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Fargo (TV series)
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Fargo
Genre
Anthology
Crime drama
Black comedy
Created by
Noah Hawley
Based on
Fargo
by Joel and Ethan Coen
Starring
Billy Bob Thornton
Allison Tolman
Colin Hanks
Martin Freeman
Kirsten Dunst
Patrick Wilson
Jesse Plemons
Jean Smart
Ted Danson
Ewan McGregor
Carrie Coon
Mary Elizabeth Winstead
Goran Bogdan
David Thewlis
Composer(s)
Jeff Russo
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
30 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Noah Hawley
Warren Littlefield
Joel Coen
Ethan Coen
Adam Bernstein
Geyer Kosinsk
John Cameron
Leslie Cowan
Producer(s)
Kim Todd
Chad Oakes
Michael Frislev
Erik Holmberg
Location(s)
Calgary, Alberta
Cinematography
Dana Gonzales
Matthew J. Lloyd
Running time
46–68 minutes
Production company(s)
Nomadic Pictures
26 Keys Productions
The Littlefield Company
Mike Zoss Productions (2014–15)
FX Productions (2014–15)
FXP (2017)
MGM Television
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
FX
Picture format
16:9 HDTV
Original release
April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15) – present
External links
Website
Fargo is an American black comedy–crime drama anthology television series created and primarily written by Noah Hawley. The show is inspired by the eponymous 1996 film written and directed by the Coen brothers, who serve as executive producers on the series alongside Hawley. The series premiered on April 15, 2014, on FX,[1] and follows an anthology format, with each season set in a different era, and with a different story and mostly new characters and cast, although there is minor overlap. Each season shares a common chronology with the original film.
The first season, set in 2006 and starring Billy Bob Thornton, Allison Tolman, Colin Hanks, and Martin Freeman, was met with critical acclaim.[2] It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Miniseries, Outstanding Directing, and Outstanding Casting, and received 15 additional nominations including Outstanding Writing, another Outstanding Directing nomination, and acting nominations for all four leads. It also won the Golden Globe Awards for Best Miniseries or Television Film and Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for Thornton.
The second season, set in 1979 and starring Kirsten Dunst, Patrick Wilson, Jesse Plemons, Jean Smart, and Ted Danson, was also met with critical acclaim.[3] It received three Golden Globe nominations, along with several Emmy nominations including Outstanding Miniseries, and acting nominations for Dunst, Plemons, Smart, and Bokeem Woodbine.
The third season, set in 2010 and starring Ewan McGregor, Carrie Coon, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Goran Bogdan, and David Thewlis, premiered on April 19, 2017.[4] It was met with similar reception, and received Emmy nominations including Outstanding Miniseries, and acting nominations for McGregor, Coon, and Thewlis. It received three Golden Globe nominations, for Outstanding Limited Series, and McGregor and Thewlis for acting, with McGregor winning in his category.
The series is currently on an extended hiatus and FX announced in January 2018 that a fourth season is in development and is planned for a 2019 release.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
1.1 Season 1 (2014)
1.2 Season 2 (2015)
1.3 Season 3 (2017)
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
3 Production
4 "This is a true story"
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.1.1 Season 1
5.1.2 Season 2
5.1.3 Season 3
5.2 Accolades
6 Broadcast
7 References
8 External links
Series overview[edit]
Main article: List of Fargo episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15) June 17, 2014 (2014-06-17)
2 10 October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12) December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
3 10 April 19, 2017 (2017-04-19) June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21)
Season 1 (2014)[edit]
Main article: Fargo (season 1)
In 2006, Lorne Malvo (Billy Bob Thornton) passes through Bemidji, Minnesota, and influences the community – including put-upon insurance salesman Lester Nygaard (Martin Freeman) – with his malice, violence, and deception. Meanwhile, Deputy Molly Solverson (Allison Tolman) and Duluth police officer Gus Grimly (Colin Hanks) team up to solve a series of murders they believe may be linked to Malvo and Nygaard.
Season 2 (2015)[edit]
Main article: Fargo (season 2)
In 1979, beautician Peggy Blumquist (Kirsten Dunst) and her husband, butcher Ed Blumquist (Jesse Plemons) of Luverne, Minnesota, cover up her hit-and-run and murder of Rye Gerhardt (Kieran Culkin), son of Floyd Gerhardt (Jean Smart), matriarch of the Gerhardt crime family in Fargo, North Dakota. Meanwhile, State Trooper Lou Solverson (Patrick Wilson) and his father-in-law, Sheriff Hank Larsson (Ted Danson), investigate a triple homicide at a local diner connected to Rye.[6]
Season 3 (2017)[edit]
Main article: Fargo (season 3)
In 2010, St. Cloud probation officer Ray Stussy (Ewan McGregor) and his parolee girlfriend Nikki Swango (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) dream of a better, wealthier life. To achieve this, they attempt to steal a valuable vintage stamp from Ray's more successful older brother, Emmit (also played by McGregor), the self-proclaimed "Parking Lot King of Minnesota". However, their plans backfire, and the couple soon has to hide their involvement in two deaths, including the stepfather of former Eden Valley police chief Gloria Burgle (Carrie Coon). Meanwhile, Emmit wishes to pay back a shady company he borrowed money from two years ago, but the mysterious company and its employees, led by V. M. Varga (David Thewlis) and Yuri Gurka (Goran Bogdan), have other plans.
Cast and characters[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Main article: Fargo (season 1) § Cast
Billy Bob Thornton as Lorne Malvo
Allison Tolman as Deputy Molly Solverson
Colin Hanks as Officer Gus Grimly
Martin Freeman as Lester Nygaard
Season 2[edit]
Main article: Fargo (season 2) § Cast
Kirsten Dunst as Peggy Blumquist
Patrick Wilson as State Trooper Lou Solverson
Jesse Plemons as Ed Blumquist
Jean Smart as Floyd Gerhardt
Ted Danson as Sheriff Hank Larsson
Season 3[edit]
Main article: Fargo (season 3) § Cast
Ewan McGregor as Emmit and Ray Stussy
Carrie Coon as Gloria Burgle
Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Nikki Swango
Goran Bogdan as Yuri Gurka
David Thewlis as V. M. Varga
Production[edit]
In 2012, it was announced that FX, with the Coen brothers as executive producers, was developing a new television series based on the 1996 Academy Award-winning film Fargo.[7] It was later announced that adaptation would be a 10-episode limited series.[8] On August 2, 2013, it was announced that Billy Bob Thornton had signed on to star in the series.[9] On September 27, 2013, Martin Freeman also signed on to star. On October 3, 2013, it was announced that Colin Hanks was cast in the role of Duluth police officer Gus Grimly.[10] Production began in late 2013 with filming taking place in and around Calgary, Alberta.[11]
The series is set in the same fictional universe as the film, in which events took place in 1987 between Minneapolis and Brainerd, Minnesota. The first season features the buried ransom money from the film in a minor subplot.[12][13] Additionally, a number of references are made connecting the series to the film.[14]
Following the series renewal in July 2014, creator Noah Hawley revealed that the second season would take place in 1979 and focus on Sioux Falls, South Dakota, as referenced by Lou Solverson and others in the first season. The ten episodes are set in Luverne, Minnesota, Fargo, North Dakota, and Sioux Falls. Hawley agreed that this takes place before the events of the film, but he believes all the stories connect: "I like the idea that somewhere out there is a big, leather-bound book that's the history of true crime in the Midwest, and the movie was Chapter 4, Season 1 was Chapter 9 and this is Chapter 2," he said. "You can turn the pages of this book, and you just find this collection of stories. ... But I like the idea that these things are connected somehow, whether it's linearly or literally or thematically. That's what we play around with."[15] This book was realized in season 2, episode 9, "The Castle".[16] Production on the second season began in Calgary on January 19, 2015, and completed on May 20, 2015.[17] The first teaser for the second season was released on June 17, 2015.[18]
Production on season 3 began in January 2017 in Calgary, Alberta.[19]
"This is a true story"[edit]
As with the original film, each episode begins with the superimposed text:
“ This is a true story. The events depicted took place in Minnesota in [year]. At the request of the survivors, the names have been changed. Out of respect for the dead, the rest has been told exactly as it occurred. ”
As with the film, this claim is untrue.[20] Showrunner Noah Hawley continued to use the Coens' device, saying it allowed him to "tell a story in a new way."[21] Hawley has played with the realism of the story further; responding to queries about Charlie Gerhardt, a character from season 2, he stated "If he’s out there, I’d like to get a letter from him someday, telling me how he turned out.”[22]
At the 2017 ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas, Hawley further discussed the "true story" series tag: "So what does that even mean—the words 'true story'?" he said. "I really wanted to deconstruct that this year." He recalled one of the lines spoken by Sy Feltz, Michael Stuhlbarg's character: "'The world is wrong—it looks like my world but everything is different.' That's what we're exploring this year."[23]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Season 1[edit]
The first season received acclaim from television critics, and received a Metacritic score of 85 out of 100 based on 40 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim."[2] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 97% "certified fresh" critics rating with an average rating of 8.44 out of 10 based on 49 reviews. The website consensus reads: "Based on the film of the same name in atmosphere, style, and location only, Fargo presents more quirky characters and a new storyline that is expertly executed with dark humor and odd twists."[24] IGN reviewer Roth Cornet gave the first season a 9.7 out of 10 score, praising the casting, its thematic ties to the movie, and the writing.[25] The A.V. Club named it the sixth best TV series of 2014.[26]
Season 2[edit]
The second season has been met with overwhelming acclaim from television critics. It received a Metacritic score of 96 based on 33 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim".[3] Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% "certified fresh" rating with an average rating of 9.19 out of 10 based on 53 reviews, with the site's consensus, "Season two of Fargo retains all the elements that made the series an award-winning hit, successfully delivering another stellar saga powered by fascinating characters, cheeky cynicism, and just a touch of the absurd."[27]
Season 3[edit]
The third season has received acclaim similar to the first two seasons from critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 89 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[28] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 93% rating with an average score of 8.56 out of 10 based on 50 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Thanks in part to a memorable dual performance from Ewan McGregor, Fargo mostly maintains the sly wit and off-kilter sensibility it displayed in its first two seasons."[29]
Accolades[edit]
Noah Hawley, Warren Littlefield and John Cameron at the 74th Annual Peabody Awards
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Fargo
Fargo has won 32 of its 133 award nominations. The first season garnered 8 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, with the show itself winning the Outstanding Miniseries and director Colin Bucksey winning the Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special.[30] It received an additional 10 Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations, winning for Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special.[30] It has received eight Golden Globe Award nominations, with the show winning for Best Miniseries or Television Film, and Billy Bob Thornton winning for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film.[31] The series has also received one Screen Actors Guild Award nomination to Billy Bob Thornton for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie.[32] Additional accolades include: the American Film Institute Award for Top Ten Television Program in 2014[33] and 2015,[34] the Artios Award for Excellence in Casting,[35] a Peabody Award,[36] seven Critics' Choice Television Awards in which the show won twice for Best Miniseries and five times in acting for Billy Bob Thornton, Allison Tolman, Kirsten Dunst, Jesse Plemons and Jean Smart,[37][38] the Dorian Awards for TV Drama of the Year,[39] the Golden Reel Award for Best Music Score,[40] two Producers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television[41][42] and a Writers Guild of America Awards for Long Form – Adapted.[43]
Broadcast[edit]
On April 15, 2014, the series made its debut on FX and FXX in Canada; the remaining episodes were shown on FXX.[44][45] The next day, it premiered in the UK on Channel 4.[46] On May 1, 2014, it premiered on SBS One in Australia,[47] and on SoHo in New Zealand.[48]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (January 14, 2014). "FX's 'Fargo' Cast, EPs on Film Comparisons, Anthology Format, Courting Billy Bob Thornton". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fargo: Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fargo: Season 2". Metacritic. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (February 22, 2017). "Fargo Season 3 Premiere Date Set". TVLine. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James; Abrams, Natalie (January 5, 2018). "Fargo season 4 in the works for 2019, FX says". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Macy, Seth G. (July 9, 2015). "Comic-Con: Here's Bruce Campbell as Ronald Reagan in FX's Fargo". IGN. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 21, 2012). "FX Teams With Joel & Ethan Coen And Noah Hawley For Series Adaptation Of 'Fargo'". Deadline. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (March 28, 2013). "'Fargo' TV Series Gets 10 Episodes On FX". MTV. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billy Bob Thornton to star in "Fargo" TV series". CBS News. August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kenneally, Tim (October 2, 2013). "Colin Hanks Heading for FX's 'Fargo'". The Wrap. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rackl, Lori (August 2, 2013). "Billy Bob Thornton to star in 'Fargo' series on FX". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ray, Amber (May 7, 2014). "'Fargo' episode 4: The Easter egg that connects the series to the film". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Hanh (May 6, 2014). "Fargo Boss Breaks Down That (Very Familiar) Money Shot". TV Guide. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ray, Amber (June 17, 2014). "'Fargo': Rounding up every Coen Brothers Easter egg". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 21, 2014). "'Fargo' Season 2: EP Noah Hawley details where, when and how it's connected to Season 1". Zap2it. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Joanna (December 8, 2015). "Fargo's Craziest Episode Is One We Really Should Have Seen Coming". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What's Shooting". ACTRA Alberta. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron (June 18, 2015). "'Fargo' Season 2 Teaser Highlights 1970s Winter". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ ""Fargo" Adds Cast for Third Installment" (Press release). FX. December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vincent, Alice (April 28, 2014). "The truth behind Fargo's 'true story'". The Telegraph. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Prachi (April 16, 2014). ""No Country for Old Fargo": The story behind FX's new adaptation of the classic movie". Salon. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ D'Arminio, Aubry (December 15, 2015). "Fargo Creator Noah Hawley Answers: What Happened to Charlie Gerhardt?". TV Insider. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (June 9, 2017). "Fargo at ATX: Noah Hawley Talks Future Seasons and More". Variety. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fargo: Season 1 (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cornet, Roth (June 25, 2014). "Fargo: Season 1 Review". IGN. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles (December 11, 2014). "The best TV shows of 2014 (part 2)". The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fargo: Season 2 (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fargo: Season 3". Metacritic. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fargo: Season 3". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowry, Brian (July 10, 2014). "2014 Emmy Awards: 'Game of Thrones,' 'Fargo' Lead Nominations". Variety. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (January 11, 2015). "Golden Globes 2015: Gina Rodriguez, Transparent, The Affair Win Big". TVLine. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (December 10, 2014). "SAG Awards: Modern Family, Thrones, Homeland, Boardwalk, Cards Lead Noms; Mad Men Shut Out; HTGAWM, Maslany and Aduba Get Nods". TVLine. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (December 8, 2014). "AFI Names Best TV of 2014, From The Americans to Transparent". Time. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Here Are the AFI AWARDS 2015 Official Selections". AFI. December 15, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "30TH ARTIOS AWARDS WINNERS". Casting Society of America. January 22, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "74th Annual Peabody Winners". Peabody Awards. April 16, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura (June 20, 2014). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'Breaking Bad,' 'OITNB,' 'Fargo,' 'Normal Heart' Among Top Winners". Variety. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ THR Staff (January 17, 2016). "Critics' Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ TV News Desk (January 19, 2016). "CAROL Among Winners of Gay & Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association Dorian Awards". Broadway World. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (February 15, 2015). "'Birdman', 'American Sniper' Top Golden Reel Awards: MPSE Winners List". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (January 25, 2015). "'Birdman,' 'Breaking Bad,' 'Fargo' win 2015 PGA Awards". HitFix. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (January 23, 2016). "PGA Awards: 'The Big Short' Wins Top Film Prize; 'Game Of Thrones' Takes Drama; 'Transparent' Nabs Comedy". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (February 13, 2016). "WGA Awards: 'Spotlight' & 'The Big Short' Take Marquee Film Honors; 'Mad Men', 'Veep' & 'Mr. Robot' Top TV – Full List". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Strachan, Alex (April 8, 2014). "New Fargo TV series is strange and remarkable". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on April 11, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Oswald, Brad (April 15, 2014). "Fargo an excellent series... that we can't watch". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Ben (April 12, 2014). "Fargo comes to Channel 4: 'This is not a TV series, it's a 10-hour movie'". The Guardian. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (March 25, 2014). "Airdate: Fargo". TV Tonight. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Small town. Small tale". SkyTV. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fargo (TV series)
Official website
Fargo at TV.com
Fargo at Metacritic
Fargo at Rotten Tomatoes
Fargo on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Fargo
Film
Characters
Marge Gunderson
TV series
Episodes
Season 1
"The Crocodile's Dilemma"
"The Rooster Prince"
"A Muddy Road"
"Eating the Blame"
"The Six Ungraspables"
"Buridan's Ass"
"Who Shaves the Barber?"
"The Heap"
"A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage"
"Morton's Fork"
Season 2
"Waiting for Dutch"
Season 3
"The Law of Vacant Places"
"The Law of Non-Contradiction"
"The Narrow Escape Problem"
Characters
Season 1
Lorne Malvo
Molly Solverson
Lester Nygaard
Lou Solverson
Mr. Wrench and Mr. Numbers
Season 2
Peggy Blumquist
Ed Blumquist
Lou Solverson
Floyd Gerhardt
Hanzee Dent
Season 3
Gloria Burgle
V. M. Varga
Mr. Wrench
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Fargo (TV series)
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World's tallest thermometer
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World's Tallest Thermometer
World's Tallest Thermometer, 2003
General information
Status
Complete
Type
Sign
Location
72157 Baker Boulevard
Baker, California
United States
Coordinates
35°15′59″N 116°04′22″W / 35.26644°N 116.07275°W / 35.26644; -116.07275Coordinates: 35°15′59″N 116°04′22″W / 35.26644°N 116.07275°W / 35.26644; -116.07275
Completed
1991
Renovated
2014
Cost
$700,000
Renovation cost
$150,000
Owner
Herron family
Height
134 feet (41 m)
Dimensions
Weight
76,812 pounds (34,841 kg)
Design and construction
Main contractor
Young Electric Sign Company
Website
worldstallestthermometer.com
The World's Tallest Thermometer is a landmark located in Baker, California, USA. It is an electric sign that commemorates the record 134 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius) recorded in nearby Death Valley on July 10, 1913.
The sign weighs 76,812 pounds (34,841 kg) and is held together by 125 cubic yards (96 m3) of concrete. It stands 134 feet (41 m) tall and is capable of displaying a maximum temperature of 134 °F (57 °C), both of which are a reference to the temperature record.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Location
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
It was built in 1991 by the Young Electric Sign Company of Salt Lake City, Utah[1] for Willis Herron, a local Baker businessman who spent $700,000 to build the thermometer next to his Bun Boy restaurant. Its height -- 134 feet -- was in honor of the 134-degree record temperature set in nearby Death Valley on July 10, 1913.
Soon after its construction, 70-mph winds snapped the thermometer in half, and It was rebuilt. Two years later, severe gusts made the thermometer sway so much that its light bulbs popped out. Concrete was then poured inside the steel core to reinforce the monument.
Herron sold the attraction and restaurant to another local businessman, Larry Dabour, who sold it in 2005. In September 2012, the owner at that time, Matt Pike, said that the power bill for its operation had reached $8,000 per month and that he turned it off due to the poor economy.[2] In 2013, the thermometer and accompanying empty gift shop were listed for sale.[3] The family of Willis Herron (who died in 2007) recovered ownership of the property in 2014 and stated their intention to make it operational again.[4] The official re-lighting took place on July 10, 2014.[5]
In December 2016, eVgo announced building the first US fast charge station for electric vehicles at up to 350 kW. It is scheduled to operate at WTT after summer 2017.[6]
Location[edit]
The world's tallest thermometer is located at 72157 Baker Boulevard in Baker, California. It is visible from three different angles along Interstate 15 in Southern California's Mojave Desert. A gift shop at the base of the thermometer stands near a commemorative plaque that describes the history of the site.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Benson, Lee (6 January 2003). "Hot spot is a cool pit stop". Deseret News.
Jump up ^ Willon, Phil (24 December 2012). "Baker's giant thermometer, long on the blink, is taking heat". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Willon, Phil (3 January 2013). "Baker's giant thermometer is up for sale". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Lee, Wendy (26 March 2014). "World's tallest thermometer could light up again". KPCC.
Jump up ^ Rocha, Veronica (12 July 2014). "World's tallest thermometer in Baker shines bright again". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "The first electric vehicle DC fast-charging station capable of 350 kW output breaks ground in California". Electrek. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World's Tallest Thermometer.
Official website
Roadside America
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World%27s_tallest_thermometer&oldid=757013261"
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French colonization of Texas
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La Salle's Expedition to Louisiana in 1684, painted in 1844 by Theodore Gudin. La Belle is on the left, Le Joly is in the middle, and L'Aimable is grounded in the distance, right.
Part of a series on the
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Early Spanish explorations 1520–
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The French colonization of Texas began with the establishment of a fort in present-day southeastern Texas. It was established in 1685 near Arenosa Creek and Matagorda Bay by explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle. He intended to found the colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River, but inaccurate maps and navigational errors caused his ships to anchor instead 400 miles (640 km) to the west, off the coast of Texas. The colony survived until 1688. The present-day town of Inez is near the fort's site.
The colony faced numerous difficulties during its brief existence, including Native American raids, epidemics, and harsh conditions. From that base, La Salle led several expeditions to find the Mississippi River. These did not succeed, but La Salle did explore much of the Rio Grande and parts of east Texas. During one of his absences in 1686, the colony's last ship was wrecked, leaving the colonists unable to obtain resources from the French colonies of the Caribbean. As conditions deteriorated, La Salle realized the colony could survive only with help from the French settlements in Illinois Country to the north, along the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. His last expedition ended along the Brazos River in early 1687, when La Salle and five of his men were murdered during a mutiny.
Although a handful of men reached Illinois Country, help never made it to the fort. Most of the remaining members of the colony were killed during a Karankawa raid in late 1688, four children survived after being adopted as captives. Although the colony lasted only three years, it established France's claim to possession of the region that is now Texas. The United States later claimed, unsuccessfully, this region as part of the Louisiana Purchase because of the early French colony.
Spain learned of La Salle's mission in 1686. Concerned that the French colony could threaten Spain's control over the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the unsettled southeastern region of North America, the Crown funded multiple expeditions to locate and eliminate the settlement. The unsuccessful expeditions helped Spain to better understand the geography of the Gulf Coast region. When the Spanish finally discovered the remains of the French colony at the fort in 1689, they buried the cannons and burned the buildings. Years later, Spanish authorities built a presidio at the same location. When the presidio was abandoned, the site of the French settlement was lost to history.
The fort was rediscovered by historians and excavated in 1996, and the area is now an archaeological site. In 1995, researchers located the ship La Belle in Matagorda Bay, with several sections of the hull remaining virtually intact. They constructed a cofferdam, the first to be used in North America to excavate the ship as if in dry conditions. In 2000, excavations revealed three of the original structures of the fort, as well as three graves of Frenchmen.
Contents
[hide]
1 La Salle expeditions
1.1 First expedition
1.2 Second expedition
2 First settlement
2.1 Fort
2.2 Difficulties
3 Spanish response
4 Legacy
5 Excavation
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
La Salle expeditions[edit]
Main article: La Salle expeditions
First expedition[edit]
This 1681 map shows cartographer Claude Bernou's perception of North America before La Salle traversed the Mississippi River. The Rio Grande is listed as Rio Bravo, and the map shows a lack of knowledge of the geography of Texas.
By the late 17th century, much of North America had been claimed by European countries. Spain had claimed Florida as well as modern-day Mexico and much of the southwestern part of the continent. The northern and central Atlantic coast was claimed by Britain, and New France comprised much of what is now eastern Canada as well as the central Illinois Country. The French feared that their territory was vulnerable to the expansionist aims of its neighbors. In 1681, French nobleman Robert Cavelier de La Salle launched an expedition down the Mississippi River from New France, at first believing he would find a path to the Pacific Ocean.[1] Instead, La Salle found a route to the Gulf of Mexico. Although Hernando De Soto had explored and claimed this area for Spain 140 years before,[2] on April 9, 1682, La Salle claimed the Mississippi River valley for French king Louis XIV, naming the territory Louisiana in his honor.[3]
Unless France established a base at the mouth of the Mississippi, Spain would have an opportunity to control the entire Gulf of Mexico and potentially pose a threat to New France's southern borders.[4] La Salle believed that the Mississippi River was near the eastern edge of New Spain. On his return to France in 1684, he proposed to the Crown the establishment of a colony at the mouth of the river. The colony could provide a base for promoting Christianity among the native peoples as well as a convenient location for attacking the Spanish province of Nueva Vizcaya and gaining control of its lucrative silver mines.[2][5] He argued that a small number of Frenchmen could successfully invade New Spain by allying themselves with some of the more than 15,000 Native Americans who were angry over Spanish enslavement.[2] After Spain declared war on France in October 1667, King Louis agreed to support La Salle's plan.[2] He was to return to North America and confirm "the Indians' allegiance to the crown, leading them to the true faith, and maintaining intertribal peace".[5]
Second expedition[edit]
La Salle originally planned to sail to New France, journey overland to the south and Illinois Country, and then travel down the Mississippi River to its mouth.[6] To spite Spain, Louis XIV insisted that La Salle sail through the Gulf of Mexico, which Spain considered its exclusive property.[7] Although La Salle had requested only one ship, on July 24, 1684, he left La Rochelle, France with four: the 36-gun man of war Le Joly, the 300-ton storeship L'Aimable, the barque La Belle, and the ketch St. François.[8][9][10] Although Louis XIV had provided both Le Joly and La Belle, La Salle desired more cargo space and leased L'Aimable and St. François from French merchants. Louis also provided 100 soldiers and full crews for the ships, as well as funds to hire skilled workers to join the expedition. La Salle was forced to purchase trade goods himself for expected encounters with Native Americans. .[11]
The ships carried a total of nearly 300 people, including soldiers, artisans and craftsmen, six Catholic missionaries, eight merchants, and over a dozen women and children.[8][12] Shortly after their departure, France and Spain ceased hostilities, and Louis was no longer interested in sending La Salle further assistance.[10] Details of the voyage were kept secret so that Spain would not learn about it. La Salle's naval commander, the Sieur de Beaujeu, resented La Salle's keeping their destination until the party was well underway. The discord between the two intensified when they reached Saint-Domingue, on the island of Hispaniola, and quarreled over where to anchor. Beaujeu sailed to another part of the island, allowing Spanish privateers to capture the St. François, which had been fully loaded with supplies, provisions, and tools for the colony.[13]
During the 58-day voyage, two people died of illness and one woman gave birth to a child.[12] The voyage to Saint-Domingue had lasted longer than expected, and provisions ran low, especially after the loss of the St. François. La Salle had little money with which to replenish supplies, and finally two of the merchants aboard the expedition sold some of their trade goods to the islanders, and lent their profits to La Salle. To fill the gaps left after several men deserted, La Salle recruited a few islanders to join the expedition.[14]
In late November 1684, when La Salle had fully recovered from a severe illness, the three remaining ships continued their search for the Mississippi River delta.[13] Before they left Santo Domingo, local sailors warned that strong Gulf currents flowed east and would tug the ships toward the Florida straits unless they corrected for it.[15] On December 18, the ships reached the Gulf of Mexico and entered waters that Spain claimed as its territory.[16] None of the members of the expedition had ever been in the Gulf of Mexico or knew how to navigate it.[17] Due to a combination of inaccurate maps, La Salle's previous miscalculation of the latitude of the mouth of the Mississippi River, and overcorrection for the currents, the expedition failed to find the Mississippi.[15] Instead, they landed at Matagorda Bay in early 1685, 400 miles (640 km) west of the Mississippi.[15]
First settlement[edit]
The Royal Standard of France was commonly used as the State flag of France prior to the French Revolution.
On February 20, the colonists set foot on land for the first time in three months since leaving Saint-Domingue. They set up a temporary camp near the site of the present-day Matagorda Island Lighthouse.[18] The chronicler of the expedition, Henri Joutel, described his first view of Texas: "The country did not seem very favorable to me. It was flat and sandy but did nevertheless produce grass. There were several salt pools. We hardly saw any wild fowl except some cranes and Canadian (sic) geese which were not expecting us."[19]
Against Beaujeu's advice, La Salle ordered La Belle and the Aimable "to negotiate the narrow and shallow pass" to bring the supplies closer to the campsite.[20] To lighten L'Aimable's load, its eight cannons and a small portion of its cargo were removed. After La Belle successfully negotiated the pass, La Salle sent her pilot to L'Aimable to assist with the navigation, but L'Aimable's captain refused the help.[19] As the Aimable set sail, a band of Karankawa approached and carried off some of the settlers. La Salle led a small group of soldiers to rescue them, leaving no one to direct the Aimable. When he returned, he found the Aimable grounded on a sandbar.[18] Upon hearing that the captain had ordered the ship to sail forward after it had struck a sandbar, La Salle became convinced that the captain had deliberately grounded the ship.[21]
Approximate location of Fort Saint Louis, near Matagorda Bay on the Gulf Coast of Texas
For several days the men attempted to salvage the tools and provisions that had been loaded on the Aimable, but a bad storm prevented them from recovering more than food, cannons, powder, and a small amount of the merchandise. The ship sank on March 7.[20] The French watched the Karankawa loot the wreckage. As French soldiers approached the Native American village to retrieve their supplies, the villagers hid. On discovering the deserted village, the soldiers not only reclaimed the looted merchandise but also took animal pelts and two canoes. The angry Karankawa attacked, killing two Frenchmen and injuring others.[20]
Beaujeu, having fulfilled his mission in escorting the colonists across the ocean, returned to France aboard the Joly in mid-March 1685.[22] Many of the colonists chose to return to France with him,[23] leaving approximately 180.[24] Although Beaujeu delivered a message from La Salle requesting additional supplies, French authorities, having made peace with Spain, never responded.[10][25] The remaining colonists suffered from dysentery and venereal diseases, and people died daily.[22] Those who were fit helped build crude dwellings and a temporary fort on Matagorda Island.[24]
Fort[edit]
On March 24, La Salle took 52 men in five canoes to find a less exposed settlement site. They found Garcitas Creek, which had fresh water and fish, with good soil along its banks. They named it Rivière aux Boeufs for the nearby buffalo herds. The fort was constructed on a bluff overlooking the creek, 1.5 leagues from its mouth. Two men died, one of a rattlesnake bite and another from drowning while trying to fish.[24] At night, the Karankawa would sometimes surround the camp and howl, but the soldiers could scare them away with a few gun shots.[26] The fort has sometimes been referred to as "Fort St. Louis" but that name was not used during the life of the settlement and appears to be a later invention.[27]
Map of the French fort drawn by a member of the Spanish expedition which discovered the French colony in 1689. It marks the river, the colony's structures, and location of cannons.
In early June, La Salle summoned the rest of the colonists from the temporary campsite to the new settlement site. Seventy people began the 50-mile (80 km) overland trek on June 12. All of the supplies had to be hauled from the Belle, a physically draining task that was finally completed by the middle of July. The last load was accompanied by the 30 men who had remained behind to guard the ship.[26] Although trees grew near the site, they were not suitable for building, and timber had to be transported to the building site from several miles inland. Some timbers were salvaged from the Aimable.[25] By the end of July, over half of the settlers had died, most from a combination of scant rations and overwork.[26]
The remaining settlers built a large two-story structure at the center of the settlement. The ground floor was divided into three rooms: one for La Salle, one for the priests, and one for the officers of the expedition.[25] The upper story consisted of a single room used to store supplies. Surrounding the fort were several smaller structures to provide shelter for the other members of the expedition. The eight cannons, each weighing 700 to 1,200 pounds (320 to 540 kg), had been salvaged from L'Aimable and were positioned around the colony for protection.[28]
Difficulties[edit]
For several months after the permanent camp was built, the colonists took short trips to explore their surroundings. At the end of October 1685, La Salle decided to undertake a longer expedition and reloaded the Belle with many of the remaining supplies. He took 50 men, plus the Belle's crew of 27 sailors, leaving behind 34 men, women, and children. Most of the men traveled with La Salle in canoes, while the Belle followed further off the coast. After three days of travel, they learned of hostile Native Americans in the area. Twenty of the Frenchmen attacked the Native American village, where they found Spanish artifacts.[29] Several of the men died on this expedition from eating prickly pear. The Karankawa killed a small group of the men who had camped on shore, including the captain of the Belle.[30]
From January until March 1686, La Salle and most of his men searched overland for the Mississippi River, traveling towards the Rio Grande, possibly as far west as modern-day Langtry, Texas.[30][31] The men questioned the local Native American tribes, asking for information on the locations of the Spaniards and the Spanish mines, offering gifts, and telling stories that portrayed the Spanish as cruel and the French as benevolent.[10] When the group returned, they were unable to find the Belle where they had left her and were forced to walk back to the fort.[30][31]
The following month they traveled east, hoping to locate the Mississippi and return to Canada.[31] During their travels, the group encountered the Caddo, who gave the Frenchmen a map depicting their territory, that of their neighbors, and the location of the Mississippi River.[32] The Caddo often made friendship pacts with neighboring peoples and extended their policy of peaceful negotiation to the French.[33] While visiting the Caddo, the French met Jumano traders, who reported on the activities of the Spanish in New Mexico. These traders later informed Spanish officials of the Frenchmen they had seen.[34]
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, was killed in Texas while trying to reach New France.
Four of the men deserted when they reached the Neches River. La Salle and one of his nephews became very ill, forcing the group to halt for two months. While the men recovered, the group ran low on food and gunpowder.[32] In August, the eight surviving members of the expedition[32] returned to Fort Saint Louis, having never left East Texas.[35]
While La Salle was gone, six of those who had remained on the Belle finally arrived at Fort Saint Louis. According to them, the new captain of the Belle was always drunk. Many of the sailors did not know how to sail, and they grounded the boat on Matagorda Peninsula. The survivors took a canoe to the fort, leaving the ship behind.[36] The destruction of their last ship left the settlers stranded on the Texas coast, with no hope of gaining assistance from the French colonies in the Caribbean Sea.[22]
By early January 1687, fewer than 45 of the original 180 people remained in the colony, which was beset by internal strife.[35][37] La Salle believed that their only hope of survival lay in trekking overland to request assistance from New France,[36] and some time that month he led a final expedition to try to reach the Illinois Country.[35] Fewer than 20 people remained at Fort Saint Louis, primarily women, children, and those deemed unfit, as well as seven soldiers and three missionaries with whom La Salle was unhappy.[37] Seventeen men were included on the expedition, including La Salle, his brother, and two of his nephews. While camping near present-day Navasota on March 18, several of the men quarreled over the division of buffalo meat. That night, an expedition member killed one of La Salle's nephews and two other men in their sleep. The following day La Salle was killed while approaching the camp to investigate his nephew's disappearance.[35] Infighting led to the deaths of two other expedition members within a short time.[38] Two of the surviving members, including Jean L'Archeveque, joined the Caddo. The remaining six men, led by Henri Joutel, made their way to Illinois Country. During their journey through Illinois to Canada, the men did not tell anyone that La Salle was dead. They reached France in the summer of 1688 and informed King Louis of La Salle's death and the horrible conditions in the colony. Louis did not send aid.[39]
Spanish response[edit]
La Salle's mission had remained secret until 1686 when former expedition member Denis Thomas, who had deserted in Santo Domingo, was arrested for piracy. Trying to have his punishment reduced, Thomas informed his Spanish jailers of La Salle's plan to found a colony and eventually conquer Spanish silver mines. Despite his confession, Thomas was hanged.[40]
Map of Fort Saint Louis drawn by a member of the Spanish expedition which discovered the French colony in 1689. It marks the river, the colony's structures, and location of cannons.
The Spanish government felt the French colony would be a threat to their mines and shipping routes, and Carlos II's Council of War thought that "Spain needed swift action 'to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment.'"[10] The Spanish had no idea where to find La Salle, and in 1686 they sent a sea expedition and two land expeditions to try to locate his colony. Although the expeditions were unable to find La Salle, they did narrow the search to the area between the Rio Grande and the Mississippi.[41] Four Spanish expeditions the following year failed to find La Salle, but helped Spain to better understand the geography of the Gulf Coast region.[41]
In 1688, the Spanish sent three more expeditions, two by sea and one by land. The land expedition, led by Alonso De León, discovered Jean Gery, who had deserted the French colony and was living in Southern Texas with the Coahuiltecans.[42] Using Gery as a translator and guide, De León finally found the French fort in late April 1689.[43] The fort and the five crude houses surrounding it were in ruins.[31] Several months before, the Karankawa had attacked the settlement. They destroyed the structures and left the bodies of three people, including a woman who had been shot in the back.[43] A Spanish priest who had accompanied De León conducted funeral services for the three victims.[31] The chronicler of the Spanish expedition, Juan Bautista Chapa, wrote that the devastation was God's punishment for opposing the Pope, as Pope Alexander VI had granted the Indies exclusively to the Spanish.[43][44] The remains of the fort were destroyed by the Spanish, who also buried the French cannons left behind.[45] The Spanish later built a fort on the same location.[46]
Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora created this map of Matagorda Bay (known to the Spanish as San Bernardo Bay) based on sketches from Alonso De León's 1689 expedition. Fort Saint Louis is marked as "F", and La Belle is identified as "Navío Quebrado", or "broken ship".
In early 1689, Spanish authorities received a plea, written in French. Jumano scouts had received these papers from the Caddo, who asked that they be delivered to the Spanish. The papers included a parchment painting of a ship, as well as a written message from Jean L'Archevêque. The message read:
I do not know what sort of people you are. We are French[;] we are among the savages[;] we would like much to be Among the Christians such as we are[.] ... we are solely grieved to be among beasts like these who believe neither in God nor in anything. Gentlemen, if you are willing to take us away, you have only to send a message. ... We will deliver ourselves up to you.[44]
De León later rescued L'Archeveque and his companion Jacques Grollet. On interrogation, the men maintained that over 100 of the French settlers had died of smallpox, and the others had been killed by Native Americans.[44] The only people known to have survived the final attack were the Talon children, who had been adopted by the Karankawa.[47] According to the children, the settlement had been attacked around Christmas of 1688, and all the remaining settlers had been killed.[44]
Legacy[edit]
Only 15 or 16 people survived the colony. Six returned to France, while nine others were captured by the Spanish, including the four children who had been spared by the Karankawa.[35] The children were initially brought to the viceroy of New Spain, the Conde de Galve, who treated them as servants. Two of the boys, Pierre and Jean-Baptiste, later returned to France.[47] Of the remaining Spanish captives, three became Spanish citizens and settled in New Mexico.[35] Although the French colony had been utterly destroyed, Spain feared that another French attempt was inevitable. For the first time, the Spanish crown authorized small outposts in eastern Texas and at Pensacola.[45] In 1722, the Spanish built a fort, Presidio La Bahia, and Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga on the site of Fort Saint Louis.[48]
This map of the Presidio La Bahia was drawn in 1836.
France did not abandon its claims to Texas until November 3, 1762, when it ceded all of its territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, following its defeat by Great Britain in the Seven Years' War. It ceded New France to Britain.[49] In 1803, three years after Spain had returned Louisiana to France, Napoleon sold the territory to the United States. The original agreement between Spain and France had not explicitly specified the borders of Louisiana, and the descriptions in the documents were ambiguous and contradictory.[50] The United States insisted that its purchase included all of the territory France had claimed, including all of Texas.[50] The dispute was not resolved until the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States in return for the United States' relinquishing its claim on Texas.
The official boundary of Texas was set at the Sabine River (the current boundary between Texas and Louisiana), and following the Red and Arkansas rivers to the 42nd parallel (California's current northern border).[51]
Excavation[edit]
Further information: La Belle (ship)
In 1908, historian Herbert Eugene Bolton identified an area along Garcitas Creek, near Matagorda Bay, as the location of Fort St. Louis. Other historians, before and after Bolton, argued that the fort was located on Lavaca River in Jackson County.[52] Five decades later, the University of Texas at Austin funded a partial excavation of Bolton's site, a part of the Keeran ranch.[52][53] Although several thousand items were recovered, archaeologists could not accurately distinguish between French and Spanish artifacts of the 17th century, and no report on the findings was ever issued. In the 1970s, the artifacts were reexamined by Kathleen Gilmore, an archaeologist at Southern Methodist University. She determined that while most of the artifacts were Spanish, some definitively matched artifacts recovered from French and French-Canadian excavations of the same time period.[53]
In late 1996, Keeran ranch workers exploring with metal detectors located eight cast-iron cannons buried near Garcitas Creek. After excavating the cannons, the Texas Historical Commission (THC) confirmed they were from Fort Saint Louis.[52] In 2000 a THC excavation discovered the locations of three of the buildings that had housed the French colony[54][55] and the three graves dug by the Spanish.[56][57]
Modern day blueprint of La Belle
For decades, the THC had also been searching for the wreckage of La Belle. In 1995, the shipwreck was discovered in Matagorda Bay. Researchers excavated a 792-pound (359 kg) cast-bronze cannon from the waters, as well as musket balls, bronze straight pins, and trade beads.[58] Large sections of the wooden hull were intact, protected from the damaging effects of warm salt water by layers of muddy sediment which "essentially creat[ed] an oxygen-free time capsule".[59][60] La Belle was the oldest French shipwreck discovered in the Western Hemisphere to that date. To enable the archaeologists to recover as many of the artifacts as possible, a cofferdam was constructed around the ship. The cofferdam held back the waters of the bay, allowing archaeologists to conduct the excavation as if it were on land. This was the first attempt in North America to excavate a shipwreck in dry conditions. Previous shipwreck excavations using cofferdams were completed in Europe, but never on a ship as large as the Belle.[61]
The National Underwater and Marine Agency searched for L'Aimable from 1997 until 1999. Although they found a promising location, the ship was buried under more than 25 feet (7.6 m) of sand and could not be reached.[62]
See also[edit]
France–Republic of Texas relations, 1839–1845
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bannon, John Francis (1997), The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513–1821, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, p. 94, ISBN 978-0-8263-0309-7
^ Jump up to: a b c d Weber, David J. (1992), The Spanish Frontier in North America, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven Connecticut: Yale University Press, p. 148, ISBN 0-300-05198-0
Jump up ^ Chipman, Donald E. (2010) [1992], Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 (revised ed.), Austin: University of Texas Press, p. 72, ISBN 0-292-77659-4
Jump up ^ Chipman (2010), p. 73
^ Jump up to: a b Calloway, Colin G. (2003), One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark, History of the American West, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, p. 250, ISBN 978-0-8032-1530-6
Jump up ^ Bruseth, James E.; Turner, Toni S. (2005), From a Watery Grave: The Discovery and Excavation of La Salle's Shipwreck, La Belle, College Station: Texas A&M University Press, p. 76, ISBN 1-58544-431-6
Jump up ^ Bruseth & Turner (2005), p. 19
^ Jump up to: a b * Weddle, Robert S. (1991), The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682–1762, College Station: Texas A&M University Press, p. 13, ISBN 0-89096-480-7
Jump up ^ Chipman (2010), p. 74
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Weber (1992), p. 149
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^ Jump up to: a b Weddle (1991), p. 16
^ Jump up to: a b Chipman (2010), p. 75
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^ Jump up to: a b c Chipman (2010), p. 76
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^ Jump up to: a b Weddle (1991), p. 23
^ Jump up to: a b Bruseth & Turner (2005), p. 23
^ Jump up to: a b c Weddle (1991), p. 24
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^ Jump up to: a b c Chipman (2010), p. 77
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^ Jump up to: a b c Bruseth & Turner (2005), p. 27
^ Jump up to: a b c Weddle (1991), p. 28
Jump up ^ Weddle, Robert (2010-06-15). "La Salle's Texas Settlement". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
Jump up ^ Bruseth & Turner (2005), p. 28
Jump up ^ Weddle (1991), p. 29
^ Jump up to: a b c Weddle (1991), p. 30
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chipman (2010), p. 83
^ Jump up to: a b c Weddle (1991), p. 34
Jump up ^ Calloway (2003), p. 252
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Chipman (2010), p. 84
^ Jump up to: a b Weddle (1991), p. 31
^ Jump up to: a b Weddle (1991), p. 35
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^ Jump up to: a b Weber (1992), p. 151
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Calloway (2003), p. 255
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^ Jump up to: a b Calloway (2003), p. 256
Jump up ^ Roell, Craig H.; Weddle, Robert S. (September 19, 2010). "Nuestra Señora de Loreto de la Bahia Presidio". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Weber (1992), p. 198
^ Jump up to: a b Weber (1992), p. 291
Jump up ^ Weber (1992), p. 299
^ Jump up to: a b c Turner, Allan (February 16, 1997), "Cannons' discovery ends debate on LaSalle fort", Houston Chronicle, Houston, TX, p. City and State, 2, retrieved 2007-11-07
^ Jump up to: a b Bruseth & Turner (2005), p. 32
Jump up ^ Mosely, Laurie. "Information About Archeology: Fort Saint Louis". Texas Archeological Society. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
Jump up ^ Kever, Jeannie (September 17, 2000), "The first French Colony in Texas", Houston Chronicle, retrieved 2007-11-07
Jump up ^ Fort St. Louis Excavation Highlights, Texas Historical Commission, archived from the original on 2007-08-30, retrieved 2007-11-04
Jump up ^ Kever, Jeannie (December 3, 2000), "Hot on their tracks: Remains of Settlers at site of La Salle Fort thrill archaeologists", Houston Chronicle, retrieved 2007-11-07
Jump up ^ Keith, Donald H.; Carlin, Worth; de Bry, John (1997), "A bronze cannon from La Belle, 1686: its construction, conservation, and display", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 26 (2): 144–158, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1997.tb01326.x, (Subscription required (help))
Jump up ^ Turner, Allan (July 14, 1995), "History surfaces in Matagorda Bay", Houston Chronicle, retrieved 2007-11-07
Jump up ^ Turner, Allan (July 30, 1995), "History rising from the bay's murky depths: La Salle ship one of many Matagorda victims", Houston Chronicle, p. State section, page 1, retrieved 2007-11-07
Jump up ^ Bruseth & Turner (2005), p. 48
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Further reading[edit]
New France portal
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Lagarde, François, ed. (2003), The French in Texas: History, Migration, Culture, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN 978-0-292-70528-9
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