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United States presidential election, 1920
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United States presidential election, 1920
← 1916 November 2, 1920 1924 →
531 electoral votes of the Electoral College
266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout
49.2%[1] 12.4 pp
Nominee
Warren G. Harding James M. Cox
Party
Republican Democratic
Home state
Ohio Ohio
Running mate
Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt
Electoral vote
404 127
States carried
37 11
Popular vote
16,144,093 9,139,661
Percentage
60.3% 34.1%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Harding/Coolidge, blue denotes those won by Cox/Roosevelt. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic
Elected President
Warren G. Harding
Republican
The United States presidential election of 1920 was the 34th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1920. In the first election held after the end of World War I and the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, Republican Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio defeated Democratic Governor James M. Cox of Ohio.
Incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson privately hoped for a third term, but party leaders were unwilling to re-nominate the unpopular incumbent. Former President Theodore Roosevelt had been the front-runner for the Republican nomination, but he died in 1919 without leaving an obvious heir to his progressive legacy. With both Wilson and Roosevelt out of the running, the major parties turned to little-known dark horse candidates from the state of Ohio, a swing state with a large number of electoral votes. Cox won the 1920 Democratic National Convention on the 44th ballot, defeating William Gibbs McAdoo, A. Mitchell Palmer, and several other candidates. Harding emerged as a compromise candidate between the conservative and progressive wings of the party, and he clinched his nomination on the tenth ballot of the 1920 Republican National Convention.
The election was dominated by the American social and political environment in the aftermath of World War I, which was marked by a hostile response to certain aspects of Wilson's foreign policy and a massive reaction against the reformist zeal of the Progressive Era. The wartime economic boom had collapsed and the country was deep in a recession. Wilson's advocacy for America's entry into the League of Nations in the face of a return to non-interventionist opinion challenged his effectiveness as president and overseas, there were wars and revolutions. At home, the year 1919 was marked by major strikes in the meatpacking and steel industries and large-scale race riots in Chicago and other cities. Anarchist attacks on Wall Street produced fears of radicals and terrorists. The Irish Catholic and German communities were outraged at Wilson's perceived favoritism of their traditional enemy Great Britain, and his political position was critically weakened after he suffered a stroke in 1919 that left him severely disabled.
Harding virtually ignored Cox in the race and essentially campaigned against Wilson by calling for a return to "normalcy." Harding won a landslide victory, sweeping every state outside of the South and becoming the first Republican since the end of Reconstruction to win a former state of the Confederacy. Harding’s victory margin of 26.2% in the popular vote remains the largest popular-vote percentage margin in presidential elections since the unopposed re-election of James Monroe in 1820, though other candidates have since exceeded his share of the popular vote. Cox won just 34.1% of the popular vote, and Socialist Eugene V. Debs won 3.4% of the vote. As the election was the first in which women had the right to vote in all 48 states, the total popular vote increased dramatically, from 18.5 million in 1916 to 26.8 million in 1920.[2] Harding would die in 1923 and be succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge, while the Democratic vice presidential nominee, Franklin D. Roosevelt, would later win the 1932 presidential election.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nominations
1.1 Republican Party nomination
1.2 Democratic Party nomination
2 Other candidates
3 General election
3.1 Return to normalcy
3.2 Ethnic issues
3.3 Campaign
3.4 Results
3.5 Geography of results
3.5.1 Cartographic gallery
3.6 Results by state
3.6.1 Close states
3.6.2 Statistics
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Nominations[edit]
Republican Party nomination[edit]
Main article: 1920 Republican National Convention
Republican Party Ticket, 1920
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
for President for Vice President
U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1915–1921) 48th
Governor of Massachusetts
(1919–1921)
Campaign
Republican candidates:
Senator
Warren G. Harding
from Ohio
Major General
Leonard Wood
from New Hampshire
Governor
Frank Orren Lowden
of Illinois
Senator
Hiram Johnson
from California
Governor
William Cameron Sproul
of Pennsylvania
Columbia University President
Nicholas Murray Butler
from New York
Senator
Robert M. La Follette
from Wisconsin
Theodore Roosevelt
from New York
(Died Jan. 6, 1919)
On June 8, the Republican National Convention met in Chicago. The race was wide open, and soon the convention deadlocked between Major General Leonard Wood and Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois.
Other names placed in nomination included Senators Warren G. Harding from Ohio, Hiram Johnson from California, and Miles Poindexter from Washington, Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, philanthropist Herbert Hoover, and Columbia University President Nicholas M. Butler. Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin was not formally placed in nomination, but received the votes of his state delegation nonetheless. Harding was nominated for president on the tenth ballot, after some delegates shifted their allegiances. The results of the ten ballots were as follows:
Presidential Balloting, Republican National Convention 1920
Ballot
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Before
shifts
10
After
shifts
Warren G. Harding 65.5 59.0 58.5 61.5 78.0 89.0 105.0 133.0 374.5 644.7 692.2
Leonard Wood 287.5 289.5 303.0 314.5 299.0 311.5 312.0 299.0 249.0 181.5 156.0
Frank Orren Lowden 211.5 259.5 282.5 289.0 303.0 311.5 311.5 307.0 121.5 28.0 11.0
Hiram Johnson 133.5 146.0 148.0 140.5 133.5 110.0 99.5 87.0 82.0 80.8 80.8
William Cameron Sproul 84.0 78.5 79.5 79.5 82.5 77.0 76.0 76.0 78.0 0 0
Nicholas Murray Butler 69.5 41.0 25.0 20.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Calvin Coolidge 34.0 32.0 27.0 25.0 29.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 28.0 5.0 5.0
Robert M. La Follette 24.0 24.0 24.0 22.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0
Jeter Connelly Pritchard 21.0 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Miles Poindexter 20.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 2.0 0
Howard Sutherland 17.0 15.0 9.0 3.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Herbert Hoover 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 10.5 9.5
Scattering 11.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.5 3.5
First Presidential Ballot
Second Presidential Ballot
Third Presidential Ballot
Fourth Presidential Ballot
Fifth Presidential Ballot
Sixth Presidential Ballot
Seventh Presidential Ballot
Eighth Presidential Ballot
Ninth Presidential Ballot
Tenth Presidential Ballot
Before Shifts
Tenth Presidential Ballot
After Shifts
Harding's nomination, said to have been secured in negotiations among party bosses in a "smoke-filled room," was engineered by Harry M. Daugherty, Harding's political manager, who became United States Attorney General after his election. Prior to the convention, Daugherty was quoted as saying, "I don't expect Senator Harding to be nominated on the first, second, or third ballots, but I think we can afford to take chances that about 11 minutes after two, Friday morning of the convention, when 15 or 12 weary men are sitting around a table, someone will say: 'Who will we nominate?' At that decisive time, the friends of Harding will suggest him and we can well afford to abide by the result." Daugherty's prediction described essentially what occurred, but historians Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris argue that Daugherty's prediction has been given too much weight in narratives of the convention.
Once the presidential nomination was finally settled, the party bosses and Sen. Harding recommended Wisconsin Sen. Irvine Lenroot to the delegates for the second spot, but the delegates revolted and nominated Coolidge, who was very popular over his handling of the Boston Police Strike from the year before. The Tally:
Vice Presidential Balloting,
Republican Nat'l Convention 1920
Calvin Coolidge
674.5
Irvine Lenroot
146.5
Henry Justin Allen
68.5
Henry W. Anderson
28
Asle Gronna
24
Hiram Johnson
22.5
Jeter Connelly Pritchard
11
Abstaining
9
Source for convention coverage: Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1973), pp. 200–208.
Democratic Party nomination[edit]
Main article: 1920 Democratic National Convention
Democratic Party Ticket, 1920
James M. Cox
Franklin D. Roosevelt
for President for Vice President
46th & 48th
Governor of Ohio
(1913–1915 & 1917–1921) Assistant Secretary of the Navy
(1913–1920)
Campaign
Democratic candidates:
Governor
James M. Cox
of Ohio
William Gibbs McAdoo
from California,
former United States Secretary of the Treasury
Alexander M. Palmer
from Pennsylvania,
United States Attorney General
Governor
Al Smith
of New York
John W. Davis
from West Virginia,
Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Governor
Edward I. Edwards
of New Jersey
Senator
Robert Latham Owen
from Oklahoma
Vice President
Thomas R. Marshall
(Not Formally Nominated)
Edwin T. Meredith
from Iowa,
United States Secretary of Agriculture
Senator
Carter Glass
from Virginia
DNC Chairman
Homer S. Cummings
from Connecticut
Senator
Furnifold M. Simmons
from North Carolina
James W. Gerard
from New York
former Ambassador to Germany
Senator
John Sharp Williams
from Mississippi
(Not Formally Nominated)
Senator
Gilbert Hitchcock
from Nebraska
Governor-General
Francis Burton Harrison
of the Philippines
President
Woodrow Wilson
(Not Formally Nominated)
A ticket purchased by a guest of the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco.
It was widely accepted prior to the election that President Woodrow Wilson would not run for a third term, and would certainly not be nominated if he did make an attempt to regain the nomination. While Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall had long held a desire to succeed Wilson, his indecisive handling of the situation around Wilson's illness and incapacity destroyed any credibility he had as a candidate, and in the end he did not formally put himself forward for the nomination.
Although William Gibbs McAdoo (Wilson's son-in-law and former Treasury Secretary) was the strongest candidate, Wilson blocked his nomination in hopes a deadlocked convention would demand that he run for a third term, even though he was seriously ill, physically immobile, and in seclusion at the time. The Democrats, meeting in San Francisco between June 28 and July 6 (the first time a major party held its nominating convention in an urban center on the Pacific coast), nominated another newspaper editor from Ohio, Governor James M. Cox, as their presidential candidate, and 38-year-old Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, a fifth cousin of the late president Theodore Roosevelt, for vice-president.
Early favorites for the nomination had included McAdoo and Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer. Others placed in nomination included New York Governor Al Smith, United Kingdom Ambassador John W. Davis, New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards, and Oklahoma Senator Robert Latham Owen.
[show](1-22)
Presidential Ballot
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
James M. Cox
134
159
177
178
181
195
295.5
315
321.5
321
332
404
428.5
443.5
468.5
454.5
442
458
468
456.5
426.5
430
William Gibbs McAdoo
266
289
323.5
335
357
368.5
384
380
386
285
380
375.5
363.5
355.5
344.5
337
332
330.5
327.5
340.5
395.5
372.5
A. Mitchell Palmer
256
264
251.5
254
244
265
267
262
257
257
255
201
193.5
181
167
164.5
176
174.5
179.5
178
144
166.5
Alfred E. Smith
109
101
92
96
95
98
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Edward I. Edwards
42
34
32.5
31
31
30
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Thomas R. Marshall
37
36
36
34
29
13
14
12
7
7
7
7
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Robert L. Owen
33
29
22
32
34
36
35
36
37
37
35
34
32
34
31
34
36
38
37
41
36
35
John W. Davis
32
31.5
28.5
31
29
29
33
32
32
34
33
31.5
29.5
33
32
52
57
42
31
36
54
52
Edwin T. Meredith
27
26
26
28
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Carter Glass
26.5
25.5
27
27
27
27
27
27
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
27
26
26
26
26
25
Homer Cummings
25
27
26
24
21
20
19
18
18
19
19
8
7
7
19
20
19
19
19
10
7
6
Furnifold M. Simmons
24
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
James W. Gerard
21
12
11
2
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
John Sharp Williams
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gilbert M. Hitchcock
18
16
16
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Champ Clark
9
6
7
8
9
7
8
6
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
Pat Harrison
6
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Leonard Wood
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
William Jennings Bryan
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bainbridge Colby
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Josephus Daniels
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
William Randolph Hearst
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Oscar Underwood
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Woodrow Wilson
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
[show](23-44)
Presidential Ballot
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
31st
32nd
33rd
34th
35th
36th
37th
38th
39th
40th
41st
42nd
43rd
44th
James M. Cox
425
429
424
424.5
423.5
423
404.5
400.5
391.5
391
380.5
379.5
376.5
377
386
383.5
468.5
490
497.5
540.5
568
699.5
William Gibbs McAdoo
364.5
364.5
364.5
371
371.5
368.5
394.5
403.5
415.5
421
421
420.5
409
399
405
405.5
440
467
460
427
412
270
A. Mitchell Palmer
181.5
177
169
167
166.5
165.5
166
165
174
176
180
184
222
241
202.5
211
74
19
12
8
7
1
John W. Davis
50.5
54.5
58.5
55.5
60.5
62.5
63
58
57.5
55.5
56
54
33
28
50.5
50
71.5
76
55.5
49.5
57.5
52
Robert L. Owen
34
33
34
33
34
35.5
33
33
34
34
34
37
38.5
36
33
33
32
33
35
34
34
34
Carter Glass
25
25
25
25
25
24
24
24
12.5
9.5
13
7.5
5
4
1
1
0
0
24
24
5.5
1.5
Homer Cummings
5
5
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
2
2
2
3
2
0
Champ Clark
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2.5
2.5
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
0
Annette Abbott Adams
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Eugene C. Bonniwell
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
William Jennings Bryan
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Laura Clay
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Irvin S. Cobb
1.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bainbridge Colby
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Josephus Daniels
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Walker Hines
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Andrieus A. Jones
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ring Lardner
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
James H. Lewis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Thomas R. Marshall
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
John J. Pershing
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Joseph T. Robinson
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cora Wilson Stewart
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Oscar Underwood
0
1
9
9
4
6
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Other candidates[edit]
Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs received 913,664 popular votes (3.4 percent), despite the fact that he was in prison at the time for advocating non-compliance with the draft during World War I. This was the largest number of popular votes ever received by a Socialist Party candidate in the United States, although not the largest percentage of the popular vote. Debs received double this percentage in the election of 1912.[3] The 1920 election was Debs’ fifth and last attempt to become president.
Parley P. Christensen of the Farmer-Labor Party took 265,411 votes (1.0%), while Prohibition Party candidate Aaron S. Watkins came in fifth with 189,339 votes (0.7%), the poorest showing for the Prohibition party since 1884. Since the Eighteenth Amendment, which initiated the period of Prohibition in the United States, had passed the previous year, this single-issue party seemed less relevant.
James E. Ferguson, a former Governor of Texas, announced his candidacy on April 21, 1920 in Temple, Texas under the badge of “American Party”.[4] Ferguson was opposed to Democrats whom he saw as too controlled by elite academic interests as seen when Woodrow Wilson endorsed rival Thomas H. Ball in the gubernatorial primary, and hoped to help the Republicans carry Texas for the first time (Texas never went Republican during Reconstruction).[5] Initially Ferguson and running mate William J. Hough hoped to carry their campaign to other states,[6] but Ferguson was unable to get on the ballot anywhere outside of Texas. Ferguson did manage to gain almost ten percent of the vote in Texas, and won eleven counties in the southeast of the state.[7]
General election[edit]
Return to normalcy[edit]
See also: Normalcy
Warren Harding's main campaign slogan was a "return to normalcy", playing upon the weariness of the American public after the social upheaval of the Progressive Era. Additionally, the international responsibilities engendered by the American victory in World War I and the Treaty of Versailles proved deeply unpopular, causing a reaction against Wilson, who had pushed especially hard for the latter.
Ethnic issues[edit]
Main articles: Irish Race Conventions and Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial
Poster for the 1920 Democratic presidential ticket
Irish Americans were powerful in the Democratic party, and groups such as Clan na Gael opposed going to war alongside their enemy Britain, especially after the violent suppression of the Easter Rising of 1916. Wilson won them over in 1917 by promising to ask Britain to give Ireland its independence. Wilson had won the presidential election of 1916 with strong support from German-Americans and Irish-Americans, largely because of his slogan "He kept us out of war" and the longstanding American policy of isolationism. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, however, he reneged on his commitments to the Irish-American community, and it vehemently denounced him. His dilemma was that Britain was his war ally. Events such as the anti-British Black Tom and Kingsland Explosions in 1916 on American soil (in part the result of wartime Irish and German co-ordination) and the Irish anti-conscription crisis of 1918 were all embarrassing to recall in 1920.[8][9]
Britain had already passed an Irish Home Rule Act in 1914, suspended for the war's duration. However the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin had led to increased support for the more radical Sinn Féin who in 1919 formed the First Dáil, effectively declaring Ireland independent, sparking the Irish War of Independence. Britain was to pass the Government of Ireland Act in late 1920, by which Ireland would have 2 home-ruled states within the British empire. This satisfied Wilson. The provisions of these were inadequate to the supporters of the Irish Republic, however, which claimed full sovereignty. This position was also supported by many Irish Americans. The American Committee for Relief in Ireland was set up in 1920 to assist victims of the Irish War of Independence of 1919–21. Some Irish-American Senators joined the "irreconcilables" who blocked the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and United States membership in the League of Nations.
Wilson blamed the Irish Americans and German Americans for the lack of popular support for his unsuccessful campaign to have the United States join the League of Nations, saying, "There is an organized propaganda against the League of Nations and against the treaty proceeding from exactly the same sources that the organized propaganda proceeded from which threatened this country here and there with disloyalty, and I want to say—I cannot say too often—any man who carries a hyphen about with him [i.e., a hyphenated American] carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic whenever he gets ready."[10]
Of the $5,500,000 raised by supporters of the Irish Republic in the United States in 1919–20, the Dublin parliament (Dáil Éireann) voted in June 1920 to spend $500,000 on the American presidential election.[11] How this money was spent remains unclear. Ironically, the lawyer who had advised the fundraisers was Franklin D. Roosevelt, the losing vice-presidential candidate. In any case, the Irish American city machines sat on their hands during the election, allowing the Republicans to roll up unprecedented landslides in every major city. Many German-American Democrats voted Republican or stayed home, giving the GOP landslides in the rural Midwest.
Campaign[edit]
Roosevelt and Cox at a campaign appearance in Washington, D.C.
Wilson had hoped for a "solemn referendum" on the League of Nations, but did not get one. Harding waffled on the League, thereby keeping Idaho Senator William Borah and other Republican "irreconcilables" in line. Cox also hedged. He went to the White House to seek Wilson's blessing and apparently endorsed the League, but—upon discovering its unpopularity among Democrats—revised his position to one that would accept the League only with reservations, particularly on Article Ten, which would require the United States to participate in any war declared by the League (thus taking the same standpoint as Republican Senate leader Henry Cabot Lodge). As reporter Brand Whitlock observed, the League was an issue important in government circles, but rather less so to the electorate. He also noted that the campaign was not being waged on issues: "The people, indeed, do not know what ideas Harding or Cox represents; neither do Harding or Cox. Great is democracy."[12] False rumors circulated that Senator Harding had "Negro blood," but this did not greatly hurt Harding's election campaign.
Governor Cox made a whirlwind campaign that took him to rallies, train station speeches, and formal addresses, reaching audiences totaling perhaps two million, whereas Senator Harding relied upon a "Front Porch Campaign" similar to that of William McKinley in 1896. It brought thousands of voters to Marion, Ohio, where Harding spoke from his home. GOP campaign manager Will Hays spent some $8.1 million, nearly four times the money Cox's campaign spent. Hays used national advertising in a major way (with advice from adman Albert Lasker). The theme was Harding's own slogan "America First." Thus the Republican advertisement in Collier's Magazine for October 30, 1920, demanded, "Let's be done with wiggle and wobble." The image presented in the ads was nationalistic, using catch phrases like "absolute control of the United States by the United States," "Independence means independence, now as in 1776," "This country will remain American. Its next President will remain in our own country," and "We decided long ago that we objected to foreign government of our people."[13]
On election night, November 2, 1920, commercial radio broadcast coverage of election returns for the first time. Announcers at KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh read telegraph ticker results over the air as they came in. This single station could be heard over most of the Eastern United States by the small percentage of the population that had radio receivers.
Harding's landslide came from all directions except the South. Irish- and German-American voters who had backed Wilson and peace in 1916 now voted against Wilson and Versailles. "A vote for Harding", said the German-language press, "is a vote against the persecutions suffered by German-Americans during the war." Not one major German-language newspaper supported Governor Cox.[14] Many Irish Americans, bitterly angry at Wilson's refusal to help Ireland at Versailles, simply abstained from voting in the presidential election. This allowed the Republicans to mobilize the ethnic vote, and Harding swept the big cities.
Clifford Berryman's cartoon depiction of Eugene V. Debs' campaign from prison.
This was the first election in which women from every state were allowed to vote, following the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution in August 1920 (just in time for the general election).
Tennessee’s vote for Warren G. Harding marked the first time since the end of Reconstruction that even one of the eleven states of the former Confederacy had voted for a Republican presidential candidate. Tennessee had last been carried by a Republican when Ulysses S. Grant claimed it in 1868.
Despite the fact that Cox was defeated badly, his running mate Franklin D. Roosevelt became a well-known political figure because of his active and energetic campaign. In 1928 he was elected Governor of New York, and in 1932 he was elected president. He remained in power until his death in 1945 as the longest-serving American president in history.
Results[edit]
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of red are for Harding (Republican), shades of blue are for Cox (Democratic), shades of green are for Ferguson (American),[7] grey indicates zero recorded votes and white indicates territories not elevated to statehood.[15]
The total vote for 1920 was roughly 26,750,000, an increase of eight million from 1916.[16] The Democratic vote was almost exactly the vote from 1916, but the Republican vote nearly doubled, as did the “other” vote. As pointed out earlier, the great increase in the total number of votes is mainly attributable to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Nearly two-thirds of the counties (1,949) were carried by the Republicans. The Democrats carried only 1,101 counties, a smaller number than Alton Parker had carried in 1904 and consequently the smallest number during the Fourth Party System. Not a single county was carried by the Democrats in the Pacific section, where they had carried 76 in 1916. In the Mountain section Cox carried only thirteen counties, seven of them located in New Mexico bordering Texas, whereas Wilson carried all but twenty-one Mountain Section counties in 1916. At least one county was lost in every section in the Union and in every state except South Carolina and Mississippi. Eleven counties in Texas recorded a plurality for Ferguson,[7] whilst seven counties – a decrease of two from 1916 – did not record a single vote due to black disenfranchisement[citation needed] or being inhabited solely by Native Americans who had not yet gained full citizenship.
The distribution of the county vote accurately represents the overwhelming character of the majority vote. Harding received 60.35 percent of the total vote, the largest percentage in the Fourth Party System, exceeding Franklin D. Roosevelt’s in 1932. Although the Democratic share was 34.13 percent, in no section did its voting share sink below 24 percent, and in three sections, the Democrats topped the poll. The Democratic Party was obviously still a significant opposition on national terms, even though Cox won only eleven states and had fewer votes in the electoral college than Parker had won in 1904. More than two-thirds of the Cox vote was in states carried by Harding. This was the last election in which the Democrats won Kentucky until 1932.
The distribution of the vote by counties, and the study of percentages in sections, states, and counties, seem to show that it was Wilson and foreign policies that received the brunt of attack, not the Democratic Party and the domestic proposals of the period 1896–1914.[17]
Presidential candidate
Party
Home state
Popular vote
Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count
Percentage
Vice-presidential candidate
Home state
Electoral vote
Warren G. Harding Republican Ohio 16,144,093 60.32% 404 Calvin Coolidge Massachusetts 404
James M. Cox Democratic Ohio 9,139,661 34.15% 127 Franklin D. Roosevelt New York 127
Eugene V. Debs Socialist Indiana 913,693 3.41% 0 Seymour Stedman Illinois 0
Parley P. Christensen Farmer-Labor Illinois 265,398 0.99% 0 Max S. Hayes Ohio 0
Aaron S. Watkins Prohibition Indiana 188,787 0.71% 0 D. Leigh Colvin New York 0
James E. Ferguson American Texas 47,968 0.18% 0 William J. Hough New York 0
William Wesley Cox Socialist Labor Missouri 31,084 0.12% 0 August Gillhaus New York 0
Robert Colvin Macauley Single Tax Pennsylvania 5,750 0.02% 0 Richard C. Barnum Ohio 0
Other 28,746 0.11% — Other —
Total
26,765,180 100% 531 531
Needed to win
266 266
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1920 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.
Popular vote
Harding
60.32%
Cox
34.15%
Debs
3.41%
Christensen
0.99%
Others
1.13%
Electoral vote
Harding
76.08%
Cox
23.92%
Geography of results[edit]
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Cartographic gallery[edit]
Map of presidential election results by county
Map of Republican presidential election results by county
Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
Map of “other” presidential election results by county
Cartogram of presidential election results by county
Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county
Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county
Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county
Results by state[edit]
[18]
States won by Harding/Coolidge
States won by Cox/Roosevelt
Warren G. Harding
Republican
James Cox
Democratic
Eugene Debs
Socialist
Parley Christensen
Farmer-Labor
Aaron Watkins
Prohibition
James Ferguson
American
William Cox
Socialist Labor
Margin
State Total
State
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
#
Alabama 12 74,556 31.37 - 159,965 67.31 12 2,369 1.00 - - - - 748 0.31 - - - - - - - -85,409 -35.94 237,638 AL
Arizona 3 37,016 55.61 3 29,546 44.39 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7,470 11.22 66,562 AZ
Arkansas 9 71,117 38.73 - 107,409 58.49 9 5,111 2.78 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -36,292 -19.76 183,637 AR
California 13 624,992 66.20 13 229,191 24.28 - 64,076 6.79 - - - - 25,204 2.67 - - - - - - - 395,801 41.93 944,050 CA
Colorado 6 173,248 59.32 6 104,936 35.93 - 8,046 2.75 - 3,016 1.03 - 2,807 0.96 - - - - - - - 68,312 23.39 292,053 CO
Connecticut 7 229,238 62.72 7 120,721 33.03 - 10,350 2.83 - 1,947 0.53 - 1,771 0.48 - - - - 1,491 0.41 - 108,517 29.69 365,518 CT
Delaware 3 52,858 55.71 3 39,911 42.07 - 988 1.04 - 93 0.10 - 986 1.04 - - - - - - - 12,947 13.65 94,875 DE
Florida 6 44,853 30.79 - 90,515 62.13 6 5,189 3.56 - - - - 5,124 3.52 - - - - - - - -45,662 -31.34 145,681 FL
Georgia 14 41,089 27.72 - 107,162 72.28 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -66,073 -44.57 148,251 GA
Idaho 4 88,975 65.60 4 46,579 34.34 - 38 0.03 - - - - 32 0.02 - - - - - - - 42,396 31.26 135,624 ID
Illinois 29 1,420,480 67.81 29 534,395 25.51 - 74,747 3.57 - 49,630 2.37 - 11,216 0.54 - - - - 3,471 0.17 - 886,085 42.30 2,094,714 IL
Indiana 15 696,370 55.14 15 511,364 40.49 - 24,703 1.96 - 16,499 1.31 - 13,462 1.07 - - - - - - - 185,006 14.65 1,262,964 IN
Iowa 13 634,674 70.91 13 227,921 25.46 - 16,981 1.90 - 10,321 1.15 - 4,197 0.47 - - - - 982 0.11 - 406,753 45.44 895,082 IA
Kansas 10 369,268 64.75 10 185,464 32.52 - 15,511 2.72 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 183,804 32.23 570,318 KS
Kentucky 13 452,480 49.25 - 456,497 49.69 13 6,409 0.70 - - - - 3,322 0.36 - - - - - - - -4,017 -0.44 918,708 KY
Louisiana 10 38,538 30.49 - 87,519 69.24 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -48,981 -38.75 126,396 LA
Maine 6 136,355 68.92 6 58,961 29.80 - 2,214 1.12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 77,394 39.12 197,840 ME
Maryland 8 236,117 55.11 8 180,626 42.16 - 8,876 2.07 - 1,645 0.38 - - - - - - - 1,178 0.27 - 55,491 12.95 428,443 MD
Massachusetts 18 681,153 68.55 18 276,691 27.84 - 32,267 3.25 - - - - - - - - - - 3,583 0.36 - 404,462 40.70 993,718 MA
Michigan 15 762,865 72.76 15 233,450 22.27 - 28,947 2.76 - 10,480 1.00 - 9,646 0.92 - - - - 2,539 0.24 - 529,415 50.50 1,048,411 MI
Minnesota 12 519,421 70.59 12 142,994 19.43 - 56,106 7.62 - - - - 11,489 1.56 - - - - 5,828 0.79 - 376,427 51.16 735,838 MN
Mississippi 10 11,576 14.03 - 69,277 83.98 10 1,639 1.99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -57,701 -69.95 82,492 MS
Missouri 18 727,162 54.56 18 574,799 43.13 - 20,242 1.52 - 3,291 0.25 - 5,142 0.39 - - - - 2,164 0.16 - 152,363 11.43 1,332,800 MO
Montana 4 109,430 61.13 4 57,372 32.05 - - - - 12,204 6.82 - - - - - - - - - - 52,058 29.08 179,006 MT
Nebraska 8 247,498 64.66 8 119,608 31.25 - 9,600 2.51 - - - - 5,947 1.55 - - - - - - - 127,890 33.41 382,743 NE
Nevada 3 15,479 56.92 3 9,851 36.22 - 1,864 6.85 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5,628 20.70 27,194 NV
New Hampshire 4 95,196 59.84 4 62,662 39.39 - 1,234 0.78 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32,534 20.45 159,092 NH
New Jersey 14 611,541 67.65 14 256,887 28.42 - 27,141 3.00 - 2,200 0.24 - 4,734 0.52 - - - - 923 0.10 - 354,654 39.23 903,943 NJ
New Mexico 3 57,634 54.68 3 46,668 44.27 - - - - 1,104 1.05 - - - - - - - - - - 10,966 10.40 105,406 NM
New York 45 1,871,167 64.56 45 781,238 26.95 - 203,201 7.01 - 18,413 0.64 - 19,653 0.68 - - - - 4,841 0.17 - 1,089,929 37.60 2,898,513 NY
North Carolina 12 232,848 43.22 - 305,447 56.70 12 446 0.08 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -72,599 -13.48 538,741 NC
North Dakota 5 160,072 77.79 5 37,422 18.19 - 8,282 4.02 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 122,650 59.60 205,776 ND
Ohio 24 1,182,022 58.47 24 780,037 38.58 - 57,147 2.83 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 401,985 19.88 2,021,653 OH
Oklahoma 10 243,831 50.11 10 217,053 44.61 - 25,726 5.29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26,778 5.50 486,610 OK
Oregon 5 143,592 60.20 5 80,019 33.55 - 9,801 4.11 - - - - 3,595 1.51 - - - - 1,515 0.64 - 63,573 26.65 238,522 OR
Pennsylvania 38 1,218,216 65.76 38 503,843 27.20 - 70,571 3.81 - 15,704 0.85 - 42,696 2.30 - - - - 753 0.04 - 714,373 38.56 1,852,616 PA
Rhode Island 5 107,463 63.97 5 55,062 32.78 - 4,351 2.59 - - - - 510 0.30 - - - - 495 0.29 - 52,401 31.19 167,981 RI
South Carolina 9 2,610 3.91 - 64,170 96.05 9 28 0.04 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -61,560 -92.14 66,808 SC
South Dakota 5 110,692 60.74 5 35,938 19.72 - - - - 34,707 19.04 - 900 0.49 - - - - - - - 74,754 41.02 182,237 SD
Tennessee 12 219,829 51.29 12 206,558 48.19 - 2,239 0.52 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13,271 3.10 428,626 TN
Texas 20 114,538 23.54 - 288,767 59.34 20 8,121 1.67 - - - - - - - 47,968 9.86 - - - - -174,229 -35.80 486,641 TX
Utah 4 81,555 55.93 4 56,639 38.84 - 3,159 2.17 - 4,475 3.07 - - - - - - - - - - 24,916 17.09 145,828 UT
Vermont 4 68,212 75.82 4 20,919 23.25 - - - - - - - 774 0.86 - - - - - - - 47,293 52.57 89,961 VT
Virginia 12 87,456 37.85 - 141,670 61.32 12 807 0.35 - 243 0.11 - 857 0.37 - - - - - - - -54,214 -23.47 231,033 VA
Washington 7 223,137 55.96 7 84,298 21.14 - 8,913 2.24 - 77,246 19.37 - 3,800 0.95 - - - - 1,321 0.33 - 138,839 34.82 398,715 WA
West Virginia 8 282,007 55.30 8 220,789 43.30 - 5,618 1.10 - - - - 1,528 0.30 - - - - - - - 61,218 12.00 509,942 WV
Wisconsin 13 498,576 71.10 13 113,422 16.17 - 80,635 11.50 - - - - 8,647 1.23 - - - - - - - 385,154 54.92 701,280 WI
Wyoming 3 35,091 64.15 3 17,429 31.86 - - - - 2,180 3.99 - - - - - - - - - - 17,662 32.29 54,700 WY
TOTALS:
531
16,144,093
60.32
404
9,139,661
34.15
127
913,693
3.41
-
265,398
0.99
-
188,787
0.71
-
47,968
0.18
-
31,084
0.12
-
7,004,432
26.17
26,765,180
US
Close states[edit]
Margin of victory less than 1% (13 electoral votes):
Kentucky, 0.44%
Margin of victory less than 5% (12 electoral votes):
Tennessee, 3.10%
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (10 electoral votes):
Oklahoma, 5.50%
Statistics[edit]
Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (Republican)
McIntosh County, North Dakota 95.76%
Leslie County, Kentucky 94.22%
Sevier County, Tennessee 93.60%
Sheridan County, North Dakota 92.98%
Billings County, North Dakota 92.81%
Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (Democratic)
Chester County, South Carolina 100.00%
Edgefield County, South Carolina 100.00%
Clarendon County, South Carolina 100.00%
Bamberg County, South Carolina 100.00%
Hampton County, South Carolina 100.00%
Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (American)
Austin County, Texas 61.72%
Fort Bend County, Texas 59.35%
Lavaca County, Texas 57.76%
Fayette County, Texas 55.12%
Washington County, Texas 54.04%
See also[edit]
History of the United States (1918–1945)
History of the United States Democratic Party
History of the United States Republican Party
Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
United States House elections, 1920
United States Senate elections, 1920
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara.
Jump up ^ David Leip. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ "1912". President Elect. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ Havel, James T.; The Elections, 1789-1992, p. 106 ISBN 0028646231
Jump up ^ Richardson, Darcy G.; Others: “Fighting Bob” La Follette and the Progressive Movement: Third-Party Politics in the 1920s, p. 76-79 ISBN 0595481264
Jump up ^ Richardson; Others, p. 81
^ Jump up to: a b c Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920-1964 pp. 426-430, 456 ISBN 0405077114
Jump up ^ "The enemy within; the inside story of German sabotage in America : Landau, Henry, b. 1892 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Essay by M. Plowman (2009) on the complexities of the "Indo-Irish-German" conspiracy in the USA during the war" (PDF). Lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ American Rhetoric, "Final Address in Support of the League of Nations", Woodrow Wilson, delivered September 25, 1919 in Pueblo, CO.
Jump up ^ "Dáil Éireann – 29/Jun/1920 MINISTERIAL MOTIONS. - PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN IN U.S.A". Oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie. 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ Sinclair, p. 168
Jump up ^ Sinclair, p. 162
Jump up ^ Sinclair, p. 163
Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932 – Google Books. Stanford University Press. 1934. ISBN 9780804716963. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, p. 19
Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 21
Jump up ^ "1920 Presidential General Election Data – National". Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
References[edit]
Bagby, Wesley M. (1962). The Road to Normalcy: The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Boller, Paul F., Jr. (2004). Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 212–217. ISBN 0-19-516716-3.
Cooper, John Milton (2001). Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80786-7.
Duff, John B. (1970). "German-Americans and the Peace, 1918–1920". American Jewish Historical Quarterly. 59 (4): 424–459. ISSN 0002-9068.
Duff, John B. (1968). "The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans". Journal of American History. Organization of American Historians. 55 (3): 582–598. doi:10.2307/1891015. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 1891015.
McCoy, Donald R. (1971). "The Election of 1920". In Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.; Israel, Fred L. History of American Presidential Elections. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-07-079786-2.
Morello, John A. (2001). Selling the President, 1920: Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97030-2.
Pietrusza, David (2007). 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1622-3.
Sinclair, Andrew (1965). The Available Man: The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding. New York: Macmillan.
"The Presidential Election of 1920". American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election. Library of Congress. Retrieved November 16, 2002.
Further reading[edit]
Eugene V. Debs, A Word to the Workers! New York: New York Call, n.d. [1920]. —Socialist campaign leaflet.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election, 1920.
United States presidential election of 1920 at Encyclopædia Britannica
Presidential Election of 1920: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
1920 popular vote by counties
1920 Election Links
How close was the 1920 election? — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Election of 1920 in Counting the Votes
[show]
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August Gillhaus
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VP nominee
Richard C. Barnum
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value: 1920 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanlık seçimleri – Turkish

value: Президентські вибори у США 1920 – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_States_presidential_election_1920 rootpage-United_States_presidential_election_1920 skin-vector action-view