text:
Tristan Rogers
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Tristan Rogers
Born
(1946-06-03) 3 June 1946 (age 71)
Melbourne, Australia
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1974–present
Spouse(s)
Teresa Parkerson (21 May 1995-present; 2 children)
Barbara Meale (7 June 1974-1984; divorced)
Tristan Rogers (born 3 June 1946) is an Australian-American actor. He is best known for playing Robert Scorpio on the ABC soap opera General Hospital and for voicing Jake in Walt Disney's The Rescuers Down Under. He is currently starring as Colin Atkinson on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless.
Rogers was born in Melbourne. His early acting roles were on Australian television and he completed short stints in soap operas Bellbird, Number 96 (in 1974) and The Box (in 1975). He was a regular in the police drama series The Link Men (1970) which lasted for 13 episodes, and had guest roles in programs including Barrier Reef, Division 4 and the 1976 miniseries Power Without Glory. He also appeared in a few British films in the early 1970s, notably Four Dimensions of Greta (1972), The Flesh and Blood Show (1972) and Sex Farm (1973).
Contents
[hide]
1 United States roles
1.1 General Hospital
1.2 The Young and the Restless
1.3 Other roles
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
United States roles[edit]
General Hospital[edit]
He originally appeared on General Hospital from December 1980 until February 1992. The popularity and longevity of the character Robert Scorpio in General Hospital came as a result of his involvement with the monumentally popular "supercouple" Luke and Laura, whose 1981 wedding brought in 30 million viewers and remains the highest-rated hour in American soap opera history.[1][2]
While Rogers' Scorpio had been "killed with no body found" when he left the series in 1992, Rogers returned briefly in 1995 as Scorpio's spirit to comfort the character's daughter Robin Scorpio (Kimberly McCullough), who is dealing with the loss of her boyfriend to an AIDS-related illness and is herself HIV-positive.[3] He returned again in January 2006 for six weeks, this time with Scorpio being very much alive. Rogers reappeared in April 2006 and left again that November.
Rogers has taken the lead recently in the soap industry, calling for an evolution of the medium in light of its dwindling audience. An active proponent of the entertainment industry's expansion onto the internet, Tristan is producing his own web-based talk show.[citation needed]
From 5 August 2008 through 21 October 2008, Rogers reprised the role of Robert Scorpio on the second season of SOAPnet's General Hospital: Night Shift, a prime time spin-off of General Hospital which stars Scorpio's daughter Robin.[4][5] He was featured in 12 of the season's 14 episodes, and Soap Opera Digest named the appearance their "Best Return" of 2008.[6] Rogers later reappeared on General Hospital for four episodes starting 22 December 2008 as Scorpio attends Robin's wedding.[7][8]
Rogers returned to General Hospital as Robert Scorpio on 1 March 2012 after Anna Devane (Finola Hughes) called him back to Port Charles to tell him that their daughter Robin Scorpio-Drake had been killed in a lab accident. After seven episodes, he left again on 8 March 2012. Rogers expressed disappointment.[9]
The Young and the Restless[edit]
Rogers returned to daytime television on 8 December 2010 when he joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as Colin Atkinson.[10] He was placed on contract with the show in February 2011. However, Rogers' character was written out of the series in October 2011.
On 29 March 2012 - only weeks after his short return to General Hospital - it was announced that Rogers will bring back Colin to The Young and the Restless.[11]
Other roles[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Rogers starred in the CINE award-winning short Opportunity Knocks, portraying Death himself. Co-produced by Aaron Wells and Suzanne Niedland, there are plans to develop the short into a feature-length film. [clarification needed]
In 1994 Rogers guest-starred in season one, episode "The War Prayer", of the science fiction TV series Babylon 5. He has done voice-over work representing restaurant chain Outback Steakhouse,[12] Foster's Lager, Reebok, Epson and others.
He voiced 'Jake the kangaroo mouse" in The Rescuers Down Under, and gave his voice to the video game Mad Max.[13]
Since 2010, Rogers has starred on the soap opera web series The Bay as Lex Martin.[14]
Personal life[edit]
Rogers has been married to Teresa Parkerson since 21 May 1995. They have two children: daughter Sara Jane (born 25 August 1992) and son Cale (August, 1996). He was formerly married to Barbara Meale from 7 June 1974 until 1984 when they divorced.[15]
Filmography[edit]
Four Dimensions of Greta (1972) - Hans Wiemer
The Flesh and Blood Show (1972) - Tony Weller
Sex Farm (1973) - Robert Waitman
The Rescuers Down Under (1989) - Jake (voice)
Soulmates (1992) - Richard Wayborn
Night Eyes 3 (1993) - Jim Stanton
A Piece of Eden (2000) - Victor Hardwick
Delgo (2008) - Nohrin Officer (voice)
Jack Rio (2008) - Morton the Gallery Owner
Raven (2010) - Ancient Priest
The Los Angeles Ripper (2011) - Singing Class Member
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wolf, Buck. "Luke and Laura: Still the Ultimate TV Wedding." ABC.com 16 November 2006.
Jump up ^ West, Abby. "Luke and Laura: 17 Great Soap Supercouples". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Matheson, Whitney. "Recalling some of TV's dearly departed." USAToday.com 31 August 2005.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael. "Soaps News: Tristan Rogers Checks Back into GH." TVGuide.com Archived 4 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 18 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly. "SoapNet renews Night Shift." The Hollywood Reporter. 27 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Best & Worst of 2008". Soap Opera Digest. 33. 16 December 2008. p. 73.
Jump up ^ "Scorpio Returns to GH". Soap Opera Digest. 33. 16 December 2008. p. 4.
Jump up ^ "Comings and Goings: Tristan Rogers (Robert Scorpio)". Soap Opera Digest. 33. 16 December 2008. p. 16.
Jump up ^ "Twitter-Status". Tristan Rogers. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Tristan Rogers Joins The Young and the Restless". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Colin Is Back!". Soaps In Depth. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Johns, Howard. "Trouble in Little Tuscany", PalmSpringsLife.com, March 2004.
Jump up ^ Avalanche Studios. Mad Max. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. Scene: Credits, 5:40 in, Talent.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (18 February 2011). "Exclusive: Online Soap The Bay Looking For a TV Home". TV Guide. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Tristan Rogers on IMDb
External links[edit]
Tristan Rogers on IMDb
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_Rogers&oldid=815438538"
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Cell-free fetal DNA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA which circulates freely in the maternal blood. Maternal blood is sampled by venipuncture. Analysis of cffDNA is a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis frequently ordered for pregnant women of advanced maternal age.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Laboratory methods
2.1 Separation of cffDNA
2.2 Analysis of cffDNA
2.2.1 Quantitative real-time PCR
2.2.2 Nested PCR
2.2.3 Digital PCR
2.2.4 Shotgun sequencing
2.2.5 Mass spectrometry
2.2.6 Epigenetic modifications
2.2.7 mRNA
3 Applications
3.1 Prenatal sex determination
3.2 Single gene disorders
3.3 Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
3.4 Aneuploidy
3.5 Preeclampsia
4 Future perspectives
5 See also
6 References
Background[edit]
Cell free fetal DNA sheds into the maternal blood circulation
cffDNA originates from placental trophoblasts.[1][2] Fetal DNA is fragmented when placental microparticles are shed into the maternal blood circulation (figure 1).[3]
cffDNA fragments are approximately 200 base pairs (bp) in length. They are significantly smaller than maternal DNA fragments.[4] The difference in size allows cffDNA to be distinguished from maternal DNA fragments.[5][6]
Approximately 11 to 13.4 percent of the cell-free DNA in maternal blood is of fetal origin. The amount varies widely from one pregnant woman to another.[7] cffDNA is present after five to seven weeks gestation. The amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses.[8] The quantity of cffDNA in maternal blood diminishes rapidly after childbirth. Two hours after delivery, cffDNA is no longer detectable in maternal blood.[9]
Analysis of cffDNA may provide earlier diagnosis of foetal conditions than current techniques. As cffDNA is found in maternal blood, sampling carries no associated risk of spontaneous abortion.[10][11][12][13][14] cffDNA analysis has the same ethical and practical issues as other techniques such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.[15]
Some disadvantages of sampling cffDNA include a low concentration of cffDNA in maternal blood; variation in the quantity of cffDNA between individuals; a high concentration of maternal cell free DNA compared to the cffDNA in maternal blood.[16]
New evidence shows that cffDNA test failure rate is higher, fetal fraction (proportion of fetal versus maternal DNA in the maternal blood sample) is lower and PPV for trisomies 18, 13 and SCA is decreased in IVF pregnancies compared to those conceived spontaneously.[17]
Laboratory methods[edit]
A maternal peripheral blood sample is taken by venesection at about ten weeks gestation.[18]
Separation of cffDNA[edit]
Blood plasma is separated from the maternal blood sample using a laboratory centrifuge. The cffDNA is then isolated and purified.[19] In 2007, a standardized protocol for doing this was written by Legler et al through an evaluation of the scientific literature. The highest yield in cffDNA extraction was obtained with the "QIAamp DSP Virus Kit".[20]
Addition of formaldehyde to maternal blood samples increases the yield of cffDNA. Formaldehyde stabilizes intact cells, and therefore inhibits the further release of maternal DNA. With the addition of formaldehyde, the percentage of cffDNA recovered from a maternal blood sample varies between 0.32 percent and 40 percent with a mean of 7.7 percent.[21] Without the addition of formaldehyde, the mean percentage of cffDNA recovered has been measured at 20.2 percent. However, other figures vary between 5 and 96 percent.[22][23]
Recovery of cffDNA may be related to the length of the DNA fragments. Another way to increase the fetal DNA is based on physical length of DNA fragments. Smaller fragments can represent up to seventy percent of the total cell free DNA in the maternal blood sample.
Analysis of cffDNA[edit]
In real-time PCR, fluorescent probes are used to monitor the accumulation of amplicons. The reporter fluorescent signal is proportional to the number of amplicons generated. The most appropriate real time PCR protocol is designed according to the particular mutation or genotype to be detected. Point mutations are analysed with qualitative real time PCR with the use of allele specific probes. insertions and deletions are analyzed by dosage measurements using quantitative real time PCR.
cffDNA may be detected by finding paternally inherited DNA sequences via polymerase chain reaction (PCR).[24]>[25]
Quantitative real-time PCR[edit]
In 2010, Hill et al analyzed the sex-determining region Y gene (SRY) and the Y chromosome short tandem repeat "DYS14" in cffDNA from 511 pregnancies using a quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). In 401 of 403 pregnancies where maternal blood was drawn at seven weeks gestation or more, both segments of DNA were found.[26]
Nested PCR[edit]
In 2001, Al-Yatama et al evaluated the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) to determine sex by detecting a Y chromosome specific signal in the cffDNA from maternal plasma. Nested PCR detected 53 of 55 male fetuses. The cffDNA from the plasma of 3 of 25 women with female fetuses contained the Y chromosome-specific signal. The sensitivity of nested PCR in this experiment was 96 percent. The specificity was 88 percent.[27]
Digital PCR[edit]
Microfluidic devices allow the quantification of cffDNA segments in maternal plasma with accuracy beyond that of real-time PCR. Point mutations, loss of heterozygosity and aneuploidy can be detected in a single PCR step.[28][29][30] Digital PCR can differentiate between maternal blood plasma and fetal DNA in a multiplex fashion.[28]
Shotgun sequencing[edit]
High throughput shotgun sequencing using tools such as Solexa or Illumina, yields approximately 5 million sequence tags per sample of maternal serum. In 2008, Fan et al identified aneuploid pregnancies such as trisomy when testing at the fourteenth week of gestation. In 2010, fetal whole of genome mapping by parental haplotype analysis was completed using sequencing of cffDNA from maternal serum.[13] Chiu et al. in 2010 studied 753 pregnant females, using a 2-plex massively parallel maternal plasma DNA sequencing and trisomy was diagnosed with z-score greater than 3.[31] The sequencing gave sensitivity of 100 percent, specificity of 97.9 percent, a positive predictive value of 96.6 percent and a negative predictive value of 100 percent.
Mass spectrometry[edit]
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) combined with single-base extension after PCR allows cffDNA detection with single base specificity and single DNA molecule sensitivity.[32] DNA is amplified by PCR. Then, linear amplification with base extension reaction (with a third primer) is designed to anneal to the region upstream from the mutation site. One or two bases are added to the extension primer to produce two extension products from wild-type DNA and mutant DNA. Single base specificity provides advantages over hybridization-based techniques using TaqMan hydrolysis probes. In 2008, when assessing the technique, Ding et al found no false positives or negatives when looking for cffDNA to determine fetal sex in sixteen maternal plasma samples.[32] In 2010, Akolekar et al correctly detected the sex of ninety of ninety-one male foetuses using MALDI-TOF mas spectrometry. The technique had accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of over 99 percent.[33]
Epigenetic modifications[edit]
Differences in gene activation between maternal and fetal DNA can be exploited. epigenetic modifications (heritable modifications that change gene function without changing DNA sequence) can be used to detect cffDNA.[34][35] The hypermethylated RASSF1A promoter is a universal fetal marker used to confirm the presence of cffDNA.[36] In 2012, White et al described a technique where cffDNA was extracted from maternal plasma and then digested with methylation-sensitive and insensitive restriction enzymes. Then, real-time PCR analysis of RASSF1A, SRY, and DYS14 was done.[36] The procedure detected 79 out of 90 (88 percent) maternal blood samples where hypermethylated RASSF1A was present.
mRNA[edit]
mRNA transcripts from genes expressed in the placenta are detectable in maternal plasma.[37] In this procedure, plasma is centrifuged so an aqueous layer appears. This layer is transferred and from it RNA is extracted. RT-PCR is used to detect a selected expression of RNA. For example, Human placental lactogen (hPL) and beta-hCG mRNA are stable in maternal plasma and can be detected. (Ng et al. 2002). This can help to confirm the presence of cffDNA in maternal plasma.[16]
Applications[edit]
Prenatal sex determination[edit]
X-linked genetic disorder
The analysis of cffDNA from a sample of maternal plasma allows the determination of fetal sex. Whether the sex of the fetus is male or female allows the determination of the risk of a particular X-linked recessive genetic disorder in a particular pregnancy, especially where the mother is a genetic carrier of the disorder.[38] Most X-linked diseases are evident in males because of the lack of the second X-chromosome that can compensate for the disease allele. Common X-linked recessive disorders include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fragile X syndrome and haemophilia.
In comparison to obstetric ultrasonography which is unreliable for sex determination in the first trimester and amniocentesis which carries a small risk of miscarriage, sampling of maternal plasma for analysis of cffDNA is without risk.[39] The main targets in the cffDNA analysis are the gene responsible for the sex-determining region Y protein (SRY) on the Y chromosome and the DYS14 sequence.[40][41]
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
In congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the adrenal cortex lacks appropriate corticosteroid synthesis, leading to excess adrenal androgens and affects female fetuses.[42] There is an external masculinization of the genitalia in the female fetuses.[43] Mothers of at risk fetuses are given dexamethasone at 6 weeks gestation to suppress pituitary gland release of androgens.[44]
If analysis of cffDNA obtained from a sample of maternal plasma lacks genetic markers found only on the Y chromosome, it is suggestive of a female fetus. However, it might also indicate a failure of the analysis itself ( a false negative result). Paternal genetic polymorphisms and sex-independent markers may be used to detect cffDNA. An high degree of heterozygosity of these markers must be present for this application.[45]
Paternity testing
Prenatal DNA paternity testing is commercially available. The test can be performed at nine weeks gestation.[citation needed]
Single gene disorders[edit]
Autosomal dominant and recessive single gene disorders which have been diagnosed prenatally by analysing paternally inherited DNA include cystic fibrosis, beta thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, spinal muscular atrophy, and myotonic dystrophy.[24][40] Prenatal diagnosis of single gene disorders which are due to an autosomal recessive mutation, a maternally inherited autosomal dominant mutation or large sequence mutations that include duplication, expansion or insertion of DNA sequences is more difficult.[46]
In cffDNA, fragments of 200 – 300 bp length involved in single gene disorders are more difficult to detect.
For example, the autosomal dominant condition, achondroplasia is caused by the FGFR3 gene point mutation.[47] In 2007, a study of two pregnancies with a fetus with achondroplasia found a paternally inherited G1138A mutation from cffDNA from a maternal plasma sample in one and a G1138A de novo mutation from the other.[47]
In studies of the genetics of Huntington's chorea using qRT-PCR of cffDNA from maternal plasma samples, CAG repeats have been detected at normal levels (17, 20 and 24).[48]
cffDNA may also be used to diagnose single gene disorders.[15]Developments in laboratory processes using cffDNA may allow prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies such as trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) in the fetus.[49][29]
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn[edit]
Incompatibility of fetal and maternal RhD antigens is the main cause of Hemolytic disease of the newborn.[50] Approximately 15 percent of Caucasian women, 3 to 5 percent of black Africa women and less than 3 percent of Asian women are RhD negative.[51]
Accurate prenatal diagnosis is important because the disease can be fatal to the newborn and because treatment including intramuscular immunoglobulin (Anti-D) or intravenous immunoglobulin can be administered to mothers at risk.[52]
In 2010, Cardo et al reported that PCR to detect RHD (gene) gene exons 5 and 7 from cffDNA obtained from maternal plasma between 9 and 13 weeks gestation gave a high degree of specificity, sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy (>90 percent) when compared to RhD determination from newborn cord blood serum.[50] In 2013, Aykute et al found similar results targeting exons 7 and 10.[53] In 2015, Svobodova et al reported that droplet digital PCR in fetal RhD determination was comparable to a routine real-time PCR technique.[54]
Routine determination of fetal RhD status from cffDNA in maternal serum allows early management of at risk pregnancies while decreasing unnecessary use of Anti-D by over 25 percent.[55]
Aneuploidy[edit]
Sex chromosomes
Analysis of maternal serum cffDNA by high-throughput sequencing can detect common fetal sex chromosome aneuploidies such as Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome and triple X syndrome but the procedure's positive predictive value is low.[56]
Trisomy 21
Fetal trisomy of chromosome 21 is the cause of Down's syndrome. This trisomy can be detected by analysis of cffDNA from maternal blood by massively parallel shotgun sequencing (MPSS).[57] Another technique is digital analysis of selected regions (DANSR).[57] However, such tests show inconsistent degrees of sensitivity and specificity and therefore may be best used to confirm a positive maternal screening test such as ultrasound markers of the condition.[57].[58]
Trisomy 13 and 18
Analysis of cffDNA from maternal plasma with MPSS looking for trisomy 13 or 18 is possible[59]
Factors limiting sensitivity and specificity include the levels of cffDNA in the maternal plasma; maternal chromosomes may have mosaicism.[60]
A number of fetal nucleic acid molecules derived from aneuploid chromosomes can be detected including SERPINEB2 mRNA, clad B, hypomethylated SERPINB5 from chromosome 18, placenta-specific 4 (PLAC4), hypermethylated holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) and c21orf105 mRNA from chromosome 12.[61] With complete trisomy, the mRNA alleles in maternal plasma isn't the normal 1:1 ratio, but is in fact 2:1. Allelic ratios determined by epigenetic markers can also be used to detect the complete trisomies. Massive parallel sequencing and digital PCR for fetal aneuploidy detection can be used without restriction to fetal-specific nucleic acid molecules. (MPSS) is estimated to have a sensitivity of between 96 and 100%, and a specificity between 94 and 100% for detecting Down syndromeIt can be performed at 10 weeks of gestational age.[62] One study in the United States estimated a false positive rate of 0.3% and a positive predictive value of 80% when using cffDNA to detect Down syndrome.[63]
Preeclampsia[edit]
Preeclampsia is a complex condition of pregnancy involving hypertension and proteinuria usually after 20 weeks gestation.[64] It is associated with poor cytotrophoblastic invasion of the myometrium. Onset of the condition between 20 and 34 weeks gestation, is considered "early".[65] Maternal plasma samples in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia have significantly higher levels of cffDNA that those in normal pregnancies.[66][67][68] This holds true for early onset preeclampsia.[65]
Future perspectives[edit]
New generation sequencing may be used to yield a whole genome sequence from cffDNA. This raises ethical questions.[69] However, the utility of the procedure may increase as clear associations between specific genetic variants and disease states are discovered.[70][71]
See also[edit]
Triple test
Quad test
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alberry, M., et al. (2007). "Free fetal DNA in maternal plasma in anembryonic pregnancies: confirmation that the origin is the trophoblast". Prenatal Diagnosis 27 (5): 415-418.
Jump up ^ Gupta, A. K., et al. (2004). "Detection of fetal DNA and RNA in placenta-derived syncytiotrophoblast microparticles generated in vitro". Clinical Chemistry 50 (11): 2187-2190.
Jump up ^ Smets, E. M.; Visser, A.; Go, A. T.; van Vugt, J. M.; Oudejans, C. B. (2006). "Novel biomarkers in preeclampsia". Clinica Chimica Acta: International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 364 (1-2): 22-32.
Jump up ^ Chan, K. C., et al. (2004). "Size distributions of maternal and fetal DNA in maternal plasma". Clinical Chemistry 50 (1): 88-92.
Jump up ^ Li, Y., et al. (2004). "Size separation of circulatory DNA in maternal plasma permits ready detection of fetal DNA polymorphisms". Clinical Chemistry 50 (6): 1002-1011.
Jump up ^ Li, Y., et al. (2005). "Detection of paternally inherited fetal point mutations for beta-thalassemia using size-fractionated cell-free DNA in maternal plasma". The Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (7): 843-849.
Jump up ^ Wang, Eric; Batey, Annette; Struble, Craig; Musci, Thomas; Song, Ken; Oliphant, Arnold (July 2013). "Gestational age and maternal weight effects on fetal cell-free DNA in maternal plasma". Prenatal Diagnosis. 33 (7): 662–666. doi:10.1002/pd.4119. PMID 23553731.
Jump up ^ Lo, Y. M., et al. (1998). "Quantitative analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis". American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (4): 768-775.
Jump up ^ Lo, Y. M., et al. (1999). "Rapid clearance of fetal DNA from maternal plasma". American Journal of Human Genetics 64 (1): 218-224.
Jump up ^ Lo, Y. M., et al. (1998). "Prenatal diagnosis of fetal RhD status by molecular analysis of maternal plasma". The New England Journal of Medicine 339 (24): 1734-1738.
Jump up ^ Allyse, M.; Sayres, L. C.; King, J. S.; Norton, M. E.; Cho, M. K. (2012). "Cell-free fetal DNA testing for fetal aneuploidy and beyond: clinical integration challenges in the US context". Human Reproduction 27 (11): 3123-3131.
Jump up ^ Mujezinovic, F.; Alfirevic, Z. (2007). "Procedure-related complications of amniocentesis and chorionic villous sampling: a systematic review". Obstetrics and Gynecology 110 (3): 687-694.
^ Jump up to: a b Lo, Y. M. (2008). "Fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1137: 140-143.
Jump up ^ [1] The NHS RAPID project | Reliable Accurate Prenatal non-Invasive Diagnosis
^ Jump up to: a b Hahn, S; Chitty, LS (April 2008). "Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis: current practice and future perspectives". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 20 (2): 146–51. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282f73349. PMID 18388814.
^ Jump up to: a b Wright, C. F.; Burton, H. (2009). "The use of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis". Human Reproduction Update 15 (1): 139-151.
Jump up ^ Lee, T.J., et al. (2018). "Cell-free fetal DNA testing in singleton IVF conceptions". Human Reproduction. doi:10.1093/humrep/dey033 [Epub ahead of print].
Jump up ^ Guibert, J., et al. (2003). "Kinetics of SRY gene appearance in maternal serum: detection by real time PCR in early pregnancy after assisted reproductive technique". Human Reproduction 18 (8): 1733-1736.
Jump up ^ Chiu, R. W., et al. (2001). "Effects of blood-processing protocols on fetal and total DNA quantification in maternal plasma". Clinical Chemistry 47 (9): 1607-1613.
Jump up ^ Legler, T. J., et al. (2007). "Workshop report on the extraction of foetal DNA from maternal plasma". Prenatal Diagnosis 27 (9): 824-829.
Jump up ^ Dhallan, R., et al. (2004). "Methods to increase the percentage of free fetal DNA recovered from the maternal circulation". The Journal of the American Medical Association 291 (9): 1114-1119.
Jump up ^ Benachi, A., et al. (2005). "Impact of formaldehyde on the in vitro proportion of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum". Clinical Chemistry 51 (1): 242-244.
Jump up ^ Chinnapapagari, S. K.; Holzgreve, W.; Lapaire, O.; Zimmermann, B.; Hahn, S. (2005). "Treatment of maternal blood samples with formaldehyde does not alter the proportion of circulatory fetal nucleic acids (DNA and mRNA) in maternal plasma". Clinical Chemistry 51 (3): 652-655.
^ Jump up to: a b Traeger-Synodinos, J. (2006). "Real-time PCR for prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis of monogenic diseases". Molecular Aspects of Medicine 27 (2-3): 176-191.
Jump up ^ Boon, E. M., et al. (2007). "Y chromosome detection by Real Time PCR and pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerisation using free fetal DNA isolated from maternal plasma". Prenatal Diagnosis 27 (10): 932-937.
Jump up ^ Hill, M., et al. (2010). "Steroid metabolome in fetal and maternal body fluids in human late pregnancy". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 122 (4): 114-132.
Jump up ^ Al-Yatama, M. K., et al. (2001). "Detection of Y chromosome-specific DNA in the plasma and urine of pregnant women using nested polymerase chain reaction". Prenatal Diagnosis 21 (5): 399-402.
^ Jump up to: a b Zimmermann, B. G., et al. (2008). "Digital PCR: a powerful new tool for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis?". Prenatal Diagnosis 28 (12): 1087-1093.
^ Jump up to: a b Lo, Y. M., et al. (2007). "Digital PCR for the molecular detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (32): 13116-13121.
Jump up ^ Quake, S. (2007). "At the interface of physics and biology". BioTechniques 43 (1): 19.
Jump up ^ Chiu, R. W.; Lo, Y. M. (2010). "Pregnancy-associated microRNAs in maternal plasma: a channel for fetal-maternal communication?". Clinical Chemistry 56 (11): 1656-1657.
^ Jump up to: a b Ding, C. (2008). "Maldi-TOF mass spectrometry for analyzing cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma". Methods in Molecular Biology 444: 253-267.
Jump up ^ Akolekar, R.; Farkas, D. H.; VanAgtmael, A. L.; Bombard, A. T.; Nicolaides, K. H. (2010). "Fetal sex determination using circulating cell-free fetal DNA (ccffDNA) at 11 to 13 weeks of gestation". Prenatal Diagnosis 30 (10): 918-923.
Jump up ^ Tong, Y. K.; Chiu, R. W.; Chan, K. C.; Leung, T. Y.; Lo, Y. M. (2012). "Technical concerns about immunoprecipitation of methylated fetal DNA for noninvasive trisomy 21 diagnosis". Nature Medicine 18 (9): 1327-1328; author reply 1328-1329.
Jump up ^ Papageorgiou, E. A., et al. (2011). "Fetal-specific DNA methylation ratio permits noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21". Nature Medicine 17 (4): 510-513.
^ Jump up to: a b White, H. E., Dent, C. L.; Hall, V. J.; Crolla, J. A.; Chitty, L. S. (2012). "Evaluation of a novel assay for detection of the fetal marker RASSF1A: facilitating improved diagnostic reliability of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis". PLoS ONE 7 (9): e45073.
Jump up ^ Ng, E. K., et al. (2002). "Presence of filterable and nonfilterable mRNA in the plasma of cancer patients and healthy individuals". Clinical Chemistry 48 (8): 1212-1217.
Jump up ^ Baird, P. A.; Anderson, T. W.; Newcombe, H. B.; Lowry, R. B. (1988). "Genetic disorders in children and young adults: a population study". American Journal of Human Genetics 42 (5): 677-693.
Jump up ^ Scheffer, P. G., et al. (2010). "Reliability of fetal sex determination using maternal plasma". Obstetrics and Gynecology 115 (1): 117-126.
^ Jump up to: a b Bustamante-Aragones, A.; Gonzalez-Gonzalez, C.; de Alba, M. R.; Ainse, E.; Ramos, C. (2010). "Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis using ccffDNA in maternal blood: state of the art". Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 10 (2): 197-205.
Jump up ^ Zimmermann, B.; El-Sheikhah, A.; Nicolaides, K.; Holzgreve, W.; Hahn, S. (2005). "Optimized real-time quantitative PCR measurement of male fetal DNA in maternal plasma". Clinical Chemistry 51 (9): 1598-1604.
Jump up ^ Finning, K. M.; Chitty, L. S. (2008). "Non-invasive fetal sex determination: impact on clinical practice". Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 13 (2): 69-75.
Jump up ^ Markey, C. M.; Wadia, P. R.; Rubin, B. S.; Sonnenschein, C; Soto, A. M. (2005). "Long-term effects of fetal exposure to low doses of the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A in the female mouse genital tract". Biology of Reproduction 72 (6): 1344-1351.
Jump up ^ Sayres, L. C.; Cho, M. K. (2011). "Cell-free fetal nucleic acid testing: a review of the technology and its applications". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 66 (7): 431-442.
Jump up ^ Hill, M.; Barrett, A. N.; White, H.; Chitty, L. S. (2012). "Uses of cell free fetal DNA in maternal circulation". Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 26 (5): 639-654.
Jump up ^ Norbury, G.; Norbury, C. J. (2008). "Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of single gene disorders: how close are we?". Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 13 (2): 76-83.
^ Jump up to: a b Li, Y.; Page-Christiaens, G. C.; Gille, J. J.; Holzgreve, W.; Hahn, S. (2007). "Non-invasive prenatal detection of achondroplasia in size-fractionated cell-free DNA by MALDI-TOF MS assay". Prenatal Diagnosis 27 (1): 11-17.
Jump up ^ [2] De Die-Smulders, C. E. M.; De Wert, G. M. W. R.; Liebaers, I.; Tibben, A.; Evers-Kiebooms, G. (2013). "Reproductive options for prospective parents in families with Huntington's disease: Clinical, psychological and ethical reflections". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (3): 304–315. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms058. PMID 23377865.
Jump up ^ Fan, H. C.; Blumenfeld, Y. J.; Chitkara, U.; Hudgins, L.; Quake, S. R. (2008). "Noninvasive diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy by shotgun sequencing DNA from maternal blood". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (42): 16266-16271.
^ Jump up to: a b Cardo L. et al "Non-invasive fetal RHD genotyping in the first trimester of pregnancy" Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010 Aug;48(8):1121-6. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2010.234.
Jump up ^ Chinen P. A. et al "Noninvasive determination of fetal rh blood group, D antigen status by cell-free DNA analysis in maternal plasma: experience in a Brazilian population." Am J Perinatol. 2010 Nov;27(10):759-62. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1253560. Epub 2010 Apr 20.
Jump up ^ Okwundu C. and Afolabi B. "Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy." Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD007885. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007885.pub2
Jump up ^ Ayket A et al "Determination of fetal rhesus d status by maternal plasma DNA analysis" Balkan J Med Genet. 2013 Dec;16(2):33-8. doi: 10.2478/bjmg-2013-0029.
Jump up ^ Svobodova I. et al "Performance of Droplet Digital PCR in Non-Invasive Fetal RHD Genotyping - Comparison with a Routine Real-Time PCR Based Approach." PLoS One. 2015 Nov 12;10(11):e0142572. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142572. eCollection 2015.
Jump up ^ Papasavva T. et al "Prevalence of RhD status and clinical application of non-invasive prenatal determination of fetal RHD in maternal plasma: a 5 year experience in Cyprus." BMC Res Notes. 2016 Apr 1;9:198. doi: 10.1186/s13104-016-2002-x.
Jump up ^ Zhang B. et al "Noninvasive prenatal screening for fetal common sex chromosome aneuploidies from maternal blood." J Int Med Res. 2017 Apr;45(2):621-630. doi: 10.1177/0300060517695008. Epub 2017 Mar 30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Down Syndrome: Current Status, Challenges and Future Perspectives." Int J Mol Cell Med. 2016 Summer; 5(3): 125–133. PMCID: PMC5125364
Jump up ^ Mersy, E.; Smits, L. J. M.; Van Winden, L. A. A. P.; De Die-Smulders, C. E. M.; Paulussen, A. D. C.; MacVille, M. V. E.; Coumans, A. B. C.; Frints, S. G. M. (2013). "Noninvasive detection of fetal trisomy 21: Systematic review and report of quality and outcomes of diagnostic accuracy studies performed between 1997 and 2012". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (4): 318–29. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt001. PMID 23396607.
Jump up ^ Clark-Ganhart C.A. et al "Understanding the Limitations of Circulating Cell Free Fetal DNA: An Example of Two Unique Cases." J Clin Gynecol Obstet. 2014 May;3(2):38-70.
Jump up ^ Wataganara, T., et al. (2003). "Maternal serum cell-free fetal DNA levels are increased in cases of trisomy 13 but not trisomy 18". Human Genetics 112 (2): 204-208.
Jump up ^ Chiu, R. W.; Lo, Y. M. (2011). "Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis by fetal nucleic acid analysis in maternal plasma: the coming of age". Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 16 (2): 88-93.
Jump up ^ Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Aneuploidy Using Cell-Free Fetal Nucleic Acids in Maternal Blood: Clinical Policy (Effective 05/01/2013) from Oxford Health Plans
Jump up ^ Bianchi, D. W.; Parker, R. L.; Wentworth, J.; Madankumar, R.; Saffer, C.; Das, A. F.; Craig, J. A.; Chudova, D. I.; Devers, P. L.; Jones, K. W.; Oliver, K.; Rava, R. P.; Sehnert, A. J. (2014). "DNA Sequencing versus Standard Prenatal Aneuploidy Screening". New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (9): 799–808. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1311037. PMID 24571752. . A recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine demonstrated the feasibility of using NIPT in a low risk population.
Jump up ^ Henderson J. T. et al "Preeclampsia Screening: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force" JAMA. 2017 Apr 25;317(16):1668-1683. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.18315
^ Jump up to: a b Seval M. M. et al "Cell free fetal DNA in the plasma of pregnant women with preeclampsia" Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2015;42(6):787-91.
Jump up ^ Lo, Y. M., et al. (1999). "Increased fetal DNA concentrations in the plasma of pregnant women carrying fetuses with trisomy 21". Clinical Chemistry 45 (10): 1747-1751.
Jump up ^ Leung, T. N.; Zhang, J.; Lau, T. K.; Chan, L. Y.; Lo, Y. M. (2001). "Increased maternal plasma fetal DNA concentrations in women who eventually develop preeclampsia". Clinical Chemistry 47 (1): 137-139.
Jump up ^ Zhong, X. Y.; Holzgreve, W.; Hahn, S. (2002). "The levels of circulatory cell free fetal DNA in maternal plasma are elevated prior to the onset of preeclampsia". Hypertension in Pregnancy: Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy 21 (1): 77-83.
Jump up ^ Yurkiewicz, I. R.; Korf, B. R.; Lehmann, L. S. (2014). "Prenatal whole-genome sequencing--is the quest to know a fetus's future ethical?". New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (3): 195–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1215536. PMID 24428465.
Jump up ^ Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; Clayton, David G.; Cardon, Lon R.; Craddock, Nick; Deloukas, Panos; Duncanson, Audrey; Kwiatkowski, Dominic P.; McCarthy, Mark I.; Ouwehand, Willem H.; Samani, Nilesh J.; Todd; Donnelly, Peter; Barrett, Jeffrey C.; Burton, Paul R.; Davison, Dan; Donnelly, Peter; Easton, Doug; Evans, David; Leung, Hin-Tak; Marchini, Jonathan L.; Morris; Spencer, Chris C. A.; Tobin, Martin D.; Cardon, Lon R.; Clayton, David G.; Attwood, Antony P.; Boorman, James P.; Cant, Barbara; Everson, Ursula; Hussey, Judith M. (June 2007). "Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls". Nature. 447 (7145): 661–78. Bibcode:2007Natur.447..661B. doi:10.1038/nature05911. PMC 2719288  . PMID 17554300.
Jump up ^ Mailman MD; Feolo M; Jin Y; Kimura M; Tryka K; Bagoutdinov R; Hao L; Kiang A; Paschall J; Phan L; Popova N; Pretel S; Ziyabari L; Lee M; Shao Y; Wang ZY; Sirotkin K; Ward M; Kholodov M; Zbicz K; Beck J; Kimelman M; Shevelev S; Preuss D; Yaschenko E; Graeff A; Ostell J; Sherry ST (October 2007). "The NCBI dbGaP database of genotypes and phenotypes". Nat. Genet. 39 (10): 1181–6. doi:10.1038/ng1007-1181. PMC 2031016  . PMID 17898773.
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text:
Vehicle registration plates of Washington, D.C.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Current Washington, D.C. license plate
The U.S. federal district of Washington, D.C. first required its residents to register their motor vehicles in 1903. Registrants had to provide their own license plates for display until 1907, when the district began to supply plates.[1]
All motor vehicles registered in Washington, D.C. require a front and rear license plate, except for motorcycles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Passenger baseplates
1.1 1907 to 1966
1.2 1966 to present
2 Non-passenger types
3 Optional types
4 Political types
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Passenger baseplates[edit]
1907 to 1966[edit]
In 1956, the U.S. states and Canadian provinces came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for license plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at 6 inches (15 cm) in height by 12 inches (30 cm) in width, with standardized mounting holes.[2] The first Washington, D.C. license plate that complied with these standards was issued three years beforehand, in 1953 (dated March 31, 1954).
Image
Dates issued
Design
Slogan
Serial format
Serials issued
Notes
1907–17 White numbers on black porcelain plate; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" at top none 12345 1 to approximately 65000, with gaps Some serial blocks believed to be reserved for motorcycles.[3]
1918 Embossed black numbers on yellow plate; "DC 18" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 38-000
1919 Embossed white numbers on green plate with border line; "D.C. 1919" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 46-000
1920 Embossed black numbers on white plate with border line; "D.C. 1920" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 55-000
1921 Embossed blue numbers on white plate with border line; "D.C. 1921" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 67-500
1922 Embossed white numbers on red plate with border line; "D.C. 1922" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 80-000
1923 Embossed white numbers on brown plate with border line; "D.C. 1923" at right none 123-456 1 to approximately 112-000
1924 Embossed white numbers on black plate with border line; "DIST. COL. 1924" centered at top none 12-345 1 to approximately 91-000
1925 Embossed white numbers on dark gray plate with border line; "DIST. COL. 1925" centered at top none 123-456 1 to approximately 114-000
1926 Embossed black numbers on orange plate with border line; "DIST. COL. 1926" centered at top none 123-456 1 to approximately 112-000
1927 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "DIST. COL. 1927" centered at top none A-1234 E-1 to approximately V-1000 Letters A, B, C, D, H and R used on non-passenger vehicles. This practice continued until 1935.[4]
1928 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1928" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately W-9000
1929 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1929" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately Z-8000
1930 As 1928 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1930" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately Y-3000
1931 As 1929 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1931" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately Z-3000
1932 As 1928 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1932" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately W-1000
1933 As 1929 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1933" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately X-4000
1934 As 1928 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1934" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately X-3000
1935 Embossed green numbers on white plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - 1935" at bottom none 123-456 57-001 to approximately 191-000
1936 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" and "1936" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 54-001 to approximately 202-000
1937 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" and "1937" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 46-001 to approximately 193-000
1938 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "1938" and "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 46-001 to approximately 182-000
January 1, 1939 – February 29, 1940 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" and "EX-2-29-40" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 46-001 to approximately 174-000
March 1, 1940 – March 31, 1941 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" and "EX-3-31-41" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 52-000 to approximately 182-000
April 1, 1941 – March 31, 1942 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "EX-3-31-42" and "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 46-001 to approximately 183-000
April 1, 1942 – March 31, 1945 As 1940–41 base, but with "EX-3-31-43" at bottom none 123-456 52-001 to approximately 216-000 Revalidated until March 31, 1944 with black tabs, then until March 31, 1945 with white tabs, due to metal conservation for World War II.
April 1, 1945 – March 31, 1946 As 1941–42 base, but with "EX-3-31-46" at top none 123-456 45-001 to approximately 136-000 Only rear plates issued due to ongoing metal shortage.
April 1, 1946 – March 31, 1948 As 1940–41 base, but with "EX-3-31-47" at bottom none 123-456 50-001 to approximately 181-000 Revalidated until March 31, 1948 with white tabs.
April 1, 1948 – March 31, 1949 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "19 D.C. 48" at top none 1234 1 to 9999 Letters B, C, D, H, L, M, R and T used on non-passenger vehicles. This practice continued until 1955.[4]
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately N-1000
April 1, 1949 – March 31, 1950 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "19 D.C. 49" at bottom none 1234 1 to 9999
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately P-7000
April 1, 1950 – March 31, 1951 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "19 D.C. 50" at bottom none 1234 1 to 9999
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately S-5000
April 1, 1951 – March 31, 1952 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "19 D.C. 51" at top none 1234 1 to 9999
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately S-2000
April 1, 1952 – March 31, 1953 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "19 D.C. 52" at bottom none 1234 1 to 9999
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately P-1000
April 1, 1953 – March 31, 1955 Embossed dark green numbers on white plate with border line; "DIST. OF COLUMBIA" centered at top; "3-31" at top left and "54" at top right "THE NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at bottom 1234 1 to 9999 Revalidated until March 31, 1955 with dark green tabs.
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to
Z-9999
AB-123 AA-1 to approximately AB-999
April 1, 1955 – March 31, 1956 Embossed white numbers on dark green plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "56" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦12♦34 AA♦10♦00 to AY♦99♦99; EA♦10♦00 to approximately EA♦99♦99 Serials with B, C, D, H and L as the first letter used on non-passenger vehicles. This practice continued until 1964.[4]
April 1, 1956 – March 31, 1957 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "57" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦12♦34 AA♦10♦00 to AY♦99♦99; EA♦10♦00 to approximately EA♦99♦99
April 1, 1957 – March 31, 1958 Embossed golden yellow numbers on royal blue plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "58" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately SZ♦999
April 1, 1958 – March 31, 1959 Embossed royal blue numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "59" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WB♦999
April 1, 1959 – March 31, 1960 As 1957–58 base, but with "60" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WK♦999
April 1, 1960 – March 31, 1961 As 1958–59 base, but with "61" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WP♦999
April 1, 1961 – March 31, 1962 As 1957–58 base, but with "62" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WV♦999
April 1, 1962 – March 31, 1963 Embossed dark green numbers on reflective white plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "63" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WV♦999
April 1, 1963 – March 31, 1964 Embossed black numbers on reflective yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "64" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately XJ♦999
April 1, 1964 – March 31, 1965 Embossed red numbers on reflective white plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "65" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top 1A234 1A101 to 9Z999
1A23 1A01 to approximately 2T99
April 1, 1965 – March 31, 1966 Embossed black numbers on reflective golden yellow plate with border line; "WASHINGTON, D.C." centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "66" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top 1AB23 1AA01 to approximately 2MH99
1966 to present[edit]
Since November 2000, the standard Washington, D.C. license plate design has featured the slogan "Taxation Without Representation," referring to the unique circumstance that the district's residents face, in which they must pay federal income tax but cannot elect a voting member of the United States Congress.[5]
Image
Dates issued
Design
Slogan
Serial format
Serials issued
Notes
April 1, 1966 – March 31, 1967 Embossed black numbers on reflective white plate with border line; "WASHINGTON, D.C." centered at top; "3-31" at bottom left and "67" at bottom right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at bottom 123-456 100-001 to 300-000 Validated from April 1, 1967 through March 31, 1968 with stickers.
April 1, 1967 – March 31, 1968 As above, but without "67" 300-001 to approximately 368-000
April 1, 1968 – March 31, 1974 Embossed black numbers on reflective white plate with border line; "WASHINGTON, D.C." centered at bottom "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top 123-456 500-001 to 999-999
April 1, 1974 – March 31, 1978 Embossed blue numbers on reflective white plate; embossed blue U.S. Capitol dome graphic used as separator; screened red stripes above and below numbers; "WASHINGTON, D.C." embossed in blue block letters centered at bottom; "3-31" embossed in bottom left corner and sticker box debossed in bottom right corner "BICENTENNIAL" embossed in blue block letters centered at top, with "1776" to the left and "1976" to the right 123-456 100-001 to 500-000 Staggered registration introduced August 1, 1983. All plates replaced between 1984 and 1986.
April 1, 1978 – March 31, 1979 As above, but with "3-31" on sticker in bottom left corner (applied during production) "NATION'S CAPITAL" embossed in blue block letters centered at top 500-001 to 562-000
April 1, 1979 – September 1984 As above, but without "3-31" sticker 562-001 to 925-000
October 1984 – August 1991 Embossed blue numbers on reflective white plate; screened district flag used as separator; screened red stripes above and below numbers; "Washington, D.C." screened in blue cursive letters centered at bottom; debossed sticker boxes in bottom corners "A Capital City" screened in blue cursive letters centered at top 123-456 925-001 to 999-999;
010-001 to 501-750 Validated until April 2016.
August 1991 – April 1997 "Celebrate & Discover" screened in blue cursive letters centered at top 501-751 to approximately 853-000 Slogan changed in honor of the district's bicentennial.
April 1997 – November 2000 As above, but with "Washington, D.C." and sticker boxes at top rather than bottom "Celebrate & Discover" as above, but at bottom AB-1234 AA-0000 to AY-9999
November 2000 – October 2001 "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" screened in blue block letters at bottom AZ-0000 to BA-9999;
BC-0000 to approximately BG-1999
January 2001 – January 2002 "WWW.Washingtondc.gov" screened in blue cursive letters centered at bottom BB-0000 to approximately BB-1999 Alternative issue.
October 2001 – October 2002 As above, but with numbers screened rather than embossed, and without debossed sticker boxes "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" as above BG-2000 to BH-9999;
BK-0000 to approximately BP-1399
January 2002 – present "www.washingtondc.gov" screened in blue cursive letters centered at bottom BJ-0000 to BJ-9999;
EA-0000 to present Alternative issue. EA series began in mid-2010.
October 2002 – July 2013 As above, but with "WASHINGTON, DC" in blue block letters at top "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" as above BP-1400 to DZ-9999;
EB-0000 to EJ-9999
July 2013 – April 2017 As above, but with "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" in blue block letters at top EK-0000 to FN-3999
April 2017 – present As above, but with "WASHINGTON, DC" in blue block letters at top "END TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" as above FN-4000 to FT-8999 (as of April 4, 2017)
Non-passenger types[edit]
Image
Type
Dates issued
Design
Serial format
Notes
Annual Special Permit Annual plates; unique design each year. 1234-65
TC-1234
TT-123[a] 2009: black on blue
2010: white on green
2011: black on magenta
2012: white on black
2013: black on white
2014: black on orange
2015: black on yellow
Apportioned AP-1234[a]
Bus B-12345[a]
Commercial vehicle C 12345
Dealer Annual plates; unique design each year. DLR-1234[a] 2005: white on red
2006: white on blue
2007: black on yellow
2008: black on pink
2009: black on teal
2010: white on light blue
2011: black on yellow
2012: white on dark green
DLR12345 2013: black on blue
2014: black on maroon
D.C. Government Fleet GT-1234[a]
-DC 1234[b]
-DC 12345[b]
7-digit plates began in August 2013.
District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority WASA 1234
DCW 1234 D.C. Water plates replaced WASA plates in October 2011.
Livery L-1234[a]
Manufacturer Annual plates; unique design each year. MFR-1234[a]
Motorcycle 1234M
MC123
MT 1234
MR 1234
MC 1234 MT series began in 2002.
MR series began in 2010 but was not issued to completion.
MC series began in 2012.
Rental vehicle R-12345[a] Rental plates have generally been phased out in favor of regular passenger or commercial plates
Taxi H-12345
12345-H[a] H suffix series began in 2011.
Temporary registration Orange-red on white cardboard. 12345DA
K 12345
N 12345 K series began in 2007.
N series began in 2011.
Temporary registration — motorcycle Black on white cardboard. MM 1234
Trailer White with blue letter/number T 12345 Generally used for truck trailers
WMATA Transit police White with black lettering 12345 The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority issues these to itself replacing standard passenger plates on WMATA-owned transit police cars
Optional types[edit]
Image
Type
Dates issued
Design
Serial format
Notes
Passenger—low number Annual plates; unique design each year 2001 to present. 1
12
123
1234 Serials issued: 1 to 1250
Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority AKA 1234
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity APA 1234
Anacostia River environmental protection ENV 1234
Bad Boys Club BBC 1234
Blue Knights unknown
The Children First Foundation October 23, 2013–present CFF 1234
D.C. Firefighters Local 36 FFA 1234
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority DST 1234
Disabled American Veteran DAV123
DAV 123
DAV-1234
Disabled American Veteran—Disabled ♿DAV 123
DV♿-1234
DV♿-123[a]
Florida A&M University FAM 1234
Fraternal Order of Police District of Columbia Lodge FOP 123
FOP 1234
George Washington University unknown
Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity KAP 1234
Morehouse College Alumni MCA 1234
National Association of Black Scuba Divers UAS 1234
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Alumni ATU 1234
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity QUE 1234
Porsche Club of America PCA 1234
Prince Hall Family (Order of the Eastern Star) OES 1234
Prince Hall Masonic Family PHA 1234
Purple Heart Veteran PH-1234[a]
Spirit of Faith Christian Center SOF 1234
University of Michigan UMI 1234
St. John's College SJC 1234
Veterans of Foreign Wars VFW 1234
Washington Nationals June 2013–present NAT 123
White Stars unknown
Political types[edit]
Image
Type
Dates issued
Design
Serial format
Notes
Richard Nixon First Inaugural
Jimmy Carter First Inaugural
Ronald Reagan First Inaugural
City Council
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k The flag of the District of Columbia is used as a serial divider.
^ Jump up to: a b The flag of Washington, D.C., is appended at the front of the license plate.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Old District of Columbia License Plates". LeatherLicensePlates.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Garrish, Christopher (October 2016). "Reconsidering the Standard Plate Size". Plates. Vol. 62 no. 5. Automobile License Plate Collectors Association.
Jump up ^ "District of Columbia Archive". PorcelainPlates.net. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "District Of Columbia License Plates". allaboutlicenseplates.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewell (November 5, 2000). "Message Gets Rolling; D.C. Government Enlists Residents' Vehicles In Campaign for Congressional Representation". The Washington Post. p. C01. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
External links[edit]
District of Columbia License Plates, Permits, and Vehicle Registration History
Washington, D.C. license plates 1969-present
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value: Vehicle registration plates of the Collectivity of Saint Martin

value: Vehicle registration plates of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

value: Vehicle registration plates of Sint Eustatius

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