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The World Is Not Enough
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This article is about the 1999 film. For other uses, see The World Is Not Enough (disambiguation).
The World Is Not Enough
British cinema poster for The World Is Not Enough, designed by Brian Bysouth
Directed by
Michael Apted
Produced by
Michael G. Wilson
Barbara Broccoli
Screenplay by
Neal Purvis
Robert Wade
Bruce Feirstein
Story by
Neal Purvis
Robert Wade
Based on
James Bond
by Ian Fleming
Starring
Pierce Brosnan
Sophie Marceau
Robert Carlyle
Denise Richards
Robbie Coltrane
Judi Dench
Music by
David Arnold
Cinematography
Adrian Biddle
Edited by
Jim Clark
Production
company
Eon Productions
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Distributed by
MGM Distribution Co. (US)
United International Pictures (International)
Release date
8 November 1999 (1999-11-08) (Los Angeles, premiere)
26 November 1999 (1999-11-26) (United Kingdom)
Running time
128 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Budget
$125 million
Box office
$362 million
Yacht used in the opening boat chase, on display at boot Düsseldorf in spring 2000.
The World Is Not Enough is a 1999 British spy film, the nineteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The film was directed by Michael Apted, with the original story and screenplay written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and Bruce Feirstein.[1] It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. The title is taken from a line in the 1963 novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
The film's plot revolves around the assassination of billionaire Sir Robert King by the terrorist Renard, and Bond's subsequent assignment to protect King's daughter Elektra, who had previously been held for ransom by Renard. During his assignment, Bond unravels a scheme to increase petroleum prices by triggering a nuclear meltdown in the waters of Istanbul.
Filming locations included Spain, France, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and the UK, with interiors shot at Pinewood Studios. Despite mixed critical reception, The World Is Not Enough earned $361,832,400 worldwide. It was also the first Eon-produced Bond film to be officially released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer instead of United Artists, the original distributor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Music
4 Release and reception
5 Adaptations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
MI6 agent James Bond arrives at a Swiss bank in Bilbao, Spain to retrieve money for Sir Robert King, a British oil tycoon and friend of M. Bond tells the banker that King was buying a report stolen from an MI6 agent who was killed for it, and wants to know who killed him. The banker is killed by his assistant before he can reveal the assassin's name. Bond escapes from the banker's office with the money, but it is revealed to be booby-trapped; Sir Robert is killed by an explosion inside MI6 headquarters back in London. Bond gives chase to the assistant/assassin on a Q-modified speedboat on the Thames to the Millennium Dome, where she attempts to escape via hot air balloon. Bond offers her protection, but she refuses and blows up the balloon, killing herself.
Although injured falling from the balloon, Bond is cleared by the MI6 doctor, and traces the recovered money to Viktor "Renard" Zokas, a KGB agent-turned-terrorist. Following an earlier attempt on his life by MI6, Renard was left with a bullet in his brain which is gradually destroying his senses, making him immune to pain until he dies. M assigns Bond to protect King's daughter Elektra against Renard, who had previously abducted her. Bond flies to Azerbaijan, where Elektra is overseeing the construction of an oil pipeline. During a tour of the pipeline's proposed route in the mountains, Bond and Elektra are attacked by a hit squad in armed, paraglider-equipped snowmobiles. Despite being unarmed, Bond is able to dispatch the snowmobiles by using the terrain to his advantage.
Bond visits Valentin Zukovsky at a casino to acquire information about Elektra's attackers; he deduces that Elektra's head of security, Davidov, is secretly in league with Renard. Bond kills Davidov and boards a plane bound for a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan. He poses as a Russian nuclear scientist, meets American nuclear physicist Christmas Jones, and enters the silo. Inside, Renard is removing the GPS locator card and weapons-grade plutonium from a nuclear bomb. Before Bond can kill him, Jones blows his cover. Renard drops a hint that he and Elektra are collaborating and flees with the plutonium, while Bond and Jones escape the exploding silo with the locator card.
Back in Azerbaijan, Bond discloses to M that Elektra may not be as innocent as she seems. An alarm sounds while he is handing M the locator card as proof of the theft, which reveals that the stolen bomb from Kazakhstan is attached to an inspection rig heading towards the oil terminal. Bond and Jones enter the pipeline to deactivate the bomb, and Jones discovers that half of the plutonium is missing. They both jump clear of the rig, a large section of pipeline is destroyed, and they are presumed killed. Back at the command centre, Elektra reveals she and Renard are conspirators and that she killed her father as revenge for using her as bait for Renard. She abducts M, whom she resents for advising her father not to pay the ransom money, and imprisons her in the Maiden's Tower.
Bond accosts Zukovsky at his caviar factory in the Caspian Sea, which is then attacked by Elektra's sawing helicopters. Later, Zukovsky reveals his arrangement with Elektra was in exchange for the use of a submarine, currently being captained by Zukovsky's nephew, Nikolai. The group goes to Istanbul, where Jones realises that if Renard were to insert the stolen plutonium into the submarine's nuclear reactor, the resulting nuclear explosion would destroy Istanbul, sabotaging the Russians' oil pipeline in the Bosphorus. Bond then receives a signal from the locator card M has activated using a clock battery, just before Zukovsky's underling, Bullion blows up the command centre. Bond and Jones are captured by Elektra's henchmen. Jones is taken aboard the submarine. Bond is taken to the tower, where Elektra tortures him with a garrote. Zukovsky and his men seize the tower, but Zukovsky is shot by Elektra, freeing Bond with his cane gun with his last act. Bond frees M and kills Elektra.
Bond dives after the submarine, boards it, and frees Jones. Following a fight, the submarine hits the bottom of the Bosphorus, causing its hull to rupture. Bond catches up with Renard and kills him after a lengthy fight in the submarine's reactor room. Bond and Jones escape from the submarine via the torpedo launcher, leaving the flooded reactor to detonate safely underwater.
Cast[edit]
Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, 007.
Sophie Marceau as Elektra King, an oil heiress who is seemingly being targeted by Renard, the world's most wanted terrorist. Bond is tasked by M to protect her at all costs, although he suspects that there is more to her than meets the eye.
Robert Carlyle as Victor "Renard" Zokas, a former KGB agent turned high-tech terrorist. Years ago, Renard kidnapped Elektra King in exchange for a massive ransom demand. The ordeal resulted in a failed assassination attempt by MI6 and left Renard with a bullet lodged in his brain which renders him impervious to pain as well as slowly killing off his other senses. Renard now seeks revenge on both the King family and MI6.
Denise Richards as Dr. Christmas Jones, an American nuclear physicist assisting Bond in his mission.[2] Richards stated that she liked the role because it was "brainy", "athletic", and had "depth of character, in contrast to Bond girls from previous decades".[3] Richards stated that a lot of viewers "made fun of" the character's attire but that "These Bond girls are so outrageous and if I did really look like a scientist, the Bond fans would have been disappointed."[4] Writer Ben Bussey stated in a Yahoo! Movies article that "it's clear that Eon were never aiming especially high with this character" since the company "reportedly" auditioned Geri Halliwell and Tiffani Thiessen for the role.[5]
Robbie Coltrane as Valentin Zukovsky: A former Russian mafia boss and Baku casino owner. Bond initially seeks out Zukovsky for intel on Renard and is subsequently aided by him when Zukovsky's nephew falls into Renard's captivity. Coltrane reprises his role from GoldenEye.
Judi Dench as M: The head of MI6.
Michael Kitchen as Bill Tanner: M's Chief of Staff.
Colin Salmon as Charles Robinson: M's Deputy Chief of Staff.
Desmond Llewelyn as Q: MI6's "quartermaster" who supplies Bond with multi-purpose vehicles and gadgets useful for the latter's mission. The film would be Llewelyn's final performance as Q. Although the actor was not officially retiring from the role, the Q character was training his eventual replacement in this film. Llewelyn was killed in a car accident shortly after the film's premiere.
John Cleese as R: Q's assistant and successor. The character is never formally introduced as "R" – This was simply an observation on Bond's part: "If you're Q....does that make him R?"
Samantha Bond as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary
Serena Scott Thomas as Dr. Molly Warmflash.
John Seru as Gabor: Elektra King's bodyguard who is seen accompanying King wherever she travels.
Ulrich Thomsen as Sasha Davidov: Elektra King's head of security in Azerbaijan and Renard's secret liaison.
Goldie as Bull: Valentin Zukovsky's gold-toothed bodyguard. Although listed as 'Bull' in the credits, Zukovsky refers to him as 'Bullion' in the film.
Maria Grazia Cucinotta as Giulietta da Vinci, credited in the film as "Cigar Girl": An experienced assassin working for Renard.
David Calder as Sir Robert King: Elektra's father and an oil tycoon who is later killed during a bomb attack on MI6 headquarters.
Sean Cronin as Renard's Henchman (uncredited)
Production[edit]
Joe Dante and then Peter Jackson were offered the opportunity to direct the film. Barbara Broccoli enjoyed Jackson's Heavenly Creatures, and a screening of The Frighteners was arranged for her. She disliked the latter film, however, and showed no further interest in Jackson. Jackson, a lifelong Bond fan, remarked that as Eon tended to go for less famous directors, he would likely not get another chance to direct a Bond film after The Lord of the Rings.[6]
Russian Victor III-class submarine used in filming.
The pre-title sequence lasts for about 14 minutes, the longest pre-title sequence in the Bond series to date. In the "making of" documentaries on the Ultimate Edition DVD release, director Michael Apted said that the scene was originally much longer than that. Originally, the pre-credits sequence was to have ended with Bond's leap from the window and descent to the ground, finishing as Bond rushes away from the area as police cars approach. Then, after the credits the sequence in MI6 headquarters would have been next, with the boat scenes the next major action sequence. However, the pre-credits scenes were viewed as lacklustre when compared to ones from previous 007 films, so the credits were pushed back to appear after the boat sequence. The Daily Telegraph claimed that the British Government prevented some filming in front of the actual MI6 Headquarters at Vauxhall Cross, citing a security risk. However, a Foreign Office spokesperson rejected the claims and expressed displeasure with the article.[7]
Initially the film was to be released in 2000, rumoured to be titled Bond 2000. Other rumoured titles included Death Waits for No Man, Fire and Ice, Pressure Point and Dangerously Yours.[8] The title The World Is Not Enough is an English translation of the Latin phrase Orbis non sufficit, which in real life was the motto of Sir Thomas Bond. In the novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service and its film adaptation, this is revealed to be the Bond family motto. The phrase originates from the epitaph of Alexander the Great.[9]
Writers Neal Purvis and Robert Wade were hired after their work on Plunkett & Macleane.[10] Dana Stevens did an uncredited rewrite before Bruce Feirstein, who worked in the previous two films, took over the script.[11]
Filming[edit]
The pre-title sequence begins in Bilbao, Spain, featuring the Guggenheim Museum. After the opening scene, the film moves to London, showcasing the SIS Building and the Millennium Dome on the Thames. Following the title sequence, Eilean Donan castle in Scotland is used by MI6 as a location headquarters. Other locations include Baku, Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijan Oil Rocks and Istanbul, Turkey, where Maiden's Tower and Küçüksu Palace are shown.[12]
Principal photography began on January 17, 1999, and lasted until June of that year. The studio work for the film was shot as usual in Pinewood Studios, including Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage. Bilbao, Spain was used briefly for the exterior of the Swiss bank and flyover-bridge adjacent to the Guggenheim Museum. In London outdoor footage was shot of the SIS Building and Vauxhall Cross with several weeks filming the boat chase on the River Thames eastwards towards the Millennium Dome, Greenwich.[13] The canal footage of the chase where Bond soaks the parking wardens was filmed at Wapping and the boat stunts in Millwall Dock and under Glengall Bridge were filmed at the Isle of Dogs. Chatham Dockyard was also used for part of the boat chase.[14] Stowe School, Buckinghamshire, was used as the site of the King family estate on the banks of Loch Lomond. Filming continued in Scotland at Eilean Donan Castle which was used to depict the exterior of MI6 temporary operations centre "Castle Thane". The skiing chase sequence in the Caucasus was shot on the slopes of Chamonix, France.[12] Filming of the scene was delayed by an avalanche; the crew helped in the rescue operation.[15]
The interior (and single exterior shot) of L'Or Noir casino in Baku, Azerbaijan, was shot at Halton House, the Officers' Mess of RAF Halton. RAF Northolt was used to depict the airfield runway in Azerbaijan.[12] Zukovsky's quayside caviar factory was shot entirely at the outdoor water tank at Pinewood.
The exterior of Kazakhstan nuclear facility was shot at the Bardenas Reales, in Navarre, Spain, and the exterior of the oil refinery control centre at the Motorola building in Groundwell, Swindon.[16] The exterior of the oil pipeline was filmed in Cwm Dyli, Snowdonia, Wales,[17] while the production teams shot the oil pipeline explosion in Hankley Common, Elstead, Surrey. Istanbul, Turkey, was indeed used in the film and Elektra King's Baku villa was actually in the city, also using the famous Maiden's Tower which was used as Renard's hideout in Turkey. The underwater submarine scenes were filmed in The Bahamas.[18]
The filming occurred a few months before the BMW Z8 (unit pictured) was released
The BMW Z8 driven by Bond in the film was the final part of a three-film product placement deal with BMW (which began with the Z3 in GoldenEye and continued with the 750iL in Tomorrow Never Dies) but, due to filming preceding release of the Z8 by a few months, several working mock-ups and models were manufactured for filming purposes.
Music[edit]
Main article: The World Is Not Enough (soundtrack)
The soundtrack to The World Is Not Enough is the second Bond soundtrack to be composed by David Arnold.[19] Arnold broke tradition by not ending the film with a reprise of the opening theme or, as with the previous three films, a new song. Originally, Arnold intended to use the song "Only Myself to Blame" at the end of the film; however, Apted discarded this and the song was replaced by a remix of the "James Bond Theme".[20] "Only Myself to Blame", written by Arnold and Don Black and sung by Scott Walker, is the nineteenth and final track on the album and its melody is Elektra King's theme. The theme is heard in "Casino", "Elektra's Theme" and "I Never Miss".[20] Arnold added two new themes to the final score, both of which are reused in the following film, Die Another Day.
The title song, "The World Is Not Enough", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth Bond theme co-written by Black, preceded by "Thunderball",[21] "Diamonds Are Forever",[22] "The Man with the Golden Gun",[23] and "Tomorrow Never Dies".[24] IGN chose "The World Is Not Enough" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time.[25] In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time, behind only "Goldfinger."[26] The song also appeared in two "best of 1999" polls: #87 in 89X's "Top 89 Songs of 1999"[27] and No. 100 in Q101's "Top 101 of 1999".[28]
Release and reception[edit]
The World Is Not Enough premiered on 19 November 1999 in the United States and on 26 November 1999 in the United Kingdom. Its world premiere was 8 November 1999 at the Fox Bruin Theater, Los Angeles, USA.[29] At that time MGM signed a marketing partnership with MTV, primarily for American youths, who were assumed to have considered Bond as "an old-fashioned secret service agent". As a result, MTV broadcast more than 100 hours of Bond-related programmes immediately after the film was released, most being presented by Denise Richards.[30]
The film opened at the top of the North American box office with $35.5 million. Its final worldwide gross was $361 million worldwide, with $126 million in the United States alone.[31] It became the highest grossing James Bond film of all time until the release of Die Another Day.[32] The film was also selected for the first round of nominations for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects but failed.[33] The film was nominated for a Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Saturn Award, Pierce Brosnan won both the Empire Award and the Blockbuster Entertainment Award as Best Actor, and David Arnold won a BMI Film Music Award for his score. The film became the first in the Bond series to win a Golden Raspberry when Denise Richards was chosen as "Worst Supporting Actress" at the 1999 Razzie Awards. Richards and Brosnan were also nominated for "Worst Screen Couple".[34]
The initial release of the DVD includes the featurette "Secrets of 007", which cuts into "making of" material during the film; the documentary "The Making of The World Is Not Enough"; two commentary tracks—one by director Michael Apted, and the other by production designer Peter Lamont, second unit director Vic Armstrong, and composer David Arnold; a trailer for the PlayStation video game, and the Garbage music video.[35] The Ultimate Edition released in 2006 had as additional extras a 2000 documentary named "Bond Cocktail", a featurette on shooting the Q Boat scenes, Pierce Brosnan in a press conference in Hong Kong, deleted scenes, and a tribute to Desmond Llewelyn.[36]
Reception was mixed. Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert said the film was a "splendid comic thriller, exciting and graceful, endlessly inventive", and gave it three-and-a-half stars out of four.[37] On the other hand, Eleanor Ringel Gillespie of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution disliked the film, calling it "dated and confused".[38] Rotten Tomatoes gave The World Is Not Enough a 51% rating,[39] the lowest of the Brosnan films, and Metacritic gave the film a score of 59 out of 100.[40] Negative criticism was focused on the execution of the plot, and the action scenes were considered excessive.[41] Entertainment Weekly picked it as the worst Bond film of all time, saying it had a plot "so convoluted even Pierce Brosnan has admitted to being mystified".[42] Norman Wilner of MSN chose it as the third worst film, above A View to a Kill and Licence to Kill,[43] while IGN chose it as the fifth worst.[44]
Richards was criticised as not being credible in the role of a nuclear scientist.[45][46] She was ranked as one of the worst Bond girls of all time by Entertainment Weekly in 2008.[47]
Adaptations[edit]
Main articles: The World Is Not Enough (novel), 007: The World Is Not Enough (Nintendo 64), and 007: The World Is Not Enough (PlayStation)
Bond novelist Raymond Benson wrote his adaptation of The World Is Not Enough from the film's screenplay. It was Benson's fourth Bond novel and followed the story closely, but with some details changed. For instance, Elektra sings quietly before her death and Bond still carries his Walther PPK instead of the newer P99. The novel also gave the cigar girl/assassin the name Giulietta da Vinci and retained a scene between her and Renard that was cut from the film.
In 2000, the film was adapted by Electronic Arts to create two first-person shooters of the same name for the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation. The Nintendo 64 version was developed by Eurocom and the PlayStation version was developed by Black Ops.[48] Versions of The World Is Not Enough for the PC and the PlayStation 2 were planned for release in 2000, but both were cancelled.[49] These versions would have used the id Tech 3 game engine. Although this game marks Pierce Brosnan's fifth appearance in a Bond video game, the game includes only his likeness; the character is voiced by Adam Blackwood.[50]
See also[edit]
James Bond portal
Film portal
1990s portal
United Kingdom portal
Outline of James Bond
References[edit]
Simpson, Paul (7 November 2002). The Rough Guide to James Bond. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-142-9.
Jump up ^ Simpson, p 26
Jump up ^ Parker, Barry R. (2005). Death Rays, Jet Packs, Stunts & Supercars: The Fantastic Physics of Film's Most Celebrated Secret Agent. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8248-7.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Rebecca (19 November 1999). "One girl is not enough". BBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Freydkin, Donna (2012-11-06). "Denise Richards: Bond showed me the 'World'". USA Today. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ Bussey, Ben (2013-12-15). "Dr Christmas Jones: biggest turkey of the Bond girls?". Yahoo! Movies UK. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ Brian Sibley (2006). Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey. London: Harpercollins. pp. 397–8. ISBN 0-00-717558-2.
Jump up ^ "Bond is backed... by the government". The Guardian. 27 April 1999. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "TWINE & The Rumoured Titles". 26 June 2001. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
Jump up ^ EulogySpeech.net. "Famous Epitaphs - Unusual Epitaphs and Tombstones - Famous Eulogies - Great Eulogies - Free Eulogy Samples". www.eulogyspeech.net. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Priggé, Steven. Movie moguls speak: interviews with top film producers (p.27)
Jump up ^ Dye, Kerry Douglas (15 November 1999). "His Word is Bond: An Interview With 007 Screenwriter Bruce Feirstein". LeisureSuit.net. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Filming locations for The World Is Not Enough (1999)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "British Waterways' Film Map: Canals and rivers on screen". Waterscape.com. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The World Is Not Enough Film Focus".
Jump up ^ Ian Nathan (October 2008). "Unseen Bond". Empire. p. 105.
Jump up ^ "Motorola building". SwindonWeb. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Films & TV Locations - Visit Wales". www.visitwales.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ The Making of The World Is Not Enough (DVD). Danjaq. 1999. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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^ Jump up to: a b "David Arnold official website". Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Thunderball (Audio CD). EMI. 25 February 2003. UPN: 7-2435-80589-2-5. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Diamonds Are Forever (Audio CD). EMI. 11 February 2003. UPN: 7-2435-41420-2-4. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ The Man with the Golden Gun (Audio CD). EMI. 25 February 2003. UPN: 7-2435-41424-2-0. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Tomorrow Never Dies (Audio CD). A&M Records. 25 November 1997. UPN: 7-3145-40830-2-7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Spence D. (17 November 2006). "Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs". IGN. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
Jump up ^ What’s the Greatest Bond Song of All Time? « Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "89X's "Top 89 Songs of 1999". Rocklists.com. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Q101's "Top 101 of 1999". Rocklists.com. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
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Jump up ^ "Selling a super spy". BBC News. 19 November 1999. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
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Jump up ^ "TWINE Could Be Up for an Oscar". Commanderbond.net. 4 January 2000. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
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Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough DVD review". TimeForDVD.com. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough DVD & Soundtrack". UGO. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "The World is Not Enough". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Gillespie, Eleanor Ringel. "The World Is Not Enough". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 12 February 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough". Metacritic. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Matt Venendaal (16 May 2006). "The World Is Not Enough (DVD) review". IGN. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey, Joshua Rich (15 November 2006). "Countdown: Ranking the Bond Films". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Norman Wilner. "Rating the Spy Game". MSN. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
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Jump up ^ Black Ops had previously adapted Tomorrow Never Dies for the PlayStation and would go on to develop Nightfire in 2002.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough preview (PS2)". IGN. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Adam Blackwood". IMDb. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
External links[edit]
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Kate O'Mara
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Kate Mara.
Kate O'Mara
Born
Frances Meredith Carroll[1]
(1939-08-10)10 August 1939
Leicester, Leicestershire, England, UK
Died
30 March 2014(2014-03-30) (aged 74)
Sussex, England, UK
Occupation
Actress, writer
Years active
1963–2012
Spouse(s)
Jeremy Young (m. 1961; div. 1976)
Richard Willis (m. 1993; div. 1996)
Children
Dickon Young, Christopher Linde
Relatives
Belinda Carroll (sister)
Kate O'Mara (10 August 1939 – 30 March 2014) was an English film, stage and television actress, and writer.
O'Mara made her stage debut in a 1963 production of The Merchant of Venice. Her other stage roles included Elvira in Blithe Spirit (1974), Lady Macbeth in Macbeth (1982), Cleopatra in Antony & Cleopatra (1982), Goneril in King Lear (1987) and Marlene Dietrich in Lunch with Marlene (2008). Her films included two 1970 Hammer Horror films: The Vampire Lovers and The Horror of Frankenstein. On television, she had regular roles in The Brothers (1975–76), Triangle (1981-82) and Howards' Way (1989–90), and portrayed the recurring part of the Rani in Doctor Who (1985–87). O'Mara played Caress Morell, the scheming sister of Alexis Colby in the American primetime soap opera Dynasty in 1986. She also appeared as Jackie Stone in two episodes of the BBC sitcom Absolutely Fabulous.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and career
2 Later life and career
3 Personal life
4 Death
5 Film and television credits
6 Select stage roles
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 See also
Early life and career[edit]
O'Mara was born Frances Meredith Carroll to John F. Carroll, an RAF flying instructor, and actress Hazel Bainbridge (born Edith Marion Bainbridge; 25 January 1910 – 7 January 1998). Her younger sister is actress Belinda Carroll. After boarding school she attended art school before becoming a full-time actress.[2] O'Mara made her stage debut in a production of The Merchant of Venice in 1963, although her first film role was some years earlier (under the name Merrie Carroll) in Home and Away (1956) with Jack Warner, as her father, and Kathleen Harrison.[1]
Her earliest television appearances, in the 1960s, included guest roles in Danger Man, Adam Adamant Lives!, The Saint, Z-Cars and The Avengers.[3] In 1970, she appeared in two Hammer Studio horror films: The Vampire Lovers and The Horror of Frankenstein. In the former, she had an erotically charged scene with Ingrid Pitt, in which O'Mara was meant to be seduced; the two women were left laughing on set, however, as Pitt's fangs kept falling into O'Mara's cleavage.[4] O'Mara's work in The Vampire Lovers impressed Hammer enough for them to offer her a contract, which she turned down, fearful of being typecast.[4]
She had a regular role in the BBC drama series The Brothers (1975–76) as Jane Maxwell, and in the early 1980s, O'Mara starred in the BBC soap opera Triangle (1981–82), sometimes counted among the worst television series ever made.[5] She played the villainous Rani in Doctor Who.[6] The character, as played by O'Mara, appeared in two serials, The Mark of the Rani (1985) and Time and the Rani (1987) and the Doctor Who 30th Anniversary Special Dimensions in Time (1993), part of the Children in Need charity event.[3]
Between these appearances in Doctor Who, she played Caress Morell in the American primetime soap opera Dynasty.[7] As the sister of Alexis Colby (Joan Collins), O'Mara appeared in 17 episodes of the sixth season and 4 episodes of the seventh during 1986. "We had a tremendous bitchy tension between us", the actress recalled about performing opposite Collins. “My character Caress was like an annoying little mosquito who just kept coming back and biting her.”[5] O'Mara disliked living in California, preferring the change of seasons in Britain, and to her relief was released from her five-year contract after Collins told the producers that having two brunettes in the series was a bad idea.[5] After returning to the UK, she was cast as another scheming villain, Laura Wilde, in the BBC soap Howards' Way (1989–90).[8]
Later life and career[edit]
O'Mara and Peter Davison at the Doctor Who 50th-anniversary celebration.
O'Mara spoke on several occasions about her experience with the casting couch. On an episode of The Word in 1994, O'Mara claimed that American producer Judd Bernard pulled down her panties during a hotel-room audition for the Elvis Presley vehicle Double Trouble.[9] In her autobiography Vamp Until Ready: A Life Laid Bare, O'Mara described this incident[10] and "many other close encounters with... this very unpleasant and humiliating procedure",[11] including with a well-known television casting director,[12] the boss of Associated Television at Elstree Studios,[13] and the director of Great Catherine.[14]
O'Mara continued to make television appearances throughout the 1990s, including Cluedo (1990), and playing Jackie Stone (Patsy's older sister) in two episodes of Absolutely Fabulous (1995–2003). In 2001, she had a recurring role in the ITV prison drama series Bad Girls before appearing in the short-lived revival of the soap opera Crossroads. She continued to perform on stage and in March 2008 she played Marlene Dietrich in a stage play entitled Lunch with Marlene. From August to November 2008, she played Mrs Cheveley in Oscar Wilde's stage play An Ideal Husband directed by Peter Hall and produced by Bill Kenwright. She performed in radio and audio plays. In 2000 she reprised her role as the Rani in the BBV audio play The Rani Reaps the Whirlwind, and in 2006 she made a guest appearance in the radio comedy series Nebulous.[15]
In 2012, O'mara appeared in a theater adaptation of Agatha Christie's Death on the Nile.[16]
She became a vegetarian and animal rights activist.[17]
Personal life[edit]
O'Mara was married twice, first to Jeremy Young in 1961; the couple divorced in 1976. In 1993, she married Richard Willis, but the marriage was dissolved in 1996.[18] She had two sons, Dickon Young (1964–2012) and Christopher Linde (born 1965), both from previous relationships, although Dickon took his stepfather's surname. She gave up Linde for adoption and he was named by his adoptive parents, Derek and Joy Linde.[19]
Christopher, from whom the actress was long estranged, was born from her relationship with actor David Orchard.[20] Dickon, whose biological father was reportedly actor Ian Cullen,[21] was a stage manager for the Royal Shakespeare Company before setting up his own company building tree-houses in the mid-1990s. He was found hanged, a presumed suicide, at the family home in Long Marston, Warwickshire on 31 December 2012, after previous suicide attempts.[19] O'Mara was hospitalised with pneumonia at the time of her son's death and his body was not discovered for three weeks.[22]
O'Mara wrote four books, two novels (When She Was Bad (ISBN 0261667157) and Good Time Girl (ISBN 0002242915)), and two autobiographical books, Vamp Until Ready (ISBN 1861057008) and Game Plan: A Woman's Survival Kit (ISBN 0283060573).
Speaking about her bouts of depression, later in her life, O'Mara said: "... I've since learnt a cure for depression: listening to J.S. Bach and reading P.G. Wodehouse. This got me through the break-up of my second marriage 17 years ago. The great thing about Wodehouse is that his books are full of romantic problems and yet so hilarious that it puts things in perspective ... I'm not frightened of dying, but I love the countryside so much and I’m going to miss it. I'd like to be out in the wind and the trees for ever."[23]
Death[edit]
O'Mara died on 30 March 2014 in a Sussex nursing home, aged 74, from ovarian cancer. She left a £350,000 estate, bequeathing £10,000 to the Actors’ Benevolent Fund and, after the funeral and legal fees, the remainder to her younger sister Belinda Carroll, a former actress.[20][24][25]
Film and television credits[edit]
Film and television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1956 Home and Away Annie Knowles First film role. Appeared as Merrie Carroll
1962 Captain Clegg Girl at Inn Uncredited
1964–
1966 No Hiding Place Jacqueline 2 episodes
1965 Danger Man Annette Episode: A Room in the Basement
1965 Gaslight Theatre Patience Episode: The Drunkard or, the Sins of the Parents Shall Be Visited...
1966 Court Martial Episode: Logistics of Survival
1966 Weavers Green Mick Armstrong
1967 Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond Miss Moneypenny's assistant Uncredited
1967 Adam Adamant Lives! Sonia Fawzi Episode: The Basardi Affair
1967 The Troubleshooters Kim Hart Episode: Mr. Know-How
1967–
1968 The Saint Annabelle / Nadine / Yvette Episodes: Double Take, Counterfeit Countess, Fast Women
1967–
1969 Z-Cars Kate / Mae Astell 4 episodes
1968 Corruption Val Nolan
1968 Great Catherine Varinka Gordon Flemyng film
1968 The Limbo Line Irina Tovskia
1968 Promenade Laura Short film
1968 The Champions Jane Purcell Episode: To Catch a Rat
1969 The Avengers Lisa Episode: Stay Tuned
1969 The Desperados Adah (Jacob's girl) Henry Levin film
1969 The Main Chance Julia Main 4 episodes
1969 Department S Pietra Episode: Who Plays the Dummy
1970 Never a Cross Word Ellie Episode: When is a Spy...
1970 Codename Helen Lingard Episode: Opening Gambit
1970 Paul Temple Luciana Benedetti Episode: Re-take
1970 The Vampire Lovers The Governess (Mme. Perrodot) Roy Ward Baker film
1970 The Adventures of Don Quick Peleen Episode: People isn't Everything
1970 The Horror of Frankenstein Alys Jimmy Sangster film
1970 Cannon for Cordoba Ruby
1972 A Man About a Dog Storm Riordan
1972 ITV Sunday Night Theatre Storm Riordan
1972 The Persuaders! Heidi Schulman Episode: Read and Destroy
1972 Jason King Delphi Episode: A Kiss for a Beautiful Killer
1972 Clouds of Witness Cynthia Tarrant Episode 1.3
1972 Pathfinders Section Officer Anne Denby Episode: Fog
1973 Spy Trap Sharon Lunghi 3 episodes
1974 The Protectors Sarah Trent Episode: A Pocketful of Posies
1974 The Tamarind Seed Anna Skriabina Blake Edwards film
1975 Feelings Barbara Martin Gerry O'Hara film
1975–
1976 The Brothers Jane Maxwell 30 episodes
1976 Machinegunner Pat Livingston
1976 Morecambe & Wise Kate O'Mata Hari Christmas Special
1976 The Two Ronnies The Gypsy Queen
1977 The Two Ronnies Lucy Lee Series 6 Episodes 3–6: Stop! You're Killing Me mini-serial
1978 Tuntematon ystävä (An Unknown Friend) Karen Lindén / Judith Russell / Berit Lindström Finnish crime / suspense film
1978 Return of the Saint Jeanette Episode: Assault Force
1978 The Nativity Salome TV film
1979 The Plank 'It's Paint' Woman
1981–
1982 Triangle Katherine Laker 27 episodes
1985 & 1987 Doctor Who The Rani 6 episodes
1986 Dempsey and Makepeace Joyce Hargreaves Episode: Guardian Angels
1986 Dynasty Cassandra "Caress" Morell Recurring (Seasons 6–7)
1987 Great Catherine Varinka
1989–
1990 Howards' Way Laura Wilde 26 episodes
1990 Cluedo Mrs. Peacock Episode: Christmas Past, Christmas Present
1992 Aladdin (Not Disney) Madam Roly Poly (voice) Ron Clements and John Musker film
1993 Comic Relief: The Invasion of the Comic Tomatoes Female Patient
1993 Doctor Who: Dimensions in Time The Rani 2 mini episodes
1995–
2003 Absolutely Fabulous Jackie Stone 2 episodes
1997 The New Adventures of Robin Hood Lady Isabelle Episode: Marion to the Rescue
1999 The Road to Ithaca Despina
2001 Bad Girls Virginia O'Kane 4 episodes
2003 Crossroads Lady Alice Fox Soap opera
2005 Family Affairs Jackie Lawrence Soap opera
2008 Doctors Rosetta Froom Episode: Fears, Feats & the Frooms
2012 Benidorm Barbara Simmonds 1 episode, (final television appearance)
Select stage roles[edit]
1963, Jessica, The Merchant of Venice at Lady Macduff Shakespeare for Schools Co.
1966, Lydia Languish, The Rivals at The Welsh Theatre Co.
1967, Elsa, The Italian Girl at the Wyndham's Theatre
1970, Fleda Vetch, The Spoils of Poynton at the Mayfair Theatre
1971, Gerda Von Metz, The Avengers (directed by Leslie Phillips) at the Prince of Wales Theatre[26]
1971-2, Sheila Wallis, Suddenly at Home at the Fortune Theatre
1974, Elvira, Blithe Spirit at the Bristol Old Vic
1974, Liza Moriarty, Sherlock's Last Case at the Open Space Theatre Fortune Theatre
1977, Sybil Merton, Lord Arthur Saville's Crime at the Sadlers Wells Theatre
1977, Louka, Arms and the Man at the Hong Kong Festival
1978, Rosaline, Loves Labour's Lost at the Thorndike Theatre
1978, Katherina, The Taming of the Shrew at the Ludlow Festival
1978, Cyrenne, Rattle of a Simple Man
1979, Monica Claverton- Ferry, The Elder Statesman
1979, Lina, Misalliance at The Birmingham Rep
1979, Irene St Clair, The Crucifer of Blood at the Haymarket Theatre
1980, Ruth, Night and Day, at post-London tour
1981, Stephanie Abrahams, Duet for One Yugoslavia and tour
1981, Beatrice, Much Ado About Nothing at the New Shakespeare Co
1982, Kathrina, The Taming of the Shrew at the Nottingham Playhouse\New Shakespeare Co
1982, Titania\Hippolta, A Midsummer Night's Dream at the New Shakespeare Co
1982, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth at the Mercury Theatre
1982, Cleopatra, Antony and Cleopatra at the Nottingham Playhouse
1982, Millamant, The Way of the World at the Nottingham Playhouse
1983, Hortense, The Rehearsal
1984, Mistress Ford, The Merry Wives of Windsor at the New Shakespeare Co
1985 – 1987, Frances Black, Light Up the Sky at the Old Vic & Globe Theatres
1987, Goneril, King Lear at the Compass Theatre
1988, Berinthia, The Relapse at the Mermaid Theatre
1990, Torfreida, The Last Englishman at The Orange Tree Theatre
1990, Martha, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre
1991, Lilli Vanessi, Kiss Me Kate, RSC tour
1992, Lady Fanciful, The Provok'd Wife at the National Theatre Studio
1992, Rosabel, Venus Observed at the Chichester Festival
1992, Eve, Cain at the Chichester Festival
1992, Jackie, King Lear in New York at the Chichester Festival
1994, Maria Wislack, On Approval
1995, Pola, The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles at The Orange Tree Theatre
1995, Rachel, My Cousin Rachel, English Theatre, Vienna and tour 1995
1996, Olivia, Twelfth Night at the Haymarket Theatre, Basingstoke
1996-7, Mrs Cheveley, An Ideal Husband at the Haymarket, Albury and Gielgud theatres
2000, Mrs. Malaprop\Lucy, The Rivals
2000, Madame Alexandre, Colombe at the Salisbury Playhouse
2003, Gertrude Lawrence, Noel and Gertie
2004, Mrs Arbuthnot, A Woman of No Importance
2005, Eloise, The Marquise at the Mercury Theatre
2005, Helen, We Happy Few at the Gielgud Theatre
2008, Marlene Dietrich, Lunch with Marlene at The New End Theatre
2010, Lady Windermere, Lord Arthur Saville's Crime at the Mercury Theatre
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Coveney Obituary: Kate O'Mara, The Guardian, 30 March 2014
Jump up ^ "She's not a superbitch after all". Edinburgh Evening News. 25 April 2002. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kate O'Mara on IMDb
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Michael 'Bobb' Cotter The Women of Hammer Horror: A Biographical Dictionary and Filmography, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2013, p. 142
^ Jump up to: a b c Obituary; Kate O'Mara, Daily Telegraph, 30 March 2014
Jump up ^ Emma G. Fitzsimmons "Kate O’Mara, a Schemer on ‘Dynasty’, Dies at 74", New York Times, 30 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Charles, Marissa (27 October 2009). "Kate O'Mara". Metro News. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dynasty star Kate O'Mara dies". BBC News. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ The Word (17 March 1994), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRaBWCJWgMs#t=3m28s
Jump up ^ O'Mara 2003, p. 61
Jump up ^ O'Mara 2003, p. 32
Jump up ^ O'Mara 2003, pp. 32–33
Jump up ^ O'Mara 2003, pp. 34–35
Jump up ^ O'Mara 2003, pp. 41–42
Jump up ^ "Nebulous". BBC comedy. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dynasty star Kate O'Mara dies". BBC News. 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
Jump up ^ Webber, Richard (2010). "The shape I'm in: Kate O'Mara". Mail Online. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kate O'Mara - obituary". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kate O'Mara 'beyond distraught' over son's suspected suicide". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK: Telegraph Media Group. 3 January 2013. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "She was the worst mother ever': Bitter wrath of the son Dynasty star Kate O'Mara dumped... and left without a penny". Daily Mail. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kate O'Mara's secret lover and his guilt over the son they couldn't save; Ian Cullen comes forward to tell haunting story", dailymail.co.uk; accessed 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Dolan, Andy (17 April 2013). "Dickon O'Mara: son of Dynasty actress Kate O'Mara hanged himself in her garage after 'issues' with drink but body was undiscovered for three weeks". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Kate O'Mara profile, aveleyman.com; accessed 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dynasty and Triangle star Kate O'Mara dies aged 74". Itv.com. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Coveney, Michael. "Kate O'Mara obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Avengers Declassified: The Stage Show". Declassified.theavengers.tv. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
O'Mara, Kate (2003). Vamp Until Ready: A Life Laid Bare. Robson Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1861057006.
See also[edit]
English actresses
Cinema of the United Kingdom
Television in the United Kingdom
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 56129320
LCCN: nb2005000388
ISNI: 0000 0000 6779 9057
BNF: cb14212053b (data)
BNE: XX1619094
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_O%27Mara&oldid=834078652"
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Trinitarian formula
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Pronunciation of the trinitarian formula in Latin: "In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti", "amen".
The "Shield of the Trinity" or "Scutum Fidei" diagram of traditional Western Christian symbolism.
The trinitarian formula is the phrase "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (original Greek εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος, eis to onoma tou Patros kai tou Huiou kai tou Hagiou Pneumatos, or in Latin in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti), or words to that form and effect referring to the three persons of the Christian Trinity. It is often followed by an "Amen".
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical origin
2 Use in baptism
3 Other uses
4 Views of textual criticism
5 See also
6 References
Biblical origin[edit]
These words are quoted from a command of the risen Jesus in the Great Commission: "Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (Matthew 28:19); a small minority of other translations read, "into the name".[1]
Use in baptism[edit]
According to the doctrines of Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, and most forms of Protestantism, a baptism is not valid if the Trinitarian formula is not used in the administration of that sacrament. Consequently, they may not recognize religious communities that baptize without this formula – e.g. Unitarians, Branhamists, Frankists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Oneness Pentecostals, all of whom deny the Trinity – as Christian religions. This is also the case with baptisms within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church). Although LDS members baptize with the same Trinitarian formula, they reject the Nicene Trinitarian conception and regard the three Persons of the Trinity as being distinct personages united not in substance, but in dominion and purpose.[2] Other faiths (Frankists, Oneness Pentecostals and Branhamists in particular) use the formula "In the name of Jesus Christ" (based on Acts 2:38) for baptism, and in turn re-baptize converts who were first baptized under the Trinitarian formula, sometimes claiming that such persons would not have been previously aware that "Jesus is the Lord".
Likewise, converts to Trinitarian denominations from Mormonism and other nontrinitarian denominations have to be baptized in the name of the (Nicene) Trinity.
Other uses[edit]
Together with baptism, the Trinitarian formula is used in other prayers, rites, liturgies, and sacraments. One of its most common uses apart from baptism is when Roman Catholics, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists, and others make the sign of the cross while reciting the formula.
Views of textual criticism[edit]
Some scholars of the Greek New Testament and of the historical Jesus, both liberal and conservative, regard the trinitarian formula as an early Christian elaboration. Biblical scholars from the controversial Jesus Seminar, a group of textual critics (including figures like Robert W. Funk, John Dominic Crossan, Marcus Borg, Bruce D. Chilton, and John S. Kloppenborg), have said that the whole of Matthew chapter 28 is the result of later editorial work on the Gospels and was never uttered by Jesus or his immediate disciples. Luke Timothy Johnson, a frequent critic of the methodologies of the Jesus Seminar, says in his book The Writings of the New Testament: An Interpretation that his research affirms a view of Matthew 28:19 as apocryphal.
While denying that Jesus spoke the formula, these scholars acknowledge that the verse does represent Trinitarian ideas in the early Christian church. Most Christians belong to denominations that recognize church history as at least partially inspired by the Holy Spirit, so they tend to see the formula as valid even if not spoken by Jesus himself. However, the formula does not necessarily endorse the specific Nicene Trinitarian doctrine adopted at the 4th-century Council of Nicea and elaborated upon by later councils, and does not necessarily show that 1st-century Christians believed in the mysterious unity, equality, or co-eternity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.[citation needed]
Other scholars have challenged the work of the Jesus Seminar, arguing that those working on the project began with a conclusion and worked to justify it through their research and eisegesis.[3]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Sign of the cross
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "English Standard Version (ESV) Footnote on Matthew 28:19". Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Godhead, http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Godhead
Jump up ^ They apply the Seminar's presuppositional test, "Beware of finding a Jesus entirely congenial to you", especially to the Jesus Seminar themselves, "who a priori have determined the nature of the 'historical Jesus' by adopting biased presuppositions, thereby producing a 'Jesus' wholly 'congenial' to themselves" (The Jesus Crisis: The Inroads of Historical Criticism Into Evangelical ..., by Robert L. Thomas, F. David Farnell); cf. A Look at the Jesus Seminar, by Brad Bromling, The Jesus Seminar and Radical Higher Criticism by Glenn Giles, etc.]
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Jugantar Patrika
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Jugantar Patrika (Bengali: যুগান্তর) was a Bengali revolutionary newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt. A political weekly, it was founded in March 1906 and served as the propaganda organ for the nascent revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti that was taking shape in Bengal at the time. The journal derived its name Jugantar (Lit:New Era) from a political novel of the same name by renowned Bengali author Shivnath Shastri. The journal went on to lend its name to the Western Bengal wing of the Anushilan Samiti, which came to be known as the Jugantar group. The journal expounded and justified revolutionary violence against the British Raj as a political tool for independence, and denounced the right and legitimacy of the British rule in India. It was also critical of the Indian National Congress and its moderate methods which was viewed as aiding the Raj. Its target audience was the young, literate and politically motivated youth of Bengal, and was priced at one paisa.
The paper rapidly acquired a broad popularity, at one time having a readership of 20,000. Bhupendranath Dutt served as the editor of the newspaper till his arrest in 1907, although it also published articles from a number of noted Bengali revolutionaries including Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Aurobindo Ghosh. It faced prosecution a number of times by the British Indian government for publishing seditious articles. Bhupendranath Dutt was arrested in 1907 for publication of articles "inciting violence against the Government of India", for which he was sentenced to a year's rigorous imprisonment. The paper was ultimately forced to shut down in 1908, amidst financial ruins following the prosecutions, and after the passage of The Newspapers (Incitement to offences) act in June 1908 which made its position vulnerable.
References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Legitimising Violence: Seditious Propaganda and Revolutionary Pamphlets in Bengal, 1908-1918. Sanyal S. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol.67. No.3. 2008. pp759–787.
This Asian newspaper–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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This page was last edited on 15 July 2016, at 01:21.
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