text:
Agonist-antagonist
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In pharmacology the term agonist-antagonist or mixed agonist/antagonist is used to refer to a drug which under some conditions behaves as an agonist (a substance that fully activates the receptor that it binds to) while under other conditions, behaves as an antagonist (a substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate and can block the activity of other agonists).
Types of mixed agonist/antagonist include receptor ligands that act as agonist for some receptor types and antagonist for others[1] or agonist in some tissues while antagonist in others (also known as selective receptor modulators).
Agonist-antagonist opioids[edit]
The best known agonist-antagonists are opioids. Examples of such opioids are:
pentazocine, agonist at the kappa (κ) and sigma (σ) and has a weak antagonist action at the mu opioid receptor (μ).[2]
butorphanol, partial agonist at μ- and a pure agonist at κ-opioid receptor and antagonist activity at the delta opioid receptor (δ)[3]
nalbuphine, κ-agonist/μ-antagonist analgesic[4]
Agonist–antagonist opioids usually have a ceiling effect – over particular dose they don't increase their potency.[5] Hence agonist–antagonist opioids have a lower addiction potential but also lower analgesic efficacy and are more likely to produce psychotomimetic effects.[6]
Agonist–antagonist opioids that block delta while activating mu opioid receptors produce analgesia without the development of tolerance.[7]
See also[edit]
Partial agonist
Competitive antagonist
Inverse agonist
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW (1991). "Opioid agonist-antagonist drugs in acute and chronic pain states". Drugs. 41 (3): 326–44. doi:10.2165/00003495-199141030-00002. PMID 1711441.
Jump up ^ Hollister LE (17 July 1991). "AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1991". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 266 (3): 97. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470030126039.
Jump up ^ Commiskey S, Fan LW, Ho IK, Rockhold RW (2005). "Butorphanol: effects of a prototypical agonist-antagonist analgesic on kappa-opioid receptors". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 98 (2): 109–16. doi:10.1254/jphs.CRJ05001X. PMID 15942128.
Jump up ^ Schmidt WK, Tam SW, Shotzberger GS, Smith DH, Clark R, Vernier VG (1985). "Nalbuphine". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 14 (3-4): 339–62. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(85)90066-3. PMID 2986929.
Jump up ^ Benson GJ, Tranquilli WJ (1992). "Advantages and guidelines for using opioid agonist-antagonist analgesics". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (2): 363–5. doi:10.1016/S0195-5616(92)50637-4. PMID 1585578.
Jump up ^ Lasagna L (1987). "Benefit-risk ratio of agonist-antagonist analgesics". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 20 (4): 385–93. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00595.x. PMID 2894291.
Jump up ^ Dietis N, Guerrini R, Calo G, Salvadori S, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG (2009). "Simultaneous targeting of multiple opioid receptors: a strategy to improve side-effect profile". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 103 (1): 38–49. doi:10.1093/bja/aep129. PMID 19474215.
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Japanese pagoda
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Multi-storied pagodas in wood and stone, and a gorintō
Pagodas in Japan are called tō (塔, lit. pagoda), sometimes buttō (仏塔, lit. Buddhist pagoda) or tōba (塔婆, lit. pagoda) and historically derive from the Chinese pagoda, itself an interpretation of the Indian stupa.[1] Like the stupa, pagodas were originally used as reliquaries but in many cases they ended up losing this function.[2] Pagodas are quintessentially Buddhist and an important component of Japanese Buddhist temple compounds but, because until the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868, a Shinto shrine was normally also a Buddhist temple and vice versa, they are not rare at shrines either. The famous Itsukushima Shrine, for example, has one.[3]
After the Meiji Restoration the word tō, once used exclusively in a religious context, came to mean also "tower" in the western sense, as for example in Eiffel tower (エッフェル塔, Efferu-tō).
Of the Japanese pagoda's many forms, some are built in wood and are collectively known as mokutō (木塔, lit. wood pagoda), but most are carved out of stone (sekitō (石塔, lit. stone pagoda). Wood pagodas are large buildings with either two stories (like the tahōtō (多宝塔, lit. Tahō pagoda), see photo below) or an odd number of stories. Extant wood pagodas with more than two storeys have almost always either three storeys (and are therefore called sanjū-no-tō (三重塔, lit. three-storeyed pagoda)) or five (and are called gojū-no-tō (五重塔, lit. five-storeyed pagoda). Stone pagodas are nearly always small, usually well below 3 metres, and as a rule offer no usable space. If they have more than one storey, pagodas are called tasōtō (多層塔, lit. multi-storied pagoda) or tajūtō (多重塔, lit. multi-storied pagoda).
A pagoda's size is measured in ken, where a ken is the interval between two pillars of a traditional-style building. A tahōtō for example can be either 5x5 ken or 3x3 ken.[4] The word is usually translated in English as "bay" and is better understood as an indication of proportions than as a unit of measurement.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Design and structure evolution
1.2 Loss of importance of the pagoda within the garan
2 Stone pagodas
2.1 Tasōtō or tajūtō
2.2 Hōtō
2.3 Gorintō
2.4 Hōkyōintō
2.5 Muhōtō or rantō
2.6 Kasatōba
2.7 Sōrintō
3 Wooden pagodas
3.1 Tasōtō
3.2 Hōtō
3.3 Tahōtō
3.3.1 Daitō
3.4 Sotōba
4 Gallery of pagodas in Japan
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
History[edit]
Japan's oldest three-storeyed pagoda at Hokki-ji, Ikaruga, Nara Pref. It was built in 706.
The stupa was originally a simple mound containing the Buddha's ashes which in time became more elaborate, while its finial grew proportionally larger.[2] After reaching China, the stupa met the Chinese watchtower and evolved into the pagoda, a tower with an odd number of storeys.[note 1] Its use then spread to Korea and, from there, to Japan. Following its arrival in Japan together with Buddhism in the 6th century, the pagoda became one of the focal points of the early Japanese garan.[note 2] In Japan it evolved in shape, size and function, finally losing its original role as a reliquary.[5] It also became extremely common, while on the Asian continent it is rare.[6]
With the birth of new sects in later centuries, the pagoda lost importance and was consequently relegated to the margins of the garan. Temples of the Jōdo sects rarely have a pagoda.[2] During the Kamakura period the Zen sect arrived in Japan and their temples do not normally include a pagoda.
Pagodas originally were reliquaries and did not contain sacred images, but in Japan many, for example Hōryū-ji's five-storied pagoda, enshrine statues of various deities.[5] To allow the opening of a room at the ground floor and therefore create some usable space, the pagoda's central shaft, which originally reached the ground, was shortened to the upper stories, where it rested on supporting beams.[5] In that room are enshrined statues of the temple's main objects of worship. Inside Shingon pagodas there can be paintings of deities called Shingon Hasso (真言八祖); on the ceiling and on the central shaft there can be decorations and paintings.[5]
Design and structure evolution[edit]
The edge of a pagoda's eaves forms a straight line, with each following edge being shorter than the other. The more difference in length (a parameter called teigen (逓減, gradual diminution) in Japanese) between stories, the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be. Both teigen and the finial are greater in older pagodas, giving them a sense of solidity.[5] Vice versa, recent pagodas tend to be steeper and have shorter finials, creating svelter silhouettes.
From the structural point of view, old pagodas had a stone base (心礎, shinso) over which stood the main pillar (心柱, shinbashira). Around it would be erected the first story's supporting pillars, then the beams supporting the eaves and so on. The other stories would be built over the completed one, and on top of the main pillar would at last be inserted the finial.[5] In later eras, all of the supporting structures would be erected at once, and later to them were fixed parts of more cosmetic function.[5]
Early pagodas had a central pillar that penetrated deep into the ground. With the evolution of architectural techniques, it was first put to rest on a base stone at ground level, then it was shortened and put to rest on beams at the second story to allow the opening of a room.[2][5]
Their role within the temple declined gradually while they were being functionally replaced by main halls (kondō). Originally the centerpiece of the Shingon and Tendai garan, they were moved later to its edges and finally abandoned, in particular by the Zen sects, the last to appear in Japan.
Loss of importance of the pagoda within the garan[edit]
A reconstruction of Asuka-dera's original layout with a pagoda at its center
Because of the relics they contained, wooden pagodas used to be the centerpiece of the garan, the seven edifices considered indispensable for a temple.[7] They gradually lost importance and were replaced by the kondō (golden hall), because of the magic powers believed to lie within the images the building housed. This loss of status was so complete that Zen schools, which arrived late in Japan from China, normally do not have any pagoda in their garan. The layout of four early temples clearly illustrates this trend: they are in chronological order Asuka-dera, Shitennō-ji, Hōryū-ji, and Yakushi-ji.[7] In the first, the pagoda was at the very center of the garan surrounded by three small kondō (see the reconstruction of the temple's original layout). In the second, a single kondō is at the center of the temple and the pagoda lies in front of it. At Hōryū-ji, they are one next to the other. Yakushi-ji has a single, large kondō at the center with two pagodas on the sides. The same evolution can be observed in Buddhist temples in China.
Stone pagodas[edit]
A rare 16-story stone pagoda at Chōshō-ji in Kamakura
Stone pagodas (sekitō) are usually made of materials like apatite or granite, are much smaller than wooden ones and are finely carved.[5] Often they bear sanskrit inscriptions, Buddhist figurines and Japanese lunar calendar dates nengō. Like wooden ones, they are mostly classifiable on the basis of the number of stories as tasōtō or hōtō, but there are however some styles hardly ever seen in wood, namely the gorintō, the muhōtō, the hōkyōintō and the kasatōba.[8]
Tasōtō or tajūtō[edit]
With a few very rare exceptions, tasōtō (also called tajūtō) have an odd number of stories, normally comprised between three and thirteen.[9] They are usually less than three meters tall, but they can occasionally be much taller. The tallest still extant is a 13-story pagoda at Hannya-ji in Nara, which is 14.12 m. They are often dedicated to Buddha and offer no usable room, but some have a small space inside which holds a sacred image.[8] In the oldest extant specimen, while the edge of each story are parallel to the ground, each successive story is smaller than the next, resulting in a strongly slanted curve. More modern tasōtō tend to have a less pronounced curve.
Media related to tasōtō at Wikimedia Commons
Hōtō[edit]
A hōtō at Ankokuron-ji
A hōtō (宝塔, lit. jewel stupa) is a pagoda consisting of four parts: a low foundation stone, a cylindrical body with a rounded top, a four-sided roof and a finial.[10] Unlike the similar tahōtō (see section below) it has no enclosed pent roof (mokoshi) around its circular core.[5] Like the tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai. The hōtō was born during the early Heian period, when the Tendai and Shingon sects first arrived in Japan. Indeed, because it does not exist on the Asian continent, it is believed to have been invented in Japan.[5]
There used to exist full-size hōtō, but almost only miniature ones survive, normally made of stone and/or metal.[10]
Media related to hōtō at Wikimedia Commons
Gorintō[edit]
Main article: Gorintō
A gorintō
The gorintō (五輪塔, lit. five ring tower) is a pagoda found almost only in Japan and believed to have been first adopted by the Shingon and Tendai sects during the mid Heian period.[11] It is used as a tomb marker or as a cenotaph, and is therefore a common sight in Buddhist temples and cemeteries. It is also called gorinsotōba (五輪卒塔婆) ("five-ringed stupa") or goringedatsu (五輪解脱), where the term sotoba is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word stupa.[1]
In all its variations, the gorintō is made of five blocks (although that number can sometimes be difficult to detect), each having one of the five shapes which symbolize of the Five Elements believed to be the basic building blocks of reality: earth (cube), water (sphere), fire (pyramid), air (crescent), and ether, energy, or void (lotus).[11] The last two rings (air and ether) are visually and conceptually united into a single subgroup.
Media related to gorintō at Wikimedia Commons
Hōkyōintō[edit]
Main article: Hōkyōintō
A hōkyōintō
The hōkyōintō (宝篋印塔) is a large stone pagoda so called because it originally contained the Hōkyōin (宝篋印) dharani (陀羅尼) sūtra.[1] It was originally used as a cenotaph for the King of Wuyue - Qian Liu in China.[1]
The hōkyōintō tradition in Japan is believed to have begun during the Asuka period (550–710 CE).[12] They used to be made of wood and started to be made in stone only during the Kamakura period.[12] It is also during this period that they started to be used as tombstones and cenotaphs.[12] The hōkyōintō started to be made in its present form during the Kamakura period.[1] Like a gorintō, it is divided in five main sections representing the five elements of Japanese cosmology.[5] The sūtra it sometimes hides contain all the pious deeds of a Tathagata Buddha, and the faithful believe that, by praying in front of the hōkyōintō, their sins will be canceled, during their lives they will be protected from disasters and after death they will go to heaven.[12]
Media related to hōkyōintō at Wikimedia Commons
Muhōtō or rantō[edit]
A muhōtō
The muhōtō (無縫塔, lit. no stitch tower) or rantō (卵塔, lit. egg tower) is a pagoda which usually marks the gravesite of a Buddhist priest. It was originally used by just the Zen schools, but it was later adopted by the others too.[13] Its characteristic egg-shaped upper portion is supposed to be a phallic symbol.
Media related to muhōtō at Wikimedia Commons
Kasatōba[edit]
A kasatōba (笠塔婆, umbrella stupa) (see photo in the gallery below) is simply a square stone post placed over a square base and covered by a pyramidal roof. Over the roof stand a bowl-shaped stone and a lotus-shaped stone. The shaft can be carved with Sanskrit words or low-relief images of Buddhist gods. Within the shaft there can be stone wheels which allow the faithful to turn the stupa around while praying as with a prayer wheel.[14]
Media related to kasatōba at Wikimedia Commons
Sōrintō[edit]
The sōrintō (相輪橖) is a type of small pagoda consisting just of a pole and a sōrin.
Wooden pagodas[edit]
Tasōtō[edit]
Yakushi-ji's Eastern Pagoda
Wooden tasōtō are pagodas with an odd number of stories. Some may appear to have an even number because of the presence between stories of purely decorative enclosed pent roofs called mokoshi[note 3] A famous example is Yakushi-ji's eastern pagoda (see photo to the left), which seems to have six stories but has in fact only three. Another is the tahōtō (see below), which has a single story, plus a mokoshi under its roof, and seems therefore to have two stories.[note 4] There existed specimen with seven or nine stories, but all extant ones have either three (and are therefore called sanjū-no-tō (三重塔, lit. three-storied pagoda)) or five (and are called gojū-no-tō (五重塔, lit. five-storied pagoda).[5]（Tanzan Jinja in Sakurai, Nara, has a pagoda having thirteen, which however for structural reasons is classified separately, and is not considered a tasōtō.)[5] The oldest three-storied pagoda stands at Nara's Hokki-ji and was built between 685 and 706.[5] The oldest extant five-storied pagoda belongs to Hōryū-ji and was built some time during the Asuka period (538 -710). The tallest wooden tasōtō belongs to Tō-ji, Kyoto. It has five stories and is 54 m tall.
Media related to tasōtō at Wikimedia Commons
Hōtō[edit]
A hōtō at Yakuō-ji, Tokushima prefecture
A wooden hōtō is a rare type of pagoda consisting of four parts: a low foundation stone, a cylindrical body with a rounded top, a pyramidal roof and a finial.[10] Unlike the similar tahōtō (see section below) it has no square enclosed pent roof (mokoshi) around its cylindrical core.[5] Like the tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai. The hōtō was born during the early Heian period, when the Tendai and Shingon Buddhist sects first arrived in Japan.
There used to be many full-size hōtō, but almost only miniature ones survive, normally made of stone and/or metal. A good example of full-size hōtō can be seen at Ikegami Honmon-ji in Nishi-magome, Tokyo. The pagoda is 17.4 meter tall and 5.7 meter wide.[10]
Media related to hōtō at Wikimedia Commons
Tahōtō[edit]
Main article: Tahōtō
Negoro-ji's daitō
The tahōtō is a type of wooden pagoda unique for having an even number of stories (two), the first square with a rounded core, the second circular. This style of tō was created surrounding the cylindrical base of a hōtō (see above) with a square, roofed corridor called mokoshi.[note 5][5] The core of the pagoda has just one story with its ceiling below the circular second story, which is inaccessible. Like the tasōtō and the rōmon, in spite of its appearance it therefore offers usable space only at the ground floor.[5]
Because its kind does not exist either in Korea or in China, it is believed to have been invented in Japan during the Heian period (794 - 1185). The tahōtō was important enough to be considered one of the seven indispensable buildings (the so-called shichidō garan) of a Shingon temple.[15] Kūkai himself is responsible for the construction of the tahōto at Mount Kōya's Kongōbu-ji.
Daitō[edit]
The floorplan of Negoro-ji's daitō
Usually the base of a tahōtō is 3-ken across with four main, supporting pillars called shitenbashira (四天柱) at the corners (see drawing).[5] The room the shitenbashira form houses a sanctuary where the main objects of worship (the gohonzon) are enshrined.
Larger, 5x5 ken tahōtō however exist and are called daitō (大塔, lit. large pagoda) because of their dimensions. This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a wall separating the corridor (mokoshi) from the core of the structure. This type of pagoda used to be common but, of all daitō ever built, only three are still extant. One is at Wakayama prefecture's Negoro-ji, another at Kongōbu-ji, again in Wakayama, and the last at Kirihata-dera, Tokushima prefecture.[15] The daitō at Kongōbu-ji was founded by Shingon sect's Kūkai. The specimen found at Negoro-ji (see photo above) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure.
Media related to daitō at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to tahōtō at Wikimedia Commons
Sotōba[edit]
Often offertory strips of wood with five subdivisions and covered with elaborate inscriptions called sotōba (卒塔婆) can be found at tombs in Japanese cemeteries (see photo in the gallery below).[5] The inscriptions contain sūtra and the posthumous name of the dead person. Their name derives from the Sanskrit stūpa, and they can be also considered pagodas.
Media related to Sotōba at Wikimedia Commons
Gallery of pagodas in Japan[edit]
A gorintō
A hōkyōintō
A hōtō
A stone tasōtō
Two kasatōba at Hannya-ji, Nara
Ichijō-ji's sanjū-no-tō (three storied pagoda). It was built in 1171.
Murō-ji's gojū-no-tō (five storied pagoda). It was built in 800.
A pagoda at a Shinto shrine, Itsukushima Shrine
A sotōba. Clearly visible is the division in five sections
A sorintō
See also[edit]
Shinbashira, the suspended wooden column inside.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Odd numbers are strongly favoured by Chinese numerology and Buddhism. They are supposed to represent yang, that is, the male and positive principle, and are therefore considered lucky.
Jump up ^ Temple compound, ideally composed of seven buildings.
Jump up ^ Besides being decorative in themselves,they are also used also to hide structural components which would otherwise mar the pagoda's feel.
Jump up ^ On the subject, see also the articles Hisashi, Mokoshi and Moya.
Jump up ^ For reasons of space, however, the wall separating the mokoshi from the core of the pagoda is present only in large tahōtō called daitō (see the next section).
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Iwanami Kōjien Japanese dictionary
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jaanus, Tou
Jump up ^ Hamashima, Masashi (1999). Jisha Kenchiku no Kanshō Kiso Chishiki (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shibundō. p. 88.
Jump up ^ Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (April 10, 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (September 30, 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. p. 79. ISBN 4-8122-9805-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Fujita & Koga 2008, pp. 79–81
Jump up ^ Scheid, Japanische Pagoden
^ Jump up to: a b * Tamura, Yoshiro (2000). Japanese Buddhism - A Cultural History (First ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. pp. 40–41 pages. ISBN 4-333-01684-3.
^ Jump up to: a b JAANUS, Sekitou
Jump up ^ JAANUS, Tasoutou
^ Jump up to: a b c d JAANUS, Houtou
^ Jump up to: a b JAANUS - Gorintou
^ Jump up to: a b c d Yatsushiro Municipal Museum
Jump up ^ JAANUS - Muhoutou
Jump up ^ JAANUS - Kasatouba
^ Jump up to: a b JAANUS, Daitou
Bibliography[edit]
Iwanami Kōjien (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version
"JAANUS". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (April 10, 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (September 30, 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. ISBN 4-8122-9805-9.
Scheid, Bernhard. "Japanische Pagoden" (in German). University of Vienna. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
Shinkō no Katachi - Hōkyōintō, Yatsushiro Municipal Museum, accessed on September 18, 2008 (in Japanese)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pagodas in Japan.
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National Stock Exchange of India
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National Stock Exchange
National Stock Exchange
Location of National Stock Exchange in India
Type
Stock exchange
Location
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Coordinates
19°3′37″N 72°51′35″E / 19.06028°N 72.85972°E / 19.06028; 72.85972
Founded
1992
Owner
National Stock Exchange of India Limited
Key people
Mr. Ashok Chawla (Chairman)
Vikram Limaye (MD & CEO)
Currency
Indian rupee (₹)
No. of listings
1,696
Market cap
US$1.41 trillion (March 2016)[1]
Volume
US$442 billion (June 2014)
Indices
NIFTY 50
NIFTY NEXT 50
NIFTY 500
Website
www.nseindia.com
NSE building at BKC, Mumbai
The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) is the leading stock exchange of India, located in Mumbai . The NSE was established in 1992 as the first demutualized electronic exchange in the country. NSE was the first exchange in the country to provide a modern, fully automated screen-based electronic trading system which offered easy trading facility to the investors spread across the length and breadth of the country. Vikram Limaye is Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer (MD & CEO) of NSE.
National Stock Exchange has a total market capitalization of more than US$1.41 trillion, making it the world’s 12th-largest stock exchange as of March 2016.[1] NSE's flagship index, the NIFTY 50, the 50 stock index is used extensively by investors in India and around the world as a barometer of the Indian capital markets. However, only about 4% of the Indian economy / GDP is actually derived from the stock exchanges in India.[2]
NSE was set up by a group of leading Indian financial institutions at the behest of the government of India to bring transparency to the Indian capital market. Based on the recommendations laid out by the government committee, NSE has been established with a diversified shareholding comprising domestic and global investors. The key domestic investors include Life Insurance Corporation of India, State Bank of India, IFCI Limited IDFC Limited and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited. And the key global investors are Gagil FDI Limited, GS Strategic Investments Limited, SAIF II SE Investments Mauritius Limited, Aranda Investments (Mauritius) Pte Limited and PI Opportunities Fund I.[3]
NSE offers trading, clearing and settlement services in equity, equity derivatives, debt and currency derivatives segments. It is the first exchange in India to introduce electronic trading facility thus connecting together the investor base of the entire country. NSE has 2500 VSATs and 3000 leased lines spread over more than 2000 cities across India.
The exchange was incorporated in 1992 as a tax-paying company and was recognized as a stock exchange in 1993 under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, when P. V. Narasimha Rao was the Prime Minister of India and Manmohan Singh was the Finance Minister. NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The capital market (equities) segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994, while operations in the derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.
Unlike countries like the United States where nearly 70% of the GDP is derived from larger companies and the corporate sector, the corporate sector in India accounts for only 12-14% of the national GDP (as of October 2016). Of these only 7,800 companies are listed of which only 4000 trade on the stock exchanges at BSE and NSE. Hence the stocks trading at the BSE and NSE account for only around 4% of the Indian economy, which derives most of its income related activity from the so-called unorganized sector and households.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 How NSE brought about a paradigm shift in Financial market
2 Markets
3 Trading schedule
4 Exchange Traded Funds and Derivatives on National Stock Exchange
5 Technology
6 Financial Literacy
7 NSE Vs Moneylife
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
How NSE brought about a paradigm shift in Financial market[edit]
NSE was mainly set up to bring in transparency in the markets. Instead of trading membership being confined to a group of brokers, NSE ensured that anyone who was qualified, experienced and met minimum financial requirements was allowed to trade.[4] In this context, NSE was ahead of its times when it separated ownership and management in the exchange under SEBI's supervision. The price information which could earlier be accessed only by a handful of people could now be seen by a client in a remote location with the same ease. The paper-based settlement was replaced by electronic depository-based accounts and settlement of trades was always done on time. One of the most critical changes was that a robust risk management system was set in place, so that settlement guarantees could protect investors against broker defaults.
NSE was also instrumental in creating the National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) which allows investors to securely hold and transfer their shares and bonds electronically. It also allows investors to hold and trade in as few as one share or bond. This not only made holding financial instruments convenient but more importantly, eliminated the need for paper certificates and greatly reduced the incidents of forged or fake certificates and fraudulent transactions that had plagued the Indian stock market. The NSDL's security, combined with the transparency, lower transaction prices and efficiency that NSE offered, greatly increased the attractiveness of the Indian stock market to domestic and international investors.
Markets[edit]
NSE offers trading and investment in the following segments
Equities
Equities
Indices
Mutual Funds
Exchange Traded Funds
Initial Public Offerings
Security Lending and Borrowing Scheme etc.
Derivatives
Equity Derivatives (including Global Indices like CNX 500, Dow Jones and FTSE )
Currency Derivatives
Interest Rate Futures
Debt
Corporate Bonds
Equity Derivatives
The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) commenced trading in derivatives with the launch of index futures on 12 June 2000. The futures and options segment of NSE has made a global mark. In the Futures and Options segment, trading in NIFTY 50 Index, NIFTY IT index, NIFTY Bank Index, NIFTY Next 50 index and single stock futures are available. Trading in Mini Nifty Futures & Options and Long term Options on NIFTY 50 are also available. The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange during the financial year April 2013 to March 2014 stood at ₹1.52236 trillion (US$24 billion).
On 29 August 2011, National Stock Exchange launched derivative contracts on the world’s most followed equity indices, the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average. NSE is the first Indian exchange to launch global indices. This is also the first time in the world that futures contracts on the S&P 500 index were introduced and listed on an exchange outside of their home country, USA. The new contracts include futures on both the DJIA and the S&P 500, and options on the S&P 500.
On 3 May 2012, the National Stock exchange launched derivative contracts (futures and options) on FTSE 100, the widely tracked index of the UK equity stock market. This was the first of its kind of an index of the UK equity stock market launched in India. FTSE 100 includes 100 largest UK listed blue chip companies and has given returns of 17.8 per cent on investment over three years. The index constitutes 85.6 per cent of UK’s equity market cap.[5]
On 10 January 2013, the National Stock Exchange signed a letter of intent with the Japan Exchange Group, Inc. (JPX) on preNparing for the launch of NIFTY 50 Index futures, a representative stock price index of India, on the Osaka Securities Exchange Co., Ltd. (OSE), a subsidiary of JPX.[6]
Moving forward, both parties will make preparations for the listing of yen-denominated NIFTY 50[7] Index futures by March 2014, the integration date of the derivatives markets of OSE and Tokyo Stock Exchange, Inc. (TSE), a subsidiary of JPX. This is the first time that retail and institutional investors in Japan will be able to take a view on the Indian markets, in addition to current ETFs, in their own currency and in their own time zone. Investors will therefore not face any currency risk, because they will not have to invest in dollar denominated or rupee denominated contracts.
In August 2008, currency derivatives were introduced in India with the launch of Currency Futures in USD–INR by NSE. It also added currency futures in Euros, Pounds and Yen. The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange on 20 June 2013 stood at ₹419.2616 billion (US$6.6 billion) in futures and ₹273.977 billion (US$4.3 billion) in options, respectively.
Interest Rate Futures
In December 2013, exchanges in India received approval from market regulator SEBI for launching interest rate futures (IRFs) on a single GOI bond or a basket of bonds that will be cash settled. Market participants have been in favour of the product being cash settled and being available on a single bond. NSE will launch the NSE Bond Futures on 21 January on highly liquid 7.16 percent and 8.83 percent 10-year GOI bonds. Interest Rate Futures were introduced for the first time in India by NSE on 31 August 2009, exactly one year after the launch of Currency Futures. NSE became the first stock exchange to get an approval for interest-rate futures, as recommended by the SEBI-RBI committee.
Debt Market
On 13 May 2013, NSE launched India's first dedicated debt platform to provide a liquid and transparent trading platform for debt related products.[8]
The Debt segment provides an opportunity to retail investors to invest in corporate bonds on a liquid and transparent exchange platform. It also helps institutions who are holders of corporate bonds. It is an ideal platform to buy and sell at optimum prices and help Corporates to get adequate demand, when they are issuing the bonds.
Trading schedule[edit]
Trading on the equities segment takes place on all days of the week (except Saturdays and Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance). The market timings of the equities segment are:
(1) Pre-open session
Order entry & modification Open: 09:00 hrs
Order entry & modification Close: 09:08 hrs*
*with random closure in last one minute. Pre-open order matching starts immediately after close of pre-open order entry.
(2) Regular trading session
Normal/Retail Debt/Limited Physical Market Open: 09:15 hrs
Normal/Retail Debt/Limited Physical Market Close: 15:30 hrs.
Exchange Traded Funds and Derivatives on National Stock Exchange[edit]
The following products are trading on NIFTY 50 Index in the Indian and international Market:
7 Asset Management Companies have launched exchange-traded funds on NIFTY 50 Index which are listed on NSE
15 index funds have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index
Unit linked products have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index by several insurance companies in India
World Indices
Derivatives Trading on NIFTY 50 Index:
Futures and Options trading on NIFTY 50 Index
Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Singapore Stock Exchange(SGX)
Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Chicago Mercantile Exchange(CME)
Technology[edit]
NSE’s trading systems, is a state of-the-art application. It has an up time record of 99.99% and processes more than 450 million messages every day with sub millisecond response time.[9]
NSE has taken huge strides in technology in these 20 years. In 1994, when trading started, NSE technology was handling 2 orders a second. This increased to 60 orders a second in 2001. Today NSE can handle 1, 60,000 orders/messages per second, with infinite ability to scale up at short notice on demand, NSE has continuously worked towards ensuring that the settlement cycle comes down. Settlements have always been handled smoothly. The settlement cycle has been reduced from T+3 to T+2/T+1.
Financial Literacy[edit]
NSE has collaborated with several universities like Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics (GIPE), Pune, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, Ravenshaw University of Cuttack and Punjabi University, Patiala, among others to offer MBA and BBA courses. NSE has also provided mock market simulation software called NSE Learn to trade (NLT) to develop investment, trading and portfolio management skills among the students.[10] The simulation software is very similar to the software currently being used by the market professionals and helps students to learn how to trade in the markets.
NSE also conducts online examination and awards certification, under its Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM) programmes.[11] At present, certifications are available in 46 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets, both at the beginner and advanced levels. The list of various modules can be found at the official site of NSE India. In addition, since August 2009, it offered a short-term course called NSE Certified Capital Market Professional (NCCMP).[12] The NCCMP or NSE Certified Capital Market Professional is a 100-hour program for over 3–4 months, conducted at the colleges, and covers theoretical and practical training in subjects related to the capital markets. NCCMP covers subjects like equity markets, debt markets, derivatives, macroeconomics, technical analysis and fundamental analysis. Successful candidates are awarded joint certification from NSE and the concerned.
NSE Vs Moneylife[edit]
On 8 July 2015, Sucheta Dalal wrote an article on Moneylife alleging that some NSE employees were leaking sensitive data related to high-frequency trading or co-location servers to a select set of market participants so that they could trade faster than their competitors. NSE alleged defamation in the article by Moneylife. On 22 July 2015, NSE filed a ₹1 billion (US$16 million) suit against Moneylife.[13] However, on 9 September 2015, the Bombay High Court dismissed the case and fined NSE ₹5 million (US$79,000) in this defamation case against Moneylife (www.moneylife.in).[14] The High Court asked NSE to pay ₹150,000 (US$2,400) to each journalist Debashis Basu and Sucheta Dalal and the remaining ₹4.7 million (US$74,000) to two hospitals.
The Bombay High Court has stayed the order on costs for a period of two weeks, pending the hearing of the appeal filed by NSE.[15]
See also[edit]
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations
List of South Asian stock exchanges
Mahurat trading
Clause 49
Bombay Stock Exchange
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b National Stock Exchange of India Holidays
^ Jump up to: a b "National economic debate - Stock markets or rigged casinos - talk by Professor Dr. R. Vaidyanathan (IIM Bangalore) - 21 Jan 2011, Mumbai". www.youtube.com. National Economic Debates. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "NSE Shareholding Pattern (For the quarter ended on September 30, 2014)" (PDF). /www.nseindia.com. Narional Stock Exchange of India Limited. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
Jump up ^ CORRESPONDENT, SPECIAL. "National Stock Exchange to file IPO document by 2017". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ UPDATE 1-India's NSE, Japan's JPX plan Nifty futures for Osaka. Reuters. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
Jump up ^ https://www.nseindia.com/products/content/equities/indices/broad_indices.htm
Jump up ^ NSE launches debt trading platform | Business Line. Thehindubusinessline.com (2013-05-13). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
Jump up ^ CXO-Dialogue. Moneycontrol.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
Jump up ^ Patnaik, Santosh. "NSE to spread financial literacy". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
Jump up ^ NSE ties with deemed University to offer pg diploma in financial markets. Edu-Leaders (2012-11-29). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
Jump up ^ NCFM(Bhandarkar Road, Pune) - Pune - Maharashtra - India. Puneeducation.in. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
Jump up ^ "NSE files Rs 100-cr suit against Moneylife". The Indian Express. 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Court fines NSE Rs50 lakh in defamation case against Moneylife". http://www.livemint.com/. Retrieved 2015-10-19. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bombay-high-court-stays-order-imposing-rs-50-lakh-cost-on-nse/articleshow/49043716.cms
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Stock Exchange of India.
Official website
Coordinates: 19°3′37″N 72°51′35″E / 19.06028°N 72.85972°E / 19.06028; 72.85972 (National Stock Exchange)
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Jeannette Walls
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Jeannette Walls
Walls in 2009
Born
(1960-04-21) April 21, 1960 (age 57)
Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Occupation
Author, columnist
Genre
Non-fiction
Notable works
The Glass Castle, Half Broke Horses
Spouse
Eric Goldberg (m. 1988–96)
John J. Taylor (present)
Jeannette Walls (born April 21, 1960) is an American author and journalist widely known as former gossip columnist for MSNBC.com and author of The Glass Castle, a memoir of the nomadic family life of her childhood, which stayed on the New York Times Best Seller list for 261 weeks.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Education
3 Career
4 Works
5 Personal life
6 References
7 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Walls was born on April 21, 1960, in Phoenix, Arizona, to Rex Walls and Rose Mary Walls. Walls has two sisters, Lori and Maureen, and one brother, Brian.[2] Walls' family life was rootless, with the family shuttling from Phoenix, Arizona; California (including a brief stay in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco); Battle Mountain, Nevada; and Welch, West Virginia, with periods of homelessness. When they finally landed in Rex's Appalachian hometown, Welch, W.Va., the family lived in a three-room house without plumbing or heat, infested with snakes and rats.
Walls moved to New York at age 17 to join her sister Lori (at that point an artist for Archie Comics). Jeannette finished high school in the city with the aid of grants, loans, scholarships and a year spent answering phones at a Wall Street law firm.
Education[edit]
Walls graduated from Barnard College in 1984 with honors.[3]
Career[edit]
Early in her career Walls interned at a Brooklyn newspaper called The Phoenix and eventually became a full-time reporter there. From 1987 to 1993 she wrote the "Intelligencer" column for New York magazine.[4] She contributed regularly to the gossip column "Scoop" at MSNBC.com from 1998[4] until her departure to write full-time in 2007.[5][6] She has also written for Esquire (1993–1998),[4] and USA Today,[4] and has appeared on The Today Show, CNN, Primetime, and The Colbert Report.
Her 2000 book, Dish: The Inside Story on the World of Gossip, was a humorous history of the role gossip has played in U.S. media, politics and life.[7] In that book, Walls incidentally outed conservative cyber-gossip Matt Drudge as gay.[8]
In 2005, Walls published the best-selling memoir The Glass Castle,[9] which details the joys and struggles of her childhood. It offers a look into her life and that of her dysfunctional family. The Glass Castle was well received by critics and the public.[10] It has sold over 2.7 million copies and has been translated into 22 languages. It received the Christopher Award, the American Library Association's Alex Award (2006), and the Books for Better Living Award.[11] Paramount bought the film rights to the book,[12] and in March 2013 announced that actress Jennifer Lawrence would play Walls in the movie adaptation. On October 9, 2015, it was reported that Lawrence withdrew from the film and she would be replaced by actress Brie Larson.
In 2009, Walls published her first novel, Half Broke Horses: A True-Life Novel, based on the life of her grandmother Lily Casey Smith.
Walls' latest novel, The Silver Star, was published in 2013.
Works[edit]
The Glass Castle. New York: Scribner. March 2005. ISBN 0-7432-4753-1.
Half Broke Horses: A True-Life Novel. New York: Scribner. October 2009. ISBN 1-4165-8628-8.
Dish: The Inside Story on the World of Gossip. New York: Avon Books, Inc. March 2000. ISBN 0-380-97821-0.
The Silver Star. Scribner, 2013.
Personal life[edit]
Walls married Eric Goldberg in 1988; they divorced in 1996. She now lives outside Culpeper, Virginia, with her second husband, journalist John J. Taylor. They live on a 205-acre farm, with her mother, Rose Mary.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers March 18, 2012". The New York Times Best Seller list. 18 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
Jump up ^ Henry, Diana. "Sister Inspires Space Strip," The Daily Register (Shrewsbury, New Jersey) (May 10, 1982), p. 15.
Jump up ^ Witchel, Alex. "How Jeannette Walls Spins Good Stories Out of Bad Memories". The New York Times Magazine. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jeannette Walls". NotableBiographies.com.
Jump up ^ MSNBC (2007-07-26). "Jeannette Walls leaving msnbc.com". MSNBC.COM. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Jeannette Walls, author, The Glass Castle, gossip columnist, MSNBC.com". Gothamist. 2005-05-27. Archived from the original on 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Nonfiction Review: Dish:: The Inside Story on the World of Gossip by Jeannette Walls". Publishersweekly.com. 2000-02-28. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ Signorile, Michelangelo (2003). Queer in America. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 408. ISBN 0-299-19374-8.
Jump up ^ Walls, Jeannette (2006). The Glass Castle. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-4754-X.
Jump up ^ "The Glass Castle Background". GradeSaver. 2011-03-31. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Porter-Gaud hosts noted author Walls". Post and Courier, FYI, September 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Pitt's Plan B inks deal with Paramount". M & C News, Jun 23, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05.
External links[edit]
Publisher's Biography
Interview with Leahpeah
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 33089798
LCCN: n99261088
ISNI: 0000 0004 4883 1428
GND: 129898775
SUDOC: 125093063
BNF: cb150874218 (data)
BIBSYS: 11026176
NDL: 01076153
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeannette_Walls&oldid=808501126"
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