text:
War Powers Resolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
War Powers Resolution
Long title
Joint resolution concerning the war powers of Congress and the President.
Enacted by
the 92nd United States Congress
Effective
November 7, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-148
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 555
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.J.Res. 542 by Clement J. Zablocki (D-WI) on May 3, 1973
Committee consideration by House Foreign Affairs
Passed the House on July 10, 1973 (244–170)
Passed the Senate on July 20, 1973 (75-20)
Reported by the joint conference committee on October 4, 1973; agreed to by the Senate on October 10, 1973 (75–20) and by the House on October 12, 1973 (238–122)
Vetoed by President Richard Nixon on October 24, 1973
Overridden by the House on November 7, 1973 (284–135)
Overridden by the Senate and became law on November 7, 1973 (75–18)
U.S. Congressional opposition
to American involvement in
wars and interventions
1812 North America
House Federalists’ Address
1847 Mexican–American War
Spot Resolutions
1917 World War I
Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill
1935–1939
Neutrality Acts
1935–1940
Ludlow Amendment
1970 Vietnam
McGovern–Hatfield Amendment
1970 Southeast Asia
Cooper–Church Amendment
1971 Vietnam
Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution
1973 Southeast Asia
Case–Church Amendment
1973
War Powers Resolution
1974
Hughes–Ryan Amendment
1976 Angola
Clark Amendment
1982 Nicaragua
Boland Amendment
2007 Iraq
House Concurrent Resolution 63
v
t
e
The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act) (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548)[1] is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution. It provides that the U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, "statutory authorization," or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces."
The War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30-day withdrawal period, without a Congressional authorization for use of military force (AUMF) or a declaration of war by the United States. The resolution was passed by two-thirds of Congress, overriding the veto of the bill from President Nixon.
It has been alleged that the War Powers Resolution has been violated in the past – for example, by President Bill Clinton in 1999, during the bombing campaign in Kosovo. Congress has disapproved all such incidents, but none has resulted in any successful legal actions being taken against the president for alleged violations.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 History
2.1 Background and passage
2.2 Implementation, 1993–2002
2.3 Libya intervention in 2011
2.4 Possible repeal
2.5 Syrian Military Action in 2017
3 Questions regarding constitutionality
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Under the United States Constitution, war powers are divided. Congress has the power to raise and support the armed forces, control the war funding (Article I, Section 8), and has the "Power … to declare war", while the President is commander-in-chief of the military, and the militia (armed citizenry) "when called into the actual Service of the United States" (Article II, Section 2). It is generally agreed that the commander-in-chief role gives the President power to repel attacks against the United States[3][4] and makes the President responsible for leading the armed forces. In addition and as with all acts of the Congress, the President has the right to sign or veto congressional acts, such as a declaration of war. However, the war power was intentionally split between Congress and the Executive to prevent unilateral executive action counter to the nation's direct interests.
History[edit]
Background and passage[edit]
During the Korean and Vietnam wars, the United States found itself involved for many years in situations of intense conflict without a declaration of war. Many members of Congress became concerned with the erosion of congressional authority to decide when the United States should become involved in a war or the use of armed forces that might lead to war. It was prompted by news leaking out that President Nixon conducted secret bombings of Cambodia during the Vietnam War without notifying Congress.
The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon. By a two-thirds vote in each house, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on November 7, 1973.
Implementation, 1993–2002[edit]
Presidents have submitted 130[5] reports to Congress as a result of the War Powers Resolution, although only one (the Mayagüez incident) cited Section 4(a)(1) and specifically stated that forces had been introduced into hostilities or imminent danger.
Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution in the Multinational Force in Lebanon Act (P.L. 98-119), which authorized the Marines to remain in Lebanon for 18 months during 1982 and 1983. In addition, the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 (Pub.L. 102–1) which authorized United States combat operations against Iraqi forces during the 1991 Gulf War, stated that it constituted specific statutory authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution.
On November 9, 1994, the House used a section of the War Powers Resolution to state that U.S. forces should be withdrawn from Somalia by March 31, 1994; Congress had already taken this action in appropriations legislation. More recently under President Clinton, war powers were at issue in former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, and Haiti, and under President George W. Bush in responding to terrorist attacks against the U.S. after September 11, 2001. "[I]n 1999, President Clinton kept the bombing campaign in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed. Even then, however, the Clinton legal team opined that its actions were consistent with the War Powers Resolution because Congress had approved a bill funding the operation, which they argued constituted implicit authorization. That theory was controversial because the War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization."[6] Clinton's actions in Kosovo were challenged by a member of Congress as a violation of the War Powers Resolution in the D.C. Circuit case Campbell v. Clinton, but the court found the issue was a non-justiciable political question.[7] It was also accepted that because Clinton had withdrawn from the region 12 days prior the 90-day required deadline, he had managed to comply with the act.[8]
After the 1991 Gulf War, the use of force to obtain Iraqi compliance with United Nations resolutions, particularly through enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones, remained a war powers issue. In October 2002 Congress enacted the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Pub.L. 107–243 which authorized President George W. Bush to use force as necessary to defend the United States against Iraq and enforce relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions.[9] This was in addition to the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists enacted in 2001.
Libya intervention in 2011[edit]
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton testified to Congress in March 2011 that the administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya or for further decisions about it, despite congressional objections from members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution.[10][11] During that classified briefing, she reportedly indicated that the administration would sidestep the Resolution's provision regarding a 60-day limit on unauthorized military actions.[12] Months later, she stated that, with respect to the military operation in Libya, the United States was still flying a quarter of the sorties, and the New York Times reported that, while many presidents had bypassed other sections of the War Powers Resolution, there was little precedent for exceeding the 60-day statutory limit on unauthorized military actions – a limit which the Justice Department had said in 1980 was constitutional.[13][14] The State Department publicly took the position in June 2011 that there was no "hostility" in Libya within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution, contrary to legal interpretations in 2011 by the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel.[15][16][17]
May 20, 2011, marked the 60th day of US combat in Libya (as part of the UN resolution) but the deadline arrived without President Obama seeking specific authorization from the US Congress.[18] President Obama notified Congress that no authorization was needed,[19] since the US leadership had been transferred to NATO,[20] and since US involvement was somewhat "limited". In fact, as of April 28, 2011, the US had conducted 75 percent of all aerial refueling sorties, supplied 70 percent of the operation's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, and contributed 24 percent of the total aircraft used in the operation.[21] By September, the US had conducted 26 percent of all military sorties, contributing more resources to Operation Unified Protector than any other NATO country.[22] The State Department requested (but never received) express congressional authorization.[16][23]
On Friday, June 3, 2011, the US House of Representatives voted to rebuke President Obama for maintaining an American presence in the NATO operations in Libya, which they considered a violation of the War Powers Resolution.[24][25] In The New York Times, an opinion piece by Yale Law Professor Bruce Ackerman stated that Obama's position "lacks a solid legal foundation. And by adopting it, the White House has shattered the traditional legal process the executive branch has developed to sustain the rule of law over the past 75 years."[26]
Possible repeal[edit]
On January 16, 2014, Senators John McCain and Tim Kaine unveiled legislation that would repeal the existing War Powers Resolution and replace it with a new law for greater presidential consultation to Congress before committing military forces to a war or armed conflict. Senator McCain justifies the effort by pointing out that Congress has not formally declared war since June 1942 and that the nature of war has changed since then. Senator Kaine said that modern threats require a re-examination of consultation between a president and the legislature. Since the War Powers Resolution was passed after involvement during Vietnam in 1973, the U.S. has been involved in several military actions of varying scales without any real effect from the resolution. Recent events like U.S. intervention during the 2011 Libyan Revolution and the attempted call for congressional approval for action in the Syrian Civil War in 2013 have ignited debate over presidential authority and the effectiveness of the War Powers Resolution. The proposed replacement law would require the president to consult with Congress before deployment into a "significant armed conflict" or engage in combat operations expected to last over seven days. It extends the time needed to consult Congress of the deployment to three days, but reduces the time required for a resolution to be passed by Congress for extending operations to 30 days. The proposed legislation does not affect humanitarian missions and covert operations. The proposal is based on the work of the bipartisan National War Powers Commission.[27]
Syrian Military Action in 2017[edit]
See also: 2017 Shayrat missile strike
On April 6, 2017, the United States launched 59 BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airbase in Syria in response to Syria's alleged use of chemical weapons. Constitutional scholar and law professor Stephen Vladeck has noted that the strike potentially violates the War Powers Resolution.[28]
Questions regarding constitutionality[edit]
See also: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution and War Powers Clause
The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it was passed.[29] In passing the resolution, Congress specifically cites the Necessary and Proper Clause for its authority.[30] Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Because the Constitution limits the President's authority in the use of force without a declaration of war by Congress, there is controversy as to whether the provisions of the resolution are consistent with the Constitution. Presidents have therefore drafted reports to Congress required of the President to state that they are "consistent with" the War Powers Resolution rather than "pursuant to" so as to take into account the presidential position that the resolution is unconstitutional.
One argument for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution by Philip Bobbitt[31] argues "The power to make war is not an enumerated power" and the notion that to "declare" war is to "commence" war is a "contemporary textual preconception". Bobbitt contends that the Framers of the Constitution believed that statutory authorization was the route by which the United States would be committed to war, and that 'declaration' was meant for only total wars, as shown by the history of the Quasi-War with France (1798–1800). In general, constitutional powers are not so much separated as "linked and sequenced"; Congress's control over the armed forces is "structured" by appropriation, while the President commands; thus the act of declaring war should not be fetishized.[clarification needed] Bobbitt also argues that "A democracy cannot ... tolerate secret policies" because they undermine the legitimacy of governmental action.
A second argument concerns a possible breach of the 'separation of powers' doctrine, and whether the resolution changes the balance between the Legislative and Executive functions. This type of constitutional controversy is similar to one that occurred under President Andrew Johnson with the Tenure of Office Act (1867). In that prior instance, the Congress passed a law (over the veto of the then-President) that required the President to secure Congressional approval for the removal of Cabinet members and other executive branch officers. The Act was not declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States until 1926.[32] When Andrew Johnson violated the Act, the House of Representatives impeached him; action in the Senate to remove him failed by one vote.
Here, the separation of powers issue is whether the War Powers Resolution requirements for Congressional approval and presidential reporting to Congress change the constitutional balance established in Articles I and II, namely that Congress is explicitly granted the sole authority to "declare war", "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" (Article 1, Section 8), and to control the funding of those same forces, while the Executive has inherent authority as Commander in Chief. This argument does not address the other reporting requirements imposed on other executive officials and agencies by other statutes, nor does it address the provisions of Article I, Section 8 that explicitly gives Congress the authority to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces".
The constitution specifically states that Congress is authorized "to provide and maintain a Navy" (Article 1 Section 8). The idea of "maintenance" of a Navy implies that Naval Forces would be a permanent fixture of national defense. Two types of Land Forces are described by the Constitution (Article 1 Section 8): the Militia (armed citizenry organized into local defense forces and state volunteer regiments) which Congress can "call forth" and prescribe the "organizing, arming, and disciplining [training]" of, as Congress did in the Militia acts of 1792; and the Army, which Congress can "raise and support", through regular appropriation acts limited to no more than two years. This division matches how the Revolutionary War was fought, by the Continental Army, raised and supported by the Continental Congress, and local Militias and Volunteer Regiments, raised by the separate Colonies. After the war, under the Articles of Confederation, a small standing Army, the First American Regiment was raised and gradually increased in size over time by Congress before, following the Constitution's ratification, being transformed into the Regular Army. The availability of a standing Army, and the President of the United States being authorized as "Commander in Chief", implies his ability as a military commander to employ forces necessary to fulfill his oath to defend the constitution.
There is also an unresolved legal question, discussed by Justice White in INS v. Chadha of whether a "key provision of the War Powers Resolution", namely 50 U.S.C. 1544(c), constitutes an improper legislative veto. (See Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 971.) That section 1544(c) states "such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution". Justice White argues in his dissent in Chadha that, under the Chadha ruling, 1544(c) would be a violation of the Presentment Clause. The majority in Chadha does not resolve the issue. Justice White does not address or evaluate in his dissent whether that section would fall within the inherent Congressional authority under Article I Section 8 to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces".[citation needed]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "50 U.S. Code Chapter 33 - WAR POWERS RESOLUTION".
Jump up ^ "War Powers - Law Library of Congress - Library of Congress".
Jump up ^ The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 318-19 (Max Farrand ed., rev. ed. 1966)(1911)
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance. Washington: The Service, 2011 (RL33532), Summary.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (2011-04-01) Clock Ticking on War Powers Resolution, The New York Times The Caucus Blog
Jump up ^ Campbell v. Clinton, 203, February 18, 2000, p. 19, retrieved 2017-02-23
Jump up ^ How War Powers, Congressional Action have Intersected Over Time The Wall Street Journal (2013-09-02)
Jump up ^ 107th Congress (October 10, 2002). "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Congress members grill administration officials on Libya mission". CNN. March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lillis, Mike; et al. (March 30, 2011). "White House briefing changes few minds on Libya involvement". The Hill.
Jump up ^ Crabtree, Susan (March 30, 2011). "Clinton To Congress: Obama Would Ignore Your War Resolutions". Talking Points Memo.
Jump up ^ Charlie Savage (May 26, 2011). "Libya Effort Is Called Violation of War Act". The New York Times. p. A8.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (June 18, 2011). "2 Top Lawyers Lost to Obama in Libya War Policy Debate". The New York Times. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (June 18, 2011). "President overruled 2 key lawyers on debate over Libya war policy". The Seattle Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Cosgrove, Maureen. "State Department legal adviser: Obama acting lawfully in Libya", JURIST (June 28, 2011).
Jump up ^ "War Powers Act of 1973", The New York Times (June 29, 2011).
Jump up ^ Libya War Deadline Arrives Fox News
Jump up ^ "White House on War Powers Deadline: 'Limited' US Role in Libya Means No Need to Get Congressional Authorization", ABC News, May 20, 2011
Jump up ^ "Libya: Nato assumes control of military operation". BBC News. March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Owen, Robert (2015). "The U.S. Experience: National Strategy and Campaign Support". In Karl Mueller. Precision and Purpose: Airpower in the Libyan Civil War. Rand Corporation. p. 105.
Jump up ^ Dinan, Stephen, "Bipartisan Congress rebuffs Obama on Libya mission". The Washington Times, Saturday, June 4, 2011
Jump up ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (June 3, 2011). "House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce. "Legal Acrobatics, Illegal War", The New York Times (June 21, 2011). Page A27.
Jump up ^ Cassata, Donna (January 17, 2014). "Senators unveil bill to change war powers". Associated Press via military1.com. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Was Trump's Syria Strike Legal? An Expert Weighs In". Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The war powers resolution". US Department of State Bulletin. 1988-09-15. Retrieved 2008-07-09. "The War Powers Resolution has been controversial from the day it was adopted over President Nixon's veto. Since 1973, executive officials and many Members of Congress have criticized various aspects of the law repeatedly."
Jump up ^ War Powers Joint Resolution, §2(b).
Jump up ^ "War Powers: An Essay on John Hart Ely's War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath," Michigan Law Quarterly 92, no. 6 (May 1994): 1364–1400.
Jump up ^ "Myers v. United States, 272 U. S. 52 (1926)".
References[edit]
Grimmett, Richard Z. (February 14, 2006). "CRS Report for Congress: War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (November 7, 1973). "War Powers Resolution of 1973 (Public Law 93-148)". The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (October 31, 1998). "H.R.4655: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-338)". IraqWatch.org. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
United States Congress (September 18, 2001). "Public Law 107-40: Joint Resolution: To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States (S.J. Res. 23)" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (October 16, 2002). "Public Law 107-243: Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (H. J. Res. 114)" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Kinkopf, Neil. "The Congress as Surge Protector" (PDF). American Constitution Society for Law and Policy. p. 2. Retrieved 2007-09-30. The Supreme Court has been clear and unambiguous. When Congress, acting in the vast areas of overlapping power, tells the President 'no', the President must comply.
Doumar, Robert G. (January 8, 2003). "Hamdi v. Rumsfeld Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk (CA-02-439-2)" (PDF). United States Judiciary. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Young, D. Lindley (February 24, 2003). "Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Appeal" (PDF). United States Judiciary. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Library of Congress (March 12, 2012). "Research Help: War Powers" (text). United States Government Library of Congress. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
War Powers Resolution
Avalon Project - War Powers Resolution
The War Powers Resolution: After Twenty-Eight Years November 15, 2001 PDF
The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice March 28, 2017 PDF
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance September 11, 2001 HTML
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance January 8, 2002 PDF
War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance March 16, 2004 PDF
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance November 15, 2004 PDF
The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 185882082
LCCN: n78062856
GND: 4492905-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&oldid=815288249"
Categories:
Congressional opposition to the Vietnam War
United States federal defense and national security legislation
1973 in law
1973 in military history
1973 in the United States
Military history of the United States
Nixon administration controversies
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from September 2016
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Deutsch
Français
Íslenska
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 23:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

attr: href class

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

tag: th

attr: scope style

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-87-555

value: United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

value: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:115%; line-height:1.4em;

value: Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States

value:
/wiki/Hughes%E2%80%93Ryan_Act
mw-redirect
Hughes–Ryan Act

value: Template:U.S. Congressional opposition to war

value: Template talk:U.S. Congressional opposition to war

value: text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-spacing:0.2em 0;

value:
/wiki/U.S._President
mw-redirect
U.S. President

value:
/wiki/Armed_conflict
mw-redirect
Armed conflict

value: Article One of the United States Constitution

value: Article Two of the United States Constitution

value:
/wiki/Veto_override
mw-redirect
Veto override

value:
/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_incident
mw-redirect
Mayagüez incident

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-102-1

value:
/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(December_1998)
mw-redirect
Bombing of Iraq (December 1998)

value:
/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia
mw-redirect
1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-107-243

value: Edit section: Libya intervention in 2011

value:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

value:
/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War
mw-redirect
2011 Libyan Civil War

value: Edit section: Syrian Military Action in 2017

value: Edit section: Questions regarding constitutionality

value:
/wiki/Enumerated_power
mw-redirect
Enumerated power

value: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2015)

value:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
U.S. Supreme Court

value:
/wiki/Byron_Raymond_White
mw-redirect
Byron Raymond White

value: Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://loc.gov/law/help/war-powers.php

value:
/wiki/107th_Congress
mw-redirect
107th Congress

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: United States Government Printing Office

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/185882082

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4492905-5

value: Category:Congressional opposition to the Vietnam War

value: Category:United States federal defense and national security legislation

value: Category:Military history of the United States

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Use mdy dates from September 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: Резолюция за военни правомощия – Bulgarian

value: Ályktunin um beitingu hervalds – Icelandic

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-War_Powers_Resolution rootpage-War_Powers_Resolution skin-vector action-view


text:
Orinoco
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Orinoco (disambiguation).
Orinoco River
Río Orinoco
Countries
Colombia, Venezuela
Region
South America
Source
- location Cerro Delgado-Chalbaud, Parima Mountains, Venezuela
- elevation 1,047 m (3,435 ft)
- coordinates 02°19′05″N 63°21′42″W / 2.31806°N 63.36167°W / 2.31806; -63.36167
Mouth
Delta Amacuro
- location Atlantic Ocean, Venezuela
- elevation 0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates 8°37′N 62°15′W / 8.617°N 62.250°W / 8.617; -62.250Coordinates: 8°37′N 62°15′W / 8.617°N 62.250°W / 8.617; -62.250 [1]
Length
2,140 km (1,330 mi)
Basin
880,000 km2 (339,770 sq mi)
Discharge
- average 37,000 m3/s (1,306,643 cu ft/s)
- max 54,000 m3/s (1,906,992 cu ft/s)
- min 21,000 m3/s (741,608 cu ft/s)
Orinoco's watershed
The Orinoco River is one of the longest rivers in South America at 2,140 kilometres (1,330 mi). Its drainage basin, sometimes known as the Orinoquia, covers 880,000 square kilometres (340,000 sq mi), with 76.3 percent of it in Venezuela and the remainder in Colombia. It is the fourth largest river in the world by discharge volume of water. The Orinoco River and its tributaries are the major transportation system for eastern and interior Venezuela and the llanos of Colombia. The Orinoco River is extremely diverse, and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Major rivers in the Orinoco Basin
3 Ecology
4 Economic activity
4.1 El Florero iron mine
4.2 Tar sands
5 Eastern Venezuelan basin
6 Recreation and sports
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Map of the Lower Orinoco River, 1897
The mouth of the Orinoco River at the Atlantic Ocean was documented by Columbus on 1 August 1498, during his third voyage. Its source at the Cerro Delgado–Chalbaud, in the Parima range, was not explored until 1951, 453 years later. The source, near the Venezuelan–Brazilian border, at 1,047 metres (3,435 ft) above sea level (02°19′05″N 63°21′42″W / 2.31806°N 63.36167°W / 2.31806; -63.36167), was explored in 1951 by a joint Venezuelan–French team.
The Orinoco Delta, and tributaries in the eastern llanos such as the Apure and Meta, were explored in the 16th century by German expeditions under Ambrosius Ehinger and his successors. In 1531 Diego de Ordaz, starting at the principal outlet in the delta, the Boca de Navios, sailed up the river to the Meta. Antonio de Berrio sailed down the Casanare to the Meta, and then down the Orinoco River and back to Coro. In 1595, after capturing de Berrio to obtain information while conducting an expedition to find the fabled city of El Dorado, the Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh sailed down the river, reaching the savannah country.
Alexander von Humboldt explored the basin in 1800, reporting on the pink river dolphins. He published extensively on the river's flora and fauna.[2]
The first bridge across the Orinoco River was the Angostura Bridge at Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela, completed in 1967.[3] In 2006 a second bridge was completed near Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela, known as the Orinoquia Bridge.[citation needed]
The first powerline crossing of the Orinoco River was completed in 1981 for an 800 kV TL single span of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) using two towers 110 metres (360 ft) tall.[4] In 1992, an overhead power line crossing for two 400 kV-circuits was completed just west of Morocure (between the cities of Ciudad Bolivar and Ciudad Guayana), north of the confluence of Routes 1 and 19. It had three towers, and the two spans measured 2,161 metres (7,090 ft) and 2,537 metres (8,323 ft), respectively.[4][5][6][7]
Geography[edit]
The course of the Orinoco forms a wide ellipsoidal arc, surrounding the Guiana Shield; it is divided in four stretches of unequal length that roughly correspond to the longitudinal zonation of a typical large river:
Upper Orinoco— 242 kilometres (150 mi) long, from its headwaters to the rapids Raudales de Guaharibos, flows through mountainous landscape in a northwesterly direction
Middle Orinoco— 750 kilometres (470 mi) long, divided into two sectors, the first of which ca. 480 kilometres (300 mi) long has a general westward direction down to the confluence with the Atabapo and Guaviare rivers at San Fernando de Atabapo; the second flows northward, for about 270 kilometres (170 mi), along the Venezuelan - Colombian border, flanked on both sides by the westernmost granitic upwellings of the Guiana Shield which impede the development of a flood plain, to the Atures rapids near the confluence with the Meta River at Puerto Carreño,
Lower Orinoco— 959 kilometres (596 mi) long with a well-developed alluvial plain, flows in a northeast direction, from Atures rapids down to Piacoa in front of Barrancas
Delta Amacuro— 200 kilometres (120 mi) long that empties into the Gulf of Paría and the Atlantic Ocean, a very large delta, some 22,500 km2 (8,700 sq mi) and 370 kilometres (230 mi) at its widest.
View of the Orinoco River in Mariusa National Park (Delta Amacuro)
Orinoco River at its confluence with the Caroní River (lower left)[8]
Rapids of the Orinoco River, near Puerto Ayacucho airport, Venezuela
The Orinoco River, here in Amazonas State, Venezuela
Orinoco River, in Amazonas State, Venezuela
At its mouth, the Orinoco River forms a wide delta that branches off into hundreds of rivers and waterways that flow through 41,000 km2 (16,000 sq mi) of swampy forests. In the rainy season, the Orinoco River can swell to a breadth of 22 kilometres (14 mi) and a depth of 100 metres (330 ft).
Most of the important Venezuelan rivers are tributaries of the Orinoco River, the largest being the Caroní, which joins it at Puerto Ordaz, close to the Llovizna Falls. A peculiarity of the Orinoco river system is the Casiquiare canal, which starts as an arm of the Orinoco, and finds its way to the Rio Negro, a tributary of the Amazon, thus forming a 'natural canal' between Orinoco and Amazon.
Major rivers in the Orinoco Basin[edit]
Apure: from Venezuela through the east into the Orinoco
Arauca: from Colombia to Venezuela east into the Orinoco
Atabapo: from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco
Caroní: from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco
Casiquiare canal: in SE Venezuela, a distributary from the Orinoco flowing west to the Negro River, a major affluent to the Amazon
Caura: from eastern Venezuela (Guiana Highlands) north into the Orinoco
Guaviare: from Colombia east into the Orinoco
Inírida: from Colombia southeast into the Guaviare.
Meta: from Colombia, border with Venezuela east into the Orinoco
Ventuari: from eastern Venezuela (the Guiana Highlands) southwest into the Orinoco
Vichada: from Colombia east into the Orinoco
See also: Casiquiare canal-Orinoco River hydrographic divide
Ecology[edit]
The boto (also known as the "Amazon river dolphin") and the giant river otter inhabit the Orinoco River system.[9] The Orinoco crocodile is one of the rarest reptiles in the world. Its range in the wild is restricted to the Orinoco River Basin.
More than 1000 fish species have been recorded in the river basin and about 15% are endemic.[10] Among the fish in the river are species found in brackish or salt water in the Orinoco estuary, but also many restricted to fresh water. By far the largest orders are Characiformes and Siluriformes, which together account for more than 80% of the fresh water species.[11] Some of the more famous are the black spot piranha and the cardinal tetra. The latter species, which is important in the aquarium industry, is also found in the Rio Negro, revealing the connection between this river and the Orinoco through the Casiquiare canal.[12] Because the Casiquiare includes both blackwater and clear- to whitewater sections, only relatively adaptable species are able to pass through it between the two river systems.[13]
Economic activity[edit]
The river is navigable for most of its length, and dredging enables ocean ships to go as far as Ciudad Bolívar, at the confluence of the Caroní River, 435 kilometres (270 mi) upstream. River steamers carry cargo as far as Puerto Ayacucho and the Atures Rapids.
El Florero iron mine[edit]
In 1926, a Venezuelan mining inspector found one of the richest iron ore deposits near the Orinoco delta, south of the city of San Felix on a mountain named El Florero. Full-scale mining of the ore deposits began after World War II, by a conglomerate of Venezuelan firms and US steel companies. At the start in the early 1950s, about 10,000 tons of ore-bearing soil was mined per day.[14]
Tar sands[edit]
The Orinoco River deposits also contain extensive tar sands in the Orinoco oil belt, which may be a source of future oil production.[15]
Eastern Venezuelan basin[edit]
Union of the Orinoco with the Caroní River
Encompassing the states of Anzoategui-Guarico and Monagas states, the Interior Range forms the northern boundary and the Guayana Shield the southern boundary.[16]:155 Maturin forms the eastern subbasin and Guarico forms the western subbasin.[16]:156 The El Furrial oil field was discovered in 1978, producing from late Oligocene shallow marine sandstones in an overthrusted foreland basin.[16]:155
Recreation and sports[edit]
Since 1988, the local government of Ciudad Guayana has conducted a swim race in the rivers Orinoco and Caroní, with up to 1,000 competitors. Since 1991, the "Paso a Nado Internacional de los Rios Orinoco-Caroní" has been celebrated every year, on a Sunday close to 19 April. Worldwide, this swim-meet has grown in importance, and it has a large number of competitors.[17] The 26th meet was held in 2016.[18]
See also[edit]
Adaheli, the Sun in the mythology of the Orinoco region
"Orinoco Flow", the 1988 song by Enya named after the Orinoco River.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Orinoco River at GEOnet Names Server
Jump up ^ Helferich, Gerard (2004) Humboldt's Cosmos: Alexander von Humboldt and the Latin American Journey that Changed the Way We See the World, Gotham Books, New York, ISBN 1-59240-052-3.
Jump up ^ Scott, R. (2001). In the Wake of Tacoma: Suspension Bridges and the Quest for Aerodynamic Stability. American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 184. ISBN 9780784470732. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Experience". SAE Power Lines.
Jump up ^ "Critical Path" (PDF). PEI. June 2005. pp. 105–111, page 107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Pylons of the Orinoco High-Voltage Crossing". International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Orinoco Powerline Crossing". Skyscraper Source Media Inc. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela : Image of the Day". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
Jump up ^ WWF: Orinoco River Basin, South America. Retrieved 24 May 2014
Jump up ^ Reis, R.E.; J.S. Albert; F. Di Dario; M.M. Mincarone; P. Petry; and L.A. Rocha (2016). Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America. Journal of Fish Biology 89(1): 12–47.
Jump up ^ Hales, J., and P. Petry: Orinoco Llanos. Orinoco Delta & Coastal Drainages. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Seriously Fish: Paracheirodon axelrodi, Cardinal Tetra. Retrieved 24 May 2014
Jump up ^ Staeck, W.; Schindler, I. (2015). "Description of a new Heros species (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Rio Orinoco drainage and notes on Heros severus Heckel, 1840" (PDF). Bulletin of Fish Biology. 15 (1-2): 121–136.
Jump up ^ "Venezuela's Magnetic Mountain" Popular Mechanics, July 1949
Jump up ^ Forero, Juan (1 June 2006). "For Venezuela, A Treasure In Oil Sludge". The New York Times. 155 (53597). pp. C1–C6. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Prieto, R., Valdes, G., 1992, El Furrial Oil Field, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978-1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330
Jump up ^ "Antecedentes y Sumario Paso a Nado Internacional de Los Rios Orinoco/Caroni" Paso Nado Internacional de Los Rios Orinoco y Caroní" [Antecedents and Summary of the International Swim Meet of the Orinoco and Caroni Rivers] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "26 edición Paso a Nado de Ríos Orinoco y Caroní 2016". Roberto Muñoz Natación Venezuela. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016.
References[edit]
Stark, James H. 1897. Stark's Guide-Book and History of Trinidad including Tobago, Granada, and St. Vincent; also a trip up the Orinoco and a description of the great Venezuelan Pitch Lake. Boston, James H. Stark, publisher; London, Sampson Low, Marston & Company. (This book has an excellent description of a trip up the Orinoco as far as Ciudad Bolívar and a detailed description of the Venezuelan Pitch Lake situated on the western side of the Gulf of Paria opposite.)
MacKee, E.D., Nordin, C.F. and D. Perez-Hernandez (1998). "The Waters and Sediments of the Rio Orinoco and its major Tributaries, Venezuela and Colombia." United States Geological Survey water-supply paper, ISSN 0886-9308 /A-B. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.
Weibezahn, F.H., Haymara, A. and M.W. Lewis (1990). The Orinoco River as an ecosystem. Caracas: Universidad Simon Bolivar.
Rawlins, C.B. (1999). The Orinoco River. New York: Franklin Watts.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orinoco River.
Church, George Earl (1911). "Orinoco". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 275–276.
Down the Orinoco in a Canoe at Project Gutenberg (Transcription of book from 1902)
[hide]
v
t
e
Tributaries of the Orinoco
From the Guiana Highlands
Atabapo
Caroní
Caura
Ventuari
From elsewhere
Apure
Guárico
Portuguesa
Arauca
Guaviare
Arriari
Inírida
Meta
Ariporo
Casanare
Cravo Norte
Cravo Sur
Cusiana
Lengupá
Manacacías
Upía
Tomo
Tuparro
Vichada
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 257266255
NDL: 00628329
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orinoco&oldid=821798341"
Categories:
Rivers of Colombia
Rivers of Venezuela
Border rivers
Colombia–Venezuela border
International rivers of South America
Orinoco basin
Dredged rivers and waterways
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Coordinates on Wikidata
Geobox usage tracking for river type
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Articles with Project Gutenberg links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Aragonés
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Chi-Chewa
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Seeltersk
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 January 2018, at 18:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Orinoco_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Orinoco (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: td

value: text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; background-color: #b3cce4;

attr: class title

value:
mergedtoprow
Location name (local name)

tag: span

value: text-align: center; font-weight: bold; background-color: #b3cce4;

value:
mergedrow
Other names

attr: href title

value: Country/Countries in which the site lies

value:
mergedrow
Regions in which the site lies

value:
mergedrow
Source elevation above sea level (ASL)

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value:
mergedrow
Mouth elevation above sea level (ASL)

value:
mergedrow
Drainage basin/catchment area/watershed

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Orinoco drainage basin map (plain)-es.svg

value: width: 256px; padding: 0; font-size: 89%;

value:
/wiki/Los_Llanos,_Venezuela
mw-redirect
Los Llanos, Venezuela

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Cerro Delgado–Chalbaud (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro
mw-redirect
Santa Ana de Coro

value:
/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh
mw-redirect
Sir Walter Raleigh

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Morocure, Venezuela (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Ciudad_Bolivar
mw-redirect
Ciudad Bolivar

value: Raudales de Guaharibos (page does not exist)

value: Raudales de Atures (page does not exist)

value: Barrancas del Orinoco (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Gulf_of_Par%C3%ADa
mw-redirect
Gulf of Paría

value:
/wiki/Caroni_River_(Venezuela)
mw-redirect
Caroni River (Venezuela)

value:
/wiki/Puerto_Ordaz
mw-redirect
Puerto Ordaz

value: Edit section: Major rivers in the Orinoco Basin

value: Casiquiare canal-Orinoco River hydrographic divide

value:
/wiki/Giant_river_otter
mw-redirect
Giant river otter

value:
/wiki/Guayana_Shield
mw-redirect
Guayana Shield

value: -moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

value:
/wiki/Guiana_Highlands
mw-redirect
Guiana Highlands

value:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/257266255

value: Category:International rivers of South America

value: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

value: Category:Geobox usage tracking for river type

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

value: Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Orinoco
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value:
/w/index.php?title=Orinoco&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

value: نهر أورينوكو – Arabic

value:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

value: Ориноко – Bashkir

value: Арынока – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value: ओरिनिको नदी – Bhojpuri

value: ཨོ་ལི་ནོ་ཁི་གཙང་པོ། – Tibetan

value:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value: Ориноко (юханшыв) – Chuvash

value:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value: Ορινόκο – Greek

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

value: رود اورینوکو – Persian

value: 오리노코 강 – Korean

value: Օրինոկո – Armenian

value: ओरिनोको नदी – Hindi

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value: Ориноко – Ossetic

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value: אורינוקו – Hebrew

value: ორინოკო – Georgian

value: Ориноко – Kazakh

value:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

value: Ориноко – Kyrgyz

value:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinocum
Orinocum – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinokas
Orinokas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

value: ओरिनोको नदी – Marathi

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

value: دریائے اورینوکو – Western Punjabi

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

value: Ориноко – Russian

value:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoko
Orinoko – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value: Ориноко – Serbian

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

value: ஓரினோகோ – Tamil

value: แม่น้ำโอรีโนโก – Thai

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco
Orinoco – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Orinoco rootpage-Orinoco skin-vector action-view