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Field of Dreams
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For other uses, see Field of Dreams (disambiguation).
Field of Dreams
Promotional poster by Olga Kaljakin
Directed by
Phil Alden Robinson
Produced by
Lawrence Gordon
Charles Gordon
Screenplay by
Phil Alden Robinson
Based on
Shoeless Joe
by W.P. Kinsella
Starring
Kevin Costner
Amy Madigan
James Earl Jones
Ray Liotta
Burt Lancaster
Music by
James Horner
Cinematography
John Lindley
Edited by
Ian Crafford
Distributed by
Universal Pictures (USA)
TriStar Pictures/Carolco Pictures (International)
Release date
April 21, 1989 (1989-04-21)
Running time
107 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15 million[2][3]
Box office
$84.4 million[4]
Field of Dreams is a 1989 American fantasy-drama sports film directed by Phil Alden Robinson, who also wrote the screenplay, adapting W. P. Kinsella's novel Shoeless Joe. It stars Kevin Costner, Amy Madigan, James Earl Jones, Ray Liotta and Burt Lancaster in his final role. It was nominated for three Academy Awards, including for Best Original Score, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture.
In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
3.3 Field
3.4 Music
4 Historical connections
5 Release and reception
6 Honors
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Ray Kinsella is a novice Iowa farmer who lives with his wife, Annie, and daughter, Karin. In the opening narration, he explains how he had a troubled relationship with his father, John Kinsella, who had been a devoted baseball fan. While walking through his cornfield one evening, he hears a voice whispering, "If you build it, he will come." He continues hearing this before finally seeing a vision of a baseball diamond in his field. Annie is skeptical, but she allows him to plow the corn under in order to build a baseball field. As he builds, he tells Karin the story of the 1919 Black Sox Scandal. Months pass and nothing happens; his family faces financial ruin until, one night, Karin spots a uniformed man on the field. Ray recognizes him as Shoeless Joe Jackson, a deceased baseball player idolized by John. Thrilled to be able to play baseball again, he asks to bring others to the field to play. He later returns with the seven other players banned as a result of the 1919 scandal.
Ray's brother-in-law, Mark, can't see the players and warns him that he will go bankrupt unless he replants his corn. While in the field, Ray hears the voice again, this time urging him to "ease his pain."
Ray attends a PTA meeting at which the possible banning of books by radical author Terence Mann is discussed. He decides the voice was referring to Mann. He comes across a magazine interview dealing with Mann's childhood dream of playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers. After Ray and Annie both dream about him and Mann attending a baseball game together at Fenway Park, he convinces her that he should seek out Mann. He heads to Boston and persuades a reluctant, embittered Mann to attend a game with him at Fenway Park. While there, he hears the voice again, this time urging him to "go the distance." At the same time, the scoreboard "shows" statistics for a player named Archibald "Moonlight" Graham, who played one game for the New York Giants in 1922, but never had a turn at bat. After the game, Mann eventually admits that he, too, saw it.
Ray and Mann then travel to Chisholm, Minnesota where they learn that Graham had become a doctor and had died sixteen years earlier. During a late night walk, Ray finds himself back in 1972 and encounters the then-living Graham, who states that he had moved on from his baseball career. He also says that the greater disappointment would have been not having a medical career. He declines Ray's invitation to fulfill his dream; however, during the drive back home, Ray picks up a young hitchhiker who introduces himself as Archie Graham. While Archie sleeps, Ray reveals to Mann that John had wanted him to live out his dream of being a baseball star. He stopped playing catch with him after reading one of Mann's books at 14. At 17, he had denounced Shoeless Joe as a criminal to John and that was the reason for the rift between them. Ray expresses regret that he didn't get a chance to make things right before John died. When they arrive back at Ray's farm, they find that enough players have arrived to field two teams. A game is played and Archie finally gets his turn at bat.
The Field of Dreams, Dyersville, Iowa—May 2006
The next morning, Mark returns and demands that Ray sell the farm. Karin says that they will not need to because people will pay to watch the ballgames. Mann agrees, saying that "people will come" in order to relive their childhood innocence. Ray, after much thought, refuses and a frustrated Mark scuffles with him, during which Karin is accidentally knocked off the bleachers. The young Graham runs from the field to help, becoming old Graham, complete with Gladstone bag, the instant he steps off of it, and saves Karin from choking (she had been eating a hot dog when she fell). Ray realizes that Graham sacrificed his young self in order to save her. After reassuring Ray that his true calling was medicine and being commended by the other players, Graham leaves, disappearing into the corn. Suddenly, Mark is able to see the players and urges Ray not to sell the farm.
After the game, Shoeless Joe invites Mann to enter the corn; he accepts and disappears into it. Ray is angry at not being invited, but Shoeless Joe rebukes him: if he really wants a reward for having sacrificed so much, then he had better stay on the field. Shoeless Joe then glances towards a player at home plate, saying "If you build it, he will come." The player then removes his mask, and Ray recognizes him to be John as a young man. Shocked, Ray realizes that "ease his pain" referred to John, and believes that Shoeless Joe was the voice all along; however, Joe implies that the voice was Ray himself. Joe then disappears into the corn.
Ray introduces John to Annie and Karin. As he heads towards the corn, Ray asks him if he wants to play a game of catch. They begin to play and Annie happily watches. Meanwhile, hundreds of cars can be seen approaching the baseball field, fulfilling Karin and Mann's prophecy that people will come to watch baseball.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Costner as Ray Kinsella
Amy Madigan as Annie Kinsella
James Earl Jones as Terence Mann
Timothy Busfield as Mark
Kelly Coffield Park as Dee
Frank Whaley as Archie Graham
Gaby Hoffmann as Karin Kinsella
Dwier Brown as John Kinsella
Fern Persons as Annie's mother
Ray Liotta as Shoeless Joe Jackson
Burt Lancaster as Archibald "Moonlight" Graham
Art LaFleur as Chick Gandil
Michael Milhoan as Buck Weaver
Steve Eastin as Eddie Cicotte
Charles Hoyes as Swede Risberg
Ben Affleck as Baseball Fan At Fenway Park
Matt Damon as Baseball Fan At Fenway Park
Production[edit]
Phil Alden Robinson read Shoeless Joe in 1981 and liked it so much that he brought it to producers Lawrence Gordon and Charles Gordon. Lawrence Gordon worked for 20th Century Fox, part of the time as its president, and repeatedly mentioned that the book should be adapted into a film. The studio, however, always turned down the suggestion because they felt the project was too esoteric and noncommercial. Meanwhile, Robinson went ahead with his script, frequently consulting W. P. Kinsella, the book's author, for advice on the adaptation. Lawrence Gordon left Fox in 1986 and started pitching the adaptation to other studios. Universal Studios accepted the project in 1987 and hired USC coach Rod Dedeaux as baseball advisor. Dedeaux brought along World Series champion and USC alumnus Don Buford to coach the actors.[6]
The film was shot using the novel's title; eventually, an executive decision was made to rename it Field of Dreams. Robinson did not like the idea saying he loved Shoeless Joe, and that the new title was better suited for one about dreams deferred. Later, Kinsella told Robinson that his originally chosen title for the book had been The Dream Field and that the title Shoeless Joe had been imposed by the publisher.[7]
Casting[edit]
Robinson and the producers did not originally consider Kevin Costner for the part of Ray because they did not think that he would want to follow Bull Durham with another baseball film. He, however, did end up reading the script and became interested in the project, stating that he felt it would be "this generation's It's a Wonderful Life". Since Robinson's directing debut In the Mood had been a commercial failure, Costner also said that he would help him with the production. Amy Madigan, a fan of the book, joined the cast as Ray's wife, Annie. In the book, the writer Ray seeks out is real-life author J.D. Salinger. When Salinger threatened the production with a lawsuit if his name was used, Robinson decided to rewrite the character as reclusive Terence Mann. He wrote with James Earl Jones in mind because he thought it would be fun to see Ray trying to kidnap such a big man. Robinson had originally envisioned Shoeless Joe Jackson as being played by an actor in his 40s, someone who would be older than Costner and who could thereby act as a father surrogate. Ray Liotta did not fit that criterion, but Robinson thought he would be a better fit for the part because he had the "sense of danger" and ambiguity which Robinson wanted in the character. Burt Lancaster had originally turned down the part of Moonlight Graham, but changed his mind after a friend, who was also a baseball fan, told him that he had to work on the film.[6]
Filming[edit]
Filming began on May 25, 1988. The shooting schedule was built around Costner's availability because he would be leaving in August to film Revenge. Except for some weather delays and other time constraints, production rolled six days a week. The interior scenes were the first ones shot because the cornfield planted by the filmmakers was taking too long to grow. Irrigation had to be used to quickly grow the corn to Costner's height. Primary shot locations were in Dubuque County, Iowa; a farm near Dyersville was used for the Kinsella home; an empty warehouse in Dubuque was used to build various interior sets. Galena, Illinois served as Moonlight Graham's Chisholm, Minnesota.[6] One week was spent on location shots in Boston, most notably Fenway Park.[8]
Robinson, despite having a sufficient budget as well as the cast and crew he wanted, constantly felt tense and depressed during filming. He felt that he was under too much pressure to create an outstanding film, and that he was not doing justice to the original novel. Lawrence Gordon convinced him that the end product would be effective.[6]
During a lunch with the Iowa Chamber of Commerce, Robinson broached his idea of a final scene in which headlights could be seen for miles along the horizon. The Chamber folks replied that it could be done and the shooting of the final scene became a community event. The film crew was hidden on the farm to make sure the aerial shots did not reveal them. Dyersville was then blacked out and local extras drove their vehicles to the field. In order to give the illusion of movement, the drivers were instructed to continuously switch between their low and high beams.
Field[edit]
The baseball field from the film
Scenes of the Kinsella farm were taken on the property of Don Lansing; some of the baseball field scenes were shot on the neighboring farm of Al Ameskamp. Because the shooting schedule was too short for grass to naturally grow, the experts on sod laying responsible for Dodger Stadium and the Rose Bowl were hired to create the baseball field. Part of the process involved painting the turf green. [6]
After shooting, Ameskamp again grew corn on his property; Lansing maintained his as a tourist destination.[6] He did not charge for admission or parking, deriving revenue solely from the souvenir shop. By the film's twentieth anniversary, approximately 65,000 people visited annually.[9] In July 2010, the farm containing the "Field" was listed as for sale.[10] It was sold on October 31, 2011, to Go The Distance Baseball, LLC, for an undisclosed fee, believed to be around $5.4 million.[11]
In January 2018, a man went off-roading on the field, causing large tire gashes and damaging the sprinkler system. The following week, he turned himself in and was charged with felony mischief. [12]
Music[edit]
At first, James Horner was unsure if he could work on the film due to scheduling restrictions. Then he watched a rough cut and was so moved that he accepted the job of scoring it. Robinson had created a temp track which was disliked by Universal executives. When the announcement of Horner as composer was made, they felt more positive because they expected a big orchestral score, similar to Horner's work for An American Tail. Horner, in contrast, liked the temporary score, finding it "quiet and kind of ghostly." He decided to follow the idea of the temp track, creating an atmospheric soundtrack which would "focus on the emotions".[6] In addition to Horner's score, portions of several pop songs are heard during the film. They are listed in the following order in the closing credits:
"Crazy", written by Willie Nelson and performed by Beverly D'Angelo
"Daydream", written by John Sebastian and performed by The Lovin' Spoonful
"Jessica", written by Dickey Betts and performed by The Allman Brothers Band
"China Grove", written by Tom Johnston and performed by The Doobie Brothers
"Lotus Blossom", written by Billy Strayhorn and performed by Duke Ellington
Historical connections[edit]
The character played by Burt Lancaster and Frank Whaley, Archibald "Moonlight" Graham, is based on an actual baseball player with the same name. His character is largely true to life except for a few factual liberties taken for artistic reasons. For instance, the real Graham's lone major league game occurred in June 1905,[13] rather than on the final day of the 1922 season. The real Graham also died in 1965, as opposed to 1972 as the film depicts. In the film, Terence Mann interviews a number of people about Graham. The DVD special points out that the facts they gave him were taken from articles written about the real one.
Release and reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017)
Universal scheduled the film to open in the U.S. on April 21, 1989.It debuted in just a few theaters and was gradually released to more screens so that it would have a spot among the summer blockbusters. It ended up playing until December.[6]
As of June 2017, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rates the film 86%, based on 57 reviews with an average score of 7.9 out of 10. The consensus states: "Field of Dreams is sentimental, but in the best way; it's a mix of fairy tale, baseball, and family togetherness."[14]
Honors[edit]
In June 2008, after having polled over 1,500 people in the creative community, AFI revealed its "Ten Top Ten" — the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres. The film was acknowledged as the sixth best one in the fantasy genre.[15][16]
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—nominated[17]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"If you build it, he will come."—#39
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—nominated[18]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers—#28
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—nominated[19]
AFI's 10 Top 10—#6 Fantasy Film
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Film in the United States portal
List of ghost films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Field of Dreams (1989)". IMDb. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Laff at the Movies (April 20, 2012). "Review: "Touchback" Is an Inspiring Drama that Will Make You Smile". Grand Rapids, MI: WOOD-TV. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Field of Dreams'". JeffCarneyFilms.com. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Information for 'Field of Dreams'". Box Office Mojo. August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2017 National Film Registry Is More Than a 'Field of Dreams'". Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "The 'Field of Dreams' Scrapbook". Field of Dreams (DVD). [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. (April 21, 1989). "Diamonds Are Forever : Director Fields the Lost Hopes of Adolescence". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Production Notes". Field of Dreams (DVD). [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ King, Susan (December 15, 2009). "'Field of Dreams' Screens to Mark 20th Anniversary". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Grossfeld, Stan (July 20, 2010). "Living in a Dream World?". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Greg (October 31, 2011). "'Field of Dreams' Iowa Farm Sold for Millions". Chicago: WMAQ-TV. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/mlb/man-who-tore-up-field-of-dreams-identified-and-arrested/ar-BBIAgm3?li=BBnba9I
Jump up ^ "Moonlight Graham". Retrosheet.org. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Field of Dreams'". Rotten Tomatoes.
Jump up ^ "AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres" (Press release). American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008 – via ComingSoon.net.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Fantasy". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies Nominees" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores: Honoring America's Greatest Film Music" (PDF) (Official ballot). American Film Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies" (PDF) (Official ballot) (10th Anniversary ed.). American Film Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Field of Dreams
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field of Dreams.
Official website
Field of Dreams on IMDb
Field of Dreams at the TCM Movie Database
Field of Dreams at AllMovie
Field of Dreams at Rotten Tomatoes
Field of Dreams at Box Office Mojo
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Lover's Leap
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Lover's Leap (disambiguation).
A scenic view of the New River Valley from Lovers' Leap at Hawk's Nest State Park, Ansted, West Virginia.
Lover's Leap, or (in plural) Lovers' Leap, is a toponym given to a number of locations of varying height, usually isolated, with the risk of a fatal fall and the possibility of a deliberate jump. Legends of romantic tragedy are often associated with a Lovers' Leap.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of locations
2 Legends
2.1 United States
2.2 Other
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Further reading
List of locations[edit]
In the United States
Bluff Park, Hoover, Alabama
Lovers Leap, DeSoto Caverns, Childersburg, Alabama
Lovers' Leap, Tombigbee River Mile 96, Jackson, Alabama
Noccalula Falls Park, Gadsden, Alabama
Lovers Leap, Green Forest, Arkansas
Lovers' Leap, Greenwood, Arkansas
Lovers Leap, Knights Ferry, California, alongside California Highway 120
Lovers' Leap, Lake Tahoe, California
Quincy, California, off Buck's Lake Road
Vail, Colorado, name of a run on Blue Sky Basin
Lovers' Leap Bridge and State Park, New Milford, Connecticut
Lover's Leap, Yonah Mountain, Georgia
Rock City, a roadside attraction in Lookout Mountain, Georgia
Two Lover's Point (Puntan dos Amantes) in Tumon, Guam
Starved Rock State Park, Illinois
Lovers' Leap, Natural Bridge State Resort Park, Slade, Kentucky
Lovers' Leap Park, Bangor, Maine
Cumberland Narrows, Maryland
Purgatory Chasm State Reservation, Massachusetts
Lovers Leap, Hannibal, Missouri
Lover's Leap, The Palisades, Weehawken, New Jersey
Philmont Scout Ranch, outside Cimarron, New Mexico
Blowing Rock, North Carolina
Lover's Leap, located along Oklahoma State Highway 10 and the Illinois River in Tahlequah, Oklahoma
Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania
Lovers' Leap, in Cameron Park, Waco, Texas
Lover's Leap, in Washington County, Utah [1]
Lovers' Leap in Patrick County, Virginia, about 10 miles (16 km) west of Stuart on U.S. Highway 58
Natural Tunnel State Park, Duffield, Virginia
Lovers' Leap, Turn Point, Stuart Island, Washington
Maiden Rock, Wisconsin
Elsewhere
Fonte dos Amores, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Elora Gorge, Elora, Ontario, Canada
La piedra feliz, Valparaíso, Chile
Đulin Ponor, Ogulin, Croatia
Green Valley View aka Suicide Point, Kodaikanal, India
Lovers' Leap Rock, Dargle Valley, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland
Lovers' Leap, Saint Elizabeth, Jamaica
Lovers Leap, Otago Peninsula, Dunedin, New Zealand
Lovers' Rock (la Peña de los Enamorados), Antequera, Andalusia, Spain
Lovers' Leap, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
Lovers' Leap, Blaise castle estate, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
Lovers' Leap, Dovedale, Peak District, England, United Kingdom
Legends[edit]
United States[edit]
The Lovers' Leap at Hawks Nest State Park in the town of Ansted, West Virginia, along the historic Midland Trail, has a drop of 585 feet (178 m) from a high cliff overlooking the New River Gorge. The promontory was named "Lovers' Leap" by settlers,[2] and has acquired a legend involving two young Native Americans from different tribes.[3]
Blowing Rock Mountain, outside Blowing Rock, North Carolina, has a similar legend of a young lover leaping from the cliff and instead of plunging to his death, is saved. In this version the lover is saved by the blowing wind which sends him back into the arms of his sweetheart.[4]
Wills Mountain has a Lovers' Leap overlooking Cumberland Narrows on the west side of Cumberland, Maryland. It is 1,652 feet (504 m) above sea level and made up of oddly squared projections of rock from its top all the way down to the National Road (U.S. Route 40) below. The city of Cumberland and the surrounding states of Pennsylvania and West Virginia may be seen from this point.[citation needed]
Mark Twain in Life on the Mississippi writes: "There are fifty Lover's Leaps along the Mississippi from whose summit disappointed Indian girls have jumped."[5][6] Princess Winona is one such legend, in which the daughter of a Dakota chief leaps to her death rather than marry a suitor she does not love.[7] Maiden Rock, Wisconsin, is one site for the Winona legend, though other locations include Winona Falls in Pennsylvania, Camden County, Missouri and Cameron Park in Waco, Texas.
Other[edit]
Dovedale in the Peak District in the United Kingdom has a limestone promontory named Lovers' Leap reached by a set of steps built by Italian prisoners of war captured in World War II. The local legend is that a young woman believed her lover had been killed in the Napoleonic wars, so she threw herself off the top of the promontory. Later, her family found out that her lover was alive and well.[8]
The south coast of Jamaica at Saint Elizabeth Parish has a Lovers' Leap 1,700 feet (520 m) above the Caribbean Sea. Lovers' Leap is named after two slave lovers from the 18th century, Mizzy and Tunkey. According to legend, their master, Chardley, liked Mizzy; so, in a bid to have her for himself, he arranged for her lover, Tunkey, to be sold to another estate. Mizzy and Tunkey fled to avoid being separated but were eventually chased to the edge of a large steep cliff. Rather than face being caught and separated, the lovers embraced and jumped over the cliff.[9] The story was used as the basis for a romantic novel.[10]
See also[edit]
List of suicide sites
Suicide bridge
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://goo.gl/maps/m66C96yy6pF2
Jump up ^ Shawnee Captive: The Story of Mary Draper Ingles (Women of the Frontier), page 83, Mary R. Furbee, Morgan Reynolds Publishing (July 2001), ISBN 1-883846-69-2
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ http://www.townofblowingrock.com/history.php
Jump up ^ Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi, Penguin Books, New York, 1961 p. 283
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
Jump up ^ Porter, Cynthya (Feb 1, 2009). "Homecoming to Explore Roles of American Indian Women". Winona Daily News reprinted at Diversity Foundation. Retrieved 21 Oct 2015.
Jump up ^ "National Trust – Ilam Park – Dovedale". www.nationaltrust.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Atrium/5460/Introduction/About_Lover_s_Leap/about_lover_s_leap.html&date=2009-10-25+09:58:25
Jump up ^ Lover's Leap: Based on the Jamaican Legend, Horane Smith, Minerva Press (June 1, 1999), ISBN 0-7541-0589-X
Further reading[edit]
Lover's Leap: Based on the Jamaican Legend, Horane Smith, Minerva Press (June 1, 1999), ISBN 0-7541-0589-X
Legends of Lover's Leaps, Phil Hoebing, Missouri Folklore Society Journal 21 (1999), 81-98.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lover%27s_Leap&oldid=819104871"
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Arthur Phillip
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Arthur Phillip
1786 portrait by Francis Wheatley
(National Portrait Gallery, London)
1st Governor of New South Wales
In office
7 February 1788 – 10 December 1792
Succeeded by
John Hunter
Personal details
Born
(1738-10-11)11 October 1738
Cheapside, London, England
Died
31 August 1814(1814-08-31) (aged 75)
Bath, Somerset, England
Military service
Allegiance
Kingdom of Great Britain
Service/branch
Royal Navy
Rank
Admiral
Battles/wars
Seven Years' War
Spanish-Portuguese War
American Revolutionary War
Australian Frontier Wars
Admiral Arthur Phillip (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a Royal Navy officer and the first Governor of New South Wales who founded the British penal colony that later became the city of Sydney, Australia.[1]
After much experience at sea, Phillip sailed with the First Fleet as Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales. In January 1788, he selected its location to be Port Jackson (encompassing Sydney Harbour).[2]
Phillip was a far-sighted governor who soon saw that New South Wales would need a civil administration and a system for emancipating the convicts. But his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the voyage had been rejected, and he faced immense problems of labour, discipline and supply. His friendly attitude towards Aboriginal people was also sorely tested when they killed his gamekeeper, and he was not able to assert a clear policy about them.
The arrival of the Second and Third Fleets placed new pressures on the scarce local resources, but by the time Phillip sailed home in December 1792, the colony was taking shape, with official land-grants and systematic farming and water-supply.
Phillip retired in 1805, but continued to correspond with his friends in New South Wales and to promote the colony's interests.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 First voyages
3 Colonial service
3.1 Governor of New South Wales
3.2 Stabilising the colony
4 Later life
5 Legacy
5.1 200th anniversary
6 Popular culture
7 Memorials
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Early life[edit]
Arthur Phillip was born on 11 October 1738, the younger of two children to Jacob Phillip and Elizabeth Breach. His father Jacob was born in Frankfurt, Germany. He was a languages teacher who may also have served in the Royal Navy as an able seaman and purser's steward. His mother Elizabeth was the widow of an ordinary seaman, John Herbert, who had served in Jamaica aboard HMS Tartar and died of disease on 13 August 1732. At the time of Arthur Phillip's birth, his family maintained a modest existence as tenants near Cheapside in the City of London.[3]
There are no surviving records of Phillip's early childhood. His father Jacob died in 1739, after which the Phillip family may have fallen on hard times.[4] On 22 June 1751 he was accepted into the Greenwich Hospital School, a charity school for the sons of indigent seafarers.[5] In keeping with the school's curriculum, his education was focused on literacy, arithmetic and navigational skills, including cartography. He was a competent student and something of a perfectionist. His headmaster, Rev. Francis Swinden observed that in personality, Phillip was "unassuming, reasonable, business-like to the smallest degree in everything he undertakes".[6]
Phillip remained at the Greenwich School for two and a half years, considerably longer than the average student stay of twelve months.[7] At the end of 1753 he was granted a seven-year indenture as an apprentice aboard Fortune, a 210-ton whaling boat commanded by merchant mariner Wiliam Readhead. He left the Greenwich School on 1 December and spent the winter aboard Fortune awaiting the commencement of the 1754 whaling season.[8]
First voyages[edit]
Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Phillip spent the summer of 1754 hunting whales near Svalbard in the Barents Sea.[9] As an apprentice, his responsibilities included stripping blubber from whale carcasses and helping to pack it into barrels.[10] Food was scarce and Fortune's thirty crew members supplemented their diet with bird's eggs, scurvy grass and where possible, reindeer.[11] The ship returned to England on 20 July 1754. The whaling crew were paid off and replaced with twelve sailors for a winter voyage to the Mediterranean. As an apprentice, Phillip remained aboard as Fortune undertook an outward trading voyage to Barcelona and Livorno carrying salt and raisins, returning via Rotterdam with a cargo of grains and citrus.[12] The ship returned to England in April 1755 and sailed immediately for Svalbard for that year's whale hunt. Phillip was still a member of the crew, but abandoned his apprenticeship when the ship returned to England on 27 July.[13] On 16 October he enlisted in the Royal Navy and was assigned the rank of ordinary seaman aboard the 68-gun HMS Buckingham.[14]
HMS Buckingham, Phillip's first posting after joining the Navy in 1755. Vessel pictured on the stocks at Deptford Dockyard, c.1751.
As a member of Buckingham's crew, Phillip saw action in the Seven Years' War, including the Battle of Minorca in 1756. By 1762 he had transferred to HMS Stirling Castle, and was promoted to Lieutenant in recognition of active service in the Battle of Havana.[9] The War ended in 1763 and Phillip returned to England on half pay. In July 1763 he married Margaret Denison, a widow 16 years his senior, and moved to Glasshayes in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, establishing a farm there. The marriage was unhappy, and the couple separated in 1769 when Phillip returned to the Navy.[9] The following year he was posted as second lieutenant aboard HMS Egmont, a newly built 74-gun ship of the line.[9]
In 1774 Phillip joined the Portuguese Navy as a captain, serving in the War against Spain. While with the Portuguese Navy, Phillip commanded a frigate, the Nossa Senhora do Pilar. On this ship he took a detachment of troops from Rio de Janeiro to Colonia do Sacramento on the Rio de la Plata (opposite Buenos Aires) to relieve the garrison there. This voyage also conveyed a consignment of convicts assigned to carry out work at Colonia. During a storm encountered in the course of the voyage, the convicts assisted in working the ship and, on arrival at Colonia, Phillip recommended that they be rewarded for saving the ship by remission of their sentences.[15] A garbled version of this eventually found its way into the English press when Phillip was appointed in 1786 to lead the expedition to Sydney.[16] Phillip played a leading part in the capture of the Spanish ship San Agustín, on 19 April 1777, off Santa Catarina. The San Agustin was commissioned into the Portuguese Navy as the Santo Agostinho, and command of her was given to Phillip. The action was reported in the English press:
Madrid, Aug. 28. Letters from Lisbon bring the following Account from Rio Janeiro: That the St. Augustine, of 70 Guns, having been separated from the Squadron of M. Casa Tilly, was attacked by two Portugueze Ships, against which they defended themselves for a Day and a Night, but being next Day surrounded by the Portugueze Fleet, was obliged to surrender.[17]
In 1778 Britain was again at war, and Phillip was recalled to active service, and in 1779 obtained his first command, HMS Basilisk. He was promoted to post-captain on 30 November 1781 and given command of HMS Europa.[18][19]
[Phillip] is an officer of education and principle, he gives way to reason and does not, before doing so fall into exaggerated and unbearable excesses of temper ... he is very clean-handed; is an officer of great truth and very brave; and is no flatterer, saying what he thinks but without temper or want of respect.[20]
Correspondence of Luís, 2nd Marquis Lavradio, Viceroy of Brazil, 1778.
In July 1782, in a change of government, Thomas Townshend became Secretary of State for Home and American Affairs, and assumed responsibility for organising an expedition against Spanish America. Like his predecessor, Lord Germain, he turned for advice to Arthur Phillip.[21] A letter from Phillip to Sandwich of 17 January 1781 records Phillip's loan to Sandwich of his charts of the Plata and Brazilian coasts for use in organising the expedition.[22] Phillip's plan was for a squadron of three ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video, then to proceed to the coasts of Chile, Peru and Mexico to maraud, and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British Navy's East India squadron for an attack on Manila.[23] The expedition, consisting of the Grafton, 70 guns, Elizabeth, 74 guns, Europe, 64 guns, and the frigate Iphigenia, sailed on 16 January 1783, under the command of Commodore Robert Kingsmill.[24] Phillip was given command of the 64-gun HMS Europa, or Europe.[25] Shortly after sailing, an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain. Phillip learnt of this in April when he put in for storm repairs at Rio de Janeiro. Phillip wrote to Townshend from Rio de Janeiro on 25 April 1783, expressing his disappointment that the ending of the American War had robbed him of the opportunity for naval glory in South America.[26]
After his return to England from India in April 1784, Phillip remained in close contact with Townshend, now Lord Sydney, and the Home Office Under Secretary, Evan Nepean. From October 1784 to September 1786 he was employed by Nepean, who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers, France and Spain, to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports.[27] There was fear that Britain would soon be at war with these powers as a consequence of the Batavian Revolution in the Netherlands.[28]
Portraits of the time depict Phillip as shorter than average, with an olive complexion, dark eyes and a "smooth pear of a skull."[9][29] His features were dominated by a large and fleshy nose, and by a pronounced lower lip.[29]
Colonial service[edit]
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At this time, Lord Sandwich, together with the President of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, was advocating establishment of a British colony in New South Wales.[30] A colony there would be of great assistance to the British Navy in facilitating attacks on the Spanish possessions in Chile and Peru, as Banks's collaborators, James Matra, Captain Sir George Young and Sir John Call pointed out in written proposals on the subject. The British Government took the decision to settle what is now Australia and found the Botany Bay colony in mid-1786. Lord Sydney, as Secretary of State for the Home Office, was the minister in charge, and in September 1786 he appointed Phillip commodore of the fleet which was to transport the convicts and soldiers who were to be the new settlers to Botany Bay. Upon arrival there, Phillip was to assume the powers of Captain General and Governor in Chief of the new colony. A subsidiary colony was to be founded on Norfolk Island, as recommended by Sir John Call, to take advantage for naval purposes of that island's native flax and timber.
In October 1786, Phillip was appointed captain of HMS Sirius and named Governor-designate of New South Wales, the proposed British colony on the east coast of Australia, by Lord Sydney, the Home Secretary.
Phillip had a very difficult time assembling the fleet which was to make the eight-month sea voyage to Australia. Everything a new colony might need had to be taken, since Phillip had no real idea of what he might find when he got there. There were few funds available for equipping the expedition. His suggestion that people with experience in farming, building and crafts be included was rejected. Most of the 772 convicts (of whom 732 survived the voyage) were petty thieves from the London slums. Phillip was accompanied by a contingent of marines and a handful of other officers who were to administer the colony.
The 11 ships of the First Fleet set sail on 13 May 1787. The leading ship, HMS Supply reached Botany Bay setting up camp on the Kurnell Peninsula,[31] on 18 January 1788. Phillip soon decided that this site, chosen on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who had accompanied James Cook in 1770, was not suitable, since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage and no reliable water source. After some exploration Phillip decided to go on to Port Jackson, and on 26 January the marines and convicts landed at Sydney Cove, which Phillip named after Lord Sydney.
Governor of New South Wales[edit]
Shortly after landing and establishing the settlement at Port Jackson, on 15 February 1788, Phillip sent Lieutenant Philip Gidley King with 8 free men and a number of convicts to establish the second British colony in the Pacific at Norfolk Island. This was partly in response to a perceived threat of losing Norfolk Island to the French and partly to establish an alternative food source for the new colony.
Arthur Phillip
The early days of the settlement were chaotic and difficult. With limited supplies, the cultivation of food was imperative, but the soils around Sydney were poor, the climate was unfamiliar, and moreover very few of the convicts had any knowledge of agriculture. The colony was on the verge of outright starvation for an extended period. The marines, poorly disciplined themselves in many cases, were not interested in convict discipline. Almost at once, therefore, Phillip had to appoint overseers from among the ranks of the convicts to get the others working. This was the beginning of the process of convict emancipation which was to culminate in the reforms of Lachlan Macquarie after 1811.
Phillip showed in other ways that he recognised that New South Wales could not be run simply as a prison camp. Lord Sydney, often criticised as an ineffectual incompetent, had made one fundamental decision about the settlement that was to influence it from the start. Instead of just establishing it as a military prison, he provided for a civil administration, with courts of law. Two convicts, Henry and Susannah Kable, sought to sue Duncan Sinclair, the captain of Alexander, for stealing their possessions during the voyage. Convicts in Britain had no right to sue, and Sinclair had boasted that he could not be sued by them. Despite this, the court found for the plaintiffs and ordered the captain to make restitution for the loss of their possessions.[32]
Further, soon after Lord Sydney appointed him governor of New South Wales Arthur Phillip drew up a detailed memorandum of his plans for the proposed new colony. In one paragraph he wrote: "The laws of this country [England] will of course, be introduced in [New] South Wales, and there is one that I would wish to take place from the moment his Majesty's forces take possession of the country: That there can be no slavery in a free land, and consequently no slaves."[33] Nevertheless, Phillip believed in severe discipline; floggings and hangings were commonplace, although Philip commuted many death sentences.
Phillip also had to adopt a policy towards the Eora Aboriginal people, who lived around the waters of Sydney Harbour.[2] Phillip ordered that they must be well-treated, and that anyone killing Aboriginal people would be hanged. Phillip befriended an Eora man called Bennelong,[2] and later took him to England. On the beach at Manly, a misunderstanding arose and Phillip was speared in the shoulder: but he ordered his men not to retaliate.[34] Phillip went some way towards winning the trust of the Eora, although they remained wary of the settlers. Soon, a virulent disease, smallpox that was believed to be on account of the white settlers, and other European-introduced epidemics, ravaged the Eora population.
The Governor's main problem was with his own military officers, who wanted large grants of land, which Phillip had not been authorised to grant. Scurvy broke out, and in October 1788 Phillip had to send Sirius to Cape Town for supplies, and strict rationing was introduced, with thefts of food punished by hanging. Arthur Phillip quoted "The living conditions need to improve or my men won't work as hard, so I have come to a conclusion that I must hire surgeons to fix the convicts."
Stabilising the colony[edit]
Phillip insisted that no retaliation be taken to avenge his own non-fatal spearing. Convict John MacIntyre had been fatally speared during a hunting expedition by unknown Aboriginal people apparently without provocation. MacIntyre swore on his death bed that he had done them no harm, but marine officer Watkin Tench was suspicious of the claim. Tench was sent on a punitive expedition but finding no Aboriginal people other than Bennelong took no action.[35]
Phillip, growing frustrated with the burdens of upholding a colony and his health suffering, resigned soon after this episode.[36][37]
By 1790 the situation had stabilised. The population of about 2,000 was adequately housed and fresh food was being grown. Phillip assigned a convict, James Ruse, land at Rose Hill (now Parramatta) to establish proper farming, and when Ruse succeeded he received the first land grant in the colony. Other convicts followed his example. Sirius was wrecked in March 1790 at the satellite settlement of Norfolk Island, depriving Phillip of vital supplies. In June 1790 the Second Fleet arrived with hundreds more convicts, most of them too sick to work.
Statue of Arthur Phillip in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney
By December 1790 Phillip was ready to return to England, but the colony had largely been forgotten in London and no instructions reached him, so he carried on. In 1791 he was advised that the government would send out two convoys of convicts annually, plus adequate supplies. But July, when the vessels of the Third Fleet began to arrive, with 2,000 more convicts, food again ran short, and he had to send the ship Atlantic to Calcutta for supplies.[38]
By 1792 the colony was well established, though Sydney remained an unplanned huddle of wooden huts and tents. The whaling industry was established, ships were visiting Sydney to trade, and convicts whose sentences had expired were taking up farming. John Macarthur and other officers were importing sheep and beginning to grow wool. The colony was still very short of skilled farmers, craftsmen and tradesmen, and the convicts continued to work as little as possible, even though they were working mainly to grow their own food.
In late 1792 Phillip, whose health was suffering, relinquished his governorship and sailed for England on the ship Atlantic, taking with him many specimens of plants and animals. He also took Bennelong and his friend Yemmerrawanne, another young Indigenous Australian who, unlike Bennelong, would succumb to English weather and disease and not live to make the journey home. The European population of New South Wales at his departure was 4,221, of whom 3,099 were convicts. The early years of the colony had been years of struggle and hardship, but the worst was over, and there were no further famines in New South Wales. Phillip arrived in London in May 1793. He tendered his formal resignation and was granted a pension of £500 a year.[39]
Later life[edit]
Phillip's estranged wife, Margaret, had died in 1792 and was buried in St Beuno's Churchyard, Llanycil, Bala, Merionethshire.[40] In 1794 Phillip married Isabella Whitehead, and lived for a time at Bath. His health gradually recovered and in 1796 he went back to sea, holding a series of commands and responsible posts in the wars against the French. In January 1799 he became a Rear-Admiral. In 1805, aged 67, he retired from the Navy with the rank of Admiral of the Blue, and spent most of the rest of his life at Bath. He continued to correspond with friends in New South Wales and to promote the colony's interests with government officials. He died in Bath in 1814.[41]
Phillip was buried in St Nicholas's Church, Bathampton. Forgotten for many years, the grave was discovered in 1897[42] and the Premier of New South Wales, Sir Henry Parkes, had it restored. An annual service of remembrance is held here around Phillip's birthdate by the Britain–Australia Society to commemorate his life.
In 2007, Geoffrey Robertson QC alleged that Phillip's remains are no longer in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton and have been lost: "...Captain Arthur Phillip is not where the ledger stone says he is: it may be that he is buried somewhere outside, it may simply be that he is simply lost. But he is not where Australians have been led to believe that he now lies."[43]
Legacy[edit]
The Australia Chapel in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton, near Bath, England. The memorial to the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, is on the right hand wall
A number of places in Australia bear Phillip's name, including Port Phillip, Phillip Island (Victoria), Phillip Island (Norfolk Island), the federal electorate of Phillip (1949–1993), the suburb of Phillip in Canberra, the Governor Phillip Tower building in Sydney, and many streets, parks and schools including a state high school in Parramatta. A monument to Phillip in Bath Abbey Church was unveiled in 1937. Another was unveiled at St Mildred's Church, Bread St, London, in 1932; that church was destroyed in the London Blitz in 1940, but the principal elements of the monument were re-erected at the west end of Watling Street, near Saint Paul's Cathedral, in 1968. A different bust and memorial is inside the nearby church of St Mary-le-Bow.[44] There is a statue of him in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. There is a portrait of him by Francis Wheatley in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Percival Serle wrote of Phillip in his Dictionary of Australian Biography:
Steadfast in mind, modest, without self seeking, Phillip had imagination enough to conceive what the settlement might become, and the common sense to realize what at the moment was possible and expedient. When almost everyone was complaining he never himself complained, when all feared disaster he could still hopefully go on with his work. He was sent out to found a convict settlement, he laid the foundations of a great dominion.[45]
200th anniversary[edit]
Memorial plaque to Governor Phillip in St James' Church, Sydney
As part of a series of events on the bicentenary of his death, a memorial was dedicated in Westminster Abbey on 9 July 2014.[46][47] In the service the Dean of Westminster, Very Reverend Dr John Hall, described Phillip as: "This modest, yet world-class seaman, linguist, and patriot, whose selfless service laid the secure foundations on which was developed the Commonwealth of Australia, will always be remembered and honoured alongside other pioneers and inventors here in the Nave: David Livingstone, Thomas Cochrane, and Isaac Newton."[46][48]
A similar memorial was unveiled by the outgoing 37th Governor of New South Wales, Marie Bashir, in St James' Church, Sydney on 31 August 2014.[49]
A bronze bust was installed at the Museum of Sydney[50] and a full-day symposium planned on his contributions to the founding of modern Australia.[51]
Popular culture[edit]
Phillip is a prominent character in Timberlake Wertenbaker's play Our Country's Good, in which he commissions Lieutenant Ralph Clark to stage a production of The Recruiting Officer. He is shown as compassionate and just, but receives little support from his fellow officers. He is also prominent in Banished and is played by David Wenham.
Phillip is referred to in the John Williamson song "Chains around my ankle".
Phillip is a prominent character in a 2005 film The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant where he is portrayed by Sam Neill.
Kate Grenville's 2008 novel The Lieutenant portrays Phillip through the character Commodore James Gilbert.
Memorials[edit]
The Arthur Phillip memorial on the wall of the Australia Chapel, Bathampton
Bathampton Memorials
Bust of Phillip at St Mary-le-Bow Church in London.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthur Phillip.
Journals of the First Fleet
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (22 May 1944). "The Gilberts & Marshalls: A distinguished historian recalls the past of two recently captured Pacific groups". Life Magazine. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Leila Berney. "On this day: Arthur Phillip born". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Pembroke 2013, p.5
Jump up ^ Parker 2009, pp.2–3
Jump up ^ Pembroke 2013, p.9
Jump up ^ Correspondence, Rev. Francis Swinden, 22 June 1753, cited in Pembroke 2013, p.12
Jump up ^ Parker 2009, p.4
Jump up ^ Pembroke 2013, p.12
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tink 2009, pp. 30–31
Jump up ^ Pembroke 2013, p.15
Jump up ^ Frost 1987, p.16
Jump up ^ Frost 1987, p.22
Jump up ^ Frost 1987, p.25
Jump up ^ Parker 2009, p.5
Jump up ^ Gazeta de Lisboa, 3 de Abril de 1787: Maurine Goldston-Morris, OAM, The Life of Admiral Arthur Phillip, RN, 1738–1814, Naval Historical Society of Australia Monograph No.58, Garden Island [1997].
Jump up ^ See for example, The World, 16 April 1789: "BOTANY BAY.— Mr. Philip, who has this command, has the aid of experience. He had a similar expedition entrusted him by PORTUGAL, to carry convicts to South America.".
Jump up ^ The St. James's Chronicle, The London Chronicle, The Daily Advertiser, The Gazetteer and The Public Advertiser, 16 September 1777.
Jump up ^ "East India Trade". The World. B. MIllan, London. 1 April 1787. p. 3. Retrieved 12 September 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ King, Robert J. (25–29 October 1999). Arthur Phillip Defensor de Colónia, Governador de Nova Gales do Sul [Arthur Phillip: Defender of Colônia, Governor of New South Wales] (Speech). V Simpósio de HistóriaMarítimo e Naval Iber-americano,. Ilha Fiscal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Vancouver Island University.
Jump up ^ Correspondence, Luís de Almeida Portugal Soares de Alarcão d'Eça e Melo Silva Mascarenhas, 2nd Marquess of Lavradio, 1778. Cited in Tink 2009, p.31
Jump up ^ Viscount Keppel, First Lord of the Admiralty, to Townshend, 25 September 1782; Clements Library (Ann Arbor), Sydney Papers, 9; British Library, India and Oriental, H 175, f.237. Cited in Frost 1995, p.114
Jump up ^ Phillip to Sandwich, 17 January 1781; National Maritime Museum (Greenwich), Sandwich Papers, F/26/23.
Jump up ^ Blankett to Shelburne, August 1782; Clements Library (Ann Arbor), Sydney Papers, 9; quoted in Frost 1987, p.114.
Jump up ^ Admiralty Lords to Kingsmill, 17 December 1782, National Archives, Kew, ADM 2/113: 522–3; Kingsmill to Admiralty Lords, 1 January 1783, National Archives, Kew, ADM 1/2015; Keppel to Middleton, 17 December 1782, National Archives, Kew, HO 28/2: 410–1; quoted in Alan Frost 1987, p.114.
Jump up ^ National Archives, Kew, ADM 51/354; ADM 2/113; quoted in Alan Frost 1987, p.114. The departure of the squadron from Portsmouth was reported in The General Evening Post, The London Chronicle, 18 January, The Morning Post, 20 January 1783; Phillip's return to Portsmouth in the Europe was reported in The Whitehall Evening Post, 24 April 1784.
Jump up ^ India Office Records, H 175, f.237; quoted in Alan Frost, Convicts & Empire: A Naval Question, 1776 1811, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1980, p.209. Phillip used the contemporary Portuguese spelling for Montevideo.
Jump up ^ Frost 1987, pp. 129–133
Jump up ^ Frost 1980, pp.115–116, 129
^ Jump up to: a b Hughes 1986, p.66
Jump up ^ James Matra to Banks, 28 July 1783, British Library Additional MS 33979: 206. Cited in Frost 1995, p.110
Jump up ^ The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay With an Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island (1789) – from Project Gutenberg
Jump up ^ "Cable v. Sinclair [1788] NSWKR 7; [1788] NSWSupC 7". Macquarie University Law School. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Britton (ed.) 1978, p. 53
Jump up ^ Tink, Andrew (2009). Cavalier, Rodney, ed. The Governors of New South Wales. The Federation Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9781862877436.
Jump up ^ Watkin Tench. A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson (PDF).
Jump up ^ First Australians. Blackfella Films, SBS, and Screen Australia. 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Watkin Tench, 1788 (ed: Tim Flannery), 1996, ISBN 1-875847-27-8, p. 167
Jump up ^ Hunter, Chapter XXIII
Jump up ^ Michael Pembroke, Arthur Phillip – Sailor, Mercenary, Governor, Spy, Melbourne, Hardie Grant Books, 2013.
Jump up ^ Michael Flynn, "New perspectives on Arthur Phillip, first Governor of New South Wales [Series of parts]: Part 1: Wives, graves and ghosts." Descent, Volume 43 Issue 2 (June 2013) : 65–81.
Jump up ^ Broughton, W. (1 April 1815). "Sydney: Sitting Magistrate W. Broughton Esq". The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. G. Howe. p. 2. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
Jump up ^ St Nicholas Church, Bathampton, Burial place of Arthur Phillip
Jump up ^ Lost the plot
Jump up ^ Details of move
Jump up ^ Serle, Percival (1949). "Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814), admiral, and first governor of New South Wales". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Westminster Abbey honours father of modern Australia". Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Withington, Ron (2014). "Peerless Pilgrimage" (PDF). Britain-Australia Society. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Westminster Abbey honours the father of modern Australia" (PDF). St James' Parish Connections. St James' Church, Sydney: 10. August–September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arthur Phillip Memorial Service". St James' Parish Connections. St James' Church, Sydney: 12–14. October–November 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Decent, Tom (28 August 2014). "Arthur Phillip, NSW's first governor, memorialised with bronze bust". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "The First Governor – A Bicentenary Symposium on Arthur Phillip". Museum of Sydney. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
Becke, Louis; Jeffery, Walter (1899). Admiral Phillip: the founding of New South Wales. Builders of Great Britain. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
Britton, Alex R., ed. (1978). Historical records of New South Wales. Vol. 1, part 2. Phillip, 1783–1792. Lansdown Slattery & Co. p. 56. OCLC 219911274.
Frost, Alan (1980). Convicts and empire : a naval question, 1776–1811. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195542554.
Frost, Alan (1987). Arthur Phillip, 1738–1814 : his voyaging. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195547016.
Frost, Alan; Moutinho, Isabel (1995). The precarious life of James Mario Matra : voyager with Cook, American loyalist, servant of empire. The Miegunyah Press. ISBN 9780522846676.
Hunter, John (1793), An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, London: Printed for John Stockdale, OCLC 154257649, OL 8025878W
Parker, Derek (2009). Arthur Phillip: Australia's first governor. Woodslane Press. ISBN 9781921203992.
Pembroke, Michael (2013). Arthur Phillip: sailor, mercenary, governor, spy. Hardie Grant Books. ISBN 9781742705088.
Tink, Andrew (2009). Cavalier, Rodney, ed. The Governors of New South Wales. The Federation Press. ISBN 9781862877436.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Arthur Phillip
Works by Arthur Phillip at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Arthur Phillip at Internet Archive
Arthur Phillip High School, Parramatta – state high (years 7–12) school named for Phillip
B. H. Fletcher, 'Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2, Melbourne University Press, 1967, pp 326–333.
Royal Navy History Biographical Memoir of Arthur Phillip, Esq.
The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay – National Museum of Australia
Government offices
New district Governor of New South Wales
1788–1792 Succeeded by
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Dove's dung
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2011)
Dove's dung is named as a commodity (possibly a food) whose price had escalated during a famine in Samaria reported in 2 Kings 6:25, when the city was besieged by the Syrian (Aram-Damascus) armies. The narrative describes how, during the siege of Samaria by Syrian king Ben-Hadad, a quarter of a kab of 'dove's dung' was sold for five shekels of silver. At the same time, a donkey’s head was sold for eighty shekels of silver.
There has been considerable debate about what these words actually refer to. English Bible translations have varied, with the King James Version and the English Standard Version retaining the phrase 'dove's dung', whereas the New International Version reads 'seed pods' and the New Jerusalem Bible 'wild onions'.[1]
The Geneva Bible suggests that the dung was used as a fuel for fire.[2][3] Jewish historian Josephus suggested that dove's dung could have been used as a salt substitute.[4] An alternative view is that 'dove's dung' was a popular name for some other food, such as Star-of-Bethlehem [5] or falafel.[4] A third option, based on amending the Hebrew text, is that the passage actually refers to locust-beans, the fruit of the carob tree.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Eerdman's Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. 2000. p. 355.
Jump up ^ Footnote at 2 Kings 6:25: "The Hebrews write, that they burned it in the siege for lack of wood".
Jump up ^ Carlin, Martha (1998). Food and Eating in Medieval Europe. Continuum. pp. 80–81.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson, Richard Donald (1987). First and Second Kings. p. 188.
Jump up ^ Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America. Courier Dover Publications. 1996. p. 133.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Joseph (1976). The Second Book of Kings. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–66.
This article related to the Bible is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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This page was last edited on 29 December 2017, at 02:02.
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