infopet.biz" remained in operation. In early 2007, the American Kennel Club's chip registration service, AKC Companion Animal Recovery Corp, which had been the authorized registry for HomeAgain brand chips made by Destron/Digital Angel, began distributing Trovan chips with a different implanter. These chips are read by the Trovan, HomeAgain (Destron Fearing), and Bayer (Black Label) readers. Despite multiple offers from Trovan to AVID [14] to license the technology to read the Trovan chips, AVID continues to distribute readers that do not read Trovan or the ISO compliant chips.
A third type sometimes known as FECAVA or Destron[Note 2] is available under various brand names. These include, in the United States, "Avid Eurochip", the common current 24PetWatch chips, and the original (and still popular) style of HomeAgain chips. (HomeAgain and 24Petwatch can now supply the true ISO chip instead on request.) Chips of this type have 10 digit [hexadecimal] chip numbers. This "FECAVA" type is readable on a wide variety of scanners in the United States and has been less controversial, although its level of adherence to the ISO standards is sometimes exaggerated in some descriptions.[15][16][17] The ISO standard has an annex (appendix) recommending that three older chip types be supported by scanners, including a 35-bit "FECAVA"/"Destron" type.[18] The common Eurochip/HomeAgain chips don't agree perfectly with the annex description, although the differences are sometimes considered minor.[Note 3] But the ISO standard also makes it clear[Note 4] that only its 64-bit "full-duplex" and "half-duplex" types are "conformant"; even chips (e.g., the Trovan Unique) that match one of the Annex descriptions are not. More visibly, FECAVA cannot support the ISO standard's required country/manufacturer codes. They may be accepted by authorities in many countries where ISO-standard chips are the norm, but not by those requiring literal ISO conformance.
Finally, there's the AVID brand Friendchip type, which is peculiar due to its encryption characteristics. Cryptographic features are not necessarily unwelcome; few pet rescuers or humane societies would object to a design that outputs an ID number "in the clear" for anyone to read, along with authentication features for detection of counterfeit chips, but the authentication in "Friendchips" has been found lacking and rather easy to spoof to the AVID scanner. Although no authentication encryption is involved, obfuscation requires proprietary information to convert transmitted chip data to its original label ID code. Well into 2006, scanners containing the proprietary decryption were provided to the United States market only by AVID and Destron/Digital Angel; Destron/Digital Angel put the decryption feature in some, but not all, of its scanners, possibly as early as 1996. (For years, its scanners distributed to shelters through HomeAgain usually had full decryption, while many sold to veterinarians would only state that an AVID chip had been found.) Well into 2006, both were resisting calls from consumers and welfare group officials to bring scanners to the United States shelter community combining AVID decryption capability with the ability to read ISO-compliant chips. Some complained[19] that AVID itself had long marketed combination pet scanners compatible with all common pet chips except possibly Trovan outside the United States. By keeping them out of the United States, it could be considered partly culpable in the missed-ISO chips problem others blamed on Banfield.[Note 5] In 2006, the European manufacturer Datamars, a supplier of ISO chips used by Banfield and others, gained access to the decryption secrets and began supplying scanners with them to United States customers. This "Black Label" scanner was the first four-standard full-multi pet scanner in the United States market. Later in 2006, Digital Angel announced[20] that it would supply a full-multi scanner in the United States.[Note 6] In 2008 AVID announced a "breakthrough" scanner,[21] although as of October 2010[update] AVID's is still so uncommon that it's unclear whether it supports the Trovan chip. Trovan also acquired the decryption technology in 2006 or earlier, and now provides it in scanners distributed in the United States by AKC-CAR. (Some are quad-read, but others lack full ISO support.)
Numerous references in print state that the incompatibilities between different chip types are a matter of "frequency". One may find claims that early ISO adopters in the United States endangered their customers' pets by giving them ISO chips that work at a "different frequency" from the local shelter's scanner, or that the United States government considered forcing an incompatible frequency change. These claims were little challenged by manufacturers and distributors of ISO chips, although later evidence suggests the claims were disinformation. In fact, all chips operate at the scanner's frequency. Although ISO chips are optimized for 134.2 kHz, in practice they are readable at 125 kHz and the "125 kHz" chips are readable at 134.2 kHz. Confirmation comes from government filings that indicate the supposed "multi-frequency" scanners now commonly available are really single-frequency scanners operating at 125, 134.2 or 128 kHz. In particular, the United States HomeAgain scanner didn't change excitation frequency when ISO-read capability was added; it's still a single frequency, 125 kHz scanner.[22]
Expected results for chip type
(OK=Good read
NR=No read
DO=Detect Only with no number given)
Scanner to test
ISO Conformant Full Duplex chip
AVID Encrypted "FriendChip"
Original U.S. HomeAgain, AVID Eurochip,[Note 7] or FECAVA
"Trovan Unique" and current AKC CAR chips
Minimal ISO Conformant Scanner (also must read HALF Duplex chips common in livestock ear tags)
OK NR NR NR
AVID Basic U.S. Scanner[23]
NR OK NR NR
AVID Deluxe U.S. Scanner
NR OK OK NR
AVID Universal Scanner sold outside U.S.[24]
OK OK OK NR Assumed
AVID MiniTracker Pro Scanner announced August 2008[25]
OK OK OK NR according to some (Few have seen one.)
Various vintages of U.S. HomeAgain "Universal" Shelter Scanners by Destron/Digital Angel Corp.
NR,DO, or OK OK OK Possibly all OK
Typical Destron/Digital Angel Corp. U.S. Veterinarian's scanner pre-2007
[26]
NR DO OK DO
Trovan LID-560-MULTI per mfr. specifications on Web[27]
OK OK OK OK
U.S. Trovan Pocket Scanner per AKC-CAR Web Site[28]
DO OK OK OK
U.S. Trovan ProScan700 per AKC-CAR Web Site[29]
OK OK OK OK
Original 2006 Datamars Black Label Scanner[30]
OK OK OK OK but Reliability Questioned
Datamars Black Label Scanner "classypets" model[31]
OK NR or DO? OK OK but Reliability Questioned
Banfield-Distributed 2004-2005 Vintage Datamars Scanners
OK Possibly all DO OK Possibly all OK but Reliability Questioned (Undocumented Feature)
Datamars Minimax and Micromax[32]
OK NR NR NR
Typical Homemade Scanner[33]
OK OK but extra step required (web-based decryption service) OK OK
Microchip ID Systems "Hero" Scanner[34]
OK OK OK NR
Microchip ID Systems "Pocket Hero" Scanner[35]
OK NR NR NR
(For users requiring Shelter-Grade certainty, this table is not a substitute for testing the scanner with a set of specimen chips. One study[36] cites problems with certain Trovan chips on the Datamars Black Label scanner. In general, the study found none of the tested scanners to read all four standards without some deficiency. The study predates the most recent scanner models, however.)
Reported adverse reactions[edit]
RFID chips are used in animal research, and at least three studies conducted since the 1990s have reported tumors at the site of implantation in laboratory mice and rats.[37] Noted veterinary associations[38] responded with continued support for the procedure as reasonably safe for cats and dogs, pointing to rates of serious complications on the order of one in a million in the U.K., which has a system for tracking such adverse reactions and has chipped over 3.7 million pet dogs. A recent study found no safety concerns for microchipped animals with RFID chips undergoing MRI at one Tesla magnetic field strength.[39] In 2011 a microchip-associated fibrosarcoma was reported found in the neck of a 9-year old, neutered-male cat. Histological examination was consistent with postinjection sarcoma, but all prior vaccinations occurred in the hindlegs.[40]
See also[edit]
Microchip implant (human)
PositiveID
Proximity card
Pet recovery service
Remote-controlled animal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For display, typically the three country/manufacturer code digits are followed by twelve digits of serial number to make a 15-digit numeric string.
Jump up ^ Curiously, an actual matching descriptive specification from the Federation of European Companion Animal Veterinary Associations, or one from Destron Corporation, remains illusive.
Jump up ^ The differences are obvious and easily surmounted by someone trying to make a scanner for a FECAVA chip specimen, so the Annex is still quite useful. (The actual FECAVA frequency-modulated signals are inverted (backwards) from the Annex specification.)
Jump up ^ This is found in clauses 2 and 6 of ISO 11785; the two actual conformant 64-bit types are described in clauses 6.1 and 6.2.
Jump up ^ Few of the petitioners bothered to ask AVID to add Trovan-chip compatibility at that time, as these chips would remain uncommon and obscure until 2007 in the U.S.
Jump up ^ In addition to its current scanners with full support for ISO full duplex chips, and maybe ten years production of earlier scanners with no ISO support, Destron/Digital Angel Corp. is also reported to have made in-between models circa 2006, one that gives a detection indication, but no number for ISO chips, and one model that gives either simple detection or full number readout, depending perhaps on the chip's manufacturer or some other factor. These models may be hard to discern without many specimen chips; upgrades may be available, especially to current customer partners of HomeAgain.
Jump up ^ A mention of a chip type called "AVID Travelchip" has been removed from this heading. It appears that "Travelchip" was actually a trademark not of AVID itself but of a chip distributor, which used it as a blanket term for several different chip types sold in value-added kits- firstly AVID Eurochips, later HomeAgain types both regular and ISO.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lomas, Natasha (28 June 2017). "Now you can quantify your cat's comings and goings too". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Why is it important to ensure my pet is microchipped? - RSPCA Australia knowledgebase". kb.rspca.org.au. Retrieved 2017-07-04.
Jump up ^ Microchip Implantation Sites (World Small Animal Veterinary Association).
Jump up ^ Saito M, Ono S, Kayanuma H, Honnami M, Muto M, Une Y (May 2010). "Evaluation of the susceptibility artifacts and tissue injury caused by implanted microchips in dogs on 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging". J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72 (5): 575–81. doi:10.1292/jvms.09-0386. PMID 20086326.
Jump up ^ "WSAVA - Australian Microchip Standard". Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dog microchipping law brings fines risk". 6 April 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Entering Japan: Dogs & Cats.
Jump up ^ Masters, Catherine (25 March 2006). "The year of the dog war". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Farm Dogs Exempted from Microchipping
Jump up ^ "NI first on law to microchip dogs". 8 April 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Dog microchipping becomes compulsory across UK". BBC News. 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
Jump up ^ Pet's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News
Jump up ^ Trovan Chips Adopted by Los Angeles in 1996.
Jump up ^ "Open Letter to Hannis Stoddard". www.rfidnews.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "B" Country List (Search for "Home Again microchips are ISO compatible" in the text.)
Jump up ^ ISO Standards Discussion (Search for "as compliant" in the text.)
Jump up ^ The TRAVELchip Single (Search for "Complies with" in the text.)
Jump up ^ ISO Standards Combined Text ("FECAVA" discussion starts on page 16 of the PDF file.)
Jump up ^ Pet's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News (Search for "best" in the text.)
Jump up ^ APHIS Comment Submission from Digital Angel Corp (page 2, item 4 in the referenced .doc file.)
Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner to Reunite More Lost Pets with Their Families
Jump up ^ U.S. FCC database search form (Submit the form with "Grantee Code" and "Product Code" for each individual scanner; for the new universal Digital Angel/HomeAgain Scanner, still operating at 125 kHz codes "C5S" and "HS9250L"; for a recent AVID scanner, operating at 134.2 kHz, codes "IOL" and "-134-AV1034I" .)
Jump up ^ Descriptions of AVID Scanners (Search for "only the AVID" in the text.)
Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane (Search for "in use in canada" in the text.)
Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner.
Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane (Search for "unless vet is with a shelter" in the text.)
Jump up ^ Trovan Multi Scanner specifications (Apparently applies to models sold outside U.S.)
Jump up ^ Using The AKC-CAR Multi-System Pocket Scanner (U.S. Model says "Detect Only" on ISO chip type.)
Jump up ^ AKC CAR Scanners
Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications.
Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications.
Jump up ^ Datamars Scanner Descriptions.
Jump up ^ Software for Homemade Scanners- Chip Type Listing.
Jump up ^ "NEW! Hero™ Advanced Reader • Microchip ID Systems". www.microchipidsystems.com. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Pocket HERO™ • Microchip ID Systems". www.microchipidsystems.com. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
Jump up ^ Nov. 2007 Scanner Evaluation from EID Limited.
Jump up ^ Lewan, Todd. "Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Position Statement from World Small Animal Veterinary Association.
Jump up ^ Baker, Martin A.; MacDonald, Iain (2011). "Evaluation of veterinary radiofrequency identification devices at 1T". Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 52 (2): 161. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01762.x.
Jump up ^ Carminato A, Vascellari M, Marchioro W, Melchiotti E, Mutinelli F (December 2011). "Microchip-associated fibrosarcoma in a cat". Vet. Dermatol. 22 (6): 565–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00975.x. PMID 21535253.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microchip implant.
Lost Pet Found After 13 Years (Apparently the current record for this type of story)
"Injunction on Microchip Sales". Pet Age. January 2005. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microchip_implant_(animal)&oldid=833283777"
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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21535253

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