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Sea captain
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Sea captain
The master works with the harbour pilot, the chief mate and an able seaman during inner navigation aboard the vessel Kristina Regina.
General
Other names
ship's captain, ship's master, shipmaster, captain, master and other admittable variants
Department
Senior deck officer
Reports to
Ship's Flag State Authorities, sea's, coasts' and ports' State Authorities, owner and charterer
Location
At sea
Licensed
Yes
Duties
In charge of a merchant ship.
Requirements
master's license or extra master's license or commissioned officer
Watchstanding
Watchstander
If needs
A sea captain, ship's captain, captain, master, or shipmaster, is a high-grade licensed mariner in ultimate command of the merchant vessel.[1] The captain is responsible for its safe and efficient operation, including: ship's seaworthiness, ship's safety and security conditions, cargo operations, navigation, crew management and ensuring that the vessel complies with local and international laws, as well as company and flag state policies. All persons on board, particularly during navigation, including, public authorities, state authorities, officers and crew, other shipboard staff members, passengers, guests and pilots, are under the captain's authority and are his or her ultimate responsibility.
Contents
[hide]
1 Duties and functions
2 Responsibilities
2.1 Performing marriages
3 Licensing
3.1 United States
4 Employment
4.1 United Kingdom
4.2 United States
5 Uniform
6 Related terms
6.1 Master mariner
6.2 Captain's seniority
6.3 Master
6.4 Skipper
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Duties and functions[edit]
A ship's captain commands and manages all ship's personnel, and is typically in charge of the ship's accounting, payrolls, and inventories. The captain is responsible for compliance with immigration and customs regulations, maintaining the ship's certificates and documentation, compliance with the vessel's security plan, as mandated by the International Maritime Organization. The captain is responsible for responding to and reporting in case of accidents and incidents, and in case of injuries and illness among the ship's crew and passengers.
Responsibilities[edit]
The captain ensures that the ship complies with local and international laws and complies also with company policies.[1] The captain is ultimately responsible, under the law, for aspects of operation such as the safe navigation of the ship,[2] its cleanliness and seaworthiness,[3] safe handling of all cargo,[4] management of all personnel,[5] inventory of ship's cash and stores,[6] and maintaining the ship's certificates and documentation.[7]
One of a shipmaster's particularly important duties is to ensure compliance with the vessel's security plan, as required by the International Maritime Organization's ISPS Code.[8] The plan, customized to meet the needs of each individual ship, spells out duties including conducting searches and inspections,[9] maintaining restricted spaces,[9] and responding to threats from terrorists, hijackers, pirates, and stowaways.[10] The security plan also covers topics such as refugees and asylum seekers, smuggling, and saboteurs.[11]
On ships without a purser, the captain is in charge of the ship's accounting.[12] This includes ensuring an adequate amount of cash on board,[13] coordinating the ship's payroll (including draws and advances),[14] and managing the ship's slop chest.[15]
On international voyages, the captain is responsible for satisfying requirements of the local immigration and customs officials.[16] Immigration issues can include situations such as embarking and disembarking passengers,[17] handling crewmembers who desert the ship,[18] making crew-changes in port,[19] and making accommodations for foreign crewmembers.[20] Customs requirements can include the master providing a cargo declaration, a ship's stores declaration, a declaration of crewmembers' personal effects, crew lists and passenger lists.[21]
The captain has special responsibilities when the ship or its cargo are damaged, when the ship causes damage to other vessels or facilities, and in the case of injury or death of a crewmember or passenger. The master acts as a liaison to local investigators[22] and is responsible for providing complete and accurate logbooks, reports, statements and evidence to document an incident.[23] Specific examples of the ship causing external damage include collisions with other ships or with fixed objects, grounding the vessel, and dragging anchor.[24] Some common causes of cargo damage include heavy weather, water damage, pilferage, and damage caused during loading/unloading by the stevedores.[25] Finally, the master is responsible to address any medical issues affecting the passengers and crew by providing medical care as possible, cooperating with shore-side medical personnel, and, if necessary, evacuating those who need more assistance than can be provided on board the ship.[26]
Performing marriages[edit]
There is a common belief that ship captains have historically been, and currently are, able to perform marriages. Although this depends on the country of registry, ship captains are not, and have never been, permitted to perform marriages in the US.
The United States Navy defined a captain’s powers in its 1913 Code of Regulations, specifically stating: "The commanding officer shall not perform a marriage ceremony on board his ship or aircraft. He shall not permit a marriage ceremony to be performed on board when the ship or aircraft is outside the territory of the United States" with the exceptions being "in accordance with local laws and the laws of the state, territory, or district in which the parties are domiciled" and "In the presence of a diplomatic or consular official of the United States, who has consented to issue the certificates and make the returns required by the consular regulations." There are a few contradictory legal precedents: courts didn’t recognize a shipboard marriage in California's 1898 Norman v. Norman but did in New York's 1929 Fisher v. Fisher (notwithstanding the absence of municipal laws so carried) and in 1933's Johnson v. Baker, an Oregon court ordered the payment of death benefits to a widow because she had established that her marriage at sea was lawful.
New Jersey's 1919 Bolmer v. Edsall said a shipboard marriage ceremony is governed by the laws of the nation where ownership of the vessel lies.
In the United Kingdom, the captain of a merchant ship has never been permitted to perform marriages, although from 1854 any which took place had to be reported in the ship's log.[27][28]
In other countries of ship's registry, the legal situation varies. Most do not permit performance of a marriage by the master of a ship at sea. Filipino and Spanish law, as narrow exceptions, recognise a marriage in articulo mortis (on the point of death) solemnized by the captain of a ship or chief of an aeroplane during a voyage, or by the commanding officer of a military unit.[29][30] Japan allows ship captains to perform a marriage ceremony at sea, but only for Japanese citizens. Malta and[31] Bermuda permit captains of ships registered in their jurisdictions to perform marriages at sea. Princess Cruises, whose ships are registered in Bermuda, has used this as a selling point for their cruises since 1998.[32] In 2011, Cunard announced its intention to move the registration of “Queen Mary 2″, “Queen Victoria” and “Queen Elizabeth” from Southampton, in the United Kingdom, to Bermuda.[33]
Some captains obtain other credentials (such as ordination as ministers of religion or accreditation as notaries public), which allow them to perform marriages in some jurisdictions where they would otherwise not be permitted to do so.[34] Another possibility is a wedding on a ship in port, under the authority of an official from that port.
In works of fiction, ship captains have performed marriages in various media, including the 1951 film The African Queen, and episodes of The Love Boat, How I Met Your Mother, The Office (U.S. TV series) and various Star Trek series.[34]
Licensing[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
United States[edit]
A ship's captain must have a number of qualifications, including a license.
To become a master of vessels of any gross tons upon oceans in the United States, one must first accumulate at least 360 days of service (Recency – 90 days in the past three years on vessels of appropriate tonnage) while holding a chief mate's license. The chief mate's license, in turn, requires at least 360 days of service (Recency – 90 days in the past three years on vessels of appropriate tonnage) while holding a second mate's license, passing a battery of examinations, and approximately 13 weeks of classes. Similarly, one must have worked as a third mate for 360 days (Recency – 90 days in the past three years on vessels of appropriate tonnage) to have become a second mate.
There are two methods to attain an unlimited third mate's license in the United States: to attend a specialized training institution, or to accumulate "sea time" and take a series of training classes and examinations.[35]
Training institutions that can lead to a third mate's license include the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy (deck curriculum), and the six state maritime academies in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, or California or the Great Lakes Maritime Academy, or a three-year apprentice mate training program approved by the Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard. Furthermore, third mate's licenses can be obtained through the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and the U.S. Naval Academy with approved courses and requisite sea time as an Officer in Charge of a Navigational Watch.
A seaman may start the process of obtaining a license after three years of service in the deck department on ocean steam or motor vessels, at least six months of which as able seaman, boatswain, or quartermaster. Then the seaman takes required training courses, and completes on-board assessments. Finally, the mariner can apply to the United States Coast Guard for a third mate's license.
An alternate method of obtaining a license as a master of vessels of any gross tons upon oceans, without sailing as a third, second, or chief mate, is to obtain one year of sea service as a 1st class pilot of any gross tons or mate of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters. Then pass an examination for the license of master of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters. A master of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters may, without any additional sea service, take the examination for master of vessels of any gross tons upon near coastal waters. If the candidate does not already have sufficient deep sea experience he may with six months of additional sea service, in any licensed capacity, take a partial examination consisting primarily of celestial navigation and have the near coastal restriction removed. 46CFR 11.403
A master of 1,600 ton vessels can, under certain circumstances, begin the application process for an unlimited third mate's license.[citation needed]
Some employers offer financial assistance to pay for the training for their employees. Otherwise, the mariner is responsible for the cost of the required training. A Chief Mate to Master formal training generally takes about 12 weeks and provides the knowledge, skills and other soft skills training to take on the duties and responsibilities.[36]
Various US states require and issue shipmaster or captain licenses in order to be employed in operating a vessel for hire, while navigating within "non-federal" waters. (Such as a lake or river charter boat "skipper"). Most states honor a USCG master's certificate as an alternative to their state licensing. These state licenses certify that the captain has given satisfactory evidence that he/she can safely be entrusted with the duties and responsibilities of operating or navigating passenger carrying vessels of the tonnage and upon the waters specified. The state licensed captains command vessels that range from small uninspected vessels to large excursion vessels that carry over 100 passengers, so the licenses are not issued haphazardly. For example, see Washington State's Certification of Charter Boats and Operators licenses.[37]
Employment[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
As of 2008, the U.K. Learning and Skills Council lists annual salaries for senior deck officers as ranging from £22,000 to over £50,000 per year.[38] The Council characterizes job opportunities for senior deck officers as "generally good" and expects a "considerable increase" in the job market over the next few years.[38]
United States[edit]
As of 2013, captains of U.S.-flagged deep sea vessels make up to US$1500 per day, or US$80,000 to US$300,000 per year.[39] Captains of smaller vessels in the inland and coastal trade earn between US$350 and US$700 per day, or US$65,000 to $180,000 per year.[39] Captains of large ferries average US$56,794 annually.[39]
In 2005, 3,393 mariners held active unlimited master's licenses.[40] 87 held near-coastal licenses with unlimited tonnage, 291 held unlimited tonnage master's licenses on inland and Great Lakes waters, while 1,044 held unlimited licenses upon inland waters only.[40] Some 47,163 active masters licenses that year had tonnage restrictions, well over half of those being for near-coastal vessels of up to 100 tons gross tonnage.[40]
As of 2006, some 34,000 people were employed as captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels in the United States.[41] The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 18% growth in this occupation, expecting demand for 40,000 shipmasters in 2016.[41]
Uniform[edit]
A captain's insignia that features the "executive curl."
Uniforms are still worn aboard many ships, or aboard any vessels of traditional and organized navigation companies, and are required by company regulation on passenger and cruise vessels.
In the passenger-carrying trade a unified corporate image is often desired and it is useful for those unfamiliar with the vessel to be able to identify members of the crew and their function. Some companies and some countries use an executive curl similar to that of the Royal Navy.
In the United States, and in numerous other maritime countries, captains and officers of shipping companies may wear a merchant navy or merchant marine regular uniform in conjunction with their employment.
Related terms[edit]
Master mariner[edit]
Main article: Master Mariner
Captain's seniority[edit]
In a few countries, such as UK, USA and Italy, some captains with particular experience in navigation and command at sea, may be named commodore or senior captain or shipmaster senior grade.
Master[edit]
The term master is descended from the Latin magister[disambiguation needed] navis, used during the imperial Roman age to designate the nobleman (patrician) who was in ultimate authority on board a vessel. The magister navis had the right to wear the laurus or corona laurèa and the corona navalis. Carrying on this tradition, the modern-day shipmaster of some nations wears golden laurel leaves or golden oak leaves on the visor of his cap.
Skipper[edit]
A skipper is a person who has command of a boat or seacraft or tug, more or less equivalent to "captain in charge aboard ship." At sea, or upon lakes and rivers, the skipper as shipmaster or captain has command over the whole crew. The skipper may or may not be the owner of the boat.
The word is derived from the Dutch word schipper; schip is Dutch for "ship". In Dutch sch- is pronounced [sx] and English-speakers rendered this as [sk].
The word "skipper" is used more than "captain" for some types of craft, for example fishing boats.
It is also more frequently used than captain with privately owned noncommercial or semi-commercial vessels, such as small yachts and other recreational boats, mostly in cases where the person in command of the boat may not be a licensed or professional captain, suggesting the term is less formal. In the U.S., a "skipper" who is in command of a charter vessel that carries paying passengers must be licensed by a state or the USCG. If the vessel carries over six paying passengers, it must be an "inspected vessel" and a higher class license must be obtained by the skipper/master depending on the vessel's gross tons.
In the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, and merchant naval slang, it is a term used in reference to the commanding officer of any ship, base, or other command regardless of rank. It is generally only applied to someone who has earned the speaker's respect, and only used with the permission of the commander/commanding officer in question.
Skipper RNR was an actual rank used in the British Royal Naval Reserve for skippers of fishing boats who were members of the service. It was equivalent to Warrant Officer. Skippers could also be promoted to Chief Skipper RNR (equivalent to Commissioned Warrant Officer) and Skipper Lieutenant RNR.
See also[edit]
Nautical portal
The captain goes down with the ship
Bottomry
Maritime pilot
List of sea captains
Category:Fictional captains
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.3.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.4.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.5.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.7.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.7-11.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.11-12.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.13-15.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.97.
^ Jump up to: a b Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.100-101.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.103-111.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.110-114.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.209.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.210-211.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.211-223.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.223-225.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.175-208.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.208.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.206-207.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.207.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.204, 206, 208.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.183-187.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.46-47.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.47-49.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.52-61.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.65-69.
Jump up ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.77-89.
Jump up ^ "Looking for records of a birth, marriage or death at sea or abroad". UK National Archives.
Jump up ^ BT 334/117, Register of marriages at sea (1854-1972), UK Board of Trade, archived at The National Archives, Kew lists 219 marriages recorded in ship's logbooks, most performed at sea by chaplains or ministers of religion; their legal status nonetheless remains uncertain.
Jump up ^ "G.R. No. 158298". Supreme Court of the Philippines.
Jump up ^ "Código Civil: Libro I: Título IV". civil.udg.es. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
Jump up ^ "British couples could soon marry on Cunard cruise liners crossing the Atlantic". Daily Mail (UK).
Jump up ^ "Princess Cruises' Nautical Nuptials Offer Romantic Start to a Life Together : Princess Cruises". www.princess.com.
Jump up ^ "Cunard Says 'I Do' To Weddings, Bermuda". Bernews.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Marriage at Sea? Get Me Rewrite". The New York Times. 2 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Part 10, Subpart 407".
Jump up ^ "Chief Mate Master Training".
Jump up ^ "Charter Boats". Lni.wa.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Learning and Skills Council, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pelletier, 2007, p.160.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pelletier, 2007, p.45.
^ Jump up to: a b Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008-2009, p. 4.
References[edit]
Aragon, James R.; Messer, Tuuli Anna (2001). Master's handbook on ship's business. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-531-6.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (U.S.A.) (2014). "Water Transportation Occupations". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
Commonwealth of Australia (2008). "Ship's Master". Job Guide. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
Hayler, William B. (2003). American Merchant Seaman's Manual. Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-549-9.
International Maritime Organization (1995) [1978]. "II: Standards Regarding the Master and Deck Department". International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978. Section A–II/1.
Learning and Skills Council (2005). "Merchant Navy Deck Officer Job Profile". Careers Advice Website. London: United Kingdom. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Pelletier, James Laurence (2007). Mariner's Employment Guide. Augusta, Maine: Marine Techniques. ISBN 0-9644915-0-8.
Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-056-X.
External links[edit]
Master mariner associations
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea captain.
Site where you can meet captains from around the world
List of current Master Mariners on Crewtoo.
The International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots
The Council of American Master Mariners
The Honourable Company of Master Mariners
The Company of Master Mariners of Australia
The Irish Institute of Master Mariners
The Company of Master Mariners of Canada
The Company of Master Mariners of Sri Lanka
The European Professional Association of "Capitani Marittimi d'Italia"
The International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations (IFSMA)
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Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)
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Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)
Promotional poster
Starring
Clark Gregg
Ming-Na Wen
Chloe Bennet
Iain De Caestecker
Elizabeth Henstridge
Henry Simmons
Natalia Cordova-Buckley
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
ABC
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes
The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement, and Logistics Division), revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in deep space. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The season is produced by ABC Studios, Marvel Television, and Mutant Enemy Productions, with Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners.
The season was ordered in May 2017. Alongside Clark Gregg, who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, principal cast members Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons, while Natalia Cordova-Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three.
The fifth season is set to begin airing on December 1, 2017, after Marvel's Inhumans has finished airing its episodes, and run for 22 episodes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Notable guests
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing
3.3 Casting
3.4 Design
3.5 Filming
3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins
4 Release
4.1 Broadcast
4.2 Marketing
5 References
6 External links
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
89
1 TBA Jesse Bochco Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)[1] TBD
Clark Gregg will direct the sixth episode in the season.[2]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters
Main[edit]
Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson[3]
Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May[3]
Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake[4]
Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz[3]
Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons[3]
Henry Simmons as Alphonso "Mack" MacKenzie[3]
Natalia Cordova-Buckley as Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez[5]
Recurring[edit]
Jeff Ward[6]
Notable guests[edit]
Nick Blood as Lance Hunter[7]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In January 2017, ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season, ABC's Channing Dungey said that she was "very bullish" about S.H.I.E.L.D.'s future, feeling that "the episodes just keep getting better and stronger".[8] The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11, with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward,[9][10] by reducing its budget and licensing fee.[11] Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order, Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long, and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that. She added that the "show has continued to grow creatively every season. I feel like last season [was] its strongest creatively yet. I'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5."[12] It was reported that Disney, the parent company of Marvel Television, ABC Studios, and ABC, had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. "despite the desire by some at the network to end the series".[13]
Writing[edit]
In May 2017, ahead of the fifth season renewal, showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season, and that it would be "by the seat of our pants."[14] The season will also explore the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider. Additionally, the season will continue to explore the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans, with Whedon stating, "The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all-time low, so we have not resolved that, and there will be still more fallout from it."[15]
Regarding if they would break the season up into pods again as with season four, executive producer Jeffrey Bell said, "A 22-episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto. By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods, by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down, or moving from space to space, our experience has been that it’s something the viewers enjoy, and it makes it a little easier to digest when you’re telling some of these stories." Whedon also noted it would depend on how the season would be "broken up in terms of airing. If everything is running back-to-back, it feels weird to start calling it different things... We will try to have it in bite-sized chunks."[15] The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017.[4]
Casting[edit]
Main cast members Clark Gregg, Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Daisy Johnson / Quake, Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, and Alphonso "Mack" MacKenzie, respectively.[3] Before the 2017 New York Comic-Con, it was revealed that Natalia Cordova-Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season, after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez.[5]
In August 2017, Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role.[6] A month later, it was revealed that former series regular Nick Blood would be returning to reprise his role as Lance Hunter. Blood left the series during the third season, to star on the spin-off series Marvel's Most Wanted, which never came to fruition.[7] Adrianne Palicki, who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season to star on Most Wanted with Blood, expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season, saying she "would absolutely come back" if asked.[16]
Design[edit]
After leaving the series during the fourth season, costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season, before handing over to Whitney Galitz, who had assisted her on the previous few seasons, and Christann Chanell.[17]
Filming[edit]
Filming for the season began on July 20, 2017.[18][19] In May 2017, Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season,[20] and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode,[21] which will be the sixth of the season. Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast "that another director probably wouldn’t have been able to because he knows the characters so well."[2]
Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]
In terms of having connections to Marvel's Inhumans, Whedon felt it was doubtful, but noted "we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of [the MCU series], so they'll start to see that there's lines connecting it. It's more fun for people who are playing the whole game, but if you don't, you'll still have a great rollercoaster ride."[22]
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
The season is set to begin airing in the United States on ABC on December 1, 2017,[2] beginning once Inhumans has finished airing its episodes.[23] It is set to run for 22 episodes.[10] The fifth season is moving to a Friday timeslot, alongside the seventh season of ABC's Once Upon a Time, with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining, "We’ve turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans. Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time, which is giving many fans of both shows what they’ve been asking for for a long time."[24] Andy Kubitz, executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC, added that ABC had "confidence that [the S.H.I.E.L.D.] core audience... [would] travel with it" to its new Friday time slot. He continued, "The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it. You've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it."[11]
Marketing[edit]
The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7, 2017, where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season.[25][2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Shows a-z - marvel's agents of shield on abc". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Agard, Chancellor (October 7, 2017). "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "ABC's "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." Star Natalia Cordova-Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series" (Press release). The Futon Critic. October 5, 2017. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Freeman, Molly (May 31, 2017). "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Writer’s Room Starts Work on Season 5". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Patten, Dominic (October 5, 2017). "'Marvel's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Ups Natalia Cordova-Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 – NY Comic-Con". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (August 4, 2017). "‘Marvel’s Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D.’: Jeff Ward Set To Recur In Season 5". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Abrams, Natalie (September 8, 2017). "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette (January 10, 2017). "ABC chief addresses Scandal-free fall lineup and the future of OUAT". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Leslie (May 11, 2017). "ABC Renews 'Agents of SHIELD,' 'American Housewife,' 'Designated Survivor'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, Michael (May 16, 2017). "ABC Fall Schedule: Once Bumped to Friday, black-ish Shifts to Tuesday, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. M.I.A.". TV Line. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldberg, Lesley; McClintock, Pamela (September 5, 2017). "ABC's Marvel Drama 'Inhumans' Underwhelms in Imax Bow". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (August 6, 2017). "ABC Boss On Marvel's Inhumans Medusa Wig Backlash, Giving Agents of SHIELD a Full Season". IGN. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Holloway, Daniel (September 27, 2017). "ABC Braces for Deep Impact With ‘Idol,’ ‘Inhuman’ Challenges". Variety. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (May 3, 2017). "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on aftermath of Framework escape". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Abrams, Natalie (May 16, 2017). "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on those shocking finale twists". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Massabrook, Nicole (October 7, 2017). "‘The Orville’ Star Adrianne Palicki Is Ready For ‘Agents Of SHIELD’ Return". International Business Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ann Foley [@@afoley24] (July 30, 2017). "I'm back for the first 2 eps & then @whitney_hg who assisted me S3 & 4 will be taking over w/ help from @Christann - They're gonna do great!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Wen, Ming-Na [@MingNa] (July 20, 2017). "First Day of school with these badass babes! We're back! Season 5 #AgentsofSHIELD" (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Tancharoen, Maurissa [@MoTancharoen] (July 20, 2017). "#TBT to last year's #comiccon. We're on Day 1 of S5 of #agentsofshield but we're with you in…" (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Gregg, Clark (May 16, 2017). "This is Clark". Reddit (/r/MarvelStudios subreddit). Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017. I may direct an episode in season 5. if I don't pass out from exhaustion just thinking about it.
Jump up ^ Gregg, Clark [@clarkgregg] (September 12, 2017). "I'm directing my first one starting this week. #DaisyDatesanAlien" (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan; McCabe, Joseph (April 7, 2017). "Agents of SHIELD boss casts doubt on crossover with Marvel's Inhumans series". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (August 6, 2017). "Here's when Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will return". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (May 16, 2017). "Why Once Upon a Time and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. are heading to Fridays". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ching, Albert (September 5, 2017). "Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD, Punisher and Runaways to NYCC". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
General references
"Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide". TV Guide. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
"Shows A-Z - Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC". The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb
Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com
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One Ring
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Ring-bearer" and "The One Ring" redirect here. For the attendant in a wedding ceremony, see Page boy (wedding attendant). For the role-playing game, see The One Ring Roleplaying Game.
This Middle-earth-related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The One Ring
Artist's unofficial representation of the One Ring
Plot element from the Lord of the Rings franchise
First appearance
The Hobbit (1937)
Created by
J. R. R. Tolkien
Genre
Fantasy
In-story information
Type
Magical ring
Function
Invisibility
Power augmentation
Will domination
Control over other Rings of Power
Specific traits and abilities
Plain gold ring; glowing inscription appears when ring is placed in flames
Affiliation
Sauron
Isildur
Déagol
Sméagol / Gollum
Bilbo Baggins
Frodo Baggins
Samwise Gamgee
Celebrimbor
The One Ring is an artefact that appears as the central plot element in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954–55). It is described in an earlier story, The Hobbit (1937), as a magic ring of invisibility. In the sequel, The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien ascribes to the Ring a darker character, with malevolent power going far beyond conferring invisibility: it was created by Sauron the Dark Lord as part of his design to win domination over Middle-earth. The Lord of the Rings concerns the quest to destroy the Ring to keep Sauron from fulfilling his design.
Contents
[hide]
1 Literature
1.1 Description
1.2 Appearance
1.2.1 Inscription
1.3 Ring-bearers
1.4 Internal history
1.5 Powers
1.6 Fate of the Ring-bearers
2 Symbolism
3 Adaptations
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Literature[edit]
In The Lord of the Rings and the posthumously published The Silmarillion, Tolkien provides a detailed internal development from the forging of the Ring to its destruction. In the fictional context of Middle-earth, these events take place during several thousand years in the Second and Third Age of Arda.
Description[edit]
The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle-earth. In disguise as Annatar, or "Lord of Gifts", he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom.[1]
Sauron intended it to be the most powerful of all Rings, able to rule and control those who wore the others. Since the other Rings were themselves powerful, Sauron was obliged to place much of his own power into the One to achieve his purpose.[2]
Creating the Ring simultaneously strengthened and weakened Sauron's power. On the one hand, as long as Sauron had the Ring, he could control the power of all the other Rings, and thus he was significantly more powerful after its creation than before;[3] and putting such a great portion of his own power into the Ring ensured Sauron's continued existence so long as the Ring existed. On the other hand, by binding his power within the Ring, Sauron became dependent on it—without it, his power was significantly diminished.[1][3]
Appearance[edit]
The Ring seemed to be made simply of gold, but it was impervious to damage. It could be destroyed only by throwing it into the pit of the volcanic Mount Doom where it was originally forged. Unlike other rings, the One Ring was not susceptible to dragon fire.[4] Like some lesser rings forged by the Elves as "essays in the craft"—but unlike the other Rings of Power—the One Ring bore no gem. Its identity could be determined by a little-known but simple test: when placed in a fire, it displayed a fiery Tengwar inscription in the Black Speech of Mordor, with two lines from a rhyme of lore describing the Rings:
Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,
Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,
Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,
One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne
In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.
One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,
One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them
In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.
The lines inscribed on the Ring (in boldface above) were pronounced by Sauron when he forged the Ring. The Elven smiths heard him chanting them, and thereupon became aware of his purpose and took off their own Rings to foil his plan.
A person wearing the Ring would enter a shadowy world revealing the physical world from a different aspect, from which physical objects were harder to see. The wearer was mostly invisible to ordinary beings, such as Men, but highly visible to the Nazgûl. The Ring dimmed the wearer's sight, while at the same time sharpening the other senses.
The enigmatic Tom Bombadil appeared to be unaffected by the Ring and to have some power over it; when he wore the Ring, it did not make him invisible, and Frodo could not become invisible to him by wearing the Ring. Also, Tom played with the Ring like a conjurer borrowing someone's watch for a trick, seemingly making it disappear and reappear.
The Ring slowly but inevitably corrupted its bearer, regardless of the bearer's initial intent. For this reason the Wise, including Gandalf, Elrond, and Galadriel, refused to wield it themselves, but determined instead that it should be destroyed. The corrupting power of the ring was apparently stronger on individuals more inclined to evil and selfishness: it took almost immediate hold of the greedy Sméagol as soon as he saw it, and corrupted Boromir after a few months of near proximity, while its effects were only starting to be seen in the well-meaning Bilbo after his sixty years' possession.
The Ring had the ability to change size. As well as adapting to fingers of varying size, from Sauron's to Frodo's, it sometimes suddenly expanded to escape from its wearer.[5]
Inscription[edit]
The words of the ring-inscription are in Black Speech, a language devised by Sauron and used in the land of Mordor. The inscription reflects the One Ring's power to control the other Rings of Power. The writing uses Elvish letters (tengwar), in a mode (i.e. orthography) adapted to the Black Speech.
Normally the One Ring appeared perfectly plain and featureless, but when heated its inscription appeared in fiery letters. A drawing of the inscription and a translation provided by Gandalf appears in Book I, Chapter 2 of The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Shadow of the Past".
Gandalf speaks the words in Black Speech in Book II, Chapter 2, "The Council of Elrond":
Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,
Ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.
Translated, the words mean:
One ring to rule them all, one ring to find them,
One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.
When Isildur took the Ring from Sauron's hand, it was burning hot, so the letters were legible. Isildur was able to transcribe the inscription before it faded as the Ring cooled. This transcription survived in a document Isildur left in Gondor before marching north to the Gladden Fields, where he was killed and the Ring lost.
Gandalf learned of the Ring's inscription when he read Isildur's account. When Gandalf subsequently heated the ring that Bilbo Baggins had left to Frodo, the inscription reappeared. The wizard then had no doubt that Frodo's ring was the One Ring. When Gandalf recited the inscription in Black Speech at the Council of Elrond, everyone trembled:
The change in the wizard's voice was astounding. Suddenly it became menacing, powerful, harsh as stone. A shadow seemed to pass over the high sun, and the porch for a moment grew dark. All trembled, and the Elves stopped their ears.
The first Ballantine paperback edition of The Fellowship of the Ring printed the inscription upside-down. Some recent editions[6] accidentally omit the first half of the translation in Book I, Chapter 2. This error was corrected in the 50th Anniversary edition.
Ring-bearers[edit]
The term Ring-bearer is used in The Lord of the Rings to describe a person who has possessed the One Ring. The term is also used to refer to bearers of other Rings of Power.
In The Lord of the Rings, Frodo Baggins was appointed Ring-bearer by the Council of Elrond in Rivendell. His task was to carry the One Ring from Rivendell to the Crack of Doom in Mordor and to destroy it before Sauron or his servants could recover it. During this journey, Frodo's companion Samwise Gamgee also carried the ring briefly while Frodo was held captive in the Tower of Cirith Ungol. Near the onset of this journey the Ring was handled also by Tom Bombadil, upon whom the Ring had no apparent effect, and by Gandalf, who cast it into Frodo's fireplace to verify that it was the One Ring.
Frodo inherited the Ring from his uncle Bilbo Baggins. In Tolkien's earlier novel, The Hobbit, Bilbo found the Ring in the caverns beneath the Misty Mountains. It had been lost in the caverns by Gollum, who used the invisibility it conferred to hunt orcs to eat. Gollum, a hobbit previously known as Sméagol, had kept the Ring for hundreds of years. He had murdered his friend Déagol to get the Ring shortly after Déagol found it in the river Anduin. Many centuries earlier the Ring had betrayed Isildur and fallen from his finger into the Anduin as he was eluding orcs—who killed him when he became visible. Isildur in turn had cut the Ring from the hand of Sauron, who had made the Ring and let much of his power flow into it. Sauron was the Ring's true master, and the only being who could bend it completely to his will.
Though Déagol and Gandalf had handled the Ring, the only individuals ever to wear it were Sauron, Isildur, Sméagol/Gollum, Bilbo, Frodo, Tom Bombadil, and Samwise. None but Bilbo, Frodo, and Samwise are actually called "Ring-bearers" in any of Tolkien's works. As Ring-bearers, they were granted passage to the Undying Lands, though Sam lived in the Shire for many years after the departure of Bilbo and Frodo before making the journey himself.
Internal history[edit]
Further information: Timeline of Arda
After its original forging (about S.A. 1600) Sauron waged the War of the Elves and Sauron against the Elves and all who opposed him. Sauron invaded and destroyed Eregion, and killed Celebrimbor, the maker of the three rings of the Elves. However, King Tar-Minastir of Númenor sent a great fleet to Middle-earth, and with this aid Gil-galad destroyed Sauron's army and forced Sauron to return to Mordor.
In S.A. 3261, Ar-Pharazôn, the last and most powerful king of Númenor, landed at Umbar at the head of an immense army to do battle with Sauron. The sheer size and might of the Númenórean army was enough to force Sauron's armies to flee. Sauron surrendered to Ar-Pharazôn and was taken back to Númenor as a prisoner. Tolkien, in a letter written in 1958 (#211) wrote that the surrender was both "voluntary and cunning" so he could gain access to Númenor. Sauron was able to use the Númenóreans' fear of death as a way to turn them against the Valar, and manipulate them into worshipping his master, Morgoth, and performing human sacrifice.
Although Sauron's body was destroyed in the Fall of Númenor, his spirit was able to travel back to Middle-earth and wield the One Ring in his renewed war against the Last Alliance of Elves and Men between S.A. 3429 and 3441. Tolkien emphasized that Sauron used his ring in Númenor to gain complete control over its people; and while Sauron's body perished in the Fall, the Ring somehow made it back to Middle-earth. Tolkien wrote, "I do not think one need boggle at this spirit carrying off the One Ring, upon which his power of dominating minds now largely depended." (letter #211).
Sauron was killed again by Gil-galad and Elendil at the end of the Last Alliance. The Ring was cut from Sauron's hand by Elendil's son, Isildur, on the slopes of Mount Doom. Though counselled to destroy the Ring, he was swayed by its power and kept it safe instead, "as weregild for my father, and my brother". A few years later, Isildur was ambushed by orcs by the River Anduin near the Gladden Fields; he put on the Ring to escape, but it slipped from his finger as he swam across the river, and, suddenly visible, he was killed by the orcs. Since the Ring indirectly caused Isildur's death, it was known in Gondorian lore as "Isildur's Bane".
The Ring remained hidden on the river bed for almost two and a half millennia, until it was discovered on a fishing trip by a Stoor hobbit named Déagol. His friend and relative Sméagol, who had gone fishing with him, was immediately ensnared by the Ring's power and demanded that Déagol give it to him as a "birthday present"; when Déagol refused, Sméagol strangled him and took it for himself. The Ring corrupted his body and mind, turning him into the creature known as Gollum. The Ring, which Sauron had endowed with a will of its own, manipulated Gollum into hiding in a cave under the Misty Mountains near Mirkwood, where Sauron was beginning to resurface. There Gollum remained for nearly 500 years, until the Ring tired of him and fell off his finger as he was hunting an orc.
As is told in The Hobbit, Bilbo found the Ring shortly afterward while lost in the tunnels near Gollum's lair. When The Hobbit was written, Tolkien had not yet conceived of the Ring's sinister history. Thus, in the first edition of The Hobbit, Gollum offers to surrender the Ring to Bilbo as a reward for winning the Riddle Game. When Tolkien revised the nature of the Ring for The Lord of the Rings, he realized that the Ring's grip on Gollum would never permit him to give it up willingly. Tolkien therefore revised the second edition of The Hobbit: after losing the Riddle Game to Bilbo, Gollum went to get his "Precious" (as he always called it) so he could kill and eat Bilbo, but flew into a rage when he found the Ring missing. Deducing from Bilbo's last question—"What have I got in my pocket?"—that Bilbo had found the Ring, Gollum chased him through the caves, not realizing that the hobbit had discovered the Ring's powers of invisibility and was following him to the cave's exit. Bilbo escaped Gollum and the goblins by remaining invisible, but when he rejoined Gandalf and the dwarves he was travelling with, he decided not to tell them that the Ring had made him invisible. In fact he told them a story that closely followed the first edition of The Hobbit: that Gollum had given him the Ring and showed him the way out. Gandalf was not convinced and later forced the real story from Bilbo; he was thus immediately suspicious of the Ring.
Gollum eventually left the Misty Mountains to track down and reclaim the Ring. He wandered for decades, and was drawn to Mordor, where he was captured by Sauron's forces. He was interrogated by Sauron himself, who learned that the Ring had been found and was currently held by one "Baggins" in the land of "Shire".
In T.A. 3001, the Ring was beginning to strain Bilbo, leaving him feeling "stretched-out and thin", and so he decided to leave the Shire, intending to pass the Ring to his adopted heir Frodo Baggins. He briefly gave in to the Ring's power, even calling it "my precious"; alarmed, Gandalf spoke harshly to his old friend to persuade him to give it up, which Bilbo eventually did, becoming the first Ringbearer to surrender it willingly.
By this time Sauron had regained much of his power, and the Dark Tower in Mordor had been rebuilt. Gollum, released from Mordor, was captured by Gandalf and Aragorn, and from him Gandalf learned that Sauron now knew where to find the Ring. To prevent Sauron from reclaiming his Ring, Frodo and eight other companions set out from Rivendell for Mordor in an attempt to destroy the Ring in the fires of Mount Doom. During the quest, Frodo gradually became more and more susceptible to the Ring's power, and feared that it was going to corrupt him. When he and his faithful companion Samwise Gamgee discovered Gollum on their trail and "tamed" him into guiding them to Mordor, Frodo began to feel a strange bond with the wretched, treacherous creature, while Gollum warmed to Frodo's kindness and made at least some effort to keep his promise. Gollum eventually gave in to the Ring's temptation, however, and betrayed them to the spider Shelob. Believing Frodo to be dead, Sam bore the Ring himself for a short time and experienced the temptation it induced; he wore it briefly twice, but never succumbed to it.
Sam rescued Frodo from a band of orcs at the Tower of Cirith Ungol. The hobbits, followed by Gollum, eventually arrived at Mount Doom, where Frodo was overcome by the Ring's power and claimed it for himself. At that moment, however, Gollum attacked him and bit off his finger, taking back the Ring. Gollum was too close to the edge: as he gloated over his prize he fell into the fires of Mount Doom, taking the Ring with him, thus destroying it and Sauron's power.
Powers[edit]
The Ring's primary power was control of the other Rings of Power and domination of the wills of their users.[7] The Ring also conferred power to dominate the wills of other beings whether they were wearing Rings or not—but only in proportion to the user's native capacity. In the same way, it amplified any inherent power its owner possessed.[7]
A mortal wearing the Ring became effectively invisible except to those able to perceive the non-physical world, with only a thin, shaky shadow discernible in the brightest sunlight.[7] The Ring would also extend the life of a mortal possessor indefinitely by preventing natural aging. Gandalf explained that it does not "grant new life", but that the possessor merely "continues" until life becomes unbearably wearisome. However, the Ring could not protect its bearer from destruction; Gollum perished in the Crack of Doom while in possession of the Ring, and even Sauron himself could not preserve his body from destruction during the downfall of Númenor. Likewise, the Ring could not protect its bearer from physical harm; Frodo was seriously injured by the Witch-king on Weathertop, and lost a finger when Gollum bit it off—on both occasions while wearing the Ring. Sauron himself suffered the death of his physical body at the hands of Gil-galad and Elendil while wearing the Ring. Like the Nine Rings, the One Ring could physically corrupt mortals who wear it for extended periods of time, eventually transforming them into wraiths. Hobbits were more resistant to this process than Men: Gollum, who possessed the ring for five-hundred years did not become wraith-like because he did not wear the ring often after taking it to the tunnels of the Misty Mountains.[8]
The Ring might also have given its wielder the ability to read minds, as Galadriel suggested to Frodo when he wondered why he could not read the thoughts of others as she did.
Within the land of Mordor where it was forged, the Ring's power increased so significantly that even without wearing it the bearer could draw upon it, and could acquire an aura of terrible power. When Sam encountered an orc in the Tower of Cirith Ungol while holding the Ring, he appeared to the orc as a powerful warrior cloaked in shadow "[holding] some nameless menace of power and doom." The orc was so terrified that it fled. Similarly at Mount Doom, when Frodo and Sam were attacked by Gollum, Frodo grabbed the Ring and appeared as "a figure robed in white... [that] held a wheel of fire." Frodo told Gollum "in a commanding voice" that "If you touch me ever again, you shall be cast yourself into the Fire of Doom," a statement fulfilled when Gollum fell into Mount Doom with the Ring. Although the Ring was certainly invoked with this statement, it is unclear whether Frodo was prophesying (Frodo had previously seen less sinister visions while in possession of the Ring), or if Frodo was actively laying a curse upon Gollum.
As the Ring contained a large part of Sauron's power, it was endowed with a malevolent sentience of sorts. While separated from Sauron, the Ring would strive to return to him by manipulating its bearer to claim ownership of it, or by abandoning the bearer at an opportune moment.[9] For example, it slipped from Isildur's finger during the ambush at Gladden Fields; moments later he was killed by orcs, leaving the Ring's whereabouts unknown to Sauron's enemies. It also slipped off Gollum's finger when the time was right for it to be brought back into the world at large. Warned by Bilbo of the Ring's tendency to slip off, Frodo carried the Ring on a chain.
To master all of the Ring's capabilities, a Ring wielder would need a disciplined and well-trained mind, a strong will, and great native power. Those with weaker minds, such as Hobbits and lesser Men, would gain little benefit from the Ring, let alone realize its full potential. Even for someone with the necessary strength, it would have taken time to master the Ring's power to the point where he was strong enough to overthrow Sauron.[9] The prospect of mastery is the main appeal that the Ring holds for those who come in contact with it. The Ring appears as a symbol of hope, offering the power to defeat Sauron and bring peace to the world. Yet in the end, its inherent malevolence would twist its bearer into another Dark Lord as evil as Sauron, regardless of one's intentions at the outset.
Despite its power, the Ring did not render its bearer omnipotent. Three times Sauron suffered military defeat while bearing the Ring, first by Gil-galad in the War of Sauron and the Elves, again by Ar-Pharazôn when Númenórean power so overawed his armies that they deserted him, and again at the end of the Second Age with his personal defeat by Gil-galad and Elendil. Tolkien indicates, however, that such a defeat would not have been possible in the waning years of the Third Age, when the strength of the free peoples was greatly diminished. There were no remaining heroes of the stature of Gil-galad, Elendil, or Isildur; the strength of the Elves was fading and they were departing to the Blessed Realm; the Dwarves had been driven out of Moria and would have been unwilling to concentrate their strength in any event; and the Númenórean kingdoms had either declined or been destroyed, and had few allies.
Fate of the Ring-bearers[edit]
Of the several bearers of the One Ring, three were still alive following the Ring's destruction, the hobbits Bilbo Baggins, Frodo Baggins, and Samwise Gamgee. Bilbo, having borne the Ring longest of the three, had reached a very advanced age for a hobbit. Frodo suffered both physical and psychological scars from his strenuous quest to destroy the Ring. Samwise, having only briefly kept the Ring, was affected the least and simply carried on a normal life following the Ring's destruction.
In consideration of the trials the Ring-bearers had endured, special dispensation was granted them by the Valar to travel to the Undying Lands, where it was hoped they could find rest and healing. At the close of The Return of the King, Bilbo and Frodo embark for the voyage to the West along with Galadriel, Elrond, and many of their folk, as well as Gandalf. Near the end of his life, Samwise is also said to have been taken to the Undying Lands, after living in the Shire for many years and raising a large family.
Tolkien emphasized that the restorative sojourn of the Ring-bearers in the Undying Lands would not have been permanent. As mortals, subject to the Gift of Men, they would eventually die and leave the world of Eä.[10]
Symbolism[edit]
Tolkien wrote the following about the idea behind the One Ring: "I should say that it was a mythical way of representing the truth that potency (or perhaps potentiality) if it is to be exercised, and produce results, has to be externalized and so as it were passes, to a greater or lesser degree, out of one's direct control." (Letter #211, 1958).
Tolkien always strongly held that The Lord of the Rings was not allegorical, particularly in reference to political events of his time such as World War II or the Cold War. At the same time he conceded "applicability" as being within the "freedom" of the reader,[11] and indeed many people have been inclined to view the One Ring as a symbol or metaphor. The notion of a power too great for humans to safely possess is an evocative one, and already in the 1930s there were technologies available to suggest the idea. By the time the work was published, though not when most of it was written, the existence of nuclear power and nuclear weapons were common knowledge, and the Ring was often taken as symbolic of them.[12] The effect of the Ring and its physical and spiritual after-effects on Bilbo and Frodo are obsessions that have been compared with drug addiction; actor Andy Serkis who played Gollum in the film trilogy cited drug addiction as an inspiration for his performance.[13]
Parallels have been drawn between the literary device of Tolkien's Cursed Ring and the titular ring in Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen.[14] Tolkien dismissed critics' direct comparisons to Wagner, telling his publisher, "Both rings were round, and there the resemblance ceases."[15] According to Humphrey Carpenter's biography of Tolkien, the author held Wagner's interpretation of the relevant Germanic myths in contempt.[16] In the contrary sense, some critics hold that Tolkien's work borrows so liberally from Wagner that Tolkien's work exists in the shadow of Wagner's.[14] Others, such as Tom Shippey[17] and Gloriana St. Clair,[18] attribute the resemblances to the fact that Tolkien and Wagner have created homologue works based in the same sources. However, Shippey and other researchers have written on an intermediary position, stating that both the authors, indeed, used the same source materials but that Tolkien was, in fact, indebted to some of the original developments, insights and artistic uses made upon those sources that first appeared in Wagner, and sought to improve upon them.[19][20]
Adaptations[edit]
The One Ring in Peter Jackson's films.
In the 1981 BBC Radio serial of The Lord of the Rings, the Nazgûl chant the Ring-inscription; it is also recited by them in part during Peter Jackson's The Hobbit, specifically during the film The Battle of the Five Armies.
In The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, the wearer of the Ring is always portrayed as moving through a shadowy realm where everything is distorted. In the book, neither Bilbo Baggins nor Frodo Baggins ever mentioned anything about this while using the Ring, but when Sam puts on the Ring at the end of The Two Towers he does experience something similar to this. Sam never wore the Ring on screen in Jackson's films. The actual Ring for the movies was designed and created by Jens Hansen Gold & Silversmith in Nelson, New Zealand, and was based on a simple wedding ring.
See also[edit]
Middle-earth portal
Ring of Gyges
Ring of the Nibelung
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), "The Shadow of the Past", ISBN 0-395-08254-4
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Silmarillion, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age", p. 287–288, ISBN 0-395-25730-1
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, "Letter 131", p. 153, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
Jump up ^ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, "The Shadow of the Past", p. 61 (Houghton Mifflin, 50th Anniversary Edition, Boston & New York, 2004).
Jump up ^ J R R Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings. George Allen & Unwin, London, 1968. ISBN 0-04-823087-1. Page 60.
Jump up ^ For example, The Fellowship of the Ring, ISBN 0-618-00222-7, from the Houghton-Mifflin boxed paperback set of 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b c Carpenter 1981, #131 pg 152
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings. p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter 1981, #246 pg 332
Jump up ^ Letters, Number 246, p. 328.
Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981, #203
Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981, #226
Jump up ^ "Andy Serkis BBC interview". BBC News. March 21, 2003. Retrieved January 6, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Alex Ross, "The Ring and the Rings> Wagner vs Tolkien", The New Yorker, December 22, 2003
Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981, #229
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (1977), Tolkien: A Biography, New York: Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-04-928037-6
Jump up ^ Tom Shippey, The Road to Middle-earth, page 296
Jump up ^ "CMU Libraries: Book: Tolkien's Cauldron". Shelf1.library.cmu.edu. 2001-10-11. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Project MUSE - Tolkien Studies - Roots and Branches: Selected Papers on Tolkien (review)". Muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Jump up ^ Roots and Branches
References[edit]
Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
[hide]
v
t
e
J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
Writings
Principal works
The Silmarillion
The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings
The Fellowship of the Ring
The Two Towers
The Return of the King
Other works
The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
The Road Goes Ever On
Posthumous publications
Unfinished Tales
The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
The History of Middle-earth (12 volumes)
Bilbo's Last Song
The Children of Húrin
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