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Margarita
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For other uses, see Margarita (disambiguation).
Margarita
IBA Official Cocktail
Type
Cocktail
Primary alcohol by volume
Tequila
Served
On the rocks; poured over ice
Standard garnish
Salt on the rim
Standard drinkware
Margarita glass
IBA specified
ingredients
3.5 cL (7 parts) tequila
2 cL (4 parts) Cointreau
1.5 cL (3 parts) lime juice
Preparation
Pour all ingredients into shaker with ice. Shake well and strain into cocktail glass rimmed with salt.
Margarita recipe at International Bartenders Association
A Margarita is a cocktail consisting of tequila, orange liqueur, and lime juice often served with salt on the rim of the glass. The drink is served shaken with ice (on the rocks), blended with ice (frozen Margarita), or without ice (straight up). Although it has become acceptable to serve a margarita in a wide variety of glass types, ranging from cocktail and wine glasses to pint glasses and even large schooners, the drink is traditionally served in the eponymous Margarita glass, a stepped-diameter variant of a cocktail glass or champagne coupe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Variations
2.1 Flavored liqueurs
2.2 Fresh lime juice
2.3 Frozen margarita
2.4 Other fruits
2.5 Coronarita
3 Glass
4 Popularity
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Origin[edit]
1937 Cafe Royal Cocktail Book contains a recipe for a Picador using the same concentrations of tequila, triple sec and lime juice as a Margarita.[1] One of the earliest stories is of the Margarita being invented in 1938 by Carlos "Danny" Herrera at his restaurant Rancho La Gloria, halfway between Tijuana and Rosarito, Mexico, created for customer and former Ziegfeld dancer Marjorie King, who was allergic to many spirits, but not to tequila.[2][3] This story was related by Herrera and also by bartender Albert Hernandez, acknowledged for popularizing a Margarita in San Diego after 1947, at the La Plaza restaurant in La Jolla.[4] Hernandez claimed the owner of La Plaza, Morris Locke, knew Herrera and visited Mexico often.[citation needed]
Hussong's Cantina
Another origin story of the Margarita is that it was invented in October 1941, at Hussong's Cantina in Ensenada, Mexico, by bartender Don Carlos Orozco. One afternoon, Margarita Henkel, the daughter of the then German ambassador visited the cantina and Don Carlos who had been experimenting with drinks offered her one. The cocktail consisted of equal parts of tequila, Mexican orange liqueur called Controy (A.K.A. Naranja in the United States), and lime, shaken and served over ice in a salt-rimmed glass. As she was the first to try the drink, Don Carlos decided to name it after her and the "Margarita" was born.[5][better source needed]
There are also claims that the margarita was first mixed in Juárez, Mexico at Tommy's Place Bar on July 4, 1942 by Francisco "Pancho" Morales. Morales later left bartending in Mexico to become a US citizen, where he worked as a milkman for 25 years. Mexico's official news agency Notimex and many experts have said Morales has the strongest claim to having invented the margarita.[6]
Others say the inventor was Dallas socialite Margarita Sames, when she concocted the drink for her guests at her Acapulco vacation home in 1948. Tommy Hilton reportedly attended, bringing the drink back to the Hilton chain of hotels. However, Jose Cuervo was already running ad campaigns for the margarita three years earlier, in 1945, with the slogan, "Margarita: It's more than a girl's name." According to Jose Cuervo, the cocktail was invented in 1938 by a bartender in honor of Mexican showgirl Rita de la Rosa.[7][8]
The Balinese Room
Another common origin tale begins the cocktail's history at the legendary Balinese Room in Galveston, Texas where, in 1948, head bartender Santos Cruz created the margarita for singer Peggy (Margaret) Lee. He supposedly named it after the Spanish version of her name, Margarita, and it has been a hit ever since. (Margarita is a German form of the name and was introduced to Mexico with no Hispanic origin.)[9][10]
The first known publication of a margarita recipe was in the December 1953 issue of Esquire, with a recipe calling for an ounce of tequila, a dash of triple sec and the juice of half a lime or lemon. A recipe for a tequila-based cocktail first appeared in the 1930 book My New Cocktail Book by G.F. Steele. Without noting a specific recipe or inventor, a drink called the Tequila Daisy was mentioned in the Syracuse Herald as early as 1936. Margarita is Spanish for Daisy, which is a nickname for Margaret.[11]
A later story is that the margarita was invented in October 1961, at a party in Houston, Texas, by party goer Robert James "Rusty" Thomson while acting as bartender. He concocted a mixture of equal parts tequila, Controy orange liqueur, lime, and crushed ice in a salt-rimmed glass.[12][13][14] However, Thomson's recipe was made with Damiana Liqueur, not Cointreau orange liqueur. It is said that the idea was an experiment after running out of rum while making frozen daiquiris.
Another explanation, however, is that the margarita is merely a popular American drink, the Daisy, remade with tequila instead of brandy, which became popular during Prohibition as people drifted over the border for alcohol. There is an account from 1936 of Iowa newspaper editor James Graham finding such a cocktail in Tijuana, years before any of the other Margarita "creation myths".[15]
Variations[edit]
Margaritas come in a variety of flavors and colors.
The IBA (IBA Official list of Cocktails) standard is 7:4:3, that is, 50% tequila, 29% Cointreau, 21% fresh lime juice.[16]
The "Original Margarita" recipe as given by Cointreau on their website has slightly less of their own sweet liqueur: 1 part white tequila, 1⁄2 part Cointreau, and 1⁄2 part fresh squeezed lime juice.[17]
Flavored liqueurs[edit]
Besides Cointreau, other orange-flavored liqueurs that might be used include Grand Marnier (yielding the "Cadillac Margarita"), Gran Gala, other brands of triple sec, or blue curaçao (yielding the blue margarita). When sweeter fruit juices or freshly puréed fruits are added to the margarita, the orange-flavored liqueur is often reduced or eliminated entirely. In addition to orange-flavored liqueurs, secondary liqueurs may occasionally be added to a cocktail, including melon-flavored or black raspberry-flavored. Other flavors include pineapple and watermelon.
Fresh lime juice[edit]
Freshly squeezed lime juice is the key ingredient. The most common lime in the United States is the thick-skinned Persian lime. However, margaritas in Mexico are generally made with Mexican limes (Key limes). These are small, thin-skinned limes and have more tart and an often bitter flavor compared to Persian limes.[18][19]
Frozen margarita[edit]
In addition to being shaken and served "up" like other cocktails, margaritas can also be served as a blended ice slush similar to other tropical-inspired mixed drinks like the hurricane or piña colada. This variant is known as a frozen margarita. The ingredients can be poured over crushed ice in a kitchen blender, or for larger establishments that serve many of these, a large quantity of a "house recipe" of frozen margarita can be kept in a machine designed specifically for the purpose (but also commonly used to serve non-alcoholic slush drinks); a cylinder leading to a pour spout is kept below freezing temperature, but an impeller within the cylinder constantly churns the mix so it can't freeze solid, and so it dispenses as a thick half-frozen slush. The first frozen margarita machine was invented on May 11, 1971, by Dallas restaurateur Mariano Martinez. The machine was originally a soft-serve ice cream machine and now sits in the Smithsonian National Museum of History.[20]
Other fruits[edit]
A variety of fruits
Alternate fruits and juice mixtures can also be used in a margarita. Fruits like mango, peach, strawberry, banana, melon, or raspberry are suitable for creating this drink. Many recipes call for a splash of orange juice. These days, margarita can be prepared in many different ways. When the word "margarita" is used by itself, it typically refers to the lime or lemon juice margarita, but when other juices are used, the fruits are typically added as adjectives in the name; with lime juice or lemon juice added to give it a characteristic margarita flavor (a wedge of lime is often added to the glass). Other varieties of margarita include fruit margarita, top-shelf margarita and virgin margarita.
Coronarita[edit]
Some bars and restaurants serve a "Coronarita", beer cocktail that consists of a bottle of Corona upturned to drain into a margarita.[21][22]
A blended margarita
A margarita served in an old fashioned glass
Glass[edit]
A traditional margarita glass
Margaritas may be served in a variety of glasses, most notably the eponymous margarita glass, a variant of the classic champagne coupe; this is particularly associated with blended fruit margaritas, and the glass is also used for dishes such as guacamole or shrimp cocktails. In formal settings margaritas are often served in a standard cocktail glass, while in informal settings, particularly with ice, margaritas may be served in an old-fashioned glass.
In the U.S., where the frozen drink is popular in Mexican and "Tex-Mex" restaurants, the drink has been seen[by whom?] served in glasses ranging from beer steins to large schooners and even large rounded stemless "fishbowls" (as a large quantity of margarita is typically dispensed this way, the drink is intended to be consumed by multiple patrons, and alcohol-service laws often prohibit a licensed server or bartender from knowingly serving a drink of this size to a single person).[citation needed]
Popularity[edit]
The margarita cocktail was the "Drink of the Month" in Esquire magazine, December 1953, pg. 76:[23]
1 ounce tequila
Dash of Triple Sec
Juice of 1/2 lime or lemon
Pour over crushed ice, stir. Rub the rim of a stem glass with rind of lemon or lime, spin in salt—pour, and sip.
It was further popularized by the Jimmy Buffett song "Margaritaville".
See also[edit]
Drink portal
List of cocktails
Mexican martini
Paloma
Tommy's Margarita
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Difford, Simon (2008). Cocktails: Over 2250 Cocktails. Diffords Guide. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-955-62760-6.
Jump up ^ Michael Stetz (9 July 2006). "I'll Have a Mystery on the Rocks with Salt". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Paul Chavez, "Danny Herrera, Inventor of Margarita, Dies at Age 90," Los Angeles Times, May 14, 1992.
Jump up ^ Jack Williams (4 May 2006). "Obituary - Albert Hernandez Sr.; Margarita Pioneer, Restaurateur". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Controy Orange Liqueur hits the U.S." 23 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Francisco Morales; Credited With Inventing Margarita," Los Angeles Times, January 8, 1997.
Jump up ^ Lisa Bramen, "The History of the Margarita", Smithsonian, May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Stacy Finz, "Mastering the margarita: Tequila aside, even experts can't agree on what goes into the legendary cocktail", San Francisco Chronicle, July 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ history and origins of names
Jump up ^ Rosenberg Library Museum "Lost Treasure: The Balinese Room" Balinese Room. .
Jump up ^ "Once upon a time in Mexico", Imbibe, March/April 2010.
Jump up ^ de Mancillas, Gloria (1992). Seminario de Historia de Baja California. Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas UABC.
Jump up ^ Hazard, Ann (1992). Agave Sunsets, Treasured Tales of Baja. Renegade Enterprises, pp 157-160.
Jump up ^ Lieber, Sara (2007). MTV Best of Mexico. Wiley Publishing, Inc., p 349.
Jump up ^ David Wondrich (5 May 2010). "Behind the Drink: The Margarita". Liquor.com. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "MARGARITA: All Day Cocktail". International Bartenders Association. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Original Margarita". Cointreau. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Key Limes vs Persian Limes - The Cocktail Novice". 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ Times, Los Angeles. "Key lime: Handle with care". latimes.com. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Margarita Recipes".
Jump up ^ http://www.chilis.com/en/pages/drinkmenu.aspx[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Dave & Buster's - Drink Menu - Best Sports Bar Ever". 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Barry Popik. "Texas, The Lone Star State: Margarita (cocktail)". Retrieved 12 August 2006.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Bartending has a page on the topic of: Margarita
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margarita (cocktail).
Margarita at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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Hustle & Flow (soundtrack)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hustle & Flow: Music From and Inspired by the Motion Picture
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
July 12, 2005
Genre
Crunk, gangsta rap, hardcore hip hop
Length
73:22[1]
Label
Grand Hustle, Atlantic
Producer
Clifford Harris, John Singleton, Detral Treadwell, Jason Geter, Kevin Liles (Executive Producers)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [2]
HipHopDX [3]
RapReviews [4]
Hustle & Flow: Music From and Inspired by the Motion Picture is the soundtrack album for the motion picture, Hustle & Flow. It features music by P$C featuring T.I. & Lil Scrappy, Mike Jones featuring Nicole Wray, Trillville, Juvenile featuring Skip & Wacko, Nasty Nardo, 8Ball & MJG, Lil' Boosie & Webbie and other artists. Also featured on the album are tracks performed by the film's star, Terrence Howard, in his lead role as the street hustler-turned-rapper, Djay. The skits on the soundtrack are sound clips from the film. It was released on July 12, 2005 on Grand Hustle and Atlantic Records.
The first single off the collection was the Lil Jon-produced "I'm a King (Remix)" by P$C featuring T.I. and Lil Scrappy. A music video was released for the song which featured all three rappers in the city of Atlanta and clips from Hustle & Flow. The second single was the remix of Webbie's "Bad Bitch," featuring Trina. The soundtrack has sold over 300,000 copies. The chorus to Nasty Nardo's track entitled "Lets Get a Room" samples Project Pat's song entitled "Make Dat Azz Clap (Back Clap)". The song number 4 in the track list "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" produced by Three 6 Mafia won the Oscar for Best Original Song at the 78th Academy Awards ceremony and was performed on stage by the members of Three 6 Mafia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
1.1 Album Position
1.2 Songs
2 Trivia
3 See also
4 References
Track listing[edit]
#
Title
Artist
1. "I'm a King (Remix)" P$C featuring T.I. & Lil Scrappy
2. "Swerve" Lil Boosie & Webbie
3. "Microphone (Skit)" Djay & Pawn Shop Owner
4. "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" Three 6 Mafia
5. "Tell Me Why" 8Ball & MJG
6. "Pussy Niggaz" E-40 featuring Bohagon & Lil Scrappy
7. "Whoop That Trick" Djay
8. "Bum Guy (Skit)" Djay & Arnel's Drunk
9. "Man Up" Trillville
10. "Carbon 15's, A.K.'s & Mac 11's" Boyz N Da Hood
11. "Lil' Daddy" Young City a.k.a. Chopper
12. "Let's Get a Room" Nasty Nardo
13. "Booty Language" Juvenile featuring Skip & Wacko
14. "Bad Bitch (Remix)" Webbie featuring Trina
15. "We in Charge (Skit)" Djay & Nola
16. "Hustle & Flow (It Ain't Over)" Djay
17. "Still Tippin' (It's a Man's World Remix)" Mike Jones featuring Nicole Wray
18. "Murder Game" P$C
19. "Get Crunk, Get Buck" Al Kapone
20. "Man Ain't Like a Dog (Skit)" Djay
Album Position[edit]
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard 200 30
Songs[edit]
Title
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
"I'm A King" U.S. Billboard Hot 100 67
"Bad Bitch (Remix)" U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 48
Trivia[edit]
Terrence Howard was to perform the Oscar-nominated song "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" at the Oscars, but he declined. The writers of the song Jordan Houston, Paul Beauregard, of Three 6 Mafia and Frayser Boy Frayser Boy decided to perform the song along with Howard's co-star Taraji P. Henson and member Crunchy Black instead. The group won the Oscar for Best Original Song making them the first African American hip-hop group to win one. They also appeared in the movie.
During the 2013 NBA Playoffs, the song Whoop that Trick has become very popular in Memphis during Memphis Grizzlies home games.
See also[edit]
Hustle & Flow
Hustler (disambiguation)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kellman, Andy (21 November 2016). "Hustle & Flow soundtrack". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Allmusic review
Jump up ^ HipHopDX review
Jump up ^ RapReviews review
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Ark of the Covenant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Noah's Ark.
Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant by Benjamin West, 1800
The Ark of the Covenant (Hebrew: אָרוֹן הַבְּרִית, Modern Arōn Ha'brēt, Tiberian ʾĀrôn Habbərîṯ), also known as the Ark of the Testimony, is a gold-covered wooden chest with lid cover described in the Book of Exodus as containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments. According to various texts within the Hebrew Bible, it also contained Aaron's rod and a pot of manna.[1] Hebrews 9:4 describes: "The ark of the covenant [was] covered on all sides with gold, in which was a golden jar holding the manna, and Aaron's rod which budded, and the tables of the covenant."
The biblical account relates that, approximately one year after the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, the Ark was created according to the pattern given to Moses by God when the Israelites were encamped at the foot of biblical Mount Sinai. Thereafter, the gold-plated acacia chest was carried by its staves while en route by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits (approximately 800 meters or 2,600 feet) in advance of the people when on the march or before the Israelite army, the host of fighting men.[2] When carried, the Ark was always hidden under a large veil made of skins and blue cloth, always carefully concealed, even from the eyes of the priests and the Levites who carried it. God was said to have spoken with Moses "from between the two cherubim" on the Ark's cover.[3] When at rest the tabernacle was set up and the holy Ark was placed under the veil of the covering, the staves of it crossing the middle side bars to hold it up off the ground.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical account
1.1 Construction and description
1.2 Mobile vanguard
1.3 Capture by the Philistines
1.4 In the days of King David
1.5 In Solomon's Temple
1.6 The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath
2 References in Scripture
2.1 Tanakh
2.2 Second Book of Maccabees
2.3 The Ark in Islamic sources
3 Possible locations
3.1 Mount Nebo
3.2 Ethiopia
3.3 Southern Africa
3.4 Europe
3.4.1 Chartres Cathedral, France
3.4.2 Rennes-le-Château, then to the United States
3.4.3 Rome
3.4.4 United Kingdom
3.4.5 Ireland
3.5 Egypt
3.5.1 Tutankhamun's tomb
4 In popular culture
5 Yom HaAliyah
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Biblical account[edit]
The covered ark and seven priests with rams' horns, at the Battle of Jericho, in an eighteenth-century artist's depiction.
Construction and description[edit]
According to the Book of Exodus, God instructed Moses on Mount Sinai during his 40-day stay upon the mountain within the thick cloud and darkness where God was[4][5] and he was shown the pattern for the tabernacle and furnishings of the Ark to be made of shittim wood to house the Tablets of Stone. Moses instructed Bezalel and Oholiab to construct the Ark.[6][7] In Deuteronomy, however, the Ark is said to have been built specifically by Moses himself without reference of Bezalel or Oholiab.[8]
The Book of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed. It is to be 2½ cubits in length, 1½ in breadth, and 1½ in height (approximately 131×79×79 cm or 52×31×31 in). Then it is to be gilded entirely with gold, and a crown or molding of gold is to be put around it. Four rings of gold are to be attached to its four corners, two on each side—and through these rings staves of shittim-wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to be inserted; and these are not to be removed.[9] A golden lid, the kapporet (traditionally "mercy seat" in Christian translations) which is covered with 2 golden cherubim, is to be placed above the Ark. Instructions missing from the biblical account include the thickness of the mercy seat, but instruct that the cherubim cover be beaten out the ends of it and details concerning the cherubim except that they form the space that God will appear. The Ark is finally to be placed under the veil of the covering.
Mobile vanguard[edit]
Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark, painting by James Tissot, c. 1900
The biblical account continues that, after its creation by Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, called the Tabernacle.
When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the Jordan river, the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance.[10][11] During the crossing, the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters, and remained so until the priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over.[12][13][14][15] As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood.[16]
In the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days, preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns.[17] On the seventh day, the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and, with a great shout, Jericho's wall fell down flat and the people took the city.[18] After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark.[19] When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron (where 'Bethel' is translated 'the House of God' in the King James Version).[20] According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. Later, however, the Ark was kept at Shiloh, another religious centre some 16 km north of Bethel, at the time of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship,[21] where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, two sons of Eli.[22]
Capture by the Philistines[edit]
1728 illustration of the Ark at the erection of the Tabernacle and the sacred vessels, as in Exodus 40:17-19
Main article: Philistine captivity of the Ark
A few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them against the Philistines, after being defeated at the battle of Eben-Ezer.[23] They were, however, heavily defeated with the loss of 30,000 men. The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed. The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger "with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head." The old priest, Eli, fell dead when he heard it; and his daughter-in-law, bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received, named him Ichabod — explained as "The glory has departed Israel" in reference to the loss of the Ark.[24] The mother of the child Ichabod died at his birth.[25]
The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country, and at each place misfortune befell them.[26] At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon. The next morning Dagon was found prostrate, bowed down, before it; and on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with tumors; a plague of mice was sent over the land.[27] The affliction of boils was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron, whither the Ark was successively removed.[28]
After the Ark had been among them for seven months, the Philistines, on the advice of their diviners, returned it to the Israelites, accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted. The Ark was set up in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and the Beth-shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings.[29] Out of curiosity the men of Beth-shemesh gazed at the Ark; and as a punishment, seventy of them (fifty thousand and seventy in some translations) were smitten by the Lord.[30] The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath-jearim, or Baal-Judah, to have the Ark removed;[31] and it was taken to the house of Abinadab, whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it. Kirjath-jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years. Under Saul, the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines, but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle. In 1 Chronicles 13:3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul.[32]
In the days of King David[edit]
Illustration from the 13th century Morgan Bible of David bringing the Ark into Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6).
At the beginning of his reign over the United Monarchy, King David removed the Ark from Kirjath-jearim amid great rejoicing. On the way to Zion, Uzzah, one of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark, put out his hand to steady the Ark, and was struck dead by God for touching it. The place was subsequently named "Perez-Uzzah", literally "Outburst Against Uzzah",[33] as a result. David, in fear, carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, instead of carrying it on to Zion, and there it stayed three months.[34][35]
On hearing that God had blessed Obed-edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house, David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites, while he himself, "girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might" and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem - a performance that caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife, Saul's daughter Michal.[36][37][38] In Zion, David put the Ark in the tabernacle he had prepared for it, offered sacrifices, distributed food, and blessed the people and his own household.[39][40][41]
The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark.[42] David's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God.[43][44][45][46] The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah;[47] and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom's conspiracy, the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem.[48]
In Solomon's Temple[edit]
The Ark carried into the Temple from the early 15th century Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah's conspiracy against David, his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark.[49] Solomon worshipped before the Ark after his dream in which God promised him wisdom.[50]
During the construction of Solomon's Temple, a special inner room, named Kodesh Hakodashim (Eng. Holy of Holies), was prepared to receive and house the Ark;[51] and when the Temple was dedicated, the Ark—containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments—was placed therein.[52] When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with a cloud, "for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord".[53][54][55]
When Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter, he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion, as Zion was consecrated because of its containing the Ark.[56] King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple,[57] from which it appears to have been removed by one of his predecessors (cf. 2 Chron. 33-34 and 2 Kings 21-23).
The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath[edit]
In 587 BC, the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple. There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles. An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Book of Ezra, 1 Esdras, suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God, but does not mention taking away the Ark:[58]
And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord, both great and small, with the vessels of the ark of God, and the king's treasures, and carried them away into Babylon
In Rabbinic literature, the final disposition of the Ark is disputed. Some rabbis hold that it must have been carried off to Babylon, while others hold that it must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back.[59] A late 2nd-century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah, the king of Judah, stored away the Ark, along with the jar of manna, and a jar containing the holy anointing oil, the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines.[60] This was said to have been done in order to prevent their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon, in the same rabbinic work, state that the Ark was, in fact, taken into Babylon. Rabbi Yehudah, dissenting, says that the Ark was stored away in its own place, meaning, somewhere on the Temple Mount.
References in Scripture[edit]
Tanakh[edit]
The Ark is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and then numerous times in Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, I Samuel, II Samuel, I Kings, I Chronicles, II Chronicles, Psalms and Jeremiah.
In the Book of Jeremiah, it is referenced by Jeremiah, who, speaking in the days of Josiah,[61] prophesied a future time, possibly the end of days, when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again:
And it shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the land, in those days - the word of the LORD - they will no longer say, 'The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD' and it will not come to mind; they will not mention it, and will not recall it, and it will not be used any more.
Rashi comments on this verse that "The entire people will be so imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God's Presence will rest upon them collectively, as if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant."[62]
Second Book of Maccabees[edit]
See also: 2 Maccabees
According to Second Maccabees, at the beginning of chapter 2:[63]
The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him. Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land. When he reached the mountain, Jeremiah found a cave-dwelling; he carried the tent, the ark, and the incense-altar into it, then blocked up the entrance. Some of his companions came to mark out the way, but were unable to find it. When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them. "The place shall remain unknown", he said, "until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them. The Lord will bring these things to light again, and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud, as it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated."
The "mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land" would be Mount Nebo, located in what is now Jordan.
The Ark in Islamic sources[edit]
Chapter 2 (Sura 2) of the Quran (Verse 248), is believed to refer to the Ark:
And their prophet said to them, "Indeed, a sign of his kingship is that the chest (tābūt) will come to you in which is assurance (sakīnatun) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses (Mūsā) and the family of Aaron (Hārūn) had left, carried by the angels. Indeed in that is a sign for you, if you are believers."[64][65]
The Arabic word sakīna (variously translated "peace of reassurance" or "spirit of tranquility") is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah, meaning "dwelling or presence of God".
The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could be Tawrat, the Books of Moses.[66] According to Al-Jalalan, the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets, rods, robes, shoes, mitres of Moses and the vase of manna.[66] Al-Tha'alibi, in Qisas Al-Anbiya (The Stories of the Prophets), has given an earlier and later history of the Ark.
According to Uri Rubin the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam, and Islam gives it special significance.[67]
Possible locations[edit]
Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative, there has been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark, and several possible places have been suggested for its location.
Mount Nebo[edit]
2 Maccabees 2:4-10, written around 100 BC, says that the prophet Jeremiah, "being warned by God" before the Babylonian invasion, took the Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Altar of Incense, and buried them in a cave on Mount Nebo, informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that it should remain unknown "until the time that God should gather His people again together, and receive them unto mercy."[68] Mount Nebo is also described in the Bible (Deuteronomy 34) as the site from which Moses views the Promised Land, and apparently also is his final burial place. Mount Nebo is approximately 47 km (29 miles) slightly south of due east from Jerusalem, near the east bank of the Jordan River.
Ethiopia[edit]
The Chapel of the Tablet at the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum allegedly houses the original Ark of the Covenant.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant, or Tabot, in Axum. The object is currently kept under guard in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. Replicas of the Axum tabot are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church, each with its own dedication to a particular saint; the most popular of these include Mary, George and Michael.[69]
The Kebra Nagast was composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty, which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270. It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the Kebra Nagast is the best-known account of this belief, it predates the document. Abu al-Makarim, writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century, makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark. "The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant", he wrote, and, after a description of the object, describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year, "on the feast of the great nativity, on the feast of the glorious Baptism, on the feast of the holy Resurrection, and on the feast of the illuminating Cross."[70]
In his 1992 book The Sign and the Seal, British writer Graham Hancock suggests, contrary to the Kebra Nagast, that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River, where it was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum.[71] Archaeologist John Holladay of the University of Toronto called Hancock's theory "garbage and hogwash," while Edward Ullendorff, a former Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London, said he "wasted a lot of time reading it."[72]
On 25 June 2009, the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia, Abune Paulos, said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant, which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum, Ethiopia.[73] The following day, on 26 June 2009, the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all, but that instead he could attest to its current status.[74]
Southern Africa[edit]
The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south, calling it the ngoma lungundu or "voice of God", eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains, their spiritual home.[75][76]
On 14 April 2008, in a UK Channel 4 documentary, Tudor Parfitt, taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story, described his research into this claim. He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark. It was of similar size, was carried on poles by priests, was not allowed to touch the ground, was revered as a voice of their God, and was used as a weapon of great power, sweeping enemies aside.[77]
In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant (2008), Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen. One Lemba clan, the Buba, which was supposed to have brought the Ark to Africa, have a genetic signature called the Cohen Modal Haplotype. This suggests a male Semitic link to the Levant. Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in Sena in Yemen. Later, it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization. According to their oral traditions, some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark, it self-destructed. Using a core from the original, the Lemba priests constructed a new one. This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually found its way to the Museum of Human Science in Harare.[76] Parfitt had this artifact radio-carbon dated to about 1350, which coincided with the sudden end of the Great Zimbabwe civilization.[78]
Europe[edit]
Chartres Cathedral, France[edit]
French author Louis Charpentier claimed that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral by the Knights Templar.[79][80]
Rennes-le-Château, then to the United States[edit]
One author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the village of Rennes-le-Château in Southern France. Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne, who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes-le-Château at the outbreak of World War I to the United States.[81]
Rome[edit]
The Ark of the Covenant was said to have been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran, surviving the pillages of Rome by Genseric and Alaric I but lost when the basilica burned.[82][83]
"Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy-seat of the temple. There was a bloodstain on it. On inquiry he was told that it was a stain from the blood which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Day of Atonement."[84]
United Kingdom[edit]
In 2003, author Graham Phillips hypothetically concluded that the Ark was taken to Mount Sinai in the Valley of Edom by the Maccabees. Phillips claims it remained there until the 1180s, when Ralph de Sudeley, the leader of the Templars found the Maccabean treasure at Jebel al-Madhbah, and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire, England taking the treasure with him.[85]
Ireland[edit]
During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant—the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill.[86]
Egypt[edit]
Tutankhamun's tomb[edit]
Main article: Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun
1922 photograph of the tomb of Tutankhamun. Photograph by Harry Burton (1879-1940)
In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun (KV62) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. Among the artifacts was a processional ark, listed as Shrine 261, the Anubis Shrine. Almost immediately after publication of the photographs[87] of this sensational archaeological find, some claimed that the Anubis Shrine could be the Ark of the Covenant. John M. Lundquist, author of The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future (2008), discounts this idea. The Anubis Shrine measures 95 centimetres (37 in) long, 37 centimetres (15 in) wide, and 54.3 centimetres (21.4 in) high in the shape of a pylon. The Biblical Ark of the Covenant is approximately 133 centimetres (52 in) long, 80 centimetres (31 in) wide, and 80 centimetres (31 in) high in the shape of a rectangular chest.
Lundquist observes that the Anubis Shrine is not strictly analogous to the Ark of the Covenant; it can only be said that the it is "ark-like", constructed of wood, gessoed and gilded, stored within a sacred tomb, "guarding" the treasury of the tomb (and not the primary focus of that environment), that it contains compartments within it that store and hold sacred objects, that it has a figure of Anubis on its lid, and that it was carried by two staves permanently inserted into rings at its base and borne by eight priests in the funerary procession to Tutankhamun's tomb. Its value is the insight it provides to the ancient culture of Egypt.[88]
In popular culture[edit]
The Ark of the Covenant is the main plot device in Steven Spielberg's 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark, which depicts it as located by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936. It is mentioned briefly in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and appears in a cameo in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).[89]
In the Danish family film The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006, the main part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant. The power of the Ark comes from charged static electricity from different metal plates like a giant battery.[90]
It appears in the video game Assassin's Creed (2007),[91] where Robert de Sablé found a "Piece of the Eden" and Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad planned to stop him, but he couldn't.[92] It's also mentioned in Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China (2015)[93] and in the film Assassin's Creed (2016).[94]
Yom HaAliyah[edit]
Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant.
See also[edit]
List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
The Exodus Decoded (television documentary)
Foucault's Pendulum
History of ancient Israel and Judah
Jewish symbolism
Lost history
Mikoshi
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Numbers 4:5-6
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Jump up ^ Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt, Moses and The Torah: Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, pages 85-86 (Emmaus Road Publishing, 2007). ISBN 978-1-931018-45-6
Jump up ^ "Deu 10:1-5 NIV - Tablets Like the First Ones - At that - Bible Gateway". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ ""Four feet"; see Exodus 25:12, majority of translations. "Four corners" in KJV". Biblestudytools.com. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
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Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 6:19
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 6:21
Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 13:3
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 6:8
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Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 13:1-13
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Jump up ^ 2 Sam 6:20-22
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Jump up ^ 1 Chron 16:1-3
Jump up ^ 2 Chron 1:4
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Jump up ^ 2 Sam 7:1-17
Jump up ^ 1 Chron 17:1-15
Jump up ^ 1 Chron 28:2
Jump up ^ 1 Chron 3
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 11:11
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 15:24-29
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 2:26
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 3:15
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 6:19
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8:6-9
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8:10-11
Jump up ^ 2 Chron 5:13
Jump up ^ 2 Chron 14
Jump up ^ 2 Chron 8:11
Jump up ^ 2 Chron 35:3
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Jump up ^ "Ark of the Covenant". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Tosefta (Sotah 13:1); cf. Babylonian Talmud (Kereithot 5b)
Jump up ^ Jer 3:16
Jump up ^ Jeremiah 3:16, Tanach. Brooklyn, New York: ArtScroll. p. 1078.
Jump up ^ 2 Maccabees 2:4-8
Jump up ^ Translation [1] Sahih International.
Jump up ^ "Quran Surah Al-Baqara ( Verse 248 )". Irebd.com. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Hughes, Patrick; Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1995) [1885]. A Dictionary of Islam. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 624. ISBN 9788120606722. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Uri (2001). "Traditions in Transformation: The Ark of the Covenant and the Golden Calf in Biblical and Islamic Historiography" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-11-17.
Jump up ^ Cf. Deuteronomy 34:1-3 and 2 Maccabees 2:4-8.
Jump up ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, 2005, The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant, Tauris (reviewed in Times Literary Supplement 19 August 2005 p. 36)
Jump up ^ B.T.A. Evetts (translator), The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighboring Countries attributed to Abu Salih, the Armenian, with added notes by Alfred J. Butler (Oxford, 1895), pp. 287f
Jump up ^ Hancock, Graham (1992). The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant. New York: Crown. ISBN 0517578131.
Jump up ^ Hiltzik, Michael H. (June 9, 1992). "Does Trail to Ark of Covenant End Behind Aksum Curtain? A British author believes the long-lost religious object may actually be inside a stone chapel in Ethiopia". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Fendel, Hillel (2009-06-25). "Holy Ark Announcement Due on Friday", Aruta Sheva (Israel International News). Retrieved on 2009-06-25
Jump up ^ IGN (2009-06-19). Ho visto l'Arca dell'Alleanza ed è in buone condizioni. Retrieved on 2009-06-26
Jump up ^ The Lost Ark of the Covenant by Tudor Parfitt, published by HarperCollins 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b A Lead on the Ark of the Covenant, by David Van Biema Thursday, Time.com, Feb. 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Debates & Controversies - Quest for the Lost Ark". Channel4.com. 2008-04-14. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ Brian Haughton, Haunted Spaces, Sacred Places: A Field Guide to Stone Circles, Crop Circles, Ancient Tombs, and Supernatural Landscapes, page 142 (Career Press, Inc., 2008). ISBN 978-1-60163-000-1
Jump up ^ Louis Charpentier, Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1966), translated as The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral (London: Research Into Lost Knowledge Organisation, 1972).
Jump up ^ Karen Ralls, The Templars and The Grail: Knights of The Quest, page 99, pages 163-164 (Quest Books, Theosophical Publishing House, 2003). ISBN 0-8356-0807-7. Citing Patrick Byrne, Templar Gold: Discovering the Ark of the Covenant (Blue Dolphin Publishing, Inc., 2001). ISBN 1-57733-099-4
Jump up ^ J. Salmon, A Description of The Works of Art of Ancient and Modern Rome, Particularly In Architecture, Sculpture & Painting, Volume One, page 108 (London: J. Sammells, 1798).
Jump up ^ Debra J. Birch, Pilgrimage To Rome In The Middle Ages: Continuity and Change, page 111 (The Boydell Press, 1998). ISBN 0-85115-771-8
Jump up ^ Midrash Tanḥuma. p. 33. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Phillips, G., The Templars and the Ark of the Covenant, accessed 25 December 2017
Jump up ^ Ivan McAvinchey. "News 2006 (March 9)". Rsai.ie. Archived from the original on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
Jump up ^ Photographs by Harry Burton, The Griffith Institute, Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation: The Howard Carter Archives.
Jump up ^ Lundquist, John M. The Temple of Jerusalem: past, present, and future, Chapter 2 "The World of the First Temple", pp.66-67, © 2008 by John M. Lundquist, first published 2008, Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 ISBN 978-0-275-98339-0 www.praeger.com.
Jump up ^ "Philip Kaufman". google.com.
Jump up ^ "Tempelriddernes Skat - Filmens Handling". filmcentralen.dk. 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
Jump up ^ "The Ark of the Covenant - Gameplay". IGN. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Carter, Justin (October 19, 2015). "Here's the Entire Assassin's Creed Story So Far". Twinfinite. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ VanOrd, Kevin (April 20, 2015). "Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China". GameSpot. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Maher, Kevin (December 30, 2016). "Assassin's Creed". The Times. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Library resources about
Ark of the Covenant
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Further reading[edit]
Ackerman, Susan (2000). "Ark of the Covenant". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans.
Carew, Mairead, Tara and the Ark of the Covenant: A Search for the Ark of the Covenant by British Israelites on the Hill of Tara, 1899-1902. Royal Irish Academy, 2003. ISBN 0-9543855-2-7
Cline, Eric H. (2007), From Eden to Exile: Unravelling Mysteries of the Bible, National Geographic Society, ISBN 978-1-4262-0084-7
Fisher, Milton C., The Ark of the Covenant: Alive and Well in Ethiopia?. Bible and Spade 8/3, pp. 65–72, 1995.
Foster, Charles, Tracking the Ark of the Covenant. Monarch, 2007.
Grierson, Roderick & Munro-Hay, Stuart, The Ark of the Covenant. Orion Books Ltd, 2000. ISBN 0-7538-1010-7
Hancock, Graham, The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant. Touchstone Books, 1993. ISBN 0-671-86541-2
Haran, M., The Disappearance of the Ark, IEJ 13 (1963), 46-58
Hertz, J.H., The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. Oxford University Press, 1936.
Hubbard, David (1956) The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast Ph.D. dissertation, St. Andrews University, Scotland
Munro-Hay, Stuart, The Quest For The Ark of The Covenant: The True History of The Tablets of Moses. L. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 2006. ISBN 1-84511-248-2
Ritmeyer, L., The Ark of the Covenant: Where It Stood in Solomon's Temple. Biblical Archaeology Review 22/1: 46-55, 70-73, 1996.
Stolz, Fritz. "Ark of the Covenant." In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 125. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0802824137
External links[edit]
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Ark of the Covenant
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ark of the Covenant.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ark of the Covenant
Portions of this article have been taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906. Ark of the Covenant
Initial text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897. Ark of the Covenant
The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume I. Ark of the Covenant
Smithsonian.com "Keepers of the Lost Ark?"
Derby, Josiah, "The Gold of The Ark", Jewish Bible Quarterly.
Havergal, William Henry. Six Lectures on The Ark of The Covenant (London: Hamilton, Adams And Co, 1867). Available on Google Books. [3]
Pendleton, Philip Y., A Brief Sketch of the Jewish Tabernacle. 1901. (International Sunday-school Lessons for 1902. Standard Eclectic Commentary comprising original and selected notes, explanatory, illustrative, practical. Embellished with maps, diagrams, chronological charts, tables, etc.)
Schatz, Elihu, "The Weight of The Ark of The Covenant", Jewish Bible Quarterly.
Shyovitz, David, The Lost Ark of the Covenant. Jewish Virtual Library.
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Temple in Jerusalem
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Ark of the Covenant
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Navel of the World
Temple Denial
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ark_of_the_Covenant&oldid=837788356"
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