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Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales (which make up Great Britain), and Northern Ireland. In Northern Ireland, all police officers carry firearms. In the rest of the United Kingdom, the majority of police officers do not carry firearms; that duty is instead carried out by specially-trained firearms officers. This originates from the formation of the Metropolitan Police Service in the 19th century, when police were not armed, partly to counter public fears and objections over armed enforcers as this had been previously seen due to the British Army maintaining order when needed. The arming of police in Great Britain is a perennial topic of debate.
However, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (formerly the Royal Ulster Constabulary), Northern Ireland Security Guard Service, Ministry of Defence Police, Civil Nuclear Constabulary, Belfast Harbour Police, Belfast International Airport Constabulary, and most of the Specialist Operations units of the Metropolitan Police are all issued firearms as a matter of routine. Every force also has a Force firearms unit, with armed response vehicles.
In relation to specialist firearms officers, in the year 2011–12, there were 6,756 Authorised Firearms Officers, 12,550 police operations in which firearms were authorised throughout England and Wales and five incidents where conventional firearms were used.[1]
The vast majority of officers are instead issued with other items for personal defence, such as speedcuffs, extendable "ASP" batons, and incapacitant sprays such as PAVA or CS spray. While not firearms, incapacitant sprays are subject to some of the same rules and regulations as a projectile firing firearm under Section 5 (b) of the Firearms Act 1968.[2]
Since 2004, police forces have issued Tasers to Authorised Firearms Officers for use against armed assailants which are considered by the authorities to be a less-lethal alternative to conventional firearms.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ireland
1.2 Northern Ireland
1.3 Great Britain
2 Legal status
3 Firearms used
4 Notable incidents
4.1 Fatal incidents
4.2 Non-fatal incidents
5 "Shoot to kill policy"
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Ireland[edit]
Ireland's first organised police force, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), was created in the early 19th century, after Ireland had been absorbed into the United Kingdom. Due to the amount of civil unrest and the threat from Irish nationalist/republican groups, the RIC was armed from the beginning. The RIC played a key role in fighting the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish War of Independence (1919–22), and was essentially a paramilitary police force. In 1922, the Irish Free State left the UK and set-up its own unarmed police force, Garda Síochána na hÉireann (Guardians of the Peace of Ireland). However, six of Ireland's counties remained within the UK as Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland[edit]
Male members of Northern Ireland's police force, the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), were armed from the beginning due to the threat from the IRA. The first female members were armed in 1993.[4] Firearms were used routinely by the RUC during The Troubles, and a number of people were killed by RUC firearms or plastic bullets during that time.[5] In 2001 the RUC became the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). It remained an armed police force, partly due to the continued threat from dissident Irish republicanism.
Great Britain[edit]
Police use of firearms in Great Britain has been tightly limited and controversial[6] as senior officers want forces to retain a "British Bobby" or Dixon of Dock Green effect on the community, policing by respect and consent rather than at the point of a gun. In Great Britain during the Second World War, firearms were only carried while protecting 10 Downing Street and the Royal Family, but police were given many firearms in case of invasion. They were never taken on general patrol, partly because a revolver was usually issued without a holster, as holsters were in short supply because of the war. [7] Training for the Webley & Scott Revolvers usually consisted of firing six shots and to pass, it was required that three shots had to be on target although loading of the actual weapon was not taught.
On 26 May 1940, Scotland Yard issued a memorandum detailing the Metropolitan Police use of firearms in wartime. It was decided that even though the police was non-combatant, they would provide armed guards at sites deemed a risk from enemy sabotage, and would assist the British Armed Forces in the event of an invasion. On 1 June 1940, 3,500 Ross Rifles, which had last seen service in 1916, and 72,384 rounds of .303 ammunition were received from the military and were distributed among Police division. Rifles were also issued to the Port of London Authority Police.
In 1948, after the Second World War, concerns were aired by the Home Office of the police force's role in another war or nuclear attack,[8] to combat this it was decided that some of the forces would be lent Sten Guns by the Ministry of Defence and a number of Lee–Enfield No4 Mk 2s. These, along with revolvers and ammunition, were kept in secret depots around the United Kingdom, so every force had the weapons close and could get access to them when and if the time should come.[9]
Historically, officers on night patrols in some London divisions were frequently armed with Webley revolvers. These were introduced following the murder of two officers in 1884, although individual officers were able to choose whether to carry the weapons. Armed police were rare by the turn of the century, and were retired formally in July 1936. However, after the Battle of Stepney in 1911, Webley semi-automatics were issued to officers. From 1936, firearms could only be issued by a Sergeant with good reason, and only then to officers who had been trained in their usage.
The issue of routine arming in Great Britain was raised after the 1952 Derek Bentley case, in which a Constable was shot dead and a Sergeant severely wounded, and again after the 1966 Massacre of Braybrook Street, in which three London officers were killed. As a result, around 17% of officers in London became authorised to carry firearms. After the deaths of a number of members of the public in the 1980s fired upon by police, control was considerably tightened, many officers had their firearm authorisation revoked, and training for the remainder was greatly improved. As of 2005, around 7% of officers in London are trained in the use of firearms. Firearms are also only issued to an officer under strict guidelines.[10]
To allow armed officers to respond rapidly to an incident, most forces have patrolling Armed Response Vehicles (ARVs). ARVs were modelled on the Instant Response Cars introduced by the West Yorkshire Police in 1976, and were first introduced in London in 1991, with 132 armed deployments being made that year.
Although largely attributable to a significant increase in the use of imitation firearms and air weapons,[11] the overall increase in firearms crime between 1998/99 and 2002/03[11] (it has been decreasing since 2003/04, although use of imitations continued to rise)[11] has kept this issue in the spotlight. In October 2000, Nottinghamshire Police introduced regular armed patrols to the St Ann's and Meadows estates in Nottingham, in response to fourteen drug-related shootings in the two areas in the previous year.[12] Although the measure was not intended to be permanent, patrols were stepped up in the autumn of 2001 after further shootings,[13] after which the firearms crime declined dramatically.[14]
In September 2004, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Office approved the use of tasers throughout England and Wales by Authorised Firearms Officers following a trial.[3] In November 2008, the Home Secretary approved the use of tasers throughout England and Wales for all officers, lifting the Authorised Firearms Officer restriction, with officers who receive training and carry a taser known as 'specially trained units' (STU’s).[15][16]
In 2010, following the serious injury of an unarmed officer in a knife attack, the chairman of the Police Memorial Trust, Michael Winner stated that he had put up memorials to 44 officers and that he believed, "It is almost certain that at least 38 of those [Police Officers] would be alive had they been armed".[17] In response, chairman of the Metropolitan Police Federation Peter Smyth said, "A lot of police officers don't want to be armed. We don't want a call to arms, I don't think that's necessary."[18]
Surveys by the Police Federation of England and Wales have continued to show police officers' considerable resistance to routine arming. In the Federation's most recent (2006) Officer/Arming survey, 82% of respondents were against the routine arming of police, although 43% supported an increase in the number of officers trained and authorised to use firearms.[19]
In 2013, Police Scotland was formed with the inaugural Chief Constable granting a standing authority for ARV officers to overtly wear handguns, instead of being secured or concealed, and to deploy their weapons without requiring approval and also to be tasked for routine incidents (non-firearms incidents).[20][21] A survey conducted by the Scottish Police Authority showed that 53% of the public supported sending ARV officers to routine calls and incidents while wearing a visible sidearm.[22] [23]
In May 2014, the Firearms Act 1968 was amended to recognise the British Transport Police (BTP) as a police force under the Act in order to provide BTP a firearms licensing exemption the same as other police forces.[24] BTP had since armed policing commenced in February 2012 required an AFO to apply to their local police force in a private capacity for a firearms certificate to enable them to perform the AFO role.[25]
In February 2015, The Times reported that most forces in England and Wales dispatch armed officers to domestic incidents and other routine police call-outs based on information released under Freedom of Information laws, however, of the 43 police forces sent a request by the Times, half gave only partial information or rejected requests outright.[26][27]
Legal status[edit]
The usage of firearms by the police in England and Wales is covered by statute (such as the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the Human Rights Act 1998), policy (such as the Home Office Code of Practice on Police use of Firearms and Less Lethal Weapons and the ACPO Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms) and common law.
Authorised Firearms Officers (AFOs) may only carry firearms when authorised by an "appropriate authorising officer".[28] The appropriate authorising officer must be of the rank of Inspector or higher.[29] When working at airports, nuclear sites, on Protection Duties and deployed in Armed Response Vehicles in certain areas, 'Standing Authority' is granted to carry personal sidearms.[30] All members of the Police Service of Northern Ireland have authority to carry a personal issue handgun as a matter of routine, both on duty and off.[31] In all forces, usage of other weapons such as semi-automatic carbines requires further training and authorisation. Semi-automatic carbines are stored in a locked armoury inside Armed Response Vehicles. Equipping of semi-automatic carbines rests on a judgment of the AFO[clarification needed].[32]
United Kingdom law allows the use of "reasonable force" to make an arrest or prevent a crime[33][34] or to defend oneself.[35] However, if the force used is fatal, then the European Convention of Human Rights only allows "the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary".[36] Firearms officers may therefore only discharge their weapons "to stop an imminent threat to life".[37]
ACPO policy states that "use" of a firearm includes both pointing it at a person and discharging it (whether accidentally or negligently, or intentionally).[38] As with all use of force in England and Wales, the onus is on the individual officer to justify their actions in court.[39]
Firearms used[edit]
A Ministry of Defence Police Officer on duty with an SA80 L85A2
Main article: List of police firearms in the United Kingdom
Different police forces use a variety of firearms. Although, for forces in England and Wales, guidance is provided from ACPO and the Home Office[40] decisions on what weapons will be employed by an individual force largely rest with the Chief Constable.
In Northern Ireland, the PSNI issues all of its police officers with the Glock 17 pistol, and allows its officers to carry their issue sidearm off-duty.
Notable incidents[edit]
See also: List of people killed by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom
This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (January 2010)
According to an October 2005 article in The Independent, in the preceding 12 years, 30 people had been shot dead by police.[41] The following are examples of shootings by British police officers. This figure presumably excludes those killed in Northern Ireland. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers killed 30 civilians, 17 members of Irish republican paramilitaries and 4 members of loyalist paramilitaries.[5]
Fatal incidents[edit]
Note: the following is incomplete, and also does not include killings by police in Northern Ireland.
In June 1980, hostage Gail Kinchin and her unborn baby were killed in crossfire between West Midlands officers and her boyfriend.
On 24 August 1985 John Shorthouse aged 5 was shot dead in a police raid on his home in Birmingham. The incident produced hostility towards the police over two days after John's death when a policewoman was dragged from her patrol car and beaten by youths. Following the Shorthouse case, West Midlands police abandoned its practice of training rank-and-file officers for firearms duties and formed a specialist squad.[42]
On 24 April 1995 James Brady, 21, was shot dead in an ambush by police officers acting on a tip-off. He and three friends were thought to be about to steal from a club in Westerhope village, near Newcastle. The torch he had been carrying was mistaken for a firearm.
On 28 April 1995 A prisoner on day release, David Ewin, 38, was shot twice in the stomach by a police officer after he was spotted in a stolen sports car in Barnes, west London. He died in hospital three weeks later.
On 23 September 1996 Diarmuid O'Neill, 27, a suspected IRA terrorist was hit and killed by 10 bullets when officers raided his lodgings in Hammersmith, west London. A February 2000 inquest ruled that the unarmed man was lawfully killed.[43]
On 20 November 1996 David Howell, 40, a mental health patient, was shot dead by police marksmen when he ran amok with a knife in a Birmingham shop and took the manager hostage. An inquest jury later returned a verdict of lawful killing.
On 15 January 1998 James Ashley, 39, was shot and killed by Sussex Police while naked and unarmed during a drugs raid at his flat. The officer who fired the shots was cleared of any wrongdoing after a trial at the Old Bailey.[44]
On 26 February 1998 Michael Fitzgerald, 32, was shot in the chest by police in Bedford after a two-hour stand-off. Neighbours had mistaken him for a burglar. It later emerged that he was in his own home and carrying a fake gun.[45]
On 10 April 1999 Devon and Cornwall police fatally shot Antony Kitts in Falmouth. He was reported to have threatened officers with what they thought was a sniper rifle. It turned out to be an air rifle. An inquest in 2000 returned a verdict of lawful killing.[46]
In June 1999 Derek Bateman, 47, of Surrey was shot by a single bullet through the heart after his girlfriend went to a neighbour's house and telephoned the police, telling them he was armed and had been threatening to shoot her. It was later determined that the weapon he had brandished at the police was an air pistol.[47]
On 22 September 1999 Harry Stanley, a painter and decorator, born in Bellshill near Glasgow, was walking home when he was shot dead by two Metropolitan Police officers following an erroneous report that he was carrying a sawn-off shotgun in a plastic bag. The officers challenged Mr Stanley from behind. As he turned to face them they shot him dead at a distance of 5 metres. It later emerged that the plastic bag actually contained a broken table leg that Stanley's brother had just fixed for him. Following numerous enquiries (in November 2004 a jury returned a verdict of unlawful killing) both officers were exonerated after 6 years of court cases and inquiries. It was found that neither officer was liable for criminal charges nor would face any disciplinary sanctions. However, the report did make notable recommendations to the police on the post-incident procedure to be followed after a shooting and about challenging members of the public from behind.[48]
On 24 September 2000 Kirk Davies, 30, died after being shot by a West Yorkshire police officer in Wakefield. He had an air rifle and had threatened a police officer earlier in the evening.[49]
On 30 October 2000 Patrick O'Donnell, 19, was shot by a Metropolitan police officer after a siege at a house in Islington, north London, in which he took his mother and girlfriend hostage.
On 12 July 2001 Mr Andrew Kernan, 37, a gardener from Wavertree in Liverpool was shot dead in the street by the second of two shots fired by officers of the Merseyside Police Force. The officers had been called to the scene by the victim's mother, Marie Kernan, who had also requested a psychiatric medical team attend her home because her schizophrenic son, Andrew Kernan, was being aggressive. At least four police officers from the Merseyside force went to Mrs Kernan's flat but Andrew Kernan ran into the street, dressed in his pyjamas, wielding a Katana. Mr Kernan slashed off the wing mirror of one of the police cars. After negotiating with him for 25 minutes and using CS gas, officers fired two shots. The second bullet hit Mr Kernan in the chest and he died on the way to hospital. In the case of Andrew Kernan, the Chief Constable of Merseyside Police Norman Bettison took the unusual step of sending a hand-written letter to Marie Kernan with his apologies. The then Home Secretary David Blunkett ordered a review of how armed police were used, and the dead man's mother, Marie Kernan, 59, commented at the time: "You don't kill somebody with a mental illness. I demand justice for Andrew and won't rest until I get an answer." However, a verdict of lawful killing was returned by the jury at Liverpool District Coroner's Court on 9 December 2004, and the Coroner, Andre Rebello, praised the actions of the officers at the scene. The IPCA Commissioner for the North West, Mike Franklin, stated that "the officers involved in this case were presented with a rapidly evolving scenario... Firearms officers at the scene acted bravely and the investigation has found no evidence that their actions fell below that required or expected of them."[50]
On 30 April 2005, Azelle Rodney, from London, was shot dead by armed officers of the Metropolitan Police. In August 2007, coroner Andrew Walker, sitting at Hornsey North London, said that a full inquest into Rodney's death could not be held because of the large number of redactions in police officers' statements. In July 2013 a judicial inquiry found that the Authorised Firearms Officer who fired the fatal shots had "no lawful justification" for opening fire. The case was referred to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) to determine whether a prosecution should be launched.[51][52]
On 22 July 2005, Jean Charles de Menezes, a Brazilian national living in London, was shot dead by unnamed Metropolitan Police officers on board an Underground train at Stockwell tube station, in the belief he was a suicide bomber. He was shot in the back of the head 7 times. Initially, police claimed incorrectly that he was wearing bulky clothing and that he had vaulted the ticket barriers running from police when challenged, but did not modify their statement until the correct information was leaked to the press. They later issued an apology, saying that they had mistaken him for a suspect in the previous day's failed bombings and acknowledging that de Menezes in fact had no explosives and was unconnected with the attempted bombings. Following an investigation by the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), the Crown Prosecution Service announced on 17 July 2006, that no charges would be brought against any individual officers in relation to the death of Jean Charles. Sir Ian Blair, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police when the shooting occurred will, however, face charges under Health and Safety legislation from his professional—rather than personal—capacity. The family of Jean Charles has called on the government to open a public inquiry into the shooting.[53]
In June 2007 Anne Sanderson was shot dead by an armed officer in Sevenoaks, Kent after being seen with what was later identified as a BB gun, which she refused to relinquish when challenged by police. It was the first fatal shooting of a woman by UK Police in 27 years (and first time ever that the shooting was deliberate).[54] A month previously police officers had found notes in Sanderson's car which had suicidal connotations, but no action was taken. A subsequent IPCC investigation noted this, as well as other procedural issues in the investigation, but stated that they "did not have a negative impact on the incident's outcome". In addition, the report said that officers involved "performed their duties conscientiously and diligently" and that an inquest jury returned a verdict of lawful killing.[55]
On 6 May 2008 Mark Saunders, a barrister, was shot by police following a siege at his home in Markham Square, Chelsea, London.[56]
On 29 October 2008 Andrew Hammond, 40, was shot after threatening people with a firearm in Romford.[57]
In May 2009 Keith Richards, 47, was shot while brandishing a crossbow at police in Shildon, County Durham.[58]
On 8 May 2009 Mervyn Tussler, 64, was shot after he opened fire at police at a retirement home in Worthing, Sussex. Tussler had earlier threatened a member of the home staff with a handgun, and threatened to kill himself.[59]
On 28 December 2010 Alistair Bell, 42, shot and injured an unarmed police officer responding to threats by Bell to kill a woman and her husband. Bell subsequently fired a further 43 shots at officers before being shot himself.[60]
On 10 February 2011, Michael Fitzpatrick, 49, wanted in connection with a series of armed robberies, was shot by police in Kemptown, Sussex.[61]
On 4 August 2011, Mark Duggan was shot dead by the MPS, sparking massive riots across London and other cities in England. Four officers are being investigated in the incident, although it was speculated "in leaks from official sources to The Times newspaper... that the firearms officer [would] be cleared of any wrongdoing on the basis that he had "an honest-held belief that he was in imminent danger of him or his colleagues being shot".[62]
On 3 March 2012, Anthony Grainger was shot dead in Cheshire by an armed Greater Manchester Police officer whilst sitting in a stolen car. Grainger was unarmed at the time of the shooting. Chief Constable Peter Fahy was charged under health and safety legislation over the shooting.[63]
On 5 September 2014 Dean Joseph, 40, was shot after holding a woman at knifepoint in Islington, London.[64]
On 30 August 2015 James Fox, 43, was shot after making threats to kill with a firearm in Enfield, London.[65]
On 22 October 2015 Richard Davies was shot by police in St Neots, Cambridgeshire.[66]
On 1 May 2016, William Smith, 36, was shot dead during a police raid in Kent in connection with the killing of Roy Blackman, 73, during a burglary ten days previously. Firearms recovered at the scene.[67]
Non-fatal incidents[edit]
Note: the following does not include incidents in Northern Ireland.
On 17 January 1983 Steven Waldorf was shot by police hunting David Martin, who absconded from custody at Marlborough Street magistrates' court where he was due to face a charge of attempting to murder a police officer. Waldorf was critically injured in a police ambush in a west London street after he was mistaken for Martin. He was shot five times, and then pistol whipped by an officer who had attempted to shoot him in the head, but had already used all his ammunition. Waldorf made a full recovery and eventually received compensation.[68]
On 28 September 1985 Cherry Groce, a mother-of-six, was shot and paralysed by officers who were looking for her son. The shooting sparked riots in Brixton. The officer involved was cleared of all criminal charges.[69]
On 2 June 2006, two family homes were raided in an operation involving 250 police in east London. One man, Abdul Kahar, was shot in the shoulder by police during the raid, but was later released without charge. The raid was based on faulty intelligence.
"Shoot to kill policy"[edit]
The national media has criticised the policies of police forces which they have deemed "shoot to kill." Police firearms training actually teaches the use and discharge of firearms to "remove the threat" rather than to kill. Following the 11 September, 2001 attacks new guidelines were developed for identifying, confronting, and dealing forcefully with terrorist suspects. These guidelines were given the code name "Operation Kratos".
Based in part on advice from the security forces of Israel and Sri Lanka—two countries with experience of suicide bombings—Operation Kratos guidelines allegedly state that the head or lower limbs should be aimed at when a suspected suicide bomber appears to have no intention of surrendering. This is contrary to the usual practice of aiming at the torso, which presents the biggest target, as a hit to the torso may detonate an explosive belt.
Sir Ian Blair appeared on television 24 July 2005 to accept responsibility for the error on the part of the Metropolitan Police in shooting Jean Charles de Menezes, mistakenly identified as a suicide bomber three days prior, and to acknowledge and defend the policy, saying that "There is no point in shooting at someone's chest because that is where the bomb is likely to be. There is no point in shooting anywhere else if they fall down and detonate it."
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
Law enforcement portal
Anti-terrorist policies of the Metropolitan police
Police firearm use by country
Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Ashley shot naked and unarmed". BBC News. 12 November 2003.
Jump up ^ "Inquest told of gun collection". BBC News. 24 November 1998. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Police 'lawfully' killed man armed with air rifle". Telegraph. 10 August 2000. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Tom Geoghegan (30 January 2003). "'My father didn't have to die'". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Shot man 'recovering from cancer'". BBC News. 18 October 2004.
Jump up ^ "Man shot by police 'threatened staff'". BBC News. 22 April 2002. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "IPCC Concludes Andrew Kernan Case". IPCA. 22 September 2005.
Jump up ^ Dodd, Vikram (5 July 2013). "Azelle Rodney death: Met police had 'no lawful justification' for shooting Marksman could be prosecuted over death of unarmed man after official inquiry rules his evidence was 'not to be accepted'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Azelle Rodney death: 'No justification' for police shooting". BBC News. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Doubt over shoot-to-kill policy". London: The Independent. 21 August 2005.
Jump up ^ The Guardian: Police shoot dead woman waving gun at officers in car park
Jump up ^ IPCC final report
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-11483171
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ "Four officers under investigation for Duggan shooting - Channel 4 News". Channel4.com. 2011-09-08. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
Jump up ^ Danny Shaw (2014-01-16). "BBC News - Greater Manchester Police chief faces shooting charges". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ [7]
Jump up ^ [8]
Jump up ^ [9]
Jump up ^ "Man shot by police hunting David Martin". BBC News. 14 January 1983.
Jump up ^ "1987: Officer cleared in Groce shooting case". BBC News. 15 January 1987.
External links[edit]
Wikinews has articles covering the shooting:
Armed police shoot man dead on London Underground
Man shot on London Underground unconnected to bombing, says Scotland Yard
Leaked documents reveal killed Brazilian was not acting suspiciously
Daily Mail: Scotland Yard offered Menezes family US$1m
"Tactical Firearms Unit". Specialist Units. Sussex Police. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_use_of_firearms_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=835977640"
Categories:
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Hidden categories:
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All pages needing cleanup
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text:
Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?"
Single by Bryan Adams
from the album Don Juan DeMarco: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and 18 til I Die
B-side
"Low Life"
Released
April 4, 1995
Format
CD single
Recorded
1994
Genre
Latin rock, soft rock, pop rock
Length
4:50
Label
A&M
Songwriter(s)
Bryan Adams
Michael Kamen
Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Producer(s)
Adams and Lange
Bryan Adams singles chronology
"All for Love"
(1993) "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?"
(1995) "Rock Steady"
(1995)
"All for Love"
(1993) "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?"
(1995) "Rock Steady"
(1995)
Audio sample
file
help
"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" is a song written by Bryan Adams, Michael Kamen and Robert John "Mutt" Lange, and recorded by Adams for the film Don Juan DeMarco. The melody is used as a musical motif throughout the film, and the song is featured three times in the movie, twice performed by other artists in Spanish, and finally performed by Adams himself during the closing credits. The Adams version of the song, which features flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucia, is featured on the soundtrack album and also on the album 18 til I Die, which was released over a year later. It was at number one for five weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, making it the third number one song for the songwriting team, and went on to earn them their second Oscar nomination.[citation needed] It also went to number one in Canada (five weeks), Australia, Austria and Switzerland while reaching the top five in nine additional countries, including the UK, and the top ten in a further four countries. The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the Oscars but lost to Colors Of The Wind from Pocahontas
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listings
3 Charts and sales
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
3.3 End-of-decade charts
3.4 Certifications and sales
3.5 Chart successions
4 References
Music video[edit]
The music video was shot in Spain at Casa los Pavos Reales, Málaga starring Cecilie Thomsen and Amira Casar. It was directed by the music video director Anton Corbijn and released and aired in May 1995.[1]
Track listings[edit]
CD single
"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" — 4:52
"Low Life" — 4:17
Charts and sales[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[2] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[3] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4] 3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[5] 2
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[6] 1
Denmark (IFPI)[7] 3
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[citation needed] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[8] 7
France (SNEP)[9] 5
Germany (Official German Charts)[10] 3
Ireland (IRMA)[11] 3
Italy (FIMI)[12] 10
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[13] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14] 9
Norway (VG-lista)[15] 5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[16] 6
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[17] 1
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)[18] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[19] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks[19] 21
US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[19] 29
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[19] 5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Position
Australian ARIA Singles Chart[20] 6
Austrian Singles Chart[21] 6
Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart[22] 9
Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[23] 8
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[24] 5
Dutch Top 40[25] 7
French Singles Chart[26] 13
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[27] 27
Swiss Singles Chart[28] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[29] 16
End-of-decade charts[edit]
Chart (1990–1999)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[30] 54
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Austria (IFPI Austria)[31]
Gold 25,000*
Germany (BVMI)[32]
Gold 250,000^
Sweden (GLF)[33]
Gold 25,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[34]
Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[35]
Silver 200,000^
United States
600,000[36]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Chart successions[edit]
Preceded by
"This Is How We Do It" by Montell Jordan Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
June 3, 1995 – July 1, 1995 (5 weeks) Succeeded by
"Waterfalls" by TLC
Preceded by
"Believe" by Elton John Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one single
June 3, 1995 – July 1, 1995 Succeeded by
"I'll Be There for You" by The Rembrandts
Preceded by
"Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)" by Scatman John Swiss number one single
July 2, 1995 – July 9, 1995 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Wish You Were Here" by Rednex
Preceded by
"Mouth" by Merril Bainbridge Australian ARIA Singles Chart number-one single
July 2, 1995 (1 week) Succeeded by
"Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" by U2
Preceded by
"Laß uns schmutzig Liebe machen" by Die Schröders Austrian number-one single
July 16, 1995 (1 week) Succeeded by
"Wish You Were Here" by Rednex
Preceded by
"Scream/Childhood" by Michael and Janet Jackson Eurochart Hot 100 number one single
July 22, 1995 – July 29 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Shy Guy" by Diana King
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 61, No. 17". RPM (Library and Archives Canada). May 29, 1995. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hits of the World: Denmark (IFPI/Nielsen Marketing Research) 07/29/95". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. 107 (30): 41. 29 July 1995. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Bryan Adams Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Irish Single Chart, database". Irishcharts. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete: A". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Bryan Adams" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ ""Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman", UK Singles Chart". Chartstats. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bryan Dams singles, Billboard charts". Allmusic. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "1995 Australian Singles Chart". aria. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "1995 Austrian Singles Chart" (in German). Austriancharts. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "1995 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "1995 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1995". RPM. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1995" (pdf) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "1995 French Singles Chart" (in French). Disqueenfrance. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1995". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "1995 Swiss Singles Chart" (in German). Hitparade. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100–1995". Archived from the original on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield (December 25, 1999). 1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s. Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman" (in German). IFPI Austria. Enter Bryan Adams in the field Interpret. Enter Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bryan Adams; 'Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Bryan Adams; 'Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Bryan Adams – Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1995". Billboard. BPI Communications. 108 (3): 56. January 20, 1996. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
[show]
v
t
e
Don Juan
Films
Don Juan Tenorio (1898)
Don Juan (1913)
The Lucky Horseshoe (1925)
Don Juan (1926)
The Private Life of Don Juan (1934)
Adventures of Don Juan (1948)
Le avventure di Mandrin (1952)
Crossed Swords (1954)
Don Juan (1956)
The Devil's Eye (1960)
Don Juan in Sicily (1967)
Don Juan (1969)
Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman (1973)
Don Giovanni (1979)
Little Tragedies (1979)
Don Juan in Hell (1995)
Don Juan DeMarco (1995)
"El Toro Relajo"
"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?"
Don Juan (1998)
Broken Flowers (2005)
Don Jon (2013)
Plays
The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest (1630)
Dom Juan (1665)
The Stone Guest (1830)
Don Juan Tenorio (1844)
Don Juan (1862)
Man and Superman (1905)
Don Juan (1959)
Don Juan in Soho (2006)
A Free Man of Color (2010)
Operas
L'empio punito (1669)
La pravità castigata (1730)
Don Giovanni (1787)
"Là ci darem la mano "
"Madamina, il catalogo è questo"
Discography
Don Giovanni Tenorio (1787)
Réminiscences de Don Juan (1841)
The Stone Guest (1872)
Margarita la tornera (1909)
Flammen (1932)
Other music
Don Juan (ballet, 1761)
Don Juan (tone poem, 1888)
Don Juan Triumphant (fictional, 1910)
John Gavanti (album, 1980)
Don Giovanni (album, 1986)
Don Juan (musical, 2003)
"Don Juan" (song, 2012)
Poems
Don Juan (1821)
El estudiante de Salamanca (1840)
Novels
Don Giovanni in Sicilia (1941)
Blue of Noon (1957)
Mary and the Giant (1987)
[show]
v
t
e
Bryan Adams
Discography
Videography
Awards and nominations
Backing band
Studio albums
Bryan Adams
You Want It You Got It
Cuts Like a Knife
Reckless
Into the Fire
Waking Up the Neighbours
18 til I Die
On a Day Like Today
Room Service
11
Tracks of My Years
Get Up!
Live albums
Live! Live! Live!
MTV Unplugged
Live at the Budokan
Bare Bones
Live at Sydney Opera House
Soundtracks
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron
Colour Me Kubrick
Compilations
So Far So Good
The Best of Me
Anthology
Icon
Ultimate
Singles
"Let Me Take You Dancing"
"Straight from the Heart"
"Cuts Like a Knife"
"This Time"
"I'm Ready"
"Run to You"
"Somebody"
"Heaven"
"Summer of '69"
"One Night Love Affair"
"It's Only Love"
"Diana"
"Christmas Time"
"Heat of the Night"
"Hearts on Fire"
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You"
"Can't Stop This Thing We Started"
"There Will Never Be Another Tonight"
"Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven"
"Do I Have to Say the Words?"
"Please Forgive Me"
"The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You"
"Let's Make a Night to Remember"
"I'll Always Be Right There"
"Star"
"18 til I Die"
"Back to You"
"I'm Ready"
"On a Day Like Today"
"When You're Gone"
"Cloud Number Nine"
"The Best of Me"
"Cloud Number Nine (Chicane Mix)"
"Inside Out"
"Here I Am"
"Open Road"
"Flying"
"Room Service"
"This Side of Paradise"
"Why Do You Have to Be So Hard to Love?"
"When You're Gone"
"I Thought I'd Seen Everything"
"Tonight We Have the Stars"
"You've Been a Friend to Me"
"One World, One Flame"
Collaborations
"All for Love"
"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?"
"Rock Steady"
"I Finally Found Someone"
"Don't Give Up"
"Bang the Drum"
"Feels Like Home"
Videography
MTV Unplugged
Live at the Budokan
Live in Lisbon
Live at Sydney Opera House
Book
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_You_Ever_Really_Loved_a_Woman%3F&oldid=819035119"
Categories:
1995 singles
1995 songs
Bryan Adams songs
A&M Records singles
Songs written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Songs written by Michael Kamen
Songs written by Bryan Adams
Song recordings produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Austria
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Switzerland
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Music videos directed by Anton Corbijn
Works based on the Don Juan legend
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Singlechart usages for Australia
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Certification Table Entry usages for Austria
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Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland
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Bantu peoples
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bantu
Regions with significant populations
African Great Lakes, Central Africa, Southern Africa
Languages
Bantu languages (over 535), English, French, Portuguese, Spanish
Religion
predominantly: Christianity, traditional faiths; minority: Islam
Related ethnic groups
Other Niger–Congo-speaking groups
Bantu languages divided into zones according to the Guthrie classification of Bantu languages
Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300–600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages.[1] They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa.[1] Bantu is a major branch of the Niger–Congo language family spoken by most populations in Africa. There are about 650 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility,[2] though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and Ethnologue counts 535 languages.[3]
Around 3,000 years ago, speakers of the Proto-Bantu language group began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland between West Africa and Central Africa, at the border of eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.[4] This Bantu expansion first introduced Bantu peoples to central, southern and southeastern Africa, regions they had previously been absent from. The proto-Bantu migrants in the process assimilated and/or displaced a number of earlier inhabitants that they came across, such as Pygmy and Khoisan populations in the centre and south, respectively. They also encountered some Afro-Asiatic outlier groups in the southeast who had been there for centuries, having migrated from Northeast Africa.[5][6]
Individual Bantu groups today often comprise millions of people. Among these are the Ndebele and Shona of Zimbabwe with 14.2 million people; the Luba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with over 13.5 million people; the Zulu of South Africa, with over 10 million people; the Sukuma of Tanzania, with around eight million people; and the Kikuyu of Kenya, with over six million people. Although only around five million individuals speak the Arabic-influenced Swahili language as their mother tongue,[7] it is used as a lingua franca by over 100 million people throughout Southeast Africa.[8] Swahili also serves as one of the official languages of the African Union.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Origins and expansion
2.2 Kingdoms
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word Bantu, and its variations, means "people" or "humans". The root in Proto-Bantu is reconstructed as *-ntu. Versions of the word Bantu (that is, the root plus the class 2 noun class prefix *ba-) occur in all Bantu languages: for example, as watu in Swahili; bantu in Kikongo; anthu in Chichewa; batu in Lingala; bato in Kiluba; bato in Duala; abanto in Gusii; andũ in Kamba and Kikuyu; abantu in Kirundi, Kinyarwanda, Zulu, Xhosa, Runyakitara,[9] and Ganda; wandru in Shingazidja; abantru in Mpondo and Ndebele; bãtfu in Phuthi; bantfu in Swati; banu in Lala; vanhu in Shona and Tsonga; batho in Sesotho, Tswana and Northern Sotho; antu in Meru; andu in Embu; vandu in some Luhya dialects; vhathu in Venda; and bhandu in Nyakyusa.
History[edit]
Origins and expansion[edit]
Main article: Bantu expansion
1 = 2000–1500 BC origin
2 = ca. 1500 BC first migrations
2.a = Eastern Bantu, 2.b = Western Bantu
3 = 1000–500 BC Urewe nucleus of Eastern Bantu
4–7 = southward advance
9 = 500 BC–0 Congo nucleus
10 = 0–1000 AD last phase[10][11][12]
Current scholarly understanding places the ancestral proto-Bantu homeland in West Africa near the present-day southwestern border of Nigeria and Cameroon c. 4,000 years ago (2000 B.C.), and regards the Bantu languages as a branch of the Niger–Congo language family.[13] This view represents a resolution of debates in the 1960s over competing theories advanced by Joseph Greenberg and Malcolm Guthrie, in favor of refinements of Greenberg's theory. Based on wide comparisons including non-Bantu languages, Greenberg argued that Proto-Bantu, the hypothetical ancestor of the Bantu languages, had strong ancestral affinities with a group of languages spoken in Southeastern Nigeria. He proposed that Bantu languages had spread east and south from there, to secondary centers of further dispersion, over hundreds of years.
Using a different comparative method focused more exclusively on relationships among Bantu languages, Guthrie argued for a single Central African dispersal point spreading at a roughly equal rate in all directions. Subsequent research on loanwords for adaptations in agriculture and animal husbandry and on the wider Niger–Congo language family rendered that thesis untenable. In the 1990s, Jan Vansina proposed a modification of Greenberg's ideas, in which dispersions from secondary and tertiary centers resembled Guthrie's central node idea, but from a number of regional centers rather than just one, creating linguistic clusters.[14]
It is unclear exactly when the spread of Bantu-speakers began from their core area as hypothesized c. 4,000 years ago (2000 B.C.). By 3,500 years ago (1500 B.C.) in the west, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rain forest, and by 2,500 years ago (500 B.C.) pioneering groups had emerged into the savannahs to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Zambia. Another stream of migration, moving east, by 3,000 years ago (1000 B.C.) was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively harsh farming conditions in areas farther from water. Pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by 300 A.D. along the coast, and the modern Northern Province (encompassed within the former province of the Transvaal) by 500 A.D.[15] Initially, Mashariki Bantu speakers moved into the Kivu Rift valley. Great Lakes Bantu speakers gradually came to the region and expanded and settled. Diverse food production emerged around 500 B.C. The leader of these people were the Mwaami while the subchief were referred to as the Mutwale. Another set of leaders is known as Bakungu who are appointed by the Mwaami. These higher ranks had different responsibilities that morphed together to form an organized community. The leaders success depends on their peoples support and achievements in agriculture and healthy living.
Before the expansion of farming and herding peoples, including those speaking Bantu languages, Africa south of the equator was populated by neolithic hunting and foraging peoples. Some of them were ancestral to proto-Khoisan-speaking peoples, whose modern hunter-forager and linguistic descendants, the Khoekhoe and San, occupy the arid regions around the Kalahari desert. The Hadza and Sandawe populations in Tanzania comprise the other modern hunter-forager remnant in Africa of these proto-Khoisan-speaking peoples.
Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu-speaking communities, as well as by Ubangian, Nilotic, and Sudanic language-speakers in North Central and Eastern Africa. The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas.
After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in East Africa peoples of Afro-Asiatic (mainly Cushitic) and Nilo-Saharan (mainly Nilotic and Sudanic) ancestral origin. As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area.[16] Later interactions between Bantu and Cushitic peoples resulted in Bantu groups with significant Cushitic ethnic admixture, such as the Tutsi of the African Great Lakes region; and culturo-linguistic influences, such as the Herero herdsmen of southern Africa.[17][18]
On the coastal section of East Africa, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders. The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Zanzibar, Kenya, and Tanzania – a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast – the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a result of these interactions.[19]
Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu-speaking states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savannah south of the Central African rain forest. On the Zambezi river, the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex, a civilisation of what are today referred to as the Shona people. From the 16th century onward, the processes of state formation amongst Bantu peoples increased in frequency. This was probably due to denser population (which led to more specialized divisions of labor, including military power, while making emigration more difficult); to increased interaction amongst Bantu-speaking communities with Chinese, European, Indonesian, and Arab traders on the coasts; to technological developments in economic activity; and to new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualization of royalty as the source of national strength and health.[20]
Kongo youth and adults in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
A Kikuyu woman in Kenya
A Makua mother and child in Mozambique
Bubi girls in Equatorial Guinea
Kingdoms[edit]
The Bantu Kingdom of Kongo, c. 1630
Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savanna south of the Central African rain-forest. In Southern Africa on the Zambezi river, the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex, the largest of over 200 such sites in Southern Africa, such as Bumbusi in Zimbabwe and Manyikeni in Mozambique. From the 16th century onward, the processes of state formation among Bantu peoples increased in frequency. Some examples of such Bantu states include: in Central Africa, the Kingdom of Kongo,[21] Lunda Empire,[22] and Luba Empire[23] of Angola, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of Congo; in the Great Lakes Region, the Buganda[24] and Karagwe[24] Kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania; and in Southern Africa, the Mutapa Empire,[25] Rozwi Empire,[26] and the Danamombe, Khami, and Naletale Kingdoms of Zimbabwe and Mozambique.[25]
Toward the 18th and 19th centuries, the flow of Zanj (Bantu) slaves from Southeast Africa increased with the rise of the Omani Sultanate of Zanzibar, based in Zanzibar, Tanzania. With the arrival of European colonialists, the Zanzibar Sultanate came into direct trade conflict and competition with Portuguese and other Europeans along the Swahili Coast, leading eventually to the fall of the Sultanate and the end of slave trading on the Swahili Coast in the mid-20th century.
See also[edit]
Bantu Educational Kinema Experiment
Centre International des Civilisations Bantu
Shona people
Zulu people
Luba people
Sukuma people
Kikuyu people
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Butt, John J. (2006). The Greenwood Dictionary of World History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 39. ISBN 0-313-32765-3.
Jump up ^ Derek Nurse, 2006, "Bantu Languages", in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
Jump up ^ Ethnologue report for Southern Bantoid. The figure of 535 includes the 13 Mbam languages considered Bantu in Guthrie's classification and thus counted by Nurse (2006)
Jump up ^ Philip J. Adler, Randall L. Pouwels, World Civilizations: To 1700 Volume 1 of World Civilizations, (Cengage Learning: 2007), p.169.
Jump up ^ Toyin Falola, Aribidesi Adisa Usman, Movements, borders, and identities in Africa, (University Rochester Press: 2009), pp.4-5.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Mary (1999). Tanzania, Zanzibar & Pemba. Lonely Planet. p. 39. ISBN 0-86442-726-3.
Jump up ^ Peek, Philip M.; Kwesi Yankah (2004). African folklore: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 699. ISBN 0-415-93933-X.
Jump up ^ Irele 2010
Jump up ^ Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom; ARKBK CLBG. "Banyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (Rep. Uganda) – The most powerful Kingdom in East Africa!". Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Botswana History Page 1: Brief History of Botswana". Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "5.2 Historischer Überblick". Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Erhet & Posnansky, eds. (1982), Newman (1995)
Jump up ^ Vansina (1995)
Jump up ^ Newman (1995), Ehret (1998), Shillington (2005)
Jump up ^ J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29
Jump up ^ Was there an interchange between Cushitic pastoralists and Khoisan speakers in the prehistory of Southern Africa and how can this be detected? Archived January 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Robert Gayre, Ethnological elements of Africa, (The Armorial, 1966), p. 45
Jump up ^ Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114
Jump up ^ Shillington (2005)
Jump up ^ Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 21
Jump up ^ Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 23
Jump up ^ Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 25.
Jump up ^ Isichei, Elizabeth Allo, A History of African Societies to 1870 Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-521-45599-2 page 435
References[edit]
Christopher Ehret, An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400, James Currey, London, 1998
Christopher Ehret and Merrick Posnansky, eds., The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982
April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, Understanding Contemporary Africa, Lynne Riener, London, 1996
John M. Janzen, Ngoma: Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992
James L. Newman, The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995. ISBN 0-300-07280-5.
Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, 3rd ed. St. Martin's Press, New York, 2005
Jan Vansina, Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1990
Jan Vansina, "New linguistic evidence on the expansion of Bantu", Journal of African History 36:173–195, 1995
External links[edit]
Media related to Bantu peoples at Wikimedia Commons
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http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm

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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

value: بانتويون – Arabic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

value:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantular
Bantular – Azerbaijani
az
az
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interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Catalan
ca
ca
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Shona
sn
sn
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantud
Bantud – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Μπαντού – Greek

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interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuoj
Bantuoj – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantous
Bantous – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Բանտու (ժողովուրդ) – Armenian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: बांटु – Hindi

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https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: בנטו (עמים) – Hebrew

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interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ბანტუს ხალხი – Georgian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value: Бантулар – Kazakh

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interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value:
https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babantu
Babantu – Kongo
kg
kg
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-kg
display: none;

value: Бантулар – Kyrgyz

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

value: Банту халкьру – Lak

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

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https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantai
Bantai – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuk
Bantuk – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: バントゥー系民族 – Japanese

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantus
Bantus – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Банту (группа народов) – Russian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuovia
Bantuovia – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantut
Bantut – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantular
Bantular – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Народності банту – Ukrainian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu
Bantu – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
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interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
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interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
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value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bantu_peoples rootpage-Bantu_peoples skin-vector action-view