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Supreme Court of Illinois
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Illinois Supreme Court
Seal of the Supreme Court of Illinois
Established
1841 (1841)
Country
Illinois
United States
Location
Springfield, Illinois
Coordinates
39°47′53″N 89°39′10″W / 39.797928°N 89.652724°W / 39.797928; -89.652724Coordinates: 39°47′53″N 89°39′10″W / 39.797928°N 89.652724°W / 39.797928; -89.652724
Motto
Latin: Audi Alteram Partem
Hear the other side
Composition method
Partisan election
Authorized by
Illinois Constitution
Decisions are appealed to
Supreme Court of the United States
Judge term length
10 years
No. of positions
7
Website
Official website
Chief Justice
Currently
Lloyd A. Karmeier
Since
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
Jurist term ends
2019 (2019)
The Supreme Court of Illinois is the state supreme court, the highest court of the state of Illinois. The court's authority is granted in Article VI of the current Illinois Constitution, which provides for seven justices elected from the five appellate judicial districts of the state: Three justices from the First District (Cook County) and one from each of the other four districts. Each justice is elected for a term of ten years[1] and the chief justice is elected by the court from its members for a three-year term.
Contents
[hide]
1 Jurisdiction
2 Justices
2.1 Current Justices
2.2 Previous Justices
2.2.1 2000–present
2.2.2 1900–1999
2.2.3 1818–1899
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Jurisdiction[edit]
The court has limited original jurisdiction and has final appellate jurisdiction. It has mandatory jurisdiction in capital cases and cases where the constitutionality of laws has been called into question, and discretionary jurisdiction from the Illinois Appellate Court. Along with the state legislature, the court promulgates rules for all state courts. Also, its members have the authority to elevate trial judges to the appellate court on a temporary basis.[2] The court administers professional discipline through the Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Committee and it governs initial licensing through the Illinois Board of Admissions to the Bar.
The official reporter of the Illinois Supreme Court is Illinois Reports.
Justices[edit]
Illinois Supreme Court, Springfield, Illinois
While the justices of many states' supreme courts are expected to relocate to the state capital for the duration of their terms of office, the justices of the Illinois Supreme Court continue to reside in their home districts and have chambers in their respective appellate districts (for example, the three First District justices are chambered in the Michael Bilandic Building in Chicago). The justices travel to Springfield to hear oral arguments and deliberate. Accordingly, the Illinois Supreme Courthouse includes temporary apartments for the justices' use while in Springfield.
Current Justices[edit]
Name
Party
Joined
Term Ends
District
Law school attended
Thomas L. Kilbride Democratic 2000 2020 3rd Antioch School of Law
Charles E. Freeman Democratic 1990 2020 1st John Marshall Law School
Robert R. Thomas Republican 2000 2020 2nd Loyola University Chicago School of Law
Mary Jane Theis Democratic 2010 2022 1st University of San Francisco
Rita B. Garman Republican 2001 2022 4th University of Iowa College of Law
Lloyd A. Karmeier (Chief Justice) Republican 2004 2024 5th University of Illinois College of Law
Anne M. Burke Democratic 2006 2018 1st Chicago-Kent College of Law
Previous Justices[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
2000–present[edit]
Thomas R. Fitzgerald (2000–2010)
Philip J. Rarick (2002–2004)
1900–1999[edit]
S. Louis Rathje (1999–2000)
Michael Anthony Bilandic (1994–1997)
Mary Ann G. McMorrow (1992–2006)
Moses Harrison (1992–2002)
John L. Nickels (1992–1998)
Benjamin K. Miller (1984–2001)
Joseph F. Cunningham (1991–1992)
James D. Heiple (1990–2000)
Horace L. Calvo (1988–1991)
John J. Stamos (1988–1990)
Joseph F. Cunningham (1987–1988)
Seymour Simon (1980–1988)
Thomas E. Kluczynski (1978–1980)
William G. Clark (1976–1992)
Caswell J. Crebs (1975–1976)
Thomas J. Moran (1976–1992)
James A. Dooley (1976–1978)
Howard C. Ryan (1970–1990)
Joseph H. Goldenhersh (1970–1987)
Charles H. Davis (2nd time, 1970–1975)
Marvin Burt (1969–1970)
Caswell J. Crebs (1969–1970)
John T. Culbertson Jr. (1969–1970)
Thomas E. Kluczynski (1966–1976)
Daniel P. Ward (1966–1990)
Robert C. Underwood (1962–1984)
Roy Solfisburg (1962–1963)
Byron O. House (1957–1969)
Charles H. Davis (1st time, 1955–1960)
Ray Klingbiel (1953–1969)
Walter V. Schaefer (1951–1976)
Harry B. Hershey (1951–1966)
George W. Bristow (1951–1961)
Ralph L. Maxwell (1951–1956)
Albert M. Crampton (1948–1953)
Joseph E. Daily (1948–1965)
Jesse L. Simpson (1947–1951)
Charles H. Thompson (1942–1950)
William J. Fulton (1942–1954)
June C. Smith (1941–1947)
Loren E. Murphy (1939–1948)
Walter T. Gunn (1938–1951)
Francis S. Wilson (1935–1951)
Elwyn R. Shaw (1933–1942)
Lott R. Herrick (1933–1937)
Paul Farthing (1933–1942)
Norman L. Jones (1931–1940)
Warren H. Orr (1930–1939)
Paul Samuell (1929–1930)
Cyrus E. Dietz (1928–1929)
Oscar E. Heard (1927–1928)
Frank K. Dunn (1907–1933)
Frederic R. DeYoung (1924–1934)
Oscar E. Heard (1924–1933)
Floyd E. Thompson (1919–1928)
Clyde E. Stone (1918–1948)
Warren W. Duncan (1915–1933)
Albert Watson (1915–1915)
Charles C. Craig (1913–1918)
George A. Cooke (1909–1919)
Frank K. Dunn (1907–1933)
Orrin N. Carter (1906–1924)
Alonzo K. Vickers (1906–1915)
William M. Farmer (1906–1931)
Guy C. Scott (1903–1909)
James B. Ricks (1901–1906)
John P. Hand (1900–1913)
1818–1899[edit]
Carroll C. Boggs (1897–1906)
Joseph N. Carter (1894–1903)
James H. Cartwright (1895–1924)
Jesse J. Phillips (1893–1901)
Joseph M. Bailey (1888–1895)
Jacob W. Wilkin (1888–1907)
Benjamin D. Magruder (1885–1906)
Simeon P. Shope (1885–1894)
Damon G. Tunnicliff (1885–1885)
David J. Baker Jr. (1888–1897)
John H. Mulkey (1879–1888)
David J. Baker Jr. (1878–1879)
T. Lyle Dickey (1875–1885)
Alfred M. Craig (1873–1900)
John Scholfield (1873–1893)
William K. McAllister (1870–1875)
Benjamin R. Sheldon (1870–1888)
John M. Scott (1870–1888)
Anthony Thornton (1870–1873)
Charles B. Lawrence (1864–1873)
Corydon Beckwith (1864–1864)
Pinkney H. Walker (1858–1888)
Sidney Breese (1857–1878)
Onias C. Skinner (1855–1858)
Walter B. Scates (1853–1857)
Lyman Trumbull (1848–1853)
David M. Woodson (1848–1848)
Jesse B. Thomas Jr. (1847–1848)
William A. Denning (1847–1848)
Norman H. Purple (1845–1848)
Gustavus P. Koerner (1845–1848)
James Shields (1843–1845)
Jesse B. Thomas Jr. (1843–1845)
John Dean Caton (1843–1864)
John M. Robinson (1843–1843)
Richard M. Young (1843–1847)
James Semple (1843–1843)
John Dean Caton (1842–1843)
Stephen A. Douglas (1841–1843)
Samuel H. Treat (1841–1855)
Walter B. Scates (1841–1847)
Sidney Breese (1841–1843)
Thomas Ford (1841–1842)
Theophilus W. Smith (1825–1842)
Samuel D. Lockwood (1825–1848)
Thomas Reynolds (1822–1825)
William Wilson (1819–1848)
Joseph Phillips (1818–1822)
Thomas C. Browne (1818–1848)
William P. Foster (1818–1819)
John Reynolds (1818–1825)
See also[edit]
Judiciary of Illinois
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Courts in Illinois". Illinois Supreme Court.
Jump up ^ Appellate Court Act (705 ILCS 25/1(d)). Retrieved 2010-04-07.
Bibliography[edit]
List of Supreme Court Justices from Supreme Court's website
Scammon, J. Young (1841). Illinois Reports v. 1 (2 ed.). Chicago: Gale & Burley.
Gilman, Charles; Russell H. Curtis (1886). Illinois Reports v. 10. Chicago: Callaghan & Co.
Peck, E. (1856). Illinois Reports v. 16. Chicago: D. B. Cooke & Co.
Peck, E. (1869). Illinois Reports v. 16 (2 ed.). St. Louis: W. J. Gilbert.
Peck, E. (1858). Illinois Reports v. 19. Chicago: D. B. Cooke & Co.
Ewell, Marshall D. Illinois Reports v. 33.
Freeman, Norman L. (1866). Illinois Reports v. 44. Callaghan & Co.
External links[edit]
Illinois Supreme Court website
A Chronicle of the Illinois Supreme Court
Illinois State Judiciary
Chief Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
Illinois Supreme Court Historic Preservation Commission
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Geothermal power
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Krafla, a geothermal power station in Iceland
Countries with installed and/or developing geothermal power projects
Part of a series about
Sustainable energy
Energy conservation
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Geothermal power is power generated by geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 24 countries,[1] while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries.[2]
As of 2015, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounts to 12.8 gigawatts (GW), of which 28 percent or 3,548 megawatts are installed in the United States. International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6 GW by 2020.[3] Based on current geologic knowledge and technology the GEA publicly discloses, the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) estimates that only 6.5 percent of total global potential has been tapped so far, while the IPCC reported geothermal power potential to be in the range of 35 GW to 2 TW.[2] Countries generating more than 15 percent of their electricity from geothermal sources include El Salvador, Kenya, the Philippines, Iceland and Costa Rica.
Geothermal power is considered to be a sustainable, renewable source of energy because the heat extraction is small compared with the Earth's heat content.[4] The greenhouse gas emissions of geothermal electric stations are on average 45 grams of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour of electricity, or less than 5 percent of that of conventional coal-fired plants.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History and development
2 Resources
3 Power station types
3.1 Dry steam power stations
3.2 Flash steam power stations
3.3 Binary cycle power stations
4 Worldwide production
4.1 Utility-grade stations
5 Environmental impact
6 Economics
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History and development[edit]
In the 20th century, demand for electricity led to the consideration of geothermal power as a generating source. Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904 in Larderello, Italy. It successfully lit four light bulbs.[6] Later, in 1911, the world's first commercial geothermal power station was built there. Experimental generators were built in Beppu, Japan and the Geysers, California, in the 1920s, but Italy was the world's only industrial producer of geothermal electricity until 1958.
Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA)
Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity;[7] lower green line is realized production.[2]
In 1958, New Zealand became the second major industrial producer of geothermal electricity when its Wairakei station was commissioned. Wairakei was the first station to use flash steam technology.[8]
In 1960, Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power station in the United States at The Geysers in California.[9] The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 MW net power.[10]
The binary cycle power station was first demonstrated in 1967 in Russia and later introduced to the USA in 1981,[9] following the 1970s energy crisis and significant changes in regulatory policies. This technology allows the use of much lower temperature resources than were previously recoverable. In 2006, a binary cycle station in Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, came on-line, producing electricity from a record low fluid temperature of 57 °C (135 °F).[11]
Geothermal electric stations have until recently been built exclusively where high temperature geothermal resources are available near the surface. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range.[12] Demonstration projects are operational in Landau-Pfalz, Germany, and Soultz-sous-Forêts, France, while an earlier effort in Basel, Switzerland was shut down after it triggered earthquakes. Other demonstration projects are under construction in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.[13]
The thermal efficiency of geothermal electric stations is low, around 7–10%,[14] because geothermal fluids are at a low temperature compared with steam from boilers. By the laws of thermodynamics this low temperature limits the efficiency of heat engines in extracting useful energy during the generation of electricity. Exhaust heat is wasted, unless it can be used directly and locally, for example in greenhouses, timber mills, and district heating. The efficiency of the system does not affect operational costs as it would for a coal or other fossil fuel plant, but it does factor into the viability of the station. In order to produce more energy than the pumps consume, electricity generation requires high temperature geothermal fields and specialized heat cycles.[citation needed] Because geothermal power does not rely on variable sources of energy, unlike, for example, wind or solar, its capacity factor can be quite large – up to 96% has been demonstrated.[15] However the global average capacity factor was 74.5% in 2008, according to the IPCC.[16]
Resources[edit]
Enhanced geothermal system 1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock
The Earth’s heat content is about 1031 joules.[2] This heat naturally flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44.2 terawatts (TW)[17] and is replenished by radioactive decay at a rate of 30 TW.[4] These power rates are more than double humanity’s current energy consumption from primary sources, but most of this power is too diffuse (approximately 0.1 W/m2 on average) to be recoverable. The Earth's crust effectively acts as a thick insulating blanket which must be pierced by fluid conduits (of magma, water or other) to release the heat underneath.
Electricity generation requires high-temperature resources that can only come from deep underground. The heat must be carried to the surface by fluid circulation, either through magma conduits, hot springs, hydrothermal circulation, oil wells, drilled water wells, or a combination of these. This circulation sometimes exists naturally where the crust is thin: magma conduits bring heat close to the surface, and hot springs bring the heat to the surface. If no hot spring is available, a well must be drilled into a hot aquifer. Away from tectonic plate boundaries the geothermal gradient is 25–30 °C per kilometre (km) of depth in most of the world, so wells would have to be several kilometres deep to permit electricity generation.[2] The quantity and quality of recoverable resources improves with drilling depth and proximity to tectonic plate boundaries.
In ground that is hot but dry, or where water pressure is inadequate, injected fluid can stimulate production. Developers bore two holes into a candidate site, and fracture the rock between them with explosives or high-pressure water. Then they pump water or liquefied carbon dioxide down one borehole, and it comes up the other borehole as a gas.[12] This approach is called hot dry rock geothermal energy in Europe, or enhanced geothermal systems in North America. Much greater potential may be available from this approach than from conventional tapping of natural aquifers.[12]
Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary from 35 to 2000 GW depending on the scale of investments.[2] This does not include non-electric heat recovered by co-generation, geothermal heat pumps and other direct use. A 2006 report by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) that included the potential of enhanced geothermal systems estimated that investing 1 billion US dollars in research and development over 15 years would allow the creation of 100 GW of electrical generating capacity by 2050 in the United States alone.[12] The MIT report estimated that over 200 zettajoules (ZJ) would be extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with technology improvements – sufficient to provide all the world's present energy needs for several millennia.[12]
At present, geothermal wells are rarely more than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) deep.[2] Upper estimates of geothermal resources assume wells as deep as 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). Drilling near this depth is now possible in the petroleum industry, although it is an expensive process. The deepest research well in the world, the Kola superdeep borehole, is 12.3 km (7.6 mi) deep.[18] This record has recently been imitated by commercial oil wells, such as Exxon's Z-12 well in the Chayvo field, Sakhalin.[19] Wells drilled to depths greater than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) generally incur drilling costs in the tens of millions of dollars.[20] The technological challenges are to drill wide bores at low cost and to break larger volumes of rock.
Geothermal power is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content, but extraction must still be monitored to avoid local depletion.[4] Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades, individual wells may cool down or run out of water. The three oldest sites, at Larderello, Wairakei, and the Geysers have all reduced production from their peaks. It is not clear whether these stations extracted energy faster than it was replenished from greater depths, or whether the aquifers supplying them are being depleted. If production is reduced, and water is reinjected, these wells could theoretically recover their full potential. Such mitigation strategies have already been implemented at some sites. The long-term sustainability of geothermal energy has been demonstrated at the Lardarello field in Italy since 1913, at the Wairakei field in New Zealand since 1958,[21] and at The Geysers field in California since 1960.[22]
Power station types[edit]
Dry steam (left), flash steam (centre), and binary cycle (right) power stations.
Geothermal power stations are similar to other steam turbine thermal power stations in that heat from a fuel source (in geothermal's case, the Earth's core) is used to heat water or another working fluid. The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine of a generator, thereby producing electricity. The fluid is then cooled and returned to the heat source.
Dry steam power stations[edit]
Dry steam stations are the simplest and oldest design. This type of power station is not found very often but is the most efficient. There are little emissions produced and have a simpler design to them.[23] In these sites no water is produced but instead only the steam from that water. [24] Dry Steam Power directly uses geothermal steam of 150 °C or greater to turn turbines.[2] As the turbine rotates it powers a generator which then produces electricity and adds to the power field. [25] Then, the steam is emitted to a condenser. Here the steam turns back into a liquid which then cools the water.[26] After the water is cooled it flows down a pipe that emerges back into the soil.
Flash steam power stations[edit]
Flash steam stations pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180 °C, usually more. This is the most common type of station in operation today. Flash steam plants use geothermal reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 360 °F (182 °C). The hot water flows up through wells in the ground under its own pressure. As it flows upward, the pressure decreases and some of the hot water boils into steam. The steam is then separated from the water and used to power a turbine/generator. Any leftover water and condensed steam may be injected back into the reservoir, making this a potentially sustainable resource.[27] [28] At The Geysers in California, twenty years of power production had depleted the groundwater and operations were substantially reduced. To restore some of the former capacity, water injection was developed.[29]
Binary cycle power stations[edit]
Main article: Binary cycle
Binary cycle power stations are the most recent development, and can accept fluid temperatures as low as 57 °C.[11] The moderately hot geothermal water is passed by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water. This causes the secondary fluid to flash vaporize, which then drives the turbines. This is the most common type of geothermal electricity station being constructed today.[30] Both Organic Rankine and Kalina cycles are used. The thermal efficiency of this type station is typically about 10–13%.
Worldwide production[edit]
Larderello Geothermal Station, in Italy
The International Geothermal Association (IGA) has reported that 10,715 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power in 24 countries is online, which is expected to generate 67,246 GWh of electricity in 2010.[1] This represents a 20% increase in geothermal power online capacity since 2005. IGA projected this would grow to 18,500 MW by 2015, due to the large number of projects that were under consideration, often in areas previously assumed to have little exploitable resource.[1]
In 2010, the United States led the world in geothermal electricity production with 3,086 MW of installed capacity from 77 power stations;[31] the largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers, a geothermal field in California.[32] The Philippines follows the US as the second highest producer of geothermal power in the world, with 1,904 MW of capacity online; geothermal power makes up approximately 27% of the country's electricity generation.[31]
Al Gore said in The Climate Project Asia Pacific Summit that Indonesia could become a super power country in electricity production from geothermal energy.[33] India has announced a plan to develop the country's first geothermal power facility in Chhattisgarh.[34]
Canada is the only major country on the Pacific Ring of Fire which has not yet developed geothermal power. The region of greatest potential is the Canadian Cordillera, stretching from British Columbia to the Yukon, where estimates of generating output have ranged from 1,550 MW to 5,000 MW.[35]
Utility-grade stations[edit]
A geothermal power station in Negros Oriental, Philippines.
The largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers, a geothermal field in California, United States.[36] As of 2004, five countries (El Salvador, Kenya, the Philippines, Iceland, and Costa Rica) generate more than 15% of their electricity from geothermal sources.[2]
Geothermal electricity is generated in the 24 countries listed in the table below. During 2005, contracts were placed for an additional 500 MW of electrical capacity in the United States, while there were also stations under construction in 11 other countries.[12] Enhanced geothermal systems that are several kilometres in depth are operational in France and Germany and are being developed or evaluated in at least four other countries.
Installed geothermal electric capacity
Country
Capacity (MW)
2007[7]
Capacity (MW)
2010[37]
Capacity (MW)
2013[38]
Capacity (MW)
2015[39]
Share of national
generation (%)
USA 2687 3086 3389 3450 0.3
Philippines 1969.7 1904 1894 1870 27.0
Indonesia 992 1197 1333 1340 3.7
Mexico 953 958 980 1017 3.0
New Zealand 471.6 628 895 1005 14.5[40]
Italy 810.5 843 901 916 1.5
Iceland 421.2 575 664 665 30.0
Kenya 128.8 167 215 594 51.0[41]
Japan 535.2 536 537 519 0.1
Turkey 38 82 163 397 0.3
Costa Rica 162.5 166 208 207 14.0
El Salvador 204.4 204 204 204 25.0[42][43]
Nicaragua 79 82 97 82 9.9
Papua New Guinea 56 56 56 50
Guatemala 53 52 42 52
Portugal 23 29 28 29
Russia 79 79 82 82
China 27.8 24 27 27
Germany 8.4 6.6 13 27
France 14.7 16 15 16
Ethiopia 7.3 7.3 8 7.3
Austria 1.1 1.4 1 1.2
Australia 0.2 1.1 1 1.1
Thailand 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Total
9,731.9
10,709.7
11,765
12,635.9
–
Environmental impact[edit]
The 120-MWe Nesjavellir power station in southwest Iceland
Fluids drawn from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases, notably carbon dioxide (CO
2), hydrogen sulfide (H
2S), methane (CH
4), ammonia (NH
3) and radon (Rn). These pollutants contribute to global warming, acid rain, radiation and noxious smells if released.[not in citation given]
Existing geothermal electric stations, that fall within the 50th percentile of all total life cycle emissions studies reviewed by the IPCC, produce on average 45 kg of CO
2 equivalent emissions per megawatt-hour of generated electricity (kg CO
2eq/MW·h). For comparison, a coal-fired power plant emits 1,001 kg of CO
2 per megawatt-hour when not coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS).[5]
Stations that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are usually equipped with emission-control systems to reduce the exhaust. Geothermal stations could theoretically inject these gases back into the earth, as a form of carbon capture and storage.
In addition to dissolved gases, hot water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic chemicals, such as mercury, arsenic, boron, antimony, and salt.[44] These chemicals come out of solution as the water cools, and can cause environmental damage if released. The modern practice of injecting geothermal fluids back into the Earth to stimulate production has the side benefit of reducing this environmental risk.
Station construction can adversely affect land stability. Subsidence has occurred in the Wairakei field in New Zealand.[45] Enhanced geothermal systems can trigger earthquakes due to water injection. The project in Basel, Switzerland was suspended because more than 10,000 seismic events measuring up to 3.4 on the Richter Scale occurred over the first 6 days of water injection.[46] The risk of geothermal drilling leading to uplift has been experienced in Staufen im Breisgau.
Geothermal has minimal land and freshwater requirements. Geothermal stations use 404 square meters per GW·h versus 3,632 and 1,335 square meters for coal facilities and wind farms respectively.[45] They use 20 litres of freshwater per MW·h versus over 1000 litres per MW·h for nuclear, coal, or oil.[45]
Geothermal power stations can also disrupt the natural cycles of geysers. For example, the Beowawe, Nevada geysers, which were uncapped geothermal wells, stopped erupting due to the development of the dual-flash station.
Economics[edit]
Geothermal power requires no fuel; it is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations. However, capital costs tend to be high. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks. A typical well doublet in Nevada can support 4.5 megawatts (MW) of electricity generation and costs about $10 million to drill, with a 20% failure rate.[20] In total, electrical station construction and well drilling costs about 2–5 million € per MW of electrical capacity, while the levelised energy cost is 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h.[7] Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges, with capital costs above $4 million per MW and levelized costs above $0.054 per kW·h in 2007.[47]
Geothermal power is highly scalable: a small power station can supply a rural village, though initial capital costs can be high.[48]
The most developed geothermal field is the Geysers in California. In 2008, this field supported 15 stations, all owned by Calpine, with a total generating capacity of 725 MW.[36]
See also[edit]
Renewable energy portal
Energy portal
Geothermal heating
Enhanced geothermal system
Iceland Deep Drilling Project
Renewable energy by country
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Articles on Geothermal Energy
The Geothermal Collection by the University of Hawaii at Manoa
GRC Geothermal Library
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Let My Love Open the Door
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Let My Love Open the Door"
Single by Pete Townshend
from the album Empty Glass
B-side
"Greyhound Girl"
Released
June 4, 1980 (US)
Format
7"
Recorded
March 1980
Genre
Art rock, new wave
Length
2:44
Label
Atco Records
Songwriter(s)
Pete Townshend
Producer(s)
Pete Townshend, Chris Thomas
Pete Townshend UK singles chronology
"Rough Boys"
(1980) "Let My Love Open the Door"
(1980) "Keep on Working"
(1980)
"Rough Boys"
(1980) "Let My Love Open the Door"
(1980) "Keep on Working"
(1980)
Pete Townshend US singles chronology
"Keep Me Turning"
(1977)
[with Ronnie Lane] Keep Me Turning1977 "Let My Love Open the Door"
(1980) Let My Love Open the Door1980 "A Little Is Enough"
(1980) A Little Is Enough1980
"Let My Love Open the Door" is a song written and performed by Pete Townshend from his 1980 album Empty Glass. It reached the top ten in the United States in that same year, reaching number nine.[1][2] It reached number five in Canada.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Personnel
4 Covers
5 List of Films, TV Shows, and Other Media featuring the track
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Although Townshend is a devotee to the religious guru Meher Baba, he claimed in the liner notes of his Anthology CD that "Jesus sings" on the track.[4]
"Let My Love Open the Door" was released as the second single from Empty Glass in Britain, where it was backed with the non-album tracks "Classified" and "Greyhound Girl." The song was a minor British hit, reaching #46.[5] The song saw more success when it was released as the debut single from Empty Glass in America, where the song reached #9.[6] It was Pete Townshend's only solo top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, but The Who's song "I Can See For Miles," which was written by Townshend, reached the same position on the chart 13 years earlier.
Initially, Townshend's manager despised the track due to it "not sounding like Townshend," and wanted it to be removed from Empty Glass.[4] However, upon the song's chart success, his manager called to apologize.
Despite the song's critical and commercial success, Pete Townshend did not consider it one of his best songs. He told Rolling Stone in an interview that "Let My Love Open the Door" was "just a ditty," also claiming that he preferred his minor US hit "A Little Is Enough" from the same album.[4]
In 1996, Townshend released a new version of the song, called "the E. Cola mix", turning the song into a ballad. This version appeared in different television shows and film soundtracks.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1980)
Peak
position
Canada RPM 100[3] 5
UK Singles Chart 46
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [7] 9
U.S. Cash Box Top 100 11
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1980)
Rank
Canada [8] 35
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [9] 59
U.S. Cashbox 92
Personnel[edit]
Pete Townshend: vocals, guitars, synths
John "Rabbit" Bundrick: "straight" keyboards
Simon Phillips: drums
Tony Butler: bass guitar
Ted Jensen - mastering engineer
Covers[edit]
A version of this song by Luminate appears on The Covers EP.[10]
It was also covered by M. Ward (for the 2005 Starbucks compilation album, Sweetheart 2005: Love Songs)
Christian rock group Audio Adrenaline covered this song on their 1999 album Underdog.
Natalie Imbruglia covered the song on her album Male released in 2015.
Great Big Sea covered the song on their 2012 album XX.
Roger Daltrey covered the song in 2015 for a campaign involving Teen Cancer America and First Citizens Bank.[11] A full version was released in February 2016, with all proceeds going to Teen Cancer America.
The group Rogue Wave also covered it in "Cover me" released in 2017.
List of Films, TV Shows, and Other Media featuring the track[edit]
The song has been used frequently in film, most notably the comedy genre, often as trailer music for movies such as Jerry Maguire and How Do You Know, and then as end credit song for Mr. Deeds in 2002; Jersey Girl and Along Came Polly, both in 2004. It was featured in the following films and TV series:
Look Who's Talking (1989)
Grosse Pointe Blank as "E. Cola Mix" (1997)
Mr. Deeds (2002)
Jersey Girl as "E. Cola Mix" (2004)
Along Came Polly (2004)
Click (in trailers) (2006)
Dan in Real Life (2007)
Doctors (soap opera), season 11, episode 106 (2009)
Old Dogs (2009)
How Do You Know (in trailers) (2010)
Take Me Home Tonight as "E. Cola Mix" (2011)
Red Dog (2011)
Hit and Run (2012)
The Newsroom (2012) - cover by Luminate used in the second season finale, "Election Night, Part II" (September 15, 2013)
Californication, season 7, episode 1 (April 13, 2014)
The Goldbergs, season 1 "Why're You Hitting Yourself?" (2013) the "E. Cola Mix" played at end before credits. Also played in Season 4, Episode 15 "So Swayze It's Crazy" (2017).
A cover of the song by Stacey Markus is used at the end of episode nine ("The Invitation") of the 2015 Netflix original series Grace and Frankie, starring Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin.
The song is featured in a Walmart Christmas holiday television commercial which started airing in early December 2017.[12]
Lethal Weapon (TV series), season 2, episode 9 "Fools Rush In" play the song performed by "Rogue wave" (2017). [13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie (2012-06-14). "Let My Love Open the Door". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Pete Townshend, 'Empty Glass' | 100 Best Albums of the Eighties". Rolling Stone. 1989-11-16. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Bac-lac.gc.ca
^ Jump up to: a b c "Let My Love Open the Door". Songfacts.com.
Jump up ^ "Pete Townshend UK charts". Official Charts.
Jump up ^ "Pete Townshend US charts". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Collectionscanada.gc.ca Archived 2016-04-25 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ "The Covers EP: Various artists: MP3 Downloads". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Help us open the door to better cancer care | #LetMyLoveOpenTheDoor". Firstcitizens.com. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Walmart TV Commercial, 'Christmas Like a Rock Star' Song by Pete Townshend". Ispot.tv. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Leathal Weapon (TV series) "Fools Rush" Soundtracks (2017)". Imdb.com. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Pete Townshend
Discography
Studio albums
Who Came First
Rough Mix (w/ Ronnie Lane)
Empty Glass
All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes
White City: A Novel
The Iron Man: A Musical
Psychoderelict
Classic Quadrophenia
Meher Baba tribute albums
(w/ Ronnie Lane et al.)
Happy Birthday
I Am
With Love
O' Parvardigar
Live albums
Deep End Live! (w/ Deep End)
A Benefit for Maryville Academy
Live: The Empire
Live: Sadler's Wells
Live: The Fillmore
The Oceanic Concerts (w/ Raphael Rudd)
Live: La Jolla Playhouse 2001
Pete Townshend Live BAM 1993
Live: Brixton Academy '85
Compilations
Scoop
Another Scoop
The Best of Pete Townshend
Scoop 3
Scooped
Lifehouse Chronicles
Lifehouse Elements
Anthology
Truancy: The Very Best of Pete Townshend
Singles
"Let My Love Open the Door"
"Rough Boys"
"A Little Is Enough"
"Keep on Working"
"Face Dances, Pt. 2"
"Face the Face"
"Give Blood"
"English Boy"
Other Songs
"Parvardigar"
"Somebody Saved Me"
"Slit Skirts"
"White City Fighting"
"Fire"
DVDs
Lifehouse (video)
Live In New York Feat. Psychoderelict
O Parvardigar
Related articles
Songs
Songs Written
Albums
Peter Meaden
The Who
Deep End
Tommy (film)
The Who's Tommy
Tommy (EP)
Tommy (soundtrack)
The Boy Who Heard Music
Quadrophenia (musical)
Quadrophenia (film)
Quadrophenia (soundtrack)
The Lifehouse Method
Horse's Neck
Who I Am
Eel Pie Publishing
Eel Pie Studios
Double O
Cliff Townshend
Emma Townshend
Simon Townshend
The Wick
Ashdown House, Oxfordshire
The Boathouse, Twickenham
Chapel House, Twickenham
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