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Merry Clayton
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Merry Clayton
Clayton in December 2012 at a ceremony for Carole King to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Background information
Born
(1948-12-25) December 25, 1948 (age 69)
Gert Town, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Genres
Soul, gospel
Occupation(s)
Singer, actress
Years active
1962–present
Associated acts
The Raelettes
The Rolling Stones
Sisters Love
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Coldplay
Jess Conrad
Merry Clayton (born December 25, 1948) is an American soul and gospel singer and an actress. She provided a number of backing vocal tracks for major performing artists in the 1960s, most notably in her duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song "Gimme Shelter."[1] Clayton is featured in 20 Feet from Stardom, the Oscar-winning documentary about background singers and their contributions to the music industry. In 2013, she released The Best of Merry Clayton, a compilation of her favorite songs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Discography
4.1 Studio albums
4.2 Singles (selected)
5 Filmography
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Clayton was born in Gert Town, New Orleans, Louisiana. Clayton was born on Christmas Day, and earned her name due to the holiday. She is the Daughter of Eva B. Clayton and Reverend A.G. Williams Sr. Clayton was raised in New Orleans as a Christian, and spent much of her time in her father’s parish, New Zion Baptist Church. After moving to Los Angeles, she joined the now famous singer group “The Blossoms.” [2]
Career[edit]
Clayton began her recording career in 1962 at the age of 14, singing "Who Can I Count On? (When I Can't Count on You)" as a duet with Bobby Darin on his album "You're the Reason I'm Living." In 1963 she recorded the first version of "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)," the same year that Betty Everett's version reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.[3] Early in her career Merry performed with Ray Charles (as one of the Raelettes), who was the only artist her father allowed her to see live.[4] Others include Pearl Bailey, Phil Ochs, Burt Bacharach, Tom Jones, Joe Cocker, Linda Ronstadt, Carole King, and on several tracks from Neil Young's debut album. Clayton is often credited as having recorded with Elvis Presley but her name does not appear in Elvis sessionographies.[5]
Clayton is best known for her 1969 duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song "Gimme Shelter," though on some releases her name is misspelled as "Mary." According to Jagger, this collaboration came about due to partially to chance. Jagger states that they thought “it’d be great to have a woman come do the…chorus.” They called Clayton “randomly” in the middle of the night, and she showed up to the studio “in curlers” and did the verse in a few takes, which Jagger remarks is “pretty amazing.”[6] The Stones had asked Bonnie Bramlett to sing on the song, but Bramlett's husband, Delaney, refused to let her perform with the Stones.[7] Clayton also sang backing vocals on Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama".[8]
In 1970, Clayton recorded her own version of "Gimme Shelter," and it became the title track of her debut solo album and peaked at #73,[9] released that year. Her version would be the first of five singles under her name to crack the Billboard Hot 100. That same year she performed a live version of "Lift Every Voice and Sing" for the soundtrack for Robert Altman film Brewster McCloud and also contributed vocals to Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg's film Performance. In 1971 she co-wrote the song "Sho' Nuff" about her mother.[10] She starred as the original Acid Queen in the first London production of The Who's Tommy in 1972. In 1973, she featured prominently on Ringo Starr's "Oh My My", which reached Billboard's Top 10 the following year.
In the mid 1970s, Clayton sang on The Blackbyrds' R&B hit "Rock Creek Park" and continued to release solo albums throughout the next decade, notching several minor R&B singles. Her soundtrack work continued into the 1980s, including "You're Always There When I Need You", the title track for the 1980 Get Smart film The Nude Bomb, and the song "Yes" from Dirty Dancing, which hit #45 on the Hot 100. In 1987, Clayton co-starred with Ally Sheedy in the film Maid to Order and played Verna Dee Jordan in the final season of Cagney & Lacey. In 1989, she recorded a cover of "Almost Paradise" with Eric Carmen.[11]
In 1994 Clayton recorded backing vocals for and sang the "Man with the Golden Gun" bridge on Tori Amos's hit, "Cornflake Girl". In 2006, Clayton provided background vocals for Sparta's album Threes on the songs "Atlas" and "Translation".
She was featured in the documentary film 20 Feet from Stardom (2013), which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and went on to win the Oscar for best documentary at the 86th Academy Awards. 20 Feet from Stardom also won the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Film, with the award being presented to the featured artists as well as the production crew.
In 2014, Clayton provided vocals for G. Love & Special Sauce's album Sugar.
In 2015, Clayton was featured on two tracks on Coldplay's album A Head Full of Dreams.
Clayton has been sampled in various songs, most notably Watch for the Hook by Cool Breeze featuring Goodie Mobb and supergroup Outkast.[12]
Personal life[edit]
Clayton was married to jazz artist Curtis Amy from 1970 until his death in 2002.[13] Clayton's brother is the Little Feat percussionist Sam Clayton.[14]
She had a miscarriage upon returning home from recording "Gimme Shelter", according to the LA Times.[15]
On June 16, 2014, Clayton was severely injured in a car accident in Los Angeles, California.[16] Both of Clayton's legs were later amputated at the knees due to her suffering "profound trauma to her lower extremities" as a result of the accident.[17]
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Year
Album
Label
Peak chart
positions
US
US R&B
1970 Gimme Shelter Ode — —
1971 Celebration Ode — —
Merry Clayton Ode 180 36
1975 Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow Ode 146 50
1979 Emotion Fontana — —
1994 Miracles A&M — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Singles (selected)[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart
positions
Album
US
US R&B
UK[18]
1970 "Gimme Shelter" 73 — — Gimme Shelter
1972 "After All This Time" 71 — — Merry Clayton
1973 "Oh No Not My Baby" 72 30 — Non-album song
1975 "Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow" 45 — — Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow
1988 "Yes" 45 79 70 Dirty Dancing (soundtrack)
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Filmography[edit]
Year
Film
Role
1984 Blame It on the Night Herself
1987 Maid to Order Audrey James
2013 20 Feet from Stardom Herself
References[edit]
Jump up ^ True, Rovi Christopher. "Merry Clayton Biography". AOL Music. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About".
Jump up ^ [dead link] "No. 1 in May 1991 an excerpt from The Best of 1000 UK No.1 Hits". Omnibus Press. Retrieved May 11, 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ 20 Feet from Stardom. Dir. Morgan Neville. Perf. Darlene Love, Merry Clayton, Judith Hill, Jo Lawry. N.p., n.d. Web.
Jump up ^ Jorgensen, Ernst (1998). Elvis Presley : A Life in Music : The Complete Recording Sessions. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312185723.
Jump up ^ Springer, Mike. "Mick Jagger Tells the Story Behind 'Gimme Shelter' and Merry Clayton's Haunting Background Vocals".
Jump up ^ Paytress, Mark (2003). The Rolling Stones: Off the Record. Omnibus Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780711988699.
Jump up ^ Dupree, Tom (October 24, 1974). "Lynyrd Skynyrd in Sweet Home Atlanta". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved September 17, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Merry Clayton- Gimme Shelter". Discogs.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Heckman, Don (July 16, 1972). "Merry Clayton from 'Newahlins.'". The New York Times. pp. D11, D22, D24.
Jump up ^ http://streamd.hitparade.ch/cdimages/eric_carmen_with_merry_clayton-almost_paradise_s.jpg
Jump up ^ "WhoSampled." WhoSampled. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 June 2017. <http://www.whosampled.com/Merry-Clayton/sampled/?ob=2>.
Jump up ^ Voce, Steve (June 11, 2002). "Obituary: Curtis Amy". The Independent. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Crazy Horse, Kandia (2004). Rip It Up: The Black Experience in Rock N Roll (First ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 1-4039-6243-X.
Jump up ^ Snowden, Don (March 13, 1986). "For Clayton, The Gloom Is Gone". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lifton, Dave (June 20, 2014). "Legendary Singer Merry Clayton Seriously Injured in Car Accident". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://ultimateclassicrock.com/merry-clayton-legs-amputated/
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 110. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merry Clayton.
Merry Clayton on IMDb
Merry Clayton at AllMusic
Merry Clayton discography at Discogs
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 76505898
LCCN: n94117817
ISNI: 0000 0000 5519 6726
GND: 134601882
MusicBrainz: f086b523-e6eb-4159-8705-e408cae53170
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merry_Clayton&oldid=817825508"
Categories:
1948 births
African-American female singers
African-American musicians
American female singers
American gospel singers
American soul singers
Backing vocalists
Grammy Award winners
Living people
R&B musicians from New Orleans
Singers from Louisiana
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text:
Ember
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Ember (disambiguation).
Embers of coal
A bonfire in rural Australia, with a large number of embers being blown by the wind.
Ember of Charcoal Used for cooking
An ember is a glowing, hot coal made of greatly heated wood, coal, or other carbon-based material that remain after, or sometimes precede, a fire. Embers can glow very hot, sometimes as hot as the fire which created them. They radiate a substantial amount of heat long after the fire has been extinguished, and if not taken care of properly can rekindle a fire that is thought to be completely extinguished and can pose a fire hazard. In order to avoid the danger of accidentally spreading a fire, many campers pour water on the embers or cover them in dirt. Alternatively, embers can be used to relight a fire after it has gone out without the need to rebuild the fire - In a conventional fireplace, a fire can easily be relit up to 12 hours after it goes out, provided that there is enough space for air to circulate between the embers and the introduced fuel.
They are often used for cooking, such as in charcoal barbecues. This is because embers radiate a more constant form of heat, as opposed to an open fire which is constantly changing along with the heat it radiates.
An ember is usually formed when a fire has only partially burnt a piece of fuel, and there is still usable chemical energy in that piece of fuel. Often this happens because the usable chemical energy is so deep into the center that air (specifically oxygen) does not reach it, therefore not causing combustion (carbon-based fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O + C + other chemicals involved). It continues to stay hot and does not lose its thermal energy quickly because combustion is still happening at a low level. The small yellow, orange and red lights often seen among the embers are actually combustion. There just is not enough combustion happening at one time to create a flame. Once the embers are completely 'burned through', they are not carbon as is commonly believed (carbon burns, and is not normally left behind), but rather various other oxidized minerals like calcium and phosphorus. At that point they are normally called ashes. See: Wood ash for more on the residue that is left.
Embers play a large role in forest fires. Since embers are typically burnt leaves and thus small and lightweight, they can easily become airborne. During a large fire, with the right wind conditions, embers can be blown far ahead of the fire front, starting spot fires several kilometres away. A number of practical measures can be undertaken by homeowners to reduce the consequences of such an "ember attack" that bombards especially wooden structures and starts property fires.[1]
See also[edit]
Spark, an airborne ember
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Protect Your Property - Make your property safe from bushfire". Australian Country Fire Authority. Archived from the original on 2008-07-22. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
External links[edit]
Look up ember in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Embers.
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text:
Taurus Mountains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Taurus Mountains on the moon, see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring, New York, see Bull Hill.
Taurus Mountains
Toros Dağları
Demirkazık in Niğde Province
Highest point
Peak
3,756 m
Elevation
3,756 metres (12,323 ft)
Geography
Country
Turkey
Range coordinates
37°N 33°E / 37°N 33°E / 37; 33Coordinates: 37°N 33°E / 37°N 33°E / 37; 33
The Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları, Ancient Greek: Ὄρη Ταύρου) are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, dividing the Mediterranean coastal region of southern Turkey from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the east. It is a part of the Alpide belt in Eurasia.
The Taurus mountains are divided into three chains from west to east as follows;
Western Taurus (Batı Toroslar)
Akdağlar, the Bey Mountains, Katrancık Mountain, Geyik Mountain
Central Taurus (Orta Toroslar)
Akçalı Mountains, Bolkar Mountains, Anti-Taurus Mountains, Tahtalı Mountains, Aladaglar Mountain
Southeastern Taurus (Güneydoğu Toroslar)
Nurhak Mountains, Malatya Mountains, Maden Mountains, Genç Mountains, Bitlis Mountains
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Pre-history to early Roman period
1.2 Late Roman period to present
2 Geography
3 Attractions
4 Western Taurus
5 Central Taurus
6 Southeastern Taurus
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Amanus Mts. near the Gulf of Issus and Antioch
Pre-history to early Roman period[edit]
The bull was commonly the symbol and depiction of ancient Near Eastern storm gods, hence Taurus the bull, and hence the name of the mountains. The mountains are a place of many ancient storm-god temples.[1] Torrential thunderstorms in these mountains were deemed by the ancient Syrians to be the work of the storm-god Adad to make the Tigris and Euphrates rivers rise and flood and thereby fertilise their land.[2] The Hurrians, probably originators of the various storm-gods of the ancient Near East, were a people whom modern scholars place in the Taurus Mountains at their probable earliest origins.
A Bronze Age archaeological site, where early evidence of tin mining was found, is at Kestel.[3] The pass known in antiquity as the Cilician Gates crosses the range north of Tarsus.
The Amanus range in southern Turkey is where the Taurus Mountains are pushed up as three tectonic plates come together. The Amanus is a natural frontier: west is Cilicia, east is Syria. There are several passes, like the Amanian Gate (Bahçe Pass), which are of great strategical importance. In 333 BCE at the Battle of Issus, Alexander the Great defeated Darius III Codomannus on the foothills along the coast between these two passes.[4] In the Second Temple period, Jewish authors seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the Promised Land, began to construe Mount Hor as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain.[5]
Late Roman period to present[edit]
During World War I, the German and Turkish railway system through the Taurus Mountains proved to be a major strategic objective of the Allies. This region was specifically mentioned as a strategically controlled objective slated for surrender to the Allies in the Armistice, which ended hostilities against the Ottoman Empire.[6]
Geography[edit]
In the Aladaglar and Bolkar mountains, limestone has eroded to form karstic landscapes of waterfalls, underground rivers, and some of the largest caves of Asia. The Manavgat River originates on the southern slopes of the Beydaglari range.[7]
Attractions[edit]
In addition to hiking and mountain climbing,[8] there are two ski resorts on the mountain range, one at Davras about 25 km (16 mi) from the two nearest towns of Egirdir and Isparta, the second is Saklıkent 40 km (25 mi) from the city of Antalya.
The Varda Viaduct, situated on the railway lines Konya-Adana at Hacıkırı village in Adana Province, is a 98-metre-high (322 ft) railway bridge constructed in the 1910s by Germans.
Western Taurus[edit]
West Taurus and Taurus Mountains form an arc around the Gulf of Antalya. The East Taşeli Plateau and Goksu River divide it from the Central Taurus Mountains. It has many peaks rising above 3,000–3,700 m (9,800–12,100 ft). The complex is divided into four ranges:[8]
Beydaglari mountain range, western, highest peak Mt. Kizlarsivrisi 3,086 m (10,125 ft)
Aladaglar mountain range, central, highest peak Mt. Demirkazik 3,756 m (12,323 ft)
Bolkar mountain range, southeastern, highest peak Mt. Medetsiz 3,524 m (11,562 ft)
Munzur mountain range, northeastern, highest peak Mt. Akbaba 3,462 m (11,358 ft)
Mercan mountain range, within the Munzur
The highest point in the central Tauruses is the summit of Mt. Demirkazık (3,756m).[8]
Relief of the Western Taurus Mountains
Termessos is an ancient city in the western Taurus
Antalya with the sunset and mountains in the west
Alanya, and the surrounding mountains
Central Taurus[edit]
Central Taurus are roughly defined to be the north of Mersin and north west of Adana
Aladağlar
Tahtalı Mountains
Gülek, Mersin Province
Railway gate, Adana Province
Near Mersin
Lake (Karagöl) near the summit
Southeastern Taurus[edit]
The Southeastern Taurus mountains form the northern boundary of the Southeastern Anatolia Region and North Mesopotamia. They are also the source of the Euphrates River and Tigris River.
Malatya's Castle district and the Southeastern Taurus
Karakaya Dam.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ravinell, Alberto and Green, Whitney The Storm-god in the Ancient Near East, p.126. ISBN 1-57506-069-8
Jump up ^ Saggs, H.W.F. The greatness that was Babylon: a survey of the ancient civilization of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, Sidgwick & Jackson, 2nd Revised edition, 1988, p.380. ISBN 0283996234
Jump up ^ Yener, K.A. (2000) The Domestication of Metals: The Rise of Complex Metal Industries in Anatolia Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11864-0 p. 91
Jump up ^ "Amanus Mountains". Livius - Places. Livius.org - Jona Lendering. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Bechard, Dean Philip (1 January 2000). Paul Outside the Walls: A Study of Luke's Socio-geographical Universalism in Acts 14:8-20. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 203–205. ISBN 978-88-7653-143-9. In the Second Temple period, when Jewish authors were seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the Land, it became customary to construe “Mount Hor” of Num 34:7 as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain (Bechard 2000, p. 205, note 98.)
Jump up ^ Price, Ward (16 December 1918) "Danger in Taurus Tunnels" New York Times
Jump up ^ "Manavgat River Water as a Limited but Alternative Water Resource for Domestic Use in Middle East" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-02-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mountaineering in Turkey" All About Turkey
External links[edit]
[1] map of Eurasia showing Taurus Mountain ranges
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taurus Mountains.
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Regions of Italy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Apulia
Basilicata
Calabria
Sicily
Molise
Campania
Abruzzo
Lazio
Umbria
Marche
Tuscany
Sardinia
Emilia-Romagna
Liguria
Piedmont
Friuli
Venezia Giulia
Aosta
Valley
South Tyrol
Trentino
Veneto
Lombardy
Adriatic Sea
Ionian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea
Ligurian Sea
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni) are the first-level administrative divisions of Italy, constituting its second NUTS administrative level.[1] There are 20 regions, of which five are constitutionally given a broader amount of autonomy granted by special statutes.
Each region, except for the Aosta Valley, is divided into provinces. Regions are autonomous entities with powers defined in the Constitution.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Regional control
2 Regions
3 Macroregions
4 Status
4.1 Regions with ordinary statute
4.2 Autonomous regions with special statute
5 Institutions
6 Representation in the Senate
7 Economy of regions and macroregions
8 See also
8.1 Other administrative divisions
9 References
10 External links
10.1 Italian
History[edit]
As the administrative districts of the central state during the Kingdom of Italy, regions were granted a measure of political autonomy by the 1948 Constitution of the Italian Republic. The original draft list comprised the Salento region (which was eventually included in the Apulia). Friuli and Venezia Giulia were separate regions, and Basilicata was named Lucania. Abruzzo and Molise were identified as separate regions in the first draft. They were later merged into Abruzzo e Molise in the final constitution of 1948. They were separated in 1963.
Implementation of regional autonomy was postponed until the first Regional Elections of 1970. The ruling Christian Democracy party did not want the opposition Italian Communist Party to gain power in the regions, where it was historically rooted (the red belt of Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria and the Marches).
Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a constitutional reform in 2001 (brought about by a centre-left government and confirmed by popular referendum), which granted them residual policy competence. A further federalist reform was proposed by the regionalist party Lega Nord and in 2005, the centre-right government led by Silvio Berlusconi proposed a new reform that would have greatly increased the power of regions.[2]
In June 2006 the proposals, which had been particularly associated with Lega Nord, and seen by some as leading the way to a federal state, were rejected in a referendum by 61.7% to 38.3%.[2] The results varied considerably among the regions, ranging from 55.3% in favor in Veneto to 82% against in Calabria.[2]
Regional control[edit]
Number of regions controlled by each coalition since 1995:
Center-left
Center-right
Others
Regions[edit]
Flag
Region
Italian name
Status
Population[3]
January 2016
Area
Pop. density
Capital city
President
Number of comuni[4]
Metropolitan cities
Number
%
km2
%
Abruzzo
Abruzzo Ordinary 1,326,513 2.19% 10,832 3.59% 122 L'Aquila Luciano D'Alfonso
Democratic Party 305 -
Aosta Valley
Valle d'Aosta Autonomous 127,329 0.21% 3,261 1.08% 39 Aosta Laurent Viérin
Progressive Valdostan Union 74 -
Apulia
Puglia Ordinary 4,077,166 6.72% 19,541 6.47% 209 Bari Michele Emiliano
Democratic Party 258 Bari
Basilicata
Basilicata Ordinary 573,694 0.95% 10,073 3.33% 57 Potenza Marcello Pittella
Democratic Party 131 -
Calabria
Calabria Ordinary 1,970,521 3.25% 15,222 5.04% 129 Catanzaro Mario Oliverio
Democratic Party 405 Reggio Calabria
Campania
Campania Ordinary 5,850,850 9.64% 13,671 4.53% 428 Naples Vincenzo De Luca
Democratic Party 550 Naples
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna Ordinary 4,448,146 7.33% 22,453 7.43% 198 Bologna Stefano Bonaccini
Democratic Party 333 Bologna
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia Autonomous 1,221,218 2.01% 7,862 2.60% 155 Trieste Debora Serracchiani
Democratic Party 216 -
Lazio
Lazio Ordinary 5,888,472 9.70% 17,232 5.70% 342 Rome Nicola Zingaretti
Democratic Party 378 Rome
Liguria
Liguria Ordinary 1,571,053 2.59% 5,416 1.79% 290 Genoa Giovanni Toti
Forza Italia 235 Genoa
Lombardy
Lombardia Ordinary 10,008,349 16.50% 23,864 7.90% 419 Milan Roberto Maroni
Lega Nord 1,523 Milan
Marches
Marche Ordinary 1,543,752 2.54% 9,401 3.11% 164 Ancona Luca Ceriscioli
Democratic Party 229 -
Molise
Molise Ordinary 312,027 0.51% 4,461 1.48% 70 Campobasso Paolo Di Laura Frattura
Democratic Party 136 -
Piedmont
Piemonte Ordinary 4,404,246 7.26% 25,387 8.40% 173 Turin Sergio Chiamparino
Democratic Party 1,202 Turin
Sardinia
Sardegna Autonomous 1,658,138 2.73% 24,100 7.98% 69 Cagliari Francesco Pigliaru
Democratic Party 377 Cagliari
Sicily
Sicilia Autonomous 5,074,261 11.36% 25,832 8.55% 196 Palermo Rosario Crocetta
Democratic Party 390 Catania
Messina
Palermo
Trentino-South Tyrol
Trentino-Alto Adige Autonomous 1,059,114 1.75% 13,606 4.50% 78 Trento Arno Kompatscher
South Tyrolean People's Party 293 -
Tuscany
Toscana Ordinary 3,744,398 6.17% 22,987 7.61% 163 Florence Enrico Rossi
Article 1 – Democratic and Progressive Movement 276 Florence
Umbria
Umbria Ordinary 891,181 1.47% 8,464 2.80% 105 Perugia Catiuscia Marini
Democratic Party 92 -
Veneto
Veneto Ordinary 4,915,123 8.10% 18,407 6.09% 267 Venice Luca Zaia
Lega Nord 575 Venice
ITALY 60,665,551 100% 302,073 100% 201 Rome Sergio Mattarella
Independent 7,978 14
Macroregions[edit]
Macroregions are the first-level NUTS of the European Union.(it)
Map
Macroregion
Italian name
Regions
Major city
Population
January 2016
Area (km2)
Pop. density
Number
%
km2
%
North-West
Nord-Ovest Aosta Valley
Liguria
Lombardy
Piedmont Milan 16,110,977 26.56% 57,928 19.18% 278
North-East
Nord-Est Emilia-Romagna
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Trentino-South Tyrol
Veneto Bologna 11,643,601 19.19% 62,328 20.63% 187
Centre
Centro Lazio
Marches
Tuscany
Umbria Rome 12,067,803 19.89% 58,084 19.23% 208
South
Sud Abruzzo
Apulia
Basilicata
Calabria
Campania
Molise Naples 14,110,771 23.26% 73,800 24.43% 191
Islands
Isole or Insulare (adj) Sardinia
Sicily Palermo 6,732,399 11.10% 49,932 16.53% 135
Status[edit]
Every region has a statute that serves as a regional constitution, determining the form of government and the fundamental principles of the organization and the functioning of the region, as prescribed by the Constitution of Italy (Article 123). Although all the regions except Toscana define themselves in various ways as an "autonomous Region" in the first article of their Statutes,[5] fifteen regions have ordinary statutes and five have special statutes, granting them extended autonomy.
Regions with ordinary statute[edit]
These regions, whose statutes are approved by their regional councils, were created in 1970, even though the Italian Constitution dates back to 1948. Since the constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers. The regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law (Article 117).[6] Yet their financial autonomy is quite modest: they just keep 20% of all levied taxes, mostly used to finance the region-based healthcare system.[7]
Autonomous regions with special statute[edit]
Autonomous regions
Article 116 of the Italian Constitution grants to five regions (namely Sardinia, Sicily, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Aosta Valley and Friuli-Venezia Giulia) home rule, acknowledging their powers in relation to legislation, administration and finance. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences and protect linguistic minorities. Moreover, the government wanted to prevent their secession from Italy after the Second World War.[8]
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol constitutes a special case. The region is nearly powerless, and the powers granted by the region's statute are mostly exercised by the two autonomous provinces within the region, Trentino and South Tyrol. In this case, the regional institution plays a coordinating role.[citation needed]
Institutions[edit]
Each region has an elected parliament, called Consiglio Regionale (regional council), or Assemblea Regionale (regional assembly) in Sicily, and a government called Giunta Regionale (regional committee), headed by a governor called Presidente della Giunta Regionale (president of the regional committee) or Presidente della Regione (regional president). The latter is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, where he is chosen by the regional council.
Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives an absolute majority of seats on the council. The president chairs the giunta, and nominates or dismisses its members, called assessori. If the directly elected president resigns, new elections are called immediately.
In Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, the regional council is made up of the joint session of the two provincial councils of Trentino and of South Tyrol, and the regional governor is one of the two provincial commissioners.
Representation in the Senate[edit]
Number of senators currently assigned to each Region.
Article 57 of the Constitution of Italy establishes that the Senate of the Italian Republic is elected on a regional basis (excluding 6 senators elected by Italians residing abroad and a small number of senator for life) by Italian citizens aged 25 or older.
The 309 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. However, Article 57 of the Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than seven senators representing it, except for the Aosta Valley (which has one) and Molise (which has two).
Region
Seats[9]
Region
Seats
Region
Seats
Abruzzo 7 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 7 Sardinia 8
Aosta Valley 1 Lazio 28 Sicily 25
Apulia 20 Liguria 8 Trentino-South Tyrol 7
Basilicata 7 Lombardy 49 Tuscany 18
Calabria 10 Marches 8 Umbria 7
Campania 29 Molise 2 Veneto 24
Emilia-Romagna 22 Piedmont 22 Overseas constituencies 6
Economy of regions and macroregions[edit]
Flag
Name
GDP 2011 million, EUR[10]
GDP 2011 per capita 2011, EUR[10]
GDP 2011 million PPS, EUR[10]
GDP 2011 per capita 2011 PPS, EUR[10]
Abruzzo 30,073 22,400 29,438 21,900
Aosta Valley 4,328 33,700 4,236 33,000
Apulia 69,974 17,100 68,496 16,700
Basilicata 10,744 18,300 10,517 17,900
Calabria 33,055 16,400 32,357 16,100
Campania 93,635 16,000 91,658 15,700
Emilia-Romagna 142,609 32,100 139,597 31,400
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 36,628 29,600 35,855 29,000
Lazio 172,246 29,900 168,609 29,300
Liguria 43,998 27,200 43,069 26,700
Lombardy 337,161 33,900 330,042 33,200
Marches 40,877 26,100 40,014 25,500
Molise 6,414 20,100 6,278 19,700
Piedmont 125,997 28,200 123,336 27,600
Sardinia 33,075 19,700 32,377 19,300
Sicily 83,956 16,600 82,183 16,300
Trentino-Alto Adige 35,797 34,450 35,041 33,700
Tuscany 106,013 28,200 103,775 27,600
Umbria 21,533 23,700 21,078 23,200
Veneto 149,527 30,200 146,369 29,600
Code
Name
GDP 2011 million, EUR[10]
GDP 2011 per capita 2011, EUR[10]
GDP 2011 million PPS, EUR[10]
GDP 2011 per capita 2011 PPS, EUR[10]
ITE Centre 340,669 28,400 333,475 27,800
ITD North-East 364,560 31,200 356,862 30,600
ITC North-West 511,484 31,700 500,683 31,000
ITG Islands 117,031 17,400 114,560 17,000
ITF South 243,895 17,200 238,744 16,800
- Extra-regio 2,771 - 2,712 -
The extra-regio territory is made up of parts of the economic territory of a country which cannot be assigned to a single region. It consists of the national air-space, territorial waters and the continental shelf lying in international waters over which the country enjoys exclusive rights, territorial exclaves, deposits of oil, natural gas etc. worked by resident units. Until 2011, the gross value added (GVA) produced in the extra-regio was allocated pro-rata to the inhabited regions of the country concerned. The order of magnitude of the extra-regio GVA depends in particular on the resource endowment in terms of natural gas and oil. In 2011, Member States and the European Commission agreed to give countries the possibility to calculate regional GDP also for the extra-regio. The resulting GDP is available only in absolute values, because the extra-regio territory by definition does not have a resident population.
See also[edit]
Italian NUTS level 1 regions
Regional Council (Italy)
Presidents of Regions of Italy
Flags of regions of Italy
ISO 3166-2:IT
Other administrative divisions[edit]
Provinces of Italy
Municipalities of Italy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "National structures". Eurostat. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Speciale Referendum 2006". la Repubblica. 26 June 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Population Italian Regions". tuttitalia.it.
Jump up ^ "Italian Comuni". tuttitalia.it.
Jump up ^ Statuti Regionali - Edizioni Simone
Jump up ^ The Constitution of the Italian Republic
Jump up ^ Report RAI - Le regioni a statuto speciale (Italian), retrieved 21st Jan 2009 [1], [2] Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hiroko Kudo, “Autonomy and Managerial Innovation in Italian Regions after Constitutional Reform”, Chuo University, Faculty of Law and Graduate School of Public Policy (2008): p. 1. Retrieved on April 6, 2012 from http://www.med-eu.org/proceedings/MED1/Kudo.pdf.
Jump up ^ http://www.senato.it/leg/17/BGT/Schede/Attsen/Regioni/01.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h GDP per capita in the EU in 2011
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Regions of Italy.
CityMayors article
Italian[edit]
Regional Governments of Italy on Italia.gov.it
Regional Governments of Italy on Governo.it
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Tony Stonem
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Tony Stonem
Skins character
Nicholas Hoult as Tony Stonem
First appearance
"Tony" (episode 1.01)
Last appearance
"Final Goodbyes" (episode 2.10)
Created by
Bryan Elsley and Jamie Brittain
Portrayed by
Nicholas Hoult
Seasons
1-2
Centric episode(s)
"Tony" (episode 1.01)
"Tony and Maxxie" (episode 2.01)
"Tony" (episode 2.06)
Information
Nickname(s)
Tone
Occupation
Student
Family
Jim Stonem (father)
Anthea Stonem (mother)
Effy Stonem (sister)
David Stonem (grandfather, deceased)
Significant other(s)
Michelle Richardson (girlfriend)
Abigail Stock (ex-girlfriend)
Maxxie Oliver (sexual encounter)
Nationality
British
Anthony "Tony" Stonem is a fictional character from the British television series Skins. He is the antagonist of the first series and the protagonist of the second series. Portrayed by Nicholas Hoult, the character was created by Bryan Elsley; Tony was the series' central character in its first and second series, from 2007–2008. In the first series finale, he is hit by a bus, leading to a trauma-related subplot in the second series. the character is considered an antihero, and in some respects his actions are very antagonistic due to his antisocial tendencies. However, this changes in the second series after he becomes a victim of a subdural hematoma and, as a result, becomes more vulnerable. Hoult, along with the other starring actors of the first two series, departed the show after its second season. The character was subsequently alluded to in episodes of the third and fourth series, which centred on Tony's sister Effy, played by Kaya Scodelario. In the 2011 North American adaptation of the show, Tony is played by actor James Newman, and the character's surname is changed to Schneider.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characterization
2 Character history
2.1 Series 1
2.2 The Lost Weeks
2.3 Series 2
2.4 Post-Series 2
3 Analysis
4 References
5 External links
Characterization[edit]
Hoult with Kaya Scodelario at the Skins Party in 2007.
Tony appears to be a very handsome, popular and academically gifted young man, with a typical English middle-class background. He plays cruel games with his family and friends, in particular those closest to him, his girlfriend Michelle (April Pearson) and best friend Sid (Mike Bailey). In "Sid", he displays his love for "control and manipulation" and fondness for the unpredictability of the universe, comparing the lives of those around to him to the functions of subatomic particles. In the Unseen Skins episode "The Cat & The Duck", Michelle characterises Tony as like ice, "cold and transparent."[1]
Tony's sexual encounters are supposedly vast. In "Michelle", Jal Fazer (Larissa Wilson) is able to recall a long list of his conquests. Michelle later puts to Abigail Stock (Georgina Moffat) that he "fucks everyone... including boys." In "Maxxie & Anwar", Tony attempts an oral tryst with his gay friend Maxxie (Mitch Hewer). Tony does not specify a sexual orientation but he says to Maxxie that he simply wants "to try something new". In a psychology lesson, he equates sex with power and his lust for both is portrayed in his presentation. An aspect of his subconscious (portrayed as a college headmaster) refers to him as "polysexual", in series two's "Tony" episode. Bryan Elsley characterizes Tony's attempt to seduce Maxxie as an exploration of the character's sexual fluidity; in season one of the American adaptation, Maxxie's character is replaced by the character Tea (Sofia Black D'Elia), and her sexual fluidity is substituted for Tony's.[2] In the British series, Tony fits the older television and film archetype of the "narcissistic, controlling, and stereotypically sociopathic 'bad bisexual'".[3]
Tony's reading habits give insight into his personality. In "Tony", the book he reads in the bathroom is La Nausée by Jean-Paul Sartre, a novel about existentialism and defining oneself. In "Sid", he is shown reading Friedrich Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra, a book which challenges existing moral values. In "Maxxie and Anwar" he reads Jeanette Winterson's Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, a book about a young girl struggling with her homosexuality. In the "Tony" episode of series 2, he is seen reading Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, while sitting on the train.
Character history[edit]
Series 1[edit]
In the episode "Tony", he attempts to help his best friend Sid to lose his virginity before turning 17 for fear of being associated with a perceived loser. After momentarily suggesting Sid may lose it to Michelle, he later reveals he was referring to Cassie (Hannah Murray). He orders Sid to acquire some weed from local drug dealer Madison Twatter, and eventually ends up driving a stolen car with his friends into the harbour where the drugs are lost.
Tony also begins a flirtatious relationship with local rich girl Abigail, which develops in "Jal" when he is spotted kissing her by Jal, and later in "Sid" where he uses her to break up with Michelle, claiming that he is doing it for Sid, to give him an opportunity to pursue his crush, only to get back with her in an attempt to emotionally damage Sid and Michelle. In "Maxxie and Anwar", on a school trip to Russia he aggressively and persistently tries to perform oral sex on his gay friend Maxxie, only to find he is bad at it. Michelle witnesses this and is shocked, and believing he could be in the closet, probes him to reveal any secrets he may be carrying.
In "Michelle", the episode starts with Michelle watching him as he continues to behave flirtatiously around Maxxie. Enraged, Michelle walks over to, punches and subsequently dumps him after he fails to tell her about his encounter with Maxxie, and she learns of various other affairs. He is subsequently punched by Sid and later slapped by another a girl in psychology lesson as punishment for the incident. After Michelle starts a relationship with Abigail's brother, Josh, Tony then schemes to get her back. He takes sexual pictures of Abigail, and then transmits them to Josh's phone, from where he sends them to Michelle in order to make her think he's as crazy as his sister. Tony attempts a reconciliation, but she still turns him down.
In "Effy", Tony comes to terms with the destructive nature of his machinations when faced with a chase to find his sister, Effy Stonem and is given a terrible proposition: he must have sex with his unconscious sister if he wants her back from her captors. This scares him to tears, enough for Josh to tell him his lesson has been learned and let him go. His friendship with Sid is reaffirmed as Sid is the only one there for him in his crisis.
Later, in the series finale, Tony repays his debt to Sid by removing him from a mental institution and taking Sid to find Cassie. After leaving Sid at Anwar (Dev Patel)'s party, he tries to call Michelle, but loses her signal, resorting to standing in the middle of the road to get the signal back. He confesses to Michelle that he really does love her but is cut short when he is run over by a bus. Michelle is left staring at her phone as, elsewhere, Effy holds his bleeding body in shock, and the episode ends with Tony's status unclear.
The Lost Weeks[edit]
It is revealed in Sid's "Lost Weeks" video that Tony has been left in a coma following the accident. This is followed by Tony's video, in which he awakes from his coma while listening to a tape of the gang telling rude and shocking stories to try to shock him into consciousness.
Series 2[edit]
In "Tony and Maxxie", the first episode of Series 2, Tony is shown to be physically and mentally changed by his accident, after suffering from a subdural hematoma. He has shown to have lost most of his characteristic wit and confidence that was present in series 1. In a conversation with Maxxie's mum he states that "I'm stupid now" and on a bus he holds Maxxie's hand for security after a bus drives past. Having lost the ability to write among other disabilities, he finally manages to scribble his name by "dancing" his way through, with guidance from Maxxie. In "Sketch", Tony starts to show visible signs of his previous affection for Michelle, but the consequences of his accident keep the relationship from working. Their brief sexual encounter reveals to Tony and the audience he has been rendered impotent as a result of the accident. Later on – he actively searches for her after the School Play when Michelle does not appear as a result of Sketch (Aimee-Ffion Edwards) having poisoned her. He tells Michelle that he thinks he told her that he loved her the night of his accident, however the conclusion is left on a slightly ambiguous note on whether or not he was guessing.
In "Sid", Tony is seen to have improved more, however his language tends to get jumbled. At the end of the episode he successfully learns how to hold a cigarette. He helps Sid come to terms with his father's death, even by shutting his eyelids. The pair embark on an emotional embrace in a club which symbolizes their shattered friendship and the pain the two are both suffering. In "Michelle", Michelle perseveres with Tony and attempts to seduce him despite the protests of Mrs. Stonem, Tony's mother. However Michelle's attempts fail with Tony still showing visible sexual difficulty, Michelle gets upset that Tony is still not 'better for her' – and leaves, stressing that she needs more time. Tony decides not to accompany the rest of the group on Michelle's birthday holiday but still gets her a present. After Michelle has had sex with Sid on the beach she finds that the birthday present is her watch that he was wearing at the time of his accident, with a note from Tony reading 'You said you needed some time'. In "Chris", Tony has started learning to swim again. He is seen in the pool with his father with a beginner's swimming group. He speaks to Chris (Joe Dempsie) afterwards proclaiming that he will 'Get everything back again' and that's including Michelle. He shows visible disgust and anger when finding out Sid and Michelle have become a couple.
In "Tony", Tony is shown attempting to return to his own lifestyle, which translates into going to clubs and taking drugs. After Cassie gives Tony an ecstasy pill, Tony confronts Sid and Michelle (who are now in a full-blown sexual relationship) expressing his sarcasm at how happy he is for them. Straight after this – he begins to react badly from the drugs and has a panic attack in the toilets. A mysterious girl approaches him and reveals details about Tony's life despite her being a stranger. On the train ride up to a university open day – Tony is approached by a man who has visible horrific burns. The man tells Tony the story of how he came to be disfigured. Later on Tony attends an open day at University where he is in group interview with the same (now unscathed) man he met on the train. The mysterious girl is also at the meeting and verbally attacks the head of the university. After being ejected from the interview, Tony and the girl embark on many misdemeanors throughout the course of the day. It slowly becomes apparent to the viewer that the girl may be a figment of Tony's imagination – for example when the girl encourages (and successfully teaches) Tony how to swim, he is found alone in the pool. However, when interrogated about why he was in the pool, and Tony tries to explain about the girl, he is instructed to "not go with her." Later on Tony meets two promiscuous flatmates with the girl, who gave the girl a tattoo. Later on Tony and the girl consummate, and Tony regains his sexual libido. At the end of the episode, Tony is shown to have regained the majority of his intelligence and confidence. He then goes to tell Sid and Michelle that he loves them both and announces his disapproval of their sexual relationship. In its closing scenes, the tattoo that the girl had marked on her back is seen on Tony's, the implication being that the girl had been a creation of Tony's subconscious, ergo the manifestation of his animus or inner nature.
As the series progresses, Tony eventually manages to reconcile with Michelle and resumes his relationship with her. In the final episode, "Everyone", Tony receives grades better than all his friends in A-Levels; 3 As and a B. He also helps Sid steal Chris' coffin and later return it. Tony intends to go Cardiff University, while Michelle intends to go to University of York. Tony also sees Sid, who is leaving to find Cassie in New York. As Sid leaves, Tony is unable to hold back his tears. At the end of the episode, Tony and Michelle discuss their relationship and whether or not they will continue their relationship in university or say goodbye forever remains ambiguous to the audience. Nonetheless, they part on good terms.
Post-Series 2[edit]
At the beginning of Series 3, Effy has moved into Tony's room and has given his signature duvet to Oxfam. Katie also mentions Tony and his popularity in one of her first conversations with Effy saying "Didn't you have a brother who was really cool and went mental, my friends fancied him". In Effy's episode, she is on the phone trying to get an ambulance to the woods, and it is speculated that it was Tony she was talking to. In Effy's video diary (which takes place after the events of her episode), Effy pleads with Tony for help, also asking him not to shout at her again. She also pleads with him not to "do anything" to Cook, suggesting Tony has made threats.
In Series 4, Tony's picture is one of the photos present on Effy's wall, shown to be connected to Freddie's picture along with the other members of Effy's family. In "Effy", where Effy is receiving treatment in a psychiatric hospital, the incident where Tony was run over is shown to have profoundly damaged her.
One of the Skins writers suggested that prior to Skins: Fire, Effy had moved to London to live with Tony, and they lived together for a while before Tony left with Michelle to which Effy ended up flatting with Naomi.
Analysis[edit]
Writer Russell T Davies opines that Tony belongs to the same character archetype as his earlier Stuart Alan Jones, on Queer as Folk in being an unlikable character with whom audiences fail to connect, "because there's barely any recognition. Tony isn't believable." Unlike Davies' character, Tony's narrative thrust is one towards being brought down, to suffer, and to show the audience that Tony's behaviour is wrong; to do this, "They had to mow him down in the finale to make us care!"[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Cat & The Duck". Unseen Skins.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Heather (18 February 2011). ""Skins" boss Bryan Elsley talks Tea, Tony and Naomily". AfterEllen.com. Logo Online. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Natalie (2009). "From Minority to Mainstream: Channel 4's Queer Television". Journal of e-Media Studies. 2 (1).
Jump up ^ Russell T Davies and Benjamin Cook. The Writer's Tale: The Final Chapter. London: BBC Books, 2010, p. 128.
External links[edit]
Tony Stonem on the official E4 Skins site
Tony Sternem on Myspace
[hide]
v
t
e
Skins
Episodes
Series 1
"Tony"
"Cassie"
"Jal"
"Chris"
"Sid"
"Maxxie and Anwar"
"Michelle"
"Effy"
"Everyone"
Series 2
"Tony"
Series 3
"Pandora"
"Naomi"
"JJ"
"Katie and Emily"
Series 4
"Emily"
"Everyone"
Series 5
"Franky"
"Rich"
"Mini"
"Liv"
"Nick"
"Alo"
"Grace"
"Everyone"
Series 6
"Everyone"
"Rich"
"Franky"
"Mini"
"Nick"
"Alo"
"Liv"
"Mini and Franky"
"Finale"
Skins Redux
Skins Fire
Skins Pure
Skins Rise
Characters
First generation
Tony Stonem
Michelle Richardson
Sid Jenkins
Cassie Ainsworth
Chris Miles
Jal Fazer
Maxxie Oliver
Anwar Kharral
Lucy "Sketch"
Second generation
Effy Stonem
Pandora Moon
Thomas Tomone
James Cook
Freddie McClair
JJ Jones
Naomi Campbell
Katie Fitch
Emily Fitch
Third generation
Franky Fitzgerald
Alo Creevey
Rich Hardbeck
Mini McGuinness
Liv Malone
Grace Blood
Nick Levan
Matty Levan
Alex Henley
See also
Recurring characters
North American version
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Stonem&oldid=828075239"
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