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NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
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The National Basketball Association All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to the player(s) voted best of the annual All-Star Game. The award was established in 1953 when NBA officials decided to designate an MVP for each year's game. The league also re-honored players from the previous two All-Star Games. Ed Macauley and Paul Arizin were selected as the 1951 and 1952 MVP winners respectively.[1] The voting is conducted by a panel of media members, who cast their vote after the conclusion of the game. The player(s) with the most votes or ties for the most votes wins the award.[2] No All-Star Game MVP was named in 1999 since the game was canceled due to the league's lockout.[3] As of 2018[update], the most recent recipient is Cleveland Cavaliers forward LeBron James.
Bob Pettit and Kobe Bryant are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times. Oscar Robertson, Michael Jordan, Shaquille O'Neal, and LeBron James have each won the award three times, while Bob Cousy, Julius Erving, Isiah Thomas, Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Allen Iverson, and Russell Westbrook have all won the award twice. James' first All-Star MVP in 2006 made him the youngest to have ever won the award at the age of 21 years, 1 month. Kyrie Irving, winner of the 2014 All-Star Game MVP, is the second-youngest at 21 years, 10 months. They are notable as being the two youngest to win the award, both as Cleveland Cavaliers.[4][5] Four of the games had joint winners—Elgin Baylor and Pettit in 1959, John Stockton and Malone in 1993, O'Neal and Tim Duncan in 2000, and O'Neal and Bryant in 2009. O'Neal became the first player in All-Star history to share two MVP awards as well as the first player to win the award with multiple teams. The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight. Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States. Both Duncan and Irving[a] are American citizens, but are considered "international" players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C.[6] No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two, and Duncan played U.S. college basketball at Wake Forest.
Bob Pettit (1958, 1959) and Russell Westbrook (2015, 2016) are the only players to win consecutive awards. Pettit (1956), Bob Cousy (1957), Wilt Chamberlain (1960), Bill Russell (1963), Oscar Robertson (1964), Willis Reed (1970), Dave Cowens (1973), Michael Jordan (1988, 1996, 1998), Magic Johnson (1990), Shaquille O'Neal (2000), and Allen Iverson (2001) all won the All-Star Game MVP and the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in the same season; Jordan is the only player to do this multiple times.[7] 14 players have won the award playing for the team that hosted the All-Star Game: Macauley (1951), Cousy (1957), Pettit (1958, 1962), Chamberlain (1960), Adrian Smith (1966), Rick Barry (1967), Jerry West (1972), Tom Chambers (1987), Jordan (1988), Karl Malone (1993), John Stockton (1993), O'Neal (2004, 2009), Bryant (2011) and Davis (2017); Pettit and O'Neal did this multiple times. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has the distinction of playing in the most All-Star Games (18) without winning the All-Star Game MVP, while Adrian Smith won the MVP in his only All-Star Game.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Multi-time winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners[edit]
Hall-of-Famer Bill Russell (left) won the award in the 1963 NBA All-Star Game. Hall-of-Famer Wilt Chamberlain (center) won the award in the 1960 NBA All-Star Game.
Hall-of-Famer Michael Jordan won the award three times in his career.
Hall-of-Famer Charles Barkley won the award in the 1991 NBA All-Star Game.
Hall-of-Famer Shaquille O'Neal has won the award three times in his career. He is also the oldest MVP ever, at 36 years and 346 days old.
Kobe Bryant has won the award a record four times in his career, a feat he shares with Bob Pettit.
LeBron James was the youngest player to ever win the award at 21 years and 51 days old and is the all-time leader in points scored in NBA All-Star Game history.[8]
Kyrie Irving won the award in his second All-Star game in 2014
^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
* Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player has been awarded the MVP award
Team (X) Denotes the number of times a player from this team has won
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
1951
Macauley, EdEd Macauley*
Center/Forward United States Boston Celtics
1952
Arizin, PaulPaul Arizin*
Forward/Guard United States Philadelphia Warriors
1953
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
Center United States Minneapolis Lakers
1954
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Guard United States Boston Celtics (2)
1955
Sharman, BillBill Sharman*
Guard United States Boston Celtics (3)
1956
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
Forward/Center United States St. Louis Hawks
1957
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (2)
Guard United States Boston Celtics (4)
1958
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (2)
Forward/Center United States St. Louis Hawks (2)
1959[b]
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
Forward United States Minneapolis Lakers (2)
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (3)
Forward/Center United States St. Louis Hawks (3)
1960
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Center United States Philadelphia Warriors (2)
1961
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals
1962
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (4)
Forward/Center United States St. Louis Hawks (4)
1963
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Center United States Boston Celtics (5)
1964
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (2)
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals (2)
1965
Lucas, JerryJerry Lucas*
Forward/Center United States Cincinnati Royals (3)
1966
Smith, AdrianAdrian Smith
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals (4)
1967
Barry, RickRick Barry*
Forward United States San Francisco Warriors (3)
1968
Greer, HalHal Greer*
Guard/Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers
1969
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (3)
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals (5)
1970
Reed, WillisWillis Reed*
Center/Forward United States New York Knicks
1971
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens*
Guard United States Seattle SuperSonics
1972
West, JerryJerry West*
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1973
Cowens, DaveDave Cowens*
Center/Forward United States Boston Celtics (6)
1974
Lanier, BobBob Lanier*
Center United States Detroit Pistons
1975
Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier*
Guard United States New York Knicks (2)
1976
Bing, DaveDave Bing*
Guard United States Washington Bullets
1977
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (2)
1978
Smith, RandyRandy Smith
Guard/Forward United States Buffalo Braves
1979
Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson*
Guard/Forward United States Denver Nuggets
1980
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
Guard/Forward United States San Antonio Spurs
1981
Archibald, NateNate Archibald*
Guard United States Boston Celtics (7)
1982
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
Forward United States Boston Celtics (8)
1983
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving* (2)
Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (3)
1984
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
Guard United States Detroit Pistons (2)
1985
Sampson, RalphRalph Sampson*
Center/Forward United States Houston Rockets
1986
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas* (2)
Guard United States Detroit Pistons (3)
1987
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
Forward/Center United States Seattle SuperSonics (2)
1988
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
Guard United States Chicago Bulls
1989
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
Forward United States Utah Jazz
1990
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1991
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (4)
1992
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (2)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1993[b]
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
Guard United States Utah Jazz (2)
Malone, KarlKarl Malone* (2)
Forward United States Utah Jazz (3)
1994
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
Forward United States Chicago Bulls (2)
1995
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
Guard United States Sacramento Kings (6)
1996
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (3)
1997
Rice, GlenGlen Rice
Forward United States Charlotte Hornets
1998
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (4)
1999
Not awarded as the game was canceled due to the league's lockout.[3]
2000[b]
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (6)
Duncan, TimTim Duncan Forward/Center United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (2)
2001
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (5)
2002
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (7)
2003
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
Forward/Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves
2004
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal* (2)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2005
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson* (2)
Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (6)
2006
James, LeBronLeBron James^ [d]
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers
2007
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant (2)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (9)
2008
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (2)
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
2009[b]
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant (3)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (10)
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal* (3) [e]
Center United States Phoenix Suns
2010
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
Guard United States Miami Heat
2011
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant (4)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (11)
2012
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
Forward United States Oklahoma City Thunder (3)
2013
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
Guard United States Los Angeles Clippers (2)
2014
Irving, KyrieKyrie Irving^
Guard United States[a] Cleveland Cavaliers (3)
2015
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder (4)
2016
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^ (2)
Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder (5)
2017
Davis, AnthonyAnthony Davis^
Forward/Center United States New Orleans Pelicans
2018
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (3)
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers (4)
Multi-time winners[edit]
Player
Team
No.
Years
Pettit, BobBob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 4 1956, 1958, 1959, 1962
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers 2002, 2007, 2009, 2011
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson Cincinnati Royals 3 1961, 1964, 1969
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan Chicago Bulls 1988, 1996, 1998
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers
Phoenix Suns 2000, 2004, 2009
James, LeBronLeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 2006, 2008, 2018
Cousy, BobBob Cousy Boston Celtics 2 1954, 1957
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving Philadelphia 76ers 1977, 1983
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas Detroit Pistons 1984, 1986
Malone, KarlKarl Malone Utah Jazz 1989, 1993
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 1990, 1992
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson Philadelphia 76ers 2001, 2005
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 2015, 2016
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
List of NBA All-Stars
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kyrie Irving was born in Australia to American parents who returned to the U.S. when he was two years old. He has dual U.S. and Australian citizenship, but has represented the United States internationally.[11]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Denotes All-Star Games in which joint winners were named
Jump up ^ Because Tim Duncan is a United States citizen by birth, as are all natives of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[9] he was able to play for the U.S. internationally.[10]
Jump up ^ James, at 21 years and 51 days old, is the youngest All-Star Game MVP in NBA history.
Jump up ^ O'Neal, at 36 years and 346 days old, is the oldest All-Star Game MVP in NBA history.
References[edit]
General
"All-Star Game: Year-by-Year Results". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
Specific
Jump up ^ Steve Popper (February 5, 1998). "N.B.A. All-Star Weekend; Macauley's '51 All-Star Honors Came Late (but He's Not Complaining)". The New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ Howard-Cooper, Scott (February 12, 1990). "East Stars Put It Together, but Magic Has Hardware Pro basketball: Laker guard earns MVP in losing effort as rest of his West teammates are shut down, 130-113". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Steele, David (December 9, 1998). "NBA Drops All-Stars – What's Left? February game in Philly latest casualty of lockout". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "King-Sized Rally Propels East to Victory". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Mary (February 17, 2014). "Cleveland Cavaliers All-Star MVP Kyrie Irving has his moment – with advice from LeBron James". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bargnani becomes first European top NBA draft pick". People's Daily Online. June 29, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "NBA & ABA Most Valuable Player Award Winners". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
Jump up ^ NBA All-Star Game Career Leaders | Basketball-Reference.com
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "All-Time USA Basketball Men's Roster: D". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ward, Roy (July 3, 2013). "Irving a must for Boomers in Rio: Bogut". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on February 17, 2014.
[show]
v
t
e
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
1951: Macauley
1952: Arizin
1953: Mikan
1954: Cousy
1955: Sharman
1956: Pettit
1957: Cousy
1958: Pettit
1959: Baylor & Pettit
1960: Chamberlain
1961: Robertson
1962: Pettit
1963: Russell
1964: Robertson
1965: Lucas
1966: A. Smith
1967: Barry
1968: Greer
1969: Robertson
1970: Reed
1971: Wilkens
1972: West
1973: Cowens
1974: Lanier
1975: Frazier
1976: Bing
1977: Erving
1978: R. Smith
1979: Thompson
1980: Gervin
1981: Archibald
1982: Bird
1983: Erving
1984: Thomas
1985: Sampson
1986: Thomas
1987: Chambers
1988: Jordan
1989: Malone
1990: Johnson
1991: Barkley
1992: Johnson
1993: Stockton & Malone
1994: Pippen
1995: Richmond
1996: Jordan
1997: Rice
1998: Jordan
1999: No game played
2000: O'Neal & Duncan
2001: Iverson
2002: Bryant
2003: Garnett
2004: O'Neal
2005: Iverson
2006: James
2007: Bryant
2008: James
2009: Bryant & O'Neal
2010: Wade
2011: Bryant
2012: Durant
2013: Paul
2014: Irving
2015: Westbrook
2016: Westbrook
2017: Davis
[show]
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Water distribution on Earth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A graphical distribution of the locations of water on Earth
Water is distributed across earth. Most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 78% of the area of the Earth reflect blue light, the Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the blue planet and the Pale Blue Dot. An estimated 1.5 to 11 times the amount of water in the oceans may be found hundreds of miles deep within the Earth's interior, although not in liquid form.
The oceanic crust is young, thin and dense, with none of the rocks within it dating from any older than the breakup of Pangaea. Because water is much denser than any gas, this means that water will flow into the "depressions" formed as a result of the high density of oceanic crust. (On a planet like Venus, with no water, the depressions appear to form a vast plain above which rise plateaux). Since the low density rocks of the continental crust contain large quantities of easily eroded salts of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, salt has, over billions of years, accumulated in the oceans as a result of evaporation returning the fresh water to land as rain and snow.
As a result, the vast bulk of the water on Earth is regarded as saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions.
The remainder of the Earth's water constitutes the planet's fresh water resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1 percent that of the oceans - i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as marginal water because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 40 to 1.
The planet's fresh water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Of these sources, only river water is generally valuable.
Most lakes are in very inhospitable regions such as the glacial lakes of Canada, Lake Baikal in Russia, Lake Khövsgöl in Mongolia, and the African Great Lakes. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume,[2][3][4] are the exception. They are located in a hospitable region, which is heavily populated. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people.[5] The Canadian cities of Toronto, Hamilton, Ontario, St. Catharines, Niagara, Oshawa, Windsor, and Barrie, and the United States cities of Duluth, Milwaukee, Chicago, Gary, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Rochester, are all located on shores of the Great Lakes.
Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of fossil groundwater in arid regions that has never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water.
However, fresh groundwater is of great value, especially in arid countries such as India. Its distribution is broadly similar to that of surface river water, but it is easier to store in hot and dry climates because groundwater storages are much more shielded from evaporation than are dams. In countries such as Yemen, groundwater from erratic rainfall during the rainy season is the major source of irrigation water.
Because groundwater recharge is much more difficult to accurately measure than surface runoff, groundwater is not generally used in areas where even fairly limited levels of surface water are available. Even today, estimates of total groundwater recharge vary greatly for the same region depending on what source is used, and cases where fossil groundwater is exploited beyond the recharge rate (including the Ogallala Aquifer[6]) are very frequent and almost always not seriously considered when they were first developed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Distribution of saline and fresh water
2 Distribution of river water
3 Area, Volume, and Depth of the World Ocean
4 Variability of water availability
5 Water in Earth's mantle
6 See also
7 References
Distribution of saline and fresh water[edit]
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface.[7][8][9] In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).[10]
Source of water
Volume of water
in km³ (cu mi)
% total
water
% salt
water
% fresh
water
% liquid surface
fresh water
Oceans 7018133800000000000♠1,338,000,000 (321,000,000) 96.5 99.0
Pacific Ocean 7017669880000000000♠669,880,000 (160,710,000) 48.3 49.6
Atlantic Ocean 7017310410900000000♠310,410,900 (74,471,500) 22.4 23.0
Indian Ocean 7017264000000000000♠264,000,000 (63,000,000) 19.0 19.5
Southern Ocean 7016718000000000000♠71,800,000 (17,200,000) 5.18 5.31
Arctic Ocean 7016187500000000000♠18,750,000 (4,500,000) 1.35 1.39
Ice and snow 7016243640000000000♠24,364,000 (5,845,000) 1.76 69.6
Glaciers 7016240640000000000♠24,064,000 (5,773,000) 1.74 68.7
Antarctic ice sheet 7016216000000000000♠21,600,000 (5,200,000) 1.56 61.7
Greenland ice sheet 7015234000000000000♠2,340,000 (560,000) 0.17 6.68
Arctic islands 7013835000000000000♠83,500 (20,000) 0.006 0.24
Mountain ranges 7013406000000000000♠40,600 (9,700) 0.003 0.12
Ground ice and permafrost 7014300000000000000♠300,000 (72,000) 0.022 0.86
Groundwater 7016234000000000000♠23,400,000 (5,600,000) 1.69
Saline groundwater 7016128700000000000♠12,870,000 (3,090,000) 0.93 0.95
Fresh groundwater 7016105300000000000♠10,530,000 (2,530,000) 0.76 30.1
Soil moisture 7013165000000000000♠16,500 (4,000) 0.0012 0.047
Lakes 7014176400000000000♠176,400 (42,300) 0.013
Saline lakes 7013854000000000000♠85,400 (20,500) 0.0062 0.0063
Caspian Sea 7013782000000000000♠78,200 (18,800) 0.0056 0.0058
Other saline lakes 7012720000000000000♠7,200 (1,700) 0.00052 0.00053
Fresh water lakes 7013910000000000000♠91,000 (22,000) 0.0066 0.26 87.0
African Great Lakes 7013300700000000000♠30,070 (7,210) 0.0022 0.086 28.8
Lake Baikal 7013236150000000000♠23,615 (5,666) 0.0017 0.067 22.6
North American Great Lakes 7013221150000000000♠22,115 (5,306) 0.0016 0.063 21.1
Other fresh water lakes 7013152000000000000♠15,200 (3,600) 0.0011 0.043 14.5
Atmosphere 7013129000000000000♠12,900 (3,100) 0.00093 0.037
Swamps 7013114700000000000♠11,470 (2,750) 0.00083 0.033 11.0
Rivers 7012212000000000000♠2,120 (510) 0.00015 0.0061 2.03
Biological water 7012112000000000000♠1,120 (270) 0.000081 0.0032
Distribution of river water[edit]
The total volume of water in rivers is estimated at 2,120 km³ (510 cubic miles), or 2% of the surface fresh water on Earth.[7] Rivers and basins are often compared not according to their static volume, but to their flow of water, or surface runoff. The distribution of river runoff across the Earth's surface is very uneven.
Continent or region
River runoff (km³/year)
Percent of world total
North America 7,800 17.9
South America 12,000 27.6
Europe 2,900 6.7
Middle East and North Africa 140 0.3
Sub-Saharan Africa 4,000 9.2
Asia (excluding Middle East) 13,300 30.6
Australia 440 1.0
Oceania 6,500 14.9
There can be huge variations within these regions. For example, as much as a quarter of Australia's limited renewable fresh water supply is found in almost uninhabited Cape York Peninsula.[11] Also, even in well-watered continents, there are areas that are extremely short of water, such as Texas in North America, whose renewable water supply totals only 26 km³/year in an area of 695,622 km², or South Africa, with only 44 km³/year in 1,221,037 km².[11] The areas of greatest concentration of renewable water are:
The Amazon and Orinoco Basins (a total of 6,500 km³/year or 15 percent of global runoff)
East Asia
Yangtze Basin - 1,000 km³/year
South and Southeast Asia, with a total of 8,000 km³/year or 18 percent of global runoff
Brahmaputra Basin - 900 km³/year
Irrawaddy Basin - 500 km³/year
Mekong Basin - 450 km³/year
Canada, with over 10 percent of world's river water and large numbers in lakes
Mackenzie River - over 250 km³/year
Yukon River - over 150 km³/year
Siberia
Yenisey - over 5% of world's fresh water in basin - second largest after the Amazon
Ob River - over 500 km³/year
Lena River - over 450 km³/year
New Guinea
Fly and Sepik Rivers - total over 300 km³/year in only about 150,000 km² of basin area.
Area, Volume, and Depth of the World Ocean[edit]
Body of Water
Area (106 km2)
Volume (106 km3)
Mean Depth (m)
Atlantic Ocean 82.4 323.6 3,926
Pacific Ocean 165.2 707.6 4,282
Indian Ocean 73.4 291.0 3,963
All oceans and seas 361 1,370 3,796
Variability of water availability[edit]
Variability of water availability is important both for the functioning of aquatic species and also for the availability of water for human use: water that is only available in a few wet years must not be considered renewable. Because most global runoff comes from areas of very low climatic variability, the total global runoff is generally of low variability.
Indeed, even in most arid zones, there tends to be few problems with variability of runoff because most usable sources of water come from high mountain regions which provide highly reliable glacier melt as the chief source of water, which also comes in the summer peak period of high demand for water. This historically aided the development of many of the great civilizations of ancient history, and even today allows for agriculture in such productive areas as the San Joaquin Valley.
However, in Australia and Southern Africa, the story is different. Here, runoff variability is much higher than in other continental regions of the world with similar climates.[12] Typically temperate (Köppen climate classification C) and arid (Köppen climate classification B) climate rivers in Australia and Southern Africa have as much as three times the coefficient of variation of runoff of those in other continental regions.[13] The reason for this is that, whereas all other continents have had their soils largely shaped by Quaternary glaciation and mountain building, soils of Australia and Southern Africa have been largely unaltered since at least the early Cretaceous and generally since the previous ice age in the Carboniferous. Consequently, available nutrient levels in Australian and Southern African soils tend to be orders of magnitude lower than those of similar climates in other continents, and native flora compensate for this through much higher rooting densities (e.g. proteoid roots) to absorb minimal phosphorus and other nutrients. Because these roots absorb so much water, runoff in typical Australian and Southern African rivers does not occur until about 300 mm (12 inches) or more of rainfall has occurred. In other continents, runoff will occur after quite light rainfall due to the low rooting densities.
Climate type (Köppen[14])
Mean annual rainfall
Typical runoff ratio
for Australia and Southern Africa
Typical runoff ratio
for rest of the world
BWh 250 mm (10 inches) 1 percent (2.5 mm) 10 percent (25 mm)
BSh (on Mediterranean fringe) 350 mm (14 inches) 3 percent (12 mm) 20 percent (80 mm)
Csa 500 mm (20 inches) 5 percent (25 mm) 35 percent (175 mm)
Caf 900 mm (36 inches) 15 percent (150 mm) 45 percent (400 mm)
Cb 1100 mm (43 inches) 25 percent (275 mm) 70 percent (770 mm)
The consequence of this is that many rivers in Australia and Southern Africa (as compared to extremely few in other continents) are theoretically impossible to regulate because rates of evaporation from dams mean a storage sufficiently large to theoretically regulate the river to a given level would actually allow very little draft to be used. Examples of such rivers include those in the Lake Eyre Basin. Even for other Australian rivers, a storage three times as large is needed to provide a third the supply of a comparable climate in southeastern North America or southern China. It also affects aquatic life, favouring strongly those species able to reproduce rapidly after high floods so that some will survive the next drought.
Tropical (Köppen climate classification A) climate rivers in Australia and Southern Africa do not, in contrast, have markedly lower runoff ratios than those of similar climates in other regions of the world. Although soils in tropical Australia and southern Africa are even poorer than those of the arid and temperate parts of these continents, vegetation can use organic phosphorus or phosphate dissolved in rainwater as a source of the nutrient. In cooler and drier climates these two related sources tend to be virtually useless, which is why such specialised means are needed to extract the most minimal phosphorus.
There are other isolated areas of high runoff variability, though these are basically due to erratic rainfall rather than different hydrology. These include:[13]
Southwest Asia
The Brazilian Nordeste
The Great Plains of the United States
Water in Earth's mantle[edit]
It is estimated an additional 1.5 to eleven times the amount of water in the oceans is contained in the Earth's interior,[15] and some scientists have hypothesized that the water in the mantle is part of a "whole-Earth water cycle".[16] The water in the mantle is dissolved in various minerals near the transition zone between Earth's upper and lower mantle. At temperatures of 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) and extreme pressures found deep underground, water breaks down into hydroxyls and oxygen.[17] The existence of water was experimentally predicted in 2002,[18] and direct evidence of the water was found in 2014 based on tests on a sample of ringwoodite.[19] Further evidence for large quantities of water in the mantle was found in observations of melting in the transition zone from the USArray project.[20] Liquid water is not present within the ringwoodite, rather the components of water (hydrogen and oxygen) are held within as hydroxide ions.[19]
See also[edit]
Deficit irrigation
Water resource management
Magmatic water
References[edit]
Jump up ^ USGS - Earth's water distribution
Jump up ^ "Great Lakes – U.S. EPA". Epa.gov. 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
Jump up ^ "LUHNA Chapter 6: Historical Landcover Changes in the Great Lakes Region". Biology.usgs.gov. 2003-11-20. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
Jump up ^ Ghassemi, Fereidoun (2007). Inter-basin water transfer. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86969-2.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-11-01. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
Jump up ^ Reisner, Marc; Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water; pp. 438-442. ISBN 0-14-017824-4
^ Jump up to: a b Where is Earth's water?, United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Eakins, B.W. and G.F. Sharman, Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO, 2010.
Jump up ^ Water in Crisis: Chapter 2, Peter H. Gleick, Oxford University Press, 1993.
Jump up ^ Harder, Ben. "Inner Earth May Hold More Water Than the Seas". National Geographic. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, J. A. H.; Australia’s surface water resources. ISBN 978-0-644-02617-8.
Jump up ^ McMahon, T.A. and Finlayson, B.L.; Global Runoff: Continental Comparisons of Annual Flows and Peak Discharges. ISBN 3-923381-27-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Peel, Murray C.; McMahon, Thomas A. & Finlayson, Brian L. (2004). "Continental differences in the variability of annual runoff: update and reassessment". Journal of Hydrology. 295 (1–4): 185–197. Bibcode:2004JHyd..295..185P. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.004.
Jump up ^ This section uses a slightly modified version of the Köppen system found in The Times Atlas of the World, 7th edition. ISBN 0-7230-0265-7
Jump up ^ Crocket, Christopher (5 September 2015). "Quest to trace origin of Earth's water is 'a complete mess'". Science News. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Melissa Davey (12 Jun 2014). "Earth may have underground 'ocean' three times that on surface". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 Mar 2015.
Jump up ^ "Earth found hiding huge reservoirs of water 400 miles below...but not water as we know it : SCIENCE : Tech Times". Tech Times. 16 June 1015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Ben Harder (7 Mar 2002). "Inner Earth May Hold More Water Than the Seas". National Geographic. Retrieved 13 Mar 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Becky Oskin (12 Mar 2014). "Rare Diamond Confirms That Earth's Mantle Holds an Ocean's Worth of Water". Scientific American. Retrieved 13 Mar 2015.
Jump up ^ HENRY FOUNTAIN (6 Jun 2014). "The Earth's Hidden Ocean". New York Times. Retrieved 13 Mar 2015.
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Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand
Logo of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand
Also known as
'Millionaire'
Genre
Game show
Created by
David Briggs
Directed by
Peter Ots
Presented by
Mike Hosking
Composer(s)
Keith Strachan
Matthew Strachan
Country of origin
New Zealand
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10
Production
Location(s)
Richmond, Victoria, Australia
Running time
60 minutes (with commercials)
Production company(s)
2waytraffic
Release
Original network
TV ONE
Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
9 September – 11 November 2008
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand was a New Zealand game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The show was hosted by Mike Hosking. The main goal of the game was to win one million New Zealand dollars by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. There were four "lifelines". It was broadcast on the TVNZ station TV ONE. The show was taped in Melbourne, Australia on the set of the Australian version of the show.
One contestant, Kristin Castle, made New Zealand television history after walking away with NZ$250,000, the highest amount of money ever given to a single person on New Zealand television. The show received wide media coverage after the first ever contestant on the show, Courtney Washington, walked away with nothing after incorrectly answering the question about BMW supplying New Zealand's new fleet of ministerial limousines.[1]
Rules[edit]
As in the syndicated United States' version, contestants were selected for the show through a qualifying test instead of the traditional "Fastest Finger First" as seen on the British version. Contestants sit in the "Hot Seat" and are asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host. Questions are multiple choice and contestants choose between a possible four answers, sometimes with the aid of lifelines. On answering a question correctly the contestant plays for a bigger sum of money, getting ever closer to the maximum amount of one million dollars.
The traditional 15-question money tree was used and there was no clock.
The complete sequence of prizes is as follows. Guaranteed safe levels, where the contestant is guaranteed this amount of money to take home, regardless of any subsequent questions they may get wrong, are in bold.
Prize levels
$100
$200
$300
$500
$1,000
$2,000
$4,000
$8,000
$16,000
$32,000
$64,000
$125,000
$250,000
$500,000
$1,000,000
The contestants' run ends when they either answer a question incorrectly, decide to not answer a question and walk away with their prize money, or if they answer all 15 questions correctly (winning $1 million).
Lifelines[edit]
If at any point the contestants are unsure of the answer to a question, they use one or more "lifelines". After using lifelines, contestants can either answer the question, use another lifeline, or walk away and keep the money (except for the Switch lifeline).
50/50: The contestant asks the host to have the computer randomly eliminate two of the incorrect answer choices, leaving the contestant with a choice between the correct answer and one incorrect one.
Phone a Friend: Contestants may call one of up to three prearranged friends. The contestant must provide the three friends' names and phone numbers in advance. The contestant has thirty seconds to read the four choices to the friend, who must select an answer before the time runs out. Phone-a-friends often express their certainty as a percentage (I am 80% sure it's C).
Ask the Audience: The contestant polls the studio audience to ask them which answer they believe is correct. Members of the studio audience indicate their choices using an audience response system. The results are immediately displayed on the contestant's and host's screens. This is a popular lifeline, known for its near-perfect accuracy.
Switch the Question: This lifeline becomes available only after the contestant has correctly answered the $32,000 question. If the contestant has not chosen a final answer on the revealed question, this lifeline entitles the contestant to switch out the original question for another question of the same value. Once the contestant elects to use this lifeline, he or she cannot return to the original question, and thus the correct answer is revealed for the record. In addition, any lifelines used by the contestant while attempting to answer the original revealed question prior to the question switch will not be reinstated.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Milne, Rebecca (5 October 2008). "The bitter millionaire contestant". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
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Brock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Brock may refer to:
Look up brock in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Contents
[hide]
1 Businesses
2 Fictional characters
3 People
4 Places
5 Schools
6 Ships
7 Other uses
8 See also
Businesses[edit]
Brock Motors, a short-lived automotive company founded in 1921 in Amherstberg, Ontario
Crowne Plaza Niagara Falls – Fallsview also known as the Brock Hotel, a hotel in Niagara Falls, Ontario
Brock Hotel Corporation, founded by Robert L. Brock
Fictional characters[edit]
Brock (Pokémon), a character in the fictional world of Pokémon
The Brocks, a family on the American television show Picket Fences
Eddie Brock, the longtime host of the Marvel alien symbiote Venom
John Brock, a fictional British undercover agent created by Desmond Skirrow
Matthew Brock, a news reporter on the American sitcom NewsRadio
Brock Lovett, a character in the 1997 film Titanic
Tommy Brock the badger from The Tale of Mr. Tod by Beatrix Potter
Brock Cantillo, on Breaking Bad the son of character Andrea Cantillo
Brock Samson, a character in the animated television series The Venture Bros.
People[edit]
Brock (surname), various people with this surname
Brock (given name), various people with this given name
Places[edit]
In Canada
Brock, Ontario, a township
Brock, Saskatchewan, a village
Brock No. 64, Saskatchewan. a rural municipality
Brock Island, a Canadian arctic island in the Northwest Territories
Brock River (Chibougamau River), a tributary of the Chibougamau River, in Eeyou Istchee Baie-James, Nord-du-Québec, Quebec
Brock River West, a tributary of Brock River, Quebec
Brock River North, a tributary of Brock River, Quebec
In England
Brock, a small village in Lancashire, England
River Brock, a river in Lancashire, England
In the United States:
Brock, Missouri, an unincorporated community
Brock, Nebraska, a village
Brock, Ohio, an unincorporated community
Brock, Texas, an unincorporated community
Schools[edit]
Brock University, a comprehensive university located in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
Brock High School (Ontario), a high school in Brock, Ontario
Brock High School (Texas), a high school in Brock, Texas
Ships[edit]
HMS Sir Isaac Brock, a British naval vessel destroyed at the Battle of York prior to being completed
USS Brock (APD-93), a United States Navy high-speed transport in commission from 1945 to 1947
Other uses[edit]
Brock, a traditional name for a badger
Team Brock (disambiguation), a series of Australian motor racing teams
Brock (miniseries), an Australian mini-series based on the life of motor racing driver Peter Brock
See also[edit]
Broc (disambiguation)
Brok (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Brock.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brock&oldid=816396496"
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This page was last edited on 21 December 2017, at 02:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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