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Shona Laing
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Shona Laing
Shona Laing performing at WOMAD 2009 in New Zealand
Background information
Born
(1955-10-09) 9 October 1955 (age 62)
Genres
Rock, new wave
Instruments
Vocals, guitar
Years active
1972–present
Associated acts
Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Shona Laing (born 9 October 1955) is a New Zealand musician. She has had several hits in her native country, as well as a few minor international hits, most notably "(Glad I'm) Not a Kennedy" and "Soviet Snow". Laing also contributed to the Manfred Mann's Earth Band album Somewhere in Afrika. Laing also contributed music to, and appeared in, the 1985 action film Shaker Run.[1]
Currently she resides in New Zealand and occasionally plays live shows, enjoying a small but devoted fan base.
Contents
[hide]
1 Musical career
2 Personal life
3 Discography
3.1 Albums
3.2 Compilation albums
3.3 Singles
4 Awards
4.1 New Zealand Music Awards
5 References
6 External links
Musical career[edit]
Laing first came to prominence in 1972 as a 17-year-old schoolgirl, coming runner-up in the television talent show New Faces with her song "1905". Signed to a recording contract with Phonogram, her first two singles, "1905" and "Show Your Love" both certified gold and both peaked at number 4 on the New Zealand charts. In 1973, she won two Rata awards: Best New Artist and Recording Artist Of The Year.[2] Laing twice represented New Zealand at the Tokyo Music Festival, in 1973 (with the song "Masquerade") and 1974. In 1975, she travelled to Britain and was based there for the next seven years, where in 1982, she was a vocalist for Manfred Mann's Earth Band alongside English musician, Chris Thompson.
Laing was inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame as the Legacy Award recipient at the 2013 New Zealand Music Awards in November 2013.[3]
Personal life[edit]
During a concert on 18 July 1996, Shona Laing came out as bisexual and noted that she was in a relationship with another woman.[4][5]
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Year
Title
Details
Peak chart
positions
NZ
[6]
AUS
[7]
1972 Whispering Afraid
Label: Philips Records/Phonogram International
— —
1974 Shooting Stars Are Only Seen at Night
Label: Philips Records/Phonogram International
Catalogue: 6334 012
— —
1982 Tied to the Tracks
Label: EMI Odeon/Parlophone
Catalogue: EMC 3360
— —
1985 Genre
Label: Pagan Records/Virgin Records
Catalogue: PAL 1004/208 735
— —
1987 South
Label: Pagan Records/Virgin Records
Catalogue: PAL 1031
16 62
1992 New on Earth
Label: Columbia Records/Sony Music
Catalogue: 471514-2
4 —
1994 Shona
Label: TriStar Music/Sony Music
Catalogue: WK 66165
35 —
1997 Roadworks
Label: Columbia Records/Sony Music
Catalogue: 488241-2
— —
2007 Pass the Whisper
Released: 1 November 2007
Label: Independent label
— —
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
Compilation albums[edit]
Year
Title
Details
Peak chart
positions
NZ
[6]
1991 1905–1990 Retrospective 19
2002 The Essential Shona Laing
Label: Columbia
Catalogue: 5096842000
—
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
Singles[edit]
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Album
NZ
[6]
AUS
[7]
US
Dance
[8]
US
Mod.
Rock
[9]
1972 "1905" 4 — — — Whispering Afraid
1973 "Show Your Love" 4 — — —
"Masquerade" 11 — — —
"Someone to Be With" — — — — Non-album single
1974 "I'm Crying Too" — — — — Shooting Stars Are Only Seen at Night
1975 "Don't You Think It's Time" — — — — Non-album single
"I Love My Feet" 39 — — — Whispering Afraid
1980 "Whistling Waltzes" — — — — Tied to the Tracks
"Don't Tell Me" — — — —
1981 "Bundle of Nerves" — — — — Non-album single
1984 "America" 44 — — — Genre
1985 "One in a Miilion" — — — —
1987 "(Glad I'm) Not a Kennedy" 2 9 — 14 South
"Drive Baby Drive" 45 65 — —
"Soviet Snow" — — 32 —
"Caught (Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea)" — — — —
1992 "Walk Away (42nd Street)" 14 — — — New on Earth
"Fear of Falling" 26 — — —
"Thief to Silver" 35 — — —
1993 "Mercy of Love" — — — —
1994 "Kick Back" — — — — Shona
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
Awards[edit]
New Zealand Music Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
1973 Shona Laing Recording Artist of the Year Won[10]
1973 Shona Laing Best New Artist Won[10]
1985 Shona Laing – Genre Album of the Year Nominated[11]
1987 "Glad I'm Not a Kennedy" – Shona Laing Single of the Year Nominated[12]
1987 Shona Laing Best Female Vocalist Won[12]
1987 Shona Laing International Achievement Nominated[12]
1987 Kerry Brown and Bruce Sheridan – "Glad I'm Not a Kennedy" (Shona Laing) Best Video Nominated[12]
1987 Shona Laing Best Songwriter Nominated[12]
1988 Shona Laing – South Album of the Year Nominated[13]
1988 Shona Laing Best Female Vocalist Won[13]
1988 Shona Laing International Achievement Nominated[13]
1988 Stephen McCurdy, Shona Laing and Graeme Myhre – "South" Best Producer Nominated[13]
1994 Shona Laing Best Female Vocalist Nominated[14]
1995 Shona Laing – Shona Album of the Year Nominated[15]
2013 Shona Laing Legacy Award Won[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Shaker Run". IMDb.com. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Music of the 60's and 70's". Sergent.com.au. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "VNZMA Finalists 2013". NZ Music Awards. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Lesbian Decade". Web.archive.org. 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Chronology of Homosexuality in New Zealand – Part 5 – Queer History New Zealand". Gaynz.net.nz. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "charts.org.nz > Shona Laing in New Zealand Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St. Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 172. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. the Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid-1983 and 19 June 1988.
Jump up ^ "Billboard > Artists / Shona Laing > Chart History > Dance Club Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Billboard > Artists / Shona Laing > Chart History > Alternative Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "1973 Winners". NZ Music Awards. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "1985 Winners". NZ Music Awards. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "1987 Winners". NZ Music Awards. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "1988 Winners". NZ Music Awards. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "1994 Winners". NZ Music Awards. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "1995 Winners". NZ Music Awards. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
External links[edit]
Interview
Shona Laing Biography
[hide]
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Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Manfred Mann
Mick Rogers
Robert Hart
John Lingwood
Steve Kinch
Chris Thompson
Steve Waller
Chris Slade
Colin Pattenden
Pat King
Jimmy Copley
Clive Bunker
Dave Flett
Matt Irving
Shona Laing
Richard Marcangelo
Geoff Britton
Noel McCalla
John Trotter
Geoff Dunn
Pete May
Studio albums
Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Glorified Magnified
Messin' (Get Your Rocks Off)
Solar Fire
The Good Earth
Nightingales and Bombers
The Roaring Silence
Watch
Angel Station
Chance
Somewhere in Afrika
Criminal Tango
Masque
Plains Music
Soft Vengeance
2006
Live albums
Budapest Live
Mann Alive
Compilations
Blinded by the Light: The Very Best of Manfred Mann's Earth Band
The Best of Manfred Mann's Earth Band Re-Mastered
The Best of Manfred Mann's Earth Band Re-Mastered Volume II
Odds & Sods - Mis-takes & Out-takes
Songs
"I'll Be Gone"
"Blinded by the Light"
"Spirit in the Night"
"Mighty Quinn"
"Davy's on the Road Again"
"Don't Kill It Carol"
"For You"
"Redemption Song"
Related articles
Discography
Manfred Mann
Manfred Mann Chapter Three
The Manfreds
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 14958714
LCCN: n95099837
ISNI: 0000 0000 6308 8530
GND: 134438388
BNF: cb138962731 (data)
MusicBrainz: cbd6586b-fdd5-4939-a816-2c9cfff7e226
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shona_Laing&oldid=820942337"
Categories:
1955 births
Living people
APRA Award winners
Bisexual musicians
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Persian Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Persian Empire in Achaemenid era, 6th century BC
Tomb of Cyrus the Great, founder of Persian Empire in the 6th century BC
Taq Kasra (Arch of Ctesiphon), symbol of Persian Empire in Sasanian era, 3rd century AD
The Persian Empire (Persian: شاهنشاهی ایران, translit. Šâhanšâhiye Irân, lit. 'Imperial Iran') is a series of imperial dynasties centered in Persia/Iran since the 6th century BC in the Achaemenid era, to the 20th century AD in the Qajar era.
Contents
[hide]
1 Achaemenids
2 Parthians and Sasanians
3 Safavids
4 List of the dynasties described as a Persian Empire
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Achaemenids
The first dynasty of the Persian Empire was created by Achaemenids, established by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC with the conquest of Median, Lydian and Babylonian empires.[1] It covered much of the Ancient world and controlled the largest percentage of the earths population in history when it was conquered by Alexander the Great. Persepolis is the most famous historical site related to Persian Empire in Achaemenid era and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.
Parthians and Sasanians
From 247 BC to 224 AD, Persia was ruled by the Parthian Empire, which supplanted the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, and then by the Sassanian Empire, which ruled up until the mid-7th century.[2]
The Persian Empire in Sasanian era was interrupted by the Arab conquest of Persia in 651 AD, establishing the even larger Islamic caliphate, and later by the Mongol invasion. The main religion of ancient Persia was the native Zoroastrianism, but after the seventh century, it was replaced by Islam.
Safavids
Shah Abbas I, the most powerful king of Persia in Safavid era
The Safavid Empire was the first great Persian Empire established after Arab conquest of Persia by Shah Ismail I. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavid Persians established control over parts of Greater Persia/Iran and reasserted the Persian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native Persian dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a unified Persian state.
Literature, art and architecture were flourished in Safavid era once again and it is often cited as the "rebirth of the Persian Empire". Safavids also announced Shia Islam as the official religion in the empire versus the Sunni Islam in the neighbouring Ottoman Empire.
List of the dynasties described as a Persian Empire
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Qajar dynasty (1785–1925)
Extent of the first Persian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire
Extent of the Sasanian Empire in 621
The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I
Extent of the Afsharid Empire under Nader Shah
See also
List of monarchs of Persia
Iranian monarchy
List of Iranian dynasties and countries
Persia
Iranian peoples
Persian people
List of tombs of Iranian people
References
Jump up ^ Herodotus. "Halicarnassus". The Histories. pp. (page needed). ISBN 978-0143107545.
Jump up ^ History of the World in 1,000 Objects (DK Publishing, 2014). p. 71.
External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Persia.
The dictionary definition of Persian Empire at Wiktionary
Persian Empire travel guide from Wikivoyage
Media related to Persian Empire at Wikimedia Commons
This Iran-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Persian history
Ancient Persia
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Prime meridian
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"Prime Meridian" redirects here. For the meridian often called the Prime Meridian, see Prime meridian (Greenwich).
0°
Prime Meridian
A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its antimeridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides the sphere, e.g., the Earth, into two hemispheres. If one uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian, then they can be called Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere.
Gerardus Mercator in his Atlas Cosmographicae (1595) uses a prime meridian somewhere close to 25°W, passing just to the west of Santa Maria Island in the Atlantic. His 180th meridian runs along the Strait of Anián (Bering Strait)
A prime meridian is ultimately arbitrary, unlike an equator, which is determined by the axis of rotation—and various conventions have been used or advocated in different regions and throughout history.[1] The most widely used modern meridian is the IERS Reference Meridian. It is derived but deviates slightly from the Greenwich Meridian, which was selected as an international standard in 1884.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 List of prime meridians on Earth
3 International prime meridian
3.1 Prime meridian at Greenwich
3.2 IERS Reference Meridian
3.2.1 List of places
4 Prime meridian on other planetary bodies
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Citations
8 Works cited
9 External links
History[edit]
See also: History of longitude
Ptolemy's 1st projection, redrawn under Maximus Planudes around 1300, using a prime meridian east of Africa
The notion of longitude was developed by the Greek Eratosthenes (c. 276 BC – c. 195 BC) in Alexandria, and Hipparchus (c. 190 BC – c. 120 BC) in Rhodes, and applied to a large number of cities by the geographer Strabo (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD). But it was Ptolemy (c. AD 90 – c. AD 168) who first used a consistent meridian for a world map in his Geographia.
Ptolemy used as his basis the "Fortunate Isles", a group of islands in the Atlantic which are usually associated with the Canary Islands (13° to 18°W), although his maps correspond more closely to the Cape Verde islands (22° to 25° W). The main point is to be comfortably west of the western tip of Africa (17.5° W) as negative numbers were not yet in use. His prime meridian corresponds to 18° 40' west of Winchester (about 20°W) today.[2] At that time the chief method of determining longitude was by using the reported times of lunar eclipses in different countries.
Diogo Ribeiro's map of 1529, now in the Vatican library
Ptolemy's Geographia was first printed with maps at Bologna in 1477, and many early globes in the 16th century followed his lead. But there was still a hope that a "natural" basis for a prime meridian existed. Christopher Columbus reported (1493) that the compass pointed due north somewhere in mid-Atlantic, and this fact was used in the important Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 which settled the territorial dispute between Spain and Portugal over newly discovered lands. The Tordesillas line was eventually settled at 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. This is shown in Diogo Ribeiro's 1529 map. São Miguel Island (25.5°W) in the Azores was still used for the same reason as late as 1594 by Christopher Saxton, although by then it had been shown that the zero magnetic deviation line did not follow a line of longitude.[3]
1571 Africa map by Abraham Ortelius, with Cabo Verde prime meridian
In 1541, Mercator produced his famous 41 cm terrestrial globe and drew his prime meridian precisely through Fuertaventura (14°1'W) in the Canaries. His later maps used the Azores, following the magnetic hypothesis. But by the time that Ortelius produced the first modern atlas in 1570, other islands such as Cape Verde were coming into use. In his atlas longitudes were counted from 0° to 360°, not 180°W to 180°E as is usual today. This practice was followed by navigators well into the 18th century.[4] In 1634, Cardinal Richelieu used the westernmost island of the Canaries, Ferro, 19° 55' west of Paris, as the choice of meridian. The geographer Delisle decided to round this off to 20°, so that it simply became the meridian of Paris disguised.[5]
In the early 18th century the battle was on to improve the determination of longitude at sea, leading to the development of the marine chronometer by John Harrison. But it was the development of accurate star charts, principally by the first British Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed between 1680 and 1719 and disseminated by his successor Edmund Halley, that enabled navigators to use the lunar method of determining longitude more accurately using the octant developed by Thomas Godfrey and John Hadley.[6] Between 1765 and 1811, Nevil Maskelyne published 49 issues of the Nautical Almanac based on the meridian of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. "Maskelyne's tables not only made the lunar method practicable, they also made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point. Even the French translations of the Nautical Almanac retained Maskelyne's calculations from Greenwich—in spite of the fact that every other table in the Connaissance des Temps considered the Paris meridian as the prime." [7]
In 1884, at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C., 22 countries voted to adopt the Greenwich[8] meridian as the prime meridian of the world. The French argued for a neutral line, mentioning the Azores and the Bering Strait, but eventually abstained and continued to use the Paris meridian until 1911.
List of prime meridians on Earth[edit]
Locality
Modern longitude
Meridian name
Comment
Bering Strait 168°30′ W Offered in 1884 as possibility for a "neutral prime meridian" by Pierre Janssen at the International Meridian Conference [9]
Washington, D.C. 77°03′56.07″ W (1897) or 77°04′02.24″ W (NAD 27)[clarification needed] or 77°04′01.16″ W (NAD 83) New Naval Observatory meridian
Washington, D.C. 77°02′48.0″ W, 77°03′02.3″, 77°03′06.119″ W or 77°03′06.276″ W (both presumably NAD 27). If NAD27, the latter would be 77°03′05.194″ W (NAD 83) Old Naval Observatory meridian
Washington, D.C. 77°02′11.56299″ W (NAD 83),[10] 77°02′11.55811″ W (NAD 83),[11] 77°02′11.58325″ W (NAD 83)[12] (three different monuments originally intended to be on the White House meridian) White House meridian
Washington, D.C. 77°00′32.6″ W (NAD 83) Capitol meridian
Philadelphia 75° 10′ 12″ W [13][14]
Rio de Janeiro 43° 10′ 19″ W [15]
Fortunate Isles / Azores 25° 40′ 32″ W Used until the Middle Ages, proposed as one possible neutral meridian by Pierre Janssen at the International Meridian Conference[16]
El Hierro (Ferro),
Canary Islands 18° 03′ W,
later redefined as
17° 39′ 46″ W Ferro meridian [17]
Tenerife 16° 38' 22" W Tenerife meridian Rose to prominence with Dutch cartographers and navigators after they abandoned the idea of a magnetic meridian[18]
Cadiz 6° 17' 40" W San Fernando meridian [19]
Lisbon 9° 07′ 54.862″ W [20]
Madrid 3° 41′ 16.58″ W [20]
Greenwich 0° 00′ 05.3101″ W Greenwich meridian Airy Meridian[21]
Greenwich 0° 00′ 05.33″ W United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian Bradley Meridian[21]
Greenwich 0° 00′ 00.00″ IERS Reference Meridian
Paris 2° 20′ 14.025″ E Paris meridian
Brussels 4° 22′ 4.71″ E [20]
Antwerp 4° 24′ E Antwerp meridian
Amsterdam 4° 53′ E through the Westerkerk in Amsterdam; used to define the legal time in the Netherlands from 1909 to 1937[22]
Bern 7° 26′ 22.5″ E [citation needed]
Pisa 10° 24′ E [13]
Oslo (Kristiania) 10° 43′ 22.5″ E [13][14]
Florence 11°15′ E Florence meridian used in the Peters projection, 180° from a meridian running through the Bering Strait
Rome 12° 27′ 08.4″ E meridian of Monte Mario Used in Roma 40 Datum [23]
Copenhagen 12° 34′ 32.25″ E Rundetårn[24]
Naples 14° 15′ E [16]
Bratislava 17° 06′ 03″ E Meridianus Posoniensis Used by Sámuel Mikoviny
Stockholm 18° 03′ 29.8″ E at the Stockholm Observatory[20]
Kraków 19° 57′ 21.43″ E Kraków meridian at the Old Kraków Observatory at the Śniadecki' College; mentioned also in Nicolaus Copernicus's work On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
Warsaw 21° 00′ 42″ E Warsaw meridian [20]
Oradea 21° 55′ 16″ E [25] Between 1464 and 1667, a prime meridian was set in the Fortress of Oradea (Varadinum at the time) by Georg von Peuerbach.[26]
Alexandria 29° 53′ E [27]
Saint Petersburg 30° 19′ 42.09″ E Pulkovo meridian
Great Pyramid of Giza 31° 08′ 03.69″ E 1884 [28]
Jerusalem 35° 13′ 47.1″ E [14]
Mecca 39° 49′ 34″ E see also Mecca Time [29]
Ujjain 75° 47′ E Used from 4th century CE Indian astronomy and calendars(see also Time in India).[30]
Kyoto 136° 14′ E Used in 18th and 19th (officially 1779–1871) century Japanese maps. Exact place unknown, but in "Kairekisyo" in Nishigekkoutyou-town in Kyoto, then the capital.[citation needed]
~ 180 Opposite of Greenwich, proposed 13 October 1884 on the International Meridian Conference by Sandford Fleming [16]
International prime meridian[edit]
In October 1884 the Greenwich Meridian was selected by delegates (forty-one delegates representing twenty-five nations) to the International Meridian Conference held in Washington, D.C., United States to be the common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning throughout the world.[31][note 1] The modern prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian, is placed very near this meridian and is the prime meridian that currently has the widest use.
Prime meridian at Greenwich[edit]
Markings of the prime meridian at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
Main article: Prime meridian (Greenwich)
The modern prime meridian, based at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, was established by Sir George Airy in 1851.[33]
The position of the Greenwich Meridian has been defined by the location of the Airy Transit Circle ever since the first observation was taken with it by Sir George Airy in 1851.[33] Prior to that, it was defined by a succession of earlier transit instruments, the first of which was acquired by the second Astronomer Royal, Edmond Halley in 1721. It was set up in the extreme north-west corner of the Observatory between Flamsteed House and the Western Summer House. This spot, now subsumed into Flamsteed House, is roughly 43 metres to the west of the Airy Transit Circle, a distance equivalent to roughly 0.15 seconds of time.[21] It was Airy's transit circle that was adopted in principle (with French delegates, who pressed for adoption of the Paris meridian abstaining) as the Prime Meridian of the world at the 1884 International Meridian Conference.[34][35]
All of these Greenwich meridians were located via an astronomic observation from the surface of the Earth, oriented via a plumb line along the direction of gravity at the surface. This astronomic Greenwich meridian was disseminated around the world, first via the lunar distance method, then by chronometers carried on ships, then via telegraph lines carried by submarine communications cables, then via radio time signals. One remote longitude ultimately based on the Greenwich meridian using these methods was that of the North American Datum 1927 or NAD27, an ellipsoid whose surface best matches mean sea level under the United States.
IERS Reference Meridian[edit]
Main article: IERS Reference Meridian
Satellites changed the reference from the surface of the Earth to its centre of mass around which all satellites orbit regardless of surface irregularities. The requirement that satellite-based geodetic reference systems be centred on the centre of mass of the earth caused the modern prime meridian to be 5.3" east of the astronomic Greenwich prime meridian through the Airy Transit Circle. At the latitude of Greenwich, this amounts to 102 metres.[36] This was officially accepted by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) in 1984 via its BTS84 (BIH Terrestrial System) that later became WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) and the various ITRFs (International Terrestrial Reference Systems).
Due to the movement of Earth's tectonic plates, the line of 0° longitude along the surface of the Earth has slowly moved toward the west from this shifted position by a few centimetres; that is, towards the Airy Transit Circle (or the Airy Transit Circle has moved toward the east, depending on your point of view) since 1984 (or the 1960s). With the introduction of satellite technology, it became possible to create a more accurate and detailed global map. With these advances there also arose the necessity to define a reference meridian that, whilst being derived from the Airy Transit Circle, would also take into account the effects of plate movement and variations in the way that the Earth was spinning.[37] As a result, the International Reference Meridian was established and is commonly used to denote Earth's prime meridian (0° longitude) by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which defines and maintains the link between longitude and time. Based on observations to satellites and celestial compact radio sources (quasars) from various coordinated stations around the globe, Airy's transit circle drifts northeast about 2.5 centimetres per year relative to this Earth-centred 0° longitude. Circa 1999 the international reference meridian (IRM) passed 5.31 arcseconds east of Airy's meridian or 102.5 metres (336.3 feet) at the latitude of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London.[38][39][40][41] It is also the reference meridian of the Global Positioning System operated by the United States Department of Defense, and of WGS84 and its two formal versions, the ideal International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and its realization, the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).[38][39][40] A current convention on the Earth uses the opposite of the IRM as the basis for the International Date Line.
List of places[edit]
[show]Map all coordinates using OSM
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Place data as RDF
On Earth, starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the IERS Reference Meridian (as of 2016) passes through:
Co-ordinates
(approximate)
Country, territory or sea
Notes
90°0′N 0°0′E / 90.000°N 0.000°E / 90.000; 0.000 (North Pole)
Arctic Ocean
81°39′N 0°0′E / 81.650°N 0.000°E / 81.650; 0.000 (Greenland Sea)
Greenland Sea
72°53′N 0°0′E / 72.883°N 0.000°E / 72.883; 0.000 (Norwegian Sea)
Norwegian Sea
61°0′N 0°0′E / 61.000°N 0.000°E / 61.000; 0.000 (North Sea)
North Sea
53°45′N 0°0′E / 53.750°N 0.000°E / 53.750; 0.000 (United Kingdom)
United Kingdom
From Tunstall in East Riding to Peacehaven, passing through Greenwich
50°47′N 0°0′E / 50.783°N 0.000°E / 50.783; 0.000 (English Channel)
English Channel
49°19′N 0°0′E / 49.317°N 0.000°E / 49.317; 0.000 (France)
France
From Villers-sur-Mer to Gavarnie
42°41′N 0°0′E / 42.683°N 0.000°E / 42.683; 0.000 (Spain)
Spain
From Cilindro de Marboré to Castellón de la Plana
39°56′N 0°0′E / 39.933°N 0.000°E / 39.933; 0.000 (Mediterranean Sea)
Mediterranean Sea
Gulf of Valencia
38°52′N 0°0′E / 38.867°N 0.000°E / 38.867; 0.000 (Spain)
Spain
From El Verger to Calpe
38°38′N 0°0′E / 38.633°N 0.000°E / 38.633; 0.000 (Mediterranean Sea)
Mediterranean Sea
35°50′N 0°0′E / 35.833°N 0.000°E / 35.833; 0.000 (Algeria)
Algeria
From Stidia to Algeria-Mali border near Bordj Mokhtar
21°50′N 0°0′E / 21.833°N 0.000°E / 21.833; 0.000 (Mali)
Mali
14°59′N 0°0′E / 14.983°N 0.000°E / 14.983; 0.000 (Burkina Faso)
Burkina Faso
11°6′N 0°0′E / 11.100°N 0.000°E / 11.100; 0.000 (Togo)
Togo
For about 600 m
11°6′N 0°0′E / 11.100°N 0.000°E / 11.100; 0.000 (Ghana)
Ghana
For about 16 km
10°57′N 0°0′E / 10.950°N 0.000°E / 10.950; 0.000 (Togo)
Togo
For about 39 km
10°36′N 0°0′E / 10.600°N 0.000°E / 10.600; 0.000 (Ghana)
Ghana
From the Togo-Ghana border near Bunkpurugu to Tema
Passing through Lake Volta at 7°48′N 0°0′E / 7.800°N 0.000°E / 7.800; 0.000 (Lake Volta)
5°37′N 0°0′E / 5.617°N 0.000°E / 5.617; 0.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Equator at 0°0′N 0°0′E / 0.000°N 0.000°E / 0.000; 0.000 (Equator) ("Null Island")
60°0′S 0°0′E / 60.000°S 0.000°E / -60.000; 0.000 (Southern Ocean)
Southern Ocean
68°54′S 0°0′E / 68.900°S 0.000°E / -68.900; 0.000 (Antarctica)
Antarctica
Queen Maud Land, claimed by Norway
Prime meridian on other planetary bodies[edit]
See also: Longitude (planets)
"Prime meridian (planets)" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Central meridian (planets).
As on the Earth, prime meridians must be arbitrarily defined. Often a landmark such as a crater is used; other times a prime meridian is defined by reference to another celestial object, or by magnetic fields. The prime meridians of the following planetographic systems have been defined:
Two different heliographic coordinate systems are used on the Sun. The first is the Carrington heliographic coordinate system. In this system, the prime meridian passes through the center of the solar disk as seen from the Earth on 9 November 1853, which is when Richard Christopher Carrington started his observations of sunspots.[42] The second is the Stonyhurst heliographic coordinates system.
The prime meridian of Mercury is defined to be 20° east of the crater Hun Kal.[43]
The prime meridian of Venus passes through the central peak in the crater Ariadne.[44]
The prime meridian of the Moon lies directly in the middle of the face of the moon visible from Earth and passes near the crater Bruce.
The prime meridian of Mars is defined by the crater Airy-0.
Jupiter has several coordinate systems because its cloud tops—the only part of the planet visible from space—rotate at different rates depending on latitude.[45] It is unknown whether Jupiter has any internal solid surface that would enable a more Earth-like coordinate system. System I and System II coordinates are based on atmospheric rotation, and System III coordinates use Jupiter's magnetic field.
Titan, like the Earth's moon, always has the same face towards Saturn, and so the middle of that face is 0 longitude.
Pluto's prime meridian is defined as the center of the face that is always pointed towards Charon, its largest moon, as the two are tidally locked towards each other.
See also[edit]
Geography portal
1st meridian east
1st meridian west
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Voting took place on 13 October and the resolutions were adopted on 22 October 1884.[32]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Prime Meridian, geog.port.ac.uk
Jump up ^ Norgate & Norgate 2006
Jump up ^ Hooker 2006
Jump up ^ e.g. Jacob Roggeveen in 1722 reported the longitude of Easter Island as 268° 45' (starting from Fuertaventura) in the Extract from the Official log of Jacob Roggeveen reproduced in Bolton Glanville Corney, ed. (1908), The voyage of Don Felipe Gonzalez to Easter Island in 1770-1, Hakluyt Society, p. 3, retrieved 13 January 2013
Jump up ^ Speech by Pierre Janssen, director of the Paris observatory, at the first session of the Meridian Conference.
Jump up ^ Sobel & Andrewes 1998, pp. 110–115
Jump up ^ Sobel & Andrewes 1998, pp. 197–199
Jump up ^ "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich". Royal Museums Greenwich. n.d. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Jump up ^ International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Project Gutenberg
Jump up ^ NGS 2016, PID: HV1847.
Jump up ^ NGS 2016, PID: HV1846.
Jump up ^ NGS 2016, PID: AH7372.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hooker (2006), introduction.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oct. 13, 1884: Greenwich Resolves Subprime Meridian Crisis, WIRED, 13 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Atlas do Brazil, 1909, by Barão Homem de Mello e Francisco Homem de Mello, published in Rio de Janeiro by F. Briguiet & Cia.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Project Gutenberg eBook of International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day". Gutenberg.org. 12 February 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Ancient, used in Ptolemy's Geographia. Later redefined 17° 39′ 46″ W of Greenwich to be exactly 20° W of Paris. French "submarin" at Washington 1884.
Jump up ^ A.R.T. Jonkers; Parallel meridians: Diffusion and change in early modern oceanic reckoning, in Noord-Zuid in Oostindisch perspectief, The Hague, 2005, p. 7. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ , [1], in El País, 2016, retrieved 23 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bartky, Ian R. (2007), One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity, p. 98, retrieved through GoogleBooks, 6 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dolan 2013a.
Jump up ^ (in Dutch)Eenheid van tijd in Nederland (Unity of time in the Netherlands), Utrecht University website, retrieved 28 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Grids & Datums – Italian Republic, asprs.org, Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ meridian, article from Den Store Danske Encyklopædi
Jump up ^ Oradea, Tourism office website, retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Romanian astronaut makrsk 10th anniversary of Prime Meridian Astronomy Club". NineO'Clock.ro. 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Jump up ^ The meridian of Ptolemy's Almagest.
Jump up ^ Wilcomb E. Washburn, "The Canary Islands and the Question of the Prime Meridian: The Search for Precision in the Measurement of the Earth Archived 29 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine."
Jump up ^ Maimonides, Hilchot Kiddush Hachodesh 11:17, calls this point אמצע היישוב, "the middle of the habitation", i.e. the habitable hemisphere. Evidently this was a convention accepted by Arab geographers of his day.
Jump up ^ Burgess 1860
Jump up ^ "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the proceedings". Project Gutenberg. 1884. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Howse 1997, pp. 12, 137
^ Jump up to: a b Greenwich Observatory ... the story of Britain's oldest scientific institution, the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and Herstmonceux, 1675–1975 p.10. Taylor & Francis, 1975
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Dennis; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2009). TIME from Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 244–5.
Jump up ^ ROG Learning Team (23 August 2002). "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich". Royal Museums Greenwich. Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Malys, Stephen; Seago, John H.; Palvis, Nikolaos K.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Kaplan, George H. (1 August 2015). "Why the Greenwich meridian moved". Journal of Geodesy. 89 (12): 1263. Bibcode:2015JGeod..89.1263M. doi:10.1007/s00190-015-0844-y.
Jump up ^ Dolan 2013b.
^ Jump up to: a b History of the Prime Meridian -Past and Present
^ Jump up to: a b IRM on grounds of Royal Observatory from Google Earth Accessed 30 March 2012
^ Jump up to: a b The astronomic latitude of the Royal Observatory is 51°28'38"N whereas its latitude on the European Terrestrial Reference Frame (1989) datum is 51°28'40.1247"N.
Jump up ^ Guinot, B., 2011. Solar time, legal time, time in use. Metrologica 48, S181–S185.
Jump up ^ "Carrington heliographic coordinates".
Jump up ^ Archinal, B. A.; A’Hearn, M. F.; Bowell, E.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Courtin, R.; Fukushima, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Krasinsky, G. A.; Neumann, G.; Oberst, J.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Stooke, P.; Tholen, D. J.; Thomas, P. C.; Williams, I. P. (23 October 2010). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009" (PDF). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 109 (2): 15. Bibcode:2011CeMDA.109..101A. doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4.
Jump up ^ "USGS Astrogeology: Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets (IAU WGCCRE)". Retrieved 22 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Planetographic Coordinates". Retrieved 24 May 2017.
Works cited[edit]
Burgess, Ebenezer (1860), "Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta", Journal of the American Oriental Society (e book), 6, Google (published c. 2013), p. 185
Dolan, Graham (2013a). "The Greenwich Meridian before the Airy Transit Circle". The Greenwich Meridian.
Dolan, Graham (2013b). "WGS84 and the Greenwich Meridian". The Greenwich Meridian.
Hooker, Brian (2006), A multitude of prime meridians, retrieved 13 January 2013
Howse, Derek (1997), Greenwich Time and the Longitude, Phillip Wilson, ISBN 0-85667-468-0
Norgate, Jean; Norgate, Martin (2006), Prime meridian, retrieved 13 January 2013
NGS datasheet station name form, National Geodetic Survey, 2016, retrieved 11 December 2016
Sobel, Dava; Andrewes, William J. H. (1998), The Illustrated Longitude, Fourth Estate, London
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime meridian.
"Where the Earth's surface begins—and ends", Popular Mechanics, December 1930
scanned TIFFs of the conference proceedings
Prime meridians in use in the 1880s, by country
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