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Henry Purcell
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This article is about the 17th-century composer. For the New York judge, see Henry Purcell (judge). For the 19th-century composer, see Robert Lucas de Pearsall. For other uses of Purcell, see Purcell (disambiguation).
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Purcell by John Closterman, probably 1695
Henry Purcell (/ˈpɜːrsəl/ or /pɜːrˈsɛl/;[1] c. 10 September 1659[Note 1] – 21 November 1695) was an English composer. Although incorporating Italian and French stylistic elements into his compositions, Purcell's legacy was a uniquely English form of Baroque music. He is generally considered to be one of the greatest English composers; no other native-born English composer approached his fame until Edward Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams, William Walton and Benjamin Britten in the 20th century.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Death
4 Works
5 Influence and reputation
6 In popular culture
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Engraved portrait of Purcell by R. White after Closterman, from Orpheus Britannicus
Purcell was born in St Ann's Lane, Old Pye Street Westminster – the area of London later known as Devil's Acre – in 1659. Henry Purcell Senior,[2] whose older brother, Thomas Purcell, (d. 1682) was a musician, was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal and sang at the coronation of King Charles II of England.[3] Henry the elder had three sons: Edward, Henry and Daniel. Daniel Purcell (d. 1717), the youngest of the brothers, was also a prolific composer who wrote the music for much of the final act of The Indian Queen after Henry Purcell's death. Henry Purcell's family lived just a few hundred yards west of Westminster Abbey from 1659 onwards.[4]
After his father's death in 1664, Purcell was placed under the guardianship of his uncle Thomas, who showed him great affection and kindness.[5] Thomas was himself a gentleman of His Majesty's Chapel, and arranged for Henry to be admitted as a chorister. Henry studied first under Captain Henry Cooke (d. 1672),[6] Master of the Children, and afterwards under Pelham Humfrey (d. 1674), Cooke's successor.[7] Henry was a chorister in the Chapel Royal until his voice broke in 1673, when he became assistant to the organ-builder John Hingston, who held the post of keeper of wind instruments to the King.[4]
Career[edit]
Purcell's manuscript copy of When on my sick bed I languish (c. 1680)
Purcell is said to have been composing at nine years old, but the earliest work that can be certainly identified as his is an ode for the King's birthday, written in 1670.[8] (The dates for his compositions are often uncertain, despite considerable research.) It is assumed that the three-part song Sweet tyranness, I now resign was written by him as a child.[5] After Humfrey's death, Purcell continued his studies under Dr John Blow. He attended Westminster School and in 1676 was appointed copyist at Westminster Abbey.[3] Henry Purcell's earliest anthem Lord, who can tell was composed in 1678. It is a psalm that is prescribed for Christmas Day and also to be read at morning prayer on the fourth day of the month.[9]
In 1679, he wrote songs for John Playford's Choice Ayres, Songs and Dialogues and an anthem, the name of which is unknown, for the Chapel Royal. From an extant letter written by Thomas Purcell we learn that this anthem was composed for the exceptionally fine voice of the Rev. John Gostling, then at Canterbury, but afterwards a gentleman of His Majesty's Chapel. Purcell wrote several anthems at different times for Gostling's extraordinary basso profondo voice, which is known to have had a range of at least two full octaves, from D below the bass staff to the D above it. The dates of very few of these sacred compositions are known; perhaps the most notable example is the anthem They that go down to the sea in ships. In gratitude for the providential escape of King Charles II from shipwreck, Gostling, who had been of the royal party, put together some verses from the Psalms in the form of an anthem and requested Purcell to set them to music. The challenging work opens with a passage which traverses the full extent of Gostling's range, beginning on the upper D and descending two octaves to the lower.
In 1679, Blow, who had been appointed organist of Westminster Abbey in 1669, resigned his office in favour of his pupil.[10] Purcell now devoted himself almost entirely to the composition of sacred music, and for six years severed his connection with the theatre. However, during the early part of the year, probably before taking up his new office, he had produced two important works for the stage, the music for Nathaniel Lee's Theodosius, and Thomas d'Urfey's Virtuous Wife.[10] Between 1680 and 1688 Purcell wrote music for seven plays.[11] The composition of his chamber opera Dido and Aeneas, which forms a very important landmark in the history of English dramatic music, has been attributed to this period, and its earliest production may well have predated the documented one of 1689.[10] It was written to a libretto furnished by Nahum Tate, and performed in 1689 in cooperation with Josias Priest, a dancing master and the choreographer for the Dorset Garden Theatre. Priest's wife kept a boarding school for young gentlewomen, first in Leicester Fields and afterwards at Chelsea, where the opera was performed.[12] It is occasionally considered the first genuine English opera, though that title is usually given to Blow's Venus and Adonis: as in Blow's work, the action does not progress in spoken dialogue but in Italian-style recitative. Both works run to less than one hour. At the time, Dido and Aeneas never found its way to the theatre, though it appears to have been very popular in private circles. It is believed to have been extensively copied, but only one song was printed by Purcell's widow in Orpheus Britannicus, and the complete work remained in manuscript until 1840, when it was printed by the Musical Antiquarian Society under the editorship of Sir George Macfarren. The composition of Dido and Aeneas gave Purcell his first chance to write a sustained musical setting of a dramatic text. It was his only opportunity to compose a work in which the music carried the entire drama.[11] The story of Dido and Aeneas derives from the original source in Virgil's epic the Aeneid.[13]
Soon after Purcell's marriage, in 1682, on the death of Edward Lowe, he was appointed organist of the Chapel Royal, an office which he was able to hold simultaneously with his position at Westminster Abbey.[14] His eldest son was born in this same year, but he was short-lived.[15] His first printed composition, Twelve Sonatas, was published in 1683.[16][17] For some years after this, he was busy in the production of sacred music, odes addressed to the king and royal family, and other similar works.[18][19] In 1685, he wrote two of his finest anthems, I was glad and My heart is inditing, for the coronation of King James II.[14] In 1690 he composed a setting of the birthday ode for Queen Mary, Arise, my muse[20] and four years later wrote one of his most elaborate, important and magnificent works – a setting for another birthday ode for the Queen, written by Nahum Tate, entitled Come Ye Sons of Art.[21]
17th-century etching of Purcell
In 1687, he resumed his connection with the theatre by furnishing the music for Dryden's tragedy, Tyrannick Love. In this year, Purcell also composed a march and passepied called Quick-step, which became so popular that Lord Wharton adapted the latter to the fatal verses of Lillibullero; and in or before January 1688, Purcell composed his anthem Blessed are they that fear the Lord by express command of the King. A few months later, he wrote the music for D'Urfey's play, The Fool's Preferment. In 1690, he composed the music for Betterton's adaptation of Fletcher and Massinger's Prophetess (afterwards called Dioclesian)[22] and Dryden's Amphitryon. During the first ten years of his mastership, Purcell composed much- precisely how much we can only guess. In 1691, he wrote the music for what is sometimes considered his dramatic masterpiece, King Arthur, or The British Worthy .[12] In 1692, he composed The Fairy-Queen (an adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream), the score of which (his longest for theatre)[23] was rediscovered in 1901 and published by the Purcell Society.[24] The Indian Queen followed in 1695, in which year he also wrote songs for Dryden and Davenant's version of Shakespeare's The Tempest (recently, this has been disputed by music scholars[25]), probably including "Full fathom five" and "Come unto these yellow sands". The Indian Queen was adapted from a tragedy by Dryden and Sir Robert Howard.[23] In these semi-operas (another term for which at the time was "dramatic opera"), the main characters of the plays do not sing but speak their lines: the action moves in dialogue rather than recitative. The related songs are sung "for" them by singers, who have minor dramatic roles.
I was Glad
Ode 1 – Sinfonia
Ode 2 – Welcome to All
Ode 3 – Hail to this Happy Assembly
Ode 4 – Here the Deities Approve
Ode 5 – While Joys Celestial
Ode 6 – Then Lift Up Your Voices
Ode 7 – Beauty, Thou Scene of Love
Ode 8 – In a Consort of Voices
Toccata in A major
Performed by Sylvia Kind
"The Queen's Dolour (A Farewell)"
Realised by Ronald Stevenson (1958), performed live by Mark Gasser
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Purcell's Te Deum and Jubilate Deo were written for Saint Cecilia's Day, 1694, the first English Te Deum ever composed with orchestral accompaniment. This work was annually performed at St Paul's Cathedral until 1712, after which it was performed alternately with Handel's Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate until 1743, when both works were replaced by Handel's Dettingen Te Deum.[26]
He composed an anthem and two elegies for Queen Mary II's funeral.[27] Besides the operas and semi-operas already mentioned, Purcell wrote the music and songs for Thomas d'Urfey's The Comical History of Don Quixote, Bonduca, The Indian Queen and others, a vast quantity of sacred music, and numerous odes, cantatas, and other miscellaneous pieces. The quantity of his instrumental chamber music is minimal after his early career, and his keyboard music consists of an even more minimal number of harpsichord suites and organ pieces.[28] In 1693, Purcell composed music for two comedies: The Old Bachelor, and The Double Dealer. Purcell also composed for five other plays within the same year.[10] In July 1695, Purcell composed an ode for the Duke of Gloucester for his sixth birthday. The ode is titled Who can from joy refrain?[29] Purcell's four-part sonatas were issued in 1697.[10] In the final six years of his life, Purcell wrote music for forty-two plays.[10]
Death[edit]
Purcell died in 1695 at his home in Marsham Street,[30] at the height of his career. He is believed to have been 35 or 36 years old at the time. The cause of his death is unclear: one theory is that he caught a chill after returning home late from the theatre one night to find that his wife had locked him out. Another is that he succumbed to tuberculosis.[31] The beginning of Purcell's will reads:
In the name of God Amen. I, Henry Purcell, of the City of Westminster, gentleman, being dangerously ill as to the constitution of my body, but in good and perfect mind and memory (thanks be to God) do by these presents publish and declare this to be my last Will and Testament. And I do hereby give and bequeath unto my loving wife, Frances Purcell, all my estate both real and personal of what nature and kind soever...[32]
Purcell is buried adjacent to the organ in Westminster Abbey. The music that he had earlier composed for Queen Mary's funeral was performed during his as well. Purcell was universally mourned as "a very great master of music." Following his death, the officials at Westminster honoured him by unanimously voting that he be buried with no expense in the north aisle of the Abbey.[33] His epitaph reads: "Here lyes Henry Purcell Esq., who left this life and is gone to that Blessed Place where only His harmony can be exceeded."[34]
Purcell fathered six children by his wife Frances, four of whom died in infancy. His wife, as well as his son Edward (1689–1740) and daughter Frances, survived him.[10] Frances the elder died in 1706, having published a number of her husband's works, including the now famous collection called Orpheus Britannicus, in two volumes, printed in 1698 and 1702, respectively. Edward was appointed organist of St Clement Eastcheap, London, in 1711 and was succeeded by his son Edward Henry Purcell (d. 1765). Both men were buried in St Clement's near the organ gallery.
Works[edit]
Main article: List of compositions by Henry Purcell
Purcell worked in many genres, both in works closely linked to the court, such as symphony song, to the Chapel Royal, such as the symphony anthem, and the theatre.[35]
Influence and reputation[edit]
"The Flowering of the English Baroque", bronze memorial sculpture by Glynn Williams in a small park on Victoria St, Westminster.
After his death, Purcell was honoured by many of his contemporaries, including his old friend John Blow, who wrote An Ode, on the Death of Mr. Henry Purcell (Mark how the lark and linnet sing) with text by his old collaborator, John Dryden. William Croft's 1724 setting for the Burial Service, was written in the style of "the great Master". Croft preserved Purcell's setting of "Thou knowest Lord" (Z 58) in his service, for reasons "obvious to any artist"; it has been sung at every British state funeral ever since.[36] More recently, the English poet Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote a famous sonnet entitled simply "Henry Purcell", with a headnote reading: "The poet wishes well to the divine genius of Purcell and praises him that, whereas other musicians have given utterance to the moods of man's mind, he has, beyond that, uttered in notes the very make and species of man as created both in him and in all men generally."
Purcell also had a strong influence on the composers of the English musical renaissance of the early 20th century, most notably Benjamin Britten, who created and performed a realisation of Dido and Aeneas and whose The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra is based on a theme from Purcell's Abdelazar. Stylistically, the aria "I know a bank" from Britten's opera A Midsummer Night's Dream is clearly inspired by Purcell's aria "Sweeter than Roses", which Purcell originally wrote as part of incidental music to Richard Norton's Pausanias, the Betrayer of His Country.
Purcell is honoured together with Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on 28 July.[37] In a 1940 interview Ignaz Friedman stated that he considered Purcell as great as Bach and Beethoven. In Victoria Street, Westminster, England, there is a bronze monument to Purcell, sculpted by Glynn Williams and erected in 1994.
Purcell's works have been catalogued by Franklin Zimmerman, who gave them a number preceded by Z.
A Purcell Club was founded in London in 1836 for promoting the performance of his music, but was dissolved in 1863. In 1876 a Purcell Society was founded, which published new editions of his works. A modern-day Purcell Club has been created, and provides guided tours and concerts in support of Westminster Abbey.
So strong was his reputation that a popular wedding processional was incorrectly attributed to Purcell for many years. The so-called Purcell's Trumpet Voluntary was in fact written around 1700 by a British composer named Jeremiah Clarke as the Prince of Denmark's March.
Michael Nyman, at the request of the director, built the score of Peter Greenaway's 1982 film, The Draughtsman's Contract, on ostinati by Purcell from various sources, one misattributed. He credited Purcell as a "music consultant." Another of Purcell's ostinati, the Cold Genius aria from King Arthur, was used in Nyman's Memorial.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
The 1973 Rolling Stone review of Jethro Tull's A Passion Play compared the musical style of the album with the one of Purcell.[38] In 2009 Pete Townshend of The Who, an English rock band that established itself in the 1960s, identified Purcell's harmonies, particularly the use of suspension and resolution that Townshend had learned from producer Kit Lambert, as an influence on the band's music (in songs such as "Won't Get Fooled Again" (1971), "I Can See for Miles" (1967) and the very Purcellian intro to "Pinball Wizard").[39][40] The processional section from Purcell's Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary was adapted for the synthesiser by Wendy Carlos to serve as the theme music for the 1971 film A Clockwork Orange; the music is also featured in the final scene of the 1995 film The Young Poisoner's Handbook. Noted cult New Wave artist Klaus Nomi regularly performed "The Cold Song" from King Arthur during his career, including a version on his debut self-titled album, Klaus Nomi, from 1981; his last public performance before his untimely death was an interpretation of the piece done with a full orchestra in December 1982 in Munich. Purcell wrote the song for a bass, but numerous countertenors have performed the piece in homage to Nomi. Sting recorded it on his 2009 album If on a Winter's Night....
In the 1995 film England, My England, the life of Purcell (played by Michael Ball) was depicted as seen through the eyes of a playwright in the 1960s who is trying to write a play about him.
In the 21st century, the soundtrack of the 2005 film version of Pride and Prejudice features a dance titled "A Postcard to Henry Purcell." This is a version by composer Dario Marianelli of Purcell's Abdelazar theme. In the German-language 2004 movie, Downfall, the music of Dido's Lament is used repeatedly as the end of the Third Reich culminates. The 2012 film Moonrise Kingdom contains Benjamin Britten's version of the Rondeau in Purcell's Abdelazar created for his 1946 The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra. In 2013, the Pet Shop Boys released their single "Love Is a Bourgeois Construct" incorporating one of the same ground basses from King Arthur used by Nyman in his Draughtsman's Contract score.[citation needed] Olivia Chaney performs her adaptation of "There's Not a Swain" on her CD "The Longest River."[41]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ According to Holman and Thompson (Grove Music Online, see References) there is uncertainty regarding the year and day of birth. No record of baptism has been found. The year 1659 is based on Purcell's memorial tablet in Westminster Abbey and the frontispiece of his Sonnata's of III. Parts (London, 1683). The day 10 September is based on vague inscriptions in the manuscript GB-Cfm 88. It may also be relevant that he was appointed to his first salaried post on 10 September 1677, which would have been his eighteenth birthday.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wells, J.C., Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN 0-582-36467-1
Jump up ^ Holman and Thompson (Grove Music Online, see References).
^ Jump up to: a b "The Encyclopædia Britannica : a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information". archive.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659–1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin's Press Inc., 1967), 34.
^ Jump up to: a b Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 8.
Jump up ^ Burden, Michael. The Purcell Companion. (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1995), 55.
Jump up ^ Burden, Michael. The Purcell Companion. (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1995), 58.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659–1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin's Press Inc., 1967), 29.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659–1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin's Press Inc., 1967), 65.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Runciman, John F. (1909). Purcell. London: George Bell & Sons. OCLC 5690003.
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Ellen T. Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 6.
^ Jump up to: a b Hutchings, Arthur. Purcell. (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1982), 54.
Jump up ^ Harris, Ellen T. Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 11.
^ Jump up to: a b Hutchings, Arthur. Purcell. (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1982), 85.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 41.
Jump up ^ "No. 1872". The London Gazette. 25 October 1683. p. 2.
Jump up ^ "No. 1874". The London Gazette. 1 November 1683. p. 2. Announcements of the publication of Purcell's Sonata, first for subscribers, then for general purchase
Jump up ^ "No. 1928". The London Gazette. 8 May 1684. p. 2.
Jump up ^ "No. 2001". The London Gazette. 19 January 1684. p. 2. Announcements of the publication of Purcell's Ode for St Cecilia's Day, first performed, 22 November 1683
Jump up ^ Tore Frantzvåg Steenslid (2004). "Arise, my muse". steenslid.com. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J .A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 77.
Jump up ^ Muller 1990[page needed]
^ Jump up to: a b Hutchings, Arthur. Purcell. (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1982), 55.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 75.
Jump up ^ "Henry Purcell – The Tempest, Z.631 (semi-opera)". classicalarchives.com.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 80.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 82–83.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 81.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 83.
Jump up ^ Often mis-cited as Dean's Yard; Frederick Bridge in his brief biography of 1920, Twelve Good Composers, uses rental information/rate sheets to clear this up.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659–1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin's Press Inc., 1967), 266.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 85.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Franklin. Henry Purcell 1659–1695 His Life and Times. (New York City: St. Martin's Press Inc., 1967), 267.
Jump up ^ Westrup, J. A. Purcell. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1975), 86.
Jump up ^ Robert Shay, Robert Thompson Purcell Manuscripts: The Principal Musical Sources 0521028116- 2006 Page 137 "The distinctive nature of the symphony song, a genre as closely linked to the court as the symphony anthem was to the Chapel Royal,16 is underlined by the principal concordance of the longer works in R.M. 20.h.8, Lbl Add. 33287, "
Jump up ^ Melvin P. Unger, Historical Dictionary of Choral Music, Scarecrow Press 2010, ISBN 978-0-8108-5751-3 (p.93)
Jump up ^ Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jethro Tull Press: Rolling Stone, 30 August 1973". tullpress.com.
Jump up ^ Radio Times, 24–30 October 2009, previewing Baroque and Roll (BBC Radio 4, 27 October 2009).
Jump up ^ Jim Paterson. "Henry Purcell – an overview of the classical composer". mfiles.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "The Delicate Intensity of Olivia Chaney". WNYC.
Bibliography
Burden, Michael, ed. The Purcell Companion, Faber and Faber, London, 1994.
Burden, Michael, Purcell Remembered, Faber and Faber, London, 1995.
Burden, Michael, ed. Performing the Music of Henry Purcell, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996.
Burden, Michael, ed. Henry Purcell's Operas; The Complete Texts, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
Dent, Edward J. Foundations of English Opera, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1928.
Duffy, Maureen, Henry Purcell, Fourth Estate Ltd, London, 1994.
Herissone, Rebecca (ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Henry Purcell, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2012
Holman, Peter and Robert Thompson. "Henry Purcell (ii)," Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed 17 March 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
Holman, Peter, Henry Purcell, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994.
Holst, Imogen, ed. Henry Purcell 1659–1695: Essays on His Music, Oxford University Press, London, 1959.
Keates, Jonathan, Purcell, Chatto & Windus, London, 1995
King, Robert, Henry Purcell, Thames & Hudson, London, 1994
Moore, R. E., Henry Purcell and the Restoration Theatre, Greenwood Press, Westport CT, 1961.
Muller, Julia, Words and Music in Henry Purcell's First Semi-Opera, Dioclesian, Edwin Mellen Press, New York, 1990.
Orrey, Leslie and Rodney Milnes, Opera: A Concise History, World of Art, Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20217-6.
Price, Curtis A., Henry Purcell and the London Stage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984.
Shay, Robert, and Robert Thompson, Purcell Manuscripts: The Principal Musical Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
Stickland, Peter, Dido's Lament. A Tale about the Making of the Opera "Dido and Aeneas", Grey Suit Editions, London, 2007, second edition 2008
Stickland, Peter, Dido's Lament or The Willing Librettist, 77 Books, London, 2009
Westrup, Jack A., Purcell, Dent & Sons, London 1980
Zimmerman, Franklin B., Henry Purcell, 1659–1695, His Life and Times, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia PA, 1983
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Purcell, Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 658–659.
External links[edit]
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Henry Purcell at Encyclopædia Britannica
Purcell by John F. Runciman, a biography forming part of Bell's Miniature Series of Musicians published in 1909, from Project Gutenberg
Purcell's London by Brian Robins
The Purcell Society
Free scores by Henry Purcell in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
Works by or about Henry Purcell in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Free scores by Henry Purcell at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
"Henry Purcell material". BBC Radio 3 archives.
The Mutopia Project has compositions by Henry Purcell
Short biography, audio samples and images of Purcell
Monument to Purcell
Dido's Lament – Research leading to a narrative account of how Henry Purcell's opera Dido and Aeneas was created.
Henry Purcell at AllMusic
Henry Purcell on IMDb
National Trust catalogue entry for manuscript music, copied by Philip Hayes directly from Purcell's original manuscripts
Select digitized images from Old English Songs, containing works by Purcell, housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center
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Henry Purcell
Opera
Dido and Aeneas (1689) ("Dido's Lament", Dido and Aeneas discography)
Dioclesian (1690)
King Arthur (1691)
The Fairy-Queen (1692)
The Indian Queen (1695)
Sacred choral
Remember not, Lord, our offences (c. 1679–82)
Hear my prayer, O Lord (c. 1682)
Ode to St. Cecilia (1692)
Funeral Sentences and Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary (1695)
Secular choral
Come Ye Sons of Art (1694)
Incidental music
Music for a While (1692)
Nymphs and Shepherds (1692)
Abdelazer (1695)
Related articles
The Moor's Pavane
"Lillibullero"
List of compositions by Henry Purcell
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 5118737
LCCN: n79095298
ISNI: 0000 0001 2118 8274
GND: 118742973
SUDOC: 032411200
BNF: cb13898724p (data)
BIBSYS: 90056496
MusicBrainz: ddea5540-2c7d-4266-8507-b367c2635d35
NDL: 00453450
BNE: XX839855
IATH: w6qf8td5
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Nathan West (General Hospital)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nathan West
General Hospital character
Portrayed by
Ryan Paevey
Duration
2013–
First appearance
December 30, 2013 (2013-12-30)
Created by
Ron Carlivati
Introduced by
Frank Valentini
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Other names
James Nathan Reeves
Occupation
Detective
Residence
Port Charles, New York
[show]Family
Family
Westbourne
Scorpio/Jones family
Father
Cesar Faison
Mother
Liesl Obrecht
Adoptive mother
Madeline Reeves (foster)
Sisters
Nina Clay (foster)
Britt Westbourne
Half-brothers
Heinrich Faison
Spouse
Claudette Beaulieu (2006–16)
Maxie Jones (2017–)
Stepdaughters
Georgie Spinelli
Aunts
Madeline Reeves
First cousins
Nina Clay
Nathan West is a fictional character from General Hospital, an American soap opera on the ABC network, portrayed by Ryan Paevey. Created by head writer Ron Carlivati, Nathan was introduced in late 2013 by executive producer Frank Valentini as a love interest for Maxie Jones (Kirsten Storms).
Ryan Paevey's casting was very well received. The character of Nathan becomes quite popular rather quickly among viewers and critics becoming known as the show's resident heroic "good guy" as he tries to support his mess of a family. At the same time, Nathan's pairing with Maxie becomes a fan favorite pairing and their "slow burn" romance was praised by critics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
2.3 Introduction (2014)
2.4 Lineage
2.5 Relationships
3 Reception
4 References
Storylines[edit]
In 2014, Nathan sublets Maxie Jones's (Kirsten Storms) apartment.[1] Detective West convinces Anna Devane (Finola Hughes) to hire him so he can follow up his investigation into his sister's attempted murder as he suspects her husband Dr. Silas Clay (Michael Easton) is responsible. Silas shifts blame onto his ex-lover Ava Jerome (Maura West). The investigation hits a snag when a witness ends up dead and Nathan's mother Madeline Reeves (Donna Mills) claims that Nina has died after Silas has relinquished his rights to Nina's vast estate.[2] Nathan is shocked when Madeline falls into the trap to catch the killer and confesses that she drugged Nina to kill her unborn child. Nathan later clashes with Maxie's manipulative boyfriend Levi Dunkleman (Zachary Garred) whom he blames for Maxie rejecting her daughter and narrowly avoids a one-night stand with his half-sister Britt Westbourne (Kelly Thiebaud) and meets his biological mother, Madeline's estranged sister Liesl Obrecht (Kathleen Gati). Nathan is shocked when Madeline reveals Nina is alive as she is carted off to prison.[3][4] Nathan covers for Maxie during her custody hearing to the sway the judge in her favor as he shares a happy reunion with Nina (Michelle Stafford). When the judge discovers Nathan lied for Maxie and she loses custody of her daughter, Nathan suspects Levi tipped off the judge upsetting Maxie. Nathan and Maxie end up handcuffed together on July 4 after he arrest her for trespassing on private property.[5] Levi later frames Nathan for tipping off immigration about Levi's expired visa leading to Maxie throwing Nathan out of the apartment.[6] As Maxie is set to marry Levi, Nathan discovers Levi has stolen a family heirloom from Maxie's mother Felicia Jones (Kristina Wagner). With the help of his partner Dante Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna), Nathan crashes the wedding only for Levi to escape with Maxie and her best friend and Dante's wife Lulu (Emme Rylan) at gun point.[5][7] Levi is revealed to be the son of Felicia's jilted ex-lover Peter Harrell (David Gautreaux) and when goes to rescue the girls, Nathan is kidnapped by Victor Cassadine (Thaao Penghlis). Nathan is about to kill Victor himself until Liesl claims they are father and son. Victor helps Nathan rescue Maxie Levi and Peter and after Maxie kills Levi to save Nathan, they share their first kiss as the clinic goes up in flames killing Victor, Levi and his father. Nathan and Maxie's first date is interrupted by Judge Walters (William Allen Young) who forbids them from seeing one another in order for Maxie to get visitation with her daughter Georgie. Nathan is shot on the job and Maxie rushes to his side which leads to Judge Walters denying her visitation rights. Nathan comforts a devastated Maxie and arranges for Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson) to appeal to Walters on Maxie's behalf. Maxie visits with Georgie in Portland and reunites with Nathan on New Year's Eve—the anniversary of their first meeting and they make love for the first time.[8]
In 2015, Nathan moves out at Maxie's request that they ease into their relationship and they later clash when Maxie helps fugitive Johnny Zacchara (Brandon Barash) skip town. Meanwhile, Maxie's daughter Georgie returns with her father Spinelli (Bradford Anderson) who is looking to reunite with Maxie.[9] Maxie dumps Nathan after she blames him for accepting Spinelli's challenge to box for her affections. Nathan later teams up with Spinelli's ex-girlfriend Ellie Trout (Emily Wilson) to make their respective lovers jealous leading to Nathan and Maxie reuniting at the Nurses' Ball. After Silas is found dead, Nathan works to clear Nina's name and is furious when Madeline is revealed to be the killer.
When Nathan is shot in 2016, still under the influence of drugs, he refers to Maxie by the name of his ex-wife Claudette who cheated on him and broke his heart. Nathan later proposes to Maxie as Obrecht advises him to keep quiet about his split from Claudette fearing it could land him in prison as Nathan had shot Claudette's lover in a drunken rage.[10] Maxie is hesitant to trust Nathan but they soon reconcile only for Claudette (Williamson) to show up in town. Maxie convinces Nathan to keep Claudette to keep an eye on her. Nathan is furious when his recent confidant Griffin Munro (Matt Cohen) is revealed to be Claudette's lover, and even further shocked when Claudette claims Nathan as the father of her daughter, Charlotte (Scarlett Fernandez). Rightfully suspicious, Maxie exposes that Claudette manipulated a DNA test to make Nathan think Charlotte was his assuming it would keep her safe from her former lover Valentin Cassadine (James Patrick Stuart).[11][12]
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
In November 2013, the producers released a casting call for a contract role.[13] In late December 2013, head writer Ron Carlivati announced on Twitter that model turned actor Ryan Paevey had joined the cast in the contract role of Detective Nathan West.[14] The December 30th edition of Soap Opera Digest revealed that Paevey's first scenes were with Kirsten Storms, who played Maxie Jones.[15] ABC Soaps In Depth confirmed the character's full name to be Nathan West. Paevey made his debut as a contract cast member.[16] Though he was originally slated to appear on December 27, Paevey's first air date was pushed back to December 30, 2013, due to news coverage.[17]
During an interview with AfterBuzz TV Paevey revealed that the rather unconventional casting process started when he was just lounging around with his close friends and management team and one of his managers suggested that Paevey should meet with casting director Mark Teschner.[18] Paevey revealed that when he first auditioned for the show, "there was no part. They just wanted some young blood on the show." The producers had the actor come in to read dummy sides quite a few times.[19] He was brought back to audition again for executive producer Frank Valentini and other people from the network.[18] During the audition process, he screen-tested opposite Storms and Chad Duell who played Michael Corinthos.[20] Of his casting, Paevey said, "This is my first series regular role, the first time I have a dressing room with my name on the door. I'm not an ego guy, but by the same token, I also kind of wanted to my best to fit in quickly."[20] Paevey himself was shocked by his success because he had no prior acting experience when he auditioned for General Hospital.[21]
Characterization[edit]
Paevey on similarities to character
I'm a straight shooter. I tell it like it is. I can be kind of blunt. I'm serious and stoic. I have great respect for justice. Truth and honesty are big things to me. I can tell when I'm being lied to. Always. Nathan is the same way. We both place importance on honesty, justice and fairness.
“
”
ABC Soaps In Depth (2014)[19]
The initial casting notice described the character as a "Caucasian" in his "late 20s" who is "Handsome, sexy" and "dynamic." The character was further described as a "Rich, privileged, charming badboy."[13] However, the "badboy" characteristic appeared to have been dropped by the time of Paevey's casting. In an interview with Soap Opera Digest, Paevey described Nathan as a "good guy," who is "guided by a moral compass. He's a straight-shooter."[20] Paevey described Nathan's demeanor as a cop as "hawklike focus."[22] Ron Carlivati described Nathan as a "hard-nosed, buttoned-down, practical guy."[23] Soap Opera Digest described Nathan as a "hard-driving cop character."[20] Paevey told Soaps In Depth that Nathan's birth name, "James represents a part his family [and himself] that is restricted." This complicates things further because he loves his family very much and there are several aspects of that family that make Nathan who he is.[22] Paevey said that during the audition process when the character was being formed, he noticed that he and the character had a lot in common.[19] Since the character's introduction it has been very clear that "he's a law-abiding, true-seeking good guy."[24] Paevey immediately rejected the notion that Nathan could have a dark side because of his genetics -- "I don't think he's the type" Paevey insisted.[24] "Sometimes a good egg comes out of a bad nest."[25] According to Paevey, Nathan is not "morally ambiguous." He doesn't have some deep dark sketchy past that he is trying to live down. Nathan is "straight and he's clear. My gut tells me that," Paevey said.[24] Paevey later said "I think the fact that his family was so busted up is the reason he's a good guy."[26]
Introduction (2014)[edit]
Not attaching Nathan to a specific love interest immediately allows for the writers to slowly integrate him into the canvas.[7] Soaps In Depth reported that Nathan's isn't just some "run-of-the-mill" cop, but "He's on a mission to stir things up for a few people!"[16] It is soon revealed that Nathan is in town investigating his estranged brother-in-law Silas Clay (Michael Easton) in the attempted murder of his comatose sister Nina. However, Silas's former mistress Ava Jerome (Maura West) is also at the top of the suspect list.[27] In 2014, legendary actress Donna Mills, known for her portrayal of Abby Cunningham on the prime time soap, Knots Landing was cast in the role of Madeline Reeves—Nathan's mother. It is revealed that Madeline raised Nathan to believe Silas was guilty and he is working on her behalf to lock Silas up for Nina's condition.[28] Despite acting to avenge his sister, Nathan tolerates Madeline's disdain for his career choice because she thinks it is "below them."[22] Nathan partners up with Silas and his girlfriend Sam McCall (Kelly Monaco) to set a trap for Ava believing she is guilty. However, the sting operation doesn't go as planned when Madeline is revealed to be the culprit—and Nathan is forced to arrest her.[2]
Lineage[edit]
Veteran actresses Donna Mills (left) and Kathleen Gati (right) portray Nathan's aunt Madeline Reeves who raises him as her own and Liesl Obrecht Nathan's biological mother, respectively.
Madeline's arrest sets the stage for several more revelations starting with Nathan being revealed to be the biological son of Madeline's estranged sister, Liesl Obrecht (Kathleen Gati) and therefore the half-brother of Obrecht's daughter Britt Westbourne (Kelly Thiebaud). Nathan is "dumbfounded" by the shift in his family dynamics, much like Paevey himself.[22][29] Madeline is forced to come clean after learning that Nathan and Britt nearly slept together. Soaps In Depth said Nathan is in a "rock and hard place" with mothers like Obrecht and Madeline. Nathan must come to terms with the fact that "the murderer he thought to be his mother is actually his aunt. And the murderer he believed to be just another nutjob is actually his biological mother!"[3] According to Paevey, Nathan is immediately put off by the revelation of his connection to Obrecht due to her less than stellar reputation and he is reluctant to have anything to do with her. While she is genuinely interested in building a relationship, he is not. Though Paevey expected Nathan to eventually bond with Obrecht, Ron Carlivati insisted it would take much more than the information for Nathan to come to see Liesl as his mother especially because of his feelings towards Madeline.[22][3] Nathan struggles with trusting anyone because his entire life has been a lie. And because there is so much happening in his life at the time Nathan's feelings about the situation get pushed to the side.[29] As Madeline is carted off to prison, she drops yet another bomb on Nathan by revealing that Nina (Michelle Stafford) is very much alive.[3][30] For Nathan, his relationship with Nina has always been "sacrosanct" and he is that one good thing in her life which makes him vulnerable to her schemes.[29] According to Paevey, "Nina is the one pure memory of [Nathan's] childhood."[31] When Madeline is released from prison, Nathan tries to give her the benefit of the doubt because her actions don't negate the good she did in raising him.[32] As for his feelings toward Obrecht, Nathan recognizes she isn't "all-bad."[21] Despite giving them a chance, Paevey said "nothing really surprises him anymore" when it comes to his family. Nathan's expectations are not too high because "He already knows that everybody in his family is a mess."[26] In 2014, Paevey said "Nathan is intrinsically distrustful of the concept of his family."[25]
Despite the recent revelations about Nathan's other familial connections, in May 2014 Paevey himself wondered if Nathan's paternity would be addressed.[22] With the reveal that Obrecht is his mother, On-Air On-Soaps immediately speculated that Cesar Faison (Anders Hove) who had recently been revealed as his sister Britt's father could be Nathan's father too.[33] However, Carol Baroom from SoapHub said the Faison theory "doesn't make sense" because there would have been no reason for Obrecht to give Nathan up—she would have raised him with Faison and Britt.[34] Faison as Nathan's father would also contradict Obrecht's prior disappointment with being unable to give him a male heir.[35] Baroom also suggested that Obrecht feels it would hurt Faison to know she had another man's child.[34] In December 2014, it is made clear that Faison would have never accepted another man's child.[36]
“ Obrecht: You and I are the only ones who know he's not your son. What's that saying? "Two people can keep a secret... if one of them is dead." I needed to keep this a secret.
Victor: Yes, well, that I understand. What I don't understand... is why.
Obrecht: Nathan must believe you are his father... because the truth is far, far worse. ”
— Obrecht and Victor discuss Nathan's paternity. (2014)[37]
In June 2014 when Thaao Penghlis announced that he would reprise his role as Victor Cassadine, Daytime Confidential speculated that Victor could turn out to be Nathan's father.[38] During an interview in July 2014, Ryan Paevey guessed that his character would turn out to be a member of the famous, yet infamous Cassadine family.[29] Meanwhile, speculation increased when Penghlis invited Paevey to appear with him at his book signing and fed into the rumors with cryptic messages on social media. However Penghlis refused to confirm or deny the potential plot twist when he was questioned by Soaps In Depth.[39] Then head writer Ron Carlivati revealed that there was much more to Victor and Obrecht's relationship than expected.[40] Though she viewed Victor as the more "feasible" candidate for Nathan's father Carol Baroom immediately questioned Obrecht's motives for hiding Nathan from Victor and vice versa.[34] Obrecht claims Victor as Nathan's father in September 2014 only for Victor to order a DNA test which disproves that theory. However Obrect kills Victor before he can tell Nathan that they aren't father and son after all. She then allows Nathan and the rest of the world to believe her lie.[41]
In March 2015, Janette Smith of Soap Opera Spy recognized that Obrecht "fears for the safety of Nathan if his father is ever revealed" and proposed yet another potential candidate as Nathan's father. Based on Obrecht going to such extreme lengths to keep Nathan from questioning his paternity, Smith speculated that Nathan's father could actually be the never before seen Valentin Cassadine—a character that was slated to be introduced in 2009, but the story was terminated before it hit airwaves. Even the notoriously evil Helena Cassadine (Constance Towers) who had wreaked havoc on Port Charles for years was visibly terrified of Valentin when the character was first mentioned in 2009 as he was supposed to be more much more lethal than any of the other Cassadines.[41] In May 2016, Paevey commented on the character's paternity plot taking a backseat as his story progressed and felt it would definitely be addressed sometime in the future. However, Paevey admitted that the writers were very adamant about a Cassadine connection.[18] When Valentin (James Patrick Stuart) comes after Nathan's supposed daughter Charlotte in October 2016 SoapHub's Hope Campbell speculated that the series had finally set the stage to solve the two year long mystery of Nathan's paternity.[12][42]
Relationships[edit]
Australian actor Zachary Garred played Levi who does his best to isolate Maxie from her loved ones putting him at odds with Nathan.
Nathan's only significant romance within the series to date is his relationship with Maxie Jones (Kirsten Storms). Ron Carlivati recalled during an interview with Soap Opera Digest "When we saw Ryan [Paevey, Nathan] we thought, 'Oh, wow, he'd be really great for Maxie.'"[7] The purpose of their first scenes, which are Storms's final scenes before her maternity leave to make sure viewers saw the obvious chemistry. Carlivati said "These two may be arguing, bickering, or sparring, but you can see there is a spark there."[23] According to Ryan Paevey, Nathan and Maxie clash because they complete opposites and that is what appeals to Nathan. He finds her to be "charming." Meanwhile, Nathan clashes with Maxie's new boyfriend Levi Dunkleman (Zachary Garred) and a triangle evolves from the storyline with Levi exploiting the existing tension between Nathan and Maxie.[22][43] Unlike Levi, Nathan is supportive of any decision Maxie makes on her own—but they struggle to recognize how right they are each other.[44] But it Nathan's willingness to break the law for Maxie by committing perjury that allows for fans to root for the couple.[29] With Maxie and Levi set to marry to prevent him from being deported, Nathan admits to himself that he has feelings for Maxie.[5] The triangle culminates with Levi proving to be even more dangerous than even Nathan could have thought. Levi and Maxie's wedding sets the stage for Levi's exposure and also allows for Nathan to play hero to Maxie. Carlivati said that he enjoyed the slow build between Maxie and Nathan.[7] Nathan would do anything to give Maxie some stability in her life, even overlooking when she breaks the law for a friend.[9] Throughout the triangle, Nathan finds an alli in Maxie's stepfather Mac Scorpio (John J. York).[31]
The couple's next obstacle comes in the form of Maxie's ex-boyfriend and father of her child Damian Spinelli (Bradford Anderson). They briefly split and Maxie goes back to Spinelli. Nathan steps back and allows for Maxie to realize what she really wants. According to Paevey, Nathan understands Maxie's need to make it work with Spinelli for the child's sake and knows there will "always" be love between them.[32] Nathan is briefly paired with Spinelli's girlfriend Ellie Trout (Emily Wilson) when they team up to make their respective loves jealous.[21]
In 2016, the writers began exploring Nathan's past by revealing that he was once married to a woman named Claudette—something he had chosen to keep from Maxie—and everyone else. In the meantime, Maxie and Nathan become engaged. In May 2016, it was announced that Bree Williamson had been cast in the role of Claudette and was set to debut in July 2016.[45] Though there seems to be more to the story than Nathan is willing to admit, according to Ryan Paevey, it is Nathan's honest nature that forces him to come clean. Nathan "recognizes how glaringly out of character" the consistent lying is. Though he has some encouragement from Griffin Munro (Matt Cohen), Paevey insisted that Nathan would've eventually came clean on his own—but confiding in the doctor-priest helped hasten his decision. Despite the lie, Nathan fears that "knowing all these things is going to make [Maxie] view him as someone that she doesn't want to be with." Nathan doesn't have any cards left to play once he comes clean. He confesses and hopes "their feelings are strong enough to carry them through this."[10]
Reception[edit]
Ryan Paevey's "good looks" drew comparisons to former General Hospital heartthrob Antonio Sabàto Jr. who played top cop Jagger Cates in the 1990s.[46]
Carlivati's Twitter announcement garnered quite the reaction with fans wondering about Paevey and his role on the show.[14] Shortly after Paevey's debut, a fan created a fake Twitter account, pretending to be the actor.[47][48] Of the fan reaction, ABC Soaps In Depth said Paevey was an "instant hit on social media and the internet," and described as the "next big thing."[49] Connie Passalacqua of the soap opera website, Marlena De Lacroix listed Paevey as one of the daytime four actors to watch in 2014. She said: "Paevey is quite good looking, can act well and plays a police detective quite believably."[50] Soaps In Depth listed the character at number 5 in the "5 Things We're Loving" section in the February 3, 2014 edition.[51] Sara Bibel said that while "GH is full off good looking men" Paevey is one that makes others say "Damn, he's good looking." Bibel also likened the character of Nathan to a young Mac Scorpio.[31] Of the character's introduction, the magazine said, "We can't help but love a man of mystery, and that's what General Hospital's Nathan –– whom we've dubbed Detective Sexypants –– is to us right now."[52] One viewer praised the casting of Paevey and Ryan Carnes (Lucas Jones) and the fan mail was featured in Soap Opera Digest: "great job adding [Paevey and Carnes]; drop-dead gorgeous and they can act too!"[53] The character of Nathan became quite popular with fans despite viewer complaints that there were too many characters on canvas.[29] Carol Boorom from SoapHub said Paevey "whose good looks are only out shined by his good heart, is a special treat to watch."[54] DashboardGirl from General Hospital Blog said "Ryan Paevey has been such a delightful newcomer to the GH cast." She continued, "he’s easy on the eyes, and his role as Detective West is nothing short of sweet, sexy, compassionate, and much more."[55] On Britt and Nathan being siblings, Soaps In Depth said, "They may well be the hottest siblings ever."[56] Paevey "has become quite the sensation in short amount of time" said Michael Fairman in November 2014. Paevey's popularity led to the 30 year old being featured in People's "Sexiest Man Alive" issue in "The Sexiest Men At Every Age" list.[57] In 2015, Jenn Bishop of TVSource Magazine included the character in the list of several new characters that she enjoyed from Ron Carlivati.[58] In 2015, Rosemary A. Rossi described Paevey as "one of the hottest properties on daytime." Paevey's popularity also landed him a reporting gig on the syndicated TV newsmagazine Extra.[21]
Within Paevey's first year on the series, his character entered into a relationship with Maxie Jones that became quite popular with viewers and critics alike. ABC Soaps In Depth described the chemistry between Paevey's Nathan and Storms' Maxie as "instant."[59] General Hospital Blog praised the duo's chemistry described Nathan and Maxie (known as Naxie) as "one of the most loveable couples on GH."[60][55] TVSource Magazine praised the duo's chemistry as well as the "slow burn" writing for the pairing: "Nathan and Maxie have reminded us what a soap couple worth for looks like."[61]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Dangerous Liaisons". Cover Story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (15): 26–29. April 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Exit Strategy!". Cover story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (19): 26–29. May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Some Like It Hot (Summer preview)". General Hospital. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (22): 32. June 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Levi Is Caught!". News. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (33): 4. August 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "GH: Maxie Unleashes Her Fury". Late-breaking news. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (29): 10. July 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levinsky, Mara (August 18, 2014). "Cold Feat". On the Cover. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (33): 30–33.
Jump up ^ "Happy Holidays?". Cover Story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 19 (1): 26–29. January 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Couples in Crisis". Cover Story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 19 (9): 26–29. March 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "GH's Nathan Comes Clean with Maxie about Claudette". Late-breaking News. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 41 (24): 8. June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Can Nathan And Griffin Be Friends?". News. CBS Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 20 (38): 6. September 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Is Valentin Coming For Nathan's Daughter?". Ins & Outs. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 20 (43): 10. October 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fairman, Michael (November 5, 2013). "General Hospital Casting Sexy, Rich, Charming, Bad Boy! Who Would You Suggest For The Role?". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fairman, Michael (December 21, 2013). "Ryan Paevey Cast as Nathan West On General Hospital! A New Hottie Set To Arrive In Port Charles!". On-Air On Soaps. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ryan Paevey (Nathan)". Comings and Goings. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 38 (52): 10. December 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hot Cop Alert!". Ins&Outs. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (1): 12. January 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Errol (December 26, 2013). "The 'General Hospital' Shift, Plus Comings & Goings". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c General Hospital; Ryan Paevey (May 15, 2016). "General Hospital for May 8th - May 13th, 2016 Review w/ Ryan Paevey" (Livestream). Interview with Frank Moran; Lacretia Lyon; James Lotts, Jr. Los Angeles: AfterBuzz TV. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Parallel Lives". Up-close & Personal. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (25): 44. June 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levinsky, Mara (March 3, 2014). "Beginner's Luck". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (9): 54–57.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rossi, Rosemary A (July 6, 2015). "Overnight Sensation". ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 19 (27): 42–45.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Rossi, Rosemary A (May 26, 2014). "Paging Detective Sexypants". Feature Interview. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (21): 46–49.
^ Jump up to: a b Fairman, Michael (May 20, 2014). "GH's Head Writer Ron Carlivati Interview Part Two: Who's Luke? State of Patrick & Sabrina, Michelle Stafford, Julexis & Daytime Emmy Snubs!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How Far Will Nathan Go?". News. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (27): 6. July 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Will Nathan Go Rogue?". News. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (41): 6. October 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Clifford, Kambra (August 12, 2015). "INTERVIEW: GH's Ryan Paevey on love, loss, and a little craziness". soapcentral.com. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sweep It Up". General Hospital. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (6): 23. February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (March 17, 2014). "Knots Landing Alum Donna Mills Dishes Her Hot New Gig on General Hospital". TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Young, Candace (July 1, 2014). "Soaps.com Interview: General Hospital's Ryan Paevey". Soaps.com. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (May 2, 2014). "GENERAL HOSPITAL: Nina Clay Is Alive!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (July 9, 2014). "INTERVIEW: GH's Ryan Paevey on His Good Looks and Nathan and Maxie Going From Friends to Lovers". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Retrieved July 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Summer Hotter than Others: (General Hospital): Hot Star of Summer". Cover Story. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 19 (25): 30. June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (April 10, 2014). "GENERAL HOSPITAL: Liesl Obrecht and Madeline Reeves Are Sisters ... And There's More!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Baroom, Carol (August 19, 2014). "Nathan is a Cassadine". SoapHub. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "15 Soap Opera Moms Who Didn't Deserve Anything For Mother's Day". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). May 12, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Perkie's Observations: Just How Many Flipping Flukes Are There On General Hospital?". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). December 4, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frank Valentini (Executive producer); Ron Carlivati (Head writer) (September 16, 2014). General Hospital. Season 51. General Hospital Transcript Tuesday 9/16/14. ABC.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (June 16, 2014). "Is General Hospital Gearing Up For a Cassadine/Westbourne Family Reunion?". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Like Father, Like Son?". Ins&Outs. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (33): 12. August 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff (July 7, 2014). "GH's Kathleen Gati and Ron Carlivati Interview – The Mutter and the Head Writer On The Making Of Dr. O!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Janette (March 16, 2015). "'General Hospital' Spoilers: Victor Cassadine Returns - Will Nathan's Dad Finally Be Revealed As Valentin Cassadine, Arch Villain?". Soap Opera Spy. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Hope (October 20, 2016). "The Triumphant Return of Valentin on General Hospital". SoapHub. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "May Sweeps Preview". General Hospital. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (18): 31. May 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "General Hospital: Nathan Plays Hero to Maxie". Hot Plots Preview. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (23): 14. June 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (May 26, 2016). "Bree Williamson Cast as General Hospital's Claudette (Exclusive)". Daytime Confidential. Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ DashboardGirl (June 24, 2014). "Click Here to See More of Det. Nathan West!". General Hospital Blog. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (January 3, 2014). "New GH Hunk Ryan Paevey's Twitter Account Revealed To Be A Fake! The Real Ryan To Be On Twitter Soon!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Errol (January 3, 2014). "Another Day, Another Twitter Impostor; 'GH's' Newest Star NOT On Twitter...Yet". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Next Big Thing!". ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (9): 82–83. March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Passalacqua, Connie (February 9, 2014). "General Hospital: Robin's Reason to Leave Is Unbelievable". MARLENA DE LACROIX. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "5. Nathan". 5 Things We're Loving. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (5): 30. February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "GH: The New Guy". WeSpeakOut!. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (7): 32. February 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Welcome Changes". Sound Off. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (12): 94. March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Boorom, Carol (December 29, 2014). "Best Soap of 2014: General Hospital". SoapHub. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b DashboardGirl (July 2, 2014). "Detective Nathan West's Father... A Cassadine?". General Hospital Blog. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "3. Britt and Nathan". 5 Things We're Loving. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (19): 31. May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (November 19, 2014). "General Hospital's Ryan Paevey Named To PEOPLE Magazine's Sexiest Men At Every Age List!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Jenn (July 16, 2015). "Camp and Skipped Emotional Beats Hurt 'General Hospital's Denise Story". TVSource Magazine. SoSource Media LLC. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tone It Down". We Speak Out!. ABC Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 18 (23): 36. June 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ DashboardGirl (February 13, 2015). "General Hospital's Ryan Paevey to Co-Host ABC's 'The View'". General Hospital Blog. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Year In Soaps: Best Couples of 2014". TVSource Magazine. SoSource Media LLC. January 5, 2015. p. 3. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
General Hospital
General Hospital characters (current contract cast only)
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General Hospital characters (recurring cast)
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[hide]
v
t
e
General Hospital characters
[hide]
Present and future characters
Curtis Ashford
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Lulu Spencer
Valerie Spencer
Damian Spinelli
Georgie Spinelli
Elizabeth Webber
Heather Webber
Nathan West
[show]
Past characters
Diego Alcazar
Lorenzo Alcazar
Lee Baldwin
Brenda Barrett
Jessie Brewer
Phil Brewer
Shawn Butler
Helena Cassadine
Nikolas Cassadine
Stone Cates
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[show]
Character lists
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value: List of General Hospital characters (1960s)

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