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E. L. James
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E. L. James
James in May 2012
Pen name
E. L. James
Snowqueen's Icedragon
Occupation
Novelist, film producer
Citizenship
British
Education
Wycombe High School
Alma mater
University of Kent
Genre
Romance, erotica, fan fiction
Years active
2011–present
Spouse
Niall Leonard (m. 1987)
Children
2
Website
eljamesauthor.com
Erika Mitchell Leonard (born 7 March 1963),[1] known by her pen name E. L. James, is an English author. She wrote the bestselling erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed,[2][3] along with the companion novels Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian and Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian; and under the name Snowqueen's Icedragon the Twilight fan fiction "Master of the Universe" that was the basis for the Fifty Shades trilogy.
The combined novels have sold over 125 million copies worldwide, over 35 million copies in the United States and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback of all time.[4][5][6] In 2012, Time magazine named her one of "The World's 100 Most Influential People."[7] The novels were subsequently adapted into the films Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Fifty Shades trilogy
3 Charity work
4 Awards and honours
5 Bibliography
6 Filmography
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Erika Mitchell was born on 7 March 1963 in Willesden, Middlesex to a Chilean mother and a Scottish father who was a BBC cameraman.[9][10][11] She was brought up in Buckinghamshire.[10]
James was educated at the independent Pipers Corner School and at Wycombe High School, a state grammar school for girls in the town of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, followed by the University of Kent in South East England where she studied History.[10]
Career[edit]
After leaving university, James became a studio manager’s assistant at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield. She married Niall Leonard, a screenwriter, in 1987, and they have two teenage sons. As of 2012 they reside in Brentford, west London.[10][12]
Fifty Shades trilogy[edit]
Main article: Fifty Shades trilogy
James says the idea for the Fifty Shades trilogy began as a response to the vampire novel series Twilight. In late 2008 James saw the movie Twilight, and then became intensely absorbed with the novels that the movie was based on. She read the novels several times over in a period of a few days, and then, for the first time in her life, sat down to write a book: basically a sequel to the Twilight novels. Between January and August 2009 she wrote two such books in quick succession. She says she then discovered the phenomenon of fan fiction, and this inspired her to publish her novels as Kindle books under the pen name "Snowqueens Icedragon". Beginning in August 2009 she then began to write the Fifty Shades books.[12][13]
James has spoken of her shock at the success of the books. "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise" she said.[14] James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large. All my fantasies in there, and that's it."[15] She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction.Net: "I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since. I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009. Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more. After that... who knows?"[16] In August 2013, sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors[17] with earnings of $95m which included $5m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey.[18] On 1 June 2015 James announced the upcoming release of Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, which was released into stores on 18 June 2015. Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian was released November 28, 2017.[19]
Charity work[edit]
James was one of the British celebrities, including Tom Hiddleston, Benedict Cumberbatch and Rachel Riley, to design and sign her own card for the UK children's charity Thomas Coram Foundation for Children.[20] The campaign was launched by crafting company Stampin’ Up! UK and the cards were auctioned on eBay during May 2014.[20]
Awards and honours[edit]
2012 Time 100 by Time magazine, "The 100 Most Influential People in the World"[21]
2012 Publishers Weekly "Publishing Person of the Year".[22][23]
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Popular Fiction Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey[24]
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey[25]
Bibliography[edit]
Fifty Shades of Grey (2011)
Fifty Shades Darker (2012)
Fifty Shades Freed (2012)
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian (2015)
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian (2017)
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Note(s)
2015 Fifty Shades of Grey Producer
2017 Fifty Shades Darker Producer
2018 Fifty Shades Freed Producer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "E.L. James". Waterstones.com. Waterstones. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Julie Bosman (21 May 2012). "Libraries Debate Stocking 'Fifty Shades of Grey' Trilogy". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "The Shy British Mum Behind 50 Shades of Grey". Time Magazine. 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James now worth £37m". The Guardian. 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Who Should be Time's Person of the Year 2012? E.L. James.
Jump up ^ ""Fifty Shades of Grey" coming in hardcover". Salon.com. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ The World's 100 Most Influential People.
Jump up ^ Belloni, Matthew (20 February 2013). "Universal Chairman Wants 'Fifty Shades' for Summer 2014, More 'Bourne' and 'Van Helsing' Reboot (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brennan, Zoe (6 February 2015). "EL James: The shy housewife behind Fifty Shades of Grey". The Daily Telegraph (7 July 2012).
Jump up ^ "M&S meets S&M Mum who erotic bestseller Fifty Shades Of Grey". The Sun. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Who is E L James? Chicago Tribune Retrieved 31 May 2012
Jump up ^ Triple-X trilogy of novels has women talking (quietly). msnbc. Retrieved 31 May 2012
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey author E L James – Exclusive interview" (16 July 2012) Shropshire Star. Retrieved 16 July 2012
Jump up ^ 'Fifty Shades' author 'stunned' at success of erotic trilogy TODAY MSNBC
Jump up ^ "The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey". mediabistro.com. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "E.L. James Seals A Spot On List of Britain's Richest Authors". Lia. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades makes EL James top-earning author". BBC News. 13 August 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "E.L. James teases Fifty Shades Darker from Christian's point of view". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Celebrity card auction raises over £8,500 for Coram". Coram.org. Retrieved 16 February 2015
Jump up ^ The 100 Most Influential People in the World Time Magazine. Retrieved 31 May 2012
Jump up ^ Alison Flood (3 December 2012). "EL James wins 'publishing person of the year' for making erotic fiction 'hot'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Molly Driscoll (3 December 2012). "E L James as 'Publishing Person of the Year' draws outcry from literary world". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Alison Flood (5 December 2012). "EL James comes out on top at National Book awards". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "EL James wins at National Book Awards". BBC News. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: E. L. James
Wikimedia Commons has media related to E. L. James.
Official website
E. L. James on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Fifty Shades by E. L. James
Novels
Original trilogy
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Retold
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian
Film series
Films
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Music
Fifty Shades of Grey
"Earned It"
"Love Me like You Do"
"I Know You"
Fifty Shades Darker
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
"Not Afraid Anymore"
Fifty Shades Freed
"For You"
"Capital Letters"
"Heaven"
Parodies
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody
Fifty Shades of Black
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 255680406
LCCN: no2012049338
ISNI: 0000 0003 7830 6424
GND: 1023973413
SELIBR: 355990
SUDOC: 163755892
BNF: cb16630599x (data)
BIBSYS: 12049723
NLA: 53259882
NDL: 001122364
NKC: kv2012723230
BNE: XX5239399
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._L._James&oldid=837777645"
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Synapsis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with synapse, synapsid, or synopsis.
For the plant genus, see Synapsis (plant).
For the beetle genus, see Coprini.
Synapsis (also called syndesis) is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of meiosis. When homologous chromosomes synapse, their ends are first attached to the nuclear envelope. These end-membrane complexes then migrate, assisted by the extranuclear cytoskeleton, until matching ends have been paired. Then the intervening regions of the chromosome are brought together, and may be connected by a protein-RNA complex called the synaptonemal complex.[1] Autosomes undergo synapsis during meiosis, and are held together by a protein complex along the whole length of the chromosomes called the synaptonemal complex. Sex chromosomes also undergo synapsis; however, the synaptonemal protein complex that holds the homologous chromosomes together is only present at one end of each sex chromosome. [2]
This is not to be confused with mitosis. Mitosis also has prophase, but does not ordinarily do pairing of two homologous chromosomes.[3]
When the non-sister chromatids intertwine, segments of chromatids with similar sequence may break apart and be exchanged in a process known as genetic recombination or "crossing-over". This exchange produces a chiasma, a region that is shaped like an X, where the two chromosomes are physically joined. At least one chiasma per chromosome often appears to be necessary to stabilise bivalents along the metaphase plate during separation. The crossover of genetic material also provides a possible defence against 'chromosome killer' mechanisms, by removing the distinction between 'self' and 'non-self' through which such a mechanism could operate. A further consequence of recombinant synapsis is to increase genetic variability within the offspring. Repeated recombination also has the general effect of allowing genes to move independently of each other through the generations, allowing for the independent concentration of beneficial genes and the purging of the detrimental.
Following synapsis, a type of recombination referred to as synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) occurs frequently. SDSA recombination involves information exchange between paired non-sister homologous chromatids, but not physical exchange. SDSA recombination does not cause crossing-over. Both the non-crossover and crossover types of recombination function as processes for repairing DNA damage, particularly double-strand breaks (see Genetic recombination).
The central function of synapsis is therefore the identification of homologues by pairing, an essential step for a successful meiosis. The processes of DNA repair and chiasma formation that take place following synapsis have consequences at many levels, from cellular survival through to impacts upon evolution itself.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Revenkova E, Jessberger R (2006). "Shaping meiotic prophase chromosomes: cohesins and synaptonemal complex proteins" (PDF). Chromosoma. 115 (3): 235–40. PMID 16518630. doi:10.1007/s00412-006-0060-x. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Page J, de la Fuente R, Gómez R, Calvente A, Viera A, Parra M, Santos J, Berríos S, Fernández-Donoso R, Suja J, Rufas J (2006). "Sex chromosomes, synapsis, and cohesins: a complex affair" (PDF). Chromosoma. 115 (3): 250–9. PMID 16544151. doi:10.1007/s00412-006-0059-3. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ McKee B (2004). "Homologous pairing and chromosome dynamics in meiosis and mitosis". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1677 (1-3): 165–80. PMID 15020057. doi:10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.11.017.
External links[edit]
Look up synapsis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
UC Berkeley video of chromosome end migration and match assessment during prophase
This cell biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Sessile serrated adenoma
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Sessile serrated adenoma
Micrograph of a sessile serrated adenoma. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
[edit on Wikidata]
In gastroenterology, a sessile serrated adenoma (abbreviated SSA), also known as sessile serrated polyp (abbreviated SSP), is a premalignant flat (or sessile) lesion of the colon, predominantly seen in the cecum and ascending colon.
SSAs are thought to lead to colorectal cancer through the (alternate) serrated pathway.[1][2] This differs from most colorectal cancer, which arises from mutations starting with inactivation of the APC gene.
Multiple SSAs may be part of the serrated polyposis syndrome.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Symptoms
2 Diagnosis
3 Serrated polyposis syndrome
4 Treatment
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Symptoms[edit]
SSAs, generally, are asymptomatic. They are typically identified on a colonoscopy and excised for a definitive diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnosis[edit]
SSAs are diagnosed by their microscopic appearance; histomorphologically, they are characterized by (1) basal dilation of the crypts, (2) basal crypt serration, (3) crypts that run horizontal to the basement membrane (horizontal crypts), and (4) crypt branching. The most common of these features is basal dilation of the crypts.
Unlike traditional colonic adenomas (e.g. tubular adenoma, villous adenoma), they do not (typically) have nuclear changes (nuclear hyperchromatism, nuclear crowding, elliptical/cigar-shaped nuclei).
Serrated polyposis syndrome[edit]
The serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is a relatively rare condition characterized by multiple and/or large serrated polyps of the colon. Diagnosis of this disease is made by the fulfillment of any of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) clinical criteria.[4]
Treatment[edit]
Complete removal of a SSA is considered curative.
Several SSAs confer a higher risk of subsequently finding colorectal cancer and warrant more frequent surveillance. The surveillance guidelines are the same as for other colonic adenomas. The surveillance interval is dependent on (1) the number of adenomas, (2) the size of the adenomas, and (3) the presence of high-grade microscopic features.[5]
Additional images[edit]
Low magnification micrograph of a SSA.
Intermediate magnification micrograph of a SSA.
High magnification micrograph of a SSA showing crypt branching.
See also[edit]
Polyp table
Colonic polyps
Colorectal polyps
Colorectal carcinoma
Microsatellite instability
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rüschoff J, Aust D, Hartmann A (2007). "[Colorectal serrated adenoma: diagnostic criteria and clinical implications]". Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol (in German). 91: 119–25. PMID 18314605.
Jump up ^ Mäkinen MJ (January 2007). "Colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma". Histopathology. 50 (1): 131–50. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02548.x. PMID 17204027.
Jump up ^ Rosty, C.; Parry, S.; Young, JP. (2011). "Serrated polyposis: an enigmatic model of colorectal cancer predisposition". Patholog Res Int. 2011: 157073. doi:10.4061/2011/157073. PMC 3109311  . PMID 21660283.
Jump up ^ World J Gastroenterol 2012 May 28; 18(20): 2452-2461
Jump up ^ Levine JS, Ahnen DJ (December 2006). "Clinical practice. Adenomatous polyps of the colon" (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (24): 2551–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp063038. PMID 17167138.
External links[edit]
Intestinal adenomas - halflytely.com.
Pathology of Serrated Colon Adenomas - Medscape
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sessile_serrated_adenoma&oldid=722266847"
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Emmett Brown
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Emmett "Doc" Brown
Back to the Future character
Christopher Lloyd as Dr Emmett Brown
Portrayed by
Christopher Lloyd
Voiced by
Dan Castellaneta
Christopher Lloyd (Emmett Brown, Back to the Future: The Game; Lego Dimensions)
James Arnold Taylor (Young Emmett Brown, Back to the Future: The Game)
Appearances
Back to the Future
Back to the Future Part II
Back to the Future Part III
Back to the Future: the Animated Series
Back to the Future: The Ride
The Simpsons Ride
Back to the Future: The Game
A Million Ways to Die in the West
Lego Dimensions
Doc Brown Saves the World
Information
Occupation
Scientist
Physicist
Blacksmith
Relatives
Judge Braun Brown (father)
Clara Clayton Brown (wife)
Jules Eratosthenes Brown (son)
Verne Newton Brown (son)
Time travel
Original time
1985
Known years visited
1885, 1955, 1985, 1985A, 2015
Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the Back to the Future trilogy in which he is the inventor of the first time machine, built out of a DeLorean sports car. The character is portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in all three films, as well as in the live action sequences of the animated series. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series. The character's appearance and mannerisms are loosely inspired by Leopold Stokowski and Albert Einstein.[1] In 2008, Dr. Emmett Brown was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at #20.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Other appearances
3 References
4 External links
Biography[edit]
Emmett refers to himself as "a student of all sciences" and is depicted as a talented inventor. His homes in 1985, 1955, and 1885 are shown to contain various labor-saving gadgets.
He appears to be heavily influenced by scientists of previous eras, naming successive pet dogs Copernicus and Einstein, and having portraits of Isaac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison and Albert Einstein in his laboratory. His favorite author is Jules Verne and his family name was originally "von Braun" before World War I.
Emmett's family moved to Hill Valley from Germany in 1908. Although initially wealthy because of his inheritance, he spent his entire family fortune on his time travel project. When the Brown mansion was destroyed by fire in 1962 and the property sold to developers, Doc subsequently resided in the mansion's garage. Once broke, he established a privately owned business to offer 24-hour scientific services, building ingenious devices for his customers.
Emmett's work appears to be highly regarded, enough for him to win an award for his work. However, he is shown as absent-minded at times, and various statements by other characters inhabiting Hill Valley indicate that he is generally regarded as strange, eccentric, or insane. Being very loud and sprightly, he often speaks with wide-eyed expressions and broad gestures ("Great Scott!" being one of his well-known catchphrases) and tends to be overly verbose in his delivery, referring in one case to a school dance as a "rhythmic ceremonial ritual".
Doc and Marty met several years prior to the events of the first time travel experiment when Marty, out of curiosity, sneaked into Doc's lab after being warned by his parents to stay away from him. Happy to be revered as 'cool', Doc hired Marty as his part-time lab assistant.
In the original timeline, in contrast with Marty's shy and unassertive father, George McFly, Doc is a supportive and open-minded mentor for Marty. Doc's positive influence in turn allows Marty to mentor George in 1955, which appears to encourage George's later success as a novelist, and help him become a better husband and father. One line in particular, "If you put your mind to it, you can accomplish anything," originates from Doc. Marty repeats it to George in 1955, who repeats it back to Marty in the post time travel 1985.
Doc has been involved with illegal and criminal enterprises (albeit as a means to obtain items for his inventions he could not purchase legally) but he is naive and care-free about the consequences of his actions. He excitedly tells Marty how he cheated Libyan terrorists out of stolen plutonium: "They wanted me to build them a bomb, so I took their plutonium and, in turn, gave them a shoddy bomb casing full of used pinball machine parts!"
Despite being intelligent and logical for the most part, Doc is somewhat naive at times about the unknown possible uses of his time machine, initially actively explores the course of the world's future and tries to alter the past or future of the principal characters to improve their lives. However, events lead him to conclude that time travel is too dangerous for humankind. His conviction initially strengthened when he realizes that he has unwittingly altered history by preventing the death of Clara Clayton in 1885; he concludes that the time machine has "caused nothing but disaster" and asks Marty to destroy it once he returns to his own time. Nonetheless, Doc pursues a romantic relationship with Clara despite the risks of further disrupting the timeline.
However, after having been left behind in 1885 when Marty departs in the DeLorean for 1985, Doc starts a family with Clara; the couple have two sons, Jules and Verne. He eventually builds another time machine out of a steam locomotive, and the Browns return to 1985 in order to pick up Einstein before setting out for another adventure.
Other appearances[edit]
Dan Castellaneta played the character in the short-lived animated series, Back to the Future: The Animated Series. The show was a continuation of the previous movies' storyline though officially rendered non-canon by co-creator Bob Gale.[3][citation needed] It instead takes place in an alternate timeline. Christopher Lloyd reprised the role of Doc Brown in the show's live-action segments.
Christopher Lloyd reprised the role of Doc Brown for Back to the Future: The Ride. The ride acts as a mini sequel to the film franchise, following Doc Brown and his founding of the 'Institute of Future Technology'. Here, he invites tourists to embark on a time-travelling adventure in his newly made eight passenger DeLorean. The ride was included on the 2009 Blu-Ray re-release of the trilogy.[4]
Lloyd reprised the role of Doc Brown for the 1990 Warner Bros. program The Earth Day Special.
Lloyd also returned to voice Doc Brown in his appearance in Back to the Future: The Video Game.
As a reference to the Back to the Future's ride closure, Doc Brown has a cameo in The Simpsons Ride.
Doc Brown appeared in the Universal Studios show, Bill and Ted's Excellent Halloween Adventure giving Bill and Ted a ride back to the future due to Ted misplacing their own time machine.
Christopher Lloyd also reprises the role in the video game Lego Dimensions.
Due to the character's success, Brown has also been parodied on shows such as Family Guy and Robot Chicken whilst also being the main inspiration for the character of Rick Sanchez in Rick and Morty.
Christopher Lloyd reprised the role of Doc Brown in the 2015 direct-to-video short film Doc Brown Saves the World, which reveals that he erased the future witnessed in Back to the Future II as the various inventions of that time led to mass obesity and Griff Tannen triggering a nuclear holocaust.
Lloyd reprised the role of Doc Brown for a cameo role in the 2014 film A Million Ways to Die in the West, apparently set during Brown's time trapped in the past, where he hides the DeLorean while talking with the film's protagonist.
The final scene of the non-canonical nonsense iCarly episode "iApril Fools" and in the theme sequence of its Victorious equivalent "April Fools Blank" there is a clear reference of Doc's dialogue with Marty and Jennifer in the final sequence of Back to the Future and in the initial sequence of Back to the Future Part II.
Lloyd plays a very Doc Brown-esque role in the 2016 Funny or Die satire film Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale Q&A, Back to the Future [2002 DVD], recorded at the University of Southern California
Jump up ^ "Empire's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters". Empire Magazine. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
Jump up ^ Archived December 25, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Jump up ^ http://www.backtothefuture.com/
External links[edit]
Film in the United States portal
Science fiction portal
Fictional characters portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Emmett Brown
Emmett Brown on IMDb
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