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Recording Industry Association of America certification
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In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets.[1] Other countries have similar awards (see music recording sales certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the record label must request certification.[2] The audit is conducted against net shipments after returns (most often an artist's royalty statement is used), which includes albums sold directly to retailers and one-stops, direct-to-consumer sales (music clubs and mail order) and other outlets.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description and qualifications
2 List of certifications
2.1 Records
2.1.1 Multi-disc
2.1.2 Spanish
2.2 Singles
2.3 Video Longform
3 Records
4 Artists with the most album certifications
5 Artists with the most single certifications
6 RIAA Diamond certifications
6.1 RIAA Diamante certifications
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Description and qualifications[edit]
A platinum award for the album GHV2 of Madonna.
Presently, an American RIAA-certified Gold record is a single or album that has sold 500,000 units (records, tapes or compact discs). The award was launched in 1958;[3] originally, the requirement for a Gold single was one million units sold and a Gold album represented $1 million in sales (at wholesale value, around a third of the list price).[4] In 1975, the additional requirement of 500,000 units sold was added for Gold albums.[4] Reflecting growth in record sales, the Platinum award was added in 1976 for albums selling one million units, and singles selling two million units.[4][5] The Multi-Platinum award was introduced in 1984, signifying multiple Platinum levels of albums and singles.[6] In 1989, the sales thresholds for singles were reduced to 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum, reflecting a decrease in sales of singles.[7] In 1992, RIAA began counting each disc in a multi-disc set as one unit toward certification. Reflecting additional growth in music sales, the Diamond award was instituted in 1999 for albums or singles selling ten million units.[3] Because of these changes in criteria, the sales level associated with a particular award depends on when the award was made.
Nielsen SoundScan figures are not used in RIAA certification; the RIAA system predates Nielsen SoundScan and includes sales outlets Nielsen misses.[citation needed] Prior to Nielsen SoundScan, RIAA certification was the only audited and verifiable system for tracking music sales in the U.S.; it is still the only system capable of tracking 100% of sales (albeit as shipments less returns, not actual sales like Nielsen SoundScan).[citation needed] This system has allowed, at times, for record labels to promote an album as Gold or Platinum simply based on large shipments. For instance, in 1978 the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band soundtrack shipped Platinum but was a sales bust, with two million returns.[8] Similarly, all four solo albums by the members of Kiss simultaneously shipped Platinum that same year but did not reach the top 20 of the Billboard 200 album chart.[9] The following year, the RIAA began requiring 120 days from the release date before recordings were eligible for certification, although that requirement has been reduced over the years and currently stands at 30 days. Sony was widely criticized in 1995 for hyping Michael Jackson's double album HIStory as five times Platinum, based on shipments of 2.5 million and using the RIAA's recently adopted practice of counting each disc toward certification, while SoundScan was reporting only 1.3 million copies sold.[10] A similar discrepancy between shipments and sales was reported with The Lion King soundtrack.[11]
List of certifications[edit]
Records[edit]
500,000 units: Gold album
1,000,000 units: Platinum album
2,000,000 or more units: Multi-Platinum album
10,000,000 units: Diamond album
For further information, see Music recording sales certification.
Multi-disc[edit]
Multi-disc albums are counted once for each disc within the album if it is over 100 minutes in length or is from the vinyl era. For example, each copy of The Smashing Pumpkins's Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (running time of 121:39), and OutKast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (running time of 134:56), both double albums, were counted twice, meaning each album was certified diamond after 5 million copies were shipped. Pink Floyd's The Wall and The Beatles' White Album, both vinyl-era, are also counted double even though their running times are under the minimum requirement.
Spanish[edit]
Since 2000, the RIAA also awards Los Premios de Oro y De Platino (Gold and Platinum Awards in Spanish) to Latin albums which are defined by the RIAA as a type of product that features at least 51% of content in Spanish.[12]
As of December 20, 2013, the award levels for Latin certifications are:[13]
30,000 units: Disco de Oro
60,000 units: Disco de Platino
120,000 units: Disco de Multi-Platino
600,000 units: Disco de Diamante
For certifications made before December 20, 2013, the award levels are:[14]
50,000 units: Disco de Oro
100,000 units: Disco de Platino
200,000 units: Disco de Multi-Platino
1,000,000 units: Disco de Diamante
Note: The number of sales required to qualify for Oro and Platino awards was higher prior to January 1, 2008.[14] The thresholds were 100,000 units (Oro) and 200,000 units (Platino). All Spanish-language albums certified prior to 2008 were updated to match the current certification at the time.[14][15] "La Bomba" by Bolivian group Azul Azul is the only single to receive a Latin certification based on shipments before the creation of the Latin digital singles awards in 2013.[16] The Disco de Diamante award was introduced after the RIAA updated the thresholds for Latin certifications in December 20, 2013. The Disco de Diamante is awarded to Latin albums that have been certified 10× Platinum.[17][18]
Singles[edit]
Standard singles are certified:
Gold when it ships 500,000 copies
Platinum when it ships 1,000,000 copies
Multi-Platinum when it ships at least 2,000,000 copies
Note: The number of sales required to qualify for Gold and Platinum discs was higher prior to January 1, 1989. The thresholds were previously 1,000,000 units (Gold) and 2,000,000 units (Platinum).[19]
Digital singles are certified:
Gold means 500,000 certification units
Platinum means 1,000,000 certification units
Multi-Platinum means 2,000,000+ certification units
From 2004 through July 2006, the certification level was 100,000 downloads for Gold and 200,000 for Platinum. When the RIAA changed the certification standards to match retail distribution in August 2006, all Platinum and Multi-Platinum awards for a digital release were withdrawn. Gold certifications, however, were not, meaning a song that was downloaded over 100,000 times and certified so by the RIAA during that time frame retains its Gold status.[20]
Starting May 9, 2013 RIAA certifications for singles in the "digital" category include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads at a rate of 100 streams=1 certification "unit".[21][22] On January 2, 2016, this rate was updated to 150 streams = 1 certification unit.[23]
Latin digital singles are certified:
Disco de Oro (Gold) means 30,000 certification units
Disco de Platino (Platinum) means 60,000 certification units
Disco de Multi-Platino (Multi-Platinum) means 120,000+ certification units
The Latin Digital Single Awards began on December 20, 2013. As with the digital sales, 100 streams count as one download sale.[13]
Video Longform[edit]
Along with albums, digital albums, and singles there is another classification of music release called "Video Longform." This release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria are slightly different from other styles.[24]
Gold: 50,000 copies
Platinum: 100,000 copies
Multi-Platinum: 200,000 copies
Records[edit]
Lists from RIAA site showing current status holders of RIAA Certifications:
List of best-selling music artists in the United States
List of best-selling albums in the United States
List of best-selling singles in the United States
List of best-selling Latin albums in the United States
Artists with the most album certifications[edit]
Albums that have been certified Gold might receive additional certifications for achieving Platinum and Multi-Platinum levels.
Artist
# Gold
# Platinum
# Multi-Platinum
# Diamond
Total
Source
AC/DC 22 20 12 1 55 [25]
Aerosmith 25 18 12 1 56 [25]
Alabama 22 20 10 0 52 [25]
The Beach Boys 20 9 6 0 35 [25]
The Beatles 48 42 26 6 122 [25]
Bee Gees 15 9 2 1 27 [25]
Garth Brooks 21 21 15 7 63 [25]
Jimmy Buffett 17 9 3 0 29 [25]
Mariah Carey 15 13 9 2 39 [25]
Johnny Cash 19 10 5 0 34 [25]
Kenny Chesney 16 11 5 0 32 [25]
Chicago 23 18 8 0 49 [25]
Eric Clapton 23 11 7 1 42 [25]
John Denver 21 13 7 1 41 [25]
Neil Diamond 40 21 11 0 72 [25]
Celine Dion 13 11 8 2 34 [25]
The Doors 20 14 5 1 40 [25]
Bob Dylan 33 15 5 0 53 [25]
Eminem 9 8 8 2 27 [25]
Grateful Dead 20 6 4 0 30 [25]
Jimi Hendrix 16 10 6 0 32 [25]
Isley Brothers 15 10 3 0 28 [25]
Alan Jackson 18 15 8 0 41 [25]
Michael Jackson 15 13 9 2 38 [25]
Jefferson Airplane/Starship 20 5 1 0 26 [25]
Jethro Tull 15 3 1 0 19 [25]
Billy Joel 18 17 12 2 49 [25]
Elton John 37 27 12 1 77 [25]
Toby Keith 18 12 5 0 35 [25]
Kenny G 15 11 8 1 35 [25]
Kiss 26 10 3 0 39 [25]
Led Zeppelin 19 18 14 5 56 [25]
Lynyrd Skynyrd 20 13 7 0 40 [25]
Madonna 20 17 12 2 51 [25]
Barry Manilow 24 13 6 0 43 [25]
Mannheim Steamroller 18 8 4 0 30 [25]
Dean Martin 17 2 0 0 19 [25]
Johnny Mathis 15 6 2 0 23 [25]
Dave Matthews Band 17 14 7 0 38 [25]
Paul McCartney 16 7 4 0 27 [25]
Reba McEntire 27 19 9 0 55 [25]
John Mellencamp 15 12 5 0 32 [25]
Anne Murray 15 6 2 0 23 [25]
Willie Nelson 18 14 6 0 38 [25]
Tom Petty 15 8 5 1 29 [25]
Pink Floyd 19 15 12 2 48 [25]
Elvis Presley 90 52 25 1 168 [25]
Prince 18 11 4 1 33 [25]
Queen 19 12 7 0 38 [25]
Kenny Rogers 28 17 7 1 53 [25]
The Rolling Stones 43 28 11 1 83 [25]
Linda Ronstadt 17 13 7 0 37 [25]
Rush 24 14 3 0 41 [25]
Santana 21 10 7 1 39 [25]
Frank Sinatra 34 10 4 0 48 [25]
Bruce Springsteen 22 17 10 2 51 [25]
Rod Stewart 27 19 10 0 56 [25]
George Strait 39 33 13 0 85 [25]
Barbra Streisand 51 30 12 0 93 [25]
James Taylor 20 14 5 1 40 [25]
The Temptations 17 6 1 0 24 [25]
U2 16 16 11 1 44 [25]
Luther Vandross 19 15 7 0 41 [25]
The Who 18 12 5 0 35 [25]
Andy Williams 18 3 0 0 21 [25]
Hank Williams, Jr. 23 8 1 0 32 [25]
Neil Young 18 7 3 0 28 [25]
Artists with the most single certifications[edit]
Singles that have been certified Gold might receive additional certifications for achieving Platinum and Multi-Platinum levels. For example, Eminem has had 13 singles certified Gold, 8 of which went on to achieve Platinum certification as well.
This list includes the RIAA formats 'Single','12 inch single' and 'Video Single'. This list includes singles of the RIAA types 'standard' and 'digital'.
Very few artists ever received a Gold 12-inch single (Donna Summer, Barbra Streisand for "Enough Is Enough", and Madonna for "Angel"/"Into The Groove")
12 inch singles were given a Gold certification after sales of 500,000 or more copies sold. This took place back when more 12-inch singles were manufactured and sold.
This table tracks artists with some number of singles that have received at least twenty total certifications.
Artist
# Gold
# Platinum
# Multi-Platinum
Total
source
Eminem 13 8 6 27 [26]
Adele 12 9 5 26 [27]
Elvis Presley 54 27 8 89 [28]
Rihanna 40 33 29 102 [29]
Katy Perry 17 17 13 47 [30]
Lil Wayne 25 21 10 56 [31]
Mariah Carey 25 12 2 39 [32]
Taylor Swift 53 36 21 110 [33]
Madonna 27+Gold 12 inch 6 2 47 [34]
Beyoncé 25 13 5 43 [35][36]
The Beatles 28 9 4 41 [37]
Michael Jackson 23 10 1 34 [38]
Whitney Houston 19 8 3 30 [39]
Janet Jackson 20 4 - 24 [40]
Elton John 18 8 1 27 [41]
Lady Gaga 15 13 12 40 [42]
Bruno Mars 18 16 13 47 [43]
Kanye West 31 24 13 68 [44]
R. Kelly 14 7 - 21 [45]
Usher 14 9 1 24 [46]
Chris Brown 20 22 14 56 [47]
T.I. 16 11 4 31 [48]
Jay-Z 22 15 7 44 [49]
Linkin Park 11 7 2 20 [50]
Black Eyed Peas 12 9 8 29 [51]
Ariana Grande 10 8 5 23 [52]
Justin Timberlake 12 9 4 25 [53]
Ludacris 10 7 3 20 [54]
Kenny Chesney 24 8 - 36 [55]
Flo Rida 13 11 10 34 [56]
Brad Paisley 17 8 4 29 [57]
Tim McGraw 24 12 3 39 [58]
Jason Aldean 21 15 5 41 [59]
Nicki Minaj 14 10 5 29 [60]
Ne-Yo 10 8 5 23 [61]
Drake 22 16 11 49 [62]
Demi Lovato 10 9 4 23 [63]
Rascal Flatts 13 8 - 21 [64]
Fall Out Boy 13 10 5 28 [65]
RIAA Diamond certifications[edit]
Diamond (10+ million) certified albums and singles[66]
Year of Release
Artist(s)
Title
Label(s)
Certification
Year of Certification
Release Type
1982 Michael Jackson Thriller Epic 33× Platinum 2017 Album
1976 Eagles Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) Elektra 29× Platinum 2006 Album (Greatest Hits)
1985 Billy Joel Greatest Hits Volume I & Volume II Columbia 23× Platinum 2011 Album (Greatest Hits)
1971 Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin IV Atlantic 23× Platinum 2006 Album
1979 Pink Floyd The Wall Columbia 23× Platinum 1999 Album
1980 AC/DC Back in Black Epic 22× Platinum 2007 Album
1998 Garth Brooks Double Live Capitol Nashville 21× Platinum 2006 Album (Live Album)
1977 Fleetwood Mac Rumours Warner Bros. 20× Platinum 2014 Album
1997 Shania Twain Come On Over Mercury Nashville 20× Platinum 2004 Album
1968 The Beatles The Beatles Apple 19× Platinum 2001 Album
1987 Guns N' Roses Appetite for Destruction Geffen 18× Platinum 2008 Album
1992 Whitney Houston The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album RCA 18× Platinum 2017 Album (Soundtrack)
1976 Boston Boston Epic 17× Platinum 2003 Album
1974 Elton John Greatest Hits Island 17× Platinum 2016 Album (Greatest Hits)
1990 Garth Brooks No Fences Capitol 17× Platinum 2006 Album
1973 The Beatles 1967-1970 EMI 17× Platinum 2010 Album (Greatest Hits)
1995 Alanis Morissette Jagged Little Pill Maverick 16× Platinum 1998 Album
1977 Bee Gees Saturday Night Fever: The Original Movie Sound Track Capitol 16× Platinum 2017 Album (Soundtrack)
1976 Eagles Hotel California Asylum 16× Platinum 2001 Album
1994 Hootie & the Blowfish Cracked Rear View Atlantic 16× Platinum 1999 Album
1975 Led Zeppelin Physical Graffiti Swan Song 16× Platinum 2006 Album
1991 Metallica Metallica Atlantic/Elektra 16× Platinum 2012 Album
1984 Bob Marley & The Wailers Legend Island 15× Platinum 2014 Album (Compilation)
1984 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. Columbia 15× Platinum 1995 Album
1988 Journey Greatest Hits Columbia 15× Platinum 2011 Album (Greatest Hits)
1973 Pink Floyd The Dark Side of the Moon Harvest 15× Platinum 1998 Album
1999 Santana Supernatural Arista 15× Platinum 2003 Album
1973 The Beatles 1962-1966 Apple 15× Platinum 2001 Album (Greatest Hits)
2011 Adele 21 Columbia 14× Platinum 2016 Album
1997 Backstreet Boys Backstreet Boys Jive 14× Platinum 2001 Album
1999 Britney Spears ...Baby One More Time Jive 14× Platinum 2004 Album
1991 Garth Brooks Ropin' the Wind Capitol 14× Platinum 1998 Album
1977 Meat Loaf Bat Out of Hell Cleveland International 14× Platinum 2001 Album
1972 Simon & Garfunkel Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits Columbia 14× Platinum 2003 Album (Greatest Hits)
1978 Steve Miller Band Greatest Hits 1974-78 Capitol 14× Platinum 2017 Album (Greatest Hits)
1999 Backstreet Boys Millennium Jive 13× Platinum 2001 Album
1986 Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band Live/1975–85 Columbia 13× Platinum 1999 Album (Live Album)
1991 Pearl Jam Ten Epic 13× Platinum 2009 Album
1984 Prince and The Revolution Purple Rain Warner Bros. 13× Platinum 1996 Album
1985 Whitney Houston Whitney Houston Arista 13× Platinum 1999 Album
1986 Bon Jovi Slippery When Wet Mercury 12× Platinum 1995 Album
1994 Boyz II Men II Motown 12× Platinum 1996 Album
1987 Def Leppard Hysteria Mercury 12× Platinum 1998 Album
1998 Dixie Chicks Wide Open Spaces Monument 12× Platinum 2003 Album
1995 Jewel Pieces of You Atlantic 12× Platinum 2006 Album
2010 Justin Bieber "Baby" (Featuring Ludacris) Island/Def Jam 12× Platinum 2013 Single
1992 Kenny G Breathless Arista 12× Platinum 1998 Album
1980 Kenny Rogers Greatest Hits Liberty 12× Platinum 1997 Album (Greatest Hits)
1969 Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Atlantic 12× Platinum 1999 Album
1996 Matchbox Twenty Yourself or Someone Like You Atlantic 12× Platinum 2001 Album
1985 Phil Collins No Jacket Required Atlantic 12× Platinum 2001 Album
1995 Shania Twain The Woman in Me Mercury Nashville 12× Platinum 2000 Album
1994 Soundtrack Forrest Gump Epic 12× Platinum 2000 Album (Soundtrack)
1969 The Beatles Abbey Road Apple 12× Platinum 2001 Album
1971 The Rolling Stones Hot Rocks 1964-1971 London 12× Platinum 2002 Album (Greatest Hits)
1993 Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Greatest Hits Interscope 12× Platinum 2015 Album (Greatest Hits)
2000 *NSYNC No Strings Attached Jive 11× Platinum 2001 Album
2015 Adele 25 Columbia/XL 11× Platinum 2017 Album
1980 Aerosmith Aerosmith's Greatest Hits Columbia 11× Platinum 2007 Album (Greatest Hits)
1996 Celine Dion Falling Into You 550 Music 11× Platinum 2001 Album
1999 Creed Human Clay Wind-up 11× Platinum 2004 Album
1982 Eagles Eagles Greatest Hits, Volume 2 Asylum 11× Platinum 2002 Album (Greatest Hits)
1997 Elton John "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" Rocket 11× Platinum 1997 Single (Double A-side)
2010 Eminem "Love the Way You Lie" (Featuring Rihanna) Aftermath/Interscope 11× Platinum 2013 Single
1976 James Taylor Greatest Hits Warner Bros. 11× Platinum 1996 Album (Greatest Hits)
1998 Kid Rock Devil Without a Cause Lava 11× Platinum 2003 Album
1973 Led Zeppelin Houses of the Holy Atlantic 11× Platinum 1999 Album
2000 Linkin Park Hybrid Theory Warner Bros. 11× Platinum 2017 Album
2003 Outkast Speakerboxxx/The Love Below LaFace 11× Platinum 2006 Album
2002 Shania Twain Up! Mercury Nashville 11× Platinum 2004 Album
1987 Soundtrack Dirty Dancing RCA 11× Platinum 1994 Album (Soundtrack)
1997 Soundtrack Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture Sony Classical 11× Platinum 2000 Album (Soundtrack)
2000 The Beatles 1 Capitol 11× Platinum 2010 Album (Greatest Hits)
1967 The Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Capitol 11× Platinum 1997 Album
1994 TLC CrazySexyCool LaFace 11× Platinum 1999 Album
2009 Lady Gaga "Bad Romance" Streamline/Interscope 11× Platinum 2015 Single
2014 Mark Ronson "UpTown Funk!" (Featuring Bruno Mars) RCA 11× Platinum 2016 Single
1998 *NSYNC *NSYNC RCA 10× Platinum 2000 Album
1996 2Pac All Eyez On Me Death Row/Interscope 10× Platinum 2014 Album
1998 2Pac Greatest Hits Interscope 10× Platinum 2011 Album (Greatest Hits)
1986 Beastie Boys Licensed To Ill Def Jam 10× Platinum 2015 Album
1977 Billy Joel The Stranger Columbia 10× Platinum 2003 Album
1994 Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band Greatest Hits Capitol 10× Platinum 2017 Album (Greatest Hits)
2000 Britney Spears Oops!... I Did It Again Jive 10× Platinum 2005 Album
2012 Carly Rae Jepsen "Call Me Maybe" Schoolboy/Interscope 10× Platinum 2016 Single
1971 Carole King Tapestry Ode 10× Platinum 1995 Album
1997 Celine Dion Let's Talk About Love 550 Music/Epic 10× Platinum 1999 Album
1985 Creedence Clearwater Revival Chronicle: The 20 Greatest Hits Fantasy 10× Platinum 2016 Album (Greatest Hits)
1983 Def Leppard Pyromania Mercury 10× Platinum 2004 Album
1999 Dixie Chicks Fly Monument 10× Platinum 2002 Album
1976 Doobie Brothers Best of The Doobies Warner Bros. 10× Platinum 1996 Album (Greatest Hits)
2014 Ed Sheeran "Thinking Out Loud" Atlantic 10× Platinum 2017 Single
1970 Elvis Presley Elvis' Christmas Album RCA Camden/Pickwick 10× Platinum 2011 Album
2002 Eminem The Eminem Show Aftermath/Interscope 10× Platinum 2011 Album
2000 Eminem The Marshall Mathers LP Aftermath/Interscope 10× Platinum 2011 Album
2010 Eminem "Not Afraid" Shady/Aftermath/Interscope 10× Platinum 2014 Single
1992 Eric Clapton Unplugged Reprise 10× Platinum 1996 Album (Live Album)
2012 Florida Georgia Line "Cruise" BMX 10× Platinum 2016 Single
1989 Garth Brooks Garth Brooks Capitol 10× Platinum 2006 Album
1997 Garth Brooks Sevens Capitol Nashville 10× Platinum 2006 Album
1994 Garth Brooks The Hits Liberty 10× Platinum 1998 Album (Greatest Hits)
2007 Garth Brooks The Ultimate Hits Pearl 10× Platinum 2016 Album (Greatest Hits)
1987 George Michael Faith Columbia 10× Platinum 1996 Album
1994 Green Day Dookie Reprise 10× Platinum 1999 Album
2012 Imagine Dragons "Radioactive" KIDinaKORNER/Interscope 10× Platinum 2015 Single
2010 Katy Perry "Firework" Capitol 10× Platinum 2015 Single
2013 Katy Perry "Dark Horse" Capitol 10× Platinum 2015 Single
2013 Katy Perry "Roar" Capitol 10× Platinum 2017 Single
2008 Lady Gaga "Poker Face" Streamline/Interscope 10× Platinum 2015 Single
1990 Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin Atlantic 10× Platinum 2006 Album (Boxed Set)
1983 Lionel Richie Can't Slow Down Motown 10× Platinum 1985 Album
2013 Lorde "Royals" Republic 10× Platinum 2017 Single
2012 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis "Thrift Shop" (Featuring Wanz) Macklemore, LLC 10× Platinum 2015 Single
1984 Madonna Like a Virgin Sire 10× Platinum 1998 Album
1990 Madonna The Immaculate Collection Sire 10× Platinum 2001 Album (Greatest Hits)
1995 Mariah Carey Daydream Columbia 10× Platinum 1998 Album
1993 Mariah Carey Music Box Columbia 10× Platinum 1997 Album
2014 Meghan Trainor "All About That Bass" Epic 10× Platinum 2018 Single
1987 Michael Jackson Bad Epic/Legacy 10× Platinum 2017 Album
1990 MC Hammer Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em Capitol 10× Platinum 1991 Album
2000 Nelly Country Grammar Republic 10× Platinum 2016 Album
2005 Nickelback All the Right Reasons Roadrunner 10× Platinum 2017 Album
1991 Nirvana Nevermind DGC 10× Platinum 1999 Album
1995 No Doubt Tragic Kingdom Trauma/Interscope 10× Platinum 1999 Album
2002 Norah Jones Come Away With Me Blue Note 10× Platinum 2005 Album
1967 Patsy Cline Patsy Cline's Greatest Hits MCA 10× Platinum 2005 Album (Greatest Hits)
1980 R.E.O. Speedwagon Hi Infidelity Epic/Legacy 10× Platinum 2017 Album
1994 Soundtrack The Lion King: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Disneyland 10× Platinum 1995 Album (Soundtrack)
1976 Stevie Wonder Songs in the Key of Life Motown 10× Platinum 2005 Album
2008 Taylor Swift Fearless Big Machine 10× Platinum 2017 Album
1985 The Doors The Best of The Doors Elektra 10× Platinum 2007 Album (Greatest Hits)
1997 The Notorious B.I.G. Life After Death Bad Boy/Arista 10× Platinum 2000 Album
1995 The Smashing Pumpkins Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness Virgin 10× Platinum 2012 Album
1987 U2 The Joshua Tree Island 10× Platinum 1995 Album
2004 Usher Confessions So So Def 10× Platinum 2008 Album
1984 Van Halen 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) Warner Bros. 10× Platinum 1999 Album
1978 Van Halen Van Halen Warner Bros. 10× Platinum 1996 Album
1983 ZZ Top Eliminator Warner Bros. 10× Platinum 1996 Album
RIAA Diamante certifications[edit]
Diamante certified Latin albums and singles (1+ million for Latin albums certified before December 2013 and 600,000+ for Latin albums and singles certified after December 2013[67]
Year of Release
Artist(s)
Title
Label(s)
Certification
Year of Certification
Release Type
1995 Selena Dreaming of You Universal Music Latino 59× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Album
2017 Luis Fonsi "Despacito" Universal Music Latino 55× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
1994 Selena Amor Prohibido Universal Music Latino 36× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Album
2015 Nicky Jam "El Perdón" Sony Music Latin 27× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2016 Nicky Jam "Hasta el Amanecer" Sony Music Latin 22× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2013 Romeo Santos "Propuesta Indecente" Sony Music Latin 20× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2017 Maluma "Felices los 4" Sony Music Latin 20× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2011 Romeo Santos "Promise" (Featuring Usher) Sony Music Latin 19× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2002 Selena Ones Universal Music Latino 18× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Album (Greatest Hits)
1993 Gloria Estefan Mi Tierra Epic 16× Platinum (Latin) 2000 Album
2013 Marc Anthony "Vivir Mi Vida" Sony Music Latin 16× Platinum (Latin) 2015 Single
2016 Shakira "Chantaje" (Featuring Maluma) Sony Music Latin 16× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
1990 Ottmar Liebert Nouveau Flamenco Higher Octave 14× Platinum (Latin) 2002 Album
2017 Nicky Jam "El Amante" Sony Music Latin 13× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2014 Romeo Santos "Odio" (Featuring Drake) Sony Music Latin 13× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2016 Enrique Iglesias "Duele el Corazón" Sony Music Latin 12× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2015 Gente de Zona "La Gozadera" Sony Music Latin 12× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
1992 Maná ¿Dónde Jugarán los Niños? WEA Latina 12× Platinum (Latin) 2000 Album
2017 Becky G "Mayores" (Featuring Bad Bunny) Sony Music Latin 11× Platinum (Latin) 2018 Single
2014 Romeo Santos "Eres Mía" Sony Music Latin 11× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Single
2014 Romeo Santos Formula, Vol. 2 Sony Music Latin 11× Platinum (Latin) 2016 Album
2005 Shakira Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 Epic 11× Platinum (Latin) 2009 Album
1996 Charlie Zaa Sentimientos Sonolux 10× Platinum (Latin) 2012 Album
2014 J Balvin "Ay Vamos" Capitol Latin 10× Platinum (Latin) 2015 Single
2015 J Balvin "Ginza" Capitol Latin 10× Platinum (Latin) 2016 Single
2013 J Balvin "6 AM" (Featuring Farruko) Capitol Latin 10× Platinum (Latin) 2015 Single
1997 Maná Sueños Líquidos WEA Latina 10× Platinum (Latin) 2000 Album
1999 Selena All My Hits: Todos Mis Exitos Universal Music Latino 10× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Album (Greatest Hits)
1998 Selena Anthology Universal Music Latino 10× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Album (Greatest Hits)
1992 Selena Entre a Mi Mundo Universal Music Latino 10× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Album
1993 Selena Mis Mejores Canciones: 17 Super Exitos Universal Music Latino 10× Platinum (Latin) 2017 Album (Greatest Hits)
See also[edit]
List of best-selling music artists
List of best-selling albums
List of best-selling albums in the United States
List of best-selling Latin albums in the United States
List of best-selling singles worldwide
List of best-selling singles in the United States
Music recording sales certification
Recording Industry Association of America
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Apply - RIAA". RIAA.com. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "History Of The Awards". RIAA.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Adam White (1990). The Billboard Book of Gold & Platinum Records. Billboard Books. p. viii. ISBN 978-0711921962.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (Nov 30, 2012). "Chart Watch Extra: Where "Thriller" Ranks". Chart Watch. Yahoo Music. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Michael Campbell, James Brody (2008). Rock and Roll: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Thomson Schirmer. p. 308. ISBN 9781111794538. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Adam White (1990). The Billboard Book of Gold & Platinum Records. Billboard Books. p. 3. ISBN 978-0711921962.
Jump up ^ Hollie, Pamela. "Record Industry: Big Changes" The New York Times January 12, 1980: 27
Jump up ^ Lendt, C.K. (1997). Kiss and Sell: The Making of a Supergroup. p. 95.
Jump up ^ Farber, Jim (1995-09-11). "Don't Buy into Jax' Pyramid Scheme: Platinum-Status Symbol on 'History' Marking Over 5-million Albums Sold Proves to Be as Worthless as Fool's Gold". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ Philips, Chuck (January 15, 1995). "Sold, Shipped, What's the Diff? : About 2 million albums, in the case of 'The Lion King,' pointing up the disparity between industry's sales tally and SoundScan's". Los Angeles Times. p. 67. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "RIAA Updates Latin Gold & Platinum Program". RIAA. December 20, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Lamy, Jonathon (February 14, 2008). "Country Takes The Crop". RIAA. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Launches 'Los Premios de Oro y De Platino' to Recognize Top Latin Artists" (Press release). RIAA. January 25, 2000. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cobo, Leila (August 18, 2001). "Latin Notas". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 113 (33): 32. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Diamante Awards". RIAA. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "History of the Awards". RIAA. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (May 14, 1989). "New Golden Rule: 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2009). Top Pop Singles 1955-2008 (12th ed.). p. 14. ISBN 0-89820-180-2.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards". Recording Industry Association of America. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "NEW "COMBINED" DIGITAL SINGLE AWARD". Recording Industry Association of America. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "RIAA AND GR&F CERTIFICATION AUDIT REQUIREMENTS RIAA DIGITAL SINGLE AWARD" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of America. January 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billboard.com Latest Video Longform Certifications". Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-14. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Retrieved on May 14, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo "Gold & Platinum: Artist Tallies". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Eminem". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for Adele". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Elvis Presley". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Rihanna". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for Singles by Katy Perry". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Lil Wayne". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Mariah Carey". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Taylor Swift". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Madonna". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Tallies The Decade's Top Gold & Platinum Award Winners". Retrieved September 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Beyoncé". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by The Beatles". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Michael Jackson". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Whitney Houston". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Janet Jackson". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Elton John". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Lady Gaga". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Bruno Mars". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Kanye West". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by R. Kelly". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Usher". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Chris Brown". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by T.I". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Jay-Z". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Linkin Park". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Black Eyed Peas". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Ariana Grande". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Aretha Franklin". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Ludacris". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Kenny Chesney". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Flo Rida". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Brad Paisley". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Tim McGraw". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Jason Aldean". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Nicki Minaj". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Ne-Yo". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search by Artists". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Demi Lovato". Riaa.com. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Rascal Flatts". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for singles by Fall Out Boy". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Diamond Awards". RIAA. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Diamante Awards". RIAA. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
External links[edit]
RIAA Website
Search RIAA Gold and Platinum Database
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List of Nobel laureates
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nobel laureates receive a gold medal together with a diploma and (as of 2012) 8 million SEK (roughly US$1.2 million, €0.93 million).
Nobel laureates of 2012 Alvin E. Roth, Brian Kobilka, Robert J. Lefkowitz, David J. Wineland, and Serge Haroche during the ceremony
The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, or "laureate", receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation, yearly.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Prize
2 Laureates
3 List of laureates
4 Notes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Prize
Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[6] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.[7]
Laureates
Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations.[8] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time.
Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[9] UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[10] She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.[9]
List of laureates
Year
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology
or Medicine
Literature
Peace
Economics
1901 Röntgen, WilhelmWilhelm Röntgen Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 'tJacobus Henricus van 't Hoff von Behring, Emil AdolfEmil Adolf von Behring Prudhomme, SullySully Prudhomme Dunant, HenryHenry Dunant;
Passy, FrédéricFrédéric Passy —
1902 Lorentz, HendrikHendrik Lorentz;
Zeeman, PieterPieter Zeeman Fischer, Hermann EmilHermann Emil Fischer Ross, RonaldRonald Ross Mommsen, TheodorTheodor Mommsen Ducommun, ÉlieÉlie Ducommun;
Gobat, Charles AlbertCharles Albert Gobat —
1903 Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel;
Curie, PierrePierre Curie;
Curie, MarieMarie Curie Arrhenius, SvanteSvante Arrhenius Finsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg Finsen Bjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne Bjørnson Cremer, RandalRandal Cremer —
1904 Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh Ramsay, WilliamWilliam Ramsay Pavlov, IvanIvan Pavlov Mistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral;
Echegaray, JoséJosé Echegaray Institut de Droit International —
1905 Lenard, PhilippPhilipp Lenard Baeyer, Adolf vonAdolf von Baeyer Koch, RobertRobert Koch Sienkiewicz, HenrykHenryk Sienkiewicz Suttner, Bertha vonBertha von Suttner —
1906 Thomson, J. J.J. J. Thomson Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan Golgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi;
Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal Carducci, GiosuèGiosuè Carducci Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt —
1907 Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham Michelson Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling Moneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta;
Renault, LouisLouis Renault —
1908 Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford Metchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff;
Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken Arnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson;
Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer —
1909 Braun, Karl FerdinandKarl Ferdinand Braun;
Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf Beernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert;
d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant —
1910 Waals, Johannes Diderik van derJohannes Diderik van der Waals Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse International Peace Bureau —
1911 Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien Skłodowska-Curie, MarieMarie Skłodowska-Curie Gullstrand, AllvarAllvar Gullstrand Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck Asser, TobiasTobias Asser;
Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried —
1912 Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén Grignard, VictorVictor Grignard;
Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier Carrel, AlexisAlexis Carrel Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann Root, ElihuElihu Root —
1913 Kamerlingh Onnes, HeikeHeike Kamerlingh Onnes Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner Richet, CharlesCharles Richet Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore La Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine —
1914 von Laue, MaxMax von Laue Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány None None —
1915 Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg;
Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg Willstätter, RichardRichard Willstätter None Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland None —
1916 None None None Heidenstam, Verner vonVerner von Heidenstam None —
1917 Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla None None Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup;
Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan International Committee of the Red Cross —
1918 Planck, MaxMax Planck Haber, FritzFritz Haber None None None —
1919 Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark None Bordet, JulesJules Bordet Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson —
1920 Guillaume, Charles ÉdouardCharles Édouard Guillaume Nernst, WaltherWalther Nernst Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun Bourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois —
1921 Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein Soddy, FrederickFrederick Soddy None France, AnatoleAnatole France Branting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting;
Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange —
1922 Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill;
Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen —
1923 Millikan, Robert AndrewsRobert Andrews Millikan Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting;
Macleod, John James RickardJohn James Rickard Macleod Yeats, W. B.W. B. Yeats None —
1924 Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn None Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont None —
1925 Franck, JamesJames Franck;
Hertz, Gustav LudwigGustav Ludwig Hertz Zsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy None Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw Chamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain;
Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes —
1926 Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg Fibiger, JohannesJohannes Fibiger Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda Briand, AristideAristide Briand;
Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann —
1927 Compton, ArthurArthur Compton;
Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson Wieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto Wieland Wagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-Jauregg Bergson, HenriHenri Bergson Buisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson;
Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde —
1928 Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson Windaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Nicolle, CharlesCharles Nicolle Undset, SigridSigrid Undset None —
1929 Broglie, Louis deLouis de Broglie Harden, ArthurArthur Harden;
von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman;
Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins Mann, ThomasThomas Mann Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg —
1930 Raman, C. V.C. V. Raman Fischer, HansHans Fischer Landsteiner, KarlKarl Landsteiner Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis Söderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom —
1931 None Bosch, CarlCarl Bosch;
Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich Bergius Warburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich Warburg Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel Karlfeldt Addams, JaneJane Addams;
Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler —
1932 Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington;
Adrian, EdgarEdgar Adrian Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy None —
1933 Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger;
Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac None Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin Angell, NormanNorman Angell —
1934 None Urey, HaroldHarold Urey Whipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple;
Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot;
Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy Pirandello, LuigiLuigi Pirandello Henderson, ArthurArthur Henderson —
1935 Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick Joliot-Curie, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-Curie;
Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie Spemann, HansHans Spemann None von Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky —
1936 Hess, Victor FrancisVictor Francis Hess;
Anderson, Carl DavidCarl David Anderson Debye, PeterPeter Debye Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale;
Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi O'Neill, EugeneEugene O'Neill Lamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas —
1937 Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson;
Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson Haworth, NormanNorman Haworth;
Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyi du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard Cecil of Chelwood, The ViscountThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood —
1938 Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A] Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck Nansen International Office For Refugees —
1939 Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A]
Ružička, LeopoldLeopold Ružička Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A] Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää None —
1940 None None None None None —
1941 None None None None None —
1942 None None None None None —
1943 Stern, OttoOtto Stern Hevesy, George deGeorge de Hevesy Dam, HenrikHenrik Dam;
Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy None None —
1944 Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger;
Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen International Committee of the Red Cross —
1945 Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli Virtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari Virtanen Fleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming;
Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain;
Florey, HowardHoward Florey Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral Hull, CordellCordell Hull —
1946 Bridgman, Percy WilliamsPercy Williams Bridgman Sumner, James B.James B. Sumner;
Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop;
Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley Muller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph Muller Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch;
Mott, JohnJohn Mott —
1947 Appleton, Edward VictorEdward Victor Appleton Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori;
Cori, GertyGerty Cori;
Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay Gide, AndréAndré Gide Friends Service Council;
American Friends Service Committee —
1948 Blackett, PatrickPatrick Blackett Tiselius, ArneArne Tiselius Müller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann Müller Eliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot None[B] —
1949 Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque Hess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess;
Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz Faulkner, WilliamWilliam Faulkner Boyd Orr, JohnJohn Boyd Orr —
1950 Powell, C. F.C. F. Powell Diels, OttoOtto Diels;
Alder, KurtKurt Alder Hench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench;
Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall;
Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein Russell, BertrandBertrand Russell Bunche, RalphRalph Bunche —
1951 Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft;
Walton, ErnestErnest Walton McMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan;
Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg Theiler, MaxMax Theiler Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist Jouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux —
1952 Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch;
Purcell, Edward MillsEdward Mills Purcell Martin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin;
Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois Mauriac Schweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer —
1953 Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs;
Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall —
1954 Born, MaxMax Born;
Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling Enders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders;
Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins;
Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller Hemingway, ErnestErnest Hemingway United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees —
1955 Lamb, WillisWillis Lamb;
Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud Theorell, HugoHugo Theorell Laxness, HalldórHalldór Laxness None —
1956 Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;
Brattain, Walter HouserWalter Houser Brattain;
Shockley, WilliamWilliam Shockley Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood;
Semyonov, NikolayNikolay Semyonov Cournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand;
Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann;
Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón Jiménez None —
1957 Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang;
Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao Lee Todd, The LordThe Lord Todd Bovet, DanielDaniel Bovet Camus, AlbertAlbert Camus Pearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson —
1958 Cherenkov, PavelPavel Cherenkov;
Frank, IlyaIlya Frank;
Tamm, IgorIgor Tamm Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle;
Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum;
Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[C] Pire, DominiqueDominique Pire —
1959 Segrè, Emilio G.Emilio G. Segrè;
Chamberlain, OwenOwen Chamberlain Heyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav Heyrovský Kornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg;
Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore Quasimodo Noel-Baker, PhilipPhilip Noel-Baker —
1960 Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Glaser Libby, WillardWillard Libby Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet;
Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar Perse, Saint-JohnSaint-John Perse Lutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli —
1961 Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter;
Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić Hammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld —
1962 Landau, LevLev Landau Perutz, MaxMax Perutz;
Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick;
Watson, James D.James D. Watson;
Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins Steinbeck, JohnJohn Steinbeck Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling —
1963 Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner;
Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer;
Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler;
Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta Eccles, JohnJohn Eccles;
Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin;
Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis International Committee of the Red Cross;
League of Red Cross societies —
1964 Townes, Charles HardCharles Hard Townes;
Basov, NikolayNikolay Basov;
Prokhorov, AlexanderAlexander Prokhorov Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin Bloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch;
Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[D] King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr. —
1965 Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga;
Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger;
Feynman, RichardRichard Feynman Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward Jacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob;
Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff;
Monod, JacquesJacques Monod Sholokhov, MikhailMikhail Sholokhov United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) —
1966 Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous;
Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon;
Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs None —
1967 Bethe, HansHans Bethe Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen;
Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish;
Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter Granit, RagnarRagnar Granit;
Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline;
Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald Asturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel Asturias None —
1968 Alvarez, Luis WalterLuis Walter Alvarez Onsager, LarsLars Onsager Holley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley;
Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana;
Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg Kawabata, YasunariYasunari Kawabata Cassin, RenéRené Cassin —
1969 Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann Barton, DerekDerek Barton;
Hassel, OddOdd Hassel Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück;
Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey;
Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett International Labour Organization Frisch, RagnarRagnar Frisch;
Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen
1970 Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén;
Néel, LouisLouis Néel Leloir, Luis FedericoLuis Federico Leloir Axelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod;
von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler;
Katz, BernardBernard Katz Solzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr Solzhenitsyn Borlaug, NormanNorman Borlaug Samuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson
1971 Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg Sutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. Neruda, PabloPablo Neruda Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt Kuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets
1972 Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;
Cooper, LeonLeon Cooper;
Schrieffer, John RobertJohn Robert Schrieffer Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen;
Moore, StanfordStanford Moore;
Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein Edelman, GeraldGerald Edelman;
Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter Böll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll None Hicks, JohnJohn Hicks;
Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow
1973 Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki;
Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever;
Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David Josephson Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer;
Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson von Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch;
Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz;
Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen White, PatrickPatrick White Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger;
Duc Tho, LeLe Duc Tho[E] Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief
1974 Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle;
Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish Flory, PaulPaul Flory Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude;
de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve;
Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson;
Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson MacBride, SeánSeán MacBride;
Satō, EisakuEisaku Satō Myrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal;
Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek
1975 Bohr, AageAage Bohr;
Mottelson, Ben RoyBen Roy Mottelson;
Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth;
Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore;
Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco;
Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale Sakharov, AndreiAndrei Sakharov Kantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich;
Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans
1976 Richter, BurtonBurton Richter;
Ting, Samuel C. C.Samuel C. C. Ting Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb Blumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg;
Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow Williams, BettyBetty Williams;
Maguire, MaireadMairead Maguire Friedman, MiltonMilton Friedman
1977 Anderson, Philip WarrenPhilip Warren Anderson;
Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott;
Van Vleck, John HasbrouckJohn Hasbrouck Van Vleck Prigogine, IlyaIlya Prigogine Guillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin;
Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally;
Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow Aleixandre, VicenteVicente Aleixandre Amnesty International Ohlin, BertilBertil Ohlin;
Meade, JamesJames Meade
1978 Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa;
Penzias, Arno AllanArno Allan Penzias;
Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell Arber, WernerWerner Arber;
Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans;
Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith Singer, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis Singer Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat;
Begin, MenachemMenachem Begin Simon, Herbert A.Herbert A. Simon
1979 Glashow, Sheldon LeeSheldon Lee Glashow;
Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam;
Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown;
Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack;
Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis Teresa, MotherMother Teresa Schultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz;
Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis
1980 Cronin, JamesJames Cronin;
Fitch, Val LogsdonVal Logsdon Fitch Berg, PaulPaul Berg;
Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert;
Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger Benacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf;
Dausset, JeanJean Dausset;
Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell Miłosz, CzesławCzesław Miłosz Esquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez Esquivel Klein, LawrenceLawrence Klein
1981 Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen;
Schawlow, Arthur LeonardArthur Leonard Schawlow;
Siegbahn, KaiKai Siegbahn Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui;
Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann Sperry, Roger WolcottRoger Wolcott Sperry;
Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel;
Wiesel, TorstenTorsten Wiesel Canetti, EliasElias Canetti United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Tobin, JamesJames Tobin
1982 Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. Wilson Klug, AaronAaron Klug Bergström, SuneSune Bergström;
Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson;
Vane, JohnJohn Vane Márquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García Márquez Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal;
Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García Robles Stigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler
1983 Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar;
Fowler, William AlfredWilliam Alfred Fowler Taube, HenryHenry Taube McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa Debreu, GérardGérard Debreu
1984 Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia;
van der Meer, SimonSimon van der Meer Merrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce Merrifield Jerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne;
Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler;
Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav Seifert Tutu, DesmondDesmond Tutu Stone, RichardRichard Stone
1985 von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman;
Karle, JeromeJerome Karle Brown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown;
Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein Simon, ClaudeClaude Simon International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Modigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani
1986 Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska;
Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig;
Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach;
Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee;
Polanyi, JohnJohn Polanyi Cohen, StanleyStanley Cohen;
Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini Soyinka, WoleWole Soyinka Wiesel, ElieElie Wiesel Buchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan
1987 Bednorz, Johannes GeorgJohannes Georg Bednorz;
Müller, Karl AlexanderKarl Alexander Müller Cram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram;
Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn;
Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen Tonegawa, SusumuSusumu Tonegawa Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky Arias, ÓscarÓscar Arias Solow, RobertRobert Solow
1988 Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman;
Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz;
Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer;
Huber, RobertRobert Huber;
Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel Black, James W.James W. Black;
Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion;
Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib Mahfouz United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces Allais, MauriceMaurice Allais
1989 Ramsey, Jr., Norman FosterNorman Foster Ramsey, Jr.;
Dehmelt, Hans GeorgHans Georg Dehmelt;
Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul Altman, SidneySidney Altman;
Cech, ThomasThomas Cech Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop;
Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo José Cela Gyatso (The 14th Dalai Lama), TenzinTenzin Gyatso (The 14th Dalai Lama) Haavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo
1990 Friedman, Jerome IsaacJerome Isaac Friedman;
Kendall, Henry WayHenry Way Kendall;
Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor Corey, Elias JamesElias James Corey Murray, JosephJoseph Murray;
Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev Markowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz;
Miller, MertonMerton Miller;
Sharpe, William F.William F. Sharpe
1991 Gennes, Pierre-Gilles dePierre-Gilles de Gennes Ernst, Richard R.Richard R. Ernst Neher, ErwinErwin Neher;
Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi Coase, RonaldRonald Coase
1992 Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer;
Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú Becker, GaryGary Becker
1993 Hulse, Russell AlanRussell Alan Hulse;
Taylor, Jr., Joseph HootonJoseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. Mullis, KaryKary Mullis;
Smith, MichaelMichael Smith Roberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts;
Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp Morrison, ToniToni Morrison Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela;
de Klerk, F. W.F. W. de Klerk Fogel, RobertRobert Fogel;
North, DouglassDouglass North
1994 Brockhouse, BertramBertram Brockhouse;
Shull, CliffordClifford Shull Olah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew Olah Gilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman;
Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell Ōe, KenzaburōKenzaburō Ōe Arafat, YasserYasser Arafat;
Peres, ShimonShimon Peres;
Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak Rabin Harsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi;
Nash, Jr., John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash, Jr.;
Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten
1995 Perl, Martin LewisMartin Lewis Perl;
Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen;
Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina;
Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland Lewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis;
Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard;
Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus Heaney, SeamusSeamus Heaney Rotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat;
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Lucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr.
1996 Lee, DavidDavid Lee;
Osheroff, DouglasDouglas Osheroff;
Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.;
Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto;
Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty;
Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska Belo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo;
Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-Horta Mirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees;
Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey
1997 Chu, StevenSteven Chu;
Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji;
Phillips, William DanielWilliam Daniel Phillips Boyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer;
Walker, John E.John E. Walker;
Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou Prusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. Prusiner Fo, DarioDario Fo International Campaign to Ban Landmines;
Williams, JodyJody Williams Merton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton;
Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes
1998 Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin;
Störmer, Horst LudwigHorst Ludwig Störmer;
Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn;
Pople, JohnJohn Pople Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott;
Ignarro, LouisLouis Ignarro;
Murad, FeridFerid Murad Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago Hume, JohnJohn Hume;
Trimble, DavidDavid Trimble Sen, AmartyaAmartya Sen
1999 Hooft, Gerard 'tGerard 't Hooft;
Veltman, Martinus J. G.Martinus J. G. Veltman Zewail, AhmedAhmed Zewail Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel Grass, GünterGünter Grass Médecins Sans Frontières Mundell, RobertRobert Mundell
2000 Alferov, ZhoresZhores Alferov;
Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer;
Kilby, JackJack Kilby Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger;
MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid;
Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa Carlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson;
Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard;
Kandel, EricEric Kandel Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian Dae-jung, KimKim Dae-jung Heckman, JamesJames Heckman;
McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden
2001 Cornell, Eric AllinEric Allin Cornell;
Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle;
Wieman, CarlCarl Wieman Knowles, William StandishWilliam Standish Knowles;
Noyori, RyōjiRyōji Noyori;
Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless Hartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell;
Hunt, TimTim Hunt;
Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul United Nations;
Annan, KofiKofi Annan Akerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof;
Spence, MichaelMichael Spence;
Stiglitz, JosephJoseph Stiglitz
2002 Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.;
Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba;
Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi Fenn, JohnJohn Fenn;
Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka;
Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner;
Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz;
Sulston, JohnJohn Sulston Kertész, ImreImre Kertész Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter Kahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman;
Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith
2003 Abrikosov, Alexei AlexeyevichAlexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov;
Ginzburg, VitalyVitaly Ginzburg;
Leggett, Anthony JamesAnthony James Leggett Agre, PeterPeter Agre;
MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon Lauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur;
Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi Engle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle;
Granger, CliveClive Granger
2004 Gross, DavidDavid Gross;
Politzer, Hugh DavidHugh David Politzer;
Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover;
Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko;
Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose Axel, RichardRichard Axel;
Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai Kydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland;
Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott
2005 Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber;
Hall, John L.John L. Hall;
Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch Chauvin, YvesYves Chauvin;
Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs;
Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock Marshall, BarryBarry Marshall;
Warren, RobinRobin Warren Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter International Atomic Energy Agency;
ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradei Aumann, RobertRobert Aumann;
Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling
2006 Mather, John C.John C. Mather;
Smoot, GeorgeGeorge Smoot Kornberg, Roger D.Roger D. Kornberg Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire;
Mello, CraigCraig Mello Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk Yunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus;
Grameen Bank Phelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps
2007 Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert;
Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl Capecchi, MarioMario Capecchi;
Evans, MartinMartin Evans;
Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
Gore, AlAl Gore Hurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz;
Maskin, EricEric Maskin;
Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson
2008 Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu;
Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi;
Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura;
Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie;
Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien zur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen;
Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi;
Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier Le Clézio, J. M. G.J. M. G. Le Clézio Ahtisaari, MarttiMartti Ahtisaari Krugman, PaulPaul Krugman
2009 Kao, Charles K.Charles K. Kao;
Boyle, Willard S.Willard S. Boyle;
Smith, George E.George E. Smith Ramakrishnan, VenkatramanVenkatraman Ramakrishnan;
Steitz, Thomas A.Thomas A. Steitz;
Yonath, AdaAda Yonath Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn;
Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider;
Szostak, Jack W.Jack W. Szostak Müller, HertaHerta Müller Obama, BarackBarack Obama Ostrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom;
Williamson, Oliver E.Oliver E. Williamson
2010 Geim, AndreAndre Geim;
Novoselov, KonstantinKonstantin Novoselov
Heck, Richard F.Richard F. Heck;
Negishi, Ei-ichiEi-ichi Negishi;
Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki
Edwards, Robert G.Robert G. Edwards Vargas Llosa, MarioMario Vargas Llosa Xiaobo, LiuLiu Xiaobo[F] Diamond, Peter A.Peter A. Diamond;
Mortensen, Dale T.Dale T. Mortensen;
Pissarides, Christopher A.Christopher A. Pissarides
2011 Perlmutter, SaulSaul Perlmutter;
Riess, Adam G.Adam G. Riess;
Schmidt, BrianBrian Schmidt Shechtman, DanDan Shechtman Beutler, BruceBruce Beutler;
Hoffmann, Jules A.Jules A. Hoffmann;
Steinman, Ralph M.Ralph M. Steinman Tranströmer, TomasTomas Tranströmer Sirleaf, Ellen JohnsonEllen Johnson Sirleaf;
Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee;
Karman, TawakelTawakel Karman Sargent, Thomas J.Thomas J. Sargent;
Sims, Christopher A.Christopher A. Sims
2012 Haroche, SergeSerge Haroche;
J. Wineland, DavidDavid J. Wineland Kobilka, Brian K.Brian K. Kobilka;
Lefkowitz, Robert J.Robert J. Lefkowitz Gurdon, John B.John B. Gurdon;
Yamanaka, Shinya Shinya Yamanaka Yan, MoMo Yan Union, EuropeanEuropean Union Roth, Alvin E.Alvin E. Roth;
Shapley, Lloyd S.Lloyd S. Shapley
2013 Englert, FrançoisFrançois Englert;
Higgs, Peter W.Peter W. Higgs Karplus, MartinMartin Karplus;
Levitt, MichaelMichael Levitt;
Warshel, AriehArieh Warshel Rothman, James E.James E. Rothman;
Schekman, Randy W.Randy W. Schekman;
Südhof, Thomas C.Thomas C. Südhof Munro, AliceAlice Munro for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, OrganisationOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Fama, Eugene F.Eugene F. Fama;
Hansen, Lars PeterLars Peter Hansen;
Shiller, Robert J.Robert J. Shiller
2014 Akasaki, IsamuIsamu Akasaki;
Amano, HiroshiHiroshi Amano;
Nakamura, ShujiShuji Nakamura Betzig, EricEric Betzig;
Hell, StefanStefan Hell;
Moerner, WilliamWilliam Moerner O'Keefe, JohnJohn O'Keefe;
Moser, May-BrittMay-Britt Moser;
Moser, EdvardEdvard Moser Modiano, PatrickPatrick Modiano Satyarthi, KailashKailash Satyarthi;
Yousafzai, MalalaMalala Yousafzai Tirole, JeanJean Tirole
2015 Kajita, TakaakiTakaaki Kajita;
McDonald, Arthur B.Arthur B. McDonald Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl;
Modrich, Paul L.Paul L. Modrich;
Sancar, AzizAziz Sancar Campbell, William C.William C. Campbell;
Ōmura, SatoshiSatoshi Ōmura;
Youyou, TuTu Youyou Alexievich, SvetlanaSvetlana Alexievich National Dialogue Quartet, TunisianTunisian National Dialogue Quartet Deaton, AngusAngus Deaton
2016[11] J. Thouless, DavidDavid J. Thouless;
Haldane, DuncanDuncan Haldane;
Kosterlitz, John M.John M. Kosterlitz Sauvage, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Sauvage;
Stoddart, FraserFraser Stoddart;
Feringa, BenBen Feringa Ohsumi, YoshinoriYoshinori Ohsumi Dylan, BobBob Dylan Santos, Juan ManuelJuan Manuel Santos Hart, OliverOliver Hart;
Holmström, Bengt R.Bengt R. Holmström
2017 Weiss, RainerRainer Weiss;
Barish, BarryBarry Barish;
Thorne, KipKip Thorne Dubochet, JacquesJacques Dubochet;
Frank, JoachimJoachim Frank;
Henderson, RichardRichard Henderson Hall, Jeffrey C.Jeffrey C. Hall;
Rosbash, MichaelMichael Rosbash;
Young, Michael W.Michael W. Young Ishiguro, KazuoKazuo Ishiguro Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, InternationalInternational Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Thaler, RichardRichard Thaler
Year
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology
or Medicine
Literature
Peace
Economics
Notes
A In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel nominees to accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1938; Adolf Butenandt, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk, Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money.[9]
B In 1948, the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded. The Nobel Foundation's website suggests that it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, however, due to his assassination earlier that year, it was left unassigned in his honor.[12]
C In 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union, was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.[9]
D In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.[9]
E In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the Vietnam War), there had been no actual peace agreement.[7][9]
F In 2010, Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to 11 years of imprisonment by the Chinese authorities.[13]
See also
List of Nobel laureates by country
List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation
Nobel Prize laureates by secondary school affiliation
References
General
"All Nobel Laureates in Physics". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
"All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
"All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
"All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
"All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
"All Laureates in Economics". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
Jump up ^ "List of All Nobel Laureates 1942". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
Jump up ^ "All Nobel Prizes". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Nobel Prize Facts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ "2016 Nobel Prizes - Prize Announcement Dates". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (December 1, 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved January 3, 2010. Later, there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was "no suitable living candidate", namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine, Count Bernadotte, who was murdered in September 1948. Today, this can be ruled out; Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948. Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel laureates.
Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Official website of the Nobel Foundation
Downloadable Database of Nobel Laureates
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