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River delta
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"Deltas" redirects here. For other uses, see Delta (disambiguation).
Sacramento (California) Delta at flood stage, early-March 2009
A river delta is a landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water.[1][2] This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot transport away the supplied sediment. The size and shape of a delta is controlled by the balance between watershed processes that supply sediment and receiving basin processes that redistribute, sequester, and export that sediment.[3][4] The size, geometry, and location of the receiving basin also plays an important role in delta evolution. River deltas are important in human civilization, as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers. They can provide coastline defense and can impact drinking water supply.[5] They are also ecologically important, with different species assemblages depending on their landscape position.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation
2 Types of deltas
2.1 Wave-dominated deltas
2.2 Tide-dominated deltas
2.3 Gilbert deltas
2.4 Tidal freshwater deltas
2.5 Estuaries
2.6 Inland deltas
2.7 Mega deltas
3 Sedimentary structure
4 Examples of deltas
5 Ecological threats to deltas
6 Deltas in the economy
7 Deltas on Mars
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Formation[edit]
Delta forms where river meets lake[6]
River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches either (1) a body of water, such as a lake, ocean, or reservoir, (2) another river that cannot remove the sediment quickly enough to stop delta formation, or (3) an inland region where the water spreads out and deposits sediments. The tidal currents also cannot be too strong, as sediment would wash out into the water body faster than the river deposits it. The river must carry enough sediment to layer into deltas over time. The river's velocity decreases rapidly, causing it to deposit the majority, if not all, of its load. This alluvium builds up to form the river delta.[7] When the flow enters the standing water, it is no longer confined to its channel and expands in width. This flow expansion results in a decrease in the flow velocity, which diminishes the ability of the flow to transport sediment. As a result, sediment drops out of the flow and deposits. Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or Ural river deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the gradient of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see slope).
As the slope of the river channel decreases, it becomes unstable for two reasons. First, gravity makes the water flow in the most direct course down slope. If the river breaches its natural levees (i.e., during a flood), it spills out onto a new course with a shorter route to the ocean, thereby obtaining a more stable steeper slope.[8] Second, as its slope gets lower, the amount of shear stress on the bed decreases, which results in deposition of sediment within the channel and a rise in the channel bed relative to the floodplain. This makes it easier for the river to breach its levees and cut a new channel that enters the body of standing water at a steeper slope. Often when the channel does this, some of its flow remains in the abandoned channel. When these channel-switching events occur, a mature delta develops a distributary network.
Another way these distributary networks form is from deposition of mouth bars (mid-channel sand and/or gravel bars at the mouth of a river). When this mid-channel bar is deposited at the mouth of a river, the flow is routed around it. This results in additional deposition on the upstream end of the mouth-bar, which splits the river into two distributary channels. A good example of the result of this process is the Wax Lake Delta.
In both of these cases, depositional processes force redistribution of deposition from areas of high deposition to areas of low deposition. This results in the smoothing of the planform (or map-view) shape of the delta as the channels move across its surface and deposit sediment. Because the sediment is laid down in this fashion, the shape of these deltas approximates a fan. The more often the flow changes course, the shape develops as closer to an ideal fan, because more rapid changes in channel position results in more uniform deposition of sediment on the delta front. The Mississippi and Ural River deltas, with their bird's-feet, are examples of rivers that do not avulse often enough to form a symmetrical fan shape. Alluvial fan deltas, as seen by their name, avulse frequently and more closely approximate an ideal fan shape.
Types of deltas[edit]
Lower Mississippi River land loss over time
Delta lobe switching in the Mississippi Delta, 4600 yrs BP, 3500 yrs BP, 2800 yrs BP, 1000 yrs BP, 300 yrs BP, 500 yrs BP, current
Deltas are typically classified according to the main control on deposition, which is a combination of river, wave, and tidal processes,[9] depending on the strength of each.[10] The other two factors that play a major role are landscape position and the grain size distribution of the source sediment entering the delta from the river.[11]
Wave-dominated deltas[edit]
In wave dominated deltas, wave-driven sediment transport controls the shape of the delta, and much of the sediment emanating from the river mouth is deflected along the coast line.[9] The relationship between waves and river deltas is quite variable and largely influenced by the deepwater wave regimes of the receiving basin. With a high wave energy near shore and a steeper slope offshore, waves will make river deltas smoother. Waves can also be responsible for carrying sediments away from the river delta, causing the delta to retreat.[5] For deltas that form further upriver in an estuary, there are complex yet quantifiable linkages between winds, tides, river discharge, and delta water levels.[12][13]
The Ganges Delta in India and Bangladesh is the largest delta in the world and it is also one of the most fertile regions in the world.
Tide-dominated deltas[edit]
Erosion is also an important control in tide dominated deltas, such as the Ganges Delta, which may be mainly submarine, with prominent sand bars and ridges. This tends to produce a "dendritic" structure.[14] Tidal deltas behave differently from river- and wave-dominated deltas, which tend to have a few main distributaries. Once a wave- or river-dominated distributary silts up, it is abandoned, and a new channel forms elsewhere. In a tidal delta, new distributaries are formed during times when there is a lot of water around – such as floods or storm surges. These distributaries slowly silt up at a more or less constant rate until they fizzle out.[14]
Gilbert deltas[edit]
A Gilbert delta (named after Grove Karl Gilbert) is a specific type of delta formed from coarse sediments, as opposed to gently-sloping muddy deltas such as that of the Mississippi. For example, a mountain river depositing sediment into a freshwater lake would form this kind of delta.[15] [16] While some authors describe both lacustrine and marine locations of Gilbert deltas,[15] others note that their formation is more characteristic of the freshwater lakes, where it is easier for the river water to mix with the lakewater faster (as opposed to the case of a river falling into the sea or a salt lake, where less dense fresh water brought by the river stays on top longer).[17]
G. K. Gilbert himself first described this type of delta on Lake Bonneville in 1885.[17] Elsewhere, similar structures occur, for example, at the mouths of several creeks that flow into Okanagan Lake in British Columbia and forming prominent peninsulas at Naramata (49°35′30″N 119°35′30″W / 49.59167°N 119.59167°W / 49.59167; -119.59167), Summerland (49°34′23″N 119°37′45″W / 49.57306°N 119.62917°W / 49.57306; -119.62917), or Peachland (49°47′00″N 119°42′45″W / 49.78333°N 119.71250°W / 49.78333; -119.71250).
Tidal freshwater deltas[edit]
A tidal freshwater delta[18] is a sedimentary deposit formed at the boundary between an upland stream and an estuary, in the region known as the "subestuary".[19] Drowned coastal river valleys that were inundated by rising sea levels during the late Pleistocene and subsequent Holocene tend to have dendritic estuaries with many feeder tributaries. Each tributary mimics this salinity gradient from their brackish junction with the mainstem estuary up to the fresh stream feeding the head of tidal propagation. As a result, the tributaries are considered to be "subestuaries". The origin and evolution of a tidal freshwater delta involves processes that are typical of all deltas[4] as well as processes that are unique to the tidal freshwater setting.[20][21] The combination of processes that create a tidal freshwater delta result in a distinct morphology and unique environmental characteristics. Many tidal freshwater deltas that exist today are directly caused by the onset of or changes in historical land use, especially deforestation, intensive agriculture, and urbanization.[22] These ideas are well illustrated by the many tidal freshwater deltas prograding into Chesapeake Bay along the east coastline of the United States. Research has demonstrated that the accumulating sediments in this estuary derive from post-European settlement deforestation, agriculture, and urban development.[23][24][25]
Estuaries[edit]
Other rivers, particularly those on coasts with significant tidal range, do not form a delta but enter into the sea in the form of an estuary. Notable examples include the Saint Lawrence River and the Tagus estuary.
Inland deltas[edit]
Okavango Delta
In rare cases the river delta is located inside a large valley and is called an inverted river delta. Sometimes a river divides into multiple branches in an inland area, only to rejoin and continue to the sea. Such an area is called an inland delta, and often occurs on former lake beds. The Inner Niger Delta and Peace–Athabasca Delta are notable examples. The Amazon has also an inland delta before the island of Marajó.
In some cases, a river flowing into a flat arid area splits into channels that evaporate as it progresses into the desert. Okavango Delta in Botswana is one well-known example.
Mega deltas[edit]
The generic term mega delta can be used to describe very large Asian river deltas, such as the Changjiang (Yangtze), Pearl, Red, Mekong, Irrawaddy, Ganges-Brahmaputra, and Indus.
Sedimentary structure[edit]
The formation of a delta is complicated, multiple, and cross-cutting over time, but in a simple delta three main types of bedding may be distinguished: the bottomset beds, foreset/frontset beds, and topset beds. This three part structure may be seen in small scale by crossbedding.[15][26]
The bottomset beds are created from the lightest suspended particles that settle farthest away from the active delta front, as the river flow diminishes into the standing body of water and loses energy. This suspended load is deposited by sediment gravity flow, creating a turbidite. These beds are laid down in horizontal layers and consist of the finest grain sizes.
The foreset beds in turn are deposited in inclined layers over the bottomset beds as the active lobe advances. Foreset beds form the greater part of the bulk of a delta, (and also occur on the lee side of sand dunes).[27] The sediment particles within foreset beds consist of larger and more variable sizes, and constitute the bed load that the river moves downstream by rolling and bouncing along the channel bottom. When the bed load reaches the edge of the delta front, it rolls over the edge, and is deposited in steeply dipping layers over the top of the existing bottomset beds. Under water, the slope of the outermost edge of the delta is created at the angle of repose of these sediments. As the foresets accumulate and advance, subaqueous landslides occur and readjust overall slope stability. The foreset slope, thus created and maintained, extends the delta lobe outward. In cross section, foresets typically lie in angled, parallel bands, and indicate stages and seasonal variations during the creation of the delta.
The topset beds of an advancing delta are deposited in turn over the previously laid foresets, truncating or covering them. Topsets are nearly horizontal layers of smaller-sized sediment deposited on the top of the delta and form an extension of the landward alluvial plain.[27] As the river channels meander laterally across the top of the delta, the river is lengthened and its gradient is reduced, causing the suspended load to settle out in nearly horizontal beds over the delta's top. Topset beds are subdivided into two regions: the upper delta plain and the lower delta plain. The upper delta plain is unaffected by the tide, while the boundary with the lower delta plain is defined by the upper limit of tidal influence.[28]
Examples of deltas[edit]
The Ganges/Brahmaputra combination delta, which spans most of Bangladesh and empties into the Bay of Bengal, is the world's largest delta.
The St. Clair River delta, between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of Michigan, is the largest delta emptying into a body of fresh water.
Other rivers with notable deltas include:
Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy)
Danube
Ebro
Fly River
Godavari
Indus
Kaveri
Krishna
Lena
Mackenzie
Mekong
Mississippi
Niger River
Nile
Ob
Orinoco
Otter Point Creek
Paraná
Po
Rhine
Rhône
Sacramento–San Joaquin
Tigris–Euphrates river system
Volga
Yangtze
Yenisei
Yellow River (also known as Huanghe)
Yukon River
The Ebre River delta at the Mediterranean Sea
Ecological threats to deltas[edit]
Human activities, such as the creation of dams for hydroelectric power or to create reservoirs can radically alter delta ecosystems. Dams block sedimentation, which can cause the delta to erode away. The use of water upstream can greatly increase salinity levels as less fresh water flows to meet the salty ocean water. While nearly all deltas have been impacted to some degree by humans, the Nile Delta and Colorado River Delta are some of the most extreme examples of the ecological devastation caused to deltas by damming and diversion of water. Construction, irrigation, and land alteration have impacted delta formation. As humans have altered surface roughness, runoff, and groundwater storage, studies have shown river delta retreat. However, historical data documents show that during the Roman Empire and Little Ice Age (times where there was considerable anthropogenic pressure), there were significant sediment accumulation in deltas. The industrial revolution has only amplified the impact of humans on delta growth and retreat.[29]
Deltas in the economy[edit]
Ancient deltas are a benefit to the economy due to their well sorted sand and gravel. Sand and gravel is often quarried from these old deltas and used in concrete for highways, buildings, sidewalks, and even landscaping. More than 1 billion tons of sand and gravel are produced in the United States alone.[30] Not all sand and gravel quarries are former deltas, but for ones that are, a lot of the sorting is already done by the power of water.
As lowlands often adjacent to urban areas, deltas often comprise extensive industrial and commercial areas as well as agricultural land. These uses are often in conflict. The Fraser Delta in British Columbia, Canada, includes the Vancouver Airport and the Roberts Bank Superport and the Annacis Island industrial zone, and a mix of commercial, residential and agricultural land. Space is so limited in the Lower Mainland region, and in British Columbia in general, which is very mountainous, that the Agricultural Land Reserve was created to preserve agricultural land for food production.
Deltas on Mars[edit]
Researchers have found a number of examples of deltas that formed in Martian lakes. Finding deltas is a major sign that Mars once had large amounts of water. Deltas have been found over a wide geographical range. Below are pictures of a few.[31]
Delta in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, as seen by THEMIS.
Delta in Lunae Palus quadrangle, as seen by THEMIS.
Delta in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle as seen by THEMIS.
Probable delta in Eberswalde crater, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Image in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle.
See also[edit]
Wetlands portal
Alluvial fan
Avulsion (river)
Estuary
Levee
Nile delta
Regressive delta
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Miall, A. D. 1979. Deltas. in R. G. Walker (ed) Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada, Hamilton, Ontario.
Jump up ^ Elliot, T. 1986. Deltas. in H. G. Reading (ed.). Sedimentary environments and facies. Backwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Jump up ^ Blum, M.D.; Tornqvist, T.E. (2000). "Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward". Sedimentology. 47: 2–48. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00008.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Pasternack, Gregory B.; Brush, Grace S.; Hilgartner, William B. (2001-04-01). "Impact of historic land-use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 26 (4): 409–427. doi:10.1002/esp.189. ISSN 1096-9837.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony, Edward J. (2015-03-01). "Wave influence in the construction, shaping and destruction of river deltas: A review". Marine Geology. 361: 53–78. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.12.004.
Jump up ^ "How a Delta Forms Where River Meets Lake". 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Modeling". pasternack.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Jump up ^ Slingerland, R. and N. D. Smith (1998), "Necessary conditions for a meandering-river avulsion," Geology (Boulder), 26, 435–438.
^ Jump up to: a b Galloway, W.E., 1975, Process framework for describing the morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of deltaic depositional systems, in Brousard, M.L., ed., Deltas, Models for Exploration: Houston Geological Society, Houston, Texas, p. 87– 98.
Jump up ^ Perillo, G. M. E. 1995. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Elsevier Science B.V., New York.
Jump up ^ Orton, G.J.; Reading, H.G. (1993). "Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size". Sedimentology. 40: 475–512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Hydrometeorology". pasternack.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Jump up ^ Pasternack, Gregory B.; Hinnov, Linda A. (October 2003). "Hydrometeorological controls on water level in a vegetated Chesapeake Bay tidal freshwater delta". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 58 (2): 367–387. doi:10.1016/s0272-7714(03)00106-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Fagherazzi S., 2008, Self-organization of tidal deltas, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105 (48): 18692–18695,
^ Jump up to: a b c Characteristics of deltas. (Available archived at [1] – checked Dec 2008.)
Jump up ^ Bernard Biju-Duval, J. Edwin Swezey. "Sedimentary Geology". Page 183. ISBN 2-7108-0802-1. Editions TECHNIP, 2002. Partial text on Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "Geological and Petrophysical Characterization of the Ferron Sandstone for 3-D Simulation of a Fluvial-deltaic Reservoir". By Thomas C. Chidsey, Thomas C. Chidsey, Jr (ed), Utah Geological Survey, 2002. ISBN 1-55791-668-3. Pages 2–17. Partial text on Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: Tidal Freshwater Deltas". pasternack.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Jump up ^ Pasternack, G. B. 1998. Physical dynamics of tidal freshwater delta evolution. Ph. D. Dissertation. The Johns Hopkins University, 227pp, 5 appendices.
Jump up ^ Pasternack, Gregory B.; Hilgartner, William B.; Brush, Grace S. (2000-09-01). "Biogeomorphology of an upper Chesapeake Bay river-mouth tidal freshwater marsh". Wetlands. 20 (3): 520–537. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0520:boaucb>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0277-5212. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Pasternack, Gregory B; Brush, Grace S (2002-03-01). "Biogeomorphic controls on sedimentation and substrate on a vegetated tidal freshwater delta in upper Chesapeake Bay". Geomorphology. 43 (3–4): 293–311. doi:10.1016/s0169-555x(01)00139-8.
Jump up ^ Pasternack, Gregory B.; Brush, Grace S. (1998-09-01). "Sedimentation cycles in a river-mouth tidal freshwater marsh". Estuaries. 21 (3): 407–415. doi:10.2307/1352839. ISSN 0160-8347.
Jump up ^ Gottschalk, L. C. (1945). "Effects of soil erosion on navigation in upper Chesapeake Bay". Geographical Review. 35: 219–238. doi:10.2307/211476.
Jump up ^ Brush, G. S. (1984). "Patterns of recent sediment accumulation in Chesapeake Bay (Virginia-Maryland, U.S.A.) tributaries". Chemical Geology. 44: 227–242. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(84)90074-3.
Jump up ^ Orson, R. A.; Simpson, R. L.; Good, R. E. (1992). "The paleoecological development of a late Holocene, tidal freshwater marsh of the upper Delaware River estuary". Estuaries. 15 (2): 130–146. doi:10.2307/1352687.
Jump up ^ D.G.A Whitten, The Penguin Dictionary of Geology (1972)
^ Jump up to: a b Robert L. Bates, Julia A. Jackson, Dictionary of Geological Terms AGI (1984)
Jump up ^ Hori, K. and Saito, Y. Morphology and Sediments of Large River Deltas. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Geographical Society, 2003
Jump up ^ Maselli, Vittorio; Trincardi, Fabio (2013-05-31). "Man made deltas". Scientific Reports. 3. doi:10.1038/srep01926. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3668317  . PMID 23722597.
Jump up ^ Mineral Information Institute. 2011. Sand and Gravel. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
Jump up ^ Irwin III, R. et al. 2005. An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 2. Increased runoff and paleolake development. Journal of Geophysical Research: 10. E12S15
Bibliography[edit]
Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, ISBN 978-94-007-3961-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8, pp. 7–48
KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, ISBN 978-94-007-3961-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8, pp. 7–48
Ottinger, M.; Kuenzer, C.; LIU; Wang, S.; Dech, S. (2013). "Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta from 1995 to 2010 based on Landsat 5 TM". Applied Geography. 44: 53–68. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.003.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Deltas
Wikimedia Commons has media related to River deltas.
Louisiana State University Geology – World Deltas
http://www.wisdom.eoc.dlr.de WISDOM Water related Information System for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta
Maria Chiara Tosi (Ed.) (2012) Delta Landscape – A monographic study on the River Po Delta (Italy)
Wave-dominated river deltas on coastalwiki.org – A coastalwiki.org page on wave-dominated river deltas
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text:
Henry-Russell Hitchcock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Henry-Russell" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Henry Russell (disambiguation).
Henry-Russell Hitchcock (1903–1987) was an American architectural historian. A long-time professor at Smith College and New York University, his writings helped to define modern architecture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Books
3 References
4 External links
Biography[edit]
Henry-Russell Hitchcock was born in Boston and educated at Middlesex School and Harvard University, receiving his A.B. in 1924 and his M.A. in 1927.
In the early 1930s, at the request of Alfred Barr, Hitchcock collaborated with Philip Johnson (and Lewis Mumford) on "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition" at the Museum of Modern Art (1932), the exhibition that presented the new "International Style" architecture of Europe to an American audience. Hitchcock and Johnson's co-authored book The International Style: Architecture Since 1922 was published simultaneously with the MoMA exhibit.
Four years later Hitchcock's book, The Architecture of H. H. Richardson and His Times (1936) brought the career of American architect Henry Hobson Richardson out of obscurity while also arguing that the distant roots of European Modernism were actually to be found in the United States. Hitchcock's In the Nature of Materials (1942) continued to emphasize the American roots of Modern architecture, in this case by focusing on the career of Frank Lloyd Wright.
In 1948, Hitchcock published the essay in the book/exhibition catalogue Painting toward architecture: The Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art (Meriden, CT). The foreword was written by Alfred Barr, and the main organizer of the exhibition, and Miller Co. art director, was art collector Emily Hall Tremaine.. The exhibition originated at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford and travelled to several venues across the United States (1947–52). At the time, Hitchcock was teaching at Wesleyan University in Middletown, CT. He arranged for a second viewing, with a different selection of works, after his arrival to Smith College.[1][2][3][4]
Hitchcock taught at a number of colleges and universities, but primarily at Smith College (where he was also Director of the Smith College Museum of Art from 1949 to 1955). In 1968 he moved to New York City and thereafter taught at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. He also taught at Wesleyan University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale University, Harvard University, and Cambridge University.[5][6]
Over the course of Hitchock's career, he produced more than a dozen books on architecture. His Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1958) is an exhaustive study of more than 150 years of architecture that was widely used as a textbook in architectural history courses from the 1960s to the 1980s, and is still a useful reference today.
He was also a founding member of the Victorian Society in Great Britain and an early president of the Victorian Society in America. One of that Society's book awards is the "Henry-Russell Hitchcock Award." An "Alice Davis Hitchcock Award" is awarded by both the Society of Architectural Historians and the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain (SAHGB)[7] and named after Hitchcock's mother.
Hitchcock was gay, one of several gay men in the arts and humanities to emerge from Harvard.[8] Hitchcock died of cancer at age 83.
Hitchcock focused primarily on the formal aspects of design and he regarded the individual architect as the chief determinant in architectural history. Hitchcock's work tended to diminish the role of broader social forces. He has sometimes been criticised for this "great man" or "genealogical" approach.
Books[edit]
Hitchcock, Henry Russell, American Architectural Books: A List of Books, Portfolios, and Pamphlets on Architecture and Related Subjects published in America before 1895, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1962
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1958; second ed. 1963; fourth ed. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth England, and New York 1977, ISBN 0-14-056115-3
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, The Architecture of H. H. Richardson and His Times, Museum of Modern Art, New York 1936; second ed. Archon Books, Hampden CT 1961; MIT Press, Cambridge MA 1966 [paperback]
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, Boston Architecture, 1637-1954; including Other Communities within Easy Driving Distance, Reinhold Pub. Corp., New York 1954.
Hitchcock, Henry Russell, and Drexler, Arthur, editors, Built in USA: Post-war Architecture, Museum of Modern Art (Simon & Schuster), New York 1952.
Hitchcock, Henry Russell, Early Victorian architecture in Britain, Yale University Press, New Haven 1954
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, German Renaissance Architecture, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1981, ISBN 0-691-03959-3
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, In the Nature of Materials, 1887-1941: The Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York 1942; Da Capo Press, New York 1975 (paperback), ISBN 0-306-80019-5
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, and Johnson, Philip C., The International Style: Architecture since 1922, W. W. Norton & Company, New York 1932, second edition 1966; reprint of 1932 edition 1996, ISBN 0-393-03651-0
Hitchcock, Henry Russell, Latin American Architecture since 1945, Museum of Modern Art, New York 1955
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, Modern Architecture in England, Museum of Modern Art, New York 1937
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, Modern Architecture: Romanticism and Reintegration, Payson & Clarke Ltd., New York 1929
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, and others, The Rise of an American Architecture, Praeger in association with the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1970.
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, Rococo Architecture in Southern Germany, Phaidon, London 1968, ISBN 0-7148-1339-7
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, and Seale, William, Temples of Democracy: The State Capitols of the U.S.A., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York 1976, ISBN 0-15-188536-2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hitchcock, Henry-Russell. (1948). Painting toward architecture. Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art: Meriden, CT.
Jump up ^ (July 16, 2016). The Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art and Painting toward architecture (1947-52): Artworks, venues and media coverage. artdesigncafe.com. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Louchhiem, Aline B. (December 1947). Abstraction on the assembly line. ARTnews.
Jump up ^ Housley, Kathleen L. (2001). Emily Hall Tremaine: Collector on the cusp. Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation: Meriden, CT.
Jump up ^ [1] Brief biography from Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Jump up ^ Architectural Historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock (obituary), Los Angeles Times, February 21, 1987. Accessed May 28, 2016
Jump up ^ Publication Awards, Society of Architectural Historians. Accessed May 28, 2016
Jump up ^ Shand-Tucci, Douglass (2003). The Crimson Letter: Harvard, Homosexuality, and the Shaping of American Culture. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 2–3, 298, 331. ISBN 0-312-33090-1.
Lipstadt, Hélène, "Celebrating the Centenaries of Sir John Summerson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock: Finding a Historiography for the Architect-historian", The Journal of Architecture, 10/1 February 2005, pages 43–61.
Searing, Helen, editor, In Search of Modern Architecture: A Tribute to Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architectural History Foundation, New York; MIT Press, Cambridge MA 1982, ISBN 0-262-19209-8
Lee Sorensen, editor, Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, Dictionary of Art Historians, www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
Paul Goldberger, Honoring an Inspirational Historian, New York Times, March 20, 1983. Accessed May 28, 2016
External links[edit]
"Architecture Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries". 1958 edition at archive.org
Book prologue that explores the nature of Hitchcock's and Johnson's collaboration and travels in Europe
Society of Architectural Historians Publication Awards
Victorian Society in America Book Awards
Henry-Russell Hitchcock papers, circa 1500-1970. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.
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The Book Thief (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Book Thief
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Brian Percival
Produced by
Karen Rosenfelt
Ken Blancato
Screenplay by
Michael Petroni
Trudy White (novel)
Based on
The Book Thief
by Markus Zusak
Starring
Geoffrey Rush
Emily Watson
Sophie Nélisse
Narrated by
Roger Allam
Music by
John Williams[1]
Cinematography
Florian Ballhaus
Edited by
John Wilson
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures
Sunswept Entertainment
Studio Babelsberg
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03) (Mill Valley Film Festival)
November 27, 2013 (2013-11-27) (United States)
Running time
130 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Germany
Language
English
German
Budget
$19 million[3]
Box office
$76.6 million[4]
The Book Thief is a 2013 American-German war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie Nélisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind-hearted foster father, the girl begins "borrowing" books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar-winning composer John Williams.
The Book Thief premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was released for general distribution in the United States on November 27, 2013. The film received mixed reviews upon its theatrical release with some reviewers praising its "fresher perspective on the war" and its focus on the "consistent thread of humanity" in the story,[5] with other critics faulting the film's "wishful narrative".[6] With a budget of $19 million,[3] the film was successful at the box office, earning over $76 million.[4]
The Book Thief received Academy Award, Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for its score. For her performance in the film, Sophie Nélisse won the Hollywood Film Festival Spotlight Award, the Satellite Newcomer Award, and the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Female. The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 11, 2014.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Accolades
7 Home media
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In February 1938, a voice representing Death tells about how the young Liesel Meminger has piqued his interest. In one of the opening scenes, Liesel is traveling with her mother and younger brother on a train. On the way, her brother dies and is buried next to the tracks. Liesel steals her first book, titled The Grave Digger's Handbook, when it falls out of the gravedigger's pocket. Liesel is then brought to her new home, where she meets her new foster parents Rosa Hubermann and Hans Hubermann. Rudy Steiner, a boy who lives next door, accompanies her on her first day of school. When the teacher asks Liesel to write her name on the chalkboard, she is only able to write three Xs, revealing to her classmates that she is unable to write. She is taunted by her schoolmates who chant "dummkopf" ("dunce") at her. One of the boys, Franz Deutscher, challenges her to read just one word to which Liesel responds by beating him up. She impresses Rudy, and they become fast friends. When Hans, her foster father, realizes that Liesel cannot read, he begins to teach her, using the book that she took from the graveside. Liesel becomes captivated with reading anything she can.
Liesel and Rudy become members of the Hitler Youth movement. While at a Nazi book burning ceremony, Liesel and Rudy are harassed into throwing books onto the bonfire by Franz, but Liesel is upset to see the books being burned. When the bonfire ends and everyone leaves, Liesel is still there and she grabs a book that has been only singed. She is seen by Ilsa Hermann, wife of the burgermeister (mayor). When Rosa asks Liesel to take the laundry to the mayor's house, she realizes that the woman who saw her taking the book is the mayor's wife. Instead, Ilsa takes her into their library and tells Liesel she can come by anytime and read as much as she'd like. One day Liesel is found reading by the mayor who not only puts a stop to her visits but dismisses Rosa as their laundress.
During Kristallnacht, Max Vandenburg and his mother, who are Jewish, are told by a friend that only one of them can escape, and Max's mother forces him to go. Max's father had saved Hans' life in World War I, and hence he goes to the Hubermanns' house where Rosa and Hans give him shelter. Max initially stays in Liesel's room while recovering from his trip, and they begin to become friends over their mutual hatred of Hitler. World War II begins, initially making most of the children in Liesel's neighborhood very happy. Max is moved to the basement so that he can move around more, but it is cold and Max becomes dangerously ill. Liesel helps Max recover by reading to him books "borrowed" from the mayor's library with every spare moment.
One day while "borrowing" a book from the mayor's home, Liesel is followed by Rudy. He discovers the secret of Max, whose name he reads on a journal Max gave to Liesel for Christmas. Rudy guesses that her family is hiding someone, and he swears to never tell anyone. Franz overhears Rudy's last words of keeping it a secret and violently pushes Rudy to reveal the secret. Rudy throws the journal into the river to keep it away from Franz. After Franz leaves, Rudy plunges into the icy river to rescue the journal, and Liesel realizes that she can truly trust him. Soon, a local party member comes by to check the Hubermanns' basement, and they have to hide Max.
While working, Hans sees a neighbor and friend named Lehman being taken away by the police because he is a Jew. Hans tries to intervene, telling the officer that Lehman is a good man, but Hans's name is taken by the soldiers and he is thrown to the ground. Hans realizes what a mistake he has made, since this has made his family visible. He tells the family, and Max realises he must leave in order to protect them. Hans then receives a telegram that he has been conscripted into the Army and must leave immediately.
On the way home from school, Liesel believes she has seen Max in a line of Jews being forcibly marched through town, and she begins screaming his name, running through the line. She is thrown to the sidewalk twice by German soldiers and finally relents when Rosa picks her up and takes her home. Within a few days, Hans returns from the front because he was injured by a bomb that hit another of his unit's truck.
The family is reunited only for a short time. One night the city is bombed by accident, and the air raid sirens fail to go off. Hans, Rosa, and Rudy's family are killed in the blast. Liesel was spared from the bombing because she fell asleep in the basement while writing in the journal given to her by Max. Neighbors bring Rudy out of his house, barely alive. He begins to tell Liesel that he loves her, but he dies before he can finish the sentence. During this scene, Death is heard speaking again about how he received the souls of the dead. Liesel passes out, and one of the soldiers carries her to a stretcher. When she wakes up, she sees a book among the rubble and picks it up. She sees her foster family on the ground, dead, she cries and hugs them. She then sees the mayor and Ilsa drive up. With Ilsa being the only friend she has left, Liesel runs up to her and hugs her.
Two years later, after Germany has fallen to the Allies, Liesel is working in the tailor shop owned by Rudy's father. Max enters. Overjoyed by his survival and return, she runs to hug him. The final scene is Death speaking again about Liesel's life and her death at the age of 90, mentioning her husband, children, and grandchildren, as we look over her modern day Manhattan Upper East Side apartment with pictures of her past and a portrait of her, upon which the camera lingers. The narrator does not state whom she married but implies that she became a writer.
Cast[edit]
Left to right: book author Markus Zusak, stars Geoffrey Rush and Sophie Nélisse, director Brian Percival, interviewed about The Book Thief by Selig Film News in 2013.
Geoffrey Rush as Hans Hubermann, Liesel's kind-hearted foster father
Sophie Nélisse as Liesel Meminger, the titular "book thief"
Emily Watson as Rosa Hubermann, Liesel's bad-tempered foster mother
Nico Liersch as Rudy Steiner, Liesel's best friend and love interest
Ben Schnetzer as Max Vandenburg
Heike Makatsch as Liesel's mother
Barbara Auer as Ilsa Hermann, the burgermeister's (mayor's) wife
Roger Allam as Death, the film's narrator
Sandra Nedeleff as Sarah
Hildegard Schroedter as Frau Becker
Rafael Gareisen as Walter Kugler, Max's best friend
Gotthard Lange as the gravedigger
Godehard Giese as the policeman on the train
Oliver Stokowski as Alex Steiner, Rudy's father
Levin Liam as Franz Deutscher, bully and leader of Rudy's Hitler Youth squad
Carina Wiese as Barbara Steiner, Rudy's mother
Production[edit]
A search for an actress to play the eponymous book thief, Liesel Meminger, occurred across the world. On February 4, 2013, it was announced that Canadian actress Sophie Nélisse was cast in the role and that Australian actor Geoffrey Rush and English actress Emily Watson would be playing Meminger's foster parents.[8]
Principal photography began in early March 2013 at Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, Germany.[9] The first trailer was released on August 21,[10] with the Bastille song "Haunt" as the music.
Markus Zusak, Australian author of the best-selling, award-winning book on which the film is based, confirmed on his blog that the film would be narrated by the character of "Death", as was the novel.[11] After some speculation that Death might be voiced by the anonymous American actor who was used in the official trailer, it was announced that English actor Roger Allam of Game of Thrones would portray Death in the film.
Soundtrack[edit]
The music for the film was composed by John Williams, and the soundtrack album containing the score was released by Sony Classical. The album was released in the United States on November 19, 2013.[12] It was nominated for an Oscar, BAFTA and Golden Globe for Best Original Score. It won Best Instrumental Album at the 57th Grammy Awards.
The Book Thief marked the first time since 2005 that Williams has scored a film not directed by Steven Spielberg.
Release[edit]
Originally scheduled for January 17, 2014, The Book Thief's limited theatrical release was moved forward to November 8, 2013, due to the fact that it was finished ahead of schedule and in order to compete in the 2013–14 award season. It premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was screened at the Savannah Film Festival on October 29, 2013. It expanded to a wide release on November 27, 2013.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Book Thief received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 46%, based on 134 reviews, with an average score of 5.6/10. The site's consensus states, "A bit too safe in its handling of its Nazi Germany setting, The Book Thief counters its constraints with a respectful tone and strong performances."[13] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[14]
In her review for the New Empress Magazine, Mairéad Roche praised the film for providing a "fresher perspective on the war" through the experiences of ordinary Germans who lived through the Nazi era.[5] In addition to the "Oscar-baiting beautiful" cinematography and John Williams's film score that contribute to the film's emotional appeal, Roche singled out the performance of young Sophie Nélisse as Liesel that "matches the well-measured and seemingly effortless efforts of both Rush and Watson".[5] Roche concluded,
The Book Thief weaves a consistent thread of humanity through its narrative via the commonality of Death, storytelling and the concept of free will. The disturbing sight of children in Hitler Youth uniforms and Allied blanket bombing, when shown through the innocence of a child, humanises the German generation just living their lives without the hindsight of history. A blurring of vision due to tears is to be expected, but that effect is delivered with respect and dignity to the audience.[5]
In his review following the Mill Valley Film Festival, Dennis Harvey at Variety magazine wrote, "Rush generously provides the movie's primary warmth and humor; Watson is pitch-perfect as a seemingly humorless scold with a well-buried soft side."[15] Harvey also praised the film's cinematography and film score, noting that "impeccable design contributions are highlighted by Florian Ballhaus'[s] somber but handsome widescreen lensing and an excellent score by John Williams that reps his first feature work for a director other than Steven Spielberg in years."[15]
In her review for "MSN UK", Emma Roberts gave the film 5 out of 5 stars, stating,
With incredible acting, a gripping story and fantastic direction, "The Book Thief" is a heart-warming yet chilling tale, which will nestle in your mind long after the credits finish rolling.
Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post was less impressed with the film, giving it two and half out of four stars. Merry felt that the film "has its moments of brilliance, thanks in large part to an adept cast" but that the film ultimately shows the difficulties of bringing a successful novel to the screen.[16] In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Robert Abele was also unimpressed, describing the film as "just another tasteful, staid Hollywoodization of terribleness, in which a catastrophic time acts as a convenient backdrop for a wishful narrative rather than the springboard for an honest one".[6]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
AACTA International Awards[17] Best Supporting Actor Geoffrey Rush Nominated
Academy Awards[18] Best Original Score John Williams Nominated
British Academy Film Awards[19] Best Film Music Nominated
Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Young Actor/Actress Sophie Nélisse Nominated
Golden Globe Awards[20] Best Original Score John Williams Nominated
Grammy Awards Best Instrumental Composition John Williams Won
Hollywood Film Awards Spotlight Sophie Nélisse Won
Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Female Won
Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress Emily Watson Nominated
Best Original Score John Williams Nominated
Newcomer Sophie Nélisse Won
Young Artist Awards[21] Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film Won
Home media[edit]
The Book Thief was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 11, 2014.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "John Williams to Score 'The Book Thief'". Film Music Reporter. 6 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Book Thief (12A)". 20th Century Fox. British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Book Thief". The Numbers. January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Book Thief". Box Office Mojo. February 6, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Roche, Mairéad (February 28, 2014). "In Review: The Book Thief". New Empress Magazine. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Abele, Robert (November 8, 2013). "Review: 'The Book Thief' robs the truth from an evil time". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Book Thief (2013): Releases". AllMovie. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (February 4, 2013). "Geoffrey Rush and Emily Watson to Star in 'The Book Thief' Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Roxborough, Scott (March 11, 2013). "'The Book Thief' Begins Shooting in Germany". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "FIRST BOOK THIEF TRAILER: the Girl, the books &... - THE CITY AT OUR FEET...". THE CITY AT OUR FEET...
Jump up ^ "‘The Book Thief’ Soundtrack Details - Film Music Reporter". filmmusicreporter.com.
Jump up ^ "The Book Thief". rottentomatoes.com. November 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Book Thief". Metacritic.
^ Jump up to: a b Harvey, Dennis (October 4, 2013). "Film Review: ‘The Book Thief’". Variety. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Merry, Stephanie (November 14, 2013). "‘Book Thief’ movie review". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart (13 December 2013). "'American Hustle' Dominates Australian Academy's International Award Noms". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nominees for the 86th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon; Harris, Jamie (January 8, 2014). "BAFTA Film Awards 2014 – nominations in full". Digital Spy. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes Nominations: The Full List". Variety. January 11, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "35th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Book Thief (film)
Official website
The Book Thief on IMDb
The Book Thief at the TCM Movie Database
The Book Thief at AllMovie
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The Book Thief (2013)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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