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Walk the Line
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For the song, see I Walk the Line. For other uses, see Walk the Line (disambiguation).
Walk the Line
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
James Mangold
Produced by
James Keach
Cathy Konrad
Screenplay by
Gill Dennis
James Mangold
Based on
Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words and Cash: The Autobiography
by Johnny Cash
Starring
Joaquin Phoenix
Reese Witherspoon
Ginnifer Goodwin
Robert Patrick
Dallas Roberts
Music by
T Bone Burnett
Cinematography
Phedon Papamichael
Edited by
Michael McCusker
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
September 4, 2005 (2005-09-04) (Telluride Film Festival)
November 18, 2005 (2005-11-18) (United States)
Running time
136 minutes
(theatrical cut)
153 minutes
(extended cut)
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$28 million[1]
Box office
$186.4 million
Walk the Line is a 2005 American biographical drama film directed by James Mangold. The screenplay, written by Mangold and Gill Dennis, is based on two autobiographies authored by singer-songwriter Johnny Cash—Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words and Cash: The Autobiography. The film follows Cash's early life, his romance with June Carter, and his ascent to the country music scene. It stars Joaquin Phoenix as Cash, Reese Witherspoon as Carter, Ginnifer Goodwin as Vivian Liberto, and Robert Patrick as Cash's father.
Walk the Line previewed at the Telluride Film Festival on September 4, 2005, and went into wide release on November 18. The film was nominated for five Oscars at the 78th Academy Awards, including Best Actor (Phoenix), Best Actress (Witherspoon, which she won), and Best Costume Design (Arianne Phillips). The film grossed more than $186 million worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Development and pre-production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Reception
4.3 Accolades
5 Home media
6 Soundtrack
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1968, as an audience of inmates at Folsom State Prison cheer for Johnny Cash's band, he waits backstage near a table saw, reminding him of his early life.
In 1944, Johnny, then known as J.R., is raised on a cotton farm in Dyess, Arkansas with his brother Jack, father Ray, and mother Carrie. J.R. is known for his singing of hymns, while his brother Jack trains himself to become a pastor. While Jack is sawing wood for a neighbor with a table saw, J.R. goes fishing until he is spotted and reprimanded by his father for wandering off. Both J.R. and Ray return home to see Jack dying after being severely injured by the saw in an accident. In 1950, J.R. enlists in the Air Force as Johnny Cash, and is stationed in West Germany. He purchases a guitar, and in 1952, finds solace in writing songs, one of which he develops as "Folsom Prison Blues".
After his discharge, Cash returns to the United States and marries his girlfriend, Vivian Liberto. The couple moves to Memphis, Tennessee, where Cash works as a door-to-door salesman to support his growing family. He walks past a recording studio, which inspires him to organize a band to play gospel music. Cash's band auditions for Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Records. After they play "Folsom Prison Blues", the band receives a contract, and launch to stardom at the beginning of the rock and roll era.
The band begins touring as Johnny Cash and the Tennessee Two. On tour, Johnny meets June Carter, with whom he falls in love. Cash begins spending more time with June, who divorces her first husband, Carl Smith. After his attempt to woo June fails, Cash starts abusing drugs and alcohol. After his behavior reaches a bottom during a performance with June, they separate.
Later, over Vivian's objections, Johnny persuades June to come out of semi-retirement, and tour with him. The tour is a success, but backstage, Vivian becomes critical of June's influence. After one performance in Las Vegas, Johnny and June sleep together. The next morning, she notices Johnny taking pills, and doubts her choices. At that evening's concert, Johnny, upset by June's apparent rejection, behaves erratically, and eventually passes out on stage. June disposes of Johnny's drugs, and begins to write "Ring of Fire", describing her feelings for him and her pain at watching him descend into addiction.
Returning to California, Cash travels to Mexico to purchase more drugs, and is arrested. Cash's marriage to Vivian implodes; the pair divorce and Cash moves to Nashville in 1966. Trying to reconcile with June, Johnny purchases a large house near a lake in Hendersonville. His parents and the extended Carter family arrive for Thanksgiving, at which time Ray dismisses his son's achievements and behavior. After the meal, June's mother encourages her daughter to help Cash. He goes into detox and wakes with June; she says they have been given a second chance. Though not married, the two begin spending most of their time with each other.
Cash discovers that most of his fan mail is from prisoners, who are impressed with his outlaw image. He proposes to Columbia Records that he will record an album live inside Folsom Prison. Despite Columbia's doubts, Cash says that he will perform, and his label can use the tapes if they wish. At the Folsom Prison concert, Cash says that he has been sympathetic to prisoners, explaining that his arrest for drug possession helped him to relate to them. With this success, Cash embarks on a tour with June and his band. On the bus, he stops to talk with June and proposes to her, but she turns him down. At the next concert, June says she will only speak with him on stage. Cash later performs "Ring of Fire" on stage. After the song, Cash invites June to a duet and stops in the middle, saying he cannot sing "Jackson" any more unless June agrees to marry him. June accepts and they share a passionate embrace on stage.
Cast[edit]
Joaquin Phoenix as Johnny Cash
Reese Witherspoon as June Carter
Ginnifer Goodwin as Vivian Liberto, Johnny's first wife
Robert Patrick as Ray Cash, Johnny's father
Hailey Anne Nelson as Rosanne Cash, Johnny's oldest daughter
Dallas Roberts as Sam Phillips, the founder, owner, and producer of Sun Records
Dan John Miller as Luther Perkins, Johnny's first guitarist
Johnny Holiday as Carl Perkins
Larry Bagby as Marshall Grant, Johnny's bassist
Shelby Lynne as Carrie Cash, Johnny's mother
Sandra Ellis Lafferty as Maybelle Addington Carter, June's mother
Tyler Hilton as Elvis Presley
Waylon Payne as Jerry Lee Lewis
Shooter Jennings as Waylon Jennings, Johnny's future bandmate
Clay Steakley as Fluke Holland, Johnny's drummer
Johnathan Rice as Roy Orbison
Lucas Till as Jack Cash, Johnny's brother
Ridge Canipe as young Johnny Cash
James Keach as Folsom Prison Warden
Development and pre-production[edit]
The film has its origins in a 1993 episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.,[2] That year, Cash was a guest star on the show, where he and June Carter became friends with Jane Seymour, the star of the show, and Seymour's husband James Keach who was directing the episode. By the mid-1990s, Cash had asked Keach to make a film of his life; he and Seymour began the process with a series of interviews.[2] In 1997, the interviews had been the basis of a screenplay written by Gill Dennis, with input from Keach; two years later, still lacking any studio interest, Keach contacted James Mangold, who had been "angling to become involved in the project for two years."[2] Mangold and his wife, producer Cathy Konrad, developed the script for Sony, and by 2001, they had a script they thought they could pitch to a studio. Sony and others turned it down, but Fox 2000 agreed to make the film.[2]
The film was in part based on two autobiographies, both of which were optioned: Man in Black (1975) and Cash: The Autobiography (1997), though the film "burrows deep into painful territory that Mr. Cash barely explored."[2]
Phoenix met Cash months before hearing about the film. When Phoenix read the script, he felt there were at least ten other actors who would be better in the role.[3] To prepare for her role as June Carter, Witherspoon watched several videos of the singer; she also listened to her singing and telling stories to get her voice right.[4]
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
Walk the Line was released on November 18, 2005, in 2,961 theaters, grossing $22.3 million on its opening weekend. It went on to earn $119.5 million in North America and $66.9 million in the rest of the world for a total of $186.4 million, well above its $28 million budget, making it a box office success.[5] It was the all-time highest grossing music biopic until Straight Outta Compton surpassed it in 2015.
Reception[edit]
Critics generally responded with positive reviews, garnering an 82% on Rotten Tomatoes. The two lead performances received rave reviews, particularly Witherspoon's, whose performance is described by critics as her best work to date. Roger Ebert praised Witherspoon for her "boundless energy" and predicted her to win the Academy Award for Best Actress.[6][7] In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Carina Chocano wrote, "Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon do first-rate work — they sing, they twang, they play new-to-them instruments, they crackle with wit and charisma, and they give off so much sexual heat it's a wonder they don't burst into flames".[8]
A. O. Scott, in his review for The New York Times, had problems with Phoenix's performance: "Even though his singing voice doesn't match the original - how could it? - he is most convincing in concert, when his shoulders tighten and he cocks his head to one side. Otherwise, he seems stuck in the kind of off-the-rack psychological straitjacket in which Hollywood likes to confine troubled geniuses".[9] In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "A lot of credit for Phoenix's performance has to go to Mangold, who has always been good at finding the bleak melodrama in taciturn souls ... If Mangold's new movie has a problem, it's that he and co-screenwriter Gill Dennis sometimes walk the lines of the inspirational biography too rigorously".[10]
Andrew Sarris, in his review for The New York Observer praised Witherspoon for her "spine-tingling feistiness", and wrote, "This feat has belatedly placed it (in my mind, at least) among a mere handful of more-than-Oscar-worthy performances this year".[11] Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B+" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "while Witherspoon, a fine singer herself, makes Carter immensely likable, a fountain of warmth and cheer, given how sweetly she meshes with Phoenix her romantic reticence isn't really filled in".[12] Baltimore Sun reviewer Michael Sragow wrote, "What Phoenix and Witherspoon accomplish in this movie is transcendent. They act with every bone and inch of flesh and facial plane, and each tone and waver of their voice. They do their own singing with a startling mastery of country music's narrative musicianship".[13] In his review for Sight and Sound, Mark Kermode wrote, "Standing ovations, too, for Witherspoon, who has perhaps the tougher task of lending depth and darkness to the role of June, whose frighteningly chipper stage act - a musical-comedy hybrid - constantly courts (but never marries) mockery".[14]
Some critics found the film too constrained by Hollywood plot formulas of love and loss, ignoring the last twenty years of Cash's life and other more socio-politically controversial reasons he was considered "the man in black".[15]
Rosanne Cash was critical of the film. She was upset "because it had the three most damaging events of [her] childhood: [her] parent's divorce, [her] father's drug addiction, and something else bad that [she] can't remember now". Furthermore, she said, "The movie was painful. The three of them [in the film] were not recognizable to me as my parents in any way. But the scenes were recognizable, and the storyline, so the whole thing was fraught with sadness because they all had just died, and I had this resistance to seeing the screen version of my childhood".[16]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Walk the Line
Academy Awards
1. Best Actress in a Leading Role (Reese Witherspoon)
Golden Globe Awards
1. Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
2. Best Actor in a Leading Role – Musical or Comedy (Joaquin Phoenix)
3. Best Actress in a Leading Role – Musical or Comedy (Reese Witherspoon)
BAFTA Awards
1. Best Actress (Reese Witherspoon)
2. Best Sound
Witherspoon's performance was repeatedly recognized, including an Academy Award for Best Actress[17] and other awards such as:
BAFTA Award as Best Actress
Broadcast Film Critic Award as Best Actress
Golden Globe Award as Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
National Society of Film Critics Award as Best Actress
Online Film Critics Society award as Best Actress
Satellite Award as Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
Screen Actors Guild Award as Best Actress
Film critic Andrew Sarris ranked Walk the Line number seven in top films of 2005 and cited Reese Witherspoon as the best female performance of the year.[18] Witherspoon was also voted Favorite Leading Lady at the 2006 People's Choice Awards.[19] David Ansen of Newsweek ranked Witherspoon as one of the five best actresses of 2005.[20]
Home media[edit]
On February 28, 2006, a single-disc DVD and a two-disc collector edition DVD were released; these editions sold three million copies on their first day of release.[21] On March 25, 2008, a two-disc 'extended cut' DVD was released for region one. The feature on disc one is 17 minutes longer than the theatrical release, and disc two features eight extended musical sequences with introductions and documentaries about the making of the film. The film has been released on Blu-ray Disc in France, Sweden and the UK in the form of its extended cut. The American Blu-ray features the shorter theatrical cut.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Walk the Line (soundtrack)
Wind-up Records released the soundtrack in November 2005. It featured nine songs performed by Joaquin Phoenix, four songs by Reese Witherspoon, two songs by Tyler Hilton, and one song each by Waylon Payne, Johnathan Rice, and Shooter Jennings. The album received a Grammy at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Pictures, Television or Other Visual Media.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Walk the Line (2005)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Waxman, Sharon (October 16, 2005). "The Secrets That Lie Beyond the Ring of Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Joaquin Phoenix Talks About 'Walk the Line'". Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Reese Witherspoon Talks About 'Walk the Line'". Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Walk the Line". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 18, 2005). "Walk the Line". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (February 18, 2006). "Ebert's Oscar Predictions (2006)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
Jump up ^ Chocano, Carina (November 18, 2005). "Walk the Line". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Scott, A. O. (November 18, 2005). "The Man in Black, on Stage and Off". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (November 18, 2005). "A Phoenix in the Ring of Fire". Time. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Sarris, Andrew (January 8, 2006). "Funny, Fiftysomething Pierce Returns as The Matador". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (November 16, 2005). "Walk the Line". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Sragow, Michael (November 18, 2005). "A Walk to see and remember". Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ Kermode, Mark (February 2006). "Walk the Line". Sight and Sound. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Harsin, Jayson. "Walking the Fine Line". Bright Lights Film Journal. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
Jump up ^ Garfield, Simon (February 5, 2006). "Family ties". The Guardian. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
Jump up ^ Sarris, Andrew (January 5, 2006). "Who and What I Liked in 2005: Viggo, Violence, Reese, 2046". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards". Movie City News. Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ Ansen, David (December 19, 2005). "The Five Best Actresses". Newsweek. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Walk the Line (2005)". MovieWeb. Retrieved 2015-04-09.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Walk the Line
Official website
Walk the Line on IMDb
Walk the Line at AllMovie
Walk the Line at Box Office Mojo
Walk the Line at Rotten Tomatoes
Walk the Line at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
An American in Paris (1951)
With a Song in My Heart (1952)
Carmen Jones (1954)
Guys and Dolls (1955)
The King and I (1956)
Les Girls (1957)
Gigi / Auntie Mame (1958)
Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot (1959)
Song Without End / The Apartment (1960)
West Side Story / A Majority of One (1961)
The Music Man / That Touch of Mink (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
My Fair Lady (1964)
The Sound of Music (1965)
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966)
The Graduate (1967)
Oliver! (1968)
The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969)
MASH (1970)
Fiddler on the Roof (1971)
Cabaret (1972)
American Graffiti (1973)
The Longest Yard (1974)
The Sunshine Boys (1975)
A Star Is Born (1976)
The Goodbye Girl (1977)
Heaven Can Wait (1978)
Breaking Away (1979)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)
Arthur (1981)
Tootsie (1982)
Yentl (1983)
Romancing the Stone (1984)
Prizzi's Honor (1985)
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
Hope and Glory (1987)
Working Girl (1988)
Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
Green Card (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
The Player (1992)
Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
The Lion King (1994)
Babe (1995)
Evita (1996)
As Good as It Gets (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Almost Famous (2000)
Moulin Rouge! (2001)
Chicago (2002)
Lost in Translation (2003)
Sideways (2004)
Walk the Line (2005)
Dreamgirls (2006)
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)
The Hangover (2009)
The Kids Are All Right (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Les Misérables (2012)
American Hustle (2013)
The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)
The Martian (2015)
La La Land (2016)
Lady Bird (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Satellite Award for Best Film
Musical or Comedy
(1996–2009, retired)
Evita (1996)
As Good as It Gets (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
Being John Malkovich (1999)
Nurse Betty (2000)
Moulin Rouge! (2001)
My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)
Lost in Translation (2003)
Sideways (2004)
Walk the Line (2005)
Dreamgirls (2006)
Juno (2007)
Happy-Go-Lucky (2008)
Nine (2009)
Motion Picture Drama
(1996–2009, retired)
Fargo (1996)
Titanic (1997)
The Thin Red Line (1998)
The Insider (1999)
Traffic (2000)
In the Bedroom (2001)
Far from Heaven (2002)
In America (2003)
Hotel Rwanda (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
The Departed (2006)
No Country for Old Men (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
Motion Picture
(2010–present)
The Social Network (2010)
The Descendants (2011)
Silver Linings Playbook (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014)
Spotlight (2015)
La La Land / Manchester by the Sea (2016)
God's Own Country / Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)
[show]
v
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e
Johnny Cash
Studio albums
With His Hot and Blue Guitar
Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous
The Fabulous Johnny Cash
Greatest!
Songs of Our Soil
Sings Hank Williams
Now, There Was a Song!
Now Here's Johnny Cash
The Sound of Johnny Cash
All Aboard the Blue Train
Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash
The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash
I Walk the Line
Orange Blossom Special
Everybody Loves a Nut
Happiness Is You
Old Golden Throat
More of Old Golden Throat
Hello, I'm Johnny Cash
The World of Johnny Cash
Man in Black
A Thing Called Love
Any Old Wind That Blows
Ragged Old Flag
The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me
John R. Cash
Look at Them Beans
One Piece at a Time
The Last Gunfighter Ballad
I Would Like to See You Again
Gone Girl
Silver
Rockabilly Blues
The Baron
The Adventures of Johnny Cash
Johnny 99
Rainbow
Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town
Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series
Water from the Wells of Home
Boom Chicka Boom
The Mystery of Life
American Recordings
Unchained
American III: Solitary Man
American IV: The Man Comes Around
Personal File
American V: A Hundred Highways
American VI: Ain't No Grave
Out Among the Stars
Concept albums
Ride This Train
Blood, Sweat and Tears
Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian
Sings the Ballads of the True West
From Sea to Shining Sea
America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song
The Johnny Cash Children's Album
The Rambler
Gospel albums
Hymns by Johnny Cash
Hymns from the Heart
The Holy Land
The Gospel Road
Sings Precious Memories
A Believer Sings the Truth
Believe in Him
Return to the Promised Land
My Mother's Hymn Book
Christmas albums
The Christmas Spirit
The Johnny Cash Family Christmas
Classic Christmas
Johnny Cash Country Christmas
Collaborations
The Lure of the Grand Canyon
Carryin' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter
Johnny Cash and His Woman
The Legend of Jesse James
Million Dollar Quartet
The Survivors Live
Highwayman
Class of '55
Heroes
Highwayman 2
The Road Goes on Forever
VH1 Storytellers
Live albums
At Folsom Prison
At San Quentin
The Johnny Cash Show
På Österåker
Strawberry Cake
Koncert v Praze (In Prague–Live)
At Madison Square Garden
A Concert Behind Prison Walls
Non-gospel soundtracks
I Walk the Line
Little Fauss and Big Halsy
Compilations
Greatest Hits, Vol. 1
Heart of Cash
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Sunday Morning Coming Down
International Superstar
Five Feet High and Rising
Destination Victoria Station
Greatest Hits, Vol. 3
The Unissued Johnny Cash
Johnny & June
Tall Man
Encore
Biggest Hits
The Man in Black 1954–1958
The Man in Black 1959–1962
Come Along and Ride This Train
The Essential Johnny Cash (1992)
Wanted Man
The Man in Black 1963–1969
The Man in Black – His Greatest Hits
16 Biggest Hits
Love, God, Murder
The Essential Johnny Cash (2002)
Unearthed
The Legend
The Legend of Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash: Patriot
16 Biggest Hits: Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash
The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II
The Complete Columbia Album Collection
Songs
"25 Minutes to Go"
"Seasons of My Heart"
"Any Old Wind That Blows"
"A Wonderful Time Up There"
"The Ballad of Boot Hill"
"The Ballad of Ira Hayes"
"Ballad of a Teenage Queen"
"Big River"
"Blistered"
"A Boy Named Sue"
"Busted"
"Cat's in the Cradle"
"Cocaine Blues"
"Cry! Cry! Cry!"
"Daddy Sang Bass"
"Dark as a Dungeon"
"Don't Take Your Guns to Town"
"Engine 143"
"Flesh and Blood"
"The Folk Singer"
"Folsom Prison Blues"
"Forty Shades of Green"
"Get Rhythm"
"Give My Love to Rose"
"Goodnight, Irene"
"Green, Green Grass of Home"
"Greystone Chapel"
"Guess Things Happen That Way"
"Hey, Porter"
"Home of the Blues"
"Hurt"
"I Couldn't Keep from Crying"
"I Love You Because"
"I Still Miss Someone"
"I Walk the Line"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"In My Life"
"In the Jailhouse Now"
"It Ain't Me Babe"
"Jackson"
"Kate"
"The Man Comes Around"
"Man in Black"
"The Matador"
"Oh Lonesome Me"
"One Piece at a Time"
"Oney"
"Orange Blossom Special"
"The One on the Right Is on the Left"
"Remember the Alamo"
"(Ghost) Riders in the Sky"
"Ring of Fire"
"Rock Island Line"
"So Doggone Lonesome"
"Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down"
"Tennessee Flat Top Box"
"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang"
"A Thing Called Love"
"Understand Your Man"
"What Is Truth"
"What'd I Say"
Television
The Johnny Cash Show
Family
June Carter Cash
John Carter Cash
Rosanne Cash
Carlene Carter
Tommy Cash
Carter Family
Related
Albums discography
Singles discography
Sun Records discography
The Highwaymen
Carter Family Fold
Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words
Cash: The Autobiography
Johnny Cash! The Man, His World, His Music
Walk the Line
We Walk the Line: A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash
Ring of Fire (2013 film)
Ring of Fire (musical)
My Father and the Man in Black
Forever Words
Dyess, Arkansas
The Tennessee Three
Book
[show]
v
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Films directed by James Mangold
Heavy (1995)
Cop Land (1997)
Girl, Interrupted (1999)
Kate & Leopold (2001)
Identity (2003)
Walk the Line (2005)
3:10 to Yuma (2007)
Knight and Day (2010)
The Wolverine (2013)
Logan (2017)
Authority control
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BNF: cb16460567k (data)
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President of the Republic of Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
President of the Republic of Texas
Seal of The Republic of Texas (1839–45)
Precursor
Political Chief (Mexico)
Formation
16 March 1836
(Interim)
22 October 1836
(Constitutional)
First holder
Sam Houston
(David G. Burnet, Interim March–October 1836)
Final holder
Anson Jones
Succession
Governor of Texas
The President of the Republic of Texas was the head of state when Texas was an independent republic from 1836 to 1846.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and duties
2 Oath of office
3 List of presidents and vice presidents
4 References
5 External links
History and duties[edit]
Part of a series on the
History of Texas
Timeline
French Texas 1684–1689
Spanish Texas 1690–1821
Mexican Texas 1821–1836
Republic of Texas 1836–1845
Statehood 1845–1860
Civil War Era 1861–1865
Reconstruction 1865–1899
State of Texas
Texas portal
v
t
e
Seals of the Republic of Texas
(1836–1839)
(1839–1845)
The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836. In the midst of the Texas Revolution, Texan settlers elected delegates to the Convention of 1836, which issued the Texas Declaration of Independence and elected David G. Burnet as interim president of the new country. In May 1836 Burnet and Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna, who was at the time a Texan prisoner-of-war, signed the Treaties of Velasco officially recognizing Texas's break from Mexico.
The authority and responsibilities of the president was similar to that of the President of the United States: to serve the people of Texas, and to serve as the head of the military and the state. These were detailed in the Constitution of the Republic of Texas of 1836. The Constitution specified a term of two years for the first elected president (Sam Houston) and terms of three years thereafter; the president could not succeed himself, but there were otherwise no term limits. The president was elected separately from the vice president, by popular vote, and there was no requirement to be native-born. A strict reading of the Constitution provided for women's suffrage (that is, both men and women were citizens and could vote for Congress, president, and other offices), but women and preachers or priests were not allowed to serve as president or in Congress. Indians and Africans and those of African descent could not be citizens.
The president lived in different towns during the life of the Republic, as the capital was relocated, especially during and immediately after the Texas Revolution. Washington-on-the-Brazos was Texas' first capital in 1836 (provisional), followed quickly by Harrisburg 1836 (provisional), Galveston 1836 (provisional), Velasco 1836 (provisional), Columbia 1836–37, Houston, 1837–39, and finally Austin, the modern capital, 1839–46.
The position was abolished with the annexation of Texas, largely due to President Anson Jones, who received the nickname "The architect of Annexation" and served only one year and three months. The amount of power wielded by occupants of the office varied tremendously during the nine years of Texas' independence. Particularly in the beginning, there was a larger military need than in the 1840s, and the president therefore had considerably more power and influence than during years of relative peace. However, there is no record of any president violating or changing the Texas Constitution.[citation needed]
As the United States and other countries such as France recognized Texan independence, presidential power functioned without interference from the outside world, though the Republic generally allied itself informally with the United States. Several presidents supported annexation of the Republic by the United States, with direct admission as a state.
Under the Constitution the vice president was to succeed the president in the event of the latter's death, resignation or removal by impeachment; however this never happened. The vice president was also the President of the Senate, and had a casting vote in the event of a tie.
Oath of office[edit]
The oath or affirmation of office for the president was established in the Constitution of the Republic of Texas and was mandatory for a president 'before entering upon the duties' of the office. The wording, very similar to that of the United States' version, was prescribed by Article VI of the Constitution, as follows:
"I, A. B., President of the Republic of Texas, do solemnly and sincerely swear [or affirm, as the case may be] that I will faithfully execute the duties of my office, and to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the Republic."
List of presidents and vice presidents[edit]
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas
№
Portrait
President
Term of office
Party
Term
Previous Office
Vice president
— David G. Burnet
(1788-04-18)April 18, 1788 – (1870-12-05)December 5, 1870
(aged 82)
March 16, 1836
–
October 22, 1836 Nonpartisan Interim
[1] Delegate to the
Convention of 1833 Lorenzo de Zavala
1 Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 – (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70)
October 22, 1836
–
December 10, 1838 Nonpartisan 1
(1836) Commander-in-Chief
of the Texian Army
(1836) Mirabeau B. Lamar
2 Mirabeau B. Lamar
(1798-08-16)August 16, 1798 – (1859-12-19)December 19, 1859
(aged 61) December 10, 1838
–
December 13, 1841 Nonpartisan 2
(1838) 1st
Vice President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836–1838) David G. Burnet
3 Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 – (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70) December 13, 1841
–
December 9, 1844 Nonpartisan 3
(1841) 1st
President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836–1838) Edward Burleson
4 Anson Jones
(1798-01-20)January 20, 1798 – (1858-01-09)January 9, 1858
(aged 59) December 9, 1844
–
February 19, 1846 Nonpartisan 4
(1844) 11th
Secretary of State
of the Republic of Texas
(1841–1844) Kenneth Anderson
December 9, 1844 – July 3, 1845
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Selected by the Convention of 1836.
External links[edit]
Constitution of the Republic, 1836 from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I. hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Republic_of_Texas&oldid=799479413"
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Lists of Texas politicians
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Table of contents
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For information on Wikipedia's Help:Magic words. For Wikipedia's tables of contents, see Portal:Contents.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A table of contents
A table of contents, usually headed simply "Contents" and abbreviated informally as TOC, is a list, usually found on a page before the start of a written work, of its chapter or section titles or brief descriptions with their commencing page numbers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earliest use
2 Form
3 Examples
4 References
5 Notes
Earliest use[edit]
Pliny the Elder credits Quintus Valerius Soranus (d. 82 B.C.) as the first author to provide a table of contents to help readers navigate a lengthy work.[1] Pliny's own table of contents for his encyclopedic Historia naturalis ("Natural History") may be viewed online in Latin and in English (following dedication).
Form[edit]
A table of contents usually includes the titles or descriptions of the first-level headers, such as chapter titles in longer works, and often includes second-level or section titles (A-heads) within the chapters as well, and occasionally even third-level titles (subsections or B-heads). The depth of detail in tables of contents depends on the length of the work, with longer works having less. Formal reports (ten or more pages and being too long to put into a memo or letter) also have a table of contents. Within an English-language book, the table of contents usually appears after the title page, copyright notices, and, in technical journals, the abstract; and before any lists of tables or figures, the foreword, and the preface.
Printed tables of contents indicate page numbers where each part starts, while digital ones offer links to go to each part. The format and location of the page numbers is a matter of style for the publisher. If the page numbers appear after the heading text, they might be preceded by characters called leaders, usually dots or periods, that run from the chapter or section titles on the opposite side of the page, or the page numbers might remain closer to the titles. In some cases, the page number appears before the text.
If a book or document contains chapters, articles, or stories by different authors, their names usually appear in the table of contents.
Matter preceding the table of contents is generally not listed there. However, all pages except the outside cover are counted, and the table of contents is often numbered with a lowercase Roman numeral page number. Many popular word processors, such as Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, and StarWriter are capable of automatically generating a table of contents if the author of the text uses specific styles for chapter titles, headings, subheadings, etc.
Examples[edit]
Example with leaders:
Chapter 1: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
   Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
   Next Steps  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Example without leaders:
Chapter 1: Getting Started   1
   Introduction   2
   Next Steps   3

Example with authors:
1. Introduction to Biology  Arthur C. Smith 1 2. Microbiology Susan Jones 10 3. Advances in Biotechnology T.C. Chang 24

Example with descriptive text:
Chapter 1                                           3
   In which we first meet our hero and heroine, attend
   a gala feast, and begin an unexpected journey.

Chapter 2                                          12
   The journey takes an unusual turn, and new villains
    are discovered.

References[edit]
The Chicago Manual of Style (15th Edition)
Gerald J. Alred; Charles T. Brusaw; Walter E. Oliu (2003). Handbook of Technical Writing. ISBN 0-312-30923-6.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder, preface 33, Historia naturalis; John Henderson, “Knowing Someone Through Their Books: Pliny on Uncle Pliny (Epistles 3.5),” Classical Philology 97 (2002), p. 275.
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Introduction
Prologue
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Body matter, which may include:
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text:
Statute of frauds
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Contract law
Part of the common law series
Contract formation
Offer and acceptance
Posting rule
Mirror image rule
Invitation to treat
Firm offer
Consideration
Implication-in-fact
Collateral contract
Defenses against formation
Lack of capacity
Duress
Undue influence
Illusory promise
Statute of frauds
Non est factum
Contract interpretation
Parol evidence rule
Contract of adhesion
Integration clause
Contra proferentem
Excuses for non-performance
Mistake
Misrepresentation
Frustration of purpose
Impossibility
Impracticability
Illegality
Unclean hands
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Rights of third parties
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Evidence
v
t
e
The statute of frauds refers to the requirement that certain kinds of contracts be memorialized in a writing, signed by the party to be charged, with sufficient content to evidence the contract.[1][2]
Traditionally, the statute of frauds requires a signed writing in the following circumstances:
Contracts in consideration of marriage. This provision covers prenuptial agreements.
Contracts that cannot be performed within one year. However, contracts of indefinite duration do not fall under the statute of frauds regardless of how long the performance actually takes.
Contracts for the transfer of an interest in land. This applies not only to a contract to sell land but also to any other contract in which land or an interest in it is disposed, such as the grant of a mortgage or an easement.
Contracts by the executor of a will to pay a debt of the estate with his own money.
Contracts for the sale of goods totaling $500.00 or more.
Contracts in which one party becomes a surety (acts as guarantor) for another party's debt or other obligation.
In an action for specific performance of a contract to convey land, the agreement must be in writing to satisfy the statute of frauds. The statute is satisfied if the contract to convey is evidenced by a writing or writings containing the essential terms of a purchase and sale agreement and signed by the party against whom the contract is to be enforced. If there is no written agreement, a court of equity can specifically enforce an oral agreement to convey only if the part performance doctrine is satisfied. In most jurisdictions, part performance is proven when the purchaser pays the purchase price, has possession of the land and makes improvements on the land, all with the permission of the seller. No jurisdiction is satisfied by payment of the purchase price alone.[3]
Under common law, the statute of frauds also applies to contract modifications. For example, in an oral agreement for the lease of a car, immediately after taking possession the lessor may decides that he really likes the car and make an oral offer to the lessee to extend the term of the lease by six months. Although neither agreement alone comes under the statute of frauds, the oral extension modifies the original contract to make it a fifteen-month lease, thereby bringing it under the statute as the contract now exceeds twelve months in duration. In theory, the same principle works in reverse as well, such that an agreement to reduce a lease from fifteen months to nine months would not require a writing. However, many jurisdictions have enacted statutes that require a writing for such situations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Raising the defense
3 Exceptions
4 Canada
5 Ireland
6 United Kingdom
6.1 England and Wales
6.2 Scotland
7 United States
7.1 State laws
7.2 Uniform Commercial Code
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Terminology[edit]
The term statute of frauds comes from an Act of the Parliament of England (29 Chas. 2 c. 3) passed in 1677 (authored by Lord Nottingham assisted by Sir Matthew Hale, Sir Francis North and Sir Leoline Jenkins.[4] and passed by the Cavalier Parliament), the title of which is An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries.[5] Many common law jurisdictions have made similar statutory provisions, while a number of civil law jurisdictions have equivalent legislation incorporated into their civil codes. The original English statute itself may still be in effect in a number of Canadian provinces, depending on the constitutional or reception statute of English law, and any subsequent legislative developments.[citation needed]
Raising the defense[edit]
A defendant in a contract case who wants to use the statute of frauds as a defense must raise it as an affirmative defense in a timely manner.[6] The burden of proving that a written contract exists comes into play only when a statute of frauds defense is raised by the defendant.
Exceptions[edit]
An agreement may be enforced even if it does not comply with the statute of frauds in the following situations:
Admission of the existence of a contract by the defendant under oath.[7]
A statute of frauds defense may also be affected by a showing of part performance by proving the existence of one of two different conditions. If the parties have taken action in reliance on the agreement, as in the case Riley v. Capital Airlines, Inc., the court held that part performance does not take an executory portion of a contract out of the statute of frauds. Each performance constitutes a contract that falls outside the Statute of Frauds and was enforceable to the extent it is executed. However, the unexecuted portion of the contract falls within the Statute of Frauds and is unenforceable. As a result, only the executed portion of the contract can be recovered, and the doctrine of part performance does not remove the contract from the statute. On the other hand, the court, in Schwedes v. Romain, held that partial performance and grounds for estoppel can make the contract effective.
Promissory estoppel can be applied in many but not all jurisdictions when the charging party detrimentally relies on the otherwise unenforceable contract.[8] In England and Wales, the circumstances where promissory estoppel may be used to overcome the statute are limited,[9] and some jurisdictions deny this possibility altogether.
The "main purpose rule" as it relates to guarantee or suretyship type contracts: where the promisor's promise to answer for the debt of another is made mainly for the promisor's own economic advantage, then it is a primary promise, and enforceable even without a writing.
Easements by implication: easements, which are agreements that permit the use of real estate by someone who has no property interest in the land, may be created by operation of law rather than by written instrument. This may happen where, for example, a piece of land is partitioned between owners and pre-existing utilities routes or access paths that would otherwise be trespassory over one of the plots is reasonably necessary for enjoyment of the other plot. In such case, the pre-existing use must be apparent and continuous at the time of the partition for an easement to be created by implication. The implied easement constitutes an interest in land that does not require a writing to be enforceable.
In the United States, for contracts for the sale of goods that fall under the Uniform Commercial Code, additional exceptions may apply:
Merchant confirmation rule. If one merchant sends a writing sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds to another merchant and the receiving merchant has reason to know of the contents of the sent confirmation and does not object to the confirmation within 10 days, the confirmation is good to satisfy the statute as to both parties, even if the confirmation was not signed by the party to be charged.[10]
The goods were specially manufactured for the buyer and the seller either 1) began manufacturing them, or 2) entered into a third party contract for their manufacture, and the manufacturer cannot without undue burden sell the goods to another person in the seller's ordinary course of business: for example, T-shirts with a Little League baseball team logo or wall-to-wall carpeting for an odd-sized room.[11]
Canada[edit]
The Statute of Frauds recites that it was enacted for the “. . . prevention of many fraudulent practices which are commonly endeavored to be upheld by perjury . . .”. The mischief arising from claimants asserting oral agreements was to be avoided by requiring that certain contracts be evidenced by “some memorandum or note thereof . . . in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith . . .”. Contracts respecting land “created by livery and seisen only or by parole” would not be enforced absent such a writing.[citation needed]
It quickly became apparent to the common law judges that the Statute might itself become an instrument of fraud (or at least injustice) if it was strictly enforced with respect to contracts that were wholly or partly performed.[12]
The courts developed the concept of “part performance” as an exception. If a contract concerning land was partly performed, that could displace the need for a note or memorandum in writing signed by the party to be charged.
It was one thing to create an exception that displaced the need for a memorandum in writing, but something else to completely nullify the Statute’s operation. The thrust of the Statute was that contracts concerning land could not be proved by parol evidence alone. Thus, part performance might be an exception, but it could not, in effect, mean that the underlying contract could be proven by parol evidence. In developing the “part performance” exception, a balancing of the competing considerations was required. An important factor in the case law became that the part performance must be “unequivocally” related to the alleged contract.[13]
Ireland[edit]
The Statute of Frauds was passed in 1695 in Ireland.[14] The statute is one of the few pre-Independence laws that survived the Statute Law Revision (Pre-1922) Act 2005 and the Statute Law Revision Act 2007, and remains largely in force today.
Some effects of the law have been softened by equity, for example the requirement that all contracts for sale of land be evidenced in writing can be circumvented by reliance on the doctrine of part performance.
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
The Statute of Frauds[15] (1677) was largely repealed in England and Wales by the Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954 (2 & 3 Eliz 2 c 34). The only provision of it that is still extant is that part of Section 4[16] which provides that contracts of guarantee (surety for another's debt) are unenforceable unless evidenced in writing. This requirement is subject to section 3 of the Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856[17] (19 & 20 Vict 97) which provides that the consideration for the guarantee need not appear in writing or by necessary inference from a written document.
Section 6[18] of the Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828[19] (9 Geo 4 c 14) (commonly known as Lord Tenterden's Act)[20] was enacted to prevent section 4 of the 1677 Act being circumvented by bringing an action for the tort of deceit (the tort in Freeman v. Palsey[21]).
The provision in section 4 that related to contracts for the sale of land was repealed by Schedule 7 to the Law of Property Act 1925 (15 Geo 5 c 20), however the requirement that contracts for the sale of land be evidenced in writing was maintained by section 40 of that Act,[22] subsequently replaced by section 2[23] of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 (c 34).
Scotland[edit]
Section 6 of the Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856[24] was derived from those parts of section 4 of the Statute of Frauds (1677) which relate to contracts of guarantee and from section 6 of the Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828.
It was repealed on 1 August 1995[25][26] by the Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995, sections 14(2)[27] and Schedule 5[28] (with ss. 9(3)(5)(7), 13, 14(3)).
United States[edit]
State laws[edit]
Every state has a statute that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing and signed by the party to be charged. The most common requirements are for contracts that involve the sale or transfer of land, and contracts that cannot be completed within one year.[29] When the statute of frauds applies, a typical statute requires that the writing commemorating the agreement identify the contracting parties, recite the subject matter of the contract so that it is reasonably identifiable, and include the important terms and conditions of agreement.[30]
The statute of frauds in various states comes in two types:
those that follow the English Statute and provide that "no action shall be brought" on the contract or the contract "shall not be enforced"
Those that declare contracts "void"[31]
Uniform Commercial Code[edit]
In addition to general statutes of frauds, under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), every state except Louisiana has adopted an additional statute of frauds that relates to the sale of goods. Pursuant to the UCC, contracts for the sale of goods where the price equals $500 or more fall under the statute of frauds, with the exceptions for professional merchants performing their normal business transactions, and for any custom-made items designed for one specific buyer.[32]
The application of the statute of frauds to dealings between merchants has been modified by provisions of the UCC. There is a "catch-all" provision in the UCC for personal property not covered by any other specific law,[33] stating that a contract for the sale of such property where the purchase price exceeds $500 is not enforceable unless memorialized by a signed writing. The most recent UCC revision increases the triggering point for the UCC Statute of Frauds to $5,000, but states have been slow to amend their versions of the statute to increase the trigger point.
For purposes of the UCC, a defendant who admits the existence of the contract in his pleadings, under oath in a deposition or affidavit, or at trial, may not use the statute of frauds as a defense. However, a statute of frauds defense may still be available under a state's the general statute.
With respect to securities transactions, the Uniform Commercial Code has abrogated the statute of frauds.[34] The drafters of the most recent revision commented that "with the increasing use of electronic means of communication, the statute of frauds is unsuited to the realities of the securities business."
See also[edit]
Oral contract
Parol evidence rule
Quia Emptores
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Drachsler, Leo M. (1958). "The British Statute of Frauds - British Reform and American Experience". Section of International and Comparative Law Bulletin. 3 (24).
Jump up ^ The list of contracts that fall under a traditional statute of frauds can be remembered by using the mnemonic "MY LEGS": Marriage, contracts for more than one Year, Land, Executor (or Estate), Goods ($500.00 or more), Surety.
Jump up ^ Restatement (Second) of the Law of Contracts § 129. American Law Institute.
Jump up ^ Cosgigan Jr., George P. (1913). "The Date and Authorship of Statute of Frauds". Harvard Law Review. 26: 329 at 334–42. doi:10.2307/1326318.
Jump up ^ 'Charles II, 1677: An Act for prevention of Frauds and Perjuryes.', Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628-80 (1991), pp. 839-42. "Report". Retrieved 6 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Herbert, M.J. (Summer 1992). "Procedure and Promise: Rethinking the Admissions Exception to the Statute of Frauds under UCC Articles 2, 2A, and 8". Oklahoma Law Review. 45 (2): 203. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ U.C.C. 2-201(3)(b)
Jump up ^ Summers, Lionel Morgan (1931). "The Doctrine of Estoppel Applied to the Statute of Frauds". University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register. 79 (4): 440–464. JSTOR 3307890.
Jump up ^ Actionstrength Ltd (t/a Vital Resources) v. International Glass Engineering In.Gl.En. SpA & Ors [2003] UKHL 17, [2003] 2 AC 541 (3 April 2003)
Jump up ^ U.C.C. 2-201(2)
Jump up ^ U.C.C. 2-201(3)(a)
Jump up ^ "Hill v. Nova Scotia (Attorney General) (1997)". CanLII. lexum. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Deglman v Guaranty Trust Co. of Canada and Constantineau, [1954] S.C.R. 725 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2738/index.do
Jump up ^ "Statute of Frauds 1695 - An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries". eISB. Government of Ireland. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ This short title was given by the Short Titles Act 1896. It is written here as printed in "The Public General Acts, 1896", HMSO, 1896.
Jump up ^ "Statute of Frauds (1677), Sec. IV". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856, Sec. 3". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828, Sec. 6". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archive. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ This short title was given by the Short Titles Act 1896
Jump up ^ Clerk and Lindsell on Torts, 16th Edition, 1989, Sweet and Maxwell, paragraph 18-41, at page 1036
Jump up ^ (1789) 3TR 51
Jump up ^ "Law of Property Act 1925, Sec. 40". legislation.gov.uk. National Archive. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989, Sec. 2". legislation.co.uk. The National Archive. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856, c. 60, s. VI". Legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives.
Jump up ^ "Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archive. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archive. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995, Sec. 14". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archive. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995, Schedule 5". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archive. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff, LII (6 August 2007). "Statute of frauds".
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (20 May 2016). "The Statute of Frauds and Contract Law". ExpertLaw. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ 3 Williston, Contracts §§526, 527 (3d ed. Jager 1960)
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-201
Jump up ^ UCC § 1-206
Jump up ^ UCC § 8-319
External links[edit]
Statute of Frauds definition at UCC § 2-201
Text of the Statute of Frauds 1677 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Last accessed:22:04, Friday September 30, 2011 (UTC)
"Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628-80 (1819), pp. 839-42". Retrieved 9 April 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_frauds&oldid=815508673"
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text:
Joseph Kearns
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Joseph Kearns
Born
(1907-02-12)February 12, 1907
Salt Lake City, Utah
Died
February 17, 1962(1962-02-17) (aged 55)
Los Angeles, California
Cause of death
Cerebral hemorrhage
Resting place
Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills
Alma mater
University of Utah
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1930s–1962
Joseph Sherrard Kearns[1] (February 12, 1907 – February 17, 1962) was an American actor, who is best remembered for his role as George Wilson ("Mr. Wilson") in the CBS television series Dennis the Menace from 1959 until his death in 1962, and for providing the voice of the Doorknob in the animated Disney film, Alice in Wonderland.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Radio
2.2 Film career
2.3 Television
2.3.1 Dennis the Menace
2.4 Personal life
3 Death
4 Selected filmography
5 References
6 External links
7 External video links
Early life[edit]
Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, Kearns moved with his family to California when he was very young. His mother was Cordelia M. Kearns (née Peterson; 1877–1962), a concert pianist, from whom Kearns derived his love of music.[1] He and his family were strict Mormons, whose ancestors were Mormon pioneers.[2] His acting career began in 1916 when he joined 'The Rising Generation", a vaudeville troupe of eleven children that toured for 14 months.[1] He briefly tried his hand at wool buying and worked for his father for a year. Kearns traveled the West as a representative of Howell, Jones and Donnell of Boston. His wool-buying career came to an abrupt end when Kearns purchased five boxcars full of black wool from a breed called Karakul for $8,000. The problem was that black wool could not be dyed and no one knew how to use it in those days. After this fiasco, Kearns gladly gave up the wool business and pursued a show business career.[1]
Career[edit]
Radio[edit]
Kearns joined the staff of radio station KSL in Salt Lake City in 1930 remaining there until 1936 when he moved to Los Angeles. Kearns began his acting career in radio in the 1930s (playing the Crazyquilt Dragon in the serial The Cinnamon Bear), becoming active during the 1940s, with appearances on the shows The Adventures of Sam Spade, Burns and Allen, The Whistler, and dozens of other shows. On Suspense, he was almost a mainstay, heard regularly as the host "The Man in Black" in the early years, announcing many episodes in the later run, and playing supporting and occasional lead roles in hundreds of shows throughout the series' tenure in Hollywood, from judges to kindly old-timers to cowards.[citation needed]He also appeared on The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, playing various different characters including Professor Moriarty and even Dr. Watson.[3]
Kearns played Ed, the security guard for Jack Benny's underground money vault, on The Jack Benny Program. The 'running gag' was that Benny had kept Ed on duty at the vault's door so long that the guard was not conversant with current events. When Benny informed him that "The War (World War II) had ended," Ed asked whether the "North" or the "South" had won, assuming that the American Civil War was the war Benny referred to.[citation needed] He played numerous parts on the Benny show, including an IRS Agent. ('NO ONE yells at a tax collector, Mr. Benny!") He appeared in regular roles on The Mel Blanc Show (as the cantankerous father of Mel's on-air girl friend, Betty, played by Mary Jane Croft) and The Harold Peary Show as Old Doc Yak-Yak. He also played numerous comedic parts on Judy Canova's radio show, including her "dumb boyfriend", Lukey.[4]
Film career[edit]
Kearns made his film debut in Hard, Fast and Beautiful (1951). He was the voice of the Doorknob in Disney's animated film, Alice in Wonderland (1951). Kearns appeared in other movies, making his final film appearance as the crime photographer in Anatomy of a Murder (1959).[4]
Television[edit]
Joseph Kearns (right) with the cast of Dennis the Menace (1960)
On television, Kearns reprised his radio roles on The Jack Benny Program and also appeared with Eve Arden and Richard Crenna in Our Miss Brooks (1953–55), first as Assistant Superintendent Michaels and later (in eight episodes) as Superintendent Stone, a role that he had played on radio.[4]
He appeared on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show a total of 11 times, Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet a total of 16 times, I Love Lucy, My Little Margie, Perry Mason, I Married Joan, December Bride, It's a Great Life, Angel, Gunsmoke, and General Electric Theater. Kearns played Fred on Professional Father. In 1959 Kearns appeared as criminologist Edward Langley in the Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Perjured Parrot".[4]
Dennis the Menace[edit]
Kearns' final role was as George Wilson, the grouchy, cantankerous neighbor in CBS's Dennis the Menace based on the comic strip by Hank Ketcham. After his death, Kearns was replaced in the cast by Gale Gordon, who played George Wilson's brother John. Kearns and Gordon had worked together prior to Dennis the Menace, on the old radio show The Cinnamon Bear.[4]
In the last episode that aired before Kearns' death, episode 89 entitled "Where There's a Will", the story dealt with Mr. Wilson making out a will and explaining that Dennis would inherit his gold watch when he dies. The last episode Kearns filmed was titled "The Man Next Door", episode 100, and shown on May 6, 1962. Sylvia Field as George's wife, Martha, remained for a few more broadcasts, with John Wilson appearing in episode 103, "John Wilson's Cushion", which aired on May 27, 1962. There were references to George being 'back east' in subsequent shows. While Kearns was still filming episodes, the show introduced Edward Everett Horton as George's Uncle Ned, beginning with episode 90. Horton subsequently appeared twice more. In season four, Field was replaced in the cast by Sara Seegar, playing John Wilson's wife, Eloise.[citation needed]
Personal life[edit]
Kearns never married nor had any children. Describing himself as a night owl who hated to get up early in the morning, Kearns enjoyed cooking, reading novels, writing, traveling, going to the movies, and playing cards in his spare time. He was a member of the exclusive Societe des Gentilhommes Chefs de Cuisine, a club for the gentlemen chefs. The members traded original recipes with other club members. Kearns also wrote plays and scripts for his various radio shows. His favorite hobby was playing the organ. Kearns, who was musically trained by his mother, had played the pipe organ for a Los Angeles theatre in the 1930s. Kearns purchased a Hammond organ and installed it in a studio apartment he designed and built in the 1940s.[5] He later purchased a larger 26 rank Wurlizter organ that had been designed for Warner Brothers in 1929. He then designed and built a soundproof 2-1/2 story home around the organ. Kearns delighted in playing the organ for his guests.[1]
Death[edit]
Kearns suffered a cerebral hemorrhage[6] on February 11, 1962, during the third season of Dennis the Menace. He was hospitalized but never regained consciousness and died on February 17, 1962, five days after he had turned 55. He was buried at the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles.
Selected filmography[edit]
The Hucksters (1947) - Radio Voice (uncredited)
Hard, Fast and Beautiful (1951) - J.R. Carpenter
Alice in Wonderland (1951) - Doorknob (voice)
Daddy Long Legs (1955) - Guide (uncredited)
Our Miss Brooks (1956) - Mr. Stone
Storm Center (1956) - Mr. Morrisey
The Girl Most Likely (1958) - Mr. Schlom, Bank Manager (uncredited)
The Gift of Love (1958) - Mr. Rynicker
Anatomy of a Murder (1959) - Lloyd Burke
How to Marry a Millionaire (1957–1959, TV series) - Mr. Augustus P. Tobey
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Menaced by Dennis", TV Guide (om the July 15–21, 1961_, Savetheorgan.org; retrieved September 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.radiospirits.com/email/joseph_kearns_020415.asp?pcode=T02NC001
Jump up ^ Gordon, Shirley (June 3, 1945). "Microphones Are His Meat". Radio Life.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Joseph Kearns on IMDb
Jump up ^ Buchanan, Joan (March 23, 1947). "Kearns Carries On". Radio Life.
Jump up ^ "New menace for Dennis". Broadcasting. February 26, 1962. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Joseph Kearns on IMDb
Joseph Kearns at Find a Grave
External video links[edit]
Video Kellogg's commercial Joseph Kearns & Sylvia Field - 1959 on YouTube
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