text:
Australian Cattle Dog
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Australian Cattle Dog
A blue Australian Cattle Dog
Other names
ACD, Cattle Dog, Blue Heeler, Red Heeler, Queensland Heeler
Origin
Australia
[hide]Traits
Weight
15–22 kg (33–49 lb)
Height
Male 46–51 cm (18–20 in)
Female 43–48 cm (17–19 in)
Coat
short double coat
Color
blue, blue mottled, blue speckled, red mottled, red speckled
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 1, Section 2 Cattle Dogs #287 standard
AKC
Herding standard
ANKC
Group 5 – Working standard
CKC
Group 7 – Herding standard
KC (UK)
Pastoral standard
NZKC
Working standard
UKC
Herding dog standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Australian Cattle Dog (ACD), or simply Cattle Dog, is a breed of herding dog originally developed in Australia for droving cattle over long distances across rough terrain. This breed is a medium-sized, short-coated dog that occurs in two main colour forms. It has either brown or black hair distributed fairly evenly through a white coat, which gives the appearance of a "red" or "blue" dog.
As with dogs from other working breeds, the Australian Cattle Dog is energetic and intelligent with an independent streak. It responds well to structured training, particularly if it is interesting and challenging. It was originally bred to herd by biting, and is known to nip running children. It forms a strong attachment to its owners, and can be protective of them and their possessions. It is easy to groom and maintain, requiring little more than brushing during the shedding period. The most common health problems are deafness and progressive blindness (both hereditary conditions) and accidental injury; otherwise, it is a robust breed with a lifespan of 12 to 14 years.
In the 19th century, New South Wales cattle farmer Thomas Hall crossed the dogs used by drovers in his parents' home county, Northumberland, with dingoes he had tamed. The resulting dogs were known as Halls Heelers. After Hall's death in 1870, the dogs became available beyond the Hall family and their associates. They were subsequently developed into two modern breeds: the Australian Cattle Dog and the Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog. Robert Kaleski, who wrote the first standard for the breed, was influential in its development.
Australian Cattle Dog has been nicknamed a "Red Heeler" or "Blue Heeler" on the basis of its colouring and practice of moving reluctant cattle by nipping at their heels. Dogs from a line bred in Queensland, Australia, which were successful at shows and at stud in the 1940s, were called "Queensland Heelers" to differentiate them from lines bred in New South Wales; this nickname is now occasionally applied to any Australian Cattle Dog.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
1.1 Appearance
1.1.1 Size
1.1.2 Coat and colour
1.1.3 Tail
1.2 Temperament
2 As pets
2.1 Grooming
2.2 Training
2.3 Activities
3 Health and lifespan
3.1 Lifespan
3.2 Common health problems
4 History
4.1 In Australia
4.2 In the United States
4.3 In Canada
4.4 In the United Kingdom
5 Cross breeds
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Characteristics
Appearance
Black mask and tan markings on a blue dog
The Australian Cattle Dog is a sturdy, muscular, compact dog that gives the impression of agility and strength. It has a broad skull that flattens to a definite stop between the eyes, with muscular cheeks and a medium-length, deep, powerful muzzle. The ears are pricked, small to medium in size and set wide apart, with a covering of hair on the inside. The eyes are oval and dark, with an alert, keen expression. The neck and shoulders are strong and muscular; the forelegs are straight and parallel; and the feet round and arched, with small, sturdy toes and nails.[1]
The Cattle Dog breed standard states that it should have well-conditioned muscles, even when bred for companion or show purposes, and that its appearance should be symmetrical and balanced, with no individual part of the dog exaggerated. It should not look either delicate or cumbersome, as either characteristic limits the agility and endurance that is necessary for a working dog.[1]
Size
The female Australian Cattle Dog measures approximately 43–48 centimetres (17–19 in) at the withers, and the male measures about 46–51 centimetres (18–20 in) at the withers. The dog should be longer than tall, that is, the length of the body from breast bone to buttocks is greater than the height at the withers, in a ratio of 10 to 9.[1] An Australian Cattle Dog in good condition weighs around 15–22 kilograms (33–49 lb).
Coat and colour
Red hairs will grow through the puppy's white coat as it matures.
There are two accepted coat colours, red and blue, though chocolate and cream do occur. Blue dogs can be blue, blue mottled, or blue speckled with or without black, tan, or white markings. Red dogs are evenly speckled with solid red markings. Both red dogs and blue dogs are born white (except for any solid-coloured body or face markings) and the red or black hairs grow in as they mature. The distinctive adult colouration is the result of black or red hairs closely interspersed through a predominantly white coat. This is not merle colouration (a speckled effect that has associated health issues), but rather the result of the ticking gene. A number of breeds show ticking, which is the presence of colour through white areas, though the overall effect depends on other genes that will modify the size, shape and density of the ticking.[2]
In addition to the primary colouration, an Australian Cattle Dog displays some patches of solid or near-solid colour. In both red and blue dogs, the most common are masks over one or both eyes, a white tip to the tail, a solid spot at the base of the tail, and sometimes solid spots on the body, though these are not desirable in dogs bred for conformation shows. Blue dogs can have tan midway up the legs and extending up the front to breast and throat, with tan on jaws, and tan eyebrows.[1] Both colour forms can have a white "star" on the forehead called the "Bentley Mark", after a legendary dog owned by Tom Bentley.[3] Common miscolours in the Australian Cattle Dog are black hairs in a red-coated dog, including the extreme of a black saddle on a red dog, and extensive tan on the face and body on a blue dog, called "creeping tan".[4] The Cattle Dog has a double coat—the short, straight outer guard hairs are protective in nature, keeping the elements from the dog's skin while the undercoat is short, fine and dense.[3]
A Cattle Dog with a single mask and a bentley mark shows the breed's typical alert expression.
The mask consists of a black patch over one or both eyes (for the blue coat colour) or a red patch over one or both eyes (for the red coat colour). Depending on whether one or both eyes have a patch, these are called, respectively, "single" (or "half") mask and "double" (or "full") mask. Dogs without a mask are called plain-faced. Any of these are acceptable according to the breed standard. In conformation shows, even markings are preferred over uneven markings.[1]
Tail
The breed standards of the Australian, American and Canadian kennel clubs specify that the Australian Cattle Dog should have a natural, long, un-docked tail. There will often be a solid colour spot at the base of the tail and a white tip. The tail should be set moderately low, following the slope of the back. It should hang in a slight curve at rest, though an excited dog may carry its tail higher. The tail should feature a reasonable level of brush.[1]
In the United States, tails are sometimes docked on working stock. The tail is not docked in Australia, and serves a useful purpose in increasing agility and the ability to turn quickly.[5] The Australian Cattle Dog is a breed distinct from the Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog, a square-bodied dog born with a naturally "bobbed" tail. The Stumpy Tail resembles the Australian Cattle Dog, but has a taller, leaner conformation. It occasionally has a natural long thin tail, but most are born without tails.[6]
Temperament
Like many working dogs, the Australian Cattle Dog has high energy levels, an active mind, and a level of independence.[7] The breed ranks 10th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, rated as one of the most intelligent dogs ranked by obedience command trainability.[8] The Cattle Dog needs plenty of exercise, companionship and a job to do, so a non-working dog might participate in dog sports, learning tricks, or other activities that engage its body and mind.[7]
When on home ground, the Australian Cattle Dog is an affectionate and playful pet.[7] However, it is reserved with people it does not know and naturally cautious in new situations. Its attitude to strangers makes it an excellent guard dog when trained for this task, and it can be socialised to become accustomed to a variety of people from an early age as a family pet. It is good with older, considerate children, but will herd people by nipping at their heels, particularly younger children who run and squeal.[9] By the time puppies are weaned, they should have learned that the company of people is pleasurable, and that responding to cues from a person is rewarding.[10] The bond that this breed can create with its owner is strong and will leave the dog feeling protective towards the owner, typically resulting in the dog's never being too far from the owner's side. The Australian Cattle Dog can be the friendliest of companions although it is quick to respond to the emotions of its owners, and may defend them without waiting for a command.[11] The ACD was originally bred to move reluctant cattle by biting, and it will bite if treated harshly.[9] The Australian Cattle Dog's protective nature and tendency to nip at heels can be dangerous as the dog grows into an adult if unwanted behaviours are left unchecked.[12]
While an Australian Cattle Dog generally works silently, it will bark in alarm or to attract attention. It has a distinctive intense, high-pitched bark. Barking can be a sign of boredom or frustration, although research has shown that pet dogs increase their vocalisation when raised in a noisy environment.[13] It responds well to familiar dogs, but when multiple dogs are present, establishing a pecking order can trigger aggression. It is not a breed that lives in a pack with other dogs.[9]
Data accumulated from Council reports in New South Wales from April to June 2013, showed that dogs identified as Australian Cattle Dogs were involved in 66 attacks, where an attack is defined as any incident where a dog rushes at, bites, harasses or chases any person or animal. Staffordshire Bull Terrier (155 attacks), German Shepherd (89) and American Staffordshire Terrier (88) were reported to be involved in more incidents.[14] Expressed as a percentage of registered dogs, 0.1% of Australian Cattle Dogs were involved in attacks.[15] The data gathered in 2011–2012 listed the ACD twenty-seventh in involvement in incidents ranked by percentage of dogs registered.[16] [note 1] A review of incidents in Melbourne where a dog bit, rushed at or chased a person or animal in a public space, found that there were sixty breeds involved and the German Shepherd and German Shepherd crosses, and Australian Cattle Dog and Cattle Dog crosses accounted for 9% of incidents.[17] Surveys of U.S. breed club members showed that both dog-directed aggression and stranger-directed aggression were higher in the ACD than the average of breeds studied, with dog-directed aggression being the more prevalent of the two aggression types.[18] The American Temperament Test Society reports a test pass rate of 79.3% for Australian Cattle Dogs.[19] The average pass rate for all breeds is 80.4%.[20]
As pets
Grooming
Known as a "wash and wear" dog, the Australian Cattle Dog requires little grooming, and an occasional brushing is all that is required to keep the coat clean and odour-free. Even for the show ring it needs no more than wiping down with a moist cloth. It is not a year-round shedder but blows its coat once a year (twice in the case of intact females) and frequent brushing and a warm bath during this period will contain the shedding hair. As with all dogs, regular attention to nails, ears and teeth will help avoid health problems.[21]
Training
In Katherine Buetow's guide to the Australian Cattle Dog, Ian Dunbar makes the point that while people think of dog training as teaching a dog to sit, speak and roll over, the dog already knows how to do these things. Training, he says, involves teaching the dog that it is a good idea to do these things when a particular word is said or signal is given. He goes on to explain his belief that training is about opening communication channels, so that the dog knows what the handler wants it to do, and knows that it will be worth its while to do it. Consequences for the dog can be rewards for doing what is required, as recommended by Dunbar, or corrections where an unwanted behaviour is performed.[22] Like other working breeds, the Australian Cattle Dog is intelligent and responsive; both of these traits can be an advantage in training where a structured, varied program is used, but can lead to unwanted outcomes if training is not consistent, or is repetitive and boring for the dog.[23] Stock dog trainer Scott Lithgow recommends making training a game so the Cattle Dog learns that obedience leads to enjoyment.[10] Many of a Cattle Dog's natural behaviours are undesirable in a pet: barking, chewing, chasing, digging, defending territory, and nipping heels. Training, therefore, involves helping the dog adopt a lifestyle that is probably very different from that of its droving ancestors.[23] The Australian Cattle Dog is biddable, and responds well to training.[24]
Activities
The breed is well suited for agility trials.
The Australian Cattle Dog demands a high level of physical activity. Like many other herding dog breeds, the Cattle Dog has an active and fertile mind and if it is not given jobs to do it will find its own activities. It will appreciate a walk around the neighbourhood, but it needs structured activities that engage and challenge it, and regular interaction with its owner. While individual dogs have their own personalities and abilities, as a breed the Australian Cattle Dog is suited to any activity that calls for athleticism, intelligence, and endurance.[7]
Kennel club-sponsored herding trials with a range of events suit the driving abilities of the Cattle Dog and other upright breeds, while sheepdog trials are more suited to the "eye" breeds such as the Border Collie and Australian Kelpie. Herding instincts and trainability are measured at non-competitive herding tests, and basic commands are sometimes taught through herding games, where rules such as "stay", "get it" and "that'll do" are applied to fetching a ball or chasing a yard broom.[25]
The Australian Cattle Dog was developed for its ability to encourage reluctant cattle to travel long distances and may be the best breed in the world for this work.[10] However, some working dog trainers have expressed concern that dogs bred for the show ring are increasingly too short in the legs and too stocky in the body to undertake the work for which they were originally bred.[10]
Australian Cattle Dogs were bred to drive cattle, but are also used to herd sheep.
Among the most popular activities for an Australian Cattle Dog is dog agility. It is ideally suited for navigating obstacle courses, since as a herding dog it is reactive to the handler's body language and willing to work accurately at a distance from the handler. Agility has been used by Cattle Dog owners to instil confidence in their dogs, and enhance their performance in training and competition.[26]
The Australian Cattle Dog thrives on change and new experiences, and many handlers find training the breed challenging for this reason. An Australian Cattle Dog can excel in obedience competition. It will enjoy the challenges, such as retrieving a scented article, but the breed's problem-solving ability may lead it to find solutions to problems that are not necessarily rewarded by the obedience judges. Rally obedience offers more interaction with the owner and less repetition than traditional obedience trials.[27]
Australian Cattle Dogs have been successful in a range of dog sports including weight pulling, flyball and schutzhund.[28] The breed is particularly suited to activities that a dog can share with its owner such as canicross, disc dog, and skijoring or bikejoring. It is an effective hiking companion because of its natural endurance, its general lack of interest in hunting, and preference for staying by its owner's side.[27] Most Australian Cattle Dogs love the water and are excellent swimmers.[29] It is not a hyperactive breed, and once one has had its exercise, it is happy to lie at its owner's feet, or to rest in its bed or crate while keeping an ear and eye open for signs of pending activity. The Australian Cattle Dog is an adaptable dog that can accept city or indoor living conditions, if its considerable exercise and companionship needs are met.[30]
The Australian Cattle Dog can be put to work in a number of ways. Cattle Dogs are service dogs for people with a disability or are therapy dogs,[28] some work for customs agencies in drug detection, some as police dogs,[27] others haze pest animals, such as geese, for city or state agencies,[31] and some work as scat-detection dogs, tracking endangered wildlife species.[32]
Health and lifespan
An active seventeen-year-old Australian Cattle Dog
Lifespan
In a small sample of 11 deceased dogs, Australian Cattle Dogs had a median longevity of 11.7 years (maximum 15.9 yrs).[33] A larger survey of 100 deceased dogs yielded a mean longevity of 13.41 years with a standard deviation of 2.36 years.[34] The median longevities of breeds of similar size are between 11 and 13 years.[35] There is an anecdotal report of a Cattle Dog named Bluey, born in 1910 and living for 29.5 years, but the record is unverified.[36] Even if true, Bluey's record age would have to be regarded more as an uncharacteristic exception than as an indicator of common exceptional longevity for the entire breed.[34] It remains, however, that Australian Cattle Dogs generally age well and appear to live on average almost a year longer than most dogs of other breeds in the same weight class.[34] Many members of the breed are still well and active at 12 or 14 years of age, and some maintain their sight, hearing and even their teeth until their final days.[37]
Common health problems
Cattle Dogs have more injuries than illnesses.
The Australian Cattle Dog carries recessive piebald alleles that produce white in the coat and skin and are linked to congenital hereditary deafness, though it is possible that there is a multi-gene cause for deafness in a dog with the piebald pigment genes.[38] Around 2.4% of Cattle Dogs in one study were found to be deaf in both ears and 14.5% were deaf in at least one ear.[39]
The Australian Cattle Dog is one of the dog breeds affected by progressive retinal atrophy. It has the most common form, progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD), a condition that causes the rods and cones in the retina of the eye to deteriorate later in life, resulting in blindness. PRCD is an autosomal recessive trait and a dog can be a carrier of the affected gene without developing the condition.[40]
Hip dysplasia is not common in the breed,[21] although it occurs sufficiently often for many breeders to have their breeding stock tested. The Cattle Dog has a number of inherited conditions,[41] but most of these are not common. Hereditary polioencephalomyelopathy of the Australian Cattle Dog is a very rare condition caused by an inherited biochemical defect. Dogs identified with the condition were completely paralysed within their first year.[42] Based on a sample of 69 still-living dogs, the most common health issues noted by owners were musculoskeletal (spondylosis, elbow dysplasia, and arthritis) and reproductive (pyometra, infertility, and false pregnancy), and blindness.[33] A study of dogs diagnosed at Veterinary Colleges in the United States and Canada over a thirty-year period described fractures, lameness and cruciate ligament tears as the most common conditions in the Australian Cattle Dogs treated.[43]
History
In Australia
An early Australian Cattle Dog, photographed in 1902
George Hall and his family arrived in the New South Wales Colony in 1802. By 1825, the Halls had established two cattle stations in the Upper Hunter Valley, and had begun a northward expansion into the Liverpool Plains, New England and Queensland. Getting his cattle to the Sydney markets presented a problem in that thousands of head of cattle had to be moved for thousands of kilometres along unfenced stock routes through sometimes rugged bush and mountain ranges. A note, in his own writing, records Thomas Hall's anger at losing 200 head in scrub.[44]
A droving dog was needed, but the colonial working dogs are understood to have been of the Old English Sheepdog type, commonly referred to as Smithfields. Descendants of these dogs still exist, but are useful only over short distances and for yard work with domesticated cattle. Thomas Hall addressed the problem by importing several of the dogs used by drovers in Northumberland, his parents' home county. At that time dogs were generally described by their job, regardless of whether they constituted a breed as it is currently understood. In the manner of the time, the Hall family historian, A. J. Howard, gave these blue mottled dogs a name: Northumberland Blue Merle Drovers Dog.[45]
Thomas Hall crossed his Drovers Dogs with dingoes he had tamed, and by 1840 was satisfied with his resulting progeny. During the next thirty years, the Halls Heelers, as they became known, were used only by the Halls. Given that they were dependent on the dogs, which gave them an advantage over other cattle breeders, it is understandable that the dogs were not distributed beyond the Hall's properties. It was not until after Thomas Hall's death in 1870, when the properties went to auction with the stock on them, that Halls Heelers became freely available.[46]
Cattle Dogs were accustomed to horses in the 1900s.
By the 1890s, the dogs had attracted the attention of the Cattle Dog Club of Sydney, a group of men with a recreational interest in the new practice of showing dogs competitively. None were stockmen working cattle on a daily basis, and initially they were interested in a range of working dogs, including the Smithfield. They reportedly adopted the term "Australian Cattle Dog" to refer to the dogs being bred from bloodlines originating from Thomas Hall's "heelers", and prominent members of the group concentrated on breeding these lines.[47] Of these breeders, the Bagust family was the most influential. Robert Kaleski, of Moorebank, a young associate of Harry Bagust, wrote "in 1893 when I got rid of my cross-bred cattle dogs and took up the blues, breeders of the latter had started breeding ... to fix the type. I drew up a standard for them on those lines".[48] This first breed standard for the Cattle Dog breed was published, with photographs, by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture in 1903.[49]
Kaleski's standard was adopted by breed clubs in Queensland and New South Wales and re-issued as their own, with local changes. His writings from the 1910s give an important insight into the early history of the breed. However, dog breeder and author Noreen Clark has noted that his opinions are sometimes just that, and he introduces some contradictory assertions in his later writings, as well as some assumptions that are illogical in the light of modern science.[50] Some of these have persisted; for example he saw the red colour form as having more dingo in it than the blue form, and there is a persistent belief that reds are more vicious than blues. The most enduring of Kaleski's myths relate to Dalmatian and Kelpie infusions into the early Cattle Dog breed. These infusions are not referred to in Kaleski's writings until the 1920s and it seems likely that Kaleski sought to explain the Cattle Dog's mottled colouration and tan on legs by similarity to the Dalmatian and Kelpie, respectively.[51] The genetics of coat colour, and the current understanding of hereditary characteristics, make the infusion of Dalmatian to increase the cattle dog's tolerance of horses an extremely unlikely event. There were relatively few motor vehicles in Australia at the beginning of the 20th century, so most dogs of any breed would have been accustomed to horses.[52] The Kelpie breed was developed after the Cattle Dog type was described, so its infusion is unlikely.[53] It is possible that there was some infusion of Bull Terrier but there is no verifiable record of this, and the Cattle Dog has not had the Bull Terrier's instinct to bite and hold, which would have been an undesirable trait.[54] Early in the 1900s there was considerable in-fighting amongst members of the Cattle Dog Club, and a series of arguments about the origin of the breed appeared in newspapers and journals of the time. While many of these arguments were misleading, some irrational, and the majority not supported by historical facts, they continue to be circulated,[47] resulting in a number of theories on the origins of the breed. In recent years, information technology enabling the manipulation of large databases combined with advances in the understanding of canine genetics has allowed a clearer understanding of the development of the breed.[55]
A medal awarded to A. Bevis, owner of Little Logic
Through the 1890s, Cattle Dogs of Halls Heeler derivations were seen in the kennels of exhibiting Queensland dog breeders such as William Byrne of Booval, and these were a different population from those shown in New South Wales. Little Logic was bred in Rockdale, New South Wales, however Sydney exhibitors saw Little Logic for the first time after the dog had been added to the Hillview kennels of Arch Bevis in Brisbane. The show records of Little Logic and his offspring created a demand in New South Wales for Queensland dogs.[56] By the end of the 1950s, there were few Australian Cattle Dogs whelped that were not descendants of Little Logic and his best known son, Logic Return. The success and popularity of these dogs led to the growth of the nickname "Queensland Heeler".[57]
The prominence of Little Logic and Logic Return in the pedigrees of modern Australian Cattle Dogs was perpetuated by Wooleston Kennels. For some twenty years, Wooleston supplied foundation and supplementary breeding stock to breeders in Australia, North America and Continental Europe. As a result, Wooleston Blue Jack is ancestral to most, if not all, Australian Cattle Dogs whelped since 1990 in any country.[58]
In the United States
Soldiers stationed in Australia during WWII played a role in the breed's introduction to the US.
US soldiers met the Cattle Dog mascots of Australian divisions overseas. This puppy is being bathed in preparation for a visit by General Douglas MacArthur.
In the 1940s Alan McNiven, a Sydney veterinarian, introduced Dingo, Kelpie, German Shepherd, and Kangaroo Hound into his breeding program; however, the Royal Agricultural Society Kennel Club (RASKC) would not register the cross breeds as Australian Cattle Dogs, even though McNiven argued they were true to conformation, colour and temperament. McNiven responded by giving his pups registration papers from dead dogs, and was consequently expelled from the RASKC and all of his dogs removed from the registry. Meanwhile, Greg Lougher, a Napa, California cattle rancher who met Alan McNiven while stationed in Australia during World War II, had imported several adults and several litters from McNiven. After his de-registration McNiven continued to export his "improved" dogs to the United States. Many U.S. soldiers who were stationed in Queensland or NSW during the War discovered the Australian Cattle Dog and took one home when they returned.[59]
In the late 1950s a veterinarian in Santa Rosa, California, Jack Woolsey, was introduced to Lougher's dogs. With his partners, he bought several dogs and started breeding them. The breeders advertised the dogs in Western Horsemen stating they were guaranteed to work and calling them Queensland Heelers. Woolsey imported several purebred Australian Cattle Dogs to add to his breeding program, including Oaklea Blue Ace, Glen Iris Boomerang and several Glen Iris bitches. The National Stock Dog Registry of Butler, Indiana, registered the breed, assigning American numbers without reference to Australian registrations.[59]
Australian Cattle Dogs had been classified in the "miscellaneous" category at the American Kennel Club (AKC) since the 1930s; to get the breed full recognition, the AKC required that a National Breed Parent Club be organised for promotion and protection of the breed.[59] In 1967 Esther Ekman met Chris Smith-Risk at an AKC show, and the two fell into conversation about their Australian Cattle Dogs and the process of establishing a parent club for the breed. By 1969 the fledgling club had 12 members and formally applied to the AKC for instructions. One of the requirements was that the Club had to start keeping its own registry for the breed and that all dogs on the registry would have to be an extension of the Australian registry, tracing back to registered dogs in Australia.[59] The AKC Parent Club members began researching their dogs, including exchanging correspondence with McNiven, and discovered that few of them had dogs that could be traced back to dogs registered in Australia. The AKC took over the club registry in 1979 and the breed was fully recognised in September 1980. The Australian Cattle Dog Club of America is still active in the promotion of the breed and the maintenance of breed standards. The National Stock Dog Registry continued to recognise Cattle Dogs without prerequisite links to Australian registered dogs, on the condition that any dog of unknown parentage that was presented for registry would be registered as an "American Cattle Dog", and all others would still be registered as "Australian Cattle Dogs".[59]
In Canada
The breed gained official recognition from the Canadian Kennel Club in January 1980 after five years of collecting pedigrees, gathering support, and lobbying officials by two breeders and enthusiasts.[60] The small number of Australian Cattle Dogs in Canada at the time were primarily working dogs on farms and ranches scattered across large distances. However, the fledgling breed club held conformation shows, obedience and agility competitions, and entered their dogs in sports including flyball and lure coursing. At the end of 1980, Landmaster Carina was named the first Australian Cattle Dog in Canada to gain both her conformation and obedience titles.[60]
In the United Kingdom
The first registered Australian Cattle Dogs to arrive in the United Kingdom were two blue puppies, Lenthal Flinton and Lenthal Darlot, followed in 1980 by Landmaster Darling Red in whelp.[27] Landmaster Darling Red was imported by John and Mary Holmes, and proved to be an outstanding brood bitch. Over the next few years additional Cattle Dogs arrived in the UK from the Netherlands, Kenya, Germany and Australia, although prior to relaxation of rules regarding artificial insemination, the UK gene pool was limited. In 1985 an Australian Cattle Dog Society was formed and officially recognised by the Kennel Club; before this they had to compete in the category "Any Variety Not Separately Classified". Australian Cattle Dogs were competing successfully in obedience and working trials in the UK during the 1980s.[27]
Cross breeds
The Texas Heeler is a cross between the Australian Cattle Dog and the Australian Shepherd that was first registered with the Animal Research Foundation (ARF) in 1970. The ARF has registered Australian Cattle Dogs without papers as "Australian Cattledog Queensland Heelers" since 1965 and was the first organisation to recognise the Australian Shepherd.[61] Although originally bred for its ability to work cattle,[62] the Texas Heeler is increasingly used as a pet and a companion in dog sports. As with most cross breeds, the Texas Heeler's size and appearance is a variable combination of the parent breeds.
Notes
Jump up ^ In the reports the Department of Local Government advises that care should be taken when interpreting the figures, as breed is a poor indicator of whether or not an animal is going to be aggressive.
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "ANKC Breed Standard for the Australian Cattle Dog". Australian National Kennel Council. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Ruvinsky (2001), p. 80
^ Jump up to: a b Buetow, Katherine (Jan 2009). "Questions Frequently Asked About the Australian Cattle Dog". Australian Cattle Dogs Online. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 134
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 145
Jump up ^ "The Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog: A Breed Of Its Own". Wolf Web. Australian Cattle Dog Social Club of North Queensland. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Robertson (1990), p. 14
Jump up ^ Coren (1995), p. 182
^ Jump up to: a b c Lowell (1990), p. 166
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lithgow (2001), pp. 5–6, 25–28
Jump up ^ Buetow (1998), p. 136
Jump up ^ Beauchamp (2007) p. 46.
Jump up ^ Dehasse, Joel (1994). "Sensory, emotional, and social development of the young dog". The Bulletin for Veterinary Clinical Ethology. 2 (1–2): 6–29.
Jump up ^ Department of Local Government, New South Wales (2013). Council reports of dog attacks in NSW, April 2013 – June 2013 (PDF) (Report). Department of Local Government. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Department of Local Government, New South Wales (2007). Council reports of dog attacks in NSW, July 2004 – June 2005 (PDF) (Report). Department of Local Government. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Department of Local Government, New South Wales (2012). Council Reports of Dog Attacks in NSW, 2010/11 (PDF) (Report). Department of Local Government, Department of Premier and Cabinet. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Van der Kuyt, Neva (2001). "Prevention of Dog Attacks in Public Places. A Local Government Strategy Adopted by Eleven Victorian Councils" (PDF). Urban Animal Management Conference Proceedings. Melbourne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Duffy, Deborah L.; Hsu,Yuying; Serpell, James A. (December 2008). "Breed differences in canine aggression". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114 (3–4): 441–460. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006.
Jump up ^ "Australian Cattle Dog". ATTS Breed Statistics. The American Temperament Test Society. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Watson, Linda (2003). Does breed specific legislation reduce dog aggression on humans and other animals? A review paper (PDF). Urban Animal Management Conference Proceedings. AVA. pp. 67–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Beauchamp (1997), pp. 67, 77
Jump up ^ Buetow (1998), pp. 98–127
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz (2009), pp. 78–102
Jump up ^ Stockman (2002), p. 102
Jump up ^ "Getting Started in Herding". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Simmons-Moake (1992), pp. 1–8
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Holmes (1993), pp. 132–155
^ Jump up to: a b Shaffer (1984), p. 53
Jump up ^ Hamilton-Wilkes (1982), p. 77
Jump up ^ Coren, Stanley (1998). Why We Love the Dogs We Do. New York, NY: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-85502-8.
Jump up ^ Woodruff, Roger A.; Green, Jeffrey S. (1995). "Livestock herding dogs: a unique application for wildlife damage management". Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings. 10–13 April, Ardmore, OK: Noble Foundation. 12: 43–45.
Jump up ^ Wasser, Samuel K. (October 2008). "Lucky Dogs" (PDF). Natural History. American Museum of Natural History: 48–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kennel Club (2004). "Pure-bred Dog Health Survey". British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lee, Pascal (2011). "Longevity of the Australian Cattle Dog: results of a 100-dog survey". ACD Spotlight. 4 (1): 96–105. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Cassidy, K. M. (2 January 2008). "Breed Weight and Lifespan". Dog Longevity Web Site. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "AnAge entry for Canis familiaris". Animal Aging and Longevity Database. Human Ageing Genomic Resources. Archived from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Beauchamp (1997), pp. 57–58
Jump up ^ Strain, George M. (January 2004). "Deafness prevalence and pigmentation and gender associations in dog breeds at risk". The Veterinary Journal. 167 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00104-7. PMID 14623147.
Jump up ^ Strain, George M. (23 June 2004). "Breed-Specific Deafness Prevalence In Dogs". Louisiana State University. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Petersen-Jones, Simon M. (2003). "Progressive Retinal Atrophy: an overview". Proceedings of the 28th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Sargan, D.R. (2004). "Inherited diseases in dogs: web-based information for canine inherited disease genetics". Mammalian Genome. 15 (6): 503–506. doi:10.1007/s00335-004-3047-z. PMID 15181542. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Brenner, O.; de Lahunta, A.; Summers, B.A.; Cummings, J.F.; Cooper, B.J.; Valentine, B.A.; Bell, J.S. (July 1997). "Hereditary polioencephalomyelopathy of the Australian Cattle Dog". Acta Neuropathologica. 94 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1007/s004010050672. ISSN 0001-6322. PMID 9224531.
Jump up ^ Dorn, C. Richard (2002). "Canine Breed-Specific Risks of Frequently Diagnosed Diseases at Veterinary Teaching Hospitals" (PDF). American Kennel Club. pp. 1–27. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 7
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 9
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 15
^ Jump up to: a b Howard (1990), pp. 26–28
Jump up ^ Kaleski (2005)
Jump up ^ Walsh, G. P. (2006). "Kaleski, Robert Lucian Stanislaus (1877–1961)". Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 22
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 23
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 25
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 24
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 26
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. xii
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 55-6
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 54
Jump up ^ Clark (2003), p. 58
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ekman, Esther. "Can An American Kennel Club Registration Save A Herding Breed?". Working/Herding Dogs. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Redhead (1988), p. 116
Jump up ^ Walker, Al (1978). "Texas Heeler". Stodghill's Animal Research Foundation Magazine. 53. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Renna (2009), p. 65
Bibliography
Beauchamp, Richard G. (1997). Australian Cattle Dogs. New York, NY: Barron's Educational. ISBN 978-0-8120-9854-9.
Beauchamp, Richard G. (2007). Australian Cattle Dogs: 2nd edition. New York, NY: Barron's Educational. ISBN 978-0-8120-9854-9.
Buetow, Katherine (1998). The Australian Cattle Dog: An Owner's Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet. New York, NY: Howell Book House. ISBN 978-0-87605-446-8.
Clark, Noreen R. (2003). A Dog Called Blue: The Australian Cattle Dog and the Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog, 1840–2000. Wallacia, NSW: WrightLight Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9581934-3-6.
Coren, Stanley (1995). The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of Our Canine Companions. New York, NY: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-37452-0.
Hamilton-Wilkes, Monty; Cumming, David (1982). Kelpie and Cattle Dog: Australian Dogs at Work. Sydney, NSW: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 978-0-207-14490-5.
Holmes, John; Holmes, Mary (1993). The Complete Australian Cattle Dog. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-87605-014-9.
Howard, A. J. (Bert) (1990). "Halls Heelers". In Russel W. Warner (ed.). Over-Halling the Colony: George Hall, Pioneer. Sydney, NSW: Southwood Press. ISBN 978-0-908219-07-0. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Kaleski, Robert (2005). Australian Barkers and Biters. Warwickshire, UK: Vintage Dog Books. ISBN 978-1-905124-75-6.
Lithgow, Scott (2001). Training and Working Dogs for Quiet Confident Control of Stock. Brisbane, Qld: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 978-0-7022-2394-5.
Lowell, Michele (1990). Your Purebred Puppy: A Buyers Guide. New York, NY: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-1892-9.
Pearse, Emma (2011). Sophie, Dog Overboard: The Incredible True Adventures of the Castaway Dog. London, UK: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-4447-1520-0.
Redhead, Connie (1988). The Good Looking Australian. Adelaide, SA: C. Redhead. ISBN 978-0-7316-2220-7.
Renna, Christine Hartnagle (2009). Herding Dogs: Selecting and Training the Working Farm Dog. Freehold, NJ: Kennel Club Books. ISBN 978-1-59378-737-0.
Robertson, Narelle (1990). Australian Cattle Dogs. Neptune City, NJ: TFH Publications. ISBN 978-0-7938-2808-1.
Ruvinsky, Anatoly; Sampson, Jeff (2001). The Genetics of the Dog. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85199-520-5.
Schwartz, Charlotte (2009). Australian Cattle Dog: A Comprehensive Guide to Owning and Caring for Your Dog. Freehold, NJ: Kennel Club Books. ISBN 978-1-59378-368-6.
Shaffer, Mari (1984). Heeler Power: A Guide to Training the Working Australian Cattle Dog. Medford, WI: Countryside Publications. OCLC 12987177.
Simmons-Moake, Jane (1992). Agility Training: The Fun Sport for all Dogs. New York, NY: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-87605-402-4.
Stockman, Mike (2002). Dog Breeds of the World: The Complete Reference to Pedigree Dogs of the World. New York, NY: Hermes House. ISBN 978-1-84038-871-8.
External links
Australia portal
Dogs portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Cattle Dog.
Australian Cattle Dog at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
[show]
v
t
e
Pastoral dogs
Herding and
droving dogs
Australian Cattle Dog
Australian Kelpie
Australian Shepherd
Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
Basque Shepherd Dog
Bearded Collie
Beauceron
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Groenendael)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Laekenois)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Malinois)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Tervuren)
Bergamasco
Berger Picard
Black Mouth Cur
Blue Lacy
Bohemian Shepherd
Border Collie
Bouvier des Flandres
Briard
Can de Chira
Cão da Serra de Aires
Carea Castellano Manchego
Carea Leonés
Catahoula Bulldog
Catahoula Leopard Dog
Catalan Sheepdog
Collie
Collie (Smooth)
Croatian Sheepdog
Cumberland Sheepdog
Dutch Shepherd Dog
English Shepherd
Farm Collie
Finnish Lapphund
Galician Palleiro
Garafian Shepherd
German Shepherd
Huntaway
Icelandic Sheepdog
King Shepherd
Koolie
Lancashire Heeler
Lapponian Herder
Magellan sheep dog
McNab
Miniature American Shepherd
Miniature Australian Shepherd
Mucuchies
Mudi
New Zealand Heading Dog
Norwegian Buhund
Old English Sheepdog
Old German Herding Dogs (Altdeutsche)
Polish Lowland Sheepdog
Puli
Pumi
Pyrenean Shepherd
Reindeer Herder
Rough Collie
Samoyed
Sardinian Sheperd Dog
Schapendoes
Schipperke
Scotch Collie
Shetland Sheepdog
Smithfield
Spanish Water Dog
Swedish Lapphund
Swedish Vallhund
Tibetan Terrier
Welsh Corgi (Cardigan)
Welsh Corgi (Pembroke)
Welsh Sheepdog
White Shepherd
Livestock
guardian dogs
Aidi
Akbash Dog
Anatolian Shepherd
Armenian mountain dog
Bucovina Shepherd Dog
Bernese Mountain Dog
Cão de Castro Laboreiro
Cão de Gado Transmontano
Cão Fila de São Miguel
Carpathian Shepherd Dog
Caucasian Shepherd Dog
Central Asian Shepherd Dog
Estrela Mountain Dog
Gaddi Kutta
Georgian Shepherd
Great Pyrenees
Greater Swiss Mountain Dog
Greek Shepherd
Himalayan Sheepdog
Hovawart
Kuchi (dog)
Kumaon Mastiff
Kangal Dog
Karakachan
Karst Shepherd
Komondor
Kuvasz
Landseer
Leonberger
Majorca Shepherd Dog
Maremma Sheepdog
Mioritic
Perro Majorero
Polish Tatra Sheepdog
Puli
Pyrenean Mastiff
Rafeiro do Alentejo
Šarplaninac
Slovak Cuvac
South Russian Ovcharka
Spanish Mastiff
Tibetan Mastiff
Tornjak
[show]
v
t
e
Dogs originating in Australia
Australian Cattle Dog
Australian Kelpie
Australian Staghound
Australian Silky Terrier
Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
Australian Terrier
Bull Arab
Dingo
Kangaroo Dog
Koolie
Miniature Fox Terrier
Tenterfield Terrier
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Cattle_Dog&oldid=832330581"
Categories:
Herding dogs
Dog breeds
Working dogs
Dog breeds originating in Australia
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Use Australian English from January 2012
All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English
Use dmy dates from September 2011
Articles with 'species' microformats
CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list
Articles with Curlie links
Featured articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Français
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
20 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 March 2018, at 09:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

value: mw-indicator-featured-star mw-indicator

value: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

value:
nofollow
external text
http://ankc.org.au/Breed/Detail/148

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Blue Cattle dog with a black spot over its eye

value: A puppy whose red hair has not yet developed

value:
/wiki/Guard_hairs
mw-redirect
Guard hairs

value: Cattle Dog head with an alert expression

value:
/wiki/Working_dogs
mw-redirect
Working dogs

value:
/wiki/Blowing_the_coat
mw-redirect
Blowing the coat

value:
/wiki/Sheepdog_trials
mw-redirect
Sheepdog trials

value: Elderly red Cattle Dog walking in the bush

value: A Blue Cattle dog with a bandage on its right hind-leg

value:
/wiki/Congenital_disorder
mw-redirect
Congenital disorder

value: Blue Cattle Dog walking down a driveway ahead of two boys with a toy wagon, and a man and a woman in a horse-drawn cart, 1902

value: Cattle dog walking beside a plough drawn by two horses

value:
/wiki/Dalmatian_(dog)
mw-redirect
Dalmatian (dog)

value: Royal Easter Show Medal "Cattle Dog" awarded to A. Bevis, 1941

value:
/wiki/Pedigree_(animal)
mw-redirect
Pedigree (animal)

value: Australian Cattle Dog puppy being dried after his bath

value:
/wiki/Cattle_rancher
mw-redirect
Cattle rancher

value: Animal Research Foundation (ARF) (page does not exist)

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cattledog.com/misc/faq.html

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wolfweb.com.au/acd/stcd.html

value: Australian Cattle Dog Social Club of North Queensland (page does not exist)

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nwk9.com/dehasse_pupdev.htm

value:
nofollow
http://www.acdspotlight.com/
external text

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623147

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00335-004-3047-z

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15181542

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.vet.cam.ac.uk/idid/how

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004010050672

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6322

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9224531

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12987177

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
/wiki/Belgian_Shepherd_Dog_(Laekenois)
mw-redirect
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Laekenois)

value:
/wiki/Belgian_Shepherd_Dog_(Malinois)
mw-redirect
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Malinois)

value:
/wiki/Belgian_Shepherd_Tervuren
mw-redirect
Belgian Shepherd Tervuren

value:
/wiki/Catahoula_Bulldog
mw-redirect
Catahoula Bulldog

value:
/wiki/Dutch_Shepherd_Dog
mw-redirect
Dutch Shepherd Dog

value:
/wiki/Farm_Collie
mw-redirect
Farm Collie

value:
/wiki/McNab_(dog)
mw-redirect
McNab (dog)

value:
/wiki/Miniature_Australian_Shepherd
mw-redirect
Miniature Australian Shepherd

value:
/wiki/Old_German_Herding_Dogs
mw-redirect
Old German Herding Dogs

value:
/wiki/Reindeer_Herder
mw-redirect
Reindeer Herder

value:
/wiki/Samoyed_(dog)
mw-redirect
Samoyed (dog)

value:
/wiki/Sardinian_Sheperd_Dog
mw-redirect
Sardinian Sheperd Dog

value:
/wiki/Kuchi_(dog)
mw-redirect
Kuchi (dog)

value:
/wiki/Karakachan_(dog)
mw-redirect
Karakachan (dog)

value:
/wiki/Landseer_(dog)
mw-redirect
Landseer (dog)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Dog breeds originating in Australia

value: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

value: Category:Use Australian English from January 2012

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English

value: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2011

value: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Australian_Cattle_Dog
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: كلب المراعي الأسترالي – Arabic

value: Австралийско пастирско куче – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: כלב בקר אוסטרלי – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ავსტრალიური კეტლ დოგი – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value: Австралиски пастир – Macedonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: オーストラリアン・キャトル・ドッグ – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value: اسٹریلی آجڑی کتا – Western Punjabi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Австралийская пастушья собака – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: Avustralya sığır çobanı köpeği – Turkish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Австралійський скотар – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Australian_Cattle_Dog rootpage-Australian_Cattle_Dog skin-vector action-view


text:
Piñata
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Piñata (disambiguation).
A nine-pointed star piñata
A piñata (/pɪnˈjɑːtə/, US pronunciation /pɪnˈjɑːdɑː/, Spanish pronunciation: [piˈɲata] ( listen)) is a container often made of papier-mâché, pottery, or cloth; it is decorated, and filled with small toys or candy, or both, and then broken as part of a ceremony or celebration. Piñatas are commonly associated with Mexico. The idea of breaking a container filled with treats came to Europe in the 14th century, where the name, from the Italian pignatta, was introduced. The Spanish brought the European tradition to Mexico, although there were similar traditions in Mesoamerica, such as the Aztecs' honoring the birthday of the god Huitzilopochtli in mid December. According to local records, the Mexican piñata tradition began in the town of Acolman, just north of Mexico City, where piñatas were introduced for catechism purposes as well as to co-opt the Huitzilopochtli ceremony. Today, the piñata is still part of Mexican culture, the cultures of other countries in Latin America, as well as the United States, but it has mostly lost its religious character.
A woman strikes a piñata at a celebration.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Piñatas in Mexico and Latin America
3 Piñatas in the United States
4 Similar traditions
4.1 Europe
4.2 Asia
5 See also
6 References
History
Statue of Franciscan monk hitting a piñata in Acolman, Mexico State
Although piñatas are uniquely thought of as a fun activity for parties nowadays, they have a long, rich history.[1] There is some debate but it appears that their origin is not Spanish but Chinese.[2] The Chinese version was in the shape of a cow or ox and used for the New Year. It was decorated with symbols and colors meant to produce a favorable climate for the coming growing season. It was filled with five types of seeds and then hit with sticks of various colors. After the piñata was broken, the remains were burned and the ashes kept for good luck.[1][3][4]
The tradition arrived in Europe in the 14th century where it was associated with the Christian celebration of Lent; in Spain, the first Sunday of Lent, "Piñata Sunday", became a celebration known as the Dance of the Piñata. As the word's Italian origin indicates, pignatta meaning "earthenware cooking pot", the Spanish initially used a plain clay container, before starting to decorate it with ribbons, tinsel and colored paper. The origin of the Italian word is thought to be linked to the Latin word pinea, "pine cone".[1][5]
The European piñata tradition was brought to Mexico in the 16th century; however, there was a similar tradition in Mesoamerica already. The Mayan tradition was similar to the modern piñata tradition, including blindfolding the participant hitting the piñata. The Aztec tradition commemorated the birthday of Huitzilopochtli. Priests would decorate a clay pot with colorful feathers. When the pot was broken with a stick or club, the treasures inside would fall to the feet of the idol as an offering.[1] According to local records, the piñata was first used for the purposes of evangelism in 1586, in Acolman, in the modern State of Mexico, just north of Mexico City. The Augustinian monks there modified European piñatas and created the Las Posadas tradition to co-opt the celebration of the birth of Huitzilopochtli, which was celebrated in mid December.[4][6][7][8]
The Mexican Catholic interpretation of the piñata rested on the struggle of man against temptation. The seven points represent the seven deadly sins. The pot represents evil and the seasonal fruit and candy inside the temptations of evil. The person with the stick is blindfolded to represent faith. The turning, singing and shouting represent the disorientation that temptation creates. In some traditions, the participant is turned thirty three times, one for each year of Christ's life. These interpretations were given to the piñata for catechism purposes. As the participant beats the piñata, it is supposed to represent the struggle against temptation and evil. When the piñata breaks, the treats inside then represent the rewards of keeping the faith.[3][7][9]
However, since this time the piñata has all but lost its religious significance and has become popular in many types of celebrations, not just during December's Las Posadas. The clay pot has been replaced with a papier-mâché container.[3] The creation of piñatas has even taken on an artistic aspect in some areas. David Gamez and Cecilia Meade sponsored a showing of piñatas as art rather than just as a party favor. The event was called Piñatarama, with 25 piñatas made of papier-mâché at the Vértigo Galería in Mexico City, all original works of art by graphic illustrators, from 23 countries including Australia. Some of the illustrators who participated include 1000 Changos, Allan Sieber, Apak, Ben Newman, Cecy Meade, Cristian Turdera, Cupco and Daniel Berman.[10] In Tepatitlán, the world's largest traditional seven-pointed piñata was created in 2010. It measures 11.2 meters, is made of fiberglass and weighs 350 kilograms. It surpasses the former Guinness record holder which was made in 2008 in Pennsylvania.[11]
Piñatas in Mexico and Latin America
A coral reef piñata which won the 2013 contest of the Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City
The piñata is most strongly identified with Mexico.[9] The art of making modern piñatas falls under the Mexican craft heading of "cartonería", which refers to the making of items from paper and cardboard. This puts piñatas in the same category as amate paper craft, Judas figures and Mexico City style alebrijes.[12] The Museo de Arte Popular held the first "Concurso de Piñatas Mexicanas" (Mexican Piñata Contest) in 2007 with prizes of 15,000, 10,000 and 5,000 pesos. The purpose of the contest is to help retain this tradition and help it to be continued to be valued.[3] The Museo del Caracol in Mexico City held a workshop on how to make traditional piñatas, as part of its outreach program to the public.[4]
While the religious significance has been mostly lost, the ceremony that occurs with it has remained mostly intact. Piñatas remain most popular during Las Posadas with birthday parties coming in second. Each participant, usually a child, will have a turn at hitting the piñata, which is hung from above on a string. The participant is blindfolded, given a wooden stick, and then spun a number of times. As the participants works to hit the piñata, another moves it to make it harder to hit. There is a time limit to any one person's attempts, which is marked out by the singing of a traditional song.[1][9]
Clay pots specially made for the creation of piñatas
Piñatas were traditionally made with a clay pot base and many artisans make a living selling just the pot for people to decorate as they wish. However, clay pot piñatas have mostly been replaced by those made with cardboard and paper mache, usually fashioned over balloons.[1] One reason for this is that broken pot pieces can be dangerous to children.[13] These are then decorated with crepe paper, other colored paper and other items.[9] Piñatas today come in all shapes and sizes, with many representing cartoon or other characters known to most children. Popular shapes today can include Batman, Superman, Spider-Man or characters based on popular movies and television shows such as Nemo, the Lion King and more. For Christmas, the traditional style with the points is popular as it is associated with the Star of Bethlehem.[1][9] However, for the most part, piñata designs have been completely commercialized.[9]
Courtyard of the Government Palace of Chihuahua decorated for Christmas.
Traditionally in Mexico, especially at Christmas, piñatas are filled with fruit and candies such as guavas, oranges, jicamas, pieces of sugar cane, tejocotes and wrapped candies. Some piñatas are "traps" filled with flour, confetti or water. Special baskets of treats may be given to children who come up empty handed after a piñata is broken. These are called colaciónes and are given to prevent hurt feelings.[1]
There are a number of localities in Mexico that specialize in the making of piñatas for sale. Acolman, the origin of piñatas, along with neighboring Otumba are one.[8] Acolman hosts an annual National Piñata Fair. This event includes cultural events, workshops on the making of piñatas, piñata contests and traditional Posadas. The event has attracted as many as 100,000 visitors over the days that it is held, many of whom come from Mexico City.[6]
About 400 families in the town of San Juan de la Puerta, in the south of the Cuerámaro municipality in Guanajuato, are dedicated to the creation of piñatas, and produce about 16,000 pieces each month. The making of piñatas supports about half of the people in the town. It is the second most important economic activity after agriculture. This tradition began in 1960 by Juan Remigio Anguiano, who brought the craft to the town after living in Mexico City. Today, piñatas from the town are sold in various parts of the state.[14]
In the penal facility of Huajuapan de León, prisoners make piñatas to sell. This began when several prisoners brought the craft with them when they were incarcerated about twenty years ago. These piñatas have become traditional for the population of the city for Christmas.[2]
The busiest time for the sale of piñatas in Mexico is December for posadas. During bad economic times, sales of piñatas can fall as much as thirty percent as they did in 2008.[13]
Store in Tabasco selling both traditional star-shape and contemporary design piñatas.
The star shape, or ball with points, still remains popular for the Christmas season, but for other events, traditional designs for children such as donkeys, have almost entirely been replaced by cartoon characters based on U.S. movies and television shows.[15] However, most of the piñatas produced based on these images are not done following copyright law, which has caused problems. Copyright holders such as Marvel Comics have complained about infringement by piñata makers in Mexico. Federal authorities have responded by seizing such merchandise in stores in various areas of Mexico City. Vendors complain that they have sold these pinatas for decades and never have had problems. [16] Those who have run into problems with copyright law state that it is difficult to sell other types as most customers prefer to buy those based on popular characters.[17] Mexico exports piñatas to the United States and other parts of the world,) but copyright has been an issue here as well.[17][18] Piñatas based on Disney and other characters have been seized at the border for violating U.S. copyright law.[18][19] Some have also been seized and destroyed by customs agents under suspect of hiding drugs.[20]
One niche market for piñatas in Mexico is of those themed for adults. These include political figures, especially those who are not particularly liked.[1][15] Another type for the adult market are sexually-themed piñatas, mostly those in the form of exotic dancers and strippers. Of the female of this type, the most popular are blondes. For the male, darker shades are preferred.[17][21] These piñatas will be filled with adult items such as condoms in addition to candy.[21]
Piñatas are similarly popular in a number of other Latin American countries as well.[8][22]
Piñatas in the United States
Girls striking a piñata in a California carport, 1961
Children playing in a sweets piñata
They have also become popular in Mexican-American and other Latino communities in the United States as well. Piñatas are used for birthday parties, Christmas and Cinco de Mayo celebrations.[22][23][24][25]
The 2006 video game Viva Piñata is about a world where piñatas compete to be chosen for children's birthday parties. A spinoff television show, also titled Viva Piñata was created to push sales of the Xbox game created by Microsoft.[26]
Similar traditions
Europe
A similar tradition in Denmark is slå katten af tønden ("hit the cat out of the barrel") in which a wooden barrel is struck to release candy.[27]
In Catalonia, a Christmastide tradition known as "fer cagar el tió" ("making the log defecate") is observed. A log is wrapped with a blanket several days in advance of Christmas and is "fed" grass. On Christmas Eve, the log is repeatedly struck with sticks in order to make the log "defecate". The blanket is then removed to reveal the gifts that have been "expelled" by the log.
In Italy feasts with a game similar to piñata, called pentolaccia, used to be celebrated the first Sunday of Lent.
Asia
In Maharashtra, India, another similar tradition called Dahi Handi is observed on the festival of Janmashtami, Lord Krishna's birthday. The iconography represents Lord Krishna's childhood portrayal as the mischievous Maakhan Chor (butter thief). Clay pots filled with buttermilk, money or treats, in lieu of butter, are hung in public squares or on streets at a height implicitly challenging youngsters to break them. Teams put in great planning, skill and effort to form human pyramids, each higher than the other, in an attempt to break the pot and claim the prize.[28]
In South Indian villages, festivals feature a competition called Uri adithal (Pot breaking with blindfold) which closely resembles the piñata event.[29]
In Japan, a similar game called suikawari is played where a watermelon shell is used.[citation needed]
In the Philippines, a similar game called hampas-palayok or pukpok-palayok[30] (hit-the-pot) is played during Filipino fiestas and traditional parties (e.g., birthdays), in which a clay pot filled with treats and/or prizes is used. Also đập nêu (pot-hitting) appears in Vietnamese traditional custom.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piñatas.
Mexico portal
Culture portal
Piñata cookie
Tió de Nadal
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Wendy Devlin (February 16, 2007). "History of the piñata". Mexconnect. ISSN 1028-9089. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Lesli Aguilar (December 26, 2010). "Piñatas, una divertida tradición que no muere" [Piñatas, a fun tradition that isn't dying]. Diario Despertar (in Spanish). Oaxaca, Mexico. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d CONACULTA. "Primer Concurso de Piñatas Mexicanas" [First Piñata Contest]. Artes e Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Piñatas tradicionales" [Traditional Piñatas] (in Spanish). INAH. December 15, 2004. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Piñata". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "En Acolman, Edomex, cuna de las piñatas, hacen su feria" [In Acolman, State of Mexico, cradles of piñatas, their fair begins]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. December 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Municipio de Acolman, en Edomex, creador de las piñatas" [Municipality of Acolman in State of Mexico, creator of piñatas]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. December 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Las piñatas navideñas" [Christmas Piñatas]. La Prensa (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua. December 5, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cristal Barrientos Torres (December 21, 2003). "Una historia en una piñata" [A story of a piñata]. El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Torreón, Mexico. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Exposición-Piñatas" [Exposition-Piñatas]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. February 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Presumen piñata gigante" [Showing off a giant piñata]. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. December 22, 2010. p. 4.
Jump up ^ José Herrera. "Papel y Cartonería" [Paper and Cartonería (paper crafts)] (in Spanish). Veracruz, Mexico: Universidad Veracruzana. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Minerva Flores (December 15, 2009). "Golpea crisis a las piñatas" [Crisis strikes piñatas]. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Sostienen piñatas su economía" [Piñatas support their economy]. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. December 21, 2010. p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Beckett (September 11, 1996). "Even pinatas sold in Mexico seem to originate in Hollywood now". Wall Street Journal. New York. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Antonio Nieto (March 20, 2010). "Pegan policías a piñatas pirata de superhéroes" [Police strike pirated versions of superhero piñatas]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marylú Vallejo (December 10, 2010). "No pierden el camino" [Don´t lose the path]. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b Marcha Cázares (June 24, 2010). "Decomisan en Laredo piñatas ..¡piratas!" [Piñatas confiscated from markets in Laredo, for copyright!]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 16.
Jump up ^ Department of Homeland Security Documents / FIND. (2010). CBP Officers Seize Fake Disney Pinatas at Douglas Port of Entry (Report). US Government.
Jump up ^ Fernando Ramirez (September 15, 2006). "Empresa de pinatas preve exportar 380.000 unidades en el 2006; [Source: Expansion]" [Piñata company foresees the export of 280,000 units in 2006]. NoticiasFinancieras (in Spanish). Miami. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Yadira Moreno Léon (October 4, 2009). "Un nuevo y divertido mercado: piñatas para fiestas de adultos" [A new and fun market: piñatas for adult parties]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b anonymous (April 23, 2010). "A Hard Knock Life For A Pinata Maker's Art". NPR-All Things Considered. Washington, DC.
Jump up ^ Wayne Greene (May 2, 2011). "Tulsa to celebrate Cinco de Mayo with tent parties". McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Washington, DC.
Jump up ^ Peter McCrady (May 6, 2011). "BRIEF: Celebrating Mexican culture, heritage". McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Washington, DC.
Jump up ^ Joe Ferguson (Sep 19, 2010). "Personalized pinatas -- to go". McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Washington, DC.
Jump up ^ Christina Binkley; Suzanne Vranica (October 17, 2006). "Microsoft Tries to Raise 'Candiosity,' Aims at Kid Market with 'Viva Pinata': [1]". Wall Street Journal. New York. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Fastelavn". Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Janmashtami celebrated with zeal, enthusiasm". Mid Day. August 24, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pongalo Pongal - Pongal Celebrations 2009 at Isha Yoga Center". ISHA Foundation. January 15, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Author TagalogLang (2016-12-30). "HAMPAS-PALAYOK: Tagalog to English: Dictionary Online". Tagaloglang.com. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
[hide]
v
t
e
Mexican handcrafts and folk art
Clay and ceramics
Mexican ceramics
Talavera (pottery)
Ceramics of Jalisco
Mata Ortiz pottery
Tree of Life (craft)
Barro Negro pottery
Green glazed pottery of Atzompa
Pottery of Metepec (Soteno family)
Textiles and other fiber crafts
Textiles of Mexico
Basketry of Mexico
Textiles of Oaxaca
Amuzgo textiles
Tenango embroidery
Mexican rag dolls (Marias)
Petate
Huipil
Rebozo
Quechquemitl
Paper
Piñata
Amatl
Cartonería
Miss Lupita project
Lupita dolls
Crafts towns
San Pablito (amate paper)
Santa María Atzompa (pottery)
San Bartolo Coyotepec (pottery)
Ocotlán de Morelos (pottery, blades)
San Martín Tilcajete (alebrijes)
Santa Clara del Cobre (copper crafts)
Teotitlán del Valle (rugs)
Temoaya (rugs)
Tlalpujahua (Christmas ornaments)
Tlaquepaque (pottery)
Tonalá, Jalisco (pottery, glass, etc)
Tenancingo, State of Mexico (rebozos, basketry, furniture)
Crafts, popular art
museums and
other promotors
Museo de Arte Popular, Mexico City
National Museum of Mexican Art
Museo de la Laca and the Santo Domingo monastery
Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca
Museo Universitario de Artes Populares María Teresa Pomar
Museo Regional de la Ceramica, Tlaquepaque
Museo de Trajes Regionales
Marta Turok
María Teresa Pomar
National Pyrotechnic Festival
Museo Nacional de la Máscara
FONART
Ciudadela Market
Palm Sunday Handcraft Market
Feria Maestros del Arte
Artisans
see List of Mexican artisans
Handcrafts by federal entity
Chiapas
Guerrero
Guanajuato
Hidalgo
Jalisco
Mexico City
Michoacán
Oaxaca
Puebla
State of Mexico
Tlaxcala
Other
Mexican lacquerware
Mexican mask-folk art
Alebrije
Piteado
Popotillo art
Votive paintings of Mexico
Huichol art
Sawdust carpet
Vochol
Alfeñique in Mexico
Mexican ironwood carvings
Traditional copper work in Mexico
Mexican handcrafted fireworks
Mexican pointy boots
Mexico City Alebrije Parade
Traditional metal working in Mexico
Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
Mexican feather work
[show]
v
t
e
Party games
Apple bobbing
Chinese whispers
Hot potato
Murder mystery
Musical chairs
Pin the tail on the donkey
Piñata
Post Office
Seven minutes in heaven
Spin the bottle
Truth or dare?
Guessing games
Button, button, who's got the button?
Charades
Twenty Questions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piñata&oldid=814705024"
Categories:
Children's games
Party games
Paper art
Spanish words and phrases
Mexican culture
Paper toys
Christmas in Mexico
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 December 2017, at 11:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href title

attr: class id

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Piñata (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: href class

attr: class style

tag: b

tag: span

value: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

value:
/wiki/Tepatitl%C3%A1n,_Jalisco
mw-redirect
Tepatitlán, Jalisco

value:
/wiki/Birthday_parties
mw-redirect
Birthday parties

value:
/wiki/Carnival_in_Denmark#Festivities
mw-redirect
Carnival in Denmark

value:
/wiki/Lord_Krishna
mw-redirect
Lord Krishna

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1028-9089

value:
nofollow
external text
http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8651685

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Talavera_(pottery)
mw-redirect
Talavera (pottery)

value:
/wiki/Mexican_rag_dolls_(Marias)
mw-redirect
Mexican rag dolls (Marias)

value: Handcrafts and folk art in the State of Mexico

value:
/wiki/Popotillo_art
mw-redirect
Popotillo art

value:
/wiki/Alfe%C3%B1ique_in_Mexico
mw-redirect
Alfeñique in Mexico

value: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Guessing_game
mw-redirect
Guessing game

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

value: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piniyata
Piniyata – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

value: Πινιάτα – Greek

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjato
Pinjato – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value: پینیاتا – Persian

value: פיניאטה – Hebrew

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piniata
Piniata – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhata
Pinhata – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value: Пиньята – Russian

value: Пињата – Serbian

value: ปีญาตา – Thai

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Piñata rootpage-Piñata skin-vector action-view