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Sonnet 116
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Sonnet 116
Sonnet 116 in the 1609 Quarto (where it is mis-numbered as 119)
Q1
Q2
Q3
C
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O, no! it is an ever-fixed mark,
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken.
Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle’s compass come;
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved.
4
8
12
14
—William Shakespeare[1]
Shakespeare's Sonnet 116 was first published in 1609. Its structure and form are a typical example of the Shakespearean sonnet.
The poet begins by stating he should not stand in the way of "the marriage of true minds", and that love cannot be true if it changes for any reason; true love should be constant, through any difficulties. In the seventh line, the poet makes a nautical reference, alluding to love being much like the north star is to sailors. Love also should not fade with time; instead, true love is, as is the polar star, "ever-fixèd" and lasts forever.
"The movement of 116, like its tone, is careful, controlled, laborious…it defines and redefines its subject in each quatrain, and this subject becomes increasingly vulnerable".[2] It starts out as motionless and distant, remote, independent—then moves to be "less remote, more tangible and earthbound",[2] and the final couplet brings a sense of "coming back down to earth". Ideal love is deteriorating throughout the sonnet and continues to do so through the couplet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Analysis
2.1 Overview
2.2 Quatrain 1
2.3 Quatrain 2
2.4 Quatrain 3
2.5 Couplet
3 Notes and references
3.1 References
3.2 Sources
4 See also
5 External links
Structure[edit]
Sonnet 116 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form abab cdcd efef gg and is composed in iambic pentameter, a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. The 10th line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter:
 ×  /   ×   /  ×    /  ×     /  ×    /
Within his bending sickle's compass come; (116.10)

This sonnet contains examples of all three metrical variations typically found in literary iambic pentameter of the period. Lines 6 and 8 feature a final extrametrical syllable or feminine ending:
  ×   /    ×   /  ×    /   ×   / ×    /(×)
That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (116.6)

/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus. (×) = extrametrical syllable.
Line 2 exhibits a mid-line reversal:
×  /  ×  / × /      /   ×   ×   /
Admit impediments. Love is not love (116.2)

A mid-line reversal can also be found in line 12, while lines 7, 9, and 11 all have potential initial reversals. Finally, line 11 also features a rightward movement of the third ictus (resulting in a four-position figure, × × / /, sometimes referred to as a minor ionic):
 /   ×  ×    /   ×    ×    /    /    ×    /
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (116.11)

The meter demands that line 12's "even" function as one syllable.[3]
Analysis[edit]
Overview[edit]
Sonnet 116 is one of Shakespeare's most famous love sonnets, but some scholars have argued the theme has been misunderstood. Hilton Landry believes the appreciation of 116 as a celebration of true love is mistaken,[4] in part because its context in the sequence of adjacent sonnets is not properly considered. Landry acknowledges the sonnet "has the grandeur of generality or a 'universal significance'," but cautions that "however timeless and universal its implications may be, we must never forget that Sonnet 116 has a restricted or particular range of meaning simply because it does not stand alone."[5] Carol Thomas Neely writes that, "Sonnet 116 is part of a sequence which is separate from all the other sonnets of Shakespeare because of their sense of detachment. They aren't about the action of love and the object of that love is removed in this sequence which consists of Sonnets 94, 116, and 129".[6] This group of three sonnets does not fit the mold of the rest of Shakespeare's sonnets, therefore, and they defy the typical concept and give a different perspective of what love is and how it is portrayed or experienced. "Though 116 resolves no issues, the poet in this part of the sequence acknowledges and accepts the fallibility of his love more fully than he could acknowledge that of the young man's earlier".[7] Other critics of Sonnet 116[8] have argued that one cannot rely on the context of the sonnet to understand its tone. They argue that since "there is no indisputably authoritative sequence to them, we cannot make use of context as positive evidence for one kind of tone or another."[9] Shakespeare does not attempt to come to any significant conclusion within this particular sonnet because no resolution is needed.
Quatrain 1[edit]
The sonnet begins with the poet's apparent acknowledgment of the compelling quality of the emotional union of "true minds". As Helen Vendler has observed, "This famous almost 'impersonal' sonnet on the marriage of true minds has usually been read as a definition of true love."[10] This is not a unique theme of Shakespeare's sonnets. Carol Neely observes that "Like [sonnet] 94, it defines and redefines its subject in each quatrain and this subject becomes increasingly concrete, attractive and vulnerable."[2] Shakespeare tends to use negation to define love according to Lukas Erne, "The first and the third [quatrains], it is true, define love negatively: 'love is not...'; Love's not...'. The two quatrains are further tied together by the reappearance of the verbs 'to bend' and 'to alter'."[11] Love is defined in vague terms in the first quatrain.
Garry Murphy observes that the meaning shifts with the distribution of emphasis. He suggests that in the first line the stress should properly be on "me": "Let ME not to the marriage of true minds..."; the sonnet then becomes "not just a gentle metaphoric definition but an agitated protest born out of fear of loss and merely conveyed by means of definition."[9] C.R. B. Combellack disputes the emphasis placed on the "ME" due to the "absence from the sonnet of another person to stand in contrast. No one else is addressed, described, named, or mentioned."[12] Murphy also claims that "The unstopped first and second lines suggest urgency in speech, not leisurely meditation."[9] He writes that the short words when delivered would have the effect of "rapid delivery" rather than "slow rumination". Combellack questions this analysis by asking whether "urgency is not more likely to be expressed in short bursts of speech?" He argues that the words in the sonnet are not intended to be read quickly and that this is simply Murphy's subjective opinion of the quatrain. Murphy believes the best support of the "sonnet itself being an exclamation" comes from the "O no" which he writes a person would not say without some agitation. Combellack responds that "O no" could be used rather calmly in a statement such as "O no, thank you, but my coffee limit is two cups."[12] If anything, Combellack suggests, the use of the "O" softens the statement and it would require the use of different grammar to suggest that the sonnet should be understood as rapid speech.
The poetic language leaves the sort of love described somewhat indeterminate; "The 'marriage of true minds' like the 'power to hurt' is troublesomely vague open to a variety of interpretations."[2] Interpretations include the potential for religious imagery and the love being for God, "Lines one and two echo the Anglican marriage service from the Book of Common Prayer." The concept of the marriage of true minds is thought to be a highly Christian; according to Erne, "The mental picture thus called up in our minds of the bride and bridegroom standing up front in a church is even reinforced by the insistence on the word alter/altar in the following line."[11]
Quatrain 2[edit]
The second quatrain explains how love is unchanging according to Neely, "Love is a star, remote, immovable, self-contained, and perhaps, like the 'lords and owners of their faces,' improbably and even somewhat unpleasantly cold and distant."[2] The second quatrain continues Shakespeare's attempt to define love, but in a more direct way. Shakespeare mentions "it" in the second quatrain according to Douglas Trevor, "The constancy of love in sonnet 116, the "it" of line five of the poem, is also – for the poet – the poetry, the object of love itself."[13] Not only is there a direct address to love itself, the style Shakespeare's contemplation becomes more direct. Erne states, "Lines five to eight stand in contrast to their adjacent quatrains, and they have their special importance by saying what love is rather than what it is not." This represents a change in Shakespeare's view that love is completely undefinable. This concept of unchanging love is focused in the statement, "'[love] is an ever-fixed mark'. This has generally been understood as a sea mark or a beacon."[11] This concept may also convey in a theological sense. During the Reformation there was dispute about Catholic doctrines, "One of the points of disagreement was precisely that the Reformers rejected the existence of an ever-fixed, or in theological idiom, 'idelible' mark which three of the sacraments, according to Catholic teaching, imprint on the soul."[11] This interpretation makes God the focus of the sonnet as opposed to the typical concept of love.
The compass is also considered an important symbol in the first part of the poem. John Doebler identifies a compass as a symbol that drives the poem, "The first quatrain of this sonnet makes implied use of the compass emblem, a commonplace symbol for constancy during the period in which Shakespeare's sonnets were composed."[14] Doebler identifies certain images in the poem with a compass, "In the Renaissance the compass is usually associated with the making of a circle, the ancient symbol of eternity, but in sonnet 116 the emphasis is more upon the contrasting symbolism of the legs of the compass."[14] The two feet of the compass represent the differences between permanent aspects of love and temporary ones. These differences are explained as, "The physical lovers are caught in a changing world of time, but they are stabilized by spiritual love, which exists in a constant world of eternal ideals."[14] The sonnet uses imagery like this to create a clearer concept of love in the speaker's mind.
Quatrain 3[edit]
In the third quatrain, "The remover who bends turns out to be the grim reaper, Time, with his bending sickle. What alters are Time's brief hours and weeks…" and "Only the Day of Judgment (invoked from the sacramental liturgy of marriage) is the proper measure of love's time".[15] The young man holds the value of beauty over that of love. When he comes to face the fact that the love he felt has changed and become less intense and, in fact, less felt, he changes his mind about this person he'd loved before because what he had felt in his heart wasn't true. That the object of his affection's beauty fell to "Time's Sickle" would not make his feelings change. This fact is supported by Helen Vendler as she wrote, "The second refutational passage, in the third quatrain, proposes indirectly a valuable alternative law, one approved by the poet-speaker, which we may label "the law of inverse constancy": the more inconstant are time's alterations (one an hour, one a week), the more constant is love's endurance, even to the edge of doom".[16] Vendler believes that if the love the young man felt was real it would still be there after the object of that love's beauty had long faded away, but he "has announced the waning of his own attachment to the speaker, dissolving the "marriage of true minds""[17] Shakespeare is arguing that if love is true it will stand against all tests of time and adversity, no manner of insignificant details such as the person's beauty fading could alter or dissolve "the marriage of two minds".
Couplet[edit]
The couplet of Sonnet 116 Shakespeare went about explaining in the inverse. He says the opposite of what it would be natural to say about love. For instance, instead of writing something to the effect of 'I have written and men have loved', according to Nelson, Shakespeare chose to write, "I never writ, nor no man ever loved." Nelson argues that "The existence of the poem itself gives good evidence that the poet has written. It is harder to see, however, how the mere existence of the poem could show that men have loved. In part, whether men have loved depends upon just what love is…Since the poem is concerned with the nature of love, there is a sense in which what the poem says about love, if true, in part determines whether or not men have loved."[18] Nelson quotes Ingram and Redpath who are in agreement with his statement when they paraphrase the couplet in an extended form: "If this is a judgment (or a heresy), and this can be proved against me, and by citing my own case in evidence, then I've never written anything, and no man's love has ever been real love.""[18] Vendler states "Therefore, if he himself is in error on the subject of what true love is, then no man has ever loved; certainly the young man (it is implied) has not loved, if he has not loved after the steady fashion urged by the speaker, without alteration, removals, or impediments".[19] Each of these authorities agree in the essence of the Sonnet and its portrayal of what love really is and what it can withstand, for example, the test of time and the fading of physical attraction of the object of our love. The couplet is, therefore, that men have indeed loved both in true and honest affection (this being the most important part of the argument) as well as falsely in the illusions of beauty before just as Shakespeare has written before this sonnet.
Notes and references[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pooler, C[harles] Knox, ed. (1918). The Works of Shakespeare: Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare [1st series]. London: Methuen & Company. OCLC 4770201.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Neely 1977.
Jump up ^ Booth 2000, p. 386.
Jump up ^ Landry 1967.
Jump up ^ Landry 1967, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Neely 1977, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Neely 1977, p. 89.
Jump up ^ Murphy 1982.
^ Jump up to: a b c Murphy 1982, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Vendler 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Erne 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b Combellack 1982, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Trevor 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Doebler 1964.
Jump up ^ Vendler 1997, p. 490.
Jump up ^ Vendler 1997, p. 492.
Jump up ^ Vendler 1997, p. 493.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson & Cling 2000.
Jump up ^ Vendler 1997, p. 491.
Sources[edit]
Combellack, C.R.B. (1982). "Shakespeare's Sonnet 116". The Explicator. 41 (1). ISSN 1939-926X.
Doebler, John (1964). "A Submerged Emblem in Sonnet 116". Shakespeare Quarterly. Folger Shakespeare Library. 15 (1): 109–110. doi:10.2307/2867968. ISSN 1538-3555. JSTOR 2867968.
Erne, Lukas (2000). "Shakespeare's 'Ever-Fixed Mark': Theological Implications in Sonnet 116". English Studies. Routledge. 81 (4): 293–304. doi:10.1076/0013-838X(200007)81:4;1-F;FT293. ISSN 1744-4217.
Landry, Hilton (1967). "The Marriage of True Minds: Truth and Error in Sonnet 116". Shakespeare Studies. University of Cincinnati. 3: 98–110.
Murphy, Garry (1982). "Shakespeare's Sonnet 116". The Explicator. 39 (1): 39–41. ISSN 1939-926X.
Neely, Carol Thomas (1977). "Detachment and Engagement in Shakespeare's Sonnets: 94, 116, and 129". PMLA. Modern Language Association. 92 (1): 83–95. doi:10.2307/461416. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 461416.
Nelson, Jeffrey N.; Cling, Andrew D. (2000). "Love's Logic Lost: The Couplet of Shakespeare's Sonnet 116". ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews. Routledge. 13 (3): 14–19. doi:10.1080/08957690009598107. ISSN 1940-3364.
Trevor, Douglas (2007). "Shakespeare's Love Objects". In Schoenfeldt, Michael. A Companion to Shakespeare's Sonnets. Grand Rapids: Blackwell Limited. doi:10.1111/b.9781405121552.2007.00015.x. ISBN 9781405121552.
First edition and facsimile
Shakespeare, William (1609). Shake-speares Sonnets: Never Before Imprinted. London: Thomas Thorpe.
Lee, Sidney, ed. (1905). Shakespeares Sonnets: Being a reproduction in facsimile of the first edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 458829162.
Variorum editions
Alden, Raymond Macdonald, ed. (1916). The Sonnets of Shakespeare. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. OCLC 234756.
Rollins, Hyder Edward, ed. (1944). A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: The Sonnets [2 Volumes]. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. OCLC 6028485.
Modern critical editions
Atkins, Carl D., ed. (2007). Shakespeare's Sonnets: With Three Hundred Years of Commentary. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-4163-7. OCLC 86090499.
Booth, Stephen, ed. (2000) [1st ed. 1977]. Shakespeare's Sonnets (Rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale Nota Bene. ISBN 0-300-01959-9. OCLC 2968040.
Burrow, Colin, ed. (2002). The Complete Sonnets and Poems. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192819338. OCLC 48532938.
Duncan-Jones, Katherine, ed. (2010) [1st ed. 1997]. Shakespeare's Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare, Third Series (Rev. ed.). London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4080-1797-5. OCLC 755065951.
Evans, G. Blakemore, ed. (1996). The Sonnets. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521294034. OCLC 32272082.
Kerrigan, John, ed. (1995) [1st ed. 1986]. The Sonnets ; and, A Lover's Complaint. New Penguin Shakespeare (Rev. ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-070732-8. OCLC 15018446.
Mowat, Barbara A.; Werstine, Paul, eds. (2006). Shakespeare's Sonnets & Poems. Folger Shakespeare Library. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0743273282. OCLC 64594469.
Orgel, Stephen, ed. (2001). The Sonnets. The Pelican Shakespeare (Rev. ed.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140714531. OCLC 46683809.
Vendler, Helen, ed. (1997). The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-63712-7. OCLC 36806589.
See also[edit]
When Love Speaks
External links[edit]
From the British Library and NPR, a reading of Sonnet 116 in a reproduction of Shakespeare's dialect
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Agriculture in Cuba
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A sugarcane plantation in rural Cuba
Agriculture in Cuba has played an important part in the economy for several hundred years. Today, it contributes less than 10% to the gross domestic product (GDP), but it employs about 20% of the working population. About 30% of the country's land is used for crop cultivation.[1]
The inefficient agricultural industry in Cuba has led to the need to import large amounts of beef and lard.[citation needed][2] Cuba now imports about 70–80% of all the food its people consume[3] and 80–84% of the food it provides via the rations to the public.[2] The rationing program accounts for about a third of the food energy the average Cuban consumes.[4] However these affirmations are contested. [5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Urban agriculture
3 Crops
3.1 Cassava
3.2 Citrus
3.3 Coffee
3.4 Potato
3.5 Rice
3.6 Sugar
3.7 Tobacco
3.8 Tropical fruits
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Cuba's agricultural history can be divided into five periods, reflecting Cuban history in general:
Precolonial (before 1492)
Spanish colonial (1492–1902)
Cuban Republic (1902–1958)
Castro's Cuba, pre-Soviet bloc collapse (1959–1989)
Castro's Cuba, post-Soviet bloc collapse (1989–present)
During each of these periods, agriculture in Cuba has confronted many and unique obstacles.
Before the revolution 1959, the agricultural sector in Cuba was largely oriented towards and dominated by the US economy. After the Cuban Revolution, the revolutionary government nationalised farmland, and the Soviet Union supported Cuban agriculture by paying premium prices for Cuba's main agricultural product, sugarcane, and by delivering fertilizers. Sugar was bought by the Soviets at more than five times the market price. 95% of its citrus crop was exported to the COMECON. On the other hand, the Soviets provided Cuba with 63% of its food imports and 90% of its petrol.[6]
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Cuban agricultural sector faced a very difficult period. Cuba had to rely on sustainable farming methods. Agricultural production fell by 54% between 1989 and 1994.[7] The government aimed to strengthen agricultural biodiversity by making a greater range of varieties of seed available to farmers.[8] In the 1990s, the government prioritized food production and put focus on small farmers.[6] Already in 1994, the government allowed farmers to sell their surplus product directly to the population. This was the first move to lift the state's monopoly on food distribution.[9] Due to the shortage in artificial fertilizers and pesticides, Cuba's agricultural sector largely turned organic,[10] with the Organopónicos playing a major role in this transition.
Today, there are several forms of agricultural production, including cooperatives such as UBPCs (Unidad Básica de Producción Cooperativa) and CPAs (Cooperativa de Producción Agropecuaria).
Some of this is described in the documentary The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil.[11]
Urban agriculture[edit]
Main article: Organopónicos
Due to the shortage of the fuel, and so severe lack of transportation, a growing proportion of the agricultural production takes place in urban agriculture. In 2002, 35,000 acres (140 km2) of urban gardens produced 3.4 million metric tons of food. Current estimates are as high as 81,000 acres (330 km2).[12] In Havana, 90% of the city's fresh produce come from local urban farms and gardens. In 2003, more than 200,000 Cubans worked in the expanding urban agriculture sector.[13]
Crops[edit]
Cassava[edit]
Unprocessed cassava root
Some 260,000 acres (1,100 km2) are planted with cassava.[14] Cassava is native to the Latin American and Caribbean region[15] and is grown in almost every country of the region. Cuba is the second largest producer of cassava in the Caribbean with a production of 300,000 t (2001).[16] However, the yield per hectare is the lowest of all Caribbean countries. Most of Cuba's production is used directly for fresh consumption.[17] Part of the cassava is processed to sorbitol in a plant near Florida, Central Cuba.[18]
Citrus[edit]
Cuba is the world's third largest producer of grapefruit. Sixty percent of the citrus produce is oranges, 36% grapefruit.[7] Citrus production and processing was the first foreign investment in Cuba's agricultural sector, in 1991, the participation of an enterprise from Israel, the Jagüey Grande area, approximately 140 km (90 mi) east of Havana.[19] The products are mainly marketed in Europe under the brand name Cubanita.
Coffee[edit]
Main article: Coffee production in Cuba
Potato[edit]
Consumption of potatoes in Cuba amounts to 25 kg (55 lb) per year. Potatoes are mainly consumed as French fries. Potato production areas (in total 37,000 acres or 150 square kilometres) are concentrated in the western part of Cuba. The main variety grown in Cuba is the Désirée.[20] Seed potatoes are partly produced locally. Some 40,000 metric tons of seed potatoes are imported annually from New Brunswick, Canada and the Netherlands.[21]
Rice[edit]
Rice is a staple in Cuban diet; one of the main dishes is rice and beans. Rice in Cuba is mostly grown along the western coast. There are two crops per year. Most rice farms are state-owned or co-operatives.[22] Production is limited by the shortage of water and, similar to other industries in Cuba, lack of fertilizer and modern agricultural technology. The yield per hectare remains lower than the average of Central American and Caribbean countries.[23] Therefore, Cuba has been a major importer of rice. Recently, imports approached 500,000 tonnes of milled rice per year.
Sugar[edit]
Cuban sugar mill, ca. 1922.
Cuba was once the world's largest sugar exporter. Until the 1960s, the US received 33% of its sugarcane imports from Cuba. During the cold war, Cuba's sugar exports were bought with subsidies from the Soviet Union. After the collapse of this trade arrangement, coinciding with a collapse in sugar prices, two thirds of sugar mills in Cuba closed. 100 000 workers lost their jobs.[24] However, the sugar production in the cane sugar mills has fallen from approximately 8 million metric tons to 3.2 million metric tons in the 2015 period.[citation needed][clarification needed] A rise in sugar prices beginning in 2008, stimulated new interest in sugar. Production in 2012–2013 was estimated at 1.6–1.8 million tonnes. 400,000 tonnes is exported to China and 550,000–700,000 for domestic consumption.[25]
Tobacco[edit]
See also: Cuban cigars
Tobacco leaves in a drying shed
Cuba has the second largest area planted with tobacco of all countries worldwide.[26] Tobacco production in Cuba has remained about the same since the late 1990s. Cigars are a famous Cuban product worldwide and almost the whole production is exported.[27] The center of Cuban tobacco production is the Pinar del Río Province. Tobacco is the third largest source of hard currency for Cuba.[28] The income derived from the cigars is estimated at US$200 million.[29] The two main varieties grown in Cuba are Corojo and Criollo. 85% of the tobacco grown in Cuba is produced by National Association of Small Farmers members.[30] In the United States, Cuban cigars hold a special cachet, because they are banned as contraband in accordance with the United States embargo against Cuba. A number of shops catering to American tourists sell Cuban cigars in Canada.
Tropical fruits[edit]
Plantains and bananas account for 47% and 24% of the local production respectively. Both are only produced for domestic consumption.[31] Other tropical fruits produced in Cuba are mango, papaya, pineapple, avocado, guava, coconut, and Annonaceae (custard apple family).
See also[edit]
Agriculture and Agronomy portal
Cuba portal
Agrarian Reform Laws of Cuba
Special Period – Change in agriculture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Britannica Online
^ Jump up to: a b "Cuban leader looks to boost food production". CNN. April 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "WFP Cuba page".
Jump up ^ Snow, Anita (2 July 2007). "Living on Cuban Food Ration Isn't Easy". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b "Cuba's agricultural revolution an example to the world". Andrew Buncombe
^ Jump up to: a b http://webarchives.cdlib.org/sw1bc3ts3z/http:/[permanent dead link]/ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/oct1998/ao255h.pdf
Jump up ^ cuba-agriculture.com – Cuba Agriculture History Archived April 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The New York Times, January 10, 1995, "Cuba's Agriculture Shows Improvements"[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "A Different Kind of Green Revolution in Cuba". Hal Hamilton Archived January 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil Archived January 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer
Jump up ^ Cuban Ministry of Agriculture Archived May 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Cuba´s Non-Sugar Agriculture Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ Foodmarket Exchange Archived March 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ FAO Corporate Document Repository Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ EVD - The Netherlands Archived May 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
Jump up ^ World Potato Atlas[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Cuba works toward seed potato deal with North Dakota in: The Bismarck Tribune.com Archived June 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ FAO Corporate Document Repository Archived November 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ FAO Corporate Document Repository Archived December 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Cuba reopens sugar mills after price rise". BBC News. 22 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
Jump up ^ Cuba Archived April 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Encyclopedia of the Nations
Jump up ^ "MSN encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
Jump up ^ Cubanet Archived September 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ CNN: The color and complexity of Cuba’s cigars April 9, 2007
Jump up ^ Sinclair, Minor; Martha Thompson (2007). "Agricultural Crisis and Transformation". A Contemporary Cuba Reader: Reinventing the Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield,. p. 158. ISBN 0-7425-5507-0.
Jump up ^ USDA 2004 Archived October 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in Cuba.
Agriculture in Cuba: frequently updated news site
Cuban Agriculture website
Andrew Buncombe The good life in Havana: Cuba's green revolution The Independent 8 August 2006
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List of multiple Olympic medalists
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The page lists various individuals who have won multiple Olympic medals at either the Summer Olympic Games or the Winter Olympic Games.
American swimmer Michael Phelps has won the most Olympic medals with 28 medals (23 gold, 3 silver, 2 bronze). He is also the most decorated Olympian in individual events, with 16 medals (13 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze). Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen is the most decorated Winter Olympian, with 15 medals (8 gold, 4 silver, and 3 bronze).
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Olympic medals over career
1.1 Timeline
2 List of most career medals in individual events
3 Athletes with medals in different disciplines
3.1 In the Summer and Winter Games
3.2 In the Summer Games
3.2.1 Swimming and water polo
3.2.2 Others in Summer Games
3.3 In the Winter Games
3.3.1 Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined
3.3.2 Others in Winter Games
4 See also
5 References
List of Olympic medals over career[edit]
This is a list of multiple Olympic medalists, listing people who have won seven or more Olympic medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games when they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed.
In those instances where more than one athlete has the same number of total medals, the first tiebreaker is the number of gold medals, then the number of silver medals. Where two or more athletes have exactly the same number of gold, silver and bronze medals, the ranking is shown as a tie and the athletes are shown in order by career years and name.
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 23 3 2 28
2 Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 9 5 4 18
3 Bjorgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002–2018 Winter F 8 4 3 15
4 Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1980 Summer M 7 5 3
5 Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998–2014 Winter M 8 4 1 13
6 Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 7 4 2
7 Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936–1960 Summer M 6 5 2
8 Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952–1964 Summer M 5 4 4
9 Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920–1928 Summer M 9 3 0 12
10 Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer East Germany
Germany Canoeing 1980–2004 Summer F 8 4 0
Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter M 8 4 0
12 Kato, SawaoSawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 8 3 1
Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992–2004 Summer F 8 3 1
14 Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 6 3 3
15 Torres, DaraDara Torres United States Swimming 1984–2008 Summer F 4 4 4
16 Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer M 4 2 6
17 Coughlin, NatalieNatalie Coughlin United States Swimming 2004–2012 Summer F 3 4 5
18 Spitz, MarkMark Spitz United States Swimming 1968–1972 Summer M 9 1 1 11
19 Biondi, MattMatt Biondi United States Swimming 1984–1992 Summer M 8 2 1
20 Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer F 7 4 0
21 Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 7 3 1
22 Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 5 5 1
23 Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn United States Shooting 1912–1924 Summer M 5 4 2
24 Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer M 9 1 0 10
25 Gerevich, AladarAladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932–1960 Summer M 7 1 2
26 Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992–2016 Summer F 6 4 0
27 Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 6 2 2
28 Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo Unified Team
Belarus Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer M 6 0 4
29 Keleti, AgnesÁgnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer F 5 3 2
Hall Jr., GaryGary Hall Jr. United States Swimming 1996–2004 Summer M 5 3 2
31 Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 5 2 3
32 Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina Soviet Union
Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976–1992 Winter F 4 5 1
33 Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer M 3 6 1
34 Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo Italy Cross-country skiing 1992–2002 Winter F 2 3 5
35 Almsick, FranziskaFranziska van Almsick Germany Swimming 1992–2004 Summer F 0 4 6
36 Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900–1920 Summer M 6 3 0 9
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1994 Winter F 6 3 0
Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix United States Athletics 2004–2016 Summer F 6 3 0
39 Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996–2012 Summer F 6 1 2
40 Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 3 1
Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 5 3 1
42 Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992–2006 Winter F 5 2 2
43 Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 5 1 3
44 Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov Unified Team
Russia Swimming 1992–2000 Summer M 4 5 0
45 Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956–1964 Winter M 4 3 2
Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer F 4 3 2
47 Kramer, SvenSven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter M 4 2 3
48 Charlotte Kalla Sweden Cross-country skiing 2010–2018 Winter F 3 6 0
49 Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1992–2012 Summer F 3 5 1
Jones, LeiselLeisel Jones Australia Swimming 2000–2012 Summer F 3 5 1
51 Gaudini, GiulioGiulio Gaudini Italy Fencing 1928–1936 Summer M 3 4 2
52 Swahn, AlfredAlfred Swahn Sweden Shooting 1908–1924 Summer M 3 3 3
53 Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 2 6 1
54 Disl, UschiUschi Disl Germany Biathlon 1992–2006 Winter F 2 4 3
55 Savolainen, HeikkiHeikki Savolainen Finland Gymnastics 1928–1952 Summer M 2 1 6
56 Titov, YuriYuri Titov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 1 5 3
57 Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey Jamaica Athletics 1980–2000 Summer F 0 3 6
58 Ewry, RayRay Ewry United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 8 0 0 8
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008–2016 Summer M 8 0 0
60 Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948–1960 Summer M 6 1 1
61 Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke United Team of Germany
West Germany Equestrian 1964–1988 Summer M 6 0 2
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn South Korea
Russia Short track speed skating 2006–2014 Winter M 6 0 2
63 Ritola, VilleVille Ritola Finland Athletics 1924–1928 Summer M 5 3 0
64 Lipa, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984–2000 Summer F 5 2 1
65 Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000–2016 Summer M 5 1 2
Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008–2016 Summer M 5 1 2
67 Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956–1964 Summer F 4 4 0
Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972–1976 Summer F 4 4 0
69 Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920–1924 Summer M 4 3 1
Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924–1936 Summer M 4 3 1
Gross, RicoRicco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992–2006 Winter M 4 3 1
Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter M 4 3 1
73 Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968–1976 Summer M 4 2 2
Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008–2016 Summer F 4 2 2
Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972–1980 Winter F 4 2 2
Aamodt, Kjetil AndreKjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992–2006 Winter M 4 2 2
Fischer, SvenSven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994–2006 Winter M 4 2 2
Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 2 2
Lezak, JasonJason Lezak United States Swimming 2000–2012 Summer M 4 2 2
80 Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992–2008 Summer F 4 1 3
81 Kovacs, KatalinKatalin Kovács Hungary Canoeing 2000–2012 Summer F 3 5 0
82 Ducret, RogerRoger Ducret France Fencing 1920–1928 Summer M 3 4 1
Cattiau, PhilippePhilippe Cattiau France Fencing 1920–1936 Summer M 3 4 1
Enke, KarinKarin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980–1988 Winter F 3 4 1
Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992–1998 Winter F 3 4 1
Thomas, PetriaPetria Thomas Australia Swimming 1996–2004 Summer F 3 4 1
87 Campbell-Brown, VeronicaVeronica Campbell-Brown Jamaica Athletics 2000–2016 Summer F 3 3 2
88 Babashoff, ShirleyShirley Babashoff United States Swimming 1972–1976 Summer F 2 6 0
89 Oneill, SusieSusie O'Neill Australia Swimming 1992–2000 Summer F 2 4 2
90 Korondi, MargitMargit Korondi Hungary Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer F 2 2 4
Muratova, SofiaSofia Muratova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1960 Summer F 2 2 4
Sautin, DmitriDmitri Sautin Unified Team
Russia Diving 1992–2008 Summer M 2 2 4
Ohno, ApoloApolo Ohno United States Short track speed skating 2002–2010 Winter M 2 2 4
94 Fontana, AriannaArianna Fontana Italy Short track speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 1 2 5
95 Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000–2012 Summer M 6 1 0 7
Kenny, JasonJason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008–2016 Summer M 6 1 0
97 Kovacs, PalPál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936–1960 Summer M 6 0 1
98 Endo, YukioYukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer M 5 2 0
Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000–2008 Summer M 5 2 0
Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter M 5 2 0
101 Lee, Willis AugustusWillis Augustus Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer M 5 1 1
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924–1928 Winter M 5 1 1
Winkler, Hans GunterHans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany
West Germany Equestrian 1956–1976 Summer M 5 1 1
Jager, TomTom Jager United States Swimming 1984–1992 Summer M 5 1 1
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988–1996 Summer F 5 1 1
Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 5 1 1
Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 5 1 1
Wu, MinxiaMinxia Wu China Diving 2004–2016 Summer F 5 1 1
109 Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968–1984 Summer M 4 3 0
110 Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908–1924 Summer M 4 2 1
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928–1936 Winter M 4 2 1
112 Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels United States Swimming 1904–1908 Summer M 4 1 2
Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer M 4 1 2
Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004–2012 Summer M 4 1 2
Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004–2012 Summer F 4 1 2
116 Carlberg, VilhelmVilhelm Carlberg Sweden Shooting 1908–1924 Summer M 3 4 0
117 Hakulinen, VeikkoVeikko Hakulinen Finland Cross-country skiing 1952–1960 Winter M 3 3 1
118 Mantyranta, EeroEero Mäntyranta Finland Cross-country skiing 1960–1968 Winter M 3 2 2
Szewinska, IrenaIrena Szewińska Poland Athletics 1964–1976 Summer F 3 2 2
Andersson, AgnetaAgneta Andersson Sweden Canoeing 1984–1996 Summer F 3 2 2
Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 3 2 2
122 Strickland, ShirleyShirley Strickland Australia Athletics 1948–1956 Summer F 3 1 3
Amanar, SimonaSimona Amânar Romania Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer F 3 1 3
Gottwald, FelixFelix Gottwald Austria Nordic combined 2002–2010 Winter M 3 1 3
125 Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984–1994 Winter F 3 0 4
Valbe, YelenaYelena Välbe Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 3 0 4
127 Marzi, GustavoGustavo Marzi Italy Fencing 1928–1936 Summer M 2 5 0
Gorokhovskaya, MariaMaria Gorokhovskaya Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 Summer F 2 5 0
129 Beard, AmandaAmanda Beard United States Swimming 1996–2004 Summer F 2 4 1
Khorkina, SvetlanaSvetlana Khorkina Russia Gymnastics 1996–2004 Summer F 2 4 1
Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Swimming 2004–2008 Summer F 2 4 1
132 Ujlaki-Rejto, IldikoIldikó Újlaky-Rejtő Hungary Fencing 1960–1976 Summer F 2 3 2
Janz, KarinKarin Janz East Germany Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer F 2 3 2
134 Miller, ShannonShannon Miller United States Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer F 2 2 3
Di Centa, ManuelaManuela Di Centa Italy Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 2 2 3
136 Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich East Germany Speed skating 1976–1988 Winter F 1 5 1
137 Smirnov, VladimirVladimir Smirnov Kazakhstan Cross-country skiing 1988–1998 Winter M 1 4 2
Timeline[edit]
This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most medals won. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.
Medal count
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record medal event
Earlier medal events
1
6 April 1896[1] James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump G –
Alexandre Tuffère France Triple jump S
Ioannis Persakis Greece Triple jump B
Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus G
Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos Greece Discus S
Sotirios Versis Greece Discus B
2
7 April 1896[1] Robert Garrett United States Athletics Long jump S See above
James Connolly United States Long jump B
3
Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put G 1896 – 1 G, 2 S
9 April 1896[1] Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault G 1896 – 1 G, 2 G
Hermann Weingärtner Germany Vault B 1896 – 1 G, 2 G
4
Gymnastics Pommel horse S
5
Rings S
6
Horizontal bar G
16 July 1900 Robert Garrett United States Athletics Standing triple jump B 1896 – 1 G, 2 S, 3 G, 4 S
1900 – 5 B
3 September 1904 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing triple jump G 1900 – 1 G, 2 G, 3 G
1904 – 4 G, 5 G
7
20 July 1908 Athletics Standing long jump G
8
23 July 1908 Standing high jump G
29 July 1920 Carl Osburn United States Shooting Team 300 m / 600 m military rifle, prone G 1912 – 1 B, 2 S, 3 S, 4 G
1920 – 5 B, 6 S, 7 G
9
30 July 1920 300 m military rifle, standing G
10
31 July 1920 Team free rifle G
11
27 June 1924 Shooting 600 m free rifle S
3 August 1928 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 5000 m S 1920 – 1 S, 2 G, 3 G, 4 G
1924 – 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G, 9 G
1928 – 10 G
12
4 August 1928 3000 m steeplechase S
2 September 1960 Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing Team foil S 1936 – 1 G
1948 – 2 S, 3 S, 4 B
1952 – 5 S, 6 S, 7 G, 8 G
1956 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 B
13
9 September 1960 Team épée G
21 October 1964 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Team G 1956 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 G, 4 G, 5 G, 6 S
1960 – 7 G, 8 G, 9 S, 10 S, 11 B, 12 G
14
All-around S
15
22 October 1964 Vault S
16
Uneven bars B
17
23 October 1964 Balance beam B
18
Floor exercise G
31 July 2012 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 m butterfly S 2004 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 B, 4 G, 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G
2008 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 G, 12 G, 13 G, 14 G, 15 G, 16 G
2012 – 17 S
19
4 × 200 m freestyle G
20
2 August 2012 200 m individual medley G
21
3 August 2012 100 m butterfly G
22
4 August 2012 4 × 100 m medley relay G
23
7 August 2016 4 × 100 m freestyle relay G
24
9 August 2016 200 m butterfly G
25
4 × 200 m freestyle relay G
26
11 August 2016 200 m individual medley G
27
12 August 2016 100 m butterfly S
28
13 August 2016 4 × 100 m medley relay G
Legend: G = Gold, S = Silver, B = Bronze.
List of most career medals in individual events[edit]
This list contains only medals won in individual events, no relays or team events count for this section.
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Sex
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 13 2 1 16
2 Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 6 5 3 14
3 Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1980 Summer M 6 3 3 12
4 Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 6 2 2 10
5 Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002–2018 Winter F 5 3 2
6 Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952–1964 Summer M 3 3 4
7 Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer M 3 2 5
8 Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920–1928 Summer M 6 3 0 9
Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter M 6 3 0
10 Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 5 3 1
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 5 3 1
Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998–2014 Winter M 5 3 1
13 Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo Unified Team
Belarus Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer M 5 0 4
14 Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 4 4 1
15 Ewry, RayRay Ewry United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 8 0 0 8
16 Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer F 7 1 0
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer M 7 1 0
18 Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 4 2 2
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992–2006 Winter F 4 2 2
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992–2006 Winter F 4 2 2
21 Enke, KarinKarin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980–1988 Winter F 3 4 1
Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992–1998 Winter F 3 4 1
23 Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer M 2 5 1
24 Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924–1928 Winter M 5 1 1 7
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948–1960 Summer M 5 1 1
Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 1 1
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988–1996 Summer F 5 1 1
28 Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1994 Winter F 4 3 0
29 Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928–1936 Winter M 4 2 1
30 Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956–1964 Winter M 3 3 1
31 Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 2 4 1
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina Soviet Union
Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976–1992 Winter F 2 4 1
Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Swimming 2004–2008 Summer F 2 4 1
34 Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo Italy Cross-country skiing 1992–2002 Winter F 2 3 2
35 Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte United States Swimming 2004–2012 Summer M 2 2 3
36 Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich East Germany Speed skating 1976–1988 Winter F 1 5 1
37 Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey Jamaica Athletics 1980–2000 Summer F 0 2 5
Athletes with medals in different disciplines[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
In the Summer and Winter Games[edit]
Athlete (Nation)
Summer Games
Winter Games
Ref
Year
Medal
Event
Year
Medal
Event
Eddie Eagan (USA) 1920 Antwerp 01 ! Gold Boxing (light heavyweight) 1932 Lake Placid 01 ! Gold Bobsleigh (four-man) [2]
Jacob Tullin Thams (NOR) 1936 Berlin 02 ! Silver Sailing (8-metre) 1924 Chamonix 01 ! Gold Ski jumping (individual large hill) [3]
Christa Luding-Rothenburger (GDR) 1988 Seoul 02 ! Silver Cycling (sprint) 1984 Sarajevo 01 ! Gold Speed skating (500 m) [4]
1988 Calgary 01 ! Gold Speed skating (1000 m)
02 ! Silver Speed skating (500 m)
1992 Albertville 03 ! Bronze Speed skating (500 m)
Clara Hughes (CAN) 1996 Atlanta 03 ! Bronze Cycling (road race) 2002 Salt Lake City 03 ! Bronze Speed skating (5000 m) [5]
2006 Turin 02 ! Silver Speed skating (team pursuit)
03 ! Bronze Cycling (time trial) 01 ! Gold Speed skating (5000 m)
2010 Vancouver 03 ! Bronze Speed skating (5000 m)
Lauryn Williams (USA) 2004 Athens 02 ! Silver Athletics (100 m) 2014 Sochi 02 ! Silver Bobsleigh (two-woman) [6]
2012 London 01 ! Gold Athletics (4 × 100 m relay)
Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics, winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924.
Eddie Eagan became the first person to win a medal in the Winter Olympics and in the Summer Olympics in different events. He is the only Summer and Winter medalist to win gold medals in different events.
Christa Luding-Rothenburger is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year. (This feat is no longer possible due to the staggering of the Winter and Summer Olympic years). She is also the first person to win medals in successive Winter and Summer Games or vice versa.
Clara Hughes is the first person to win multiple medals in both Summer and Winter Games and holds the highest number of medals of any Olympian to win medals in both the Summer and Winter Games.
In the Summer Games[edit]
Swimming and water polo[edit]
Paul Radmilovic (GBR)
Johnny Weissmuller (USA)
Gérard Blitz (BEL)
Tim Shaw (USA)
Others in Summer Games[edit]
Morris Kirksey (USA) (athletics and rugby)
Edwin Flack (AUS) (athletics and tennis)
Karch Kiraly (USA) (indoor volleyball and beach volleyball)
Otto Herschmann (AUT) (swimming and fencing)
Carl Schuhmann (GER) (gymnastics and wrestling)
Rebecca Romero (GBR) (cycling and rowing)
Roswitha Krause (GER) (swimming and handball)
Walter W. Winans (USA) (shooting and sculpture)
Alfréd Hajós (HUN) (swimming and architecture)
Conn Findlay (USA) (rowing and sailing)
Magnus Wegelius (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
Veli Nieminen (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
Daniel Norling (SWE) (gymnastics and equestrian)
Fritz Hofmann (GER) (gymnastics and athletics)
Oswald Holmberg (SWE) (gymnastics and tug of war)
Gustaf Dyrssen (SWE) (modern pentathlon and fencing)
In the Winter Games[edit]
Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined[edit]
Thorleif Haug (NOR)
Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
Thoralf Strømstad (NOR)
Oddbjørn Hagen (NOR)
Heikki Hasu (FIN)
Others in Winter Games[edit]
Anfisa Reztsova (URS) (biathlon and cross-country skiing)
Susi Erdmann (GER) (luge and bobsleigh)
Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA) (luge and bobsleigh)
Eric Flaim (USA) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
Jorien ter Mors (NED) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
Ester Ledecká (CZE) (alpine skiing and snowboarding)
See also[edit]
List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists
List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
All-time Olympic Games medal table
Leonidas of Rhodes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Coubertin, Pierre de; Timoleon J. Philimon; N. G. Politis; Ch. Anninos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896" (PDF). The Olympic Games, B.C. 776 – A.D. 1896 (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). IOC official Olympic reports. translated by A. v. K. London: Grevel. pp. 55–81 (passim). Retrieved 13 August 2008. (note: the source gives dates in the Julian calendar; this table uses the Gregorian calendar)
Jump up ^ "Eddie Eagan". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jacob Tullin Thams". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Christa Rothenburger-Luding". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Clara Hughes". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Borden, Sam (19 February 2014). "Canada Catches U.S. in Final Bobsled Run". New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
"Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
"databaseOlympics.com". databaseSports.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
See also references in the articles on each athlete.
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value: Edit section: List of Olympic medals over career

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value: Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics

value: United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics

value: United States at the 1908 Summer Olympics

value: Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics

value: United States at the 1920 Summer Olympics

value: Soviet Union at the 1952 Summer Olympics

value: United States at the 1896 Summer Olympics

value: Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump

value: Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw

value: Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump

value: Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put

value: Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's vault

value: Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's team parallel bars

value: Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's team horizontal bar

value: Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's pommel horse

value: Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's rings

value: Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's horizontal bar

value: United States at the 1900 Summer Olympics

value: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing triple jump

value: Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump

value: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put

value: United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics

value: Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's standing triple jump

value: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing high jump

value: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing long jump

value: Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's standing high jump

value: Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's standing long jump

value: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's standing long jump

value: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's standing high jump

value: Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 and 600 metre team military rifle, prone

value: Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre team small-bore rifle

value: Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre military rifle, three positions

value: Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 600 metre free rifle

value: Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's team rifle

value: Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre team running deer, single shots

value: Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre team military rifle, standing

value: Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre team military rifle, prone

value: Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre military rifle, standing

value: Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's team free rifle

value: Shooting at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 600 metre free rifle

value: Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres

value: Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres

value: Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 10000 metres

value: Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's individual cross country

value: Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's team cross country

value: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres

value: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres

value: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's individual cross country

value: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's team cross country

value: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 3000 metre team race

value: Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 10000 metres

value: Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 3000 metre steeplechase

value: Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's team foil

value: Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's team épée

value: Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's team foil

value: Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's team épée

value: Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's épée

value: Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's team foil

value: Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's foil

value: Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's team épée

value: Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's épée

value: Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's team foil

value: Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's team épée

value: Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's épée

value: Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's team épée

value: Soviet Union at the 1964 Summer Olympics

value: Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's team competition

value: Gymnastics at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Women's team portable apparatus

value: Gymnastics at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars

value: Gymnastics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Women's vault

value: Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's individual all-around

value: Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's vault

value: Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars

value: Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam

value: Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's floor exercise

value: United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics

value: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly

value: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley

value: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

value: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle

value: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly

value: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

value: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley

value: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

value: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

value: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley

value: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

value: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle

value: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly

value: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

value: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley

value: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

value: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

value: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

value: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

value: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley

value: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

value: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

value: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

value: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly

value: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

value: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley

value: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

value: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

value: Edit section: List of most career medals in individual events

value: Edit section: Athletes with medals in different disciplines

value: Edit section: In the Summer and Winter Games

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value: Boxing at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's light heavyweight

value: Bobsleigh at the 1932 Winter Olympics – Four-man

value: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-Z0301-022, Christa Rothenburger.jpg

value: Speed skating at the 1984 Winter Olympics

value: Speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics

value: Speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics

value: Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's road race

value: Speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Women's 5000 metres

value: Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's team pursuit

value: Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's time trial

value: Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's 5000 metres

value: Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's 5000 metres

value: Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres

value: Bobsleigh at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Two-woman

value: Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay

value:
/wiki/Winter_Olympics
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Winter Olympics

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/wiki/Summer_Olympics
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Summer Olympics

value: Edit section: Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined

value: List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games

value: List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event

value: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games

value: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event

value: List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists

value: List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists

value: List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
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value: List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists

value: List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists

value: List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games

value: List of athletes with Olympic medals in different sports

value: List of medal sweeps in Olympic athletics

value: List of athletes who competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games

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