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IndiGo
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Not to be confused with IndyGo.
This article is about the airline. For the colour, see Indigo. For other uses, see Indigo (disambiguation).
IndiGo
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
6E IGO IFLY
Founded
2005
Commenced operations
4 August 2006 (2006-08-04)
Operating bases
[citation needed]
Chennai International Airport (Chennai)
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Mumbai)
Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)
Kempegowda International Airport (Bengaluru)
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (Kolkata)
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad)
Fleet size
161
Destinations
49
Parent company
Interglobe Aviation Ltd [1]
Traded as
BSE: 539448
NSE: INDIGO
Headquarters
Gurgaon, India[2]
Key people
Rakesh Gangwal, Co-Founder
Rahul Bhatia, Co-Founder and MD
Aditya Ghosh, President
Revenue
₹16,601 crore (US$2.5 billion) (FY2016-2017)[3]
Net income
₹1,989 crore (US$300 million) (FY2016-2017)[3]
Employees
12,362 (2015–16)[4]
Website
www.goindigo.in
IndiGo is a low-cost airline headquartered at Gurgaon, Haryana, India. It is the largest airline in India by passengers carried and fleet size, with a 39.9% market share as of February 2018.[5] It is also the largest individual Asian low-cost carrier in terms of jet fleet size and passengers carried, and the Seventh largest carrier in Asia with over 46 million passengers carried in 2017. The airline operates to 50 destinations both domestic and international. It has its primary hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi.[6]
The airline was founded as a private company, by Rahul Bhatia of InterGlobe Enterprises; and Rakesh Gangwal, a United States-based expatriate Indian; in 2006. It took delivery of its first aircraft in July 2006 and commenced operations a month later. The airline became the largest Indian carrier in passenger market share in 2012. The company went public in November 2015.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Corporate affairs and identity
2.1 Logo and livery
3 Destinations
4 Fleet
4.1 Fleet developments
5 Services
6 Awards and achievements
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
IndiGo was founded in 2006 as a private company by Rahul Bhatia of InterGlobe Enterprises and Rakesh Gangwal, a United States-based NRI.[8] InterGlobe had a 51.12% stake in IndiGo and 47.88% was held by Gangwal's Virginia-based company Caelum Investments.[9][10] IndiGo placed a firm order for 100 Airbus A320-200 aircraft in June 2005 with plans to begin operations in mid-2006.[11] IndiGo took delivery of its first Airbus aircraft on 28 July 2006, nearly one year after placing the order.[12] It commenced operations on 4 August 2006 with a service from New Delhi to Imphal via Guwahati.[13] By the end of 2006, the airline had six aircraft and nine more aircraft were acquired in 2007.[13] In December 2010, IndiGo replaced state-run carrier Air India as the third largest airline in India, behind Kingfisher Airlines and Jet Airways with a passenger market share of 17.3%.[14]
In 2011, IndiGo placed an order for 180 Airbus A320 aircraft in a deal worth US$15 billion.[15] In January 2011, after completing five years of operations, the airline got permission to launch international flights.[16] The airline launched international services in September 2011.[17] In December 2011, the DGCA expressed reservations that the rapid expansion could impact passenger safety.[18]
In February 2012, IndiGo took delivery of its 50th aircraft, less than six years after it began operations in 2006.[19] For the quarter ending March 2012, IndiGo was the most profitable airline in India and became the second largest airline in India in terms of passenger market share.[20] On 17 August 2012, IndiGo became the largest airline in India in terms of market share surpassing Jet Airways, six years after commencing operations.[21]
In January 2013, IndiGo was the second-fastest-growing low-cost carrier in Asia behind Indonesian airline Lion Air.[22] In February 2013, following the announcement of the civil aviation ministry that it would allow IndiGo to take delivery of only five aircraft that year, the airline planned to introduce low-cost regional flights by setting up a subsidiary. Later, IndiGo announced that it planned to seek permission from the ministry to acquire four more aircraft, therefore taking delivery of nine aircraft in 2013.[23] As of March 2014, IndiGo is the second-largest low-cost carrier in Asia in terms of seats flown.[24]
In August 2015, IndiGo placed an order of 250 Airbus A320neo aircraft worth $27 billion, making it the largest single order ever in Airbus history.[25] IndiGo announced a ₹3,200 crore (US$490 million) initial public offering on 19 October 2015 which opened on 27 October 2015.[26][27]
Corporate affairs and identity[edit]
IndiGo uses as an Indigo-sky blue livery as seen on the Airbus A320 aircraft
IndiGo is headquartered in Gurgaon, India.[2]
Logo and livery[edit]
Twenty dots arranged in the shape of an aircraft serves as the logo of the airline.[28] The airline uses a two tone blue livery on a white background with the belly of the aircraft painted in Indigo with the logo in white.[29] The flight attendants wear a single-piece navy-blue tunic with a cap and a thin indigo belt designed by fashion designer Rajesh Pratap Singh and make-up artist Ambika Pillai.[30] The airline has the tagline on-time focusing on punctuality.[30]
Destinations[edit]
Main article: IndiGo destinations
As of January 2018, IndiGo operates more than 1000 daily flights to 48 destinations, 41 in India and 8 abroad.[31][32][33][34] Its main base is located at Delhi,[35] with additional bases at Bangalore,[36] Chennai,[37] Hyderabad,[38] Kolkata,[37] Mumbai,[37] Jaipur and Ahmedabad.[39] In January 2011, IndiGo received a license to operate international flights after completing five years of operations.[40] IndiGo's first international service was launched between New Delhi and Dubai on 1 September 2011.[17] International services were later expanded to serve Bangkok, Singapore, Muscat, Kathmandu, Sharjah & Doha.[17]
Fleet[edit]
IndiGo Airbus A320neo
An Airbus A320 in IndiGo colours before delivery at Toulouse
As of March 2018[update], IndiGo operates the following aircraft:[41]
IndiGo fleet
Aircraft
In Service
Orders
Passengers[42]
Notes
Airbus A320-200 124 — 180
Airbus A320neo 32 373[citation needed] 180
186
Airbus A321neo-LR — 25[41] TBA Delivery starting from 2019[43]
ATR 72-600 6[44] 45 74[45] 20 to be delivered by December 2018[46]
Total
162
443
Fleet developments[edit]
IndiGo placed an order for 100 Airbus A320-200 aircraft worth US$6 billion in June 2005 during the Paris Air Show with plans to commence operations in mid-2006.[11][47][48] The airline received its first A320 in July 2006 and planned to induct 100 aircraft by 2015–2016.[49] IndiGo signed a memorandum of understanding for an additional 180 Airbus A320 aircraft including 150 with the New Engine Option (NEO) worth US$15 billion on 11 January 2011. In 2012, the airline took delivery of its 50th aircraft[19] and the 100th aircraft was delivered on 4 November 2014, completing its initial order ahead of schedule.[50]
The Airbus A320neo family aircraft ordered in 2011 were to be delivered starting 2015.[51] However, due to a delay in the production and delivery of these aircraft, IndiGo dry-leased a total of 22 used aircraft to cope with the demand.[52] On 15 October 2014, IndiGo expressed its intention to order a further 250 A320neo aircraft worth US$25.7 billion at list prices.[53] On 15 August 2015, IndiGo confirmed the order for 250 A320neo aircraft for $26.5 billion. The order also provides IndiGo the flexibility to convert some A320neos to A321neos that can seat more passengers and fly on longer routes.[54] The order of 250 jets was Airbus' single largest order by number of aircraft.[55] IndiGo received the first A320neo in March 2016.[56][57]
In May 2017, IndiGo has tentatively signed for 50 ATR 72-600 for the UDAN regional connectivity scheme, to be delivered from the year end for up to 20 by the end of 2018.[58] IndiGo took delivery of its first ATR 72-600 on 17 December 2017.[59]
Services[edit]
Being a low-cost carrier, IndiGo offers only economy class seating. To keep fares low, IndiGo does not provide complimentary meals in any of its flights, though it does have a buy-on board in-flight meal programme.[60] No in-flight entertainment is available. Hello 6E, the in-flight magazine published by IndiGo, is available for passengers to read.[61] IndiGo offers premium services, where the passengers can avail additional benefits like a pre-assigned seat, multiple cancellations and priority check-in at a higher fare.[62] Indigo also has a In-Flight Shop in which you can buy models and other daily use items.
Awards and achievements[edit]
IndiGo has won the following awards:
Best low-cost carrier by the Airline Passengers Association of India (2007)[63]
Best low-cost carrier at the Galileo Express Travel Awards (2008)[63]
Best low cost airline by CNBC Awaaz (2009, 2013)[63]
Best low-cost carrier in C Asia/ India by SKYTRAX (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)[63]
Best LCC Aviation award for excellence by Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (2015)[64]
See also[edit]
List of airlines of India
List of airports in India
List of companies of India
Transport in India
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "OPERATOR". dgca.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Anirban (13 February 2018). "Wolfgang Prock-Schauer's latest assignment: Taking IndiGo on a long haul". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Owner of India's biggest airline files for IPO". CNBC. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Padnis, Anees (16 November 2013). "IndiGo gives handsome payback to promoters". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "FIPB approves proposal to convert Rakesh Gangwal's IndiGo stake to NRI category". The Economic Times. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "IndiGo Airlines to fly soon". The Economic Times. 22 June 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo takes delivery of its first brand new Airbus A320 aircraft". The Hindu. 29 July 2006. Archived from the original on 29 July 2006. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Indigo's first flight to take-off on Aug 4". The Economic Times. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo pips Air India to become No. 3 airline". Indian Express. 21 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo airline picks up 180 jets". The Economic Times. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo gets govt nod to launch international operations". Rediff. 11 January 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kumar, Vinay (14 June 2011). "IndiGo to launch international flights from Sept. 1". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo, SpiceJet airlines violate mandatory safety norms: DGCA". India Today. 9 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "IndiGo gets delivery of its 50th Airbus A-320 aircraft". The Economic Times. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Mishra, Mihir (21 February 2012). "A tale of two airlines: Kingfisher vs IndiGo". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo flies past Jet to become largest airline". Business Standard. 18 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo among the fastest expanding airlines globally". Business Standard. 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo to set up regional airline to tap small towns". The Economic Times. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Sobhie, Brent. "Analyst Viewpoint: Asian airline industry overview" (PDF). CAPA: 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo orders 250 planes". Times of India. 18 August 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo Airlines IPO to open on October 27, price band Rs 700-765". The Economic Times. 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ S V Krishnamachari (21 November 2016). "Domestic air traffic: How IndiGo, Jet Airways, SpiceJet, Air India, Go Air, AirAsia India, Vistara performed in October". IBTimes.co.in. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo Experience". IndiGo. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The man behind IndiGo's amazing success". Rediff. 8 February 2011. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Saxton, Aditi (17 February 2011). "The IndiGo brand story". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Airlines to operate 14,869 flights per week in summer schedule". The Economic Times. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo adds 8 new daily flights". DNA. 27 January 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo soars above Jet Airways, Air India". Mint. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo commences Colombo operations". United News of India. 20 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018.
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Jump up ^ "IndiGo adds to Bengaluru base". Anna.aero. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "IndiGo commences seventh route to Dubai". Anna.aero. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo starts new domestic route from Hyderabad". Anna.aero. 6 August 2014. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Nair, Aparna (8 July 2014). "IndiGo to park four planes at Nagpur airport". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo Airlines to fly to Dubai, Bangkok, Singapore from September". The Economic Times. New Delhi. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Airbus Orders and deliveries". Airbus. March 2018. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft and Routes". IndiGo.
Jump up ^ Jain, Hitisha (23 September 2016). "Will upgrading to A321 neo help IndiGo post better Q2FY17 numbers? | Zee Business". Zeebiz.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo Facts and Figures".
Jump up ^ Shukla, Tarun (4 October 2017). "IndiGo said to get DGCA nod for modified regional planes". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Indigo Financial Results (PDF) (Report). IndiGo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Airbus wins $6bn order from India". BBC News. 16 June 2005. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Airbus Orders and Deliveries". Airbus. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo celebrates delivery of first Airbus A320". Airbus (Press release). 28 July 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo gets 100th aircraft completing its first order of many Airbus A-320". The Economic Times. 4 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Sinha, Saurabh (13 January 2011). "Aircraft order is just a drop in ocean: IndiGo". Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Airbus delays A320neo delivery for Indian airline IndiGo". Reuters. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "40 billion jet spending spree". Yahoo. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Would be foolish to not focus on India, says IndiGo airlines president Aditya Ghosh". The Economic Times. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo signs MoU for 250 A320neo aircraft". Airbus (Press release). 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo commits to 180 A320s, largest jet order in aviation history". Airbus (Press release). Airbus. 1 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Airbus and AirAsia announce record deal for 200 planes". BBC. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
Jump up ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (9 May 2017). "IndiGo tentatively signs for 50 ATRs". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo takes third ATR delivery". [dead link]
Jump up ^ "IndiGo FAQ's". IndiGo. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coffee with 6E". Mint. 26 October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "IndiGo 6E Plus". IndiGo. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "IndiGo makes it three in a row with CNBC AWAAZ Travel Award '09". domain-b.com. 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Neogi, Subhro (8 October 2015). "IndiGo named CAPA low cost carrier of the year at World Aviation Summit". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
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text:
Threshold potential
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A. A schematic view of an idealized action potential illustrates its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane. B. Actual recordings of action potentials are often distorted compared to the schematic view because of variations in electrophysiological techniques used to make the recording.
In neuroscience, the threshold potential is the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential. Threshold potentials are necessary to regulate and propagate signaling in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Most often, the threshold potential is a membrane potential value between –50 and –55 mV,[1] but can vary based upon several factors. A neuron's resting membrane potential (–70 mV) can be altered to either increase or decrease likelihood of reaching threshold via sodium and potassium ions. An influx of sodium into the cell through open, voltage-gated sodium channels can depolarize the membrane past threshold and thus excite it while an efflux of potassium or influx of chloride can hyperpolarize the cell and thus inhibit threshold from being reached.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery
2 Physiological function and characteristics
2.1 Resting membrane potential
2.2 Depolarization
2.3 Variations
3 Tracking techniques
3.1 "Threshold electrotonus"
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Febrile seizures
4.2 ALS and diabetes
4.3 Arrythmia
4.3.1 Use of medications
4.3.2 Role of diet
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Discovery[edit]
Initial experiments revolved around the concept that any electrical change that is brought about in neurons must occur through the action of ions. The German physical chemist Walther Nernst applied this concept in experiments to discover nervous excitability, and concluded that the local excitatory process through a semi-permeable membrane depends upon the ionic concentration. Also, ion concentration was shown to be the limiting factor in excitation. If the proper concentration of ions was attained, excitation would certainly occur.[2] This was the basis for discovering the threshold value.
Along with reconstructing the action potential in the 1950s, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley were also able to experimentally determine the mechanism behind the threshold for excitation. It is known as the Hodgkin–Huxley model. Through use of voltage clamp techniques on a squid giant axon, they discovered that excitable tissues generally exhibit the phenomenon that a certain membrane potential must be reached in order to fire an action potential. Since the experiment yielded results through the observation of ionic conductance changes, Hodgkin and Huxley used these terms to discuss the threshold potential. They initially suggested that there must be a discontinuity in the conductance of either sodium or potassium, but in reality both conductances tended to vary smoothly along with the membrane potential.[3]
They soon discovered that at threshold potential, the inward and outward currents, of sodium and potassium ions respectively, were exactly equal and opposite. As opposed to the resting membrane potential, the threshold potential's conditions exhibited a balance of currents that were unstable. Instability refers to the fact that any further depolarization activates even more voltage-gated sodium channels, and the incoming sodium depolarizing current overcomes the delayed outward current of potassium.[4] At resting level, on the other hand, the potassium and sodium currents are equal and opposite in a stable manner, where a sudden, continuous flow of ions should not result. The basis is that at a certain level of depolarization, when the currents are equal and opposite in an unstable manner, any further entry of positive charge generates an action potential. This specific value of depolarization (in mV) is otherwise known as the threshold potential.
Physiological function and characteristics[edit]
The threshold value controls whether or not the incoming stimuli are sufficient to generate an action potential. It relies on a balance of incoming inhibitory and excitatory stimuli. The potentials generated by the stimuli are additive, and they may reach threshold depending on their frequency and amplitude. Normal functioning of the central nervous system entails a summation of synaptic inputs made largely onto a neuron's dendritic tree. These local graded potentials, which are primarily associated with external stimuli, reach the axon initial segment and build until they manage to reach the threshold value.[5] The larger the stimulus, the greater the depolarization, or attempt to reach threshold. The task of depolarization requires several key steps that rely on anatomical factors of the cell. The ion conductances involved depend on the membrane potential and also the time after the membrane potential changes.[6]
Resting membrane potential[edit]
The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is, in itself, highly impermeable to ions. The complete structure of the cell membrane includes many proteins that are embedded in or completely cross the lipid bilayer. Some of those proteins allow for the highly specific passage of ions, ion channels. Leak potassium channels allow potassium to flow through the membrane in response to the disparity in concentrations of potassium inside (high concentration) and outside the cell (low). The loss of positive(+) charges of the potassium(K+) ions from the inside of the cell results in a negative potential there compared to the extracellular surface of the membrane.[7] A much smaller "leak" of sodium(Na+) into the cell results in the actual resting potential, about –70 mV, being less negative than the calculated potential for K+ alone, the equilibrium potential, about –90 mV.[7] The sodium-potassium ATPase is an active transporter within the membrane that pumps potassium (2 ions) back into the cell and sodium (3 ions) out of the cell, maintaining the concentrations of both ions as well as preserving the voltage polarization.
Depolarization[edit]
However, once a stimulus activates the voltage-gated sodium channels to open, positive sodium ions flood into the cell and the voltage increases. This process can also be initiated by ligand or neurotransmitter binding to a ligand-gated channel. More sodium is outside the cell relative to the inside, and the positive charge within the cell propels the outflow of potassium ions through delayed-rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels. Since the potassium channels within the cell membrane are delayed, any further entrance of sodium activates more and more voltage-gated sodium channels. Depolarization above threshold results in an increase in the conductance of Na sufficient for inward sodium movement to swamp outward potassium movement immediately.[3] If the influx of sodium ions fails to reach threshold, then sodium conductance does not increase a sufficient amount to override the resting potassium conductance. If successful, the sudden influx of positive charge depolarizes the membrane, and potassium is delayed in re-establishing, or hyperpolarizing, the cell. Sodium influx depolarizes the cell in attempt to establish its own equilibrium potential (about +52 mV) to make the inside of the cell more positive relative to the outside.
Variations[edit]
The value of threshold can vary according to numerous factors. Changes in the ion conductances of sodium or potassium can lead to either a raised or lowered value of threshold. Additionally, the diameter of the axon, density of voltage activated sodium channels, and properties of sodium channels within the axon all affect the threshold value.[8] Typically in the axon or dendrite, there are small depolarizing or hyperpolarizing signals resulting from a prior stimulus. The passive spread of these signals depend on the passive electrical properties of the cell. The signals can only continue along the neuron to cause an action potential further down if they are strong enough to make it past the cell's membrane resistance and capacitance. For example, a neuron with a large diameter has more ionic channels in its membrane than a smaller cell, resulting in a lower resistance to the flow of ionic current. The current spreads quicker in a cell with less resistance, and is more likely to reach the threshold at other portions of the neuron.[3]
The threshold potential has also been shown experimentally to adapt to slow changes in input characteristics by regulating sodium channel density as well as inactivating these sodium channels overall. Hyperpolarization by the delayed-rectifier potassium channels causes a relative refractory period that makes it much more difficult to reach threshold. The delayed-rectifier potassium channels are responsible for the late outward phase of the action potential, where they open at a different voltage stimulus compared to the quickly activated sodium channels. They rectify, or repair, the balance of ions across the membrane by opening and letting potassium flow down its concentration gradient from inside to outside the cell. They close slowly as well, resulting in an outward flow of positive charge that exceeds the balance necessary. It results in excess negativity in the cell, requiring an extremely large stimulus and resulting depolarization to cause a response.
Tracking techniques[edit]
Threshold tracking techniques test nerve excitability, and depend on the properties of axonal membranes and sites of stimulation. They are extremely sensitive to the membrane potential and changes in this potential. These tests can measure and compare a control threshold (or resting threshold) to a threshold produced by a change in the environment, by a preceding single impulse, an impulse train, or a subthreshold current.[9] Measuring changes in threshold can indicate changes in membrane potential, axonal properties, and/or the integrity of the myelin sheath.
Threshold tracking allows for the strength of a test stimulus to be adjusted by a computer in order to activate a defined fraction of the maximal nerve or muscle potential. A threshold tracking experiment consists of a 1-ms stimulus being applied to a nerve in regular intervals.[10] The action potential is recorded downstream from the triggering impulse. The stimulus is automatically decreased in steps of a set percentage until the response falls below the target (generation of an action potential). Thereafter, the stimulus is stepped up or down depending on whether the previous response was lesser or greater than the target response until a resting (or control) threshold has been established. Nerve excitability can then be changed by altering the nerve environment or applying additional currents. Since the value of a single threshold current provides little valuable information because it varies within and between subjects, pairs of threshold measurements, comparing the control threshold to thresholds produced by refractoriness, supernormality, strength-duration time constant or "threshold electrotonus" are more useful in scientific and clinical study.[11]
Tracking threshold has advantages over other electrophysiological techniques, like the constant stimulus method. This technique can track threshold changes within a dynamic range of 200% and in general give more insight into axonal properties than other tests.[12] Also, this technique allows for changes in threshold to be given a quantitative value, which when mathematically converted into a percentage, can be used to compare single fiber and multifiber preparations, different neuronal sites, and nerve excitability in different species.[12]
"Threshold electrotonus"[edit]
A specific threshold tracking technique is threshold electrotonus, which uses the threshold tracking set-up to produce long-lasting subthreshold depolarizing or hyperpolarizing currents within a membrane. Changes in cell excitability can be observed and recorded by creating these long-lasting currents. Threshold decrease is evident during extensive depolarization, and threshold increase is evident with extensive hyperpolarization. With hyperpolarization, there is an increase in the resistance of the internodal membrane due to closure of potassium channels, and the resulting plot "fans out". Depolarization produces has the opposite effect, activating potassium channels, producing a plot that "fans in".[13]
The most important factor determining threshold electrotonus is membrane potential, so threshold electrotonus can also be used as an index of membrane potential. Furthermore, it can be used to identify characteristics of significant medical conditions through comparing the effects of those conditions on threshold potential with the effects viewed experimentally. For example, ischemia and depolarization cause the same "fanning in" effect of the electrotonus waveforms. This observation leads to the conclusion that ischemia may result from over-activation of potassium channels.[14]
Clinical significance[edit]
The role of the threshold potential has been implicated in a clinical context, namely in the functioning of the nervous system itself as well as in the cardiovascular system.
Febrile seizures[edit]
A febrile seizure, or "fever fit", is a convulsion associated with a significant rise in body temperature, occurring most commonly in early childhood. Repeated episodes of childhood febrile seizures are associated with an increased risk of temporal lobe epilepsy in adulthood.[15]
With patch clamp recording, an analogous state was replicated in vitro in rat cortical neurons after induction of febrile body temperatures; a notable decrease in threshold potential was observed. The mechanism for this decrease possibly involves suppression of inhibition mediated by the GABAB receptor with excessive heat exposure.[15]
ALS and diabetes[edit]
Abnormalities in neuronal excitability have been noted in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and diabetes patients. While the mechanism ultimately responsible for the variance differs between the two conditions, tests through a response to ischemia indicate a similar resistance, ironically, to ischemia and resulting paresthesias. As ischemia occurs through inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump, abnormalities in the threshold potential are hence implicated.[12]
Arrythmia[edit]
Since the 1940s, the concept of diastolic depolarization, or "pacemaker potential", has become established; this mechanism is a characteristic distinctive of cardiac tissue.[16] When the threshold is reached and the resulting action potential fires, a heartbeat results from the interactions; however, when this heartbeat occurs at an irregular time, a potentially serious condition known as arrythmia may result.
Use of medications[edit]
A variety of drugs can present prolongation of the QT interval as a side effect. Prolongation of this interval is a result of a delay in sodium and calcium channel inactivation; without proper channel inactivation, the threshold potential is reached prematurely and thus arrhythmia tends to result.[17] These drugs, known as pro-arrhythmic agents, include antimicrobials, antipsychotics, methadone, and, ironically, antiarrhythmic agents.[18] The use of such agents is particularly frequent in intensive care units, and special care must be exercised when QT intervals are prolonged in such patients: arrhythmias as a result of prolonged QT intervals include the potentially fatal torsades de pointes, or TdP.[17]
Role of diet[edit]
Diet may be a variable in the risk of arrhythmia. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, found in fish oils, serve a role in the prevention of arrhythmias.[19] By inhibiting the voltage-dependent sodium current, these oils shift the threshold potential to a more positive value; therefore, an action potential requires increased depolarization.[19] Clinically therapeutic use of these extracts remains a subject of research, but a strong correlation is established between regular consumption of fish oil and lower frequency of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation, a severe and increasingly common arrythmia.[20]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Seifter 2005, p. 55.
Jump up ^ Rushton 1927, p. 358.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nicholls 2012, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Nicholls 2012, p. 122.
Jump up ^ Stuart 1997, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Trautwein 1963, p. 330.
^ Jump up to: a b Nicholls 2012, p. 144.
Jump up ^ Trautwein 1963, p. 281.
Jump up ^ Bostock 1997, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Bostock 1997, p. 138.
Jump up ^ Burke 2001, p. 1576.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bostock 1997, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Burke 2001, p. 1581.
Jump up ^ Bostock 1997, p. 150.
^ Jump up to: a b Wang 2011, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Monfredi 2010, p. 1392.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson 2011, p. 292.
Jump up ^ Nelson 2011, p. 291.
^ Jump up to: a b Savelieva 2010, p. 213.
Jump up ^ Savelieva 2010, pp. 213–215.
References[edit]
Bostock, Hugh; Cikurel, Katia; Burke, David (1998). "Threshold tracking techniques in the study of human peripheral nerve". Muscle & Nerve. 21: 137–158. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199802)21:2<137::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-C.
Burke, D; Kiernan, Matthew C; Bostock, Hugh (2001). "Excitability of human axons". Clinical Neuropysiology. 112 (9): 1575–1585. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00595-8.
Monfredi, O; Dobrzyński, H; Mondal, T; Boyett, MR; Morris, GM (2010). "The Anatomy and Physiology of the Sinoatrial Node—A Contemporary Review". Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 33 (11): 1392–1406. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x. PMID 20946278.
Nelson, S; Leung, J (2011). "QTc Prolongation in the Intensive Care Unit: A Review of Offending Agents". AACN Advanced Critical Care. 22 (4): 289–295. doi:10.1097/NCI.0b013e31822db49d. PMID 22064575.
Nicholls, J. G.; Martin, A. R.; Fuchs, P. A.; Brown, D. A.; Diamond, M. E.; Weisblat, D. A. (2012). From Neuron to Brain (5th ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Rushton, W. A. H. (1927). "The effect upon the threshold for nervous excitation of the length of nerve exposed, and the angle between current and nerve". The Journal of Physiology. 63 (4): 357–377. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1927.sp002409. PMC 1514939  . PMID 16993895.
Savelieva, I; Kourliouros, Antonios; Camm, John (2010). "Primary and secondary prevention of atrial fibrillation with statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids: review of evidence and clinical relevance". Naunyn-Schmied Arch Pharmacol. 381 (3): 207–219. doi:10.1007/s00210-009-0468-y.
Seifter, Julian; Ratner, Austin; Sloane, David (2005). Concepts in Medical Physiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 078174489X.
Stuart, G; Spruston, N; Sakmann, B; Häusser, M (1997). "Action potential initiation and backpropagation in neurons of the mammalian CNS" (PDF). Trends in Neurosciences. 20 (3): 125–131. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10075-8. PMID 9061867.
Trautwein, W (1963). "Generation and conduction of impulses in the heart as affected by drugs". Pharmalogical Reviews. 15 (2): 277–332.
Wang, Y; Qin, J; Han, Y; Cai, J; Xing, G (2011). "Hyperthermia induces epileptiform discharges in cultured rat cortical neurons". Brain Research. 1417: 87–102. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.027. PMID 21907327.
External links[edit]
Physiology: 1/1ch4/s1ch4_8 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Description at cameron.edu
Diagram at nih.gov
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold_potential&oldid=827545660"
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text:
I Walk the Line
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see I Walk the Line (disambiguation).
"I Walk the Line"
Single by Johnny Cash
from the album With His Hot and Blue Guitar, Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous, Sings Hank Williams, and I Walk the Line
B-side
"Get Rhythm"
Released
May 1, 1956
Format
7-inch & 10-inch singles[1]
Recorded
April 2, 1956, Sun Studio, Memphis, Tennessee
Genre
Country,[2] rockabilly[3]
Length
2:45
Label
Sun
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Cash
Producer(s)
Sam Phillips
Johnny Cash singles chronology
"Folsom Prison Blues"
(1955) "I Walk the Line"
(1956) "There You Go"
(1956)
"Folsom Prison Blues"
(1955) I Walk the Line"
(1956) "There You Go"
(1956)
"I Walk the Line" excerpt
From the album With His Hot and Blue Guitar (1957)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"I Walk the Line" is a song written and recorded in 1956 by Johnny Cash. After three attempts with moderate chart ratings, it became Cash's first number one hit on the Billboard charts. It reached number 17 on the US pop charts. It remained on the record charts for over 43 weeks, and sold over 2 million copies.[4] It has also been used on many LP's released from Sun Records, such as With His Hot and Blue Guitar, Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous, and Sings Hank Williams. It was the title song for a 1970 film starring Gregory Peck.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background of the song
2 Writing and composition
3 Legacy
4 Covers
5 Chart positions
6 Laurent Wolf version
6.1 Track listings
6.2 Charts
7 References
Background of the song[edit]
The unique chord progression for the song was inspired by backwards playback of guitar runs on Cash's tape recorder[5] while he was in the Air Force stationed in Germany. Later in a telephone interview, Cash stated, “I wrote the song backstage one night in 1956 in Gladewater, Texas. I was newly married at the time, and I suppose I was laying out my pledge of devotion."[6] After the writing of the song Cash had a discussion with fellow performer [Carl Perkins] who encouraged him to adopt "I Walk the Line" as the song title. Cash originally intended the song as a slow ballad, but producer Sam Phillips preferred a faster arrangement,[7] which Cash grew to like as the uptempo recording met with success.
Once while performing the song on his TV show, Cash told the audience, with a smile, "People ask me why I always hum whenever I sing this song. It's to get my pitch." The humming was necessary since the song required Cash to change keys several times while singing it.
The song's lyrics refer to marital fidelity, personal responsibility, and avoiding temptation and criminal behavior.[8]
The song was originally recorded at Sun Studio on April 2, 1956, and was released on May 1. It spent six weeks at the top spot on the U.S. country Juke Box charts that summer, one week on the C&W Jockey charts and number two on the C&W Best Seller charts.[9] "I Walk the Line" crossed over and reached number 19 on the pop music charts.[10]
It was performed with the help of Marshall Grant and Luther Perkins, two mechanics that his brother introduced him to following his discharge from the Air Force. Cash and his wife, Vivian, were living in Memphis, Tennessee, at the time. Cash became the front man for the group and precipitated the introduction of the group to Sam Phillips of Sun Records. In 1955, they began recording under the Sun label.
The song was re-recorded four times during Cash's career. In 1964 for the I Walk the Line album, again in 1969 for the At San Quentin album (a live performance), in 1970 for the I Walk the Line soundtrack, and finally in 1988 for the Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series album. Additional live performances have been released since Cash's death, along with a demo version recorded prior to the formal 1956 recording session that was released on Bootleg Vol. II: From Memphis to Hollywood (Columbia/Legacy) in 2011.
Writing and composition[edit]
The song is very simple and like most Cash songs, the lyrics tell more of a story than the music conveys. (You've got a way to keep me on your side/You give me cause for love that I can't hide/For you I know I'd even try to turn the tide).
It is based upon the "boom-chicka-boom" or "freight train" rhythm common in many of Cash's songs. In the original recording of the song, there is a key change between each of the five verses, and Cash hums the new root note before singing each verse. The final verse, a reprise of the first, is sung a full octave lower than the first verse.
When performing this song on record, and in later live and television appearances, Cash would place a piece of paper under the strings of his guitar towards the tuning end. As he explained during a 1990s appearance on The Nashville Network, he did this in order to simulate the sound of a snare drum, an instrument to which he did not have access during the original Sun session.
Johnny, with the Temptations outside his door and a new wife at home, wanted the lyrics to say, "I'm going to be true to those who believe in me and depend on me to myself and God. Something like I’m still being true, or I’m 'Walking The Line.' The lyrics came as fast as I could write," says Johnny. "In 20 minutes, I had it finished."[11]
Legacy[edit]
The song is included in "The 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll", a permanent exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[12][13] In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the song at No. 30 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[14] In June 2014, Rolling Stone ranked it #1 on its list of the 100 greatest country songs of all time.[15]
Covers[edit]
Everly Brothers recorded the song in 1963 on their album The Everly Brothers Sing Great Country Hits.
Dolly Parton included a cover of the song on her 1984 album of covers The Great Pretender.
Glen Campbell recorded an infamously unreleased cover of the song. It was finally released in 1994 on his The Essential Glen Campbell Volume One album.
In 1998, Cash's former son-in-law Rodney Crowell covered the song as a duet with Cash on Crowell's album The Houston Kid. This version was titled "I Walk the Line Revisited" and peaked at No. 61 on the country music charts.[16] The cover does not utilize the original melody of the song, instead lyrics from the song, sung by Cash to a different melody, are incorporated into a new song by Crowell.
Jaye P. Morgan covered the song in 1960, the single charting at No. 66.
In 2004, the American rock band Live released a cover on their greatest hits album Awake: The Best of Live.
In 2014, Craig Wayne Boyd covered this song during season 7 of The Voice. The cover reached the Top 15 on the iTunes US Country charts.[17]
Frank Iero released their cover of this as part of his EP For Jamia.
In 2015, Halsey released her cover as part of the deluxe edition of her debut album Badlands. It appeared in the official teaser trailer for Power Rangers.
Tapio Rautavaara made a Finnish-language version of the song, called "Yölinjalla". The Finnish lyrics tell about the hard life of truck drivers. The melody was originally credited as Rautavaara's own composition but this was later revised.
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1957)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[18] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 17
Laurent Wolf version[edit]
"Walk the Line Remix"
Single by Laurent Wolf
from the album Harmony
Released
22 August 2009
Format
CD maxi, Digital download
Genre
House
Length
2:53
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Cash
Producer(s)
Laurent Wolf
Laurent Wolf singles chronology
"Explosion"
(2009) "Walk the Line Remix"
(2009) "Survive"
(2010)
"Explosion"
(2009) "Wash My World"
(2009) "Survive"
(2010)
The song was covered by French house music DJ and producer Laurent Wolf and released in August 2009 as Walk the Line Remix.
Track listings[edit]
CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "Walk the Line" (Radio Edit Version) 2:53
2. "Walk the Line" (Club Version) 6:59
3. "No Stress" (Zen @ Acoustic) 7:35
4. "Colombia" 5:06
Charts[edit]
Chart (2008-2009)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20] 18
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[21] 23
France (SNEP)[22] 8
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[23] 83
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash And Tennessee Two* - Get Rhythm / I Walk The Line". Discogs. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Walk the Line - Johnny Cash - Song Info - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Johnny Cash - Biography.” CMT.com. MTV Networks. Web. http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/cash_johnny/bio.jhtml%7C Retrieved on 2010-07-11
Jump up ^ "Johnny then in the Air Force, discovered that his buddies had borrowed his reel-to-reel tape recorder. When he turned it on, he heard a haunting, organ-like sound. In Truth, it was guitar runs recorded with a tape running one direction and played back in the other ..." Johnny Cash, I Walk The Line - Through the eyes of a fan
Jump up ^ Horstman, Dorothy (1976). Sing Your Heart Out, Country Boy, Country Music Foundation. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Grant, Marshall (2006). I Was There When It Happened: My Life With Johnny Cash, Cumberland House Publishing. p. 54.
Jump up ^ Winkler, Alice. "I Walk the Line." NPR. "All Things Considered." 14 Feb 2017 <https://www.npr.org/2000/12/23/1115971/npr-100-i-walk-the-line>
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 74.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 110.
Jump up ^ ""I Walk the Line" - Reverse Speech". theopenscroll.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Henke, James. "500 Songs That Shaped Rock" (pdf). Infoplease. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll: I Walk the Line". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. August 23, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". RollingStone.com. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 109. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ "Digital Downloads". roughstock.com. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
[show]
v
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Johnny Cash
Studio albums
With His Hot and Blue Guitar
Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous
The Fabulous Johnny Cash
Greatest!
Songs of Our Soil
Sings Hank Williams
Now, There Was a Song!
Now Here's Johnny Cash
The Sound of Johnny Cash
All Aboard the Blue Train
Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash
The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash
I Walk the Line
Orange Blossom Special
Everybody Loves a Nut
Happiness Is You
Old Golden Throat
More of Old Golden Throat
Hello, I'm Johnny Cash
The World of Johnny Cash
Man in Black
A Thing Called Love
Any Old Wind That Blows
Ragged Old Flag
The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me
John R. Cash
Look at Them Beans
One Piece at a Time
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I Would Like to See You Again
Gone Girl
Silver
Rockabilly Blues
The Baron
The Adventures of Johnny Cash
Johnny 99
Rainbow
Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town
Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series
Water from the Wells of Home
Boom Chicka Boom
The Mystery of Life
American Recordings
Unchained
American III: Solitary Man
American IV: The Man Comes Around
Personal File
American V: A Hundred Highways
American VI: Ain't No Grave
Out Among the Stars
Concept albums
Ride This Train
Blood, Sweat and Tears
Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian
Sings the Ballads of the True West
From Sea to Shining Sea
America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song
The Johnny Cash Children's Album
The Rambler
Gospel albums
Hymns by Johnny Cash
Hymns from the Heart
The Holy Land
The Gospel Road
Sings Precious Memories
A Believer Sings the Truth
Believe in Him
Return to the Promised Land
My Mother's Hymn Book
Christmas albums
The Christmas Spirit
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Classic Christmas
Johnny Cash Country Christmas
Collaborations
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Carryin' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter
Johnny Cash and His Woman
The Legend of Jesse James
Million Dollar Quartet
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Highwayman
Class of '55
Heroes
Highwayman 2
The Road Goes on Forever
VH1 Storytellers
Live albums
At Folsom Prison
At San Quentin
The Johnny Cash Show
På Österåker
Strawberry Cake
Koncert v Praze (In Prague–Live)
At Madison Square Garden
A Concert Behind Prison Walls
Non-gospel soundtracks
I Walk the Line
Little Fauss and Big Halsy
Compilations
Greatest Hits, Vol. 1
Heart of Cash
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Sunday Morning Coming Down
International Superstar
Five Feet High and Rising
Destination Victoria Station
Greatest Hits, Vol. 3
The Unissued Johnny Cash
Johnny & June
Tall Man
Encore
Biggest Hits
The Man in Black 1954–1958
The Man in Black 1959–1962
Come Along and Ride This Train
The Essential Johnny Cash (1992)
Wanted Man
The Man in Black 1963–1969
The Man in Black – His Greatest Hits
16 Biggest Hits
Love, God, Murder
The Essential Johnny Cash (2002)
Unearthed
The Legend
The Legend of Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash: Patriot
16 Biggest Hits: Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash
The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II
The Complete Columbia Album Collection
Songs
"25 Minutes to Go"
"Seasons of My Heart"
"Any Old Wind That Blows"
"A Wonderful Time Up There"
"The Ballad of Boot Hill"
"The Ballad of Ira Hayes"
"Ballad of a Teenage Queen"
"Big River"
"Blistered"
"A Boy Named Sue"
"Busted"
"Cat's in the Cradle"
"Cocaine Blues"
"Cry! Cry! Cry!"
"Daddy Sang Bass"
"Dark as a Dungeon"
"Don't Take Your Guns to Town"
"Engine 143"
"Flesh and Blood"
"The Folk Singer"
"Folsom Prison Blues"
"Forty Shades of Green"
"Get Rhythm"
"Give My Love to Rose"
"Goodnight, Irene"
"Green, Green Grass of Home"
"Greystone Chapel"
"Guess Things Happen That Way"
"Hey, Porter"
"Home of the Blues"
"Hurt"
"I Couldn't Keep from Crying"
"I Love You Because"
"I Still Miss Someone"
"I Walk the Line"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"In My Life"
"In the Jailhouse Now"
"It Ain't Me Babe"
"Jackson"
"Kate"
"The Man Comes Around"
"Man in Black"
"The Matador"
"Oh Lonesome Me"
"One Piece at a Time"
"Oney"
"Orange Blossom Special"
"The One on the Right Is on the Left"
"Remember the Alamo"
"(Ghost) Riders in the Sky"
"Ring of Fire"
"Rock Island Line"
"So Doggone Lonesome"
"Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down"
"Tennessee Flat Top Box"
"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang"
"A Thing Called Love"
"Understand Your Man"
"What Is Truth"
"What'd I Say"
Television
The Johnny Cash Show
Family
June Carter Cash
John Carter Cash
Rosanne Cash
Carlene Carter
Tommy Cash
Carter Family
Related
Albums discography
Singles discography
Sun Records discography
The Highwaymen
Carter Family Fold
Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words
Cash: The Autobiography
Johnny Cash! The Man, His World, His Music
Walk the Line
We Walk the Line: A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash
Ring of Fire (2013 film)
Ring of Fire (musical)
My Father and the Man in Black
Forever Words
Dyess, Arkansas
The Tennessee Three
Book
[show]
v
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Rodney Crowell
Studio albums
Ain't Living Long Like This
But What Will the Neighbors Think
Rodney Crowell
Street Language
Diamonds & Dirt
Keys to the Highway
Life Is Messy
Let the Picture Paint Itself
Jewel of the South
The Houston Kid
Fate's Right Hand
The Outsider
Sex & Gasoline
Old Yellow Moon
Tarpaper Sky
The Traveling Kind
Close Ties
Compilation albums
The Rodney Crowell Collection
Greatest Hits
Singles
"Elvira"
"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I"
"Ashes by Now"
"Ain't No Money"
"It's Such a Small World"
"I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried"
"She's Crazy for Leavin'"
"After All This Time"
"Above and Beyond"
"Many a Long and Lonesome Highway"
"If Looks Could Kill"
"My Past Is Present"
"Now That We're Alone"
"Lovin' All Night"
"What Kind of Love"
"Please Remember Me"
"I Walk the Line Revisited"
Other songs
"The Answer Is Yes"
"Heartbroke"
"I Ain't Living Long Like This"
"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight"
"Making Memories of Us"
"Queen of Hearts"
"Song for the Life"
"Voilá, An American Dream"
Related articles
Discography
The Notorious Cherry Bombs
The Notorious Cherry Bombs
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