text:
2014 Winter Paralympics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: 2014 Winter Olympics
XI Paralympic Winter Games
Host city
Sochi, Russia
Motto
Hot. Cool. Yours.
(Russian: Жаркие. Зимние. Твои.)
Nations participating
45
Athletes participating
550
Events
72 in 5 sports
Opening ceremony
7 March
Closing ceremony
16 March
Officially opened by
President Vladimir Putin
Athlete's Oath
Valery Redkozubov
Paralympic torch
Sergey Shilov
Olesya Vladykina
Paralympic stadium
Fisht Olympic Stadium
Winter
< Vancouver 2010
PyeongChang 2018 >
Summer
< London 2012
Rio 2016 >
Part of a series on
2014 Winter Paralympics[show]
Bid process
Venues
Mascots
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Olympics (medal table)
IPC
RPC
SOOC
v
t
e
The 2014 Winter Paralympics (Russian: Зимние Паралимпийские игры 2014, tr. Zimniye Paralimpiyskiye igry 2014), the 11th Paralympic Winter Games, and also more generally known as the Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games, were an international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), held in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia on 7–16 March 2014. 45 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) participated in the Games, which marked the first time Russia ever hosted the Paralympics. The Games featured 72 medal events in five sports, and saw the debut of snowboarding at the Winter Paralympics.[1]
The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with concerns regarding Russia's recent military intervention in the nearby Crimean peninsula of Ukraine. The head of Ukraine's NPC stated that it would pull its athletes if the situation escalated, while the United Kingdom and United States chose not to send governmental delegations to the Games. The crisis ultimately had no impact on athlete participation, but members of the Ukrainian team did stage symbolic protests of the crisis during the Games (including most notably, all but the country's flagbearer sitting out of the opening ceremony's parade of nations).
With 80 medals, 30 of them being gold, the host country of Russia won the most medals during these Games, and set a record for the most medals won by a single country during a single Winter Paralympic Games. Additionally, Russian skier Roman Petushkov won the most individual gold medals in Winter Paralympic history, with six golds across skiing and biathlon events.[2] However, following the Games, the IPC discovered evidence that Russia's performance had been aided by a wider state-sponsored doping program. This resulted in restrictions on the participation of Russian athletes during subsequent Paralympics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Bidding process
2 Organization
2.1 Venues
2.2 Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster)
2.3 Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster)
3 Mascots
4 The Games
4.1 Opening ceremony
4.2 Participating National Paralympic Committees
4.3 Sports
4.4 Calendar
4.5 Closing ceremony
5 Medals
5.1 Medal table
6 Broadcasting
7 Concerns and controversies
7.1 Crimean crisis
7.2 Russian doping scandal
7.3 LGBT rights
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Bidding process[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2014 Winter Olympics
As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee first established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics was also to host the 2014 Winter Paralympics.[3] Following the second and final round of voting at the 119th IOC Session in Guatemala City, Guatemala on 4 July 2007, the city of Sochi, Russia was awarded the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.[4]
2014 Host City Election – results
City
Country
Round 1 Round 2
Sochi Russia 34 51
Pyeongchang South Korea 36 47
Salzburg Austria 25 —
Organization[edit]
Venues[edit]
Sochi
Location of Sochi on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.
Main article: Venues of the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
Panoramic view of the Sochi Olympic Park
As with previous Paralympics, the 2014 Winter Paralympics used most of the same venues that were used by the Olympics, situated within the Sochi Olympic Park and the resort of Krasnaya Polyana.[1] Despite the IPC believing that Russia had "zero track record in terms of accessibility"—given that the Soviet Union passed on hosting the 1980 Summer Paralympics after claiming no disabled athletes lived in Russia, the venues were built to the IPC's standards, organizers were quick to fix some of the issues pointed out by officials during an audit of the venues in January 2014, and an IPC spokesperson stated that they were "confident and expect everything to be ready for Games time." Organizers and the IPC hoped that the Paralympics' legacy would make Sochi a role model for inclusive design throughout the country, and IPC president Philip Craven went as far as dubbing Sochi the first accessible city in Russia, commending the country's changed stance on disability since 1980.[5][6]
Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster)[edit]
Main article: Sochi Olympic Park
The Sochi Olympic Park was built by the Black Sea coast in the Imeretin Valley, about 4 km (2.5 miles) from Russia's border with Abkhazia.[7][8] The venues are clustered around a central water basin with a synchronized fountain, allowing all indoor venues to be within walking distance.[9][10] Off these, the venues used during the Paralympics included:
Fisht Olympic Stadium – ceremonies (opening/closing) 40,000 spectators
Shayba Arena – sledge hockey, 7,000 spectators
Ice Cube Curling Center – wheelchair curling, 3,000 spectators
A sketch of the layout of Sochi Olympic Park.
Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster)[edit]
Main article: Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex – Biathlon, Cross-country skiing
Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort – Alpine skiing
Rosa Khutor Extreme Park – Snowboarding
2014 Winter Paralympics Mountain Cluster Venues (interactive map)
Mascots[edit]
Main article: 2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games mascots
Snowflake and Ray of Light ("Snezhinka" and "Luchik")
A shortlist of 10 Olympic and 3 Paralympic designs were shown to the public on 7 February 2011, while the winners were revealed on 26 February 2011.[11] The Paralympic mascots, Ray of Light and Snowflake, represented contrasts and inclusivity: their fictional backstories portrayed them as having respectively come to Earth from a hot planet and a cold comet. After Ray of Light overcame his struggle to adapt to a winter environment, he bonded with Snowflake through a shared passion for winter sports.[12]
The Games[edit]
Opening ceremony[edit]
Main articles: 2014 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony and 2014 Winter Paralympics Parade of Nations
The opening ceremony of the Games were held at Fisht Olympic Stadium on 7 March 2014. Entitled "Breaking the Ice", the ceremony was themed around equality and "breaking" barriers, featuring ballet sequences set to music by notable Russian composers, and animated segments by Aleksandr Petrov based on the story of the firebird. During the parade of nations, Ukraine's athletes declined to participate in protest of the situation in Crimea, and was represented solely by its flagbearer Mykailo Tkachenko. In his opening speech, IPC president Philip Craven praised Russia for finally fulfilling its "dream" of hosting the Paralympics after previously passing on the opportunity in 1980. He called upon spectators to have a "barrier-free mind", stating that "the sport you witness here will change you. Not just for now, but forever." The Paralympic cauldron was jointly lit by Russian Paralympians Olesya Vladykina and Sergey Shilov.[13][14]
Participating National Paralympic Committees[edit]
Athletes representing forty-five National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics, an increase of one NPC over 2010.
[hide]Participating National Paralympic Committees
Andorra (1)
Argentina (3)
Armenia (1)
Australia (9)
Austria (13)
Belarus (10)
Belgium (2)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2)
Brazil (2)
Bulgaria (2)
Canada (54)
Chile (2)
China (10)
Croatia (2)
Czech Republic (18)
Denmark (2)
Finland (13)
France (14)
Germany (13)
Great Britain (12)
Greece (1)
Iceland (2)
Iran (1)
Italy (34)
Japan (20)
Kazakhstan (5)
South Korea (27)
Mexico (1)
Mongolia (1)
Netherlands (7)
New Zealand (3)
Norway (31)
Poland (7)
Romania (1)
Russia (68) (host)
Serbia (1)
Slovakia (16)
Slovenia (1)
Spain (7)
Sweden (22)
Switzerland (8)
Turkey (2)
Ukraine (23)
United States (74)
Uzbekistan (2)
Brazil, Turkey and Uzbekistan made their Winter Paralympic debut in Sochi, while Hungary and South Africa, who participated in Vancouver, did not send any athletes.
Sports[edit]
Competitions in the 2014 Winter Paralympics were held in five Winter Paralympic sports, with 72 medal events in total. New for 2014 was the addition of snowboarding events, which were incorporated into the alpine skiing program.
Alpine skiing (32) (details)
Biathlon (18) (details)
Cross-country skiing (20) (details)
Ice sledge hockey (1) (details)
Wheelchair curling (1) (details)
Calendar[edit]
See also: Chronological summary of the 2014 Winter Paralympics
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions # Event finals CC Closing ceremony
March
7th
Fri
8th
Sat
9th
Sun
10th
Mon
11th
Tue
12th
Wed
13th
Thu
14th
Fri
15th
Sat
16th
Sun
Events
Ceremonies OC CC
Alpine skiing 6 3 3 ● 3 3 8 3 3 32
Biathlon 6 6 6 18
Cross-country skiing 2 4 6 2 6 20
Ice sledge hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Wheelchair curling ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Total events
12
5
7
6
9
3
14
7
9
72
Cumulative total
12
17
24
30
39
42
56
63
72
March
7th
Fri
8th
Sat
9th
Sun
10th
Mon
11th
Tue
12th
Wed
13th
Thu
14th
Fri
15th
Sat
16th
Sun
Events
Closing ceremony[edit]
Main article: 2014 Winter Paralympics closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the 2014 Winter Paralympics was held on 16 March 2014 at Fisht Olympic Stadium. Entitled "Reaching the Impossible", the ceremony was themed around inclusivity, and featured sequences paying tribute to Russian abstract artist Wassily Kandinsky, and Alexey Pajitnov's classic video game Tetris. During his closing remarks, deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak stated that the Games had become a "catalyst for our efforts to create a barrier-free environment in Russia", and promised that "this important work will continue throughout our vast country." Sir Phillip Craven congratulated Russia for hosting what he deemed to be the best Winter Paralympic Games, and stated that the Games' participants had "shown the world that absolutely anything is possible and that life is about amazing capabilities and not perceived deficiencies."[15][16][17]
Medals[edit]
Main article: List of 2014 Winter Paralympics medal winners
Sochi's Paralympic medal design was unveiled in May 2013 alongside its Olympic equivalent. The design incorporates a "patchwork quilt" of diamonds, some of which are translucent, containing designs that reflect Russia's regions, and also contain inscriptions in braille.[18][19]
Medal table[edit]
Main article: 2014 Winter Paralympics medal table
Key
* Host nation (Russia)
Rank
NPC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Russia (RUS)* 30 28 22 80
2 Germany (GER) 9 5 1 15
3 Canada (CAN) 7 2 7 16
4 Ukraine (UKR) 5 9 11 25
5 France (FRA) 5 3 4 12
6 Slovakia (SVK) 3 2 2 7
7 Japan (JPN) 3 1 2 6
8 United States (USA) 2 7 9 18
9 Austria (AUT) 2 5 4 11
10 Great Britain (GBR) 1 3 2 6
11–19 Remaining NPCs 5 7 8 20
Total
72
72
72
216
Broadcasting[edit]
In February 2013, following its successful broadcast of the 2012 Summer Paralympics, British broadcaster Channel 4 announced on February 2014 that it had obtained the broadcast rights to further Games, including the 2014 Winter Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics. Channel 4 planned to broadcast more than 45 hours of coverage from Sochi.[20][21] Australian coverage was provided by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, including live online streaming. However, aside from the opening ceremony (which was broadcast live), television coverage was limited to a daily half-hour highlights show.[22]
In the United States, NBC Sports acquired the rights to the 2014 and 2016 Paralympics in September 2013. Following criticism of its minimal coverage of past Paralympics (such as at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, where in contrast to its extensive Olympics coverage, it broadcast only five-and-a-half hours of highlights), NBC announced plans for a total of 52 hours of coverage during the Games, with at least 27 hours of coverage broadcast live, and live coverage of the opening ceremony. The majority of its coverage was relegated to NBC Sports Network, but NBC aired highlights of the opening ceremony the following afternoon, and live coverage of the sledge hockey finals.[23][24] CBC Sports, in conjunction with the Canadian Paralympic Committee, produced and syndicated television and digital coverage of the Games in Canada for CBC Television (30 hours), Ici Radio-Canada Télé (French, 7 hours), Sportsnet, AMI-tv (coverage with open described video), and Yahoo! Sports Canada.[25]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
See also: Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Although concerns over LGBT rights still had a minor effect on the Games, they were overshadowed by a crisis in the Ukrainian region of Crimea which began during the Olympics, but became more severe immediately prior to the Paralympics.
Crimean crisis[edit]
Main article: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
On 27–28 February 2014 in the aftermath of the Ukrainian revolution, Russian troops seized control of most of the Crimean peninsula of Ukraine located on the northern coast of the Black Sea—roughly 480 kilometres (300 mi) from Sochi,[26] including civil buildings, airports, and military bases.[27] On 1 March 2014, the Russian legislature approved the use of the Russian military in Ukraine, and Russian officials stated that their military forces in Crimea were not a breach of existing agreements between Russia and Ukraine.[28] The Ukrainian response has been muted trying to find a diplomatic solution, with no military action on the part of Ukraine's government, which was formed in Kiev less than a week before the intervention. Russia vowed troops would stay until the political situation was "normalised".[29] A referendum on whether Crimea would separate from Ukraine was held on 16 March 2014—the same day as the closing ceremony of these Games.[30]
The effects of these developments led to several notable political actions surrounding the Paralympics. On 2 March 2014, British Prime Minister David Cameron announced that British government officials were planning to boycott the 2014 Winter Paralympics in response to the situation in Crimea, while Prince Edward cancelled plans to travel to Sochi for the Games "on the advice of government."[31][32] On 3 March 2014, United States National Security Council spokeswoman Caitlin Hayden announced that the United States would not send a presidential delegation to Sochi (which was to be led by Tammy Duckworth) at all, "in addition to other measures we are taking in response to the situation in Ukraine." Neither of the boycotts affected the participation of their respective athletes in the Games; Hayden went on to say that "President Obama continues to strongly support all of the U.S. athletes who will participate in the Paralympics and wishes them great success".[31][33]
IPC communications head Craig Spence reported prior to the Games that there were not any boycott efforts among athletes, and stated that although the organization would keep an eye on the situation in the Crimea, "we've obviously expressed our disappointment with what's going on in the political situation, but at the end of the day, we're not here to do politics. We're here to organize a sporting event." He went on to emphasize that the same level of security measures in place during the Olympics were in place during the Paralympics, ensuring that Sochi would be the "safest place" in the country during the Games.[26][34]
The Ukraine team still participated in the Games, but Valeriy Sushkevich, head of the country's National Paralympic Committee, warned that "if there is an escalation of the conflict, intervention on the territory of our country, God forbid the worst, we would not be able to stay here. We would go." Similarly to the Olympics, political protests and statements among athletes were forbidden during Paralympic events, although two major, symbolic protests by the Ukrainian team occurred during the Games. During the opening ceremonies, all but one of the country's 31 athletes declined to participate in the parade of nations. The country was represented solely by Nordic skier and flagbearer Mykailo Tkachenko, whose entrance was greeted with an ovation from the audience.[6] Some Ukrainian medalists were seen covering their medal with their hand during ceremonies as another form of silent protest; Sushkevich stated that the covering was "a demonstration that aggression and the high ideals of Paralympic sports are incompatible."[35]
Russian doping scandal[edit]
Main article: Doping in Russia
On 18 July 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency published the first part of an independent report detailing a state-sponsored doping program in Russian Olympic and Paralympic sport, coordinated by the country's Ministry of Sport and Federal Security Service (FSB), where positive urine samples were swapped in favour of clean ones in order to evade detection.[36] The IPC found evidence that swapping of positive samples had occurred during the 2014 Winter Paralympics.[37][38][39][40]
On 7 August 2016, the International Paralympic Committee announced that it had suspended the Russian Paralympic Committee. The country was banned from the 2016 Summer Paralympics. At the 2018 Winter Paralympics, the RPC remained suspended, but the IPC did allow clean Russian athletes to compete neutrally under the Paralympic flag (mirroring a similar decision by the IOC for the 2018 Winter Olympics).[41].[40][42]
LGBT rights[edit]
Concerns surrounding LGBT rights in Russia and the country's "gay propaganda" law continued into the Paralympics. On 4 February 2014, Norway's openly gay health minister Bent Høie announced he would attend the Games with his husband, as is common for cabinet officials to travel with their spouses.[43] The Federation of Gay Games also started a petition calling for IPC president Philip Craven not to attend the Games if Russian authorities did not allow the Russian Open Games, a multi-sport event for LGBT athletes which organizers attempted to hold prior to the Paralympics, to occur. These games were faced with a bomb threat, and its venues arbitrarily pulling out of providing their services for events, which was believed to be a result of government pressure.[44]
See also[edit]
Winter Paralympics portal
List of IOC country codes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Para-Snowboard secures Paralympic Games inclusion". BBC Sport. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sochi Paralympics: Roman Petushkov sets golds record". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paralympics 2012: London to host 'first truly global Games'". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sochi Elected as Host City of XXII Olympic Winter Games". Olympic.org. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 Paralympics: IPC confident on venue accessibility". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ukrainians stage symbolic protest at opening of Sochi Winter Paralympics". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sochi's mixed feelings over Olympics". BBC News. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Russian Deputy PM leads Sochi delegation to inspect Munich Olympic Park Inside the Games, 22 May 2010
Jump up ^ Madler, Mark (24 February 2014). "WET Design Runs Rings Around Rivals". San Fernando Business Journal. Los Angeles, California: California Business Journals. Retrieved 26 February 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "California-based WET makes the waters dance at Sochi". Gizmag. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Russia unveils candidates for Sochi mascot". ESPN.com. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 gets a new Paralympic look". Paralympic.org. IPC. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Brandon Hicks (7 March 2014). "2014 Paralympics open in Sochi". CBC. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "#Neverstop: 2014 Paralympic Games kick off in Sochi (PHOTOS)". Russia Today. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Record-breaking Sochi 2014 Paralympics close in celebration of possibility". IPC. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best Winter Paralympics Ever' Close in Sochi". RIA. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sochi Paralympics end with flare, fireworks". CBC Sports. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee unveils Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games medals". Sochi 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 unveils Paralympic Winter Games medals". Paralympic.org. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Channel 4 pays £7m to screen 2014 and 2016 Paralympic Games". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Channel 4 secures 2014 and 2016 Paralympic Games rights". International Paralympic Committee. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 Winter Paralympic Games". TV Tonight. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Television Schedule Set For Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games". USOC. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paralympic Movement given huge boost as American channels NBC and NBCSN will cover next two Games". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "CBC Unveils Multiplatform Coverage of Sochi 2014 Paralympic Games". Broadcaster Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sochi Paralympics 2014: No plans for boycott – IPC". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russian troops seize Crimea". Politico. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine". The Hindu. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia vows troops will stay". BBC. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Crimea's referendum to leave Ukraine: how did we get here?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "British Officials to Boycott Sochi Paralympics". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ukraine crisis: David Cameron says ministers will boycott Sochi 2014 Paralympics in response to Russia's declaration of war". The Independent. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "USA won't send presidential delegation to Sochi Paralympics". USA Today. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paralympics organizers fear Crimea unrest will overshadow Games". CBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "How Ukraine's athletes in Sochi are protesting against Russia's actions". Quartz. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "McLaren Independent Investigations Report into Sochi Allegations". World Anti-Doping Agency. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (18 July 2016). "Russia May Face Olympics Ban as Doping Scheme Is Confirmed". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Schwirtz, Michael (12 May 2016). "Russian Insider Says State-Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Russia given blanket Paralympic ban amid 'medals over morals' criticism". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rio Paralympics 2016: Russian athletes banned after doping scandal". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPC allow Russian athletes to compete as neutrals at Pyeongchang 2018 but maintain suspension". Inside the Games. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ "The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect". International Paralympic Committee. 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gay Norwegian minister to take husband to Sochi Paralympics". Reuters. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Post-Olympic concerns over Russia LGBT rights record remain". Washington Blade. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2014 Winter Paralympics.
Wikinews has related news: Category:2014 Winter Paralympics
Sochi 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Games travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official website
International Paralympic Committee
Preceded by
Vancouver Winter Paralympics
Sochi
XI Paralympic Winter Games (2014) Succeeded by
Pyeongchang
[show]
v
t
e
Paralympic Games
Charter
Host cities
IPC
NPCs
Medal tables
Medalists
Participating nations
Summer
Winter
Sports
Symbols
Summer Games
Rome 1960
Tokyo 1964
Tel Aviv 1968
Heidelberg 1972
Toronto 1976
Arnhem 1980
New York/Stoke Mandeville 1984
Seoul 1988
Barcelona/Madrid 1992
Atlanta 1996
Sydney 2000
Athens 2004
Beijing 2008
London 2012
Rio de Janeiro 2016
Tokyo 2020
Paris 2024
Los Angeles 2028
Winter Games
Örnsköldsvik 1976
Geilo 1980
Innsbruck 1984
Innsbruck 1988
Tignes/Albertville 1992
Lillehammer 1994
Nagano 1998
Salt Lake City 2002
Turin 2006
Vancouver 2010
Sochi 2014
Pyeongchang 2018
Beijing 2022
TBD 2026
Olympic Games
Youth Olympic Games
Ancient Olympic Games
[show]
v
t
e
Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia
America
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Mexico
United States
Asia
China
Iran
Japan
Kazakhstan
Mongolia
South Korea
Uzbekistan
Europe
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Iceland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
[show]
v
t
e
Events at the 2014 Winter Paralympics (Sochi)
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Cross-country skiing
Ice sledge hockey
Wheelchair curling
[show]
v
t
e
Venues of the 2014 Winter Paralympics
Coastal Cluster
Fisht Olympic Stadium
Shayba Arena
Ice Cube Curling Center
Mountain Cluster
Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex
Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort
Rosa Khutor Extreme Park
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Winter_Paralympics&oldid=834124748"
Categories:
Winter Paralympic Games
2014 Winter Paralympics
2014 in multi-sport events
2014 in winter sports
2014 in Russian sport
International sports competitions hosted by Russia
Sports competitions in Sochi
Winter multi-sport events in Russia
March 2014 sports events
21st century in Sochi
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Use dmy dates from April 2014
Articles containing Russian-language text
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
বাংলা
Беларуская
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Frysk
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Коми
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
中文
26 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 02:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: caption

tag: td

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

tag: th

tag: br

tag: span

attr: lang xml:lang

value: ru ru

value:
/wiki/Valery_Redkozubov
mw-redirect
Valery Redkozubov

value: font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background: #BFD7FF; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; padding-right: 1.5em;

value: Venues of the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics

value: 2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games mascots

value: 2014 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony

value: 2014 Winter Paralympics Parade of Nations

value: Chronological summary of the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: List of 2014 Winter Paralympics medal winners

value: 2014 Winter Paralympics closing ceremony

value: 2014 Winter Paralympics closing ceremony flag bearers (page does not exist)

value: Sochi 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committee

value:
padding-top: 5px; text-align: center
hlist

value: Template:2014 Winter Paralympics Sidebar

value: Template talk:2014 Winter Paralympics Sidebar

value:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float:right

value: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: 22em

value:
/wiki/Paralympic_Winter_Games
mw-redirect
Paralympic Winter Games

value: 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Inclusive_design
mw-redirect
Inclusive design

value: Edit section: Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster)

value:
/wiki/Imeretin_Valley
mw-redirect
Imeretin Valley

value: A sketch of the layout of Sochi Olympic Park.

value: File:Sochi 2014 olympic coastal cluster map-en.svg

value: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:508px;

value: Edit section: Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster)

value: File:Sochi 2014 olympic mountain cluster map-en.svg

value: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:468px;

value:
/wiki/Inclusion_(value_and_practice)
mw-redirect
Inclusion (value and practice)

value: Edit section: Participating National Paralympic Committees

value: Category:Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Argentina at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Australia at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Czech Republic at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Great Britain at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Kazakhstan at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: South Korea at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Netherlands at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: New Zealand at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Switzerland at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: United States at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Uzbekistan at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: div-col columns column-count column-count-3

value: -moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;

value: Alpine skiing - Paralympic pictogram.svg

value: Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Cross-country skiing - Paralympic pictogram.svg

value: Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Ice sledge hockey - Paralympic pictogram.svg

value:
/wiki/Ice_sledge_hockey
mw-redirect
Ice sledge hockey

value: Ice sledge hockey at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: Wheelchair curling - Paralympic pictogram.svg

value: Wheelchair curling at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

value: margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative;

value: Women's downhill (visually impaired, standing and sitting), Men's downhill (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Men's super-G (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Women's super-G (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Women's slalom (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Men's slalom (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Men's snowboard cross, Women's snowboard cross, Women's super combined (visually impaired, standing and sitting), Men's super combined (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Men's giant slalom (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Women's giant slalom (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Women's 6km (visually impaired, standing and sitting), Men's 7.5km (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Women's 10km (visually impaired, standing and sitting), Men's 12.5km (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Men's 15km (visually impaired, standing and sitting), Women's 12.5km (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Men's 15km - sitting, Women's 12km - sitting

value: Men's 20km (visually impaired and standing), Women's 15km (visually impaired and standing)

value: Men's 1km sprint (visually impaired, standing and sitting), Women's 1km sprint (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: Men's 10km (visually impaired, standing and sitting), Women's 5km (visually impaired, standing and sitting)

value: margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;

value: background-color:#ccccff; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

value:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
col
background-color:gold; width:6em;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
col
background-color:silver; width:6em;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
col
background-color:#cc9966; width:6em;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
col
width:6em;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attr: alt src title width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

value:
/wiki/NBC_Sports_Network
mw-redirect
NBC Sports Network

value:
/wiki/Described_video
mw-redirect
Described video

value:
/wiki/Yahoo!_Sports
mw-redirect
Yahoo! Sports

value: Edit section: Concerns and controversies

value:
/wiki/LGBT_rights
mw-redirect
LGBT rights

value:
/wiki/2014_Crimean_crisis
mw-redirect
2014 Crimean crisis

value: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

value:
/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula
mw-redirect
Crimean Peninsula

value:
/wiki/Crimean_referendum,_2014
mw-redirect
Crimean referendum, 2014

value:
/wiki/Valeriy_Sushkevich
mw-redirect
Valeriy Sushkevich

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic

value:
nofollow
http://www.paralympic.org/
external text

value:
col
navbox-title
3
background: #DDEBFF;background: #BFD7FF

value: List of participating nations at the Summer Paralympic Games

value: List of participating nations at the Winter Paralympic Games

value:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
3
background: #DDEBFF;background:#D5E6FF

value:
row
navbox-group
background: #DDEBFF;width:1%

value: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

value:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template talk:2014 Winter Paralympic venues

value: Category:International sports competitions hosted by Russia

value: Category:Winter multi-sport events in Russia

value: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

value: Category:Articles containing Russian-language text

value: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: Paralimpiese Winterspele 2014 – Afrikaans

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

value: الألعاب البارالمبية الشتوية 2014 – Arabic

value: Xuegos Paralímpicos de Sochi 2014 – Asturian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

value: ২০১৪ শীতকালীন প্যারালিম্পিক – Bangla

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

value: Зімовыя Паралімпійскія гульні 2014 – Belarusian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value: Juegos Paralímpicos de Sochi 2014 – Spanish

value: بازی‌های پارالمپیک زمستانی ۲۰۱۴ – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 2014 – French

value: Paralympyske Winterspullen 2014 – Western Frisian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: 2014 शीतकालीन पैरालम्पिक – Hindi

value: Paralimpiade Musim Dingin 2014 – Indonesian

value: XI Giochi paralimpici invernali – Italian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: אולימפיאדת הנכים סוצ'י (2014) – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: Қысқы Паралимпиада ойындары 2014 – Kazakh

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value: Тӧвся Паралимпиада ворсӧмъяс (2014) – Komi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

value: 2014. gada ziemas paraolimpiskās spēles – Latvian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value: 2014 m. žiemos parolimpinės žaidynės – Lithuanian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: ソチパラリンピック – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value: Paralympiske vinterleker 2014 – Norwegian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value: Zimowe Igrzyska Paraolimpijskie 2014 – Polish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Jogos Paralímpicos de Inverno de 2014 – Portuguese

value: Jocurile Paralimpice de iarnă din 2014 – Romanian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Зимние Паралимпийские игры 2014 – Russian

value: 2014 кыһыҥҥы Паралимпия Оонньуулара – Sakha

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value: Paralympiska vinterspelen 2014 – Swedish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: พาราลิมปิกฤดูหนาว 2014 – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value: Зимові Паралімпійські ігри 2014 – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: 2014年冬季帕拉林匹克運動會 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-2014_Winter_Paralympics rootpage-2014_Winter_Paralympics skin-vector action-view


text:
Quit India Movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Procession in Bangalore during the Quit India Movement
Part of a series of articles on
Indian people
Motto: Jai Hind
[show]
People
Lists of people from India by state
[show]
History
Indian independence movement
Quit India Movement
[show]
Culture
Architecture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Dance
Festivals
Literature
Music
Sports
[show]
Languages
Hindi
English (Indian)
Other regional languages
[show]
Religion
Hinduism (Temples)
Islam
Christianity
Sikhism
Jainism (Temples)
Buddhism in India
Zoroastrianism
Bahá'í Faith
v
t
e
The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India.[1]
The Cripps Mission had failed, and on August 1942, Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan. The All-India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "An Orderly British Withdrawal" from India. Even though it was wartime, the British were prepared to act. Almost the entire leadership of the Indian National Congress was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi's speech. Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of the Viceroy's Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the All India Muslim League, the princely states, the Indian Imperial Police, the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service. Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support the Quit India Movement. Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers. The only outside support came from the Americans, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands. The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed.[2] The British refused to grant immediate independence, saying it could happen only after the war had ended.
Sporadic small-scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens of thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. In terms of immediate objectives, Quit India failed because of heavy-handed suppression, weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear-cut programme of action. However, the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of World War II, and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.
In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued a 1 rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India Movement.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 World War II and Indian involvement
1.1 Cripps' Mission
1.2 Factors contributing to the movement's launch
2 Resolution for immediate independence
3 Opposition to the Quit India Movement
3.1 Muslim League
3.2 Hindu Mahasabha
3.3 Communist Party of India
3.4 Princely States
4 No support to the Quit India Movement
4.1 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
5 Local violence
6 Suppression of the movement
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Works cited
9 Further reading
10 External links
World War II and Indian involvement[edit]
In 1939, Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor-General of India, Lord Linlithgow, had brought India into the war without consultation with them. The Muslim League supported the war, but Congress was divided.
Public lecture at Basavanagudi, Bengaluru with Charles Freer Andrews
At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, conditionally supporting the fight against fascism,[4] but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return. Gandhi had not supported this initiative, as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war (he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance, used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed even against Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Hideki Tojo). However, at the height of the Battle of Britain, Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort, stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain. However, opinions remained divided. The long-term British policy of limiting investment in India and using the country as a market and source of revenue had left the Indian Army relatively weak and poorly armed and trained and forced the British to become net contributors to India's budget, while taxes were sharply increased and the general level of prices of doubled: although many Indian businesses benefitted from increased war production, in general business "felt rebuffed by the government" and in particular the refusal of the British Raj to give Indians a greater role in organising and mobilising the economy for war time production.[5]
After the onset of the war, only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action. Bose organised the Indian Legion in Germany, reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance, and soliciting help from the Axis Powers, conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities.
Cripps' Mission[edit]
In March 1942, faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops—especially in Africa—and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps, the Leader of the House of Commons, in what came to be known as the Cripps mission. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return for progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature. The talks failed, as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self-government and of definition of the powers to be relinquished, essentially making an offer of limited dominion-status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement.[6]
Factors contributing to the movement's launch[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1939, with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain, India became a party to the war by being a constituent component of the British Empire. Following this declaration, the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939, passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans. At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first. Responding to this declaration, the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven with the intention of strengthening peace in the world. He also stated that after the war, the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935, in accordance to the desires of the Indians.
Gandhi's reaction to this statement was; "the old policy of divide and rule is to continue. The Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone." According to the instructions issued by High Command, the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately. Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions. The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah. He called the day of 22 December 1939 'The Day of Deliverance'. Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day, however, it was futile. At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940, Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland, Pakistan.
In the meanwhile, crucial political events took place in England. Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as prime minister and the Conservatives, who assumed power in England, did not have a sympathetic stance towards the claims made by the Congress. In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of worsening war situation, the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians. On 8 August, the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred as the "August Offer". However, the Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League.
In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress, at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha, Gandhi revealed his plan to launch individual civil oisobedience. Once again, the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British. It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British. Vinoba Bhave, a follower of Gandhi, was selected by him to initiate the movement. Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country, with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the government in its war endeavors. The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis. On 3 December 1941, the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis. In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program. Subsequently, the movement was withdrawn.
The Cripps' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi's call for The Quit India Movement. In order to end the deadlock on 22 March 1942, the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain's war efforts. A draft declaration of the British Government was presented, which included terms like establishment of Dominion, establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the provinces to make separate constitutions. However, these were to be only after the cessation of the Second World War. According to the Congress, this declaration offered India a only promise that was to be fulfilled in the future. Commenting on this Gandhi said, "It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank." Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India.
Resolution for immediate independence[edit]
The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha (14 July 1942) passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government. The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands.
However, it proved to be controversial within the party. A prominent Congress national leader, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, quit the Congress over this decision, and so did some local and regional level organisers. Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call, but backed it and stuck with Gandhi's leadership until the end. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement, as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan.
Allama Mashriqi (head of the Khaksar Tehrik) was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India Movement. Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working Committee's resolution. On 28 July 1942, Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mahatma Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad and Pattabhi Sitaramayya. He also sent a copy to Bulusu Sambamurti (former Speaker of the Madras Assembly). The telegram was published in the press, and stated:
I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's letter of 8 July. My honest opinion is that Civil Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature. The Congress should first concede openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical Pakistan, and thereafter all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India. If the British refuse, start total disobedience.[7]
The resolution said:
The committee, therefore, resolves to sanction for the vindication of India's inalienable right to freedom and independence, the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale, so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle...they [the people] must remember that non-violence is the basis of the movement.
Opposition to the Quit India Movement[edit]
Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement. These included the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the Communist Party of India and the princely states as below:
Muslim League[edit]
The Muslim League opposed the Quit India Movement as it was of the view that if the British left India in its current state, Muslims as a minority would be oppressed by the Hindu majority. Muhammad Ali Jinnah's opposition to Gandhi's call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British, and enlisting in the army.[8] The Muslim League gained large numbers of new members. Congress members heeding Gandhi's call resigned from provincial legislatures, enabling the Muslim League, in alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha, to take control in Sindh, Bengal and Northwest Frontier.[9][10]
Hindu Mahasabha[edit]
Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.[11] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army... to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.[11]
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,[11]Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal, (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942 he wrote:
“Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being” [12][13]
Mukherjee reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha, would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:
“The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.[13]
Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states:
"Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution.... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation .... " [14]
Communist Party of India[edit]
The Communist Party of India was banned at that time by the British government. In order to get the ban lifted, as well as to assist the Soviet Union in its war against Nazi Germany, it supported the British war effort, despite support for Quit India by many industrial workers. In response the British lifted the ban on the party.[15]
Princely States[edit]
The movement had less support in the princely states, as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition.[16]
The Indian nationalists had very little international support. They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence, in principle, and believed the U.S. was an ally. However, after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard, the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort. The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians.[17]
No support to the Quit India Movement[edit]
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh[edit]
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) had kept aloof from the Congress-led anti-British Indian independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925. In 1942, under M.S. Golwalkar, it refused to join in the Quit India Movement. The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by noting that,
"the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942".".[18][19][20][21]
The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,
"speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed".[22]
The RSS head (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not support the Quit India Movement. Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the organization itself. In Golwalkar’s words,
“In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. ‘Sangh is the organization of inactive people, their talks have no substance’ was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks.' ”[23][24][25]
The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities could be overlooked.[26]The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India.[27][28]The Bombay government reported that the RSS had not, in any way, infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law. The same Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940, orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable, and the RSS, in turn, had assured the British authorities that "it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government". [29][30]
Local violence[edit]
According to John F. Riddick, from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942, the Quit India movement:
attacked 550 post offices, 250 railway stations, damaged many rail lines, destroyed 70 police stations, and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings. There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut. The greatest level of violence occurred in Bihar. The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order.[31]
At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited. The movement had a local impact in some areas. especially at Satara in Maharashtra, Talcher in Odisha, and Midnapore.[32] In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore, the local populace were successful in establishing parallel governments, which continued to function, until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944.[32] A minor uprising took place in Ballia, now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh. People overthrew the district administration, broke open the jail, released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule. It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district. Of special importance in Saurashtra (in western Gujarat) was the role of the region's 'baharvatiya' tradition (i.e. going outside the law) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there.[33] In rural west Bengal, the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports. There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of 1943 suspended the movement.[34]
Suppression of the movement[edit]
Picketing in front of Medical School at Bengaluru
One of the important achievements of the movement was keeping the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India-Burma border, responded by imprisoning Gandhi. All the members of the Party's Working Committee (national leadership) were imprisoned as well. Due to the arrest of major leaders, a young and until then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag; later the Congress party was banned. These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population. Despite lack of direct leadership, large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. Not all demonstrations were peaceful, at some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire, electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed.[citation needed]
Play media
Video footage of the days during Quit India Movement
The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were made, mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging.[35] Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations, distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments. The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India, possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt.[36]
The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years. Gandhi's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi's health was failing, despite this Gandhi went on a 21-day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance. Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944, he kept up the resistance, demanding the release of the Congress leadership.
By early 1944, India was mostly peaceful again, while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated. A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists, while Jinnah and the Muslim League, as well as Congress opponents like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage, criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party.
See also[edit]
British Raj
Indian Independence Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement
Indian nationalism
Government of Azad Hind
Kallara-Pangode Struggle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement
Jump up ^ Arthur Herman (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Digital. pp. 494–99. ISBN 9780553804638.
Jump up ^ 1 Rupee Coin of 1992 - Quit India Movement Golden Jubilee, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2bWubXDYWU
Jump up ^ Official Website of the Indian National Congress, sub-link to article titled The Second World War and the Congress. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006. URL accessed on 20-Jul-2006
Jump up ^ Raghavan, Srinath, India's War - The Making of Modern South Asia 1939 - 1945, Allen Lane, London, 2016, ISBN 978-1-846-14541-4, p. 320
Jump up ^ Barkawi, Tarak. Culture and Combat in the Colonies. The Indian Army in the Second World War. Journal of Contemporary History. 10000(2). pp. 325–355.
Jump up ^ Nasim Yousaf Hidden facts behind British India's freedom: a scholarly look into Allama Mashraqi and Quaid-e-Azam's political conflict, p.137.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (1984) pp. 209, 215.
Jump up ^ Martin Sieff, Shifting superpowers: the new and emerging relationship between the United States, China, and India (2009) p 21
Jump up ^ Syed Nesar Ahmad, Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective Greenwood Publishing Group, (1991) pp. 213–15.
^ Jump up to: a b c Prabhu Bapu (2013). Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History. Routledge. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-415-67165-1.
Jump up ^ Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad. Leaves from a Dairy. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
^ Jump up to: a b Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000), The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour, LeftWord Books, pp. 56–, ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7
Jump up ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1978). History of Modern Bengal. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
Jump up ^ K. Venugopal Reddy, "Working Class in ‘Quit India’ Movement," Indian Historical Review (2010) 37#2 pp. 275-289.
Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (1984) p 210
Jump up ^ Eric D. Pullin, "'Noise and Flutter': American Propaganda Strategy and Operation in India during World War II," Diplomatic History, (April 2010) 34#2 pp. 275–298 online at Academic Search Premier.
Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa (1 January 2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 422–. ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra, Communalism 2008, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Noorani, RSS and the BJP 2000, p. 60.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra (2008). Communalism in Modern India. Har-Anand. pp. 140–. ISBN 978-81-241-1416-2.
Jump up ^ M.S. Golwalkar (1974). Shri Guruji Samagra Darshan, Volume 4. Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana.
Jump up ^ Ram Puniyani (21 July 2005). Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times. SAGE Publications. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0-7619-3338-0.
Jump up ^ Shamsul Islam (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Media House. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra, Communalism 2008, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987.
Jump up ^ Noorani, RSS and the BJP 2000, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar (2005). Beyond Nationalist Frames: Relocating Postmodernism, Hindutva, History. Permanent Black. pp. 258–. ISBN 978-81-7824-086-2.
Jump up ^ Partha Sarathi Gupta (1997). Towards Freedom 1943–44,Part III. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 3058–9. ISBN 978-0195638684.
Jump up ^ John F. Riddick, The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) p. 115.
^ Jump up to: a b Chakraborty, Bidyut Local Politics and Indian Nationalism: Midnapur (1919–1944). Manohar. 1997.
Jump up ^ Jaykumar R. Shukla, "The Quit India Movement on Saurashtra," Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, 1981, 21#1 pp. 3–8.
Jump up ^ Sunil Sen, "Popular Participation in the Quit India Movement: Midnapur, 1942–44," Indian Historical Review, (Jan 1985) Vol. 12 Issue 1/2, pp. 300–316.
Jump up ^ D, Fisher D; Read A (1998). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. WW Norton. p. 330.
Jump up ^ D, Fisher D; Read A (1998). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. WW Norton. p. 329.
Works cited[edit]
Chandra, Bipan (2008), Communalism in Modern India, Har-Anand, ISBN 8124114161
Noorani, A. G. (2000), The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour, LeftWord Books, ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7
Further reading[edit]
Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987). The brotherhood in saffron: the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu revivalism. Westview Press.
Akbar, M.J. Nehru: The Making of India (Viking, 1988), popular biography
Buchanan, Andrew N. "The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India, December 1941–September 1942: A Political and Military Dilemma." Global War Studies 8.2 (2011): 5-31.
Chakrabarty, Bidyut. "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur," Modern Asian Studies (1992) 26#4 pp. 791–814 in JSTOR
Chakrabarty, Bidyut. "Defiance and Confrontation: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur," Social Scientist (1992) Vol. 20, No. 7/8 in JSTOR
Chopra, P. N."'Quit India' Movement of 1942," Journal of Indian History, (1971) Vol. 49 Issue 145/147, pp 1–56
Clymer, Kenton J. Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence (Columbia University Press, 1995) online edition
Greenough, Paul R. "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44," Modern Asian Studies, (1983) 17#3 pp. 353–386 in JSTOR
Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Digital. ISBN 9780553804638.
Hutchins, Francis G. India's Revolution: Gandhi and the Quit India Movement (1973)
Johnson, Robert. "The Army in India and Responses to Low-Intensity Conflict, 1936-1946." Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 89.358 (2011): 159.
Krishan, Shri. "Crowd vigour and social identity: The Quit India Movement in western India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 33.4 (1996): 459-479.
Panigrahi; D. N. India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat (Routledge, 2004) online edition
Pati, Biswamoy. "The climax of popular protest: The Quit India Movement in Orissa." Indian Economic & Social History Review 29.1 (1992): 1-35.
Patil, V. I. Gandhiji, Nehruji and the Quit India Movement (1984)
Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (W. W. Norton, 1999) online edition; detailed scholarly history
Venkataramani, M. S.; Shrivastava, B. K. Quit India: The American Response to the 1942 Struggle (1979)
Zaidi, A. Moin (1973). The way out to freedom: an inquiry into the Quit India Movement conducted by participants. Orientalia (India). p. 85.
Mansergh, Nicholas, and E. W. R. Lumby, eds. India: The Transfer of Power 1942-7. Vol. II. 'Quit India' 30 April-21 September 1942 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1971), 1044pp
Muni, S. D. "The Quit India Movement: A Review Article," International Studies, (Jan 1977,) 16#1 pp 157–168,
Pran Nath Chopra; Shri Ram Bakshi (1986). Quit India Movement: British secret documents, Vol. 1. Interprint. p. 17. ISBN 81-85017-32-8.
Shourie, Arun (1991). "The Only fatherland": Communists, "Quit India", and the Soviet Union. New Delhi: ASA Publications. ISBN 978-8185304359
External links[edit]
Rejected 'Quit India' resolution drafted by Mohandas K. Gandhi 27 April 1942
[show]
v
t
e
Indian Independence Movement
History
Colonisation
Porto Grande de Bengala
Dutch Bengal
East India Company
British Raj
French India
Portuguese India
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Anglo-Mysore Wars
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Anglo-Maratha Wars
First
Second
Third
Polygar Wars
Vellore Mutiny
First Anglo-Sikh War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Sannyasi Rebellion
Rebellion of 1857
Radcliffe Line
more
Philosophies
and ideologies
Ambedkarism
Gandhism
Hindu nationalism
Indian nationalism
Khilafat Movement
Muslim nationalism in South Asia
Satyagraha
Socialism
Swadeshi movement
Swaraj
Events and
movements
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition of Bengal (1947)
Revolutionaries
Direct Action Day
Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
The Indian Sociologist
Singapore Mutiny
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Rowlatt Committee
Rowlatt Bills
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Noakhali riots
Non-Cooperation Movement
Christmas Day Plot
Coolie-Begar Movement
Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
Kakori conspiracy
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre
Flag Satyagraha
Bardoli
1928 Protests
Nehru Report
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
Purna Swaraj
Salt March
Dharasana Satyagraha
Vedaranyam March
Chittagong armoury raid
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Round table conferences
Act of 1935
Aundh Experiment
Indische Legion
Cripps' mission
Quit India
Bombay Mutiny
Coup d'état of Yanaon
Provisional Government of India
Independence Day
Praja Mandala movement
Organisations
All India Kisan Sabha
All-India Muslim League
Anushilan Samiti
Arya Samaj
Azad Hind
Berlin Committee
Ghadar Party
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Indian National Congress
India House
Indian Home Rule movement
Indian Independence League
Indian National Army
Jugantar
Khaksar Tehrik
Khudai Khidmatgar
Swaraj Party
more
Social
reformers
A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
Ayya Vaikundar
Ayyankali
B. R. Ambedkar
Baba Amte
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhondo Keshav Karve
G. Subramania Iyer
Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
Gopal Hari Deshmukh
Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
J. B. Kripalani
Jyotirao Phule
Kandukuri Veeresalingam
Mahadev Govind Ranade
Mahatma Gandhi
Muthulakshmi Reddi
Narayana Guru
Niralamba Swami
Pandita Ramabai
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
Ram Mohan Roy
Rettamalai Srinivasan
Sahajanand Saraswati
Savitribai Phule
Shahu
Sister Nivedita
Sri Aurobindo
Syed Ahmad Khan
Vakkom Moulavi
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Vinoba Bhave
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
Vivekananda
Independence
activists
Abul Kalam Azad
Accamma Cherian
Achyut Patwardhan
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Alluri Sitarama Raju
Annapurna Maharana
Annie Besant
Ashfaqulla Khan
Babu Kunwar Singh
Bagha Jatin
Bahadur Shah II
Bakht Khan
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Basawon Singh
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Bhagat Singh
Bharathidasan
Bhavabhushan Mitra
Bhikaiji Cama
Bhupendra Kumar Datta
Bidhan Chandra Roy
Bipin Chandra Pal
C. Rajagopalachari
Chandra Shekhar Azad
Chetram Jatav
Chittaranjan Das
Dadabhai Naoroji
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhan Singh
Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Govind Ballabh Pant
Har Dayal
Hemu Kalani
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
Jatindra Nath Das
Jawaharlal Nehru
K. Kamaraj
Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Khudiram Bose
Shri Krishna Singh
Lala Lajpat Rai
M. Bhaktavatsalam
M. N. Roy
Mahadaji Shinde
Mahatma Gandhi
Mangal Pandey
Mir Qasim
Mithuben Petit
Muhammad Ali Jauhar
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
Nagnath Naikwadi
Nana Fadnavis
Nana Sahib
P. Kakkan
Prafulla Chaki
Pritilata Waddedar
Pritilata Waddedar
Purushottam Das Tandon
R. Venkataraman
Rahul Sankrityayan
Rajendra Prasad
Ram Prasad Bismil
Rani Lakshmibai
Rash Behari Bose
Sahajanand Saraswati
Sangolli Rayanna
Sarojini Naidu
Satyapal Dang
Shuja-ud-Daula
Shyamji Krishna Varma
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
Siraj ud-Daulah
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subramania Bharati
Subramaniya Siva
Surya Sen
Syama Prasad Mukherjee
Tara Rani Srivastava
Tarak Nath Das
Tatya Tope
Tiruppur Kumaran
Ubaidullah Sindhi
V O Chidamabaram
V. K. Krishna Menon
Vallabhbhai Patel
Vanchinathan
Veeran Sundaralingam
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
Yashwantrao Holkar
Yogendra Shukla
more
British leaders
Wavell
Canning
Cornwallis
Irwin
Chelmsford
Curzon
Ripon
Minto
Dalhousie
Bentinck
Mountbatten
Wellesley
Lytton
Clive
Outram
Cripps
Linlithgow
Hastings
Independence
Cabinet Mission
Annexation of French colonies in India
Constitution
Republic of India
Indian annexation of Goa
Indian Independence Act
Partition of India
Political integration
Simla Conference
[show]
v
t
e
Mahatma Gandhi
Life events
and movements
Indian Ambulance Corps
Bardoli Satyagraha
Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Indian independence movement
Non-cooperation Movement
Chauri Chaura incident
Purna Swaraj
flag
Salt March
Dharasana Satyagraha
Vaikom Satyagraha
Aundh Experiment
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Second Round Table Conference
Padayatra
Poona Pact
Natal Indian Congress
Quit India
speech
Gujarat Vidyapith University
Harijan Sevak Sangh
Ashrams (Kochrab
Tolstoy Farm
Sabarmati
Sevagram)
List of fasts
Assassination
Philosophy
Gandhism
Economics
trusteeship
Education
Sarvodaya
Satyagraha
Swadeshi
Swaraj
Gandhi cap
Publications
Harijan
Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)
Indian Opinion
The Story of My Experiments with Truth
Young India
Seven Social Sins
(Gandhi Heritage Portal)
Influences
A Letter to a Hindu
Ahimsa
nonviolence
Bhagavad Gita
Henry David Thoreau
Civil Disobedience (essay)
Civil disobedience
Fasting
Harishchandra
Hinduism
Khadi
John Ruskin
Parsee Rustomjee
Leo Tolstoy
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
The Masque of Anarchy
Muhammad
Narmad
Pacifism
Sermon on the Mount
Shravan
Shrimad Rajchandra
Henry Stephens Salt
Tirukkuṛaḷ
Unto This Last
Gandhi's translation
"Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram"
"Ekla Chalo Re"
"Hari Tuma Haro"
"Vaishnava Jana To"
Vegetarianism
Associates
Swami Anand
C. F. Andrews
Jamnalal Bajaj
Shankarlal Banker
Sarla Behn
Vinoba Bhave
Brij Krishna Chandiwala
Sudhakar Chaturvedi
Jugatram Dave
Mahadev Desai
Dada Dharmadhikari
Kanu Gandhi
Shiv Prasad Gupta
Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri
J. C. Kumarappa
Hermann Kallenbach
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Acharya Kripalani
Mirabehn
Mohanlal Pandya
Vallabhbhai Patel
Narhari Parikh
Mithuben Petit
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
Bibi Amtus Salam
Sonja Schlesin
Anugrah Narayan Sinha
Shri Krishna Singh
Rettamalai Srinivasan
V. A. Sundaram
Abbas Tyabji
Ravishankar Vyas
Legacy
Artistic depictions
Gandhigiri
Gandhi Peace Award
Gandhi Peace Prize
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith
Indian currency
Family
Karamchand Gandhi (father)
Kasturba (wife)
Harilal (son)
Manilal (son)
Ramdas (son)
Devdas (son)
Maganlal (cousin)
Samaldas (nephew)
Arun (grandson)
Ela (granddaughter)
Rajmohan (grandson)
Gopalkrishna (grandson)
Ramchandra (grandson)
Kanu (grandson)
Kanu (grandnephew)
Tushar (great-grandson)
Leela (great-granddaughter)
Influenced
James Bevel
Steve Biko
14th Dalai Lama
Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
Morarji Desai
Eknath Easwaran
Maria Lacerda de Moura
James Lawson
Martin Luther King Jr.
Nelson Mandela
Brajkishore Prasad
Rajendra Prasad
Ramjee Singh
Aung San Suu Kyi
Lanza del Vasto
Abhay Bang
Sane Guruji
Memorials
Statues
Houston
Johannesburg
London (Parliament Square)
New York
Patna
Pietermaritzburg
Washington
Observances
Gandhi Jayanti
International Day of Non-Violence
Martyrs' Day
Season for Nonviolence
Other
Aga Khan Palace
Gandhi Bhawan
Gandhi Mandapam
Gandhi Market
Bookstores
Gandhi Promenade
Gandhi Smriti
Gandhi Memorial
Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai
Kaba Gandhi No Delo
Kirti Mandir
Mahatma Gandhi College
Mohandas Gandhi High School
National Gandhi Museum
Raj Ghat
Sabarmati Ashram
Satyagraha House
Gandhi Teerth
Roads named after Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quit_India_Movement&oldid=832941564"
Categories:
Quit India Movement
1942 establishments in India
1942 in India
Gandhism
India in World War II
British Empire in World War II
Hidden categories:
NPOV disputes from June 2014
All NPOV disputes
Articles that may contain original research from May 2017
All articles that may contain original research
Use dmy dates from February 2013
Use Indian English from February 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Articles needing additional references from August 2013
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
भोजपुरी
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Français
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
ಕನ್ನಡ
മലയാളം
मराठी
नेपाली
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Русский
संस्कृतम्
Simple English
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
اردو
中文
14 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 20:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href title

tag: b

tag: i

tag: small

tag: tbody

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: ;white-space:nowrap; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding:0.2em; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;

value: width:100%;padding:0px;background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.2em 1em 0.5em 1em; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

value:
/wiki/Buddhism_in_India
mw-redirect
Buddhism in India

value:
/wiki/Template:Indian_people
mw-redirect
Template:Indian people

value: Template talk:Indian people (page does not exist)

value:
text-align:right
plainlinks hlist navbar mini

value: background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 0em 0.5em 0em 0em; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;

value: border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; width:250px; text-align:center;;padding:3px

value:
/wiki/Cripps_Mission
mw-redirect
Cripps Mission

value:
/wiki/All-India_Congress_Committee
mw-redirect
All-India Congress Committee

value:
/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League
mw-redirect
All India Muslim League

value:
/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service
mw-redirect
Indian Civil Service

value:
/wiki/Axis_Powers
mw-redirect
Axis Powers

value: Edit section: World War II and Indian involvement

value: Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgo (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Guerrilla_war
mw-redirect
Guerrilla war

value: Edit section: Factors contributing to the movement's launch

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

value: Edit section: Resolution for immediate independence

value:
/wiki/British_government
mw-redirect
British government

value:
/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajgopalachari
mw-redirect
Chakravarti Rajgopalachari

value:
/wiki/Maulana_Azad
mw-redirect
Maulana Azad

value:
/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel
mw-redirect
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

value:
/wiki/Allama_Mashriqi
mw-redirect
Allama Mashriqi

value:
/wiki/Khaksar_Tehrik
mw-redirect
Khaksar Tehrik

value:
/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad
mw-redirect
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

value:
/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan
mw-redirect
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

value:
/wiki/Pattabhi_Sitaramayya
mw-redirect
Pattabhi Sitaramayya

value: Edit section: Opposition to the Quit India Movement

value:
/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement
mw-redirect
Indian Independence Movement

value:
/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha
mw-redirect
Hindu Mahasabha

value:
/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party
mw-redirect
Krishak Praja Party

value:
/wiki/R.C._Majumdar
mw-redirect
R.C. Majumdar

value: Edit section: No support to the Quit India Movement

value: Edit section: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

value:
/wiki/K.B._Hedgewar
mw-redirect
K.B. Hedgewar

value:
/wiki/M.S._Golwalkar
mw-redirect
M.S. Golwalkar

value:
/wiki/Indian_freedom_movement
mw-redirect
Indian freedom movement

value:
/wiki/Midnapore_District
mw-redirect
Midnapore District

value: Edit section: Suppression of the movement

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quit_India_Movement.ogv/320px--Quit_India_Movement.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:320px;height:240px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="61.114920634921" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Quit_India_Movement.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Quit_India_Movement.ogv/Quit_India_Movement.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="301224" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Quit_India_Movement.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 320 × 240 (389 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="389428" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Quit_India_Movement.ogv/Quit_India_Movement.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="194936" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video>

value:
/wiki/Kasturbai_Gandhi
mw-redirect
Kasturbai Gandhi

value:
/wiki/Non-Cooperation_Movement
mw-redirect
Non-Cooperation Movement

value:
/wiki/Government_of_Azad_Hind
mw-redirect
Government of Azad Hind

value: -moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Shridhar_D._Damle
mw-redirect
Shridhar D. Damle

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/312940

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517569

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/312297

value:
/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office
mw-redirect
Her Majesty's Stationery Office

value: Template talk:Indian Independence Movement

value:
/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny
mw-redirect
Vellore Mutiny

value:
/wiki/Sannyasi_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Sannyasi Rebellion

value: Revolutionary movement for Indian independence

value:
/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha
mw-redirect
Kheda Satyagraha

value:
/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935
mw-redirect
Government of India Act 1935

value:
/wiki/Indische_Legion
mw-redirect
Indische Legion

value: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

value:
/wiki/Babu_Kunwar_Singh
mw-redirect
Babu Kunwar Singh

value:
/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II
mw-redirect
Bahadur Shah II

value:
/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar
mw-redirect
Muhammad Ali Jauhar

value:
/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai
mw-redirect
Rani Lakshmibai

value:
/wiki/V_O_Chidambaram_Pillai
mw-redirect
V O Chidambaram Pillai

value: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

value: Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford

value: George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

value: Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto

value: James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie

value: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

value: Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley

value: Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton

value: Causes for liberation of French colonies in India

value:
/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Goa
mw-redirect
Indian annexation of Goa

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi

value:
/wiki/Raghupati_Raghav_Raja_Ram
mw-redirect
Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram

value: List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi

value: Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square

value: Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)

value:
/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade
mw-redirect
Gandhi Promenade

value: List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Articles that may contain original research from May 2017

value: Category:All articles that may contain original research

value: Category:Use dmy dates from February 2013

value: Category:Use Indian English from February 2013

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2013

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016

value: Category:Articles containing video clips

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Quit_India_Movement
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: ভারত ছাড়ো আন্দোলন – Bangla

value: भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन – Bhojpuri

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value: Εγκαταλείψτε την Ινδία (κίνημα) – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value: ભારત છોડો આંદોલન – Gujarati

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

value: भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन – Hindi

value: ಭಾರತ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ತೊಲಗಿ ಚಳುವಳಿ – Kannada

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

value: ക്വിറ്റ് ഇന്ത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value: भारत छोडो आंदोलन – Marathi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

value: भारत छोड आन्दोलन – Nepali

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

value: ਭਾਰਤ ਛੱਡੋ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ – Punjabi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

value: ہندستان چھڈو تحریک – Western Punjabi

value: Августовское движение – Russian

value: त्यजन्तु भारतम् आन्दोलनम् – Sanskrit

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value: வெள்ளையனே வெளியேறு இயக்கம் – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: భారతదేశం విడిచిపో ఉద్యమం – Telugu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

value: ہندوستان چھوڑ دو تحریک – Urdu

value: 退出印度运动 – Chinese

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Quit_India_Movement rootpage-Quit_India_Movement skin-vector action-view