text:
Pathogenic fungus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Approximately 300 fungi are known to be pathogenic to humans[1]. The study of fungi pathogenic to humans is called "medical mycology". Although fungi are eukaryotic, many pathogenic fungi are microorganisms.[2] The study of fungi and other organisms pathogenic to plants is called plant pathology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Candida
2 Aspergillus
3 Cryptococcus
4 Histoplasma
5 Pneumocystis
6 Stachybotrys
7 Host Defense Mechanisms
7.1 Endothermy
7.2 Barrier Tissues
7.3 Immune Response
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Candida[edit]
Candida. Pap test specimen. Pap stain.
Candida species cause infections in individuals with deficient immune systems. Th1-type cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is required for clearance of a fungal infection. Candida albicans is a kind of diploid yeast that commonly occurs among the human gut microflora. C. albicans is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. Abnormal over-growth of this fungus can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.[3] C. albicans has a parasexual cycle that appears to be stimulated by environmental stress.[4]
Aspergillus[edit]
Aspergillosis. H&E stain.
The most common pathogenic species are Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin which is both a toxin and a carcinogen and which can potentially contaminate foods such as nuts. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus clavatus can cause allergic disease. Some Aspergillus species cause disease on grain crops, especially maize, and synthesize mycotoxins including aflatoxin. Aspergillosis is the group of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain or breathlessness. Usually, only patients with weakened immune systems or with other lung conditions are susceptible.[2]
The spores of Aspergillus fumigatus are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. A. fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen. It can cause potentially lethal invasive infection in immunocompromised individuals.[5] A. fumigatus has a fully functional sexual cycle that produces cleistothecia and ascospores.
Cryptococcus[edit]
Cryptococcus. FNA specimen. Field stain.
Cryptococcus neoformans can cause a severe form of meningitis and meningo-encephalitis in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. The majority of Cryptococcus species live in the soil and do not cause disease in humans. Cryptococcus neoformans is the major human and animal pathogen. Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus albidus have been known to occasionally cause moderate-to-severe disease in human patients with compromised immunity. Cryptococcus gattii is endemic to tropical parts of the continent of Africa and Australia and can cause disease in non-immunocompromised people.[2]
Infecting C. neoformans cells are usually phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages in the lung.[6] The invading C. neoformans cells may be killed by the release of oxidative and nitrosative molecules by these macrophages.[7] However some C. neoformans cells may survive within the macrophages.[6] The ability of the pathogen to survive within the macrophages probably determines latency of the disease, dissemination and resistance to antifungal agents. In order to survive in the hostile intracellular environment of the macrophage, one of the responses of C. neoformans is to upregulate genes employed in responses to oxidative stress.[6]
The haploid nuclei of C. neoformans can undergo nuclear fusion (karyogamy) to become diploid. These diploid nuclei may then undergo meiosis, including recombination, resulting in the formation of haploid basidiospores that are able to disperse.[8] Meiosis may facilitate repair of C. neoformans DNA in response to macrophage challenge.[8][9]
Histoplasma[edit]
Histoplasmosis. PASD stain.
Histoplasma capsulatum can cause histoplasmosis in humans, dogs and cats. The fungus is most prevalent in the Americas, India and southeastern Asia. It is endemic in certain areas of the United States. Infection is usually due to inhaling contaminated air.
Pneumocystis[edit]
Pneumocystis jirovecii (or Pneumocystis carinii) can cause a form of pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems, such as premature children, the elderly and AIDS patients.[10]
Stachybotrys[edit]
Stachybotrys chartarum or "black mold" can cause respiratory damage and severe headaches. It frequently occurs in houses in regions that are chronically damp.
Host Defense Mechanisms[edit]
Endothermy[edit]
Mammalian endothermy and homeothermy are potent nonspecific defenses against most fungi.[11]
Barrier Tissues[edit]
The skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the genital-urinary tract induced inflammation are common bodily regions of fungal infection.
Immune Response[edit]
Studies have shown that hosts with higher levels of immune response cells such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and invariant natural killer (iNK) T-cells exhibited greater control of fungal growth and protection against systemic infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role in inducing an immune response by recognizing specific fungal pathogens and initiating an immune response. In the case of mucosal candidiasis, the cells that produce cytokine IL-17 are extremely important in maintaining innate immunity.[12]
See also[edit]
Fungi portal
List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens
Microbiology
Microsporidia
Mycology
Plant pathology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.nature.com/articles/nmicrobiol2017120
^ Jump up to: a b c San-Blas G; Calderone RA, ed. (2008). Pathogenic Fungi: Insights in Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-32-5.
Jump up ^ Martins N, Ferreira IC, Barros L, Silva S, Henriques M (2014). "Candidiasis: predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and alternative treatment". Mycopathologia. 177 (5–6): 223–40. doi:10.1007/s11046-014-9749-1. PMID 24789109.
Jump up ^ Bennett RJ (2015). "The parasexual lifestyle of Candida albicans". Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 28: 10–7. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2015.06.017. PMC 4688137  . PMID 26210747.
Jump up ^ O'Gorman CM, Fuller H, Dyer PS (2009). "Discovery of a sexual cycle in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus". Nature. 457 (7228): 471–4. doi:10.1038/nature07528. PMID 19043401.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fan W, Kraus PR, Boily MJ, Heitman J (2005). "Cryptococcus neoformans gene expression during murine macrophage infection". Eukaryotic Cell. 4 (8): 1420–33. doi:10.1128/EC.4.8.1420-1433.2005. PMC 1214536  . PMID 16087747.
Jump up ^ Alspaugh JA, Granger DL (1991). "Inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans replication by nitrogen oxides supports the role of these molecules as effectors of macrophage-mediated cytostasis". Infect. Immun. 59 (7): 2291–6. PMC 258009  . PMID 2050398.
^ Jump up to: a b Lin X, Hull CM, Heitman J (2005). "Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans". Nature. 434 (7036): 1017–21. doi:10.1038/nature03448. PMID 15846346.
Jump up ^ Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (2018). Sex in microbial pathogens. Infection, Genetics and Evolution volume 57, pages 8-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024
Jump up ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Robert, V. A.; Casadevall, A. (2009). "Vertebrate Endothermy Restricts Most Fungi as Potential Pathogens". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 200 (10): 1623–1626. doi:10.1086/644642. PMID 19827944.
Jump up ^ Brown, G. D., Drummond, R. A., Gaffen, S. L., & Hise, A. G. (2015). Innate Defense against Fungal Pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 5(6). doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019620.
External links[edit]
Ecmm.eu: Official European Confederation of Medical Mycology website
[show]
v
t
e
Fungal infection and mesomycetozoea (B35–B49, 110–118)
Superficial and
cutaneous
(dermatomycosis):
Tinea = skin;
Piedra (exothrix/
endothrix) = hair
Ascomycota
Dermatophyte
(Dermatophytosis)
By location
Tinea barbae/tinea capitis
Kerion
Tinea corporis
Ringworm
Dermatophytids
Tinea cruris
Tinea manuum
Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
White superficial onychomycosis
Distal subungual onychomycosis
Proximal subungual onychomycosis
Tinea corporis gladiatorum
Tinea faciei
Tinea imbricata
Tinea incognito
Favus
By organism
Epidermophyton floccosum
Microsporum canis
Microsporum audouinii
Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
Trichophyton tonsurans
Trichophyton schoenleini
Trichophyton rubrum
Trichophyton verrucosum
Other
Hortaea werneckii
Tinea nigra
Piedraia hortae
Black piedra
Basidiomycota
Malassezia furfur
Tinea versicolor
Pityrosporum folliculitis
Trichosporon
White piedra
Subcutaneous,
systemic,
and opportunistic
Ascomycota
Dimorphic
(yeast+mold)
Onygenales
Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii
Coccidioidomycosis
Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis. Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasmosis
Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
Histoplasma duboisii
African histoplasmosis
Lacazia loboi
Lobomycosis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Other
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Blastomycosis
North American blastomycosis
South American blastomycosis
Sporothrix schenckii
Sporotrichosis
Penicillium marneffei
Penicilliosis
Yeast-like
Candida albicans
Candidiasis
Oral
Esophageal
Vulvovaginal
Chronic mucocutaneous
Antibiotic candidiasis
Candidal intertrigo
Candidal onychomycosis
Candidal paronychia
Candidid
Diaper candidiasis
Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
Perianal candidiasis
Systemic candidiasis
Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
C. glabrata
C. tropicalis
C. lusitaniae
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumocystosis
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Mold-like
Aspergillus
Aspergillosis
Aspergilloma
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
Exophiala jeanselmei
Eumycetoma
Fonsecaea pedrosoi/Fonsecaea compacta/Phialophora verrucosa
Chromoblastomycosis
Geotrichum candidum
Geotrichosis
Pseudallescheria boydii
Allescheriasis
Basidiomycota
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcosis
Trichosporon spp
Trichosporonosis
Zygomycota
(Zygomycosis)
Mucorales
(Mucormycosis)
Rhizopus oryzae
Mucor indicus
Lichtheimia corymbifera
Syncephalastrum racemosum
Apophysomyces variabilis
Entomophthorales
(Entomophthoramycosis)
Basidiobolus ranarum
Basidiobolomycosis
Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus
Conidiobolomycosis
Microsporidia
(Microsporidiosis)
Enterocytozoon bieneusi/Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Mesomycetozoea
Rhinosporidium seeberi
Rhinosporidiosis
Ungrouped
Alternariosis
Fungal folliculitis
Fusarium
Fusariosis
Granuloma gluteale infantum
Hyalohyphomycosis
Otomycosis
Phaeohyphomycosis
[show]
v
t
e
Opisthokont: True fungi classification, fungal orders
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(Supergroup
Plant
Hacrobia
Heterokont
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animal
Fungi)
Dikarya
Ascomycota
(sac fungi)
Pezizomycotina
Leotiomyceta
Dothideomyceta
Coniocybomycetes
Lichinomycetes
Arthoniomycetes
Dothideomycetes
Eurotiomycetes
Lecanoromycetes
Sordariomyceta
Xylonomycetes
Geoglossomycetes
Leotiomycetes
Laboulbeniomycetes
Sordariomycetes
Other
Orbiliomycetes
Pezizomycetes
Saccharomycotina
Saccharomycetes
Taphrinomycotina
Archaeorhizomycetes
Neolectomycetes
Pneumocystidomycetes
Schizosaccharomycetes
Taphrinomycetes
Basidiomycota
(with basidia)
Pucciniomycotina
Tritirachiomycetes
Mixiomycetes
Agaricostilbomycetes
Cystobasidiomycetes
Microbotryomycetes
Classiculomycetes
Cryptomycocolacomycetes
Atractiellomycetes
Pucciniomycetes
Ustilaginomycotina
Monilielliomycetes
Malasseziomycetes
Ustilaginomycetes
Exobasidiomycetes
Agaricomycotina
Hymenomycete
Dacrymycetales
Agaricomycetes
Other
Wallemiomycetes
Bartheletiomycetes
Tremellomycetes
Entorrhizomycota
Entorrhizomycetes
Glomeromycota
Glomeromycetes
Zygomycota
(paraphyletic)
Mucoromycotina
Mortierellomycetes
Mucoromycetes
Kickxellomycotina
Zoopagomycetes
Kickxellomycetes
Entomophthoromycotina
Neozygitomycetes
Basidiobolomycetes
Entomophthoromycetes
Zoosporic fungi
(paraphyletic)
Olpidiomycota
Olpidiomycetes
Blastocladiomycota
Blastocladiomycetes
Chytridiomycota
Neocallimastigomycetes
Hyaloraphidiomycetes
Monoblepharidomycetes
Chytridiomycetes
Fungal phyla are underlined. See also: fungi imperfecti (polyphyletic group).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pathogenic_fungus&oldid=836239704"
Categories:
Fungal diseases
Fungi and humans
Fungus common names
Mycology
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Bosanski
Հայերեն
Norsk nynorsk
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 14:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: b

value: /wiki/Fungi mw-redirect Fungi

tag: sup

value: /wiki/Eukaryotic mw-redirect Eukaryotic

tag: p

attr: role tabindex class

value: button 0 togglelink

value:
/wiki/Candida_(genus)
mw-redirect
Candida (genus)

value:
/wiki/Opportunistic_pathogen
mw-redirect
Opportunistic pathogen

value:
/wiki/Fine_needle_aspiration
mw-redirect
Fine needle aspiration

value:
/wiki/C._neoformans
mw-redirect
C. neoformans

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.horizonpress.com/pat2

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24789109

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2015.06.017

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26210747

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07528

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043401

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087747

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2050398

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03448

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846346

value: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F644642

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19827944

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ecmm.eu

value: ICD-10 Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases

value: List of ICD-9 codes 001–139: infectious and parasitic diseases

value:
/wiki/Tinea_corporis_gladiatorum
mw-redirect
Tinea corporis gladiatorum

value:
/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis
mw-redirect
Candidal vulvovaginitis

value:
/wiki/Antibiotic_candidiasis
mw-redirect
Antibiotic candidiasis

value:
/wiki/Diaper_candidiasis
mw-redirect
Diaper candidiasis

value:
/wiki/Perianal_candidiasis
mw-redirect
Perianal candidiasis

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Monilielliomycetes (page does not exist)

value: Bartheletiomycetes (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Pathogenic_fungus
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: Օպորտունիստական սնկեր – Armenian

value: Патогене гљивице – Serbian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pathogenic_fungus rootpage-Pathogenic_fungus skin-vector action-view


text:
V-weapons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the offensive use of the V-weapons and the military campaign in which they were employed. For descriptions of the individual weapons, see V-1 flying bomb, V-2 rocket and V-3 cannon. For other German "superweapons", see Wunderwaffe.
V-2 rocket on Meillerwagen.
V-2 rocket victim in Antwerp, Belgium, November 27, 1944.
V-weapons, known in the original German as Vergeltungswaffen (German pronunciation: [fɐˈgɛltʊŋsˌvafṇ], German: "retaliatory weapons", "reprisal weapons"), were a particular set of long-range artillery weapons designed for strategic bombing during World War II, particularly terror bombing and/or aerial bombing of cities.[1][2] They comprised the V-1, a pulsejet-powered cruise missile, the V-2, a liquid-fuelled ballistic missile (often referred to as V1 and V2), and the V-3 cannon. All of these weapons were intended for use in a military campaign against Britain, though only the V-1 and V-2 were so used in a campaign conducted 1944–5. After the invasion of Europe by the Allies, these weapons were also employed against targets on the mainland of Europe, mainly France and Belgium. The V-terrorbombing killed approximately 18,000 people, mostly civilians. The cities London, Antwerp and Liège were the main targets.[3][4]
They were part of the range of the so-called Wunderwaffen (English: superweapons or literally 'wonderweapons') of Nazi Germany.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 V-weapons offensive on Britain 1944–45
2.1 The V-1
2.2 The V-2
2.3 The V-3
3 See also
4 References
Development[edit]
As early as 28 June 1940, a terror bombing rationale had been advanced for the A4 (V-2 rocket) being developed at a meeting between Army Ordnance Chief Emil Leeb and Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht, Walther von Brauchitsch.[5] Following the relative failure of the Baedeker Raids on Britain in 1942, development of both flying bomb and rocket accelerated, with Britain designated as the target.[6] On September 29, 1943, Albert Speer publicly promised retribution against the mass bombing of German cities by a "secret weapon".[7] Then the official 24 June 1944 Reich Propaganda Ministry announcement of the "Vergeltungswaffe 1" guided missile implied there would be another such weapon.[8] After the first operational A-4 launch in September 1944, the rocket was renamed the V-2.[9] (although no one knows exactly who gave it this name).[10] However, the V-2 operations manual distributed to firing batteries continued to use the A-4 name for the rocket.[11]:80
V-weapons offensive on Britain 1944–45[edit]
The V-1[edit]
Main article: V-1 flying bomb
A V-1 is rolled out
Beginning in October 1943, launch sites for the V-1 were constructed in Northern France, along the coast from Calais to Le Havre. Aerial bombing attacks on these sites by the Allied airforce were only partially successful and by June 1944 they were ready for action.[12] Prompted by the Normandy Landings of June 6, in the early morning of June 13, 1944, the first V-1 flying bomb attack was carried out on London.[6][13] Ten missiles were launched of which four reached England. The first of these impacted near Swanscombe, causing no casualties. At Bethnal Green, however, a bridge was destroyed and six people killed and nine injured.[14] After the 15th the attacks became sustained at a rate of about 100 a day.[13] With the first attack the British put their pre-planned Operation Diver (after their codename "Diver" used for the V-1) into action.
The buzzing sound of the V-1's pulse jet engine was likened by some to "a motor cycle in bad running order". As it reached its target and dived, the sound of the propulsion unit spluttering and cutting out, followed by an eerie hush before impact, was quite terrifying, though the silence was also a warning to seek shelter (later V-1s were corrected to have the originally-intended power dive).[15] At least one business in London advertised how quickly a patron could access a nearby shelter. Despite this, the cloudy and rainy conditions of June and July aided the effectiveness of the weapon and casualties were high. By late August a million and a half people had left London and the rate of work production was affected.[16] By the late summer and autumn, however, increasingly effective countermeasures against the V-1 were taken and people started returning to London.[17]
A total of 9,251 V-1s were fired at targets in Britain, with the vast majority aimed at London; 2,515 reached the city, killing 6,184 civilians and injuring 17,981. Croydon to the south, on the flight path of the V1s suffered severely taking 142 hits.[18]
The V-2[edit]
Main article: V-2 rocket
The aftermath of V-2 strike at Battersea, London (27 January 1945)
V-2 rocket launching sites were set up by the Germans around The Hague in the Netherlands on 6 September 1944. The first was launched from here against London on 8 September 1944 and took an estimated 5 minutes to fly the 200 miles from the Hague to London where it struck at 6.43pm on 8 September on Chiswick causing thirteen casualties.[19] As the V2 explosions came without warning, the government initially attempted to conceal their cause by blaming them on defective gas mains. However, the public was not fooled and soon began sardonically referring to the V-2's as "Flying gas pipes".[20]
By October the offensive became sustained. A particularly devastating strike was on 25 November 1944 when a V-2 exploded at the Woolworth's store in New Cross Road, killing 168 people and seriously injuring 121.[21] Intercepting the supersonic V-2 missiles in flight proved virtually impossible and other counter measures, such as bombing the launch sites, were fairly ineffectual. Sustained bombardment continued until March 1945. The very last missiles arrived on 27 March 1945, with one of them killing 134 people and injuring 49 when it hit a block of flats in Stepney.[22]
1,115 V-2s were fired at the United Kingdom. The vast majority of them were aimed at London, though about 40 targeted (and missed) Norwich. They killed an estimated 2,754 people in London with another 6,523 injured. A further 2,917 service personnel were killed as a result of the V weapon campaign. Since the V-2 was supersonic and could not be heard (and was rarely seen) as it approached the target, its psychological effect "suffered in comparison to the V-1."[23]
The V-weapon offensive ended in March 1945, with the last V-2 landing in Kent on March 27 and the last V-1 two days later. In terms of casualties their effects had been less than their inventors hoped or their victims feared, though the damage to property was extensive, with 20,000 houses a day being damaged at the height of the campaign, causing a massive housing crisis in south-east England in late 1944 and early 1945.[24]
The existential horror of the V-2 attack on London is the theme of Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow.[25]
The V-3[edit]
The V-3 cannon, also designed to fire on London, was never used for this purpose due to Allied attacks on the launch facilities, specially the fortress of Mimoyecques, and the offensive in northern Europe in 1944, overrunning the launch sites. Consequently, its use was diverted, in the winter of 1944, to bombard Luxembourg, with minimal results.[26]
For use of the letter V to designate experimental (German: Versuchsmuster)[27] V-2 rockets, see List of V-2 test launches.
See also[edit]
Peenemünde
Operation Hydra (1943)
Operation Most III
Operation Crossbow
References[edit]
Rocket V2 - The "Third Bridge Operation", July 1944
An overview of all the deadly V-impacts in Belgium
Aerial view of V Weapons at Flottemanville-Hague
Jump up ^ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 138
Jump up ^ "V-WEAPONS (CROSSBOW) CAMPAIGN". All World Wars. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
Jump up ^ Pieter Serrien (2016) Elke dag angst. Antwerp, Horizon
Jump up ^ "History of the V-terror in Belgium".
Jump up ^ Neufeld, Michael J (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. pp. 137, 237. ISBN 0-02-922895-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 15-16
Jump up ^ Henshall, Philip (1985). Hitler's Rocket Sites. New York: St Martin's Press. p. 128.
Jump up ^ Johnson, David (1981/1982). V-1, V-2: Hitler's Vengeance on London. Stein and Day. p. 80. ISBN 0-8128-2858-5. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Irving, David (1964). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co. p. 288.
Jump up ^ Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (English translation: 1965) [1963]. The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. p. 47. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ McGovern, J (1964). Crossbow and Overcast. New York: W. Morrow. p. 80.
Jump up ^ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 160-3
^ Jump up to: a b Angus Calder (1971) The People's War: Britain 1939-1945: 645
Jump up ^ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 74-5
Jump up ^ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 80
Jump up ^ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 11-12, 80-1, 125
Jump up ^ Angus Calder (1971) The People's War: Britain 1939-1945: 646-7
Jump up ^ Angus Calder (1971) The People's War: Britain 1939-1945: 647
Jump up ^ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 113, 170
Jump up ^ King, Benjamin (2009). Impact: The History Of Germany's V Weapons in World War II. De Capo Press. p. 244. ISBN 0786751673.
Jump up ^ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 129
Jump up ^ Basil Collier (1976) The Battle of the V-Weapons. Morley, The Elmfield Press: 135
Jump up ^ Wade, Mark. "V-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Angus Calder (1971) The People's War: Britain 1939-1945: 646-50
Jump up ^ Review of Gravity's Rainbow
Jump up ^ Max Hastings (2004) Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944-5: 196
Jump up ^ Hinsley, FH (1993). British Intelligence in the Second World War. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-630956-3.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II technology.
[hide]
v
t
e
German WWII V-weapons
V-1
V-2
V-3
V-1
Argus As 014
Fieseler Fi 103R
Leonidas Squadron
Peenemünde Airfield
Facilities
Kawanishi Baika
V-2
Meillerwagen
Wernher von Braun
Walter Dornberger
Arthur Rudolph
The Bäckebo rocket
Test launches
Peenemünde
Test Stand VII
Greifswalder Oie
Blizna
Rocket U-boat
Construction and bunkers
Mittelwerk
Mittelbau-Dora
Nucourt
Sottevast
Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
Brécourt
Siracourt
Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten)
La Coupole (Wizernes)
Lehesten
Fortress of Mimoyecques
Allied countermeasures
Intelligence
Polish Home Army
Operation Most III
Réseau AGIR
Operation Crossbow
Crossbow Site
Bombing of Peenemünde
Operation Teardrop
Operation Diver
Operation Aphrodite
Project Danny
Related weapons
Wasserfall
Aggregat rockets
Wunderwaffe
WWII guided missiles of Germany
Rheinbote
Post-WWII development
US
Republic-Ford JB-2
MGM-1 Matador
PGM-11 Redstone
Hermes Project
Upper Atmosphere Research Panel
Operation Paperclip
White Sands V-2 Launching Site
Bumper Rocket
Other
R-1
R-2
Operation Backfire
Project Big Ben
Ghost rockets
In fiction
Battle of the V-1
633 Squadron
Gravity's Rainbow
Ministry of Space
Operation Crossbow
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V-weapons&oldid=816101675"
Categories:
World War II strategic bombing
Research and development in Nazi Germany
V-weapons
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: dates
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
Articles containing German-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Frysk
한국어
Italiano
Latviešu
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 08:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href title

attr: href class title

tag: i

tag: dd

tag: dl

tag: img

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

attr: class style

value: box-sizing: border-box; float:right; overflow: hidden; margin: 1px;

value: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

value:
/wiki/Aggregate_series#A4_(V-2_rocket)
mw-redirect
Aggregate series

value:
/wiki/Baedeker_Raids
mw-redirect
Baedeker Raids

value:
/wiki/Guided_missile
mw-redirect
Guided missile

value: Edit section: V-weapons offensive on Britain 1944–45

value:
/wiki/Normandy_Landings
mw-redirect
Normandy Landings

value:
/wiki/Pulse_jet_engine
mw-redirect
Pulse jet engine

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/v2.htm

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: commons:Category:World War II technology

value: List of German guided weapons of World War II

value:
/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(WWII)
mw-redirect
Operation Backfire (WWII)

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Research and development in Nazi Germany

value: Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text

value: Category:Articles containing German-language text

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/V-weapons
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: Оръжие на възмездието – Bulgarian

value:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armes_V
Armes V – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-wapens
V-wapens – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjata-V
Senjata-V – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-wapen
V-wapen – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armas-V
Armas-V – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value: Оружие возмездия – Russian

value: Зброя відплати – Ukrainian

value:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-weapons
V-weapons – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-V-weapons rootpage-V-weapons skin-vector action-view


text:
Help
Category:Indian astronauts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astronauts from India.
Pages in category "Indian astronauts"
The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
M
Ravish Malhotra
S
Rakesh Sharma
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indian_astronauts&oldid=830765769"
Categories:
Astronauts by nationality
Indian people by occupation
Space programme of India
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Category
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
भोजपुरी
Čeština
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
हिन्दी
Italiano
Magyar
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Suomi
தமிழ்
Tiếng Việt
中文
13 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 March 2018, at 20:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

attr: href target class

attr: class id

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: td

tag: tr

tag: tbody

tag: table

attr: role class style

tag: span

tag: li

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Category:Indian_astronauts
View the category page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: تصنيف:رواد فضاء هنود – Arabic

value: श्रेणी:भारतीय अंतरिक्षयात्री – Bhojpuri

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value: Categoría:Astronautas de India – Spanish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: رده:فضانوردان اهل هند – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: श्रेणी:भारत के अंतरिक्षयात्री – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value: വർഗ്ഗം:ഇന്ത്യൻ ബഹിരാകാശസഞ്ചാരികൾ – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Categoria:Astronautas da Índia – Portuguese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Категория:Космонавты Индии – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value: Luokka:Intialaiset avaruuslentäjät – Finnish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value: பகுப்பு:இந்திய விண்வெளி வீரர்கள் – Tamil

value: Thể loại:Nhà du hành vũ trụ Ấn Độ – Vietnamese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-14 ns-subject page-Category_Indian_astronauts rootpage-Category_Indian_astronauts skin-vector action-view


text:
Because I could not stop for Death
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Emily Dickinson in a daguerreotype, circa December 1846 or early 1847
"Because I could not stop for Death" is a lyrical poem by Emily Dickinson first published posthumously in Poems: Series 1 in 1890. The persona of Dickinson's poem meets personified Death. Death is a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the speaker to her grave. According to Thomas H. Johnson's variorum edition of 1955 the number of this poem is 712.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Text
3 Critique
4 Musical settings
5 References
6 External links
Summary[edit]
The poem was published posthumously in 1890 in Poems: Series 1, a collection of Dickinson's poems assembled and edited by her friends Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The poem was published under the title "The Chariot". It is composed in six quatrains with the meter alternating between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Stanzas 1, 2, 4, and 6 employ end rhyme in their second and fourth lines, but some of these are only close rhyme or eye rhyme. In the third stanza, there is no end rhyme, but "ring" in line 2 rhymes with "gazing" and "setting" in lines 3 and 4 respectively. Internal rhyme is scattered throughout. Figures of speech include alliteration, anaphora, paradox, and personification. The poem personifies Death as a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the poet to her grave. She also personifies immortality.[1] The volta (turn) happens in the fourth quatrain. Structurally, the syllables shift from its constant 8-6-8-6 scheme to 6-8-8-6. This parallels with the undertones of the sixth quatrain. The personification of death changes from one of pleasantry to one of ambiguity and morbidity: "Or rather--He passed Us-- / The Dews drew quivering and chill--" (13-14). The imagery changes from its original nostalgic form of children playing and setting suns to Death's real concern of taking the speaker to afterlife.
Text[edit]
Close transcription[2]
First published version[3]
Because I could not stop for Death —
He kindly stopped for me —
The Carriage held but just Ourselves —
And Immortality.
We slowly drove — He knew no haste
And I had put away
My labor and my leisure too,
For His Civility —
We passed the School, where Children strove
At Recess — in the Ring —
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain —
We passed the Setting Sun —
Or rather — He passed Us —
The Dews drew quivering and Chill —
For only Gossamer, my Gown —
My Tippet — only Tulle —
We paused before a House that seemed
A Swelling of the Ground —
The Roof was scarcely visible —
The Cornice — in the Ground —
Since then — 'tis Centuries — and yet
Feels shorter than the Day
I first surmised the Horses' Heads
Were toward Eternity —
THE CHARIOT
Because I could not stop for Death,
He kindly stopped for me;
The carriage held but just ourselves
And Immortality.
We slowly drove, he knew no haste,
And I had put away
My labor, and my leisure too,
For his civility.
We passed the school where children played,
Their lessons scarcely done;
We passed the fields of gazing grain,
We passed the setting sun.
We paused before a house that seemed
A swelling of the ground;
The roof was scarcely visible,
The cornice but a mound.
Since then 'tis centuries; but each
Feels shorter than the day
I first surmised the horses' heads
Were toward eternity.
Critique[edit]
In 1936 Allen Tate wrote, "[The poem] exemplifies better than anything else [Dickinson] wrote the special quality of her mind ... If the word great means anything in poetry, this poem is one of the greatest in the English language; it is flawless to the last detail. The rhythm charges with movement the pattern of suspended action back of the poem. Every image is precise and, moreover, not merely beautiful, but inextricably fused with the central idea. Every image extends and intensifies every other ... No poet could have invented the elements of [this poem]; only a great poet could have used them so perfectly. Miss Dickinson was a deep mind writing from a deep culture, and when she came to poetry, she came infallibly.”[4]
Musical settings[edit]
The poem has been set to music by Aaron Copland as the twelfth song of his song cycle Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson. And again, by John Adams as the second movement of his choral symphony Harmonium, and also set to music by Nicholas J. White as a single movement piece for chorus and chamber orchestra. Natalie Merchant and Susan McKeown have created a song of the same name while preserving Dickinson's exact poem in its lyrics.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""Because I could not stop for Death": Study Guide". Retrieved July 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fr#479 in: Franklin, R. W., ed. The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Reading Edition. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 1999.
Jump up ^ Poem IV.XXVII (page 138) in: Higginson, T. W. & Todd, Mabel Loomis, ed. Poems by Emily Dickinson. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1890.
Jump up ^ Tate 1936, pp. 14-5
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Because I could not stop for Death —
www.nicholasjwhite.com
Critical essays on "Because I could not stop for Death"
[hide]
v
t
e
Emily Dickinson
Poetry
"Success is Counted Sweetest" (1864)
"Because I could not stop for Death" (1890)
"I taste a liquor never brewed" (1890)
"A Bird came down the Walk" (1891)
"I'm Nobody! Who are you?" (1891)
"I like to see it lap the Miles" (1891)
"I heard a Fly buzz—when I died" (1896)
"There is a pain — so utter —" (1929)
People
Edward Dickinson (father)
William Austin Dickinson (brother)
Lavinia Norcross Dickinson (sister)
Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson (sister in law)
Thomas Wentworth Higginson (editor)
Mabel Loomis Todd (editor)
Related
Emily Dickinson home and museum
Dickinson Historic District
Collected manuscripts and papers
Emily Dickinson International Society
The Emily Dickinson Journal
Dickinson Electronic Archives
The Belle of Amherst (1976 play)
A Quiet Passion (2016 film)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Because_I_could_not_stop_for_Death&oldid=809644284"
Categories:
American poems
Poetry by Emily Dickinson
Poems about death
1890 poems
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikisource
Languages
Latina
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 November 2017, at 13:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Lyrical_poem
mw-redirect
Lyrical poem

value: Thomas H. Johnson (scholar) (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Variorum_edition
mw-redirect
Variorum edition

value:
/wiki/Figures_of_speech
mw-redirect
Figures of speech

value: Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson (Aaron Copland) (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Harmonium_(John_Adams)
mw-redirect
Harmonium (John Adams)

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: wikisource:Because I could not stop for Death —

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nicholasjwhite.com

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Black-white photograph of Emily Dickinson2.png

value:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: Because I could not stop for Death – Latin

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Because_I_could_not_stop_for_Death rootpage-Because_I_could_not_stop_for_Death skin-vector action-view