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Continuing resolution
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Continuing resolution
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In the United States, a continuing resolution (often abbreviated to CR) is a type of appropriations legislation. An appropriations bill is a bill that appropriates (gives to, sets aside for) money to specific federal government departments, agencies, and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities.[1] Regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year. The fiscal year is the accounting period of the federal government, which runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year.[2] When Congress and the president fail to agree on and pass one or more of the regular appropriations bills, a continuing resolution can be passed instead. A continuing resolution continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time.[1] Continuing resolutions typically provide funding at a rate or formula based on the previous year's funding.[3] The funding extends until a specific date or regular appropriations bills are passed, whichever comes first. There can be some changes to some of the accounts in a continuing resolution. The continuing resolution takes the form of a joint resolution, and may provide bridging funding for existing federal programs at current, reduced, or expanded levels.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Appropriations bills
2 United States budget and spending process
3 Advantages and disadvantages
4 History
5 List of continuing resolutions for the U.S. federal budget
5.1 2001 U.S. federal budget
5.2 2002 U.S. federal budget
5.3 2003 U.S. federal budget
5.4 2007 U.S. federal budget
5.5 2008 U.S. federal budget
5.6 2009 U.S. federal budget
5.7 2010 U.S. federal budget
5.8 2011 U.S. federal budget
5.9 2013 U.S. federal budget
5.10 2014 U.S. federal budget
5.11 2015 U.S. federal budget
5.12 2016 U.S. federal budget
5.13 2017 U.S. federal budget
5.14 2018 U.S. federal budget
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Appropriations bills[edit]
Main article: Appropriations bill (United States)
An appropriations bill is a bill that appropriates (gives to, sets aside for) money to specific federal government departments, agencies, and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities.[1] Traditionally, regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year.
There are three types of appropriations bills: regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental appropriations bills.[1] Regular appropriations bills are the twelve standard bills that cover the funding for the federal government for one fiscal year and that are supposed to be enacted into law by October 1.[5] If Congress has not enacted the regular appropriations bills by the time, it can pass a continuing resolution, which continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time.[1] The third type of appropriations bills are supplemental appropriations bills, which add additional funding above and beyond what was originally appropriated at the beginning of the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations bills can be used for things like disaster relief.[6]
United States budget and spending process[edit]
Main article: United States budget process
The United States government operates on a budget calendar that runs from October 1 through September 30. Each year, Congress must appropriate a specific amount of money to each department, agency, and program to provide funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities.[1] Traditionally, the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate agree together on a budget resolution in the spring that is then used to determine spending limits for twelve regular appropriations bills. The twelve appropriations bills then appropriate the funding for the federal government to use for the next budgetary year. The appropriations bills must be signed into the law by the President, although the budget resolution itself is not subject to his or her approval.
If Congress fails to appropriate the necessary funds for the federal government, the government shuts down as a result of the Antideficiency Act.[7] The law "forbids federal officials from entering into financial obligations for which they do not have funding," such as buying ink, paying for electricity, or paying employees.[7]
Congress can avoid a government shutdown by passing a continuing resolution instead.[1]
Advantages and disadvantages[edit]
Standoffs between the President and Congress or between political parties, elections, and more urgent legislative matters complicate the budget process, frequently making the continuing resolution a common occurrence in American government.[8] They allow the government to take its time making difficult fiscal decisions.
Federal agencies are disrupted during periods of reduced funding. With non-essential operations suspended, many agencies are forced to interrupt research projects, training programs, or other important functions. Its impact on day-to-day management can be severe, costing some employees the equivalent of several months' time.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Between fiscal year 1977 and fiscal year 2015, Congress only passed all twelve regular appropriations bills on time in four years - fiscal years 1977, 1989, 1995, and 1997.[3]
Between 1980 and 2013, there have been 8 Government shutdowns in the United States.[9] Most of these shutdowns revolved around budget issues including fights over the debt ceiling and led to the furlough of certain 'non-essential' personnel. The majority of these fights lasted 1–2 days with a few exceptions lasting more than a week.
There was a government shutdown that occurred in 1995. This incident involved a standoff between Democratic President, Bill Clinton, and Congressional Republicans that led to the shutdown of the federal government.[10] Without enough votes to override President Clinton's veto, Newt Gingrich led the Republicans not to submit a revised budget, allowing the previously-approved appropriations to expire on schedule. The resulting lack of appropriations led to the shutdown of non-essential functions of the federal government for 28 days due to lack of funds.
In 2013, Congress failed to agree on any regular appropriations bills prior to the start of fiscal year 2014. An attempt was made to pass the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res 59) prior to October 1, but the House and Senate could not agree on its provisions, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013.[11][12] The shutdown of October 2013 involved a dispute over the continuing resolution in a standoff between Democratic President Barack Obama and Congressional Republicans led by House Speaker John Boehner. The forefront issue was House Republicans' attempt to tie a continuing resolution to a defunding or delay of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act while Senate Democrats insisted on a "clean" spending bill not tied to any other changes. The lack of agreement[13] led to a prolonged shutdown and furlough of more than 800,000 federal workers. The federal government resumed operations on October 17, 2013 after the passage of a continuing resolution, the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, that provided funding until January 15, 2014.[14] On January 15, 2014, Congress passed another continuing resolution, H.J.Res. 106 Making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2014, to provide funding until January 18, 2014.[15] Congress finally passed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, an omnibus appropriations bill, on January 17, 2014 to provide funding for the remaining fiscal year 2014.[16]
List of continuing resolutions for the U.S. federal budget[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Continuing Appropriations Resolution
See also: Supplemental Appropriations Act
2001 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (1st): Pub.L. 106–275
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (2nd): Pub.L. 106–282
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (3rd): Pub.L. 106–306
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (4th): Pub.L. 106–344
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (5th): Pub.L. 106–358
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (6th): Pub.L. 106–359
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (7th): Pub.L. 106–381
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (8th): Pub.L. 106–388
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (9th): Pub.L. 106–389
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (10th): Pub.L. 106–401
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (11th): Pub.L. 106–403
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (12th): Pub.L. 106–416
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (13th): Pub.L. 106–426
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (14th): Pub.L. 106–427
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (15th): Pub.L. 106–428
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (16th): Pub.L. 106–520
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (17th): Pub.L. 106–537
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (18th): Pub.L. 106–539
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (19th): Pub.L. 106–540
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (20th): Pub.L. 106–542
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2001 (21st): Pub.L. 106–543
2002 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2002 (8th): Pub.L. 107–97
2003 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2003 (1st): Pub.L. 107–229
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2003 (2nd): Pub.L. 107–235
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2003 (3rd): Pub.L. 107–240
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2003 (4th): Pub.L. 107–244
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2003 (5th): Pub.L. 107–294
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2003 (6th): Pub.L. 108–2
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2003 (7th): Pub.L. 108–4
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2003 (8th): Pub.L. 108–5
2007 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 (1st): Division B of Pub.L. 109–289
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 (2nd): Pub.L. 109–369
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 (3rd): Pub.L. 109–383
Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007: Pub.L. 110–5
2008 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2008 (1st): Pub.L. 110–92
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2008 (2nd): Division B of Pub.L. 110–116
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2008 (3rd): Pub.L. 110–137
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2008 (4th): Pub.L. 110–149
2009 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2009 (1st): Division A of Pub.L. 110–329
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2009 (2nd): Pub.L. 111–6
2010 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2010 (1st): Division B of Pub.L. 111–68
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2010 (2nd): Division B of Pub.L. 111–88
2011 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Wikinews has related news: US government shutdown averted in last-minute deal
Beginning in September 2010, Congress passed a series of continuing resolutions to fund the government.[17]
1st Continuing Resolution, funding from October 1, 2010 through December 3, 2010, passed on September 29, 2010. (Pub.L. 111-242)
2nd Continuing Resolution, funding through December 18, 2010, passed on December 2, 2010. (Pub.L. 111–290)[18]
3rd Continuing Resolution, funding through December 21, 2010, passed on December 17, 2010. (Pub.L. 111–317)
4th Continuing Resolution, funding through March 4, 2011, passed on December 21, 2010. (Pub.L. 111–322)[19]
5th Continuing Resolution ("Further Continuing Appropriations Amendments, 2011"), funding through March 18, 2011, passed on March 2, 2011. (Pub.L. 112-4) This resolution cut $4 billion from 2010 spending levels.[20]
6th Continuing Resolution ("Additional Continuing Appropriations Amendments, 2011"), funding through April 8, 2011, passed on March 16, 2011. (Pub.L. 112-6) This resolution cut an additional $6 billion from 2010 spending levels.[21]
7th Continuing Resolution ("Further Additional Continuing Appropriations Amendments, 2011"), funding through April 15, 2011, passed on April 9, 2011. (Pub.L. 112-8) This continuing resolution followed a deal on the full annual budget which was made with just hours remaining before a government shutdown.[22] It itself contains an additional $2 billion in cuts.[23] Democrats had previously rejected a Republican-backed resolution passed by the House before the deal, which would have funded the government for another week and cut an additional $12 billion from 2010 levels.[24]
See also: 2011 United States federal budget
2013 U.S. federal budget[edit]
The government began fiscal year 2013 operating under the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013 (Pub.L. 112–175), which provided funding through March 27, 2013. It was signed by President Obama on September 28, 2012.[25] Spending through the end of fiscal year 2013 is authorized by the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, signed into law by President Obama on March 26, 2013.[26]
2014 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res 59) (H.J.Res. 59) - a proposed continuing resolution that failed final passage, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013
October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions - continuing resolutions proposed during the 2013 federal government shutdown that would have funded small portions of the government
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014 (Pub.L. 113–46;H.R. 2775) - continuing resolution that ended the federal government shutdown and appropriated funds through January 15, 2014[27]
Making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2014 - appropriated funds through January 18, 2014.[15]
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (H.R. 3547; 113th Congress) - proposed, as of January 16, 2014
2015 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015 - a continuing resolution that would fund the federal government of the United States through December 11, 2014 at an annualized rate of $1 trillion.[28] On September 17, 2014, the House voted in Roll Call Vote 509 to pass the bill 319-108.[28] On September 18, 2014, the United States Senate voted in Roll Call Vote 270 to pass the bill 78-22.[29]
2016 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2016 - a continuing resolution that would fund the federal government of the United States through December 11, 2015 at an annualized rate of $1.02 trillion.[30][31]
2017 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2017 (Pub.L. 114–223) - a continuing resolution that would fund the federal government of the United States through December 9, 2016 at 0.496% below the operating rate of the FY 2016 enacted appropriation. On September 28, 2016, the Senate voted 72-26 to pass the bill and later that day, the House voted 342-85 to pass the bill.[32][33] The President signed the bill on September 29, 2016.[34] The bill also included full-year funding for Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and emergency funding for Zika virus response and preparedness.[35]
2018 U.S. federal budget[edit]
Division D of Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 and Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act, 2017 (Pub.L. 115–56), extending temporary funding until December 8, 2017.
Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (Pub.L. 115–90), extending temporary funding through December 22, 2017
Further Additional Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (Pub.L. 115–96), extending temporary funding through January 19, 2018.
Further Extension of Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (enacted as Subdivision 3 of Division B of Honoring Hometown Heroes Act, H.R. 1892), extending temporary funding through March 23, 2018.
See also[edit]
Government shutdown in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Tollestrup, Jessica (February 23, 2012). "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Heniff Jr., Bill (November 26, 2012). "Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Tollestrup, Jessica (February 23, 2012). "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 12. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Senate: Reference > Home > Glossary > continuing resolution/continuing appropriations". Retrieved October 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tollestrup, Jessica (February 23, 2012). "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. pp. 10–11. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tollestrup, Jessica (February 23, 2012). "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 13. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohen, Andrew (September 28, 2013). "The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Government Shutdowns Work". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "CONTINUING RESOLUTIONS Uncertainty Limited Management Options and Increased Workload in Selected Agencies" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Start Getting Ready for the Next Government Shutdown". Bloomberg. October 10, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Government shutdown looms". CNN. November 11, 1995. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ "H.J.Res 59 - Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bolton, Alexander (September 30, 2013). "Senate rejects House funding bill with government shutdown in clear sight". The Hill. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Government shutdown: Americans hurt as DC 'squabbles like kids'". CNN. October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nakamura, David; Kane, Paul; Montgomery, Lori (October 16, 2013). "Congress sends Obama bill to end shutdown". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kasperowicz, Pete (January 10, 2014). "Next Week: Time to pass a spending bill (or two)". The Hill. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "H.R. 3547 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2011". THOMAS. Library of Congress. April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "www.usgs.gov/budget/whats_new.asp". Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Committee on Appropriations". Appropriations.house.gov. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Murray, Shailagh; Sonmez, Felicia; Montgomery, Lori (March 2, 2011). "Obama signs short-term spending bill, averting federal shutdown". Washington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (March 18, 2011). "House Votes to End Money for NPR, and Senate Passes Spending Bill". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Shear, Michael D. (April 9, 2011). "Deal at Last Minute Averts Shutdown; Nearly $40 Billion in Cuts Are Outlined". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Silverleib, Alan; Cohen, Tom (April 8, 2011). "Democrats, Republicans agree on a budget deal". CNN.com. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hulse, Carl (April 8, 2011). "No Accord in Budget Talks as Policy Fights Hamper Deal". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2013". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "H.R.933 - Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Lori; Helderman, Rosalind S. (October 16, 2013). "Obama signs bill to raise debt limit, reopen government". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Shabad, Rebecca (September 17, 2014). "House approves $1T spending bill". The Hill. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "H.J.Res.124 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ . US Senate https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094622/http://www.budget.senate.gov/republican/public/index.cfm/2015/9/budget-bulletin-2016-continuing-resolution. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Martin Matishak. "Once Again, Congress Will Kick the Budget Can Down the Road". Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Senate roll call vote". Retrieved September 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 573". Retrieved September 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Signed Legislation". Retrieved September 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "H.R. 5235 Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017, and Zika Response and Preparedness Act" (PDF).
External links[edit]
"Appropriations and Budget". Congress.gov. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Wezerek, Gus (February 7, 2018). "20 Years Of Congress's Budget Procrastination, In One Chart". FiveThirtyEight.com. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
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SI base unit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The seven SI base units and the interdependency of their definitions: for example, to extract the definition of the metre from the speed of light, the definition of the second must be known while the ampere and candela are both dependent on the definition of energy which in turn is defined in terms of length, mass and time.
The International System of Units (SI) defines seven units of measure as a basic set from which all other SI units can be derived. The SI base units and their physical quantities are the metre for measurement of length, the kilogram for mass, the second for time, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for temperature, the candela for luminous intensity, and the mole for amount of substance.
The SI base units form a set of mutually independent dimensions as required by dimensional analysis commonly employed in science and technology.
The names and symbols of SI base units are written in lowercase, except the symbols of those named after a person, which are written with an initial capital letter. For example, the metre (US English: meter) has the symbol m, but the kelvin has symbol K, because it is named after Lord Kelvin and the ampere with symbol A is named after André-Marie Ampère.
Several other units, such as the litre (US English: liter), are formally not part of the SI, but are accepted for use with SI.
Contents
[hide]
1 Seven SI base units
2 Proposed redefinitions
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Seven SI base units[edit]
SI base units
Name
Symbol
Measure
Current (2005) formal definition[1]
Historical origin / justification
Dimension
symbol
metre m length "The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 7008299792458000000♠299792458 of a second."
17th CGPM (1983, Resolution 1, CR, 97) 1 / 7007100000000000000♠10000000 of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole measured on the circumference through Paris. L
kilogram kg mass "The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram."
3rd CGPM (1901, CR, 70) The mass of one litre of water at the temperature of melting ice. A litre is one thousandth of a cubic metre. M
second s time "The second is the duration of 7009919263177000000♠9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom."
13th CGPM (1967/68, Resolution 1; CR, 103)
"This definition refers to a caesium atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K."
(Added by CIPM in 1997) The day is divided in 24 hours, each hour divided in 60 minutes, each minute divided in 60 seconds.
A second is 1 / (24 × 60 × 60) of the day. T
ampere A electric current "The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000♠2×10−7 newton per metre of length."
9th CGPM (1948) The original "International Ampere" was defined electrochemically as the current required to deposit 1.118 milligrams of silver per second from a solution of silver nitrate. Compared to the SI ampere, the difference is 0.015%. I
kelvin K thermodynamic temperature "The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1 / 7002273160000000000♠273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water."
13th CGPM (1967/68, Resolution 4; CR, 104)
"This definition refers to water having the isotopic composition defined exactly by the following amount of substance ratios: 0.000 155 76 mole of 2H per mole of 1H, 0.000 379 9 mole of 17O per mole of 16O, and 0.002 005 2 mole of 18O per mole of 16O."
(Added by CIPM in 2005) The Celsius scale: the Kelvin scale uses the degree Celsius for its unit increment, but is a thermodynamic scale (0 K is absolute zero). Θ
mole mol amount of substance "1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is 'mol'.
2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles."
14th CGPM (1971, Resolution 3; CR, 78)
"In this definition, it is understood that unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in their ground state, are referred to."
(Added by CIPM in 1980)
Atomic weight or molecular weight divided by the molar mass constant, 1 g/mol. N
candela cd luminous intensity "The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 7014540000000000000♠540×1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1 / 683 watt per steradian."
16th CGPM (1979, Resolution 3; CR, 100) The candlepower, which is based on the light emitted from a burning candle of standard properties. J
Name
Symbol
Measure
Current (2005) formal definition[1]
Historical origin / justification
Dimension
symbol
Proposed redefinitions[edit]
Main article: Proposed redefinition of SI base units
Proposed SI System: Dependence of base unit definitions on physical constants with fixed numerical values and on other base units that are derived from the same set of constants.
The definitions of the base units have been modified several times since the Metre Convention in 1875, and new additions of base units have occurred. Since the redefinition of the metre in 1960, the kilogram is the only unit that is directly defined in terms of a physical artifact, rather than a property of nature. However, the mole, the ampere, and the candela are linked through their definitions to the mass of the platinum–iridium cylinder stored in a vault near Paris.
It has long been an objective in metrology to define the kilogram in terms of a fundamental constant, in the same way that the metre is now defined in terms of the speed of light. The 21st General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, 1999) placed these efforts on an official footing, and recommended "that national laboratories continue their efforts to refine experiments that link the unit of mass to fundamental or atomic constants with a view to a future redefinition of the kilogram." Two possibilities have attracted particular attention: the Planck constant and the Avogadro constant.
In 2005, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) approved preparation of new definitions for the kilogram, the ampere, and the kelvin and it noted the possibility of a new definition of the mole based on the Avogadro constant.[2] The 23rd CGPM (2007) decided to postpone any formal change until the next General Conference in 2011.[3][needs update]
In a note to the CIPM in October 2009,[4] Ian Mills, the President of the CIPM Consultative Committee - Units (CCU) catalogued the uncertainties of the fundamental constants of physics according to the current definitions and their values under the proposed new definition. He urged the CIPM to accept the proposed changes in the definition of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin, and mole so that they are referenced to the values of the fundamental constants, namely the Planck constant (h), the electron charge (e), the Boltzmann constant (k), and the Avogadro constant (NA).[5]
See also[edit]
International vocabulary of metrology
International System of Quantities
Non-SI units mentioned in the SI
Metric prefix
Physical constant
Electric constant
Magnetic constant
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-14
Jump up ^ 94th Meeting of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (2005). Recommendation 1: Preparative steps towards new definitions of the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin and the mole in terms of fundamental constants
Jump up ^ 23rd General Conference on Weights and Measures (2007). Resolution 12: On the possible redefinition of certain base units of the International System of Units (SI).
Jump up ^ Ian Mills, President of the CCU (October 2009). "Thoughts about the timing of the change from the Current SI to the New SI" (PDF). CIPM. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
Jump up ^ Ian Mills (29 September 2010). "Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure, following redefinitions of the base units" (PDF). CCU. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
External links[edit]
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
National Physical Laboratory
NIST -SI
[show]
v
t
e
SI units
Authority: International System of Units (BIPM)
Base units
ampere
candela
kelvin
kilogram
metre
mole
second
Derived units
with special names
becquerel
coulomb
degree Celsius
farad
gray
henry
hertz
joule
katal
lumen
lux
newton
ohm
pascal
radian
siemens
sievert
steradian
tesla
volt
watt
weber
Other accepted units
astronomical unit
bar
dalton
day
decibel
degree of arc
electronvolt
hectare
hour
litre
minute
minute of arc
neper
second of arc
tonne
atomic units
natural units
See also
Conversion of units
Metric prefixes
Proposed redefinitions
Systems of measurement
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
SI base quantities
Base quantity
Quantity
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Dimension
symbol
Unit name
(symbol)
Example
length l, x, r, (etc.) L metre (m) r = 10 m
mass m M kilogram (kg) m = 10 kg
time, duration t T second (s) t = 10 s
electric current I , i I  ampere (A) I = 10 A
thermodynamic temperature T Θ kelvin (K) T = 10 K
amount of substance n N mole (mol) n = 10 mol
luminous intensity Iv J candela (cd) Iv = 10 cd
Specification
The quantity (not the unit) can have a specification: Tmax = 300 K
Derived quantity
Definition
A quantity Q is expressed in the base quantities: Q = f ( l , m , t , I , T , n , I v ) {\displaystyle Q=f\left({\mathit {l,m,t,I,T,n,I}}\mathrm {_{v}} \right)}
Derived dimension
dim Q = La · Mb · Tc · Id · Θe · Nf · Jg (Superscripts a–g are algebraic exponents, usually a positive, negative or zero integer.)
Example
Quantity acceleration = l1 · t−2, dim acceleration = L1 · T−2
possible units: m1 · s−2, km1 · Ms−2, etc.
See also
History of the metric system
International System of Quantities
Proposed redefinitions
Systems of measurement
Book
Category
Outline
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SI_base_unit&oldid=827157044"
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text:
Tony Booth (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people with the same name, see Tony Booth (disambiguation).
"Anthony Booth" redirects here. For the Victoria Cross recipient, see Anthony Clarke Booth.
Tony Booth
Born
Anthony George Booth
(1931-10-09)9 October 1931
Liverpool, Lancashire, England
Died
25 September 2017(2017-09-25) (aged 85)
London, England
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1960–2010
Spouse(s)
Gale Smith
(m. 1954; div. c. 1961)
Patricia Phoenix
(m. 1986; d. 1986)
Nancy Jaeger
(m. 1988; div. 1996)
Stephanie Buckley
(m. 1998)
Children
8, including Cherie Blair and Lauren Booth
Anthony George Booth (9 October 1931 – 25 September 2017, later known as Tony and Antony) was an English actor, best known for his role as Mike Rawlins in the BBC series Till Death Us Do Part, and as the father-in-law of the former Prime Minister, Tony Blair.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Acting
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Memoirs
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Booth was born into a working-class family in Jubilee Road, Liverpool in 1931 and raised Catholic.[1] His mother was a Roman Catholic of Irish descent, and his father was a merchant seaman during World War II and Catholic convert. Tony Booth attended St Edmund's Infants School and spent a year in hospital as a child with diphtheria. He then passed the Eleven-Plus examination and attended St Mary's College, Crosby, where he was awarded a bursary to cover the cost of his books.[2]
His hopes of going to university were dashed when he had to leave school and get a job after his father was badly injured in an industrial accident. He then worked as a clerk in a docklands warehouse and at the United States Consulate in Liverpool, before being called up for national service with the Royal Corps of Signals.[3]
Acting[edit]
Booth developed a taste for acting when posted in the Army to SHAPE in Paris.[4] He spent five years in repertory theatre, before appearing in films and television during the 1960s.[4] He played roles in over twenty films, including The L-Shaped Room (1962), Corruption (1968), Brannigan (1975), Priest (1994) and Owd Bob (1997).[2] He appeared early in the run of the television series Coronation Street in 1960 and in an episode of The Avengers, but it was his role as the left-wing son-in-law in Till Death Us Do Part (1965) that brought him recognition.[1]
Booth made guest appearances in many other television series. He starred alongside Robin Askwith in the Confessions of ... British sex comedy film series as Sidney Noggett between 1974 and 1977.[5] These were Confessions of a Window Cleaner, Confessions of a Pop Performer, Confessions of a Driving Instructor and Confessions from a Holiday Camp.[5]
From 1985 to 1986, Booth appeared as pub landlord Ted Pilkington in the short-lived ITV soap Albion Market.[6] He starred in the 1998 short film The Duke, playing an elderly man who tells his adoring grandson that he is John Wayne.[2] In 2001, Booth appeared in several episodes of Family Affairs playing Barry Hurst, Sadie Hargreaves' brother-in-law.[5] He played a tramp named Nobby Stuart in a special two-hander episode of EastEnders.[7]
In 2007, he also played a tramp called Errol Michaels in Emmerdale.[5] Both of these characters played the purpose of a spiritual guide to a down-and-out character, in EastEnders, Alfie Moon (Shane Richie) and in Emmerdale, Bob Hope (Tony Audenshaw).[8]
Personal life[edit]
Booth married four times and had eight daughters. By his first wife Gale Howard, he had two daughters, Cherie and Lyndsey.[6] Cherie, a Queen's Counsel, is married to the former Prime Minister Tony Blair. While Booth was a long-standing supporter of the Labour Party, his politics differed from that of his daughter and her husband.[7]
Booth nearly burned to death in November 1979 when, during a drunken attempt to get into his locked flat, he fell into a drum of paraffin.[7] He spent six months in hospital and needed 26 skin graft operations.[7] Shortly after his discharge from hospital, he went to visit an 'old flame', Coronation Street actress Pat Phoenix. She took him in and nursed him back to full health, and they lived together for six years. Phoenix's own health subsequently declined, and the pair married a few days before her death from lung cancer in 1986.[7] With his third wife, Nancy Jaeger, he had a daughter, Joanna.[5]
Booth had five other daughters with partners he did not marry. He left Gale, his first wife, in 1961 for Julia Allan, with whom he had two daughters Jenia and Bronwen.[7] He had a daughter, Lucy Thomas in 1967 with Ann Gannon, who worked in radio sales, after a brief relationship; this did not become known publicly until 2002.[9] His relationship with Pamela Smith, which began in the 1960s, lasted 13 years; the couple had Booth's other two daughters, Emma and Lauren Booth, a broadcaster and journalist.[7]
In a rebuke to the British government's treatment of pensioners, Booth retired to Blacklion, County Cavan, in Ireland in 2003, but returned and lived in Broadbottom, 10 miles east of Manchester.[10] In 2006 he said he was the victim of anti-English bias while living in Ireland.[8]
Booth was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2004. He suffered a stroke in 2010.[11] He also had chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[12] Booth died on 25 September 2017 at home, aged 85.[2][13]
Filmography[edit]
Suspect (1960) – Parkin
Pit of Darkness (1961) – Ted
The Valiant (1962)
Mix Me a Person (1962) – at 'La Paloma' / Gravy
The L-Shaped Room (1962) – Youth in Street
The Partner (1963) – Buddy Forrester
The Hi-Jackers (1963) – Terry McKinley
Of Human Bondage (1964) – Martin (uncredited)
The Return of Mr. Moto (1965) – Hovath
The Girl with the Pistol (1968) – John
Corruption (1968) – Mike Orme
Till Death Us Do Part (1969) – Mike Rawlins (the boyfriend)
The Exorcism of Hugh (1972) – Delamare
Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall (1973) – Tommy Brettell
Montreal Main (1974)
Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974) – Sidney Noggett
Brannigan (1975) – Freddy
Confessions of a Pop Performer (1975) – Sidney Noggett
Confessions of a Driving Instructor (1976) – Sidney Noggett
Confessions from a Holiday Camp (1977) – Sidney Noggett
Confessions from the David Galaxy Affair (1979) – Steve
Priest (1994) – Tommy
Owd Bob (1998) – Tammas
The Duke (1998)
Treasure Island (1999) – Chief Revenue Officer
Revengers Tragedy (2002) – Lord Antonio
Upstaged (2005) – Candidate – Leggings
Gone to the Dogs (2006) – Jack
Sources:[14][15][2][6]
Memoirs[edit]
Tony Booth, Stroll On (1989)
Tony Booth, A Labour of Love (1997)
Tony Booth, What's Left? (2002)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Tony Booth, actor and campaigner, dies aged 85". The Guardian. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Actor Tony Booth dies". BBC News. 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Booth, Tony (1997). Labour of Love. Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85782-181-9.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tony Booth, Cherie Blair's father and 'Till Death Us Do Part' actor, Dies at 85". The Daily Telegraph. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Tony Booth, father of Cherie Blair and 'Till Death Us Do Part' Actor, Dies at 85". Sky News. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stuart, Julia (30 September 2006). "Troublesome relatives: The Shameless Booths". The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Chalmers, Robert (4 December 2005). "Tony Booth: Confessions of a loose cannon". The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Peterkin, Tom (18 August 2006). "'Anti-English bias' ends Booth's Irish idyll". The Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ "Cherie's sister 'part of my life', says Booth". The Scotsman. 26 May 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Actor Tony Booth, father-in-law of Tony Blair, Dies at 85". Fox News Channel. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Married to Alzheimer's disease". The Irish Times.
Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/09/26/tony-booth-star-of-till-death-us-do-part-and-emmerdale-dies-aged-85-6956832/
Jump up ^ "Actor Tony Booth, Father-In-Law of Tony Blair, Dies at 85". The New York Times. Associated Press. 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tony Booth, English Actor and Father of Tony Blair's Wife, Dies at 85". The Hollywood Reporter. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Till Death Us Do Part and Coronation Street actor Tony Booth dies aged 85". Digital Spy. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Anthony Booth at the British Film Institute
Anthony Booth on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 21716175
LCCN: no93022370
ISNI: 0000 0000 7840 2123
GND: 124220045
BNF: cb14157532m (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Booth_(actor)&oldid=834298020"
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text:
List of countries by steel production
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the company-oriented account, see List of steel producers.
This article summarizes the world steel production by country.
In 2017, total world crude steel production was 1,691.2 million tonnes (Mt). The biggest steel producing country is currently China, which accounted for 49.2% of world steel production in 2017.[1] In 2008, 2009 and 2015 output fell in the majority of steel-producing countries as a result of the global recession. In 2010 and 2016, it started to rise again.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of countries by steel production
2 Exports
3 Imports
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
List of countries by steel production[edit]
This is a list of countries by steel production in 1967, 1980, 1990, 2000 and from 2007 to 2017, based on data provided by the World Steel Association.[2][3][4][5][6][7] All countries with annual production of crude steel at least 2 million metric tons are listed.
Crude steel production (million metric tons):
Rank (2017)
Country/Region
2017[1][8]
2016[1][9]
2015[10]
2014[11]
2013[12]
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2000
1990
1980
1967
— World 1691.2 1606.3 1620.4 1670.1 1649.3 1552.9 1490.1 1413.6 1219.7 1326.5 1351.3 850.1 770.4 716.4 497.2
1 People's Republic of China 831.7 786.9 803.8 822.7 779.0 724.7 683.3 626.7 573.6 500.3 494.9 128.5 66.4 37.1 14.0
- European Union[13] 168.7 162.3 166.2 169.3 166.4 168.6 177.7 172.8 139.3 198.2 210.2 193.5 191.8 208.0 n/a
2 Japan 104.7 104.8 105.2 110.7 110.6 107.2 107.6 109.6 87.5 118.7 120.2 106.4 110.3 111.4 62.0
3 India 101.4 95.5 89.6 87.3 81.2 77.3 72.2 68.3 62.8 57.8 53.5 26.9 15.0 9.5 6.3
4 United States 81.6 78.5 78.9 88.2 87.0 88.6 86.2 80.6 58.2 91.4 98.1 101.8 89.7 101.4 115.0
5 Russia 71.3 70.5 71.1 71.5 69.4 70.6 68.7 66.9 60.0 68.5 72.4 59.1 n/a[14] n/a[14] n/a[14]
6 South Korea 71.1 68.6 69.7 71.5 66.0 69.3 68.5 58.5 48.6 53.6 51.5 43.1 23.1 8.5 0.3
7 Germany 43.6 42.1 42.7 42.9 42.6 42.7 44.3 43.8 32.7 45.8 48.6 46.4 44.0 51.1 41.3
8 Turkey 37.5 33.2 31.5 34.0 34.7 35.9 34.1 29.0 25.3 26.8 25.8 14.3 9.4 2.5 1.0
9 Brazil 34.4 30.2 33.3 33.9 34.2 34.7 35.2 32.8 26.5 33.7 33.8 27.9 20.6 15.3 3.6
10 Italy 24.0 23.3 22.0 23.7 24.1 27.2 28.7 25.8 19.7 30.6 31.6 26.8 25.5 26.5 15.9
11 Taiwan 23.2 21.8 21.4 23.1 22.3 20.7 20.2 19.8 15.8 19.9 20.9
12 Ukraine 22.7 24.2 22.9 27.2 32.8 32.9 35.3 33.6 29.9 37.3 42.8 31.8 54.6[14] 52.3[14] n/a[14]
13 Iran 21.8 17.9 16.1 16.3 15.4 14.5 13.0 12.0 10.9 10.0 10.1 6.6 1.4 0.5 -
14 Mexico 20.0 19.0 18.3 19.0 18.2 18.1 18.1 17.0 14.2 17.2 17.6 15.6 8.7 7.1 3.0
15 France 15.5 14.6 15.0 16.1 15.7 15.6 15.8 15.4 12.8 17.9 19.3 21.0 19.0 23.1 19.6
16 Spain 14.5 13.6 14.9 14.3 13.7 13.6 15.6 16.3 14.3 18.6 19.0 15.8 12.9 12.8 4.5
17 Canada 13.7 12.7 12.5 12.7 12.4 13.5 13.1 13.0 9.0 14.8 15.6 16.6 12.3 15.9 8.8
18 Poland 10.3 8.9 9.1 8.6 8.0 8.4 8.8 8.0 7.2 9.7 10.6 10.5 13.6 19.5 10.4
19 Vietnam 10.3[15] 7.8[15] 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.3 4.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 -
20 Austria 8.1 7.4 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.4 7.5 7.2 5.7 7.6 7.6 5.7 4.3 4.6 3.0
21 Belgium 7.7 7.7 7.2 7.3 7.1 7.4 8.1 8.1 5.6 10.7 10.7 11.6 11.5 12.3 9.7
22 United Kingdom 7.5 7.6 10.8 12.1 11.9 9.6 9.5 9.7 10.1 13.5 14.3 15.2 17.8 11.3 24.3
23 Egypt 6.8 5.0 5.5 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.7 5.5 6.2 6.2 2.8 2.2 1.0 0.4
24 Netherlands 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.7 5.2 6.8 7.4 5.7 5.4 5.3 3.4
25 South Africa 6.3 6.1 7.6 6.6 7.2 7.1 6.7 8.5 7.5 8.3 9.1 8.5 8.7 9.1 3.7
26 Australia 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.9 6.4 7.3 5.2 7.6 7.9 7.1 6.6 7.6 6.3
27 Slovakia 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.6 3.7 4.5 5.1 3.7 5.1[16] n/a[16] n/a[16]
28 Pakistan 5.0 3.6 2.9 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.1 1.0 0.8 - -
29 Saudi Arabia 4.8[15] 5.5 5.7 6.3 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.6 3.0 1.8 0.1 -
30 Indonesia 4.8[15] 4.8 4.9 4.4 2.6 2.3 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.9 4.1 2.9 2.8 0.5 -
31 Sweden 4.7 4.62 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.9 4.8 2.8 5.2 5.7 5.2 4.5 4.2 4.7
32 Argentina 4.6 4.1 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.0 5.7 5.1 4.0 5.5 5.4 4.5 3.6 2.7 1.3
33 Czech Republic 4.6 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.6 5.2 4.6 6.4 7.1 6.2 9.7[16] n/a[16] n/a[16]
34 Thailand 4.5 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.6 3.3 4.2 3.7 3.6 5.2 5.6 2.1 0.7 0.5 -
35 Kazakhstan 4.4 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.9 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.8 4.7 7.4[14] n/a[14] n/a[14]
36 Finland 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.1 4.4 4.4 4.1 2.9 2.5 0.4
37 Romania 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.9 2.7 5.0 6.3 4.7 9.7 13.2 4.1
38 United Arab Emirates 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.9 2.4 2.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 - - n/a
39 Malaysia 2.8 2.8 3.8 4.3 4.7 5.6 5.9 4.1 4.0 6.4 6.9 3.7 1.1 0.2 0.1
40 Qatar 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 -
41 Belarus 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.4 1.5 1.5[14] - -
42 Luxembourg 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.9 2.6 3.6 4.6 4.5
Portugal n/a 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.3
Soviet Union - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96.9[17]
— Others[18] n/a n/a n/a n/a 28.4 29.5 29.9 26.5 (est.) 23.3 (est.) 28.6 (est.) 30.7 (est.) n/a n/a n/a n/a
Exports[edit]
net: exports - imports
Top steel exporters in 2013[19]
Rank
Country
Mt
1 China 61.5
2 Japan 42.5
- European Union[20] 38.7
3 South Korea 50.7
4 Ukraine 24.7
4 Germany 24.3
6 Russia 23.6
7 Turkey 17.3
8 Italy 16.9
9 France 14.2
10 Belgium 13.9
11 United States 12.5
12 Taiwan 11.6
13 India 10.1
14 Spain 9.3
15 Netherlands 8.8
Top steel net exporters in 2013[19]
Rank
Country
Mt
1 China 46.8
2 Japan 37.1
3 Ukraine 23.0
4 Russia 17.1
5 South Korea 9.9
- European Union[20] 7.9
6 Brazil 4.4
7 Taiwan 3.8
7 Belgium 3.8
9 Austria 3.7
10 Turkey 2.8
11 Netherlands 2.6
11 Slovakia 2.6
13 India 2.3
Imports[edit]
net: imports - exports
Top steel importers in 2013[19]
Rank
Country
Volume
- European Union[20] 30.8
1 United States 30.3
2 Germany 22.1
3 South Korea 19.0
4 Thailand 15.9
5 Italy 15.6
6 China 14.8
7 Turkey 14.5
8 France 13.2
9 Indonesia 12.3
10 Belgium 10.1
11 Vietnam 10.0
12 Canada 8.9
13 Poland 8.1
14 Taiwan 7.8
15 Mexico 7.7
Top steel net importers in 2013[19]
Rank
Country
Volume
1 United States 17.8
2 Thailand 14.4
3 Indonesia 11.6
4 Vietnam 8.6
5 Saudi Arabia 6.4
6 United Arab Emirates 5.3
7 Algeria 5.1
8 Philippines 4.8
9 Iraq 4.5
10 Egypt 3.9
10 Singapore 3.9
12 Hong Kong 3.2
13 Canada 3.1
13 Poland 3.1
15 Iran 2.7
See also[edit]
Steel industry
Global steel industry trends
List of steel producers
List of countries by iron ore production
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "World crude steel output increases by 5.3% in 2017". Retrieved 2018-02-27.
Jump up ^ World Steel Association Archived 2010-11-29 at the Wayback Machine. World Crude Steel Production 2009
Jump up ^ World Crude Steel Production 2010 Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ World Crude Steel Production 2011[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2014-07-27. World Crude Steel Production 2012
Jump up ^ "World Steel Production 1980-2013" (PDF). World Steel Association. Nov 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Handbook of World Steel Statistics" (PDF). 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Monthly crude steel production - 2017" (PDF). World Steel Assoctiation. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Monthly crude steel production" (PDF). World Steel Association. 24 Apr 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Steel Statistical Yearbook 2016" (PDF). World Steel Association. 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Steel Statistical Yearbook 2015" (PDF). World Steel Association. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "World Steel Statistics data 2013" (PDF). World Steel Association. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ EEC until 1993
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Was part of USSR until 1992
^ Jump up to: a b c d partial data
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Was part of Czechoslovakia until 1993
Jump up ^ Hermann, Haack (1 January 1967). "Zahlen und Tatsachen zur Entwicklung der Sowjetunion, 50 Jahre Sowjetmacht".
Jump up ^ composition of other countries vary year to year, thus is not comparable
^ Jump up to: a b c d World Steel Association: WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2014 Archived 2014-07-03 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c excluding intra-regional trade
External links[edit]
World Steel Association
American Iron and Steel Institute
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