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Table of keyboard shortcuts
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For keyboard shortcuts in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Keyboard shortcuts.
In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a sequence or combination of keystrokes on a computer keyboard which invokes commands in software.
Most keyboard shortcuts require the user to press a single key or a sequence of keys one after the other.d Other keyboard shortcuts require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously (indicated in the tables below by this sign: +). Keyboard shortcuts may depend on the keyboard layout..
Contents
[hide]
1 Comparison of keyboard shortcuts
1.1 General shortcuts
1.1.1 Navigation
1.1.2 Power management
1.1.3 Screenshots
1.2 Text editing
1.2.1 Text formatting
1.3 Browsers / Go menu
1.3.1 Web browsers
1.3.2 Tab management
1.4 Window management
1.5 User interface navigation (widgets and controls)
1.6 Command line shortcuts
1.7 Accessibility
1.8 References
Comparison of keyboard shortcuts[edit]
Main article: Keyboard shortcut
Keyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an important element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions means that a meaningful comparison of keyboard shortcuts can be made across various widely used operating systems.
Cells with a yellow background in the tables below denote Apple's "sacred" keybindings.
General shortcuts[edit]
A note regarding KDE's shortcuts is that they can be changed and the below list contains the defaults. Some of the combinations are not true for localized versions of operating systems. For example, in a non-English version of Windows, the Edit menu is not always bound to the E shortcut. Furthermore, many shortcuts (such as Ctrl+Z, Alt+E, etc.) are just common conventions and are not handled by the operating system. Whether such commands are implemented (or not) depends on how an actual application program (such as an editor) is written. Not all applications follow (all of) these conventions, so if it doesn't work, it isn't compatible.
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME
Emacs
Vim
Chrome OS
File menu
Alt+F, or F10 then F Ctrl+F2, then F [2] Alt+F Meta+`, then f Alt+f (gvim)
or Ctrl+e (vim + NERDTree)
Ctrl+O
Edit menu
Alt+E Ctrl+F2, then E [2] Alt+E Meta+`, then e Alt+e (gvim)
View menu
Alt+V Ctrl+F2, then V [2] Alt+V
Undo the last operation
Ctrl+Z, or
Alt+Backspace ⌘ Cmd+Z Ctrl+Z Ctrl+x, then u or
Ctrl+/ or
Ctrl+_ or
Undo
u Ctrl++
Redo the last operation
Ctrl+Y, or Shift+Alt+Backspace ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z, or Ctrl+Y Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos. Ctrl+r Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z
Cut the selection and store it in the clipboard
Ctrl+X, or ⇧ Shift+Del ⌘ Cmd+X Ctrl+X Ctrl+w x
or "ax to cut in register "a" or "+x to cut in system clipboard
Ctrl+X
Copy the selection into the clipboard
Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins ⌘ Cmd+C Ctrl+C Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins y
or "ay or "+y
Ctrl+C
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor
Ctrl+V,or ⇧ Shift+Ins ⌘ Cmd+V Ctrl+V Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins p
or "ap to paste the content of the "a" register or "+p to paste the content of the system clipboard
Ctrl+V
Paste special
Ctrl+V Shift+Opt+Cmd+V Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V Meta+y Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V
Select all in focused control or window
Ctrl+A ⌘ Cmd+A Ctrl+A Ctrl+x, then h ggVG, unlikely ever needed as most command take an optional range parameter. % means "all in focused windows" here so e.g. to copy all the text, use :%y Ctrl+A
Cycle through installed keyboard languages / input methods
⇧ Shift+Alt, or ⊞ Win+Space
The latter displays a menu with the currently selected input method highlighted, and debuted in Windows 8.
Cmd+Space (not MBR)
Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[3]
Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard
⇧ Shift+Alt in GNOME
Ctrl+\ Ctrl+Space
Navigation[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE/GNOME
Chrome OS
New browser window with same page as current
Ctrl+N
(for both explorer.exe and iexplore.exe) Ctrl+N
New folder
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+N Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N
Applications menu
⊞ Win or
Ctrl+Esc Ctrl+F2, then "n"
[2] Alt+<letter>
e.g. for File Alt+F
Search
Lock desktop
⊞ Win+L[4] Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Q[5] (macOS High Sierra and greater)
or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject or MBR Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Pwr
(If "Require password after sleep or screen saver" is enabled in "System Preferences — Security & Privacy")
Ctrl+Alt+L Power (Hold for 3 seconds)
Show desktop
⊞ Win+D F11 Ctrl+Alt+D
Minimize all windows
⊞ Win+M, then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows
Log out user
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Q Ctrl+Alt+Delete Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Q (Twice)
Switch active user
⊞ Win+L[6]
Task manager
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc,
Ctrl+Alt+Delete[7] ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Esc Ctrl+Esc Search+Esc
Rename object
F2 ↵ Enter[8] or F2 F2
Open file or program
↵ Enter or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter ⌘ Cmd+O or ⌘ Cmd+↓ ↵ Enter
Switch window (next/previous)
Alt+Tab ↹ /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ↹
⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹ /
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ /
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Hold Alt, then quickly press Tab ↹
Switch window without dialog (next/previous)
Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc
Only works within single Applications
⌘ Cmd+` / ⌘ Cmd+~
Ctrl+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Esc
Run application
⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+R, enter executable name
⌘ Cmd+Space, enter executable name or ⌘ Cmd+↓ Alt+F2, enter executable name
Search
⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+F or F3 ⌘ Cmd+Space Search
Show Hidden Files
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+., while in Finder, will toggle setting
Power management[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Chrome OS
Place computer into sleep/standby mode
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > s
Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↵ Enter
Sleep (available on some keyboards)
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Control Panel ➢ Power Options ➢ Advanced tab dialog box)
Windows task manager
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc
Shut down computer
Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject
(no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown
(KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)
Power (Hold for 10 seconds)
Restart computer
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > r
Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↑+↵ Enter Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[9]
(no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp
(KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Place display in sleep mode
button on monitor Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject
Bring up power/sleep dialog box
⊞ Win+D+release thenAlt+F4 Ctrl+Eject
Force shutdown
Power (Hold for 5 seconds) refresh+power
Screenshots[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Save screenshot of entire screen as file
⊞ Win+Print Screen or Print Screen ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 Print Screen set the name and click "Save". GNOME Shell [10]
Save screenshot of window as file
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space Alt+Print Screen set the name and click "Save". [[GNOME]] [10]
Copy screenshot of window to clipboard
Alt+Print Screen Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space Alt+Print Screen click "Copy to Clipboard". [[GNOME]] [10]
Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+S Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 ⇧ Shift+Print Screen click "Copy to Clipboard". [[GNOME]] [10]
Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 ⇧ Shift+Print Screen set the name and click "Save". [[GNOME]] [10]
Screencasting
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Alt+R
[11] [12]
Text editing[edit]
Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.[13]
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME
Emacs
Vim
Chrome OS
Delete char to the right of cursor
Del or
Fn+← Backspace
Del or
Fn+← Backspace
Del Ctrl+d x Alt+← Backspace or Del
Delete word to the right of cursor
Ctrl+Del ⌥ Opt+Del or
⌥ Opt+Fn+← Backspace
Ctrl+Del Meta+d dw
(delete space too)
or
de (keep space)
Delete word to the left of cursor
Ctrl+← Backspace ⌥ Opt+← Backspace Ctrl+← Backspace Ctrl+← Backspace or
Meta+← Backspace
dge
(delete space too)
or
db (keep space)
← Backspace
Go to start of line
Home or
Fn+←
⌘ Cmd+← or
Ctrl+A
Home Ctrl+a or
Home
^
(go to first non-space) or
0
(go to column 0)
Go to end of line
End or
Fn+→
⌘ Cmd+→ or
Ctrl+E
End Ctrl+e or
End
$
Go to start of document
Ctrl+Home ⌘ Cmd+↑ Ctrl+Home Meta+< or
Ctrl+Home
gg Ctrl+search+←
Go to end of document
Ctrl+End ⌘ Cmd+↓ Ctrl+End Meta+> or
Ctrl+End
G Ctrl+search+→
Go to previous word
Ctrl+← or
Ctrl+/
⌥ Opt+← Ctrl+← Meta+b or
Ctrl+← or
Meta+←
b or
ge
Go to next word
Ctrl+→ ⌥ Opt+→ Ctrl+→ Meta+f or
Ctrl+→ or
Meta+→
w or e
Go to previous line
↑ ↑ or
Ctrl+p
↑ Ctrl+p or
↑ |k or ↑
k or ↑
Go to next line
↓ ↓ or
Ctrl+n
↓ Ctrl+n or ↓ j or ↓
Go to previous line break (paragraph)
Ctrl+↑ ⌥ Opt+↑ Ctrl+↑
(kword or GNOME) Meta+( or Control+↑ (
Go to next line break
Ctrl+↓ ⌥ Opt+↓ Ctrl+↓
(kword or GNOME) Meta+} or
Control+↓ )
Move the cursor down the length of the viewport
Page Down ⌥ Opt+⇟ or
⌥ Opt+Fn+↓
Page Down Ctrl+v or
Page Down
Ctrl+f or
Page Down
Move the cursor up the length of the viewport
Page Up ⌥ Opt+⇞ or
⌥ Opt+Fn+↑
Page Up Meta+v or
Page Up
Ctrl+b or
Page Up
Find
Ctrl+F ⌘ Cmd+F
⌘ Cmd+E
(Search with current selection)
Ctrl+F
Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)
Ctrl+s / Ctrl+F
Go to next search result
F3 ⌘ Cmd+G Ctrl+G (GNOME) or
F3 (KDE)[14]
Ctrl+s n
Go to previous search result
⇧ Shift+F3 ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+G (GNOME) or
⇧ Shift+F3 (KDE)[14]
Ctrl+r N
Search and replace
Ctrl+H ⌘ Cmd+F Ctrl+H (GNOME) or
Ctrl+R (KDE)
Meta+% %s/fosh/fish/gc[15]
Search with a regular expression
Ctrl+Meta+s All searches use regular expressions.
Search and replace with a regular expression
Ctrl+Meta+%
Text formatting[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME[16]
Emacs
Vim
Bold
Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+B Ctrl+B Meta+o, then b
Underline
Ctrl+U ⌘ Cmd+U Ctrl+U Meta+o, then u
Italic
Ctrl+I ⌘ Cmd+I Ctrl+I Meta+o, then i
Uppercase / Lowercase
⇧ Shift+F3
or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+A
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C ⇧ Shift+F3 Meta+u for upper,
Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.
gU for upper, gu for lower, ~ to toggle.
Superscript
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+= Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (some applications only) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P[17]
Subscript
Ctrl+= Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (some applications only) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B[17]
Selected text larger/smaller
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+>, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+<
or
Ctrl+[, Ctrl/core+]
⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+>
⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+<
Selected text Bullets or Numbered Items
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+L
Insert Linebreak
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter ⌥ Opt+↵ Enter[8] ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
Browsers / Go menu[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Chrome OS
Go to Address Bar
Alt+D or Alt+C or F6
depending on language ⌘ Cmd+L or ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6 Ctrl+L or Alt+D
Go to the previous location in history[18]
Alt+← or ← Backspace ⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+← Alt+← ←
Go to the next location in history
Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only) ⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→ Alt+→ →
Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy
Alt+↑ (Vista, 7 or 8 only) or ← Backspace (Windows Explorer) ⌘ Cmd+↑ Alt+↑
Go to the starting page defined by the user or application
Alt+Home ⌘ Cmd+Home Ctrl+Home (KDE) /
Alt+Home (GNOME)
Web browsers[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Emacs-w3m
Vimperator
Chrome OS
Bookmarks menu
Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+B
(Firefox)
Alt+B v :bmarks
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com)
↵ Enter ⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox) or
Ctrl+↵ Enter[8] (Chrome)
Ctrl+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net)
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox) ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
Add bookmark for current page
Ctrl+D ⌘ Cmd+D Ctrl+B /
Ctrl+D
a :bmark Ctrl+D
Add bookmark for current link
Meta+a
Manage bookmarks
Ctrl+B ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R /
Ctrl+B
Focus and select Web search bar
Ctrl+E ⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or
⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari)
Ctrl+k t (open in a new tab) or
T (open in current tab) Ctrl+E or Ctrl+K
Focus and select address bar
Ctrl+L or
F6 or
Alt+D
⌘ Cmd+L Ctrl+L or
Alt+D or
F6
g O to alter URL,
use y to copy it. Ctrl+L or Alt+D
Refresh a webpage
F5 or
Ctrl+R
⌘ Cmd+R F5 or
Ctrl}+R
R r ⟲ or Ctrl+R
Refresh a webpage ignoring cache
Ctrl+F5 or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+R Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R R Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R
Open a new window
Ctrl+N ⌘ Cmd+N
(Chrome) Ctrl+N :winopen Ctrl+N
Zoom Options
(zoom in /
zoom out /
zoom 100%)
Ctrl++ /
Ctrl+- /
Ctrl+0
⌘ Cmd++ /
⌘ Cmd+- /
⌘ Cmd+0
Ctrl++ /
Ctrl+- /
Ctrl+0
zi / zo / zz (text only)
or zI / zO / zZ (text and images)
Tab management[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Emacs-w3m
Vimperator
Chrome OS
New tab
Ctrl+T ⌘ Cmd+T Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or
Ctrl+T
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t t Ctrl+T
Close tab
Ctrl+W ⌘ Cmd+W Ctrl+W Mozilla Firefox[19] & Opera [20] & Chrome [21] & Arora [22] & Epiphany [23] & Midori
Ctrl+F4 Mozilla Firefox [19] & Opera [20] & Chrome [21] & Arora [22]
d Ctrl+W
Close all tabs but the current one
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+T (Safari) Ctrl+c, then Meta+w
Go to next tab
Ctrl+Tab ↹ Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari)
Ctrl+PageDown or
Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
Ctrl+.
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n gt Ctrl+Tab ↹
Go to previous tab
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari)
Ctrl+PageUp or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
or Ctrl+,
Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p gT Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Go to tab-n
Ctrl+n
(Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer) ⌘ Cmd+n (Chrome) Alt+n (Chrome, Firefox) or
Ctrl+n (Chrome)
First tab: g0
Last tab: g$
Ctrl+b
Open a previously closed tab
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T
(Firefox, Opera, Chrome) Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
(Firefox, Opera, Chrome)[21][24][25]
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox)[24] u Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
Open a previously closed window
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N (Firefox)[24] Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
Window management[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE
GNOME
Emacs
Close the current internet tab
Ctrl+w ⌘ Cmd+F11
Force window mode (Application requires functionality for set action)
Alt+↵ Enter ⌥ Opt+Alt+↵ Enter[8] or ⌥ Option+Alt+F or ⌘ Cmd+F or ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+F
Pop up window menu
Alt+Space Alt+F3 Alt+Space Meta+`, then b
Close the focused window
Alt+F4 or Alt+Space then C[26] ⌘ Cmd+W Alt+F4 Alt+F4 Ctrl+x, then k
Close all windows of current application
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+W
Restore the focused window to its previous size
Alt+Space then R[26] Alt+F3 then X Alt+F5 Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register.
Move the focused window
Alt+Space then M[26] then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter(to save location) Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys
Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys
Resize the focused window
Alt+Space then S[26] then Arrow Keys Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically
Hide the focused window
⌘ Cmd+H Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter
Hide all except the focused window
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+H
Lower the focused window
Alt+Esc
Minimize the focused window
Alt+Space then N,[26] or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows >=7) ⌘ Cmd+M Alt+F3 then N Alt+F9 Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter
Maximize the focused window
Alt+Space then X,[26] or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7, 8, 10) ⌘ Cmd+L Alt+F3 then X Alt+F10 Ctrl+x, then 1
Maximize horizontally
Available, but no default Available, but no default
Maximize vertically
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7 and Windows 8) Available ('Zoom'), but no default Available, but no default Available, but no default
Minimize all
⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D ⌘ Cmd+Alt+M Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+D
Minimize all non focused windows
⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7, 8.1, 10) Available, but no default
Undo minimize all
⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+M Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+D
Switch fullscreen/normal size
F11 or ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (UWP apps only) ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+F F11 F11
Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar
Depends on application, system default: ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F Ctrl+F11
Rollup/down window
Available, but no default Alt+F12
Show all open windows
⊞ Win+Tab ↹ F3 or
F9 or Fn+F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[27][28]
⊞ Win works per desktop on Gnome 3+ Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all windows of current application
⊞ Win+Tab ↹ Ctrl+F3 or
F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[27][28]
Ctrl+` Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all workspaces
⊞ Win+Tab ↹ (only Windows 10) F8 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[27][28]
⊞ Win then mouse over the desktop bar on the right edge of the screen
Move window to left/right/up/down workspace
⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7 and Windows 8) Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+← / → / ↑ / ↓
Move window between multiple monitors
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+←/→ (Windows 7 and Windows 8)
Move window to workspace n
Available, but no default
Switch to next/previous workspace list
Available, but no default
Go to workspace n
Ctrl+n Ctrl+Fn
Go to left/right/up/down workspace
[29] Ctrl+← /
Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 to 10.6), Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ (OS X 10.7 and later)
Available, but no default Ctrl+Alt+← /
→ / ↑ / ↓
Quit application of current window
Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[30] ⌘ Cmd+Q[31] Ctrl+Alt+Esc q
Close dialog
Esc (Laptop)
⊞ Win+↓+F4 (Desktop) Esc
Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar
⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)
Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch
⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista, 7 and 8.1) ⌘ Cmd+A+⇧ Shift
Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened)
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)
Focus the first taskbar entry. Pressing again will cycle through them
⊞ Win+T, you can ←→ back and forth. Hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)
Peek at the desktop
⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7 only)
Fn+⊞ Win (Windows 8 and later) ⌘ Cmd+F3 or
F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[27][28]
Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets
⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling)
External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.)
⊞ Win+P (Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10)
User interface navigation (widgets and controls)[edit]
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE
GNOME
Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ [2] Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ↹
Pop up tooltip for currently focused control
⇧ Shift+F1 Ctrl+F1
Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control
⇧ Shift+F1 ⌘ Cmd+? ⇧ Shift+F1 ⇧ Shift+F1
Give focus to next/previous pane
Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6 ⌘ Cmd+` F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6
Give focus to splitter bar in paned window
F8
Give focus to window's menu bar
F10 or Alt ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+/, then type command name, or
Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards) [2] Alt F10
Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu)
⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Fn+Ctrl+5 or
Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+I (laptop)
≣ Menu ≣ Menu or ⇧ Shift+F10
Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button
Space Space Space Space
Activate focused button, menu item etc.
↵ Enter Space (also ↵ Enter[8] for menu items) ↵ Enter ↵ Enter
Expand a drop-down list
F4 or Alt+↓
Select/move to first/last item in selected widget
Home / End Home / End
Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right
⇞ / ⇟
(or Fn+↑ / Fn+↓ on some keyboards)
PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp /
PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown
Scroll selected view to top/bottom
↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖
↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘
Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window
Ctrl+Tab ↹ Ctrl+Tab ↹ /
⌘ Cmd+`
Ctrl+Tab ↹ ->
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ <-
Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop
Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹
Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog)
Ctrl+Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Esc
Command line shortcuts[edit]
Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.
Action
Microsoft Windows
(cmd.exe)
Microsoft Windows
(Windows PowerShell)
Unix & -like, including macOS
(bash)
Unix & -like
(POSIX shell)
Scroll through History of typed commands
↑/↓ ↑/↓ ↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N ESC K / ESC J
Signal end-of-file
Ctrl+Z Ctrl+D
Abort current command/typing
Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C
Erase word to the left
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Stop execution of the current job
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Accessibility[edit]
In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
In GNOME, these shortcuts are possible, if Universal Access is enabled on the system.
Action
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Hear beep when -lock key pressed
Numlock hold 5 seconds
Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed
Right Shift hold 8 seconds ***⇧ Shift hold for 8 seconds[34]
[35][36]
Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode
Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8 Meta+⇧ Shift+i (if enabled)
Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode (Only current window)
Meta+⇧ Shift+u (if enabled)
Greyscale Mode
Ctrl + Win + C
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Highlighted shortcuts are from the list of "sacred" keybindings.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Requires full keyboard access active:
 > System Preferences > Keyboard > Keyboard Shortcuts > Full Keyboard Access > All Controls
Alternatively use Ctrl+F7 to toggle this setting.
Jump up ^ "Mac 101: Set your preferences". Article: HT2490. Apple Inc. 2010-10-22. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
Jump up ^ Singh, Swapnil (2012-02-08). "10 Cool Windows Shortcuts You Need to Know". Tricktactoe.com. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
Jump up ^ Tate, Jody (2017-09-27). "High Sierra 10.13 : Keychain Access Menubar Item Missing?". stackexchange.com. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
Jump up ^ Takes you to the "Switch User" screen when Fast User Switching has been enabled (enabled by default in XP).
Jump up ^ Shows task manager in Windows XP if the welcome screen is enabled. Otherwise displays an NT-style menu, with the option of launching the task manager; likewise for Vista.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h On Mac OS, OS X, and macOS, the key commonly called ↵ Enter is properly called ↩ Return, while ⌅ Enter is a separate key normally located on the numeric keypad or invoked as ⌥ Opt+↩ Return (mainly on keyboards without a numeric keypad).
Jump up ^ "Mac OS X keyboard shortcuts". Article: HT1343. Apple Inc. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Taking Screenshots". User Guide 2.32. The GNOME Project. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Screencast Recording". GNOME Cheat Sheet. The GNOME Project. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Screen Shot Record". GNOME Help Guide. The GNOME Project. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
Jump up ^ For the concept of "selected text" see also X Window selection
^ Jump up to: a b "HIG/Keyboard Shortcuts". KDE Techbase. KDE. 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
Jump up ^ In whole document (%), substitute (s) fosh by fish, don't stop at one substitution per line (g) and ask for confirmation for each substitution (c).
Jump up ^ "Appendix A — Keyboard Shortcuts". Libre Office Documentation. The Document Foundation. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b community.linuxmint.com. "OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice Keyboard Shortcuts — Linux Mint Community". Community.linuxmint.com. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Browser Shortcuts". Mirus IT. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Keyboard shortcuts — Perform common Firefox tasks quickly | Firefox Help". Support.mozilla.org. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Opera Help: Keyboard Shortcuts". Help.opera.com. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Linux keyboard shortcuts — Google Chrome Help". Support.google.com. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "DefaultKeyboardShortcuts — arora — The Default Keyboard Shortcuts in Arora (Non-Mac Keyboard) - Cross Platform WebKit Browser — Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Shortcuts". Library.gnome.org. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Keyboard shortcuts — Perform common Firefox tasks quickly | Firefox Help". Support.mozilla.org. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Opera Help: Keyboard Shortcuts". Help.opera.com. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f In Microsoft Windows, all shortcuts with Alt+Space followed by another key are language dependent. The Alt+Space combination opens the window menu, and the following key selects from the menu. As the menu labels (and their underlined hotkeys) vary with the Windows system language, the hotkeys are different for international versions of Microsoft Windows, and may change if users change their Windows system language preference. The given examples are valid for English user preferences/version of Windows.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mac OS X 10.6 Help: Using a screen saver". Docs.info.apple.com. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mac OS X 10.4 Help: Setting a hot corner for Dashboard". Docs.info.apple.com. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
Jump up ^ The WinSplit window manager application for Windows knows to emulate this behaviour.
Jump up ^ There is no single consistent shortcut for closing a document or quitting an application in Windows XP. In many multiple document interface applications, Ctrl+W or Ctrl+F4 closes a document and Alt+F4 quits. In other applications where each document is in its own window, such as later versions of Microsoft Word, Ctrl+W, Ctrl+F4, and Alt+F4 close a document, and there is no consistent shortcut for quitting an application.
Jump up ^ macOS uses ⌘ Cmd+W Close (window), ⌘ Cmd+Q Quit (application), and ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Esc Force Quit (application); ⌥ Option+F4 can be used to quit certain services or applications. Quit is closest to Kill.
Jump up ^ "Click and Move Mouse Pointer Using the Keypad". GNOME Library. GNOME Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Turn on Sticky Keys". GNOME Library. GNOME Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Turn On Slow Keys". GNOME Library. GNOME Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Turn Off Repeated Key Presses". GNOME Library. GNOME Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Turn On Bounce Keys". GNOME Library. GNOME Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_keyboard_shortcuts&oldid=837204125"
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Naked eye
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Naked eye (disambiguation).
"Bare eye" redirects here. For the bird genus, see Bare-eye.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The naked eye
Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying or light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope. Vision corrected to normal acuity using corrective lenses is considered "naked".
In astronomy, the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions, passing comets, meteor showers, and certain near-Earth asteroids, including 4 Vesta. Sky lore and various tests demonstrate an impressive variety of phenomena visible to the unaided eye.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic accuracies
2 Naked eye in astronomy
3 Space, geodesy and navigation
4 Small objects and maps
5 Environmental pollution
6 Literature
7 References
8 External links
Basic accuracies[edit]
The basic accuracies of the human eye are:
Quick autofocus from distances of 25 cm (young people) to 50 cm (most people 50 years and older) to infinity.[citation needed]
Angular resolution: about 1 arcminute, approximately 0.02° or 0.0003 radians,[1] which corresponds to 0.3 m at a 1 km distance.
Field of view (FOV): simultaneous visual perception in an area of about 160° × 175°.[2]
Faint stars up to +8 magnitude under a perfectly dark sky.[3]
Photometry (brightness) to ±10% or 1% of intensity – in a range between night and day of 1:10,000,000,000.[citation needed]
Symmetries of 10–20' (3–6 m per 1 km), see the measurements of Tycho Brahe and the Egyptians.[citation needed]
Interval estimations (for example at a plan on paper) to 3–5%.[citation needed]
Unconscious recognizing of movement (that is "alarm system" and reflexes).[citation needed]
Visual perception allows a person to gain much information about their surroundings:
the distances and 3-dimensional position of things and persons
the vertical (plumb line) and the slope of plain objects
luminosities and colors and their changes by time and direction
Naked eye in astronomy[edit]
A photographic approximation of a naked eye view of the night sky from a small rural town (top) and a metropolitan area (bottom). Light pollution dramatically reduces the visibility of stars.
The visibility of astronomical objects is strongly affected by light pollution. Even a few hundred kilometers away from a metropolitan area where the sky can appear to be very dark, it is still the residual light pollution that sets the limit on the visibility of faint objects. For most people, these are likely to be the best observing conditions within their reach. Under such "typical" dark sky conditions, the naked eye can see stars with an apparent magnitude up to +6m. Under perfect dark sky conditions where all light pollution is absent, stars as faint as +8m might be visible.[4]
The angular resolution of the naked eye is about 1′; however, some people have sharper vision than that. There is anecdotal evidence that people had seen the Galilean moons of Jupiter before telescopes were invented.[5] Of similar magnitude, Uranus and Vesta had most probably been seen but could not be recognized as planets because they appear so faint even at maximum brightness that their motion could not be detected. Uranus, when discovered in 1781, was the first planet discovered using technology (a telescope) rather than being spotted by the naked eye.
Theoretically, in a typical dark sky, the dark adapted human eye would see the about 5,600 stars brighter than +6m[6] while in perfect dark sky conditions about 45,000 stars brighter than +8m might be visible.[4] In practice, the atmospheric extinction and dust reduces this number somewhat. In the center of a city, where the naked-eye limiting magnitude due to extreme amounts of light pollution can be as low as 2m, with as few as 50 stars visible. Colors can be seen but this is limited by the fact that the eye uses rods instead of cones to view fainter stars.
The visibility of diffuse objects such as star clusters and galaxies is much more strongly affected by light pollution than is that of planets and stars. Under typical dark conditions only a few such objects are visible. These include the Pleiades, h/χ Persei, the Andromeda galaxy, the Carina Nebula, the Orion Nebula, Omega Centauri, 47 Tucanae, the Ptolemy Cluster Messier 7 near the tail of Scorpius and the globular cluster M13 in Hercules. The Triangulum Galaxy (M33) is a difficult averted vision object and only visible at all if it is higher than 50° in the sky. The globular clusters M 3 in Canes Venatici and M 92 in Hercules are also visible with the naked eye under such conditions. Under really dark sky conditions, however, M33 is easy to see, even in direct vision. Many other Messier objects are also visible under such conditions.[4] The most distant objects that have been seen by the naked eye are nearby bright galaxies such as Centaurus A,[7] Bode's Galaxy,[8][9][10] Sculptor Galaxy,[10] and Messier 83.[11]
Five planets can be recognized as planets from Earth with the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Under typical dark sky conditions Uranus (magnitude +5.8) can be seen as well with averted vision. The Sun and the Moon—the remaining noticeable naked-eye objects of the solar system—are sometimes added to make seven "planets." During daylight only the Moon and Sun are obvious naked eye objects, but in many cases Venus can be spotted in daylight and in rarer cases Jupiter. Close to sunset and sunrise bright stars like Sirius or even Canopus can be spotted with the naked eye as long as one knows the exact position in which to look. Historically, the zenith of naked-eye astronomy was the work of Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). He built an extensive observatory to make precise measurements of the heavens without any instruments for magnification. In 1610, Galileo Galilei pointed a telescope towards the sky. He immediately discovered the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, among other things.
Meteor showers are better observed by naked eye than with binoculars. Such showers include the Perseids (10–12 August) and the December Geminids. Some 100 satellites per night, the International Space Station and the Milky Way are other popular objects visible to the naked eye.[12]
Space, geodesy and navigation[edit]
Many other things can be estimated without an instrument. If an arm is stretched the span of the hand corresponds to an angle of 18 to 20°. The distance of a person, just covered up by the outstretched thumbnail, is about 100 meters. The vertical can be estimated to about 2° and, in the northern hemisphere, observing the Pole Star and using a protractor can give the observer's geographic latitude, up to 1 degree of accuracy.
The Babylonians, Mayans, ancient Egyptians, ancient Indians, and Chinese measured all the basics of their respective time and calendar systems by naked eye:
the length of a year and a month to ±0.1 hour or to better than 1 minute (0.001%)
the 24 hours of a day, and the equinoxes
the periods of the planets were calculated by Mayan astronomers, to within 5 to 10 minutes accuracy in the case of Venus and Mars.
In a similar manner star occultations by the moon can be observed. By using a digital clock an accuracy of 0.2 second is possible. This represents only 200 meters at the moon's distance of 385,000 km.
Small objects and maps[edit]
Observing a nearby small object without a magnifying glass or a microscope, the size of the object depends on the viewing distance. Under normal lighting conditions (light source ~ 1000 lumens at height 600–700 mm, viewing angle ~ 35 degrees) the angular size recognized by naked eye will be round 1 arc minute = 1/60 degrees = 0.0003 radians.[1] At a viewing distance of 16" = ~ 400 mm, which is considered a normal reading distance in the USA, the smallest object resolution will be ~ 0.116 mm. For inspection purposes laboratories use a viewing distance of 200–250 mm,[citation needed] which gives the smallest size of the object recognizable to the naked eye of ~0.058- 0.072 mm(~55-75 micrometers). The accuracy of a measurement ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mm and depends on the experience of the observer. The latter figure is the usual positional accuracy of faint details in maps and technical plans.
Environmental pollution[edit]
The Milky Way is visible over the Very Large Telescope, demonstrating clear atmosphere above Paranal Observatory.[13]
A clean atmosphere is indicated by the fact that the Milky Way is visible. Comparing the zenith with the horizon, shows how the "blue quality" is degraded depending on the amount of air pollution and dust. The twinkling of a star is an indication of the turbulence of the air. This is of importance in meteorology and for the "seeing" of astronomy.
Light pollution is a significant problem for amateur astronomers but becomes less late at night when many lights are shut off. Air dust can be seen even far away from a city by its "light dome".
Literature[edit]
Davidson, N.: Sky Phenomena: A Guide to Naked Eye Observation of the Heavens. FlorisBooks (208p), ISBN 0-86315-168-X, Edinburgh 1993.
Gerstbach G.: Auge und Sehen — der lange Weg zu digitalem Erkennen. Astro Journal Sternenbote, 20p., Vol.2000/8, Vienna 2000.
Kahmen H. (Ed.): Geodesy for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering. Proceedings, Eisenstadt 1999.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. (2009). Ophthalmology 3rd Edition. MOSBY Elsevier. p. 54. ISBN 0444511415.
Jump up ^ Wandell, B. (1995). "Foundations of Vision." Sinauer, Sunderland, MA as cited in Neurobiology of Attention. (2005). Eds. Laurent Itti, Geraint Rees, and John K., Tsotos. Chapter 102, Elder, J.H. et al. Elsevier, Inc.
Jump up ^ http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html?c=y&page=1
^ Jump up to: a b c John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
Jump up ^ Zezong, Xi, "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo", Chinese Physics 2 (3) (1982): 664–67.
Jump up ^ "Vmag<6". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
Jump up ^ http://astronomy-mall.com/Adventures.In.Deep.Space/aintno.htm
Jump up ^ SEDS, Messier 81
Jump up ^ S. J. O'Meara (1998). The Messier Objects. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-55332-6.
^ Jump up to: a b http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/supp/m81naked.txt
Jump up ^ Inglis Mike (2007). "Galaxies". Patrick Moore’s Practical Astronomy Series: 157–189. doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-736-7_4.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mars, 2099?". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
External links[edit]
Naked Eye Observing in Astronomy
Naked-Eye Stargazing: Learning the Sky and its constellations
Naked Eye Navigation, Polynesia Voyages
Detection of weak optical signals by the human visual system: Perspectives in Neuroscience and in Quantum Physics[permanent dead link]
The Naked-eye Planets in the Night Sky (and how to identify them)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naked_eye&oldid=833668584"
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Local government areas of Nigeria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nigeria
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Nigeria
Constitution[show]
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President (list)
Muhammadu Buhari
Vice President
Yemi Osinbajo
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Senate
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Judiciary[show]
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States
State governors
Local Government Areas
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Recent elections
Presidential: 2011
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This article needs attention from an expert in Nigeria. The specific problem is: LGA and its relationship to cities, states, and wards, and the function of wards. WikiProject Nigeria may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2015)
Local government areas of Nigeria
Nigeria has 774 local government areas (LGAs). Each local government area is administered by a Local Government Council consisting of a chairman who is the Chief Executive of the LGA, and other elected members who are referred to as Councillors. Each of the areas is further subdivided into wards with a minimum of ten and a maximum of fifteen for each area.
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 List of LGAs
3 References
4 External links
Functions[edit]
The functions of Local Governments are detailed in the Nigerian Constitution and include:
Economic recommendations to the State;
Collection of taxes and fees;
Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries, burial grounds and homes for the destitute or infirm;
Licensing of bicycles, trucks (other than mechanically propelled trucks), canoes, wheel barrows and carts;
Establishment, maintenance and regulation of markets, motor parks and public conveniences;
Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, drains and other public highways, parks, and open spaces;
Naming of roads and streets and numbering of houses;
Provision and maintenance of public transportation and refuse disposal;
Registration of births, deaths and marriages;
Assessment of privately owned houses or tenements for the purpose of levying such rates as may be prescribed by the House of Assembly of a State; and,
Control and regulation of out-door advertising, movement and keeping of pets of all descriptions, shops and kiosks, restaurants and other places for sale of food to the public, and laundries.
List of LGAs[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
LGA contact
State
Website
Abadam Borno State
Abaji FCT
Abak Akwa Ibom State [1]
Abakaliki Ebonyi State
Aba North Abia State
Aba South Abia State
Abeokuta North Ogun State
Abeokuta South Ogun State
Abi Cross River State [1]
Aboh Mbaise Imo State
Abua/Odual Rivers State
Adavi Kogi State
Ado Ekiti Ekiti State
Ado-Odo/Ota Ogun State
Afijio Oyo State
Afikpo North Ebonyi State
Afikpo South (Edda) Ebonyi State
Agaie Niger State
Agatu Benue State
Agwara Niger State
Agege Lagos State
Aguata Anambra State
Ahiazu Mbaise Imo State
Ahoada East Rivers State
Ahoada West Rivers State
Ajaokuta Kogi State
Ajeromi-Ifelodun Lagos State
Ajingi Kano State
Akamkpa Cross River State [1]
Akinyele Oyo State
Akko Gombe State
Akoko-Edo Edo State
Akoko North-East Ondo State
Akoko North-West Ondo State
Akoko South-West Ondo State
Akoko South-East Ondo State
Akpabuyo Cross River State [1]
Akuku-Toru Rivers State
Akure North Ondo State
Akure South Ondo State
Akwanga Nasarawa State
Albasu Kano State
Aleiro Kebbi State
Alimosho Lagos State
Alkaleri Bauchi State
Amuwo-Odofin Lagos State
Anambra East Anambra State
Anambra West Anambra State
Anaocha Anambra State
Andoni Rivers State
Aninri Enugu State
Aniocha North Delta State
Aniocha South Delta State
Anka Zamfara State
Ankpa Kogi State
Apa Benue State
Apapa Lagos State
Ado Benue State
Ardo Kola Taraba State
Arewa Dandi Kebbi State
Argungu Kebbi State
Arochukwu Abia State
Asa Kwara State
Asari-Toru Rivers State
Askira/Uba Borno State
Atakunmosa East Osun State
Atakunmosa West Osun State
Atiba Oyo State
Atisbo Oyo State
Augie Kebbi State
Auyo Jigawa State
Awe Nasarawa State
Awgu Enugu State
Awka North Anambra State
Awka South Anambra State
Ayamelum Anambra State
Aiyedaade Osun State
Aiyedire Osun State
Babura Jigawa State
Badagry Lagos State
Bagudo Kebbi State
Bagwai Kano State
Bakassi Cross River State [1]
Bokkos Plateau State
Bakori Katsina State
Bakura Zamfara State
Balanga Gombe State
Bali Taraba State
Bama Borno State
Bade Yobe State
Barkin Ladi Plateau State
Baruten Kwara State
Bassa Kogi State
Bassa Plateau State
Batagarawa Katsina State
Batsari Katsina State
Bauchi Bauchi State
Baure Katsina State
Bayo Borno State
Bebeji Kano State
Bekwarra Cross River State [1]
Bende Abia State
Biase Cross River State [1]
Bichi Kano State
Bida Niger State
Billiri Gombe State
Bindawa Katsina State
Binji Sokoto State
Biriniwa Jigawa State
Birnin Gwari Kaduna State
Birnin Kebbi Kebbi State
Birnin Kudu Jigawa State
Birnin Magaji/Kiyaw Zamfara State
Biu Borno State
Bodinga Sokoto State
Bogoro Bauchi State
Boki Cross River State [1]
Boluwaduro Osun State
Bomadi Delta State
Bonny Rivers State
Borgu Niger State
Boripe Osun State
Bursari Yobe State
Bosso Niger State
Brass Bayelsa State
Buji Jigawa State
Bukkuyum Zamfara State
Buruku Benue State
Bungudu Zamfara State
Bunkure Kano State
Bunza Kebbi State
Burutu Delta State
Bwari FCT
Calabar Municipal Cross River State [1]
Calabar South Cross River State [1]
Chanchaga Niger State
Charanchi Katsina State
Chibok Borno State
Chikun Kaduna State
Dala Kano State
Damaturu Yobe State
Damban Bauchi State
Dambatta Kano State
Damboa Borno State
Dandi Kebbi State
Dandume Katsina State
Dange Shuni Sokoto State
Danja Katsina State
Dan Musa Katsina State
Darazo Bauchi State
Dass Bauchi State
Daura Katsina State
Dawakin Kudu Kano State
Dawakin Tofa Kano State
Degema Rivers State
Dekina Kogi State
Demsa Adamawa State
Dikwa Borno State
Doguwa Kano State
Doma Nasarawa State
Donga Taraba State
Dukku Gombe State
Dunukofia Anambra State
Dutse Jigawa State
Dutsi Katsina State
Dutsin Ma Katsina State
Eastern Obolo Akwa Ibom State
Ebonyi Ebonyi State
Edati Niger State
Ede North Osun State
Ede South Osun State
Edu Kwara State
Ife Central Osun State
Ife East Osun State
Ife North Osun State
Ife South Osun State
Efon Ekiti State
Yewa North Ogun State
Yewa South Ogun State
Egbeda Oyo State
Egbedore Osun State
Egor Edo State
Ehime Mbano Imo State
Ejigbo Osun State
Ekeremor Bayelsa State
Eket Akwa Ibom State [2]
Ekiti Kwara State
Ekiti East Ekiti State
Ekiti South-West Ekiti State
Ekiti West Ekiti State
Ekwusigo Anambra State
Eleme Rivers State
Emuoha Rivers State
Emure Ekiti State
Enugu East Enugu State
Enugu North Enugu State
Enugu South Enugu State
Epe Lagos State
Esan Central Edo State
Esan North-East Edo State
Esan South-East Edo State
Esan West Edo State
Ese Odo Ondo State
Esit Eket Akwa Ibom State
Essien Udim Akwa Ibom State
Etche Rivers State
Ethiope East Delta State
Ethiope West Delta State
Etim Ekpo Akwa Ibom State [3]
Etinan Akwa Ibom State [4]
Eti Osa Lagos State
Etsako Central Edo State
Etsako East Edo State
Etsako West Edo State
Etung Cross River State [1]
Ewekoro Ogun State
Ezeagu Enugu State
Ezinihitte Imo State
Ezza North Ebonyi State
Ezza South Ebonyi State
Fagge Kano State
Fakai Kebbi State
Faskari Katsina State
Fika Yobe State
Fufure Adamawa State
Funakaye Gombe State
Fune Yobe State
Funtua Katsina State
Gabasawa Kano State
Gada Sokoto State
Gagarawa Jigawa State
Gamawa Bauchi State
Ganjuwa Bauchi State
Ganye Adamawa State
Garki Jigawa State
Garko Kano State
Garun Mallam Kano State
Gashaka Taraba State
Gassol Taraba State
Gaya Kano State
Gayuk Adamawa State
Gezawa Kano State
Gbako Niger State
Gboko Benue State
Gbonyin Ekiti State
Geidam Yobe State
Giade Bauchi State
Giwa Kaduna State
Gokana Rivers State
Gombe Gombe State
Gombi Adamawa State
Goronyo Sokoto State
Grie Adamawa State
Gubio Borno State
Gudu Sokoto State
Gujba Yobe State
Gulani Yobe State
Guma Benue State
Gumel Jigawa State
Gummi Zamfara State
Gurara Niger State
Guri Jigawa State
Gusau Zamfara State
Guzamala Borno State
Gwadabawa Sokoto State
Gwagwalada FCT
Gwale Kano State
Gwandu Kebbi State
Gwaram Jigawa State
Gwarzo Kano State
Gwer East Benue State
Gwer West Benue State
Gwiwa Jigawa State
Gwoza Borno State
Hadejia Jigawa State
Hawul Borno State
Hong Adamawa State
Ibadan North Oyo State
Ibadan North-East Oyo State
Ibadan North-West Oyo State
Ibadan South-East Oyo State
Ibadan South-West Oyo State
Ibaji Kogi State
Ibarapa Central Oyo State
Ibarapa East Oyo State
Ibarapa North Oyo State
Ibeju-Lekki Lagos State
Ibeno Akwa Ibom State [5]
Ibesikpo Asutan Akwa Ibom State [6]
Ibi Taraba State
Ibiono-Ibom Akwa Ibom State [7]
Idah Kogi State
Idanre Ondo State
Ideato North Imo State
Ideato South Imo State
Idemili North Anambra State
Idemili South Anambra State
Ido Oyo State
Ido Osi Ekiti State
Ifako-Ijaiye Lagos State
Ifedayo Osun State
Ifedore Ondo State
Ifelodun Kwara State
Ifelodun Osun State
Ifo Ogun State
Igabi Kaduna State
Igalamela Odolu Kogi State
Igbo Etiti Enugu State
Igbo Eze North Enugu State
Igbo Eze South Enugu State
Igueben Edo State
Ihiala Anambra State
Ihitte/Uboma Imo State
Ilaje Ondo State
Ijebu East Ogun State
Ijebu North Ogun State
Ijebu North East Ogun State
Ijebu Ode Ogun State
Ijero Ekiti State
Ijumu Kogi State
Ika Akwa Ibom State [8]
Ika North East Delta State
Ikara Kaduna State
Ika South Delta State
Ikeduru Imo State
Ikeja Lagos State
Ikenne Ogun State
Ikere Ekiti State
Ikole Ekiti State
Ikom Cross River State [1]
Ikono Akwa Ibom State [9]
Ikorodu Lagos State
Ikot Abasi Akwa Ibom State [10]
Ikot Ekpene Akwa Ibom State [11]
Ikpoba Okha Edo State
Ikwerre Rivers State
Ikwo Ebonyi State
Ikwuano Abia State
Ila Osun State
Ilejemeje Ekiti State
Ile Oluji/Okeigbo Ondo State
Ilesa East Osun State
Ilesa West Osun State
Illela Sokoto State
Ilorin East Kwara State
Ilorin South Kwara State
Ilorin West Kwara State
Imeko Afon Ogun State
Ingawa Katsina State
Ini Akwa Ibom State [12]
Ipokia Ogun State
Irele Ondo State
Irepo Oyo State
Irepodun Kwara State
Irepodun Osun State
Irepodun/Ifelodun Ekiti State
Irewole Osun State
Isa Sokoto State
Ise/Orun Ekiti State
Iseyin Oyo State
Ishielu Ebonyi State
Isiala Mbano Imo State
Isiala Ngwa North Abia State
Isiala Ngwa South Abia State
Isin Kwara State
Isi Uzo Enugu State
Isokan Osun State
Isoko North Delta State
Isoko South Delta State
Isu Imo State
Isuikwuato Abia State
Itas/Gadau Bauchi State
Itesiwaju Oyo State
Itu Akwa Ibom State [13]
Ivo Ebonyi State
Iwajowa Oyo State
Iwo Osun State
Izzi Ebonyi State
Jaba Kaduna State
Jada Adamawa State
Jahun Jigawa State
Jakusko Yobe State
Jalingo Taraba State
Jama'are Bauchi State
Jega Kebbi State
Jema'a Kaduna State
Jere Borno State
Jibia Katsina State
Jos East Plateau State
Jos North Plateau State
Jos South Plateau State
Kabba/Bunu Kogi State
Kabo Kano State
Kachia Kaduna State
Kaduna North Kaduna State
Kaduna South Kaduna State
Kafin Hausa Jigawa State
Kafur Katsina State
Kaga Borno State
Kagarko Kaduna State
Kaiama Kwara State
Kaita Katsina State
Kajola Oyo State
Kajuru Kaduna State
Kala/Balge Borno State
Kalgo Kebbi State
Kaltungo Gombe State
Kanam Plateau State
Kankara Katsina State
Kanke Plateau State
Kankia Katsina State
Kano Municipal Kano State
Karasuwa Yobe State
Karaye Kano State
Karim Lamido Taraba State
Karu Nasarawa State
Katagum Bauchi State
Katcha Niger State
Katsina Katsina State
Katsina-Ala Benue State
Kaura Kaduna State
Kaura Namoda Zamfara State
Kauru Kaduna State
Kazaure Jigawa State
Keana Nasarawa State
Kebbe Sokoto State
Keffi Nasarawa State
Khana Rivers State
Kibiya Kano State
Kirfi Bauchi State
Kiri Kasama Jigawa State
Kiru Kano State
Kiyawa Jigawa State
Kogi Kogi State
Koko/Besse Kebbi State
Kokona Nasarawa State
Kolokuma/Opokuma Bayelsa State
Konduga Borno State
Konshisha Benue State
Kontagora Niger State
Kosofe Lagos State
Kaugama Jigawa State
Kubau Kaduna State
Kudan Kaduna State
Kuje FCT
Kukawa Borno State
Kumbotso Kano State
Kumi Taraba State
Kunchi Kano State
Kura Kano State
Kurfi Katsina State
Kusada Katsina State
Kwali FCT
Kwande Benue State
Kwami Gombe State
Kware Sokoto State
Kwaya Kusar Borno State
Lafia Nasarawa State
Lagelu Oyo State
Lagos Island Lagos State
Lagos Mainland Lagos State
Langtang South Plateau State
Langtang North Plateau State
Lapai Niger State
Lamurde Adamawa State
Lau Taraba State
Lavun Niger State
Lere Kaduna State
Logo Benue State
Lokoja Kogi State
Machina Yobe State
Madagali Adamawa State
Madobi Kano State
Mafa Borno State
Magama Niger State
Magumeri Borno State
Mai'Adua Katsina State
Maiduguri Borno State
Maigatari Jigawa State
Maiha Adamawa State
Maiyama Kebbi State
Makarfi Kaduna State
Makoda Kano State
Malam Madori Jigawa State
Malumfashi Katsina State
Mangu Plateau State
Mani Katsina State
Maradun Zamfara State
Mariga Niger State
Makurdi Benue State
Marte Borno State
Maru Zamfara State
Mashegu Niger State
Mashi Katsina State
Matazu Katsina State
Mayo Belwa Adamawa State
Mbaitoli Imo State
Mbo Akwa Ibom State [14]
Michika Adamawa State
Miga Jigawa State
Mikang Plateau State
Minjibir Kano State
Misau Bauchi State
Moba Ekiti State
Mobbar Borno State
Mubi North Adamawa State
Mubi South Adamawa State
Mokwa Niger State
Monguno Borno State
Mopa Muro Kogi State
Moro Kwara State
Moya Niger State
Mkpat-Enin Akwa Ibom State [15]
Municipal Area Council FCT
Musawa Katsina State
Mushin Lagos State
Nafada Gombe State
Nangere Yobe State
Nasarawa Kano State
Nasarawa Nasarawa State
Nasarawa Egon Nasarawa State
Ndokwa East Delta State
Ndokwa West Delta State
Nembe Bayelsa State
Ngala Borno State
Nganzai Borno State
Ngaski Kebbi State
Ngor Okpala Imo State
Nguru Yobe State
Ningi Bauchi State
Njaba Imo State
Njikoka Anambra State
Nkanu East Enugu State
Nkanu West Enugu State
Nkwerre Imo State
Nnewi North Anambra State
Nnewi South Anambra State
Nsit-Atai Akwa Ibom State [16]
Nsit-Ibom Akwa Ibom State [17]
Nsit-Ubium Akwa Ibom State [18]
Nsukka Enugu State
Numan Adamawa State
Nwangele Imo State
Obafemi Owode Ogun State
Obanliku Cross River State [1]
Obi Benue State
Obi Nasarawa State
Obi Ngwa Abia State
Obio/Akpor Rivers State
Obokun Osun State
Obot Akara Akwa Ibom State [19]
Obowo Imo State
Obubra Cross River State [1]
Obudu Cross River State [1]
Odeda Ogun State
Odigbo Ondo State
Odogbolu Ogun State
Odo Otin Osun State
Odukpani Cross River State [1]
Offa Kwara State
Ofu Kogi State
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Rivers State
Ogbadibo Benue State
Ogbaru Anambra State
Ogbia Bayelsa State
Ogbomosho North Oyo State
Ogbomosho South Oyo State
Ogu/Bolo Rivers State
Ogoja Cross River State [1]
Ogo Oluwa Oyo State
Ogori/Magongo Kogi State
Ogun Waterside Ogun State
Oguta Imo State
Ohafia Abia State
Ohaji/Egbema Imo State
Ohaozara Ebonyi State
Ohaukwu Ebonyi State
Ohimini Benue State
Orhionmwon Edo State
Oji River Enugu State
Ojo Lagos State
Oju Benue State
Okehi Kogi State
Okene Kogi State
Oke Ero Kwara State
Okigwe Imo State
Okitipupa Ondo State
Okobo Akwa Ibom State [20]
Okpe Delta State
Okrika Rivers State
Olamaboro Kogi State
Ola Oluwa Osun State
Olorunda Osun State
Olorunsogo Oyo State
Oluyole Oyo State
Omala Kogi State
Omuma Rivers State
Ona Ara Oyo State
Ondo East Ondo State
Ondo West Ondo State
Onicha Ebonyi State
Onitsha North Anambra State
Onitsha South Anambra State
Onna Akwa Ibom State [21]
Okpokwu Benue State
Opobo/Nkoro Rivers State
Oredo Edo State
Orelope Oyo State
Oriade Osun State
Ori Ire Oyo State
Orlu Imo State
Orolu Osun State
Oron Akwa Ibom State [22]
Orsu Imo State
Oru East Imo State
Oruk Anam Akwa Ibom State [23]
Orumba North Anambra State
Orumba South Anambra State
Oru West Imo State
Ose Ondo State
Oshimili North Delta State
Oshimili South Delta State
Oshodi-Isolo Lagos State
Osisioma Abia State
Osogbo Osun State
Oturkpo Benue State
Ovia North-East Edo State
Ovia South-West Edo State
Owan East Edo State
Owan West Edo State
Owerri Municipal Imo State
Owerri North Imo State
Owerri West Imo State
Owo Ondo State
Oye Ekiti State
Oyi Anambra State
Oyigbo Rivers State
Oyo West Oyo State
Oyo East Oyo State
Oyun Kwara State
Paikoro Niger State
Pankshin Plateau State
Patani Delta State
Pategi Kwara State
Port Harcourt Rivers State
Potiskum Yobe State
Qua'an Pan Plateau State
Rabah Sokoto State
Rafi Niger State
Rano Kano State
Remo North Ogun State
Rijau Niger State
Rimi Katsina State
Rimin Gado Kano State
Ringim Jigawa State
Riyom Plateau State
Rogo Kano State
Roni Jigawa State
Sabon Birni Sokoto State
Sabon Gari Kaduna State
Sabuwa Katsina State
Safana Katsina State
Sagbama Bayelsa State
Sakaba Kebbi State
Saki East Oyo State
Saki West Oyo State
Sandamu Katsina State
Sanga Kaduna State
Sapele Delta State
Sardauna Taraba State
Shagamu Ogun State
Shagari Sokoto State
Shanga Kebbi State
Shani Borno State
Shanono Kano State
Shelleng Adamawa State
Shendam Plateau State
Shinkafi Zamfara State
Shira Bauchi State
Shiroro Niger State
Shongom Gombe State
Shomolu Lagos State
Silame Sokoto State
Soba Kaduna State
Sokoto North Sokoto State
Sokoto South Sokoto State
Song Adamawa State
Southern Ijaw Bayelsa State
Suleja Niger State
Sule Tankarkar Jigawa State
Sumaila Kano State
Suru Kebbi State
Surulere Oyo State
Surulere Lagos State
Tafa Niger State
Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State
Tai Rivers State
Takai Kano State
Takum Taraba State
Talata Mafara Zamfara State
Tambuwal Sokoto State
Tangaza Sokoto State
Tarauni Kano State
Tarka Benue State
Tarmuwa Yobe State
Taura Jigawa State
Toungo Adamawa State
Tofa Kano State
Toro Bauchi State
Toto Nasarawa State
Chafe Zamfara State
Tsanyawa Kano State
Tudun Wada Kano State
Tureta Sokoto State
Udenu Enugu State
Udi Enugu State
Udu Delta State
Udung-Uko Akwa Ibom State [24]
Ughelli North Delta State
Ughelli South Delta State
Ugwunagbo Abia State
Uhunmwonde Edo State
Ukanafun Akwa Ibom State [25]
Ukum Benue State
Ukwa East Abia State
Ukwa West Abia State
Ukwuani Delta State
Umuahia North Abia State
Umuahia South Abia State
Umu Nneochi Abia State
Ungogo Kano State
Unuimo Imo State
Uruan Akwa Ibom State [26]
Urue-Offong/Oruko Akwa Ibom State [27]
Ushongo Benue State
Ussa Taraba State
Uvwie Delta State
Uyo Akwa Ibom State [28]
Uzo-Uwani Enugu State
Vandeikya Benue State
Wamako Sokoto State
Wamba Nasarawa State
Warawa Kano State
Warji Bauchi State
Warri North Delta State
Warri South Delta State
Warri South West Delta State
Wasagu/Danko Kebbi State
Wase Plateau State
Wudil Kano State
Wukari Taraba State
Wurno Sokoto State
Wushishi Niger State
Yabo Sokoto State
Yagba East Kogi State
Yagba West Kogi State
Yakuur Cross River State [1]
Obi Benue State
Obi Nasarawa State
Obi Ngwa Abia State
Obio/Akpor Rivers State
Obokun Osun State
Obot Akara Akwa Ibom State [29]
Obowo Imo State
Obubra Cross River State s" />
Yala Cross River State [1]
Yamaltu/Deba Gombe State
Yankwashi Jigawa State
Yauri Kebbi State
Yenagoa Bayelsa State
Yola North Adamawa State
Yola South Adamawa State
Yorro Taraba State
Yunusari Yobe State
Yusufari Yobe State
Zaki Bauchi State
Zango Katsina State
Zangon Kataf Kaduna State
Zaria Kaduna State
Zing Taraba State
Zurmi Zamfara State
Zuru Kebbi State
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "List of Local Government Areas in Cross River State". Archived from the original on 23 April 2015.
External links[edit]
Nigeria Congress
On Line Nigeria
Sustainable Urban Development and Good Governance in Nigeria
Thomas Brinkhoff: NIGERIA: Administrative Division (interactive map), in www.citypopulation.de
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria&oldid=822965833"
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