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Minister of Home Affairs (India)
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Union Minister of Home Affairs
Emblem of India
Incumbent
Rajnath Singh
Ministry of Home Affairs
Style
The Honourable
Member of
Union Cabinet
National Security Council
Reports to
The Prime Minister
Seat
North Block, Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi
Appointer
President on the advice of the Prime Minister
Term length
No fixed term
Formation
2 September 1946
Republic of India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
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The Minister of Home Affairs (or simply, the Home Minister) is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India. One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet, the chief responsibility of the Home Minister is the maintenance of India's internal security; the country's large police force comes under his ambit. Occasionally, he is assisted by the Minister of State of Home Affairs and the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Home Affairs.
Ever since the time of independent India's first Home Minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the office has been seen as second in seniority only to the Prime Minister in the Union Cabinet. Like Patel, several Home Ministers have since held the additional portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister.
Since 26 May 2014, the Home Minister of India is Rajnath Singh of the Bharatiya Janta Party, taking over the reins from Sushilkumar Shinde.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Home Ministers
2 Ministers of State of Home Affairs
3 References
4 External links
List of Home Ministers[edit]
№
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister
1 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2 September 1946 15 December 1950 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru
2 C. Rajagopalachari 26 December 1950 25 October 1951
3 Kailash Nath Katju 1951 1955
4 Govind Ballabh Pant 10 January 1955 7 March 1961
5 Lal Bahadur Shastri 4 April 1961 29 August 1963
6 Gulzarilal Nanda 29 August 1963 14 November 1966 Jawaharlal Nehru
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi
7 Yashwantrao Chavan 14 November 1966 27 June 1970 Indira Gandhi
8 Indira Gandhi 27 June 1970 4 February 1973
9 Uma Shankar Dikshit 4 February 1973 1974
10 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy 1974 24 March 1977
11 Charan Singh 24 March 1977 1 July 1978 Janata Party Morarji Desai
12 Morarji Desai 1 July 1978 28 July 1979
(7) Yashwantrao Chavan 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Janata Party (Secular) Charan Singh
13 Giani Zail Singh 14 January 1980 22 June 1982 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi
14 R. Venkataraman 22 June 1982 2 September 1982
15 Prakash Chandra Sethi 2 September 1982 19 July 1984
16 P. V. Narasimha Rao 19 July 1984 31 December 1984 Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi
17 Shankarrao Chavan 31 December 1984 12 March 1986 Rajiv Gandhi
(16) P. V. Narasimha Rao 12 March 1986 12 May 1986
18 Sardar Buta Singh 12 May 1986 2 December 1989
19 Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 1989 10 November 1990 Janata Dal
(National Front) V. P. Singh
20 Chandra Shekhar 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party
(National Front) Himself
(17) Shankarrao Chavan 21 June 1991 16 May 1996 Indian National Congress P. V. Narasimha Rao
21 Murli Manohar Joshi 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee
22 H.D. Deve Gowda 1 June 1996 29 June 1996 Janata Dal
(United Front) Himself
23 Indrajit Gupta 29 June 1996 19 March 1998 Communist Party of India
(United Front) H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
24 L. K. Advani 19 March 1998 22 May 2004 Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
25 Shivraj Patil 22 May 2004 30 November 2008 Indian National Congress
(United Progressive Alliance) Manmohan Singh
26 P. Chidambaram 30 November 2008 31 July 2012
27 Sushilkumar Shinde 31 July 2012 26 May 2014
28 Rajnath Singh 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party BJP
(National Democratic Alliance) Narendra Damodardas Modi
Ministers of State of Home Affairs[edit]
Name
Term of office
Political Party
Prime Minister
Minister of Home Affairs
Subodh Kant Sahay[1] April 1990 November 1990 Janata Dal
National Front V. P. Singh Mufti Mohammed Sayeed
Shriprakash Jaiswal[2] 23 May 2004 2009 Indian National Congress
United Progressive Alliance Manmohan Singh Shivraj Patil
P. Chidambaram
R. P. N. Singh[3] 28 October 2012 26 May 2014 Indian National Congress
United Progressive Alliance Manmohan Singh Sushilkumar Shinde
Kiren Rijiju 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party
National Democratic Alliance Narendra Modi Rajnath Singh
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha, Members Bioprofile : Sahai, Shri Subodh Kant
Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha, Members Bioprofile : Jaiswal, Shri Sriprakash
Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha, Members Bioprofile : Singh, Shri Ratanjit Pratap Narain
External links[edit]
Home Ministry, Govt. of India
[hide]
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Corn Belt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Grain Belt" redirects here. For the beer of the same name, see Grain Belt (beer).
2010 production of corn in the United States
The Corn Belt is a region of the Midwestern United States that, since the 1850s, has dominated corn production in the United States. More generally, the concept of the "Corn Belt" connotes the area of the Midwest dominated by farming. Many towns in this area are connected to powerful farm organizations with lobbying power.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 History
3 EPA Ecoregion
4 Panoramic view
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Geography[edit]
There is lack of consensus regarding the constituents of the Corn Belt, although it often includes: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of Missouri.[3] It also sometimes includes: South Dakota, North Dakota, all of Ohio, Wisconsin, all of Michigan, and Kentucky.[4]
The region is characterized by level land, deep fertile soils, and a high organic soil concentration.[5]
As of 2008, the top four corn-producing states were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, accounting for more than half of the corn growth in the United States.[6]
History[edit]
On account of new agricultural technology developments between 1860 and 1970, the Corn Belt went from producing mixed crops and livestock into becoming an area focused strictly on wheat-cash planting. After 1970, increased crop and meat production required an export outlet, but global recession and a strong dollar reduced exports and created serious problems even for the best farm managers.[3]
In 1956, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, a pioneer of hybrid seed, declared that the Corn Belt has developed the "most productive agricultural civilization the world has ever seen".[7]
Most corn grown today is fed to livestock, especially hogs and poultry. In recent decades soybeans have grown in importance. The U.S. produces 40% of the world crop.[8]
By 1950, 99% of corn has been grown from hybrids.
EPA Ecoregion[edit]
In 1997, the USEPA published its report on United States' ecoregions, in part based on "land use." Its "Level III" region classification contains three contiguous "Corn Belt" regions, Western (47), Central (54), and Eastern (55), stretching from Indiana to eastern Nebraska.[9][10]
Panoramic view[edit]
Corn fields near Royal, Illinois
See also[edit]
Agriculture and Agronomy portal
Geography portal
Breadbasket
Canadian Prairies, Canada's 'Breadbasket'
Central Black Earth Region, segment of the Eurasian chernozem belt that lies within Central Russia
Palliser's Triangle, Canada's semi-arid grain production region
Peak wheat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John Mark Hansen, Gaining access: Congress and the farm lobby, 1919-1981 (1991) p, 138
Jump up ^ Thomas F. McIlwraith and Edward K. Muller, North America: the historical geography of a changing continent (2001) p, 186
^ Jump up to: a b Hart (1986)
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture
Jump up ^ Corn Belt, Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Jump up ^ USDA State Fact sheets
Jump up ^ Edward L. Schapsmeier and Frederick H. Schapsmeier, Prophet in Politics: Henry A. Wallace and the War Years, 1940-1965 (1970) p, 234
Jump up ^ Smith, C. Wayne., Javier Betrán, and E. C. A. Runge. Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2004. page 4. Print
Jump up ^ "Ecological Regions of North America: Toward a Common Perspective" (PDF). Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 1997. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Ecoregion Maps and GIS Resources". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
Further reading[edit]
Anderson, J. L. Industrializing the Corn Belt: Agriculture, Technology, and Environment, 1945-1972 (2009) 238 pp. ISBN 978-0-87580-392-0
Bogue, Allan. From Prairie to Corn Belt: Farming on the Illinois and Iowa Prairies in the Nineteenth Century (1963) excerpt and text search
Cayton, Andrew, et al. eds. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (2006) excerpt and text search
Hart, John Fraser. "Change in the Corn Belt," Geographical Review, Jan 1986, Vol. 76#1 pp 51–72
Hudson, John C. Making the Corn Belt: A Geographical History of Middle-Western Agriculture (1994)
Power, Richard Lyle. Planting Corn Belt Culture: The Impress of the Upland Southerner and Yankee in the old Northwest (1953)
Snapp, Roscoe R. Beef Cattle Their Feeding and Management in the Corn Belt States (1950)
Smith, C. Wayne, et al. Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production (2004) online edition
Wallace, Henry Agard. Henry A. Wallace's Irrigation Frontier: On the Trail of the Corn Belt Farmer 1909 15 articles written by Wallace in 1909; 1991 edition edited by Richard Lowitt, and Judith Fabry
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maize.
[hide]
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"Belt" regions of the United States
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Alabama
Borscht
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Jell-O
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Coordinates: 41°N 90°W / 41°N 90°W / 41; -90
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_Belt&oldid=836196110"
Categories:
Agricultural production in the United States
Agriculture in Illinois
Agriculture in Indiana
Agriculture in Iowa
Agriculture in Kansas
Agriculture in Michigan
Agriculture in Ohio
Agriculture in Minnesota
Agriculture in Missouri
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Midwestern United States
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text:
Crate & Barrel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Euromarket Designs, Inc.
Type
Subsidiary
Traded as
Crate & Barrel
Industry
Retail
Founded
Chicago, Illinois, USA 1962 (1962)
Founders
Gordon Segal
Carol Segal
Headquarters
Northbrook, Illinois, USA
Number of locations
90 Crate and Barrel stores and outlets (2018) / 15 CB2 Stores (2018)
Key people
Neela Montgomery, CEO (August 1, 2017)
Products
housewares, furniture, and home accessories
Owner
Otto GmbH (1998-present)
Website
www.crateandbarrel.com
Crate & Barrel headquarters
Crate & Barrel store on Beverly Drive in Beverly Hills, California
Euromarket Designs, Inc. (d/b/a Crate & Barrel) is a 105+ chain of retail stores in US and Canada, based in Northbrook, Illinois,[1] specializing in housewares, furniture (indoor and out), and home accessories. Its corporate name is Euromarket Designs, Inc. The company is wholly owned by Otto GmbH.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding
1.2 Growth
1.3 International expansion
1.4 Management
2 Products
3 Sister stores
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Founding[edit]
Gordon and Carole Segal opened the first Crate & Barrel store on December 7, 1962,[2] at age 23.[3] The 1,700-square-foot (160 m2) space in part of an old elevator factory[4] was located at 1516 North Wells Street in the then-bohemian Old Town neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois.[5] The inspiration was their honeymoon in the Caribbean, where the Segals saw inexpensive yet tasteful European household products for sale. They became interested in providing functional yet aesthetically pleasing products to young couples just starting out. Surprised to see that European manufacturers offered many beautiful and durable products at reasonable prices, they were inspired to start their own store in the United States.[5] The Segals started by recruiting an employee and leasing an abandoned elevator factory on Chicago's Wells Street. They traveled throughout Europe buying directly from glassblowers, ceramicists and factories making French copper pots and simple white bistro dinnerware.[6]
The first store opened in response to a flourishing of world trade in home furnishings due to the early 1960s round of talks about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The Segals sought out small European companies that were not represented in America and negotiated direct purchases from these factories that could be sold to the consumer while avoiding a wholesaler's markup. To this day, a majority of Crate & Barrel's products are direct imports from Europe, though Thai, Mexican and Indian glass and textiles can also be found in their stores.
The Segals derived the company name by the materials that they originally used to display items in their Chicago store. The Segals were originally going to call their company "Barrel and Crate", but a friend suggested that they reverse the order of the words.[citation needed] They turned over the crates and barrels that the merchandise came in, let the wood excelsior spew out, and stacked up the china and glass. This helped emphasize their strongest selling point, that their products were direct imports.
In 1966, Segal and the designer Lon Habkirk visited the Design Research store in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which had an "enormous influence" on their retailing approach. Habkirk later remarked: "Eventually we took the whole idea and translated it into a reproducible formula."[5]
Growth[edit]
In 1968, the Segals opened their second store in the Plaza del Lago shopping center in suburban Wilmette, Illinois, and third in Oak Brook, Illinois in 1971.[4][5] Its first store outside the Chicago area opened in Boston in 1977.[4] In 1979, it opened its second Cambridge, Massachusetts store in the building designed for the recently closed Design Research, which they had so admired.[5][7]
By 1985, the chain had grown to 17 stores,[5] and has continued to grow. In March 1995, it opened its first New York location (its 59th location), in Manhattan.[8] After selling a majority stake to German mail order company the Otto Group in 1998,[9] the company had financing to increase its rate of expansion.[10] (Otto became the sole owner in 2011.[11]) By 2002, it had grown to approximately 100 locations,[12] and over 135 locations by late 2004.[3]
Crate & Barrel's flagship store, located in Chicago on Michigan Avenue in the “Magnificent Mile”, closed in January 2018; the building will become a giant Starbucks coffee roastery and retail space.[13] Today there are 90 Crate and Barrel Stores, including 8 outlets, in the United States and Canada.[14]
International expansion[edit]
In September 2008, Crate & Barrel opened its first location outside the United States, at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[9] A new two story 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) building, similar to other newly opened stores in the U.S., was constructed. A second Canadian store, in Calgary, opened in October 2009.[15] A third Canadian store opened in Mississauga, Ontario, on October 28, 2010, at Square One Shopping Centre. Further stores opened in 2011 in Edmonton, Alberta at Southgate Centre,[16] another one in Spring 2012 at Carrefour Laval Shopping Centre in Laval, Quebec and another in Oakridge Centre mall in Vancouver, British Columbia in early 2013. Future international expansion in Canada and possibly other countries is also reportedly planned.[17][18]
In the fall of 2009, the company reported plans to open two stores in Dubai in 2010 via a franchise agreement with Al Tayer Group.[19][20]
Crate & Barrel opened its first Asian store in Singapore in January 2013, occupying two floors at Ion Orchard. [21][22]
Crate & Barrel has two stores in Taiwan, one is in Taipei and the other in Taichung.
Crate & Barrel opened its first store in Peru in 2015, and opened its first store in Colombia on December 2016 in Bogota- Parque La Colina Mall, via a franchise agreement with Falabella (retail store).[23]
Management[edit]
Barbara Turf, first hired in 1968, succeeded Gordon Segal as CEO of the company in May 2008.[9] In November 2008, it was reported that sales for the prior year for the chain were $1.3 billion.[9] Turf retired in 2012. Sascha Bopp was named to replace her.[24] Due to lackluster performance during the 2013 holiday season, poor operational decisions regarding policies and staffing, and growing disenchantment from employees, Bopp was removed from his position and terminated from the company in July 2014. While a replacement was sought, Otto Group asked Segal to return as a consultant to bring back the original company culture and values in an attempt to increase sales and employee productivity and morale.[25]
Doug Diemoz, formerly with competitors Restoration Hardware and Williams-Sonoma, became CEO of Crate & Barrel on August 1, 2015.[26] Doug Diemoz departed April 2017. It was announced Neela Montgomery would assume his role.[27]
Products[edit]
CB2 in Toronto
Crate & Barrel offers a variety of "upmarket" housewares, furniture, and related merchandise. These are displayed in the "vignette" style, where items are grouped together as they might appear in the home. The company was an innovator of this style, which has since become more widely used.[28]
Sister stores[edit]
Crate & Barrel has two sister brands. CB2 is a home furnishings division geared toward young adults[29] created in 2000.[30][31] The brand, open since 2000, now has 15 stores across the U.S. and Canada. An additional store is planned to open in Denver later this year. [32]
Crate and Barrel's kids brand The Land of Nod, acquired in 2001, plans to close all stores by the end of Spring 2018 and will become Crate&Kids, a kids furnishings, home goods and gifts product offering launching online and in 40 stores starting March 7.[33]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Corporate Headquarters." Crate & Barrel. Retrieved on August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Slesin (March 2, 1995). "Is New York Ready for Nice?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Crate and Barrel opens in Austin". Austin Business Journal. October 28, 2004. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Matt Valley (June 1, 2001). "The Crate and Barrel Story". Retail Traffic. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Joseph P. Kahn (November 1, 1985). "On Display: Founder Gordon Segal's sense of selling as theater has made Crate Barrel one of the world's most admired and imitated retailing operations". Inc. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Crate & Barrel Dubai, Mall of the Emirates". Malloftheemirates.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ Peter F. Zhu, "Crate & Barrel To Close", The Harvard Crimson, November 19, 2008 full text
Jump up ^ Douglas Martin (March 12, 1995). "Topiaries And Teapots, And a Tide Of Visitors". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jane L. Levere (November 28, 2008). "As Economy Dims, Crate and Barrel Stays Upbeat". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Mark Albright (February 9, 2008). "Crate and Barrel on its way". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Adam Tanner. "Amazon's War On The House Of Otto, Germany's $18 Billion Family". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ Kathy Mulady (February 16, 2002). "Retail Notebook: Soon at U Village: Crate and Barrel". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved February 5, 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Founder of Crate & Barrel says goodbye to the Michigan Avenue flagship store he built Mary Schmich, Chicago Tribune, January 21, 2018
Jump up ^ https://www.crateandbarrel.com/stores/list-state/retail-stores
Jump up ^ "Crate & Barrel set to open second Canadian location in Calgary on October 7". National Post. September 4, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Opening Fall 2011". southgatecentre.com. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Flavelle, Dana (2007-04-04). "Yorkdale attracts top U.S. retailer". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
Jump up ^ Chicago Business News, Analysis & Articles | Crate & Barrel to expand outside U.S. | Crain's
Jump up ^ "Crate and Barrel to Open Middle East Stores". Home Textiles Today. October 4, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Fenton (September 30, 2009). "Al Tayer to launch Crate & Barrel". Gulf News. Retrieved February 5, 2010. In a franchise agreement the Al Tayer Group will open two stores in 2010, one in the Mall of the Emirates and the other in Mirdif City Centre which will also open its doors in the first quarter.
Jump up ^ Mandy Lynn (August 8, 2012). "H&M, Victoria's Secret and Crate & Barrel to open at ION Orchard from October". I-S Magazine. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Housewares and Furniture Store | Singapore, | Crate and Barrel Ion Orchard". Crate and Barrel. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Noticias de Economía, Finanzas y Negocio de Colombia y el Mundo" (in Spanish). larepublica.co. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Sascha Bopp to succeed Barbara Turf as Crate and Barrel CEO". Furniture Today. 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Crate & Barrel's secret weapon knows a thing or two about the business". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2014-11-08.
Jump up ^ Channick, Robert (July 9, 2015). "Crate and Barrel names new CEO". Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Shropshire, Corilyn. "Crate & Barrel names new CEO a month after previous one left abruptly". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
Jump up ^ fool.com: Crate & Barrel- Companies Fools Wish Were Public (special), June 23, 1999
Jump up ^ "It Came From Chicago, and It's Not Puffy". The New York Times. November 5, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jo Napolitano (June 23, 2003). "Crate and Barrel Handles Its Offshoot With Care". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nicole Maestri (November 6, 2007). "Crate and Barrel's CB2 chain takes Manhattan". Reuters. Retrieved February 5, 2010. Crate and Barrel opens its first New York-based CB2 store on Tuesday. It marks the third CB2 store, and is the retailer's first CB2 store outside of Chicago.
Jump up ^ "Crate & Barrel sister brand to open in Cherry Creek". January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "So long, Land of Nod: Crate & Barrel to launch Crate & Kids". The Chicago Tribune. February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official site
CB2 official site
Land Of Nod official site
Crate and Barrel Canada official site
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Northbridge (computing)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A typical north/southbridge layout
A typical north/southbridge layout
A northbridge or host bridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset architecture on a PC motherboard, the other being the southbridge. Unlike the southbridge, northbridge is connected directly to the CPU via the front-side bus (FSB) and is thus responsible for tasks that require the highest performance. The northbridge is usually paired with a southbridge, also known as I/O controller hub.[1] In systems where they are included, these two chips manage communications between the CPU and other parts of the motherboard, and constitute the core logic chipset of the PC motherboard.[2]
On older Intel based PCs, the northbridge was also named external memory controller hub (MCH) or graphics and memory controller hub (GMCH) if equipped with integrated graphics. Increasingly these functions became integrated into the CPU chip itself,[3] beginning with memory and graphics controllers. For Intel Sandy Bridge and AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors introduced in 2011, all of the functions of the northbridge reside on the CPU,[4] while AMD FX CPUs still require external northbridge and southbridge chips.
Separating the different functions into the CPU, northbridge, and southbridge chips was due to the difficulty of integrating all components onto a single chip.[5] In some instances, the northbridge and southbridge functions have been combined onto one die when design complexity and fabrication processes permitted it; for example, the Nvidia GeForce 320M in the 2010 MacBook Air is a northbridge/southbridge/GPU combo chip.[6]
As CPU speeds increased over time, a bottleneck eventually emerged between the processor and the motherboard, due to limitations caused by data transmission between the CPU and its support chipset.[7] Accordingly, starting with the AMD Athlon64 series CPUs (based on the Opteron), a new architecture was used where some functions of the north- and southbridge chips were moved to the CPU. Modern Intel Core processors have the northbridge integrated on the CPU die, where it is known as the uncore or system agent.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Etymology
3 Overclocking
4 Evolution
5 See also
6 References
Overview[edit]
The northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.[8][9] Some northbridges also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given northbridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only one type of RAM.
There are a few chipsets that support two types of RAM (generally these are available when there is a shift to a new standard). For example, the northbridge from the Nvidia nForce2 chipset will only work with Socket A processors combined with DDR SDRAM; the Intel i875 chipset will only work with systems using Pentium 4 processors or Celeron processors that have a clock speed greater than 1.3 GHz and utilize DDR SDRAM, and the Intel i915g chipset only works with the Intel Pentium 4 and the Celeron, but it can use DDR or DDR2 memory.
Etymology[edit]
The name is derived from drawing the architecture in the fashion of a map. The CPU would be at the top of the map comparable to due north on most general purpose geographical maps. The CPU would be connected to the chipset via a fast bridge (the northbridge) located north of other system devices as drawn. The northbridge would then be connected to the rest of the chipset via a slow bridge (the southbridge) located south of other system devices as drawn.
Intel i815EP northbridge
Overclocking[edit]
The northbridge plays an important part in how far a computer can be overclocked, as its frequency is commonly used as a baseline for the CPU to establish its own operating frequency. This chip typically gets hotter as processor speed becomes faster, requiring more cooling. There is a limit to CPU overclocking, as digital circuits are limited by physical factors such as slew rate of operational amplifiers and propagation delay, which increases with (among other factors) operating temperature; consequently most overclocking applications have software-imposed limits on the multiplier and external clock setting.
Evolution[edit]
A part of an IBM T42 laptop motherboard.
The overall trend in processor design has been to integrate more functions onto fewer components, which decreases overall motherboard cost and improves performance. The memory controller, which handles communication between the CPU and RAM, was moved onto the processor die by AMD beginning with their AMD64 processors and by Intel with their Nehalem processors. One of the advantages of having the memory controller integrated on the CPU die is to reduce latency from the CPU to memory.
Another example of this kind of change is Nvidia's nForce3 for AMD64 systems. It combines all of the features of a normal southbridge with an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) port and connects directly to the CPU. On nForce4 boards it was marketed as a media communications processor (MCP).
AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller and graphics processing unit (GPU). This was an evolution of the AMD64, since the memory controller was integrated on the CPU die in the AMD64.
The northbridge was replaced by the system agent introduced by the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture in 2011, which essentially handles all previous Northbridge functions.[10] Intel’s Sandy Bridge processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller and graphics processing unit (GPU). This was a further evolution of the Westmere architecture, which also featured a CPU and GPU in the same package.[11]
See also[edit]
Computer Science portal
Electronics portal
Southbridge
Chipset
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Southbridge". TechTarget. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Definition of:Northbridge". PC Magazine. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trustworthy x86 laptops? There is a way, says system-level security ace". The Register. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Intel i7 2600K (Sandy Bridge) Review". Overclockers.com. 2011-01-03. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Chipset: Northbridge and Southbridge". Rigacci.org. 2006-01-27. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ The Macbook Air: A Sign of Things to Come – Digital Gravitas
Jump up ^ Kent, Allen (1999). Encyclopedia of computer science and technology. New York, NY [u.a.]: Dekker. p. 500. ISBN 9780824722937. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones, George (2004-10-22). "Motherboards & Core-Logic Chipsets: The Deep Stuff | What the North Bridge and South Bridge Do". InformIT.com. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ George Jones - Maximum PC 2005 Buyer's Guide - Prentice Hall PTR - ISBN 0-7686-6312-1
Jump up ^ "The Ring Bus & System Agent - Intel's Sandy Bridge Architecture Exposed". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Intel Core i5 2500K and Core i7 2600K (Sandy Bridge) - Introduction". Legionhardware.com. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northbridge_(computing)&oldid=806819426"
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