text:
Safety coffin
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Taberger's Safety Coffin employed a bell as a signaling device, for anybody buried alive.
A safety coffin or security coffin is a coffin fitted with a mechanism to prevent premature burial or allow the occupant to signal that they have been buried alive. A large number of designs for safety coffins were patented during the 18th and 19th centuries and variations on the idea are still available today.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 "Saved by the bell" expression
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
History[edit]
The fear of being buried alive peaked during the cholera epidemics of the 18th and 19th centuries but accounts of live burial have been recorded even further back. When his tomb was reopened, the philosopher John Duns Scotus (1266 – 1308) was reportedly found outside his coffin with his hands torn and bloody after attempting to escape. The fears of being buried alive were heightened by reports of doctors and accounts in literature and the newspapers. As well as dealing with the subject in "The Fall of the House of Usher" and "The Cask of Amontillado", Edgar Allan Poe wrote "The Premature Burial", which was published in 1844. It contained accounts of supposedly genuine cases of premature burial as well as detailing the narrator's own (perceived) interment while still alive.
The recovery of supposedly dead victims of cholera, as depicted in The Premature Burial by Antoine Wiertz, fuelled the demand for safety coffins.
The general fear of premature burial led to the invention of many safety devices which could be incorporated into coffins. Most consisted of some type of device for communication to the outside world such as a cord attached to a bell that the interred person could ring should they revive after the burial. A safety coffin of this type appears in the 1979 film The First Great Train Robbery.[1] Other variations on the bell included flags and pyrotechnics. Some designs included ladders, escape hatches, and even feeding tubes, but many forgot a method for providing air.
Robert Robinson died in Manchester in 1791. A movable glass pane was inserted in his coffin, and the mausoleum had a door for purposes of inspection by a watchman, who was to see if he breathed on the glass. He instructed his relatives to visit his grave periodically to check that he was still dead.[2]
The first recorded safety coffin was constructed on the orders of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick before his death in 1792. He had a window installed to allow light in, an air tube to provide a supply of fresh air, and instead of having the lid nailed down he had a lock fitted. In a special pocket of his shroud he had two keys, one for the coffin lid and a second for the tomb door.
P.G. Pessler, a German priest, suggested in 1798 that all coffins have a tube inserted from which a cord would run to the church bells. If an individual had been buried alive they could draw attention to themself by ringing the bells. This idea, while highly impractical, led to the first designs of safety coffins equipped with signalling systems. Pessler's colleague, Pastor Beck, suggested that coffins should have a small trumpet-like tube attached. Each day the local priest could check the state of putrefaction of the corpse by sniffing the odours emanating from the tube. If no odour was detected or the priest heard cries for help the coffin could be dug up and the occupant rescued.
Dr. Adolf Gutsmuth was buried alive several times to demonstrate a safety coffin of his own design, and in 1822 he stayed underground for several hours and even ate a meal of soup, bratwurst, marzipan, sauerkraut, spätzle, beer, and for dessert, prinzregententorte, delivered to him through the coffin's feeding tube.
The 1820s also saw the use of "portable death chambers" in Germany. A small chamber, equipped with a bell for signalling and a window for viewing the body, was constructed over an empty grave. Watchmen would check each day for signs of life or decomposition in each of the chambers. If the bell was rung the "body" could be immediately removed, but if the watchman observed signs of putrefaction in the corpse, a door in the floor of the chamber could be opened and the body would drop down into the grave. A panel could then be slid in to cover the grave and the upper chamber removed and reused.
In 1829, Dr. Johann Gottfried Taberger designed a system using a bell which would alert the cemetery nightwatchman. The corpse would have strings attached to its hands, head and feet. A housing around the bell above ground prevented it ringing accidentally. An improvement over previous designs, the housing prevented rainwater from running down the tube and netting prevented insects from entering the coffin. If the bell rang the watchman had to insert a second tube and pump air into the coffin with a bellows to allow the occupant to survive until the casket could be dug up.
Vester's "Burial Case" was an elaborate variation on earlier bell and cord systems.
The systems using cords tied to the body suffered from the drawback that the natural processes of decay often caused the body to swell or shift position, causing accidental tension on the cords and a "false positive". Franz Vester's 1868 "Burial Case" overcame this problem by adding a tube through which the face of the "corpse" could be viewed. If the interred person came to, they could ring the bell (if not strong enough to ascend the tube by means of a supplied ladder) and the watchmen could check to see if the person had genuinely returned to life or whether it was merely a movement of the corpse. Vester's design allowed the viewing tube to be removed and reused once death was assured.
Count Michel de Karnice-Karnicki, a chamberlain to the Tsar of Russia, patented his own safety coffin, called Le Karnice, in 1897 and demonstrated it at the Sorbonne the following year. His design detected movement in the coffin and opened a tube to supply air while simultaneously raising a flag and ringing a bell. Le Karnice never caught on: it was too sensitive to allow for even a slight movement in a decaying corpse, and a demonstration in which one of Karnice-Karnicki's assistants had been buried alive ended badly when the signalling systems failed. Luckily, the breathing tube had activated and the assistant was disinterred unharmed, but the reputation of Le Karnice was damaged beyond repair.
In 1995 a modern safety coffin was patented by Fabrizio Caselli. His design included an emergency alarm, intercom system, a torch (flashlight), breathing apparatus, and both a heart monitor and stimulator.[3]
Despite the fear of burial while still alive, there are no documented cases of anybody being saved by a safety coffin.[citation needed]
"Saved by the bell" expression[edit]
Folk etymology has suggested that perhaps the phrases "saved by the bell", "dead ringer" and "graveyard shift" come from the use of safety coffins in the Victorian era; however, these have been dispelled as urban myth, attributed to a linguistic e-mail hoax Life in the 1500s.[4][5] The "saved by the bell" expression is actually well established to have come from boxing, where a boxer who is still on their feet but close to being knocked down can be saved from losing by the bell ringing to indicate the end of the round.[6]
In popular culture[edit]
The 2009 song The Tale of Solomon Snell by Duncan Sheik from his album Whisper House tells the story of a man who for his burial gives instructions to be buried in a safety coffin with a bell mechanism attached but ultimately fails to be saved due to the person in charge of listening to the bell getting drunk.
See also[edit]
Burial vault
Lazarus phenomenon
Tomb
Safety bicycle, invented at about the same time
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079240/
Jump up ^ James Cocks; Memorials of Hatherlow and of the old Chadkick Chapel; Stockport, 1895.
Jump up ^ * "Safety coffins". Australian Museum. 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Wilton, David (2009). Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-19-537557-2.
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara. "snopes.com: Life in the 1500s:". snopes.com. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/saved-by-the-bell.html
References[edit]
Patents related to alarms/signals used in connection with coffins for indicating life in persons supposed to be dead.
Troy Taylor (2000). "Beyond The Grave". Retrieved 5 December 2006.
Jan Bondeson (2002). Buried Alive: The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear. W W Norton & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-393-32222-X.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safety_coffin&oldid=814019459"
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List of Super Bowl champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League (NFL). The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year, and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs. The contest is held in an American city, chosen three to four years beforehand,[1] usually at warm-weather sites or domed stadiums.[2] Since January 1971, the winner of the American Football Conference (AFC) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference (NFC) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs.
The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL–NFL Championship Game (Super Bowl I).
Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL), the two leagues met in four such contests. The first two were marketed as the "AFL–NFL World Championship Game", but were also casually referred to as "the Super Bowl game" during the television broadcast.[3] Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the "Super Bowl" moniker in official marketing; the names "Super Bowl I" and "Super Bowl II" were retroactively applied to the first two games.[4] The NFC/NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27, while the AFC/AFL has won 25. Twenty franchises, including teams that have relocated to another city, have won the Super Bowl.[5]
The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Contents
[hide]
1 Super Bowl Championship (1966–present)
1.1 Consecutive winners
1.2 Consecutive losers
2 Super Bowl appearances by team
2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances
2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts
2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories
2.4 Super Bowl rematches
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Super Bowl Championship (1966–present)
Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows:
Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams' Super Bowl record to date.
Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl.
City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl.
National Football League (NFL, 1967–1970)
American Football League (AFL, 1967–1970)
NFL champion‡
(4, 2–2) AFL champion^
(4, 2–2)
National Football Conference (NFC, 1971–present)
American Football Conference (AFC, 1971–present)
NFC champion*
(48, 25–23) AFC champion†
(48, 23–25)
Game
Date
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Venue
City
Attendance
Ref
01 !I 000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡
(1, 1–0) 3510 !35–10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^
(1, 0–1) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1] 061946 !61,946 [11]
02 !II 000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡
(2, 2–0) 3314 !33–14 Oakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^
(1, 0–1) Miami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl Miami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2] 075546 !75,546 [12]
03 !III 000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969 New York Jets 01 !New York Jets^
(1, 1–0) 1607 !16–7 Indianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡
(1, 0–1) Miami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2) Miami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2] 075389 !75,389 [13]
04 !IV 000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^
(2, 1–1) 2307 !23–7 Minnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡
(1, 0–1) Tulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium New Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana 080562 !80,562 [14]
05 !V 000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†
(2, 1–1) 1613 !16–13 Dallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*
(1, 0–1) Miami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3) Miami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2] 079204 !79,204 [15]
06 !VI 000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*
(2, 1–1) 2403 !24–3 Miami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†
(1, 0–1) Tulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2) New Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2) 081023 !81,023 [16]
07 !VII 000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†
(2, 1–1) 1407 !14–7 Washington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*
(1, 0–1) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2) Los Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1] 090182 !90,182 [17]
08 !VIII 000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†
(3, 2–1) 2407 !24–7 Minnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*
(2, 0–2) Rice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium Houston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas 071882 !71,882 [18]
09 !IX 000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(1, 1–0) 1606 !16–6 Minnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*
(3, 0–3) Tulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3) New Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3) 080997 !80,997 [19]
10 !X 000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(2, 2–0) 2117 !21–17 Dallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*
(3, 1–2) Miami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4) Miami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2] 080187 !80,187 [20]
11 !XI 000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†
(2, 1–1) 3214 !32–14 Minnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*
(4, 0–4) Rose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl Los Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1] 103438 !103,438 [21]
12 !XII 000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*
(4, 2–2) 2710 !27–10 Denver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†
(1, 0–1) Louisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome New Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4) 076400 !76,400 [22]
13 !XIII 000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(3, 3–0) 3531 !35–31 Dallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*
(5, 2–3) Miami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5) Miami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2] 079484 !79,484 [23]
14 !XIV 000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(4, 4–0) 3119 !31–19 Los Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*
(1, 0–1) Rose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2) Los Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1] 103985 !103,985 [24]
15 !XV 000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†
(3, 2–1) 2710 !27–10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(1, 0–1) Louisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2) New Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5) 076135 !76,135 [25]
16 !XVI 000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*
(1, 1–0) 2621 !26–21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†
(1, 0–1) Pontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome Detroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1] 081270 !81,270 [26]
17 !XVII 000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983 Washington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*
(2, 1–1) 2717 !27–17 Miami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†
(4, 2–2) Rose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3) Los Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1] 103667 !103,667 [27]
18 !XVIII 000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†
(4, 3–1) 3809 !38–9 Washington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*
(3, 1–2) Tampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium Tampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida 072920 !72,920 [28]
19 !XIX 000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*
(2, 2–0) 3816 !38–16 Miami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†
(5, 2–3) Stanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium San Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1] 084059 !84,059 [29]
20 !XX 000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986 Chicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*
(1, 1–0) 4610 !46–10 New England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†
(1, 0–1) Louisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3) New Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6) 073818 !73,818 [30]
21 !XXI 000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987 New York Giants 01 !New York Giants*
(1, 1–0) 3920 !39–20 Denver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†
(2, 0–2) Rose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4) Los Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1] 101063 !101,063 [31]
22 !XXII 000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988 Washington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*
(4, 2–2) 4210 !42–10 Denver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†
(3, 0–3) Qualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3] San Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California 073302 !73,302 [32]
23 !XXIII 000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*
(3, 3–0) 2016 !20–16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†
(2, 0–2) Hard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3] Miami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2] 075129 !75,129 [33]
24 !XXIV 000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*
(4, 4–0) 5510 !55–10 Denver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†
(4, 0–4) Louisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4) New Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7) 072919 !72,919 [34]
25 !XXV 000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991 New York Giants 02 !New York Giants*
(2, 2–0) 2019 !20–19 Buffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†
(1, 0–1) Tampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2) Tampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2) 073813 !73,813 [35]
26 !XXVI 000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992 Washington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*
(5, 3–2) 3724 !37–24 Buffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†
(2, 0–2) Metrodome 01 !Metrodome Minneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota 063130 !63,130 [36]
27 !XXVII 000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*
(6, 3–3) 5217 !52–17 Buffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†
(3, 0–3) Rose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5) Los Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1] 098374 !98,374 [37]
28 !XXVIII 000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*
(7, 4–3) 3013 !30–13 Buffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†
(4, 0–4) Georgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome Atlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia 072817 !72,817 [38]
29 !XXIX 000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*
(5, 5–0) 4926 !49–26 San Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†
(1, 0–1) Hard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3] Miami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2] 074107 !74,107 [39]
30 !XXX 000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*
(8, 5–3) 2717 !27–17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(5, 4–1) Sun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1] 076347 !76,347 [40]
31 !XXXI 000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*
(3, 3–0) 3521 !35–21 New England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†
(2, 0–2) Louisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5) New Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8) 072301 !72,301 [41]
32 !XXXII 000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998 Denver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†
(5, 1–4) 3124 !31–24 Green Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*
(4, 3–1) Qualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3] San Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2) 068912 !68,912 [42]
33 !XXXIII 000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999 Denver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†
(6, 2–4) 3419 !34–19 Atlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*
(1, 0–1) Hard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3] Miami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2] 074803 !74,803 [43]
34 !XXXIV 000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*
(2, 1–1) 2316 !23–16 Tennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†
(1, 0–1) Georgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2) Atlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2) 072625 !72,625 [44]
35 !XXXV 000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†
(1, 1–0) 3407 !34–7 New York Giants 03 !New York Giants*
(3, 2–1) Raymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium Tampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3) 071921 !71,921 [45]
36 !XXXVI 000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002 New England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†
(3, 1–2) 2017 !20–17 Los Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*
(3, 1–2) Louisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6) New Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9) 072922 !72,922 [46]
37 !XXXVII 000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*
(1, 1–0) 4821 !48–21 Oakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†
(5, 3–2) Qualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3] San Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3) 067603 !67,603 [47]
38 !XXXVIII 000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004 New England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†
(4, 2–2) 3229 !32–29 Carolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*
(1, 0–1) NRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3] Houston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2) 071525 !71,525 [48]
39 !XXXIX 000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005 New England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†
(5, 3–2) 2421 !24–21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(2, 0–2) ALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium Jacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida 078125 !78,125 [49]
40 !XL 000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(6, 5–1) 2110 !21–10 Seattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*
(1, 0–1) Ford Field 01 !Ford Field Detroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1] 068206 !68,206 [50]
41 !XLI 000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†
(3, 2–1) 2917 !29–17 Chicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*
(2, 1–1) Hard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3] Miami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2] 074512 !74,512 [51]
42 !XLII 000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008 New York Giants 04 !New York Giants*
(4, 3–1) 1714 !17–14 New England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†
(6, 3–3) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1] 071101 !71,101 [52]
43 !XLIII 000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(7, 6–1) 2723 !27–23 Arizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*
(1, 0–1) Raymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2) Tampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4) 070774 !70,774 [53]
44 !XLIV 000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*
(1, 1–0) 3117 !31–17 Indianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†
(4, 2–2) Hard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3] Miami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2] 074059 !74,059 [54]
45 !XLV 000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*
(5, 4–1) 3125 !31–25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(8, 6–2) Cowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium Arlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas 103219 !103,219 [55]
46 !XLVI 000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012 New York Giants 05 !New York Giants*
(5, 4–1) 2117 !21–17 New England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†
(7, 3–4) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana 068658 !68,658 [56][57]
47 !XLVII 000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†
(2, 2–0) 3431 !34–31 San Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*
(6, 5–1) Louisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7) New Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10) 071024 !71,024 [56][58]
48 !XLVIII 000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*
(2, 1–1) 4308 !43–8 Denver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†
(7, 2–5) MetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey 082529 !82,529 [59]
49 !XLIX 000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015 New England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†
(8, 4–4) 2824 !28–24 Seattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*
(3, 1–2) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2) Phoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1] 070288 !70,288 [60][61]
50 !50 [note 4] 000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016 Denver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†
(8, 3–5) 2410 !24–10 Carolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*
(2, 0–2) Levi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium San Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1] 071088 !71,088 [61][62][63]
51 !LI 000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017 New England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†
(9, 5–4) 3428 !34–28 (OT) Atlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*
(2, 0–2) NRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3] Houston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3) 070807 !70,807 [61][62][63]
52 !LII 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(3, 1–2) 4133 !41–33 New England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†
(10, 5–5) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2) 067612 !67,612 [64][65]
53 !LIII 000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5] X 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion* 0019 !— X 2019 !To be determined (TBD) Mercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium Atlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3) TBD [66][67]
54 !LIV 000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5] X 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion† 0020 !— X 2020 !To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3] Miami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2] TBD [66][67]
55 !LV 000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5] X 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion* 0021 !— X 2021 !To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3) Tampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5) TBD [66][67]
56 !LVI 000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5] X 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion* 0022 !— X 2022 !To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1] TBD [66][67]
Game
Date
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Venue
City
Attendance
Ref
Consecutive winners
The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years.
Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls, one of which (Pittsburgh) has accomplished it twice:
Green Bay Packers (Super Bowls I and II)
Miami Dolphins (VII and VIII)
Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: IX and X as well as XIII and XIV)
San Francisco 49ers (XXIII and XXIV)
Dallas Cowboys (XXVII and XXVIII)
Denver Broncos (XXXII and XXXIII)
New England Patriots (XXXVIII and XXXIX)
No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row, although several have come close:
The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.
The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.
The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.
The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.
The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.
The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.
Consecutive losers
Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls:
Buffalo Bills (4) (Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII) – The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls, let alone lose in all four appearances.
Minnesota Vikings (2) (Super Bowls VIII and IX) – They also lost Super Bowl XI, and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons.
Denver Broncos (2) (Super Bowls XXI and XXII) – They also lost Super Bowl XXIV, but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons.
Super Bowl appearances by team
The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX (pictured) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances (10) and are tied for the most losses (5) as of 2018.
NFL‡/NFC* teams (27 wins) AFL^/AFC† teams (25 wins)
NFL‡/AFC† team (0-1 as part of the NFL, 2-1 as part of the AFC)[note 6]
In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl. In the "Seasons" column, bold years indicate winning seasons, and italic years indicate games not yet completed.
Appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Winning
percentage
Seasons
10A-05W-01YA-02YW !10 New England Patriots† 05W-10A-02YW-01YA !5 05L-10A-01YL-01YA !5 .500 1985 !1985,† 1996,† 2001,† 2003,† 2004,† 2007,† 2011,† 2014,† 2016,† 2017†
08A-06W-08YA-10YW !8 Pittsburgh Steelers†[note 6] 06W-08A-10YW-08YA !6 02L-08A-08YL-08YA !2 .750 1974 !1974,† 1975,† 1978,† 1979,† 1995,† 2005,† 2008,† 2010†
08A-05W-23YA-23YW !8 Dallas Cowboys* 05W-08A-23YW-23YA !5 03L-08A-40YL-23YA !3 .625 1970 !1970,* 1971,* 1975,* 1977,* 1978,* 1992,* 1993,* 1995*
08A-03W-03YA-03YW !8 Denver Broncos† 03W-08A-03YW-03YA !3 05L-08A-05YL-03YA !5 .375 1977 !1977,† 1986,† 1987,† 1989,† 1997,† 1998,† 2013,† 2015†
06A-05W-06YA-24YW !6 San Francisco 49ers* 05W-06A-24YW-06YA !5 01L-06A-06YL-06YA !1 .833 1981 !1981,* 1984,* 1988,* 1989,* 1994*, 2012*
05A-04W-08YA-08YW !5 Green Bay Packers‡* 04W-05A-08YW-08YA !4 01L-05A-21YL-08YA !1 .800 1966 !1966,‡ 1967,‡ 1996,* 1997,* 2010*
05A-04W-07YA-07YW !5 New York Giants* 04W-05A-07YW-07YA !4 01L-05A-18YL-07YA !1 .800 1986 !1986,* 1990,* 2000,* 2007,* 2011*
05A-03W-27YA-27YW !5 Washington Redskins* 03W-05A-27YW-27YA !3 02L-05A-35YL-27YA !2 .600 1972 !1972,* 1982,* 1983,* 1987,* 1991*
05A-03W-16YA-35YW !5 Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders^† 03W-05A-35YW-16YA !3 02L-05A-16YL-16YA !2 .600 1967,^ 1976,† 1980,† 1983,† 2002†
05A-02W-34YA-45YW !5 Miami Dolphins† 02W-05A-45YW-34YA !2 03L-05A-34YL-34YA !3 .400 1971 !1971,† 1972,† 1973,† 1982,† 1984†
04A-02W-09YA-12YW !4 Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts‡†[note 6] 02W-04A-12YW-09YA !2 02L-04A-09YL-09YA !2 .500 1968 !1968,‡ 1970,† 2006,† 2009†
04A-00W-42YA-53YW !4 Minnesota Vikings‡* 00W-04A-53YW-25YA !0 04L-04A-42YL-42YA !4 .000 1969 !1969,‡ 1973,* 1974,* 1976*
04A-00W-25YA-53YW !4 Buffalo Bills† 00W-04A-53YW-25YA !0 04L-04A-25YL-25YA !4 .000 1990 !1990,† 1991,† 1992,† 1993†
03A-01W-17YA-19YW !3 St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams* 01W-03A-19YW-17YA !1 02L-03A-17YL-17YA !2 .333 1979 !1979,* 1999,* 2001*
03A-01W-03YA-04YW !3 Seattle Seahawks* 01W-03A-04YW-03YA !1 02L-03A-03YL-03YA !2 .333 2005 !2005,* 2013,* 2014*
03A-01W-01YA-01YW !3 Philadelphia Eagles* 01W-03A-01YW-01YA !1 02L-03A-14YL-01YA !2 .333 1980 !1980,* 2004,* 2017*
02A-02W-06YA-06YW !2 Baltimore Ravens†[note 7] 02W-02A-06YW-06YA !2 00L-02A-22YL-06YA !0 1.000 2000 !2000,† 2012†
02A-01W-49YA-49YW !2 Kansas City Chiefs^† 01W-02A-49YW-49YA !1 01L-02A-52YL-49YA !1 .500 1966 !1966,^ 1969^
02A-01W-12YA-33YW !2 Chicago Bears* 01W-02A-33YW-12YA !1 01L-02A-12YL-12YA !1 .500 1985 !1985,* 2006*
02A-00W-30YA-53YW !2 Cincinnati Bengals† 00W-02A-53YW-30YA !0 02L-02A-30YL-30YA !2 .000 1981 !1981,† 1988†
02A-00W-03YA-23YW !2 Carolina Panthers* 00W-02A-23YW-03YA !0 02L-02A-03YL-03YA !2 .000 2003 !2003,* 2015*
02A-00W-02YA-53YW !2 Atlanta Falcons* 00W-02A-53YW-02YA !0 02L-02A-02YL-02YA !2 .000 1998 !1998,* 2016*
01A-01W-50YA-50YW !1 New York Jets^† 01W-01A-50YW-50YA !1 00L-01A-53YL-50YA !0 1.000 1968 !1968^
01A-01W-18YA-18YW !1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers* 01W-01A-18YW-18YA !1 00L-01A-44YL-18YA !0 1.000 2002 !2002*
01A-01W-09YA-09YW !1 New Orleans Saints* 01W-01A-09YW-09YA !1 00L-01A-52YL-09YA !0 1.000 2009 !2009*
01A-00W-24YA-53YW !1 San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers† 00W-01A-53YW-24YA !0 01L-01A-24YL-24YA !1 .000 1994 !1994†
01A-00W-19YA-53YW !1 Houston/Tennessee Oilers/Tennessee Titans† 00W-01A-53YW-19YA !0 01L-01A-19YL-19YA !1 .000 1999 !1999†
01A-00W-10YA-53YW !1 St. Louis/Arizona Cardinals* 00W-01A-53YW-10YA !0 01L-01A-10YL-10YA !1 .000 2008 !2008*
00A-00W-53YA-53YW-11CG !0 Cleveland Browns†[note 6][note 7] 00W-00A-53YW-53YA-11CG !0 00L-00A-53YL-53YA-11CG !0 – none
00A-00W-53YA-53YW-05CG !0 Detroit Lions* 00W-00A-53YW-53YA-05CG !0 00L-00A-53YL-53YA-05CG !0 – none
00A-00W-23YA-23YW-00CG !0 Jacksonville Jaguars† 00W-00A-23YW-23YA-00CG !0 00L-00A-23YL-23YA-00CG !0 – none
00A-00W-16YA-16YW-00CG !0 Houston Texans† 00W-00A-16YW-16YA-00CG !0 00L-00A-16YL-16YA-00CG !0 – none
Teams with no Super Bowl appearances
Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl. Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season:
Cleveland Browns, NFL champions four times in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1968, and 1969; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986, 1987, and 1989.[68] The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All-America Football Conference, joined the NFL in 1950, suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, and resumed play in 1999.[69] The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996, and have since won two Super Bowls.[70]
Detroit Lions, NFL champions four times in 1935, 1952, 1953, and 1957; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991[71]
Jacksonville Jaguars, 1995 expansion team; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996, 1999, and 2017.[72]
Houston Texans, 2002 expansion team; Divisional Round appearances in 2011, 2012, and 2016 seasons.
In addition, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls, making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl.
Teams with long Super Bowl droughts
The Jets' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III.
Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl, there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL (1995 and 2002, respectively), resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams.
Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL–NFL merger in 1970:[73]
New York Jets (most recently appeared in Super Bowl III, 1968 season)
Kansas City Chiefs (Super Bowl IV in 1969 season)
However, the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl, both being members of the now-defunct AFL at the time.
The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL–NFL merger, but prior to the 1995 regular season:
Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowl XI, 1976 season)
Miami Dolphins (Super Bowl XIX, 1984 season)
Cincinnati Bengals (Super Bowl XXIII, 1988 season)
Washington Redskins (Super Bowl XXVI, 1991 season)
Buffalo Bills (Super Bowl XXVIII, 1993 season)
Los Angeles Chargers (played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX, 1994 season)
Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories
Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning. In descending order of number of appearances, they are:
Minnesota Vikings (4), appeared in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI. They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969, the last year before the AFL–NFL merger, but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl. An NFL expansion team in 1961, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Buffalo Bills (4), appeared in Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII. Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965, the season before the first Super Bowl.
Cincinnati Bengals (2), appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII. An AFL expansion team in 1968, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Atlanta Falcons (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI. An expansion team in 1966, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Carolina Panthers (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50. A post-merger expansion team, their first season was in 1995.
Arizona Cardinals (1), appeared in Super Bowl XLIII. Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals.
Los Angeles Chargers (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers. Their only AFL championship was in 1963.
Tennessee Titans (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV. They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers.
Super Bowl rematches
The 49ers and the Bengals, who faced off in Super Bowl XVI (pictured), would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII.
The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl:
Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers (3) – Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh, and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas. See also Cowboys–Steelers rivalry.
Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins (2) – Super Bowl VII was won by Miami, and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington.
Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers (2) – Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco.
Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys (2) – Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII, the only rematch in consecutive seasons, were both won by Dallas.
New England Patriots and New York Giants (2) – Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York.
New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles (2) – Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England, Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia.
See also
National Football League portal
American football portal
History of the National Football League championship
List of AFC champions
List of NFC champions
List of NFL champions
List of Super Bowl records
Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award
List of NFL franchise post-season droughts
List of NFL franchise post-season streaks
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Los Angeles, Pasadena, and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area.[6] Pontiac, Michigan, is a suburb of Detroit.[7] Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona.[8][9] Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area.[10]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper. Hard Rock Stadium, also in Miami-Dade County, opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Stadium renaming: SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium, San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium, and Qualcomm Stadium. Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium, Pro Player Park, Pro Player Stadium, Dolphins Stadium (with a plural "s"), Dolphin Stadium (with no "s"), Land Shark Stadium, and Sun Life Stadium. NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium.
Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls, Super Bowl 50's official name, as designated by the NFL, uses the Arabic numeral "50" instead of the Roman numeral "L".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dates are tentative, pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Colts, Steelers, and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly-formed AFC, joining the ten extant AFL franchises, when the two leagues merged in 1970. The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC.
^ Jump up to: a b Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens, the Browns' name, brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns; the Ravens, for historical purposes, are considered a separate franchise.
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Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XLIII". NFL. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XLIV post game QT". NFL. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title". NFL. February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012". NFL. Associated Press. 2009-06-09. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ Garrison, Jason. "Super Bowl 2012: Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658". SBNation Boston. SBNation. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013". NFL. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Owners warm up to New York/New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host". NFL. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time". National Football League. Associated Press. October 11, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Klemko, Robert (October 11, 2011). "Arizona, not Tampa, will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015". USA Today. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal, Gregg (December 23, 2013). "San Francisco awarded Super Bowl". National Football League. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bay Area, Houston get Super Bowls". ESPN.com. May 23, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Patra, Kevin (May 20, 2014). "Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota". National Football League. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wells, Mike (May 21, 2014). "Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl". ESPN. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rosenthal, Gregg (May 24, 2016). "Atlanta, South Florida, L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls". National Football League. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McClure, Vaughn (May 24, 2016). "Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta, 2020 to South Florida, 2021 to Los Angeles". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Year By Year Season results". Cleveland Browns. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
Jump up ^ Romano, John (1996-08-04). "Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series: NFL". St. Petersburg Times. p. 9C.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
Jump up ^ Neumann, Thomas (2008-09-17). "Page 2's ultimate NFL power rankings, Nos. 21–32". ESPN. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
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An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
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An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture is a dissertation by the English mathematician and scholar Sir Isaac Newton. This was sent in a letter to John Locke on 14 November 1690 and built upon the textual work of Richard Simon and his own research. The text was first published in English in 1754, 27 years after his death. The account claimed to[citation needed] review all the textual evidence available from ancient sources on two disputed Bible passages: 1John 5:7 and 1Timothy 3:16.
Newton describes this letter as "an account of what the reading has been in all ages, and what steps it has been changed, as far as I can hitherto determine by records",[1] and "a criticism concerning a text of Scripture".[2] He blames "the Roman church" for many abuses in the world[1] and accuses it of "pious frauds".[2] He adds that "the more learned and quick-sighted men, as Luther, Erasmus, Bullinger, Grotius, and some others, would not dissemble their knowledge".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 1 John 5:7
2 1 Timothy 3:16
3 Summary of both passages
4 Historical background
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
1 John 5:7[edit]
See also: Comma Johanneum
In the King James Version Bible, 1 John 5:7 reads:
For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.
Using the writings of the early Church Fathers, the Greek and Latin manuscripts and the testimony of the first versions of the Bible, Newton claims to have demonstrated that the words "in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one," that support the Trinity doctrine, did not appear in the original Greek Scriptures. He then attempts to demonstrate that the purportedly spurious reading crept into the Latin versions, first as a marginal note, and later into the text itself. He noted that "the Æthiopic, Syriac, Arabic, Armenian, and Slavonic versions, still in use in the several Eastern nations, Ethiopia, Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, Muscovy, and some others, are strangers to this reading".[4] He argued[5] that it was first taken into a Greek text in 1515 by Cardinal Ximenes on the strength of a late Greek manuscript 'corrected' from the Latin. Finally, Newton considered the sense and context of the verse, concluding that removing the interpolation makes "the sense plain and natural, and the argument full and strong; but if you insert the testimony of 'the Three in Heaven' you interrupt and spoil it."[6] Today most versions of the Bible are from the Critical Text and omit this verse, or retain it as only a marginal reading.
1 Timothy 3:16[edit]
The shorter portion of Newton's dissertation was concerned with 1 Timothy 3:16, which reads (in the King James Version):
And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory.
Newton argued that, by a small alteration in the Greek text, the word "God" was substituted to make the phrase read "God was manifest in the flesh." instead of "which was manifested in the flesh.".[n 1] He attempted to demonstrate that early Church writers in referring to the verse knew nothing of such an alteration.[7]
Summary of both passages[edit]
Newton concludes: "If the ancient churches in debating and deciding the greatest mysteries of religion, knew nothing of these two texts, I understand not, why we should be so fond of them now the debates are over."[8] With minor exceptions, it was only in the nineteenth century that Bible translations appeared changing these passages. Modern versions of the Bible from the Critical Text usually omit the addition to 1 John 5:7, but some place it in a footnote, with a comment indicating that "it is not found in the earliest manuscripts".[9] Modern translations of 1 Timothy 3:16 following the Critical Text now typically replace "God" with "He" or "He who", while the literal Emphasized has "who".[10] A number of papers in the years following responded to Newton, notably John Berriman in 1741, who had seen at least some of Newton's text prior to publication. Later, Frederick Nolan in 1815, Ebenezer Henderson in 1830 and John William Burgon in the Revision Revised in 1883 all contributed substantially to the verse discussion.
Historical background[edit]
Newton did not publish these findings during his lifetime, likely due to the political climate. Those who wrote against the doctrine of the Trinity were subject to persecution in England. The Blasphemy Act 1697 made it an offence to deny one of the persons of the Trinity to be God, punishable with loss of office and employment on the first occasion, further legal ramifications on the second occasion, and imprisonment without hope for bail on the third occasion. Newton's friend William Whiston (translator of the works of Josephus) lost his professorship at Cambridge for this reason in 1711. In 1693 a pamphlet attacking the Trinity was burned by order of the House of Lords, and the next year its printer and author were prosecuted. In 1697 Thomas Aikenhead, an eighteen-year-old student charged with denying the Trinity, was hanged at Edinburgh, Scotland.[11]
The dissertation was published in 1754.[12]
See also[edit]
Isaac Newton's religious views
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Newton only gave in translation the literal texts, "which" (from the Latin) or "who" (from some Greek mss). "These ancient Latins all cite the text after this manner, Great is the mystery of Godliness, which was manifested in the flesh" p. 231 In quoting Cyril of Alexandria Newton translates, "Ye err," saith he, "not knowing the Scriptures, nor the great mystery of godliness, that is Christ; who was manifested in the flesh, justified in the spirit." p.238. and "Moreover," saith he, "in my opinion, that mystery of godliness is nothing else than he who came to us from God the Father ; the Word, who was manifested in the flesh." p.239. Newton contends that the original Greek was or ὅ (which), changed to ὃς (who) and then to θεός (God) (see p. 230 and p. 232 "Chrysostom, I am satisfied that he read ὅ", p.234 Nestorius, p.237 John Cassian, and pp. 252–253 "it is more reasonable to lay the fault on the Greeks... in the Greek the sense was obscure; in the versions clear" .) Two Notable Corruptions About this from Newton, John Burgon commented "Over this latter reading, however, we need not linger; seeing that ὅ does not find a single patron at the present day. And yet, this was the reading which was eagerly upheld during the last century: Wetstein and Sir Isaac Newton being its most strenuous advocates." Revision Revised, p.100
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b An Historical Account, p. 1
^ Jump up to: a b An Historical Account, p. 2
Jump up ^ An Historical Account, pp. 1–2
Jump up ^ An Historical Account, p. 25
Jump up ^ An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture, p. 32
Jump up ^ An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture, p. 55
Jump up ^ In 1731 Johann Jakob Wettstein turned his attention to this passage.
Jump up ^ An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture. p. 88
Jump up ^ Biblegateway.
Jump up ^ Biblegateway
Jump up ^ The Watchtower April 15, 1977 page 245 paragraph 5
Jump up ^ John Locke Manuscripts – Chronological Listing: 1690
Further reading[edit]
John Berriman Theos ephanerōthē en sarki (romanized form) or A critical dissertation upon 1 Tim. iii. 16: wherein rules are laid down to distinguish in various readings which is genuine : an account is given of above a hundred Greek manuscripts of St. Paul's Epistles (many of them not heretofore collated) : the writings of the Greek and Latin Fathers and the ancient versions are examin'd and the common reading of that text, God was manifest in the flesh, is prov'd to be the true one : being the substance of eight sermons preach'd at the Lady Moyer's lecture in the Cathedral Church of St. Paul, London, in the years 1737 and 1738
The History of the Works of the Learned 1741 p. 29–144 (A very readable review of the John Berriman book that goes chapter by chapter.)
Ebenezer Henderson The Great Mystery of Godliness Incontrovertible; or, Sir Isaac Newton and the Socinians foiled in the attempt to prove a corruption in the text, 1 Tim. III. 16, [theòs ephanerōthē en sarki]: containing a review of the charges brought against the passage; an examination of the various readings; and a confirmation of that in the received text on principles of general and biblical criticism , 1830
John William Burgon Revision Revised "GOD was manifested in the flesh" Shown to be the true reading of 1 Timothy III.16 A Dissertation, 1883 p. 424–501
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture: in A Letter To A Friend, Google Books (digitised from Ghent University's copy of John Green's 1841 printing of the 1785 publication by Samuel Horsley)
Various drafts and copies of the Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture and related material, The Newton Project
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An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (1754)
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