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List of current Indian chief ministers
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Indian states according to party of their chief minister
Bharatiya Janata Party
Indian National Congress
Other parties
In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty-nine states and two union territories (Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level, the governor is de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he has the assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.[1]
Of the thirty-one incumbents, three are women—Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal, Mehbooba Mufti in Jammu and Kashmir, and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan. Serving since December 1994 (for 23 years, 136 days), Sikkim's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency. Amarinder Singh (b. 1942) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister while Arunachal Pradesh's Pema Khandu (b. 1979) is the youngest.[2] Fifteen incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party and four to the Indian National Congress; no other party has more than one chief minister in office.
Current Indian chief ministers[edit]
Colour key for parties
Aam Aadmi Party
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
All India Trinamool Congress
Bharatiya Janata Party
Biju Janata Dal
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Indian National Congress
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
Janata Dal (United)
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
National People's Party
Sikkim Democratic Front
Telangana Rashtra Samithi
Telugu Desam Party
|}
State
(past chief ministers)
Name[3]
Portrait
Took office
(tenure length)
Party[a]
Ref
Andhra Pradesh
(list) N. Chandrababu Naidu 000000002014-06-08-00008 June 2014
(7003141900000000000♠3 years, 323 days) Telugu Desam Party [4]
Arunachal Pradesh
(list) Haider zaidi 000000002016-07-17-000017 July 2016
(7002649000000000000♠1 year, 284 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [5][6]
Assam
(list) Sarbananda Sonowal 000000002016-05-24-000024 May 2016
(7002703000000000000♠1 year, 338 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [7]
Bihar
(list) Nitish Kumar 000000002015-02-22-000022 February 2015
(7003116000000000000♠3 years, 64 days) Janata Dal (United) [8]
Chhattisgarh
(list) Raman Singh 000000002003-12-07-00007 December 2003
(7003525500000000000♠14 years, 141 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [9]
Delhi[b]
(list) Arvind Kejriwal 000000002015-02-14-000014 February 2015
(7003116800000000000♠3 years, 72 days) Aam Aadmi Party [10]
Goa
(list) Manohar Parrikar 000000002017-03-14-000014 March 2017
(7002409000000000000♠1 year, 44 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [11]
Gujarat
(list) Vijay Rupani 000000002016-08-07-00007 August 2016
(7002628000000000000♠1 year, 263 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [12]
Haryana
(list) Manohar Lal Khattar 000000002014-10-26-000026 October 2014
(7003127900000000000♠3 years, 183 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [13]
Himachal Pradesh
(list) Jai Ram Thakur 000000002017-12-27-000027 December 2017
(7002121000000000000♠121 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [14]
Jammu and Kashmir
(list) Mehbooba Mufti 000000002016-04-04-00004 April 2016
(7002753000000000000♠2 years, 23 days) Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party [15]
Jharkhand
(list) Raghubar Das 000000002014-12-28-000028 December 2014
(7003121600000000000♠3 years, 120 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [16]
Karnataka
(list) Siddaramaiah 000000002013-05-13-000013 May 2013
(7003181000000000000♠4 years, 349 days) Indian National Congress [17]
Kerala
(list) Pinarayi Vijayan 000000002016-05-25-000025 May 2016
(7002702000000000000♠1 year, 337 days) Communist Party of India (Marxist) [18]
Madhya Pradesh
(list) Shivraj Singh Chouhan 000000002005-11-29-000029 November 2005
(7003453200000000000♠12 years, 149 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [19]
Maharashtra
(list) Devendra Fadnavis 000000002014-10-31-000031 October 2014
(7003127400000000000♠3 years, 178 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [20]
Manipur
(list) N. Biren Singh 000000002017-03-15-000015 March 2017
(7002408000000000000♠1 year, 43 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [21]
Meghalaya
(list) Conrad Sangma 000000002018-03-06-00006 March 2018
(7001520000000000000♠52 days) National People's Party [22]
Mizoram
(list) Lal Thanhawla 000000002008-12-07-00007 December 2008
(7003342800000000000♠9 years, 141 days) Indian National Congress [23]
Nagaland
(list) Neiphiu Rio 000000002018-03-08-00008 March 2018
(7001500000000000000♠50 days) Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party [24]
Odisha
(list) Naveen Patnaik 000000002000-03-05-00005 March 2000
(7003662700000000000♠18 years, 53 days) Biju Janata Dal [25]
Puducherry[b]
(list) V. Narayanasamy 000000002016-06-06-00006 June 2016
(7002690000000000000♠1 year, 325 days) Indian National Congress [26]
Punjab
(list) Amarinder Singh 000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017
(7002407000000000000♠1 year, 42 days) Indian National Congress [27]
Rajasthan
(list) Vasundhara Raje 000000002013-12-13-000013 December 2013
(7003159600000000000♠4 years, 135 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [28]
Sikkim
(list) Pawan Kumar Chamling 000000001994-12-12-000012 December 1994
(7003853700000000000♠23 years, 136 days) Sikkim Democratic Front [29]
Tamil Nadu
(list) Edappadi K. Palaniswami 000000002017-02-16-000016 February 2017
(7002435000000000000♠1 year, 70 days) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam [30]
Telangana
(list) K. Chandrashekhar Rao 000000002014-06-02-00002 June 2014
(7003142500000000000♠3 years, 329 days) Telangana Rashtra Samithi [31]
Tripura
(list) Biplab Kumar Deb 000000002018-03-09-00009 March 2018
(49 Days) Bharatiya Janata Party [32]
Uttar Pradesh
(list) Yogi Adityanath 000000002017-03-19-000019 March 2017
(7002404000000000000♠1 year, 39 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [33]
Uttarakhand
(list) Trivendra Singh Rawat 000000002017-03-18-000018 March 2017
(7002405000000000000♠1 year, 40 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [34]
West Bengal
(list) Mamata Banerjee 000000002011-05-20-000020 May 2011
(7003253400000000000♠6 years, 342 days) All India Trinamool Congress [35]
Jump up ^ This column names only the chief minister's party. The ministry he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b Although Delhi and Puducherry each have an elected legislature and a council of ministers (headed by the chief minister), they are officially union territories.
See also[edit]
List of current Indian governors
List of current Indian chief justices
List of current Indian legislative speakers
List of current Indian opposition leaders
List of female Indian chief ministers
List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party
List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
Jump up ^ "Meet Pema Khandu: India’s youngest Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Chief Ministers. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM". The Hindu. 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh". The Hindu. 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh". The Hindu. 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sarbananda Sonowal sworn in as first BJP CM of Assam". The Hindu. 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Arun (27 July 2017). "Grand Alliance to NDA: Nitish Kumar changes partner, continues as Bihar CM". Hindustan Times. Patna. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar. "Raman Singh takes oath". The Hindu. 8 December 2003.
Jump up ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran, Shubhomoy Sikdar. "Kejriwal promises to make Delhi graft-free in 5 years". The Hindu. 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Nistula Hebbar, Prakash Kamat. "Parrikar takes oath in Goa as SC declines Cong. plea". The Hindu. 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Mahesh Langa. "Vijay Rupani sworn in; Gujarat Cabinet bears Shah’s stamp". The Hindu. 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Sarabjit Pandher. "Khattar sworn in". The Hindu. 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jai Ram Thakur sworn in as Himachal Chief Minister". Indian Express. 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mehbooba Mufti sworn in as J&K's first woman CM". The Hindu. 4 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Amarnath Tewary. "Raghuvar Das assumes office as CM". The Hindu. 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Siddaramaiah sworn in as Chief Minister of Karnataka". The Hindu. 13 May 2013.
Jump up ^ C. Gouridasan Nair. "Pinarayi takes charge as Kerala Chief Minister". The Hindu. 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shivraj Chauhan sworn in Chief Minister". The Hindu. 30 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Priyanka Kakodkar. "Uddhav attends Fadnavis swearing-in". The Hindu. 31 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Isha Gupta. "BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister". India Today. 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Shiv Sahay Singh. "Conrad Sangma sworn-in as Meghalaya CM". The Hindu. 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lal Thanhawla sworn in as Mizoram chief minister". The Times of India. 11 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar. "Neiphiu Rio takes charge as Nagaland Chief Minister again". The Hindu. 8 March 2018.
Jump up ^ N. Ramdas. "Naveen Govt. installed". The Hindu. 6 March 2000.
Jump up ^ "Puducherry: V Narayanasamy sworn in as Chief Minister". The Indian Express. 6 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Amarinder Singh sworn in as Punjab CM". The Hindu. 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vasundhara swearing-in, a show of strength". The Hindu. 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pawan Chamling to be longest serving Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan. "Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 February 2017.
Jump up ^ K. Srinivas Reddy. "KCR sworn in; heads cabinet of 11 ministers". The Hindu. 2 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar. "Biplab Kumar Deb sworn in as Tripura CM". The Hindu. 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yogi Adityanath takes oath as Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister". The Hindu. 19 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Kavita Upadhyay. "Trivendra Singh Rawat takes oath as Uttarakhand Chief Minister". The Hindu. 18 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mamata, 37 Ministers sworn in". The Hindu. 21 May 2011.
[hide]
v
t
e
Lists of chief ministers of Indian states (and current incumbents)
Andhra Pradesh
N. Chandrababu Naidu
Arunachal Pradesh
Pema Khandu
Assam
Sarbananda Sonowal
Bihar
Nitish Kumar
Chhattisgarh
Raman Singh
Delhi
Arvind Kejriwal
Goa
Manohar Parrikar
Gujarat
Vijay Rupani
Haryana
Manohar Lal Khattar
Himachal Pradesh
Jai Ram Thakur
Jammu and Kashmir
Mehbooba Mufti
Jharkhand
Raghubar Das
Karnataka
Siddaramaiah
Kerala
Pinarayi Vijayan
Madhya Pradesh
Shivraj Singh Chouhan
Maharashtra
Devendra Fadnavis
Manipur
N. Biren Singh
Meghalaya
Conrad Sangma
Mizoram
Lal Thanhawla
Nagaland
Neiphiu Rio
Odisha
Naveen Patnaik
Puducherry
V. Narayanasamy
Punjab
Amarinder Singh
Rajasthan
Vasundhara Raje
Sikkim
Pawan Kumar Chamling
Tamil Nadu
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Telangana
K. Chandrashekhar Rao
Tripura
Biplab Kumar Deb
Uttar Pradesh
Yogi Adityanath
Uttarakhand
Trivendra Singh Rawat
West Bengal
Mamata Banerjee
Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
From the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers&oldid=838550233"
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text:
Climate of North Dakota
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Jump to: navigation, search
Köppen climate classification types of North Dakota.
Western North Dakota lands along Interstate 94 in North Dakota. With an average 17 inches of precipitation a year, North Dakota is one of the driest states in the United States.[1]
North Dakota's climate is typical of a continental climate with cold winters and warm-hot summers. The state's location in the Upper Midwest allows it to experience some of the widest variety of weather in the United States, and each of the four seasons has its own distinct characteristics. The eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm to hot, somewhat humid summers and cold, windy winters, while the western half has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with less precipitation and less humidity but similar temperature profiles. The areas east of the Missouri River get slightly colder winters, while those west of the stream get higher summer daytime temperatures. In general, the diurnal temperature difference is prone to be more significant in the west due to higher elevation and less humidity.
Contents
[hide]
1 General climatology
1.1 Statistics for ThreadEx cities
2 Seasons
3 2017 Drought
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
General climatology[edit]
Flooding in North Dakota in March 2010.
Due to its location in the center of North America North Dakota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of a continental climate, with cold winters and mild to hot summers.[2] Each season has distinctive upper air patterns which bring different weather conditions with them. One feature of a continental climate is that weather patterns can be unpredictable. For example, an Alberta clipper, a low pressure system originating in the province of Alberta in Canada, would be a common winter occurrence in North Dakota. But with the general unpredictability of weather in a continental climate, such a storm system could occur in spring, or in late autumn. Hot weather, though usually confined to July and August, can sometimes begin as early as April or May, and could spill over into September or October.[3]
Being 1,000 miles (1,609 km) from any large body of water (with the exception of Lake Superior), temperatures and precipitation in North Dakota can vary widely. North Dakota is far enough north to experience −60 °F (−51 °C) temperatures and blizzards during the winter months, but far enough south to experience 121 °F (49 °C) temperatures and tornado outbreaks in the summer.[4] The 181 °F degree (100 °C) variation between North Dakota's highest and lowest temperature is the 3rd largest variation of any U.S. State, and the largest of any non-mountainous state.[5]
North Dakota is far from major sources of moisture and is in the transition zone between the moist East and the semi-arid West, as precipitation and humidity decrease from east to west. Annual average precipitation across the state ranges from around 14 in (35.6 cm) in the west to 22 in (55.9 cm) in the east.[6] Snow is the main form of precipitation from November through March, while rain is the most common the rest of the year. It has snowed in North Dakota during every month except July and August.
Statistics for ThreadEx cities[edit]
[show]Climate data for Bismarck Municipal Airport, North Dakota (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b])
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
63
(17) 73
(23) 81
(27) 93
(34) 102
(39) 111
(44) 114
(46) 109
(43) 105
(41) 95
(35) 79
(26) 66
(19) 114
(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
46.8
(8.2) 51.0
(10.6) 65.7
(18.7) 81.2
(27.3) 86.9
(30.5) 93.2
(34) 98.8
(37.1) 98.2
(36.8) 92.2
(33.4) 81.9
(27.7) 63.9
(17.7) 48.5
(9.2) 101.6
(38.7)
Average high °F (°C)
23.4
(−4.8) 28.3
(−2.1) 40.4
(4.7) 57.0
(13.9) 68.4
(20.2) 77.2
(25.1) 84.7
(29.3) 83.5
(28.6) 72.1
(22.3) 57.5
(14.2) 39.6
(4.2) 26.2
(−3.2) 54.86
(12.7)
Daily mean °F (°C)
12.8
(−10.7) 18.1
(−7.7) 29.9
(−1.2) 43.8
(6.6) 55.5
(13.1) 64.7
(18.2) 71.1
(21.7) 69.5
(20.8) 58.5
(14.7) 44.8
(7.1) 29.2
(−1.6) 16.2
(−8.8) 42.84
(6.02)
Average low °F (°C)
2.2
(−16.6) 7.9
(−13.4) 19.4
(−7) 30.7
(−0.7) 42.7
(5.9) 52.0
(11.1) 57.4
(14.1) 55.5
(13.1) 44.9
(7.2) 32.2
(0.1) 18.8
(−7.3) 6.1
(−14.4) 30.82
(−0.66)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−22.8
(−30.4) −19.3
(−28.5) −5.3
(−20.7) 13.7
(−10.2) 27.0
(−2.8) 38.8
(3.8) 45.6
(7.6) 41.6
(5.3) 28.6
(−1.9) 15.3
(−9.3) −1.7
(−18.7) −17.5
(−27.5) −29.4
(−34.1)
Record low °F (°C)
−45
(−43) −45
(−43) −36
(−38) −12
(−24) 13
(−11) 30
(−1) 32
(0) 32
(0) 10
(−12) −10
(−23) −30
(−34) −43
(−42) −45
(−43)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.43
(10.9) 0.51
(13) 0.87
(22.1) 1.26
(32) 2.40
(61) 3.17
(80.5) 2.89
(73.4) 2.28
(57.9) 1.59
(40.4) 1.25
(31.8) 0.71
(18) 0.49
(12.4) 17.85
(453.4)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
8.9
(22.6) 8.1
(20.6) 9.1
(23.1) 4.2
(10.7) 0.4
(1) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.2
(0.5) 2.2
(5.6) 8.8
(22.4) 9.3
(23.6) 51.2
(130)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
7.5 7.0 7.9 7.4 10.1 11.2 9.7 8.2 7.5 6.6 7.0 7.6 97.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
9.7 8.1 6.4 2.5 0.4 0 0 0 0.1 1.4 6.6 10.0 45.2
Average relative humidity (%)
71.3 72.4 69.9 61.8 60.1 65.0 61.8 60.6 63.7 63.8 72.0 74.5 66.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours
149.4 153.5 222.3 244.3 296.1 318.1 354.6 316.2 245.9 191.7 122.6 122.9 2,737.6
Percent possible sunshine
53 53 60 60 64 67 74 72 65 57 43 46 61
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990),[7][8][9] The Weather Channel[10]
[show]Climate data for Fargo, North Dakota (Hector Int'l), 1981–2010 normals,[c] extremes 1881–present[d]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
55
(13) 66
(19) 80
(27) 100
(38) 104
(40) 104
(40) 114
(46) 106
(41) 102
(39) 97
(36) 74
(23) 65
(18) 114
(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
39.6
(4.2) 43.1
(6.2) 57.0
(13.9) 79.9
(26.6) 88.1
(31.2) 91.6
(33.1) 94.0
(34.4) 93.8
(34.3) 89.2
(31.8) 78.2
(25.7) 59.3
(15.2) 41.2
(5.1) 97.0
(36.1)
Average high °F (°C)
18.4
(−7.6) 23.7
(−4.6) 36.3
(2.4) 55.8
(13.2) 69.3
(20.7) 77.4
(25.2) 82.5
(28.1) 81.2
(27.3) 70.8
(21.6) 56.0
(13.3) 37.3
(2.9) 22.3
(−5.4) 52.58
(11.43)
Average low °F (°C)
0.1
(−17.7) 5.6
(−14.7) 19.4
(−7) 32.7
(0.4) 44.9
(7.2) 55.0
(12.8) 59.5
(15.3) 57.3
(14.1) 47.4
(8.6) 35.1
(1.7) 20.3
(−6.5) 5.9
(−14.5) 31.93
(−0.03)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−22.5
(−30.3) −19
(−28) −6.1
(−21.2) 16.9
(−8.4) 28.6
(−1.9) 41.1
(5.1) 47.1
(8.4) 43.4
(6.3) 30.7
(−0.7) 19.3
(−7.1) 0.3
(−17.6) −16.6
(−27) −26
(−32)
Record low °F (°C)
−48
(−44) −47
(−44) −34
(−37) −13
(−25) 14
(−10) 28
(−2) 36
(2) 32
(0) 17
(−8) −4
(−20) −27
(−33) −36
(−38) −48
(−44)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.70
(17.8) 0.61
(15.5) 1.30
(33) 1.36
(34.5) 2.81
(71.4) 3.90
(99.1) 2.79
(70.9) 2.56
(65) 2.57
(65.3) 2.15
(54.6) 1.00
(25.4) 0.83
(21.1) 22.58
(573.5)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
11.2
(28.4) 7.0
(17.8) 9.1
(23.1) 3.0
(7.6) trace 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.7
(1.8) 7.9
(20.1) 11.2
(28.4) 50.1
(127.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.3 7.2 8.3 7.4 11.0 11.7 9.5 9.1 8.7 8.3 7.1 9.2 105.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.9 6.7 5.3 1.8 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 5.4 9.5 38.4
Average relative humidity (%)
73.1 74.7 76.0 65.6 60.0 66.1 66.9 66.5 69.2 68.8 75.7 76.1 69.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours
140.9 153.9 212.3 241.6 283.2 303.2 350.2 313.2 231.2 178.9 113.1 107.4 2,629.1
Percent possible sunshine
51 53 58 59 61 64 73 71 61 53 40 40 59
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[11][12][13][14]
[show]Climate data for Grand Forks International Airport, North Dakota (1981–2010 normals,[15] extremes 1893–present[16]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
52
(11) 67
(19) 83
(28) 100
(38) 105
(41) 105
(41) 109
(43) 104
(40) 103
(39) 95
(35) 75
(24) 58
(14) 109
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
39.2
(4) 42.0
(5.6) 54.2
(12.3) 78.1
(25.6) 87.2
(30.7) 90.3
(32.4) 92.3
(33.5) 93.5
(34.2) 89.1
(31.7) 76.3
(24.6) 57.4
(14.1) 40.3
(4.6) 96.0
(35.6)
Average high °F (°C)
16.5
(−8.6) 21.9
(−5.6) 34.2
(1.2) 53.9
(12.2) 68.0
(20) 76.1
(24.5) 81.0
(27.2) 80.2
(26.8) 69.6
(20.9) 54.3
(12.4) 35.1
(1.7) 20.3
(−6.5) 51.1
(10.6)
Average low °F (°C)
−3.1
(−19.5) 2.1
(−16.6) 16.1
(−8.8) 30.0
(−1.1) 41.5
(5.3) 52.0
(11.1) 56.3
(13.5) 54.0
(12.2) 44.2
(6.8) 31.9
(−0.1) 17.0
(−8.3) 2.6
(−16.3) 28.9
(−1.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−25.4
(−31.9) −21.4
(−29.7) −8.2
(−22.3) 16.2
(−8.8) 27.6
(−2.4) 40.3
(4.6) 46.0
(7.8) 41.3
(5.2) 30.1
(−1.1) 17.3
(−8.2) −2
(−19) −18.9
(−28.3) −29
(−34)
Record low °F (°C)
−43
(−42) −42
(−41) −36
(−38) −9
(−23) 5
(−15) 28
(−2) 30
(−1) 30
(−1) 11
(−12) −9
(−23) −35
(−37) −37
(−38) −43
(−42)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.55
(14) 0.52
(13.2) 0.96
(24.4) 1.01
(25.7) 2.68
(68.1) 3.48
(88.4) 3.15
(80) 2.88
(73.2) 2.05
(52.1) 1.97
(50) 0.95
(24.1) 0.61
(15.5) 20.81
(528.7)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
10.7
(27.2) 6.6
(16.8) 7.2
(18.3) 2.6
(6.6) 0.1
(0.3) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) trace 1.5
(3.8) 7.7
(19.6) 10.7
(27.2) 47.1
(119.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.1 6.6 7.5 7.0 10.6 11.6 10.5 9.1 8.3 8.5 6.9 8.5 103.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
10.1 7.1 5.5 1.9 0.2 0 0 0 0 1.3 5.6 9.8 41.5
Source: NOAA[17][18]
[show]Climate data for Williston, North Dakota (Sloulin Int'l), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1894–present[e]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
58
(14) 66
(19) 84
(29) 92
(33) 106
(41) 108
(42) 110
(43) 108
(42) 104
(40) 93
(34) 76
(24) 63
(17) 110
(43)
Average high °F (°C)
21.9
(−5.6) 27.5
(−2.5) 40.4
(4.7) 57.0
(13.9) 67.7
(19.8) 76.8
(24.9) 84.4
(29.1) 83.8
(28.8) 71.3
(21.8) 56.3
(13.5) 37.9
(3.3) 24.4
(−4.2) 54.1
(12.3)
Average low °F (°C)
0.1
(−17.7) 6.3
(−14.3) 18.2
(−7.7) 29.7
(−1.3) 40.5
(4.7) 49.7
(9.8) 55.8
(13.2) 53.9
(12.2) 42.1
(5.6) 29.8
(−1.2) 16.4
(−8.7) 3.3
(−15.9) 28.8
(−1.8)
Record low °F (°C)
−42
(−41) −50
(−46) −35
(−37) −15
(−26) 10
(−12) 26
(−3) 34
(1) 32
(0) 13
(−11) −9
(−23) −27
(−33) −50
(−46) −50
(−46)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.59
(15) 0.39
(9.9) 0.71
(18) 1.00
(25.4) 1.92
(48.8) 2.52
(64) 2.54
(64.5) 1.45
(36.8) 1.06
(26.9) 0.92
(23.4) 0.65
(16.5) 0.62
(15.7) 14.37
(365)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
10.0
(25.4) 5.7
(14.5) 6.2
(15.7) 3.7
(9.4) 1.3
(3.3) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.2
(0.5) 2.6
(6.6) 6.1
(15.5) 9.5
(24.1) 45.3
(115.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
7.5 6.0 7.6 7.7 10.0 11.5 9.0 8.2 7.4 6.3 6.7 8.6 96.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.7 6.4 6.0 2.4 0.8 0 0 0 0.1 1.8 5.9 9.1 41.2
Average relative humidity (%)
76.2 75.6 72.5 61.4 58.5 59.6 56.1 54.9 61.1 65.2 74.9 77.1 66.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours
144.5 169.7 227.3 250.3 297.9 326.0 366.3 331.5 249.5 197.1 122.2 125.5 2,807.8
Percent possible sunshine
53 59 62 61 63 68 76 75 66 59 44 48 63
Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1962–1990, sun 1961–1990)[f][20][21][22]
Seasons[edit]
Winter in North Dakota is characterized by cold (below freezing) temperatures and snowfall. Snow is the main form of winter precipitation, but freezing rain, ice, sleet, and sometimes even rain are all possible during the winter months. Common storm systems include Alberta clippers or Panhandle hooks, some of which evolve into blizzards. Annual snowfall averages from 26 inches (66 cm) in the central part of the state to 38 inches (96.5 cm) in the northeast and southwest.[23] Temperatures as low as −60 °F (−51 °C) have occurred during North Dakota winters.[4]
Spring is a time of major transition in North Dakota. Early spring commonly sees snowstorms, but by late spring as temperatures begin to moderate the state can experience tornado outbreaks, a risk which diminishes but does not cease through the summer and into the fall as North Dakota lies at the northern edge of Tornado Alley. Springtime flooding is a relatively common event in the Red River Valley, due to the river flowing north into Canada. The spring melt and the eventual runoff typically begins earlier in the southern part of the valley than in the northern part.[24] The most destructive flooding in eastern North Dakota occurred in 1997, which caused extensive damage to Grand Forks.[25]
Summer sees heat and humidity predominate in the east, while hotter and less humid conditions are generally present in the west. These humid conditions help kick off thunderstorm activity 22–34 days a year. Summer high temperatures in North Dakota average in the mid 80s (30 °C) in the west to the upper 70s (25 °C) in the east, with temperatures as hot as 121 °F (49 °C) possible.[4] The growing season in North Dakota usually begins in April, and harvest begins in September and October. Tornadoes are possible in North Dakota from April through October, but the peak tornado month is July, followed by June and August. The state averages 13 tornadoes per year. Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 14 in (35.6 cm) to 22 in (55.9 cm).[6]
Autumn weather in North Dakota is largely the reverse of spring weather. The jet stream, which tends to weaken in summer, begins to re-strengthen, leading to a quicker changing of weather patterns and an increased variability of temperatures. By late October and November these storm systems become strong enough to form major winter storms. Fall and spring are the windiest times of the year in North Dakota.
2017 Drought[edit]
As of September 2017, the United States Drought Monitor recorded abnormally dryweather conditions across the entire state.[26] The drought is considered severe and unprecedented, and because of its nature as a "unpredictable, sudden event brought on by sustained high temperatures and little rain", it is considered a “flash drought”.[27] North Dakota Agriculture Commissioner Doug Goehring announced that predicted economic losses as a consequence from the drought could amount to as much as $4 billion or $5 billion.[28][29]
See also[edit]
Meteorology
Weather lore
North Dakota portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Records for Bismarck have been kept at the Bismarck Municipal Airport since January 1948 and at an undisclosed location from October 1874 to December 1947.
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for Fargo were kept at the Weather Bureau Office in Moorhead, Minnesota from January 1881 to January 1942, and at Hector Int'l since February 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx
Jump up ^ Official records for Williston kept at the Weather Bureau Office from January 1894 to June 1948 and at Sloulin Int'l since July 1948.[19]
Jump up ^ Only 22 to 24 years out of the 29 in the normals period were used to calculate the humidity normals.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Galadriel Findlay Watson (2001). North Dakota. Weigl Publishers Inc. p. 8. ISBN 1-930954-53-0. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ "NCRFC Climate and Topography". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Mid-April Heat Wave". Minnesota Climatology Office. April 15, 2002. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "North Dakota – Climate". City-Data. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Extreme Record Temps & Differences". Golden Gate Weather Services. 2005. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Climate of North Dakota" (PDF). National Weather Service Forecast Office. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
Jump up ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: ND BISMARCK". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for BISMARCK/MUNICIPAL, ND 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Average Weather for Bismarck, ND - Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
Jump up ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: ND FARGO HECTOR INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Thread Stations Extremes". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for FARGO/WSO AP ND 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Records for Grand Forks have been kept at the Grand Forks International Airport since April 1965, the former Grand Forks Municipal Airport from September 1948 through March 1965, and at Grand Forks University from January 1893 to August 1948.
Jump up ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: ND GRAND FORKS INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ ThreadEx
Jump up ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: ND WILLISTON SLOULIN INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for WILLISTON/SLOULIN FIELD, ND 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Climate of North Dakota". Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Anatomy of a Red River Flood". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
Jump up ^ "The Grand Forks Flood". Alan Draves. 2002. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
Jump up ^ "United States Drought Monitor > Home > State Drought Monitor". droughtmonitor.unl.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ McLaughlin, Kathleen (2017-09-07). "The unprecedented drought that's crippling Montana and North Dakota". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ Service, John Hageman Forum News. "'History is being made' Farmers, ranchers assess impact of North Dakota drought". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ Service, April Baumgarten Forum News. "Drought's toll likely billions of dollars for North Dakota economy". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
External links[edit]
National Weather Service – Central Region Headquarters
National Climatic Data Center
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Declaration of war by the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the declaration of war against Japan on December 8, 1941
A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another. The document Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications gives an extensive listing and summary of statutes which are automatically engaged upon the US declaring war.
For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says "Congress shall have power to ... declare War". However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a "declaration of war" nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: "[T]he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war."[1] in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional "Declaration of War" was not required by the Constitution.
This article will use the term "formal declaration of war" to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase "declaration of war" in the title. Elsewhere, this article will use the terms "authorized by Congress", "funded by Congress" or "undeclared war" to describe other such conflicts.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Declarations of war
2.1 Formal
3 Undeclared wars
3.1 Military engagements authorized by Congress
3.2 Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress
3.3 Other undeclared wars
4 The War Powers Resolution
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun.[2] James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress.[3] Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.[4] Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.
After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub.L. 93–148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.[5]
Declarations of war[edit]
Formal[edit]
The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations.[6] The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary).
In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[7][8]
War
Declaration
Opponent(s)
Date of declaration
Votes
President
Result
Senate
House
War of 1812 Declaration of War upon the U.K. United Kingdom June 18, 1812 19–13 79–49 James Madison Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)
Mexican–American War "An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico."[9] Mexico May 13, 1846 40–2 173–14 James K. Polk Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)
Spanish–American War Declaration of War upon Spain Spain April 25, 1898 42–35 310–6 William McKinley Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)
World War I Declaration of War upon Germany Germany April 6, 1917 82–6 373–50 Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)
Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[10][11] Austria-Hungary December 7, 1917 74–0 365–1 1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)
World War II Declaration of War upon Japan Japan December 8, 1941 82–0 388–1 Franklin D. Roosevelt V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)
Declaration of War upon Germany Germany December 11, 1941 88–0 393–0 V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)
Declaration of War upon Italy Italy 90–0 399–0 Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)
Declaration of War upon Bulgaria Bulgaria June 5, 1942 73–0 357–0
Declaration of War upon Hungary[10] Hungary 360–0
Declaration of War upon Romania[10] Romania 361–0
Undeclared wars[edit]
Military engagements authorized by Congress[edit]
In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.
War or conflict
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
Votes
President
Result
Senate
House
Quasi-War France An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States
July 9, 1798 18–4 John Adams Treaty of Mortefontaine
First Barbary War Morocco
Tripolitania
February 6, 1802[12] Thomas Jefferson War ended 1805
Second Barbary War Algiers May 10, 1815[13] James Madison War ended 1816
Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders Slave traders and pirates "Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade" 1819 James Monroe 1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols
Redress for attack on U.S. Navy's USS Water Witch Paraguay 1858.[14] James Buchanan
Mexican Revolution
United States occupation of Veracruz
Mexico H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770
April 22, 1914 337–37 Woodrow Wilson Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, "when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily" saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to "justify" it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.[15][16]
Russian Civil War
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Commune of Estonia
Far Eastern Republic
Latvia
Mongolian People's Party
Russia
Ukraine
1918[17] Woodrow Wilson
Lebanon crisis of 1958 Lebanese Opposition
Al-Mourabitoun
Lebanese Communist Party
Progressive Socialist Party
H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East", March 9, 1957[18] 72–19 355–61 Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958
Vietnam War
Laotian Civil War
Cambodian Civil War
China
National United Front of Kampuchea
Khmer Rouge
Khmer Rumdo
Khmer Việt Minh
North Korea
North Vietnam
Pathet Lao
South Vietnam
Việt Cộng
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 7, 1964 88–2 416–0 Lyndon B. Johnson U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27, 1973
Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia and Druze militias; Syria S.J.Res. 159
Pub.L. 98–119
September 29, 1983 54–46 253–156 Ronald W. Reagan Forces withdrawn in 1984
Persian Gulf War Iraq H.J.Res. 77
January 12, 1991. 52–47 250–183 George H.W. Bush The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease-fire, April 3, 1991
War in Afghanistan
Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
Operation Freedom's Sentinel
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Yemeni Civil War
Somali Civil War
Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
War in North-West Pakistan
Moro conflict
Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines
Iraqi Civil War
Operation Inherent Resolve
Syrian Civil War
Operation Inherent Resolve
Second Libyan Civil War
Afghanistan
Quetta Shura
Taliban
Haqqani network
Mullah Dadullah Front
al-Qaeda
055 Brigade
Al-Nusra Front
Khorasan group
al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen
Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Islamic Jihad of Yemen
al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Ansar al-Sharia
al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
Lashkar al-Zil
Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya
Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar
Jundallah
Lashkar-e-Islam
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
Turkistan Islamic Party
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
High Council of the Islamic Emirate
Fidai Mahaz
al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
Hizbul Islam
Islamic Courts Union
Jabhatul Islamiya
Mu'askar Anole
Ras Kamboni Brigades
Abu Sayyaf
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
Islamic State
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Maute group
Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
S.J. Res. 23
September 14, 2001 98–0 420–1 George W. Bush
Iraq War[19] Iraq H.J. Res. 114,
March 3, 2003 77–23 296–132 George W. Bush Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003. U.S. combat operations ended August 31, 2010. War ended December 15, 2011. Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011–present.[20]
Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress[edit]
In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
President
Result
Korean War China
North Korea
Soviet Union
UNSCR 84, 1950 Harry S. Truman Korean Armistice Agreement,[21] 1953
Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria UNSCR 425, 1978
UNSCR 426, 1978
Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan U.S. forces withdrew in 1984
Persian Gulf War Iraq UNSCR 678, 1990 George H. W. Bush UNSCR 689, 1991
Bosnian War Republika Srpska UNSCR 770, 1992
UNSCR 776, 1992
UNSCR 836, 1993 Bill Clinton Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004
Second Liberian Civil War Peacekeeping UNSCR 1497, 2003 George W. Bush U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.
Haitian coup d'état UNSCR 1529, 2004
UNSCR 1542, 2004
2004
First Libyan Civil War
2011 military intervention in Libya
Operation Odyssey Dawn
Operation Unified Protector
Libya UNSCR 1973, 2011 Barack Obama Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011
Other undeclared wars[edit]
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
President
Result
American Revolutionary War Great Britain
Quebec
Loyalists
German auxiliaries
Hesse-Kassel
Hesse-Hanau
Hanover
Waldeck
Brunswick
Ansbach
Anhalt-Zerbst
Native Americans[22]
Iroquois Confederacy
None Peace of Paris
On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress.[23] These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine–American War from 1898–1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.
The United States' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation. During that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace.[citation needed]
The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements. These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.[24]
The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states.[25][26] The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports. This recognition of the CSA's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.
The War Powers Resolution[edit]
Main article: War Powers Resolution
In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.
Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War[clarification needed]. The only exception was President Clinton's use of U.S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[citation needed] In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.
On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission.[27] Obama explained his rationale in a two-page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.
See also[edit]
United States portal
War portal
Cold War
Declaration of war by Canada
Declaration of war by the United Kingdom
Just War Theory
Police action
Timeline of United States military operations
War on Terror
War on Drugs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Doe v. Bush, 03-1266, (March 13, 2003)". FindLaw. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Phillip G. (2000). The presidency then and now. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8476-9739-7.
Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : August 17,The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, retrieved Feb 13, 2008
Jump up ^ "Petition for a Constitutional Amendment to Hold National Referendums on Declarations of War from Danville, Ohio". The National Archives of the United States. 1938. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Shindler, Michael (1 March 2018). "War Powers: Return to Congress". RealClearDefense. RealClear Media Group. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress
Jump up ^ BBC News, On This Day
Jump up ^ Whereas the Government of Germany has formally declared war against the government and the people of the United States of America... the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared. The War Resolution
Jump up ^ United States Congress (May 13, 1846). "An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico" (PDF). Government of the United States of America. Government of the United States of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications
Jump up ^ H.J.Res.169: Declaration of War with Austria-Hungary, WWI, United States Senate
Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of Thomas Jefferson, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, (retrieved on August 10, 2010).
Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of James Madison, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, (retrieved on August 10, 2010).
Jump up ^ Expenses - Paraguay Expedition, House of Representatives, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Mis. Doc. No. 86 (May 11, 1860), p. 142
Jump up ^ Cyrulik, John M., A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition into Mexico, 1916-1917. Fort Leavenworth, KS, 2003. (Master's thesis)
Jump up ^ Wolfensberger, Don. Congress and Woodrow Wilson's Introductory Forays into Mexico, an Introductory Essay. Congress Project Seminar On Congress and U.S. Military Interventions Abroad. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Monday, May 17, 2004
Jump up ^ A History of Russia, 7th Edition, Nichlas V. Riasanovsky & Mark D. Steinberg, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Jump up ^ http://www.shafr.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/U.S.-Congress-Approval-of-the-Eisenhower-Doctrine-1957.pdf
Jump up ^ Obama's full speech: Operation Iraqi Freedom is Over, MSNBC
Jump up ^ Londoño, Ernesto (August 19, 2010). "Operation Iraqi Freedom ends as last combat soldiers leave Baghdad". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ s:Korean Armistice Agreement
Jump up ^ Onondaga, Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca, Mi'kmaq (from 1779), Cherokee, Odawa, Muscogee, Susquehannock, Shawnee
Jump up ^ The President's Constitutional Authority To Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorists and Nations Supporting Them
Jump up ^ Army Continues to Parade Wounded Knee Battle Streamer, National Congress of American Indians.
Jump up ^ "Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–1865". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ McPherson, James M. (2007). This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. Oxford University Press US. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-531366-6.
Jump up ^ Obama Attacked for No Congressional Consent on Libya, New York Times.
Further reading[edit]
Grotius, Hugo (2004). On The Law Of War And Peace. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-3875-1.
Edwin Meese; Matthew Spalding; David F. Forte (2005). The Heritage guide to the Constitution. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59698-001-3.
Kenneth A. Schultz, Tying Hands and Washing Hands: The U.S. Congress and Multilateral Humanitarian Intervention, Ch. 4, pp 105–142, in Daniel Drezner, Ed. Locating the Proper Authorities: The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions, University of Michigan Press, 2003.
External links[edit]
The House of Rep, Republican Study Committee of War and Military Authorized Conflicts. 2003.
Declarations of war and votes
Text of Declaration of War on Japan
Text of Declaration of War on Germany
Text of Declaration of War on Bulgaria
Authorization for Use of Military Force — signed September 18, 2001
House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq — signed October 16, 2002
Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798–1993
A partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2006
U.S.-Africa Chronology
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