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Sputnik crisis
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The Sputnik crisis was a period of public fear and anxiety in Western nations about the perceived technological gap between the United States and Soviet Union caused by the Soviets' launch of Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite.[1] The crisis was a key event in the Cold War that triggered the creation of NASA and the Space Race between the two superpowers. The satellite was launched on October 4, 1957 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The term was coined by then US President Dwight D. Eisenhower.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Launch
3 Eisenhower's reaction
4 Media and political influences
5 Response
5.1 Elsewhere
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
Background[edit]
The United States was the dominant world power in the early 1950s. Lockheed U-2 spy plane flights over the Soviet Union provided intelligence that the US held the advantage in nuclear capability.[2][3] However, an education gap was identified when studies conducted between 1955 and 1961 reported that the Soviet Union was training two to three times as many scientists per year as the United States.[4] The launch and orbit of Sputnik 1 suggested that the USSR had made a substantial leap forward in technology, which was interpreted as a serious threat to US national security. This spurred the United States to make substantial federal investments in research and development, education and national security.[2] The Juno I rocket that carried the first US satellite Explorer 1 had been ready to launch in 1956, but that fact was classified and unknown to the public.[5] The Army's PGM-19 Jupiter from which Juno was derived had been mothballed on the orders of defense secretary Charles Erwin Wilson amid interservice rivalry with the US Air Force's PGM-17 Thor.[5]
Launch[edit]
The USSR used ICBM technology to launch Sputnik into space. This essentially gave the Soviets two propaganda victories at once (sending the satellite into space and proving the distance capabilities of their missiles).[6] This proved that the Soviets had rockets capable of sending nuclear weapons from Russia to Western Europe and even North America. This was the most immediate threat that the launch of Sputnik 1 posed. The United States, a land with a history of geographical security from European wars, suddenly seemed vulnerable.
A contributing factor to the Sputnik Crisis was that the Soviets had not released a photograph of the satellite for five days after the launch.[6] Until this point, its appearance remained a mystery to Americans. Another factor was Sputnik's weight of 184 pounds (83 kg), compared to United States' plans to launch a satellite of 21.5 pounds (9.8 kg).[6] The Soviet claim seemed outrageous to many American officials who doubted its accuracy. US rockets at the time produced 150,000 pounds-force (670,000 N) of thrust and US officials presumed that the Soviet rocket that launched Sputnik into space had to have produced 200,000 pounds-force (890,000 N) of thrust. In fact, the R-7 rocket that launched Sputnik 1 into space produced almost 1,000,000 pounds-force (4,400,000 N) of thrust.[6] All these factors contributed to the American people's perception that they were greatly behind the Soviets in the development of space technologies.
Beep ... beep ... beep
The signals of Sputnik 1 continued for 22 days
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Hours after the launch, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Astronomy Department rigged an ad-hoc interferometer to measure signals from the satellite.[1] Donald B. Gillies and Jim Snyder programmed the ILLIAC I computer to calculate the satellite orbit from this data. The programming and calculation was completed in less than two days. The rapid publication of the ephemeris (orbit) in the journal Nature within a month of the satellite launch[7] helped to dispel some of the fear created by the Sputnik launch. It also lent credence to the spurious idea that the Sputnik launch was part of an organized effort to dominate space.[8]
The successful launch of Sputnik 1 and the subsequent failure of the first two Project Vanguard launch attempts, greatly accentuated the perception in the United States of a threat from the Soviet Union, a perception that had persisted since the Cold War began after World War II. The same rocket that launched Sputnik could send a nuclear warhead anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes, stripping the continental United States of its oceanic defenses. The Soviets had demonstrated this capability on 21 August with a 6,000-kilometer (3,700 mi) test flight of the R-7 booster.[citation needed] The event was announced by TASS five days later and was widely reported in other media.
Eisenhower's reaction[edit]
Five days after the launch of Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite, Eisenhower addressed the people of the United States. After being asked by a reporter about security concerns regarding the Russian satellite, Eisenhower said "Now, so far as the satellite itself is concerned, that does not raise my apprehensions, not one iota".[6]
Eisenhower made the argument that Sputnik was only a scientific achievement and not a military threat or change in world power. Eisenhower believed that Sputnik's weight "was not commensurate with anything of great military significance, and that was also a factor in putting it in [proper] perspective".[6]
In 1958 Eisenhower declared three "stark facts" the United States needed to confront:
The USSR had surpassed the United States and "the rest of the free world" in scientific and technological advancements in outer space.
If the USSR maintained this superiority, it might use it as a means to undermine the United States' prestige and leadership.
If the USSR became the first to achieve significantly superior military capability in outer space and create an imbalance of power, it could pose a direct military threat to the United States.[9]
He followed this statement by saying that the United States needed to meet these challenges with "resourcefulness and vigor".[9] Eisenhower's ability to project confidence about the situation was limited because his confidence was based on clandestine reconnaissance.[9] As such, he failed to quell the fears that there was a shift in power between the Americans and Soviets.[9] The perception of the Soviets as more modern than Americans was reinforced by Eisenhower's old-fashioned style.[10] The launch of Sputnik 1 also impacted Eisenhower's ratings in the polls, from which he eventually recovered.[6]
Media and political influences[edit]
Soviet stamp depicting Sputnik's orbit around Earth
The media stirred a moral panic by writing sensational pieces on the event. In the first and second days following the event, New York Times wrote that the launch of Sputnik 1 was a major global propaganda and prestige triumph for Russian Communism.[11] Not until after the people of the United States were exposed to a multitude of news reports did it become a "nation in shock".[11] The media not only reported public concern, it also created the hysteria.[11] Journalists greatly exaggerated the danger of the Soviet satellite for their own benefit.[11] On October 9, 1957, notable science fiction writer and scientist Arthur C. Clarke said that the day Sputnik orbited around the Earth the United States became a second-rate power.[11]
Politicians used the event to bolster their ratings in polls.[6] Research and development was used as a propaganda tool and Congress spent large sums of money on the perceived problem of American technological deficiency.[10] After the launch of Sputnik 1 national security advisers overestimated the USSR's current and potential rocket strength which alarmed portions of Congress and the executive branch.[11] When these estimations were released, Eisenhower was forced into an accelerated missile race to appease those concerned with America's safety.[11] Sputnik provoked Congress into taking action on improving the United States' standing in the fields of science.
The Soviets also had a hand in the political exploitation of the event. Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the USSR, reflected on the event saying "It always sounded good to say in public speeches that we could hit a fly at any distance with our missiles. Despite the wide radius of destruction caused by our nuclear warheads, pinpoint accuracy was still necessary - and it was difficult to achieve".[6] At the time, Khrushchev stated that "our potential enemies cringe in fright".[6] Political analyst Samuel Lubell conducted research on public opinion about Sputnik and found "no evidence at all of any panic or hysteria in the public's reaction" confirming that it was an elite, not popular, panic.[11]
Response[edit]
The launch spurred a series of initiatives by the United States,[12] ranging from defense to education. Increased emphasis was placed on the Navy's Project Vanguard to launch an American satellite into orbit. The preceding Explorer program that saw the Army launch the first American satellite into orbit on January 31, 1958 also saw a revival.[13] In February 1958, Eisenhower authorized formation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, later renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), within the Department of Defense (DoD) to develop emerging technologies for the U.S. military. On July 29, 1958, he signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, the creation of NASA.[12]
Less than a year after the Sputnik launch, Congress passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA). The act was a four-year program that poured billions of dollars into the US education system. In 1953 the government spent $153 million, and colleges took $10 million of that funding; however, by 1960 the combined funding grew almost six-fold because of the NDEA.[14] After the initial public shock, the Space Race began, leading to the first human launched into space, Project Apollo and the first humans to land on the Moon in 1969.[15]
Campaigning in 1960 on closing the "missile gap",[16] Eisenhower's successor John F. Kennedy decided to deploy 1,000 Minuteman missiles. This was many more ICBMs than the Soviets had at the time.[17] Though Kennedy did not favor a massive US manned space program while in the US Senate during Eisenhower's term, public reaction to the Soviet's launching the first human into orbit, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961 led Kennedy to raise the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of landing men on the Moon. Kennedy claimed that "If the Soviets control space they can control the earth, as in past centuries the nation that controlled the seas dominated the continents".[10] Eisenhower disagreed with Kennedy's goal, referring to it as a "stunt".[6] Kennedy had privately acknowledged that the space race was a waste of money, but he knew there were benefits from a frightened electorate.[10] The space race was less about its intrinsic importance and more about prestige and calming the public.
The Sputnik Crisis sparked the U.S. drive to retake the lead in space exploration from the Soviets, and fueled its drive to land men on the Moon.[9] American officials had a variety of opinions at the time, some registering alarm, others dismissing the satellite. Gerald Ford, former Republican congressman of Michigan, had stated that "We Middle Westerners are sometimes called isolationists. I don't agree with the label; but there can be no isolationists anywhere when a thermonuclear warhead can flash down from space at hypersonic speed to reach any spot on Earth minutes after its launching".[6] Former United States Rear Admiral Rawson Bennett, chief of naval operations, stated that Sputnik was a "hunk of iron almost anybody could launch".[6]
The Sputnik Crisis also spurred substantial transformation in the United States' science policy which provided much of the basis for modern academic scientific research.[18] In the mid-1960s NASA went on to provide almost 10 percent of the federal funds for academic research.[18]
Further expansion was made in the funding and research of space weapons and missile defense in the form of anti-ballistic missile proposals.[9] Education programs were initiated to foster a new generation of engineers and support was dramatically increased for scientific research.[19] Congress increased the National Science Foundation (NSF) appropriation for 1959 to $134 million, almost $100 million higher than the year before. By 1968, the NSF budget stood at nearly $500 million.
According to Marie Thorsten, Americans experienced a "techno-other void" after the Sputnik crisis and continue to express longing for "another Sputnik" to boost education and innovation. During the 1980s, the rise of Japan filled that void temporarily. Following the Sputnik crisis, leaders exploited an "awe doctrine" to organize learning "around a single model of educational national security: with math and science serving for supremacy in science and engineering, foreign languages and cultures for potential espionage, and history and humanities for national self-definition". American leaders were not able to exploit the image of Japan as effectively, despite its representations of super-smart students and a strong economy.[20]
Elsewhere[edit]
In Britain the launch of the first Sputnik provoked surprise, combined with elation at experiencing the dawn of the Space Age. It also aroused feelings of sadness, for it reminded the public of their nation's loss of prestige and power on the world stage. The crisis soon became part of the broader Cold War narrative.[21] Much of the public nervousness that did exist was dispelled when the Soviets launched Laika (one of several space dogs sent into space during the 1950s and 1960s) into space in November 1957 aboard Sputnik 2, which was seen less as a threat and more so as a propaganda maneuver.[10]
See also[edit]
Timeline of events in the Cold War
International Geophysical Year
Yuri Gagarin
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Some History of the Department of Astronomy". University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original on 4 May 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Kay, Sean (April–May 2013). "America's Sputnik Moments". Survival. doi:10.1080/00396338.2013.784470.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=BHtF_PVzL2gC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=u2+intelligence+supremacy&source=bl&ots=DyIN5u0MYg&sig=Y3ghEubrnv-ccZgrn6R22237Z10&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjey9eylK7RAhXCMGMKHV4FDSYQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=u2%20intelligence%20supremacy&f=false
Jump up ^ Kaiser, David (2006). "The Physics of Spin: Sputnik Politics and American Physicists in the 1950s". Social Research.
^ Jump up to: a b Macdougall, Ian (August 15, 2016). "The Leak Prosecution That Lost the Space Race". The Atlantic.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Mieczkowski, Yanek (2013). Eisenhower's Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige. United States of America: Cornell University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8014-5150-8.
Jump up ^ King, I. R.; McVittie, G. C.; Swenson, G. W.; Wyatt, S. P. (9 November 1957). "Further observations of the first satellite". Nature (4593): 943. Bibcode:1957Natur.180..943K. doi:10.1038/180943a0.
Jump up ^ Isachenkov, Vladimir (1 October 2007). "Secrets of Sputnik Launch Revealed". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Peoples, Columba (2008). "Sputnik and 'Skill Thinking' Revisited: Technological Determinism in American Responses to the Soviet Missile Threat". Cold War History.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e DeGroot, Gerard (December 2007). "Sputnik 1957". American History.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h McQuaid, Kim (2007). "Sputnik Reconsidered: Image and Reality in the Early Space Age". Canadian Review of American Studies.
^ Jump up to: a b History Channel (2012a).
Jump up ^ Schefter (1999), pp. 25–26.
Jump up ^ Layman & Tompkins (1994), p. 190.
Jump up ^ DeNooyer (2007).
Jump up ^ Dickson (2003), pp. 5–6, 160—162.
Jump up ^ Dickson (2003), pp. 213–214.
^ Jump up to: a b Geiger, Roger (1997). "What Happened After Sputnik? Shaping University Research in the United States". Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning, & Policy.
Jump up ^ Totten, Michael (26 September 2013). "The Effects of the Cold War on us Education". Education Space 360. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Thorsten (2012), p. 74.
Jump up ^ Barnett, Nicholas (2013). "Russia Wins Space Race: The British Press and the Sputnik Moment, 1957". Media History. 19 (2): 182–195. doi:10.1080/13688804.2013.791419.
Bibliography[edit]
Books
Bruccoli, Matthew J.; Bondi, Victor; Baughman, Judith (1994). Layman, Richard; Tompkins, Vincent, eds. American Decades: 1950—1959. Vol. 6. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN 0-810-35727-5.
Burrows, William E. (1999). This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age. New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-375-75485-2.
Brzezinski, Matthew (2007). Red Moon Rising : Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Age. New York: Times Books. ISBN 9780805081473.
Cadbury, Deborah (2006). Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and The Soviet Union for Dominion of Space. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-084553-7.
Chaikin, Andrew (1994). A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-81446-6.
Crompton, Samuel (2007). Sputnik/Explorer 1 : The Race to Conquer Space. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 9780791093573.
Dickson, Paul (2003). Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 0-425-18843-4.
Hardesty, Von; Eisman, Gene (2007). Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race. Forward by Sergei Krushchev. Washington, D.C: National Geographic. ISBN 9781426201196.
Neufeld, Michael J. (2007). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26292-9.
Ordway III, Frederick I.; Sharpe, Mitchell (2007). The Rocket Team. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 978-1-894959-82-7.
Roman, Peter (1995). Eisenhower and the Missile Gap. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801427975.
Schefter, James (1999). The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-49253-7.
Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003). Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X.
Spitzmiller, Ted (2006). Astronautics: A Historical Perspective of Mankind's Efforts to Conquer the Cosmos. Book 1 — Dawn of the Space Age. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 978-1-894959-63-6.
Thorsten, Marie (2012). Superhuman Japan: Knowledge, Nation and Culture in US-Japan Relations. Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41426-5.
Other online resources
DeNooyer, Rushmore (2007-11-06). "Sputnik Declassified". NOVA (Transcript). PBS. Archived from the original on 2012-09-13.
"July 29: NASA Created". This Day in History. New York: History Channel. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-13.
"October 4: Sputnik launched". This Day in History. New York: History Channel. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-13.
Launius, Roger D. (2005). "Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age". Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age. Washington, D.C.: NASA. Archived from the original on 2012-09-13.
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John Cooper Clarke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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John Cooper Clarke
In Cardiff, March 1979
Born
(1949-01-25) 25 January 1949 (age 69)
Salford, Lancashire, England
Occupation
Poet
Nationality
British
Website
www.johncooperclarke.com
At Bedford's Rhythm Festival, 2006
John Cooper Clarke (born 25 January 1949) is an English performance poet who first became famous during the punk rock era of the late 1970s when he became known as a "punk poet".[1] He released several albums in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and continues to perform regularly.
His recorded output has mainly centred on musical backing from the Invisible Girls, which featured Martin Hannett, Steve Hopkins, Pete Shelley, Bill Nelson, and Paul Burgess.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Solo success
2.2 Since 2000
3 Personal life
4 Discography
4.1 Albums
4.1.1 Compilations
4.2 Singles, EPs
4.3 DVDs, Videos
4.4 Compilation appearances
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Clarke was born in Salford, Lancashire, in 1949.[2] He lived in the Higher Broughton area of the city and became interested in poetry after being inspired by his English teacher, John Malone,[3] whom he described as "a real outdoor guy, an Ernest Hemingway type, red blooded, literary bloke".[4] Recollecting his childhood, Clarke said:
I used to think trees were dirty, because when I was a kid in Salford you'd climb them and come off filthy, it was like you'd been up a chimney... and even if you got a stretch of park you just had to scrape the grass and there were, like, cinders underneath... it was horrible...[5]
His first job was a laboratory technician at Salford Tech.[6] He began his performance career in Manchester folk clubs, where he began working with Rick Goldstraw and his band the Ferrets.[2] His first releases were on Tosh Ryan and Martin Hannett's independent label Rabid,[7] starting with the EP Innocents in October 1977.[2] Rabid also released his debut LP Où est la maison de fromage'? (catalogue number NOZE 1), which was a collection of live recordings, demos and rehearsals. This was reissued by Revolver Records in 1989 (RRLP 10) also making it his last album to date. He toured with Bill Nelson's band Be-Bop Deluxe in 1978 and was signed by Epic Records, who issued the Martin Hannett produced studio album Disguise In Love in 1978.[2]
Clarke has attributed his early success in part to the influence of the English poet Pam Ayres. Her run of success on the British TV show Opportunity Knocks led both Clarke and his mother to believe that he could make a living at poetry.[8]
Career[edit]
Solo success[edit]
In 1979 he had his only UK top 40 hit with "Gimmix! (Play Loud)".[2][9] Clarke toured with Linton Kwesi Johnson, and has performed on the same bill as bands such as the Sex Pistols, the Fall, Joy Division, the Buzzcocks, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Elvis Costello, Rockpile and New Order (including at their May 1984 Music for Miners benefit concert at London's Royal Festival Hall). His set is characterised by lively, rapid-fire renditions of his poems, usually performed a cappella. Often referred to as "the bard of Salford",[9] he usually refers to himself on stage as "Johnny Clarke, the name behind the hairstyle".
Performing in Cardiff, 1979
Clarke appeared in a 1982 music documentary compilation Urgh! A Music War, in which he performed his poem "Health Fanatic".[10] The film featured live performances of mainstream artists (the Police, the Go-Go's, XTC, Devo) as well as more obscure bands (Pere Ubu, Invisible Girls, the Alley Cats, Athletico Spizz '80, Chelsea) using concert footage from around the world. He also starred in another 1982 film titled John Cooper Clarke - Ten Years in an Open Necked Shirt directed by Nick May and produced for the Arts Council of Great Britain and Channel 4. Somewhere between a narrative film, a series of music videos and a documentary, the film features interviews and performances by Clarke and Linton Kwesi Johnson among others.[11]
Clarke released Zip Style Method in 1982, but thereafter performed his live act less frequently, spending much of the 1980s mired in heroin addiction, living in a "domestic partnership" with singer and fellow addict Nico.[12][13] He described this period of his life: "It was a feral existence. I was on drugs. It was hand to mouth."[14] In 1987 he performed live (on crutches owing to a broken ankle) at the Albany Empire in London with Suns of Arqa, recorded two tracks ("Libera Me" and "The Truth Lies Therein") for their album Seven, and featured in the music video for the latter. In 1988 he made an appearance in two UK adverts for Sugar Puffs, taking second billing to the Honey Monster.[2] He returned to live performance in the 1990s, appearing again with Suns of Arqa in 1992 at The Witchwood in Ashton-under-Lyne. His vocals from both of his Suns of Arqa tracks have been used on numerous remixes by the band ever since.
Since 2000[edit]
After 20 years of performing the same material, Clarke re-established contact with guitarist Ricky Goldshaw, who had founded Blue Orchids and played with the Fall and Nico. Goldshaw began handling Clarke's affairs and the two toured with the Mescaleros and several times supporting the Fall.[4] He also duetted with Reverend Jon McClure at a Reverend and the Makers concert at London's Spread Eagle, performing the poem "Last Resort", which would later be released as the b-side for the band's single "Heavyweight Champion of the World". Clarke also recorded a song with the band entitled "Dead Man's Shoes". Clarke's recording of "Evidently Chickentown" from his album Snap, Crackle & Bop was also featured prominently in the closing scene of The Sopranos episode Stage 5. A live performance of the same poem appears in the film Control with Clarke portraying himself in a re-creation of a 1977 concert in which he supported Joy Division, despite having aged 30 years since the events depicted in the film. "Evidently Chickentown" (recited by Christopher Eccleston) is featured in the made-for-television film Strumpet.
Clarke receives an honorary doctorate from the University of Salford, 2013.
Clarke's poem "Out of Control Fairground" was printed inside the Arctic Monkeys' 2007 single "Fluorescent Adolescent" CD. The poem is also the inspiration behind the single's video in which clowns brawl. Alex Turner of the Arctic Monkeys has said he is very fond of Clarke's work and takes inspiration for lyrics from his poems.[15][16]
Clarke was the subject of a BBC Four documentary, Evidently... John Cooper Clarke, in May 2012, screened as part of the BBC's Punk Britannia season.[14]
In July 2013, Clarke was awarded an honorary doctorate of arts in "acknowledgement of a career which has spanned five decades, bringing poetry to non-traditional audiences and influencing musicians and comedians" by the University of Salford. Upon receipt, Clarke commented: "Now I'm a doctor, finally my dream of opening a cosmetic surgery business can become a reality."[17] His poem "I Wanna Be Yours" was adapted by Arctic Monkeys and frontman Alex Turner for the band's fifth album, AM, released on 9 September 2013.[18]
On 13 January 2018 Cooper-Clarke appeared as a contestant on an academic version of Pointless partnered with historian Suzannah Lipscomb; they reached the head-to-head round.[19]
Personal life[edit]
Clarke has lived, for nearly 20 years, in Colchester, Essex, with his second wife, Evie, who is French. They have one daughter, Stella.[14][20]
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Où est la maison de fromage? (1978), Rabid
Disguise in Love (1978), Epic
Walking Back to Happiness (1979), Epic (Live album)
Snap, Crackle & Bop (1980), Epic - UK No. 26[2]
Zip Style Method (1982), Epic - UK No. 97[2]
This Time It's Personal with Hugh Cornwell (2016), Sony - UK No. 34
Compilations[edit]
Me and My Big Mouth (1981), Epic
Word of Mouth: The Very Best of John Cooper Clarke (2002), Sony
Anthologia (2015), Sony
Singles, EPs[edit]
Innocents EP (1977), Rabid
"Post-War Glamour Girl" (1978), CBS [21]
"Gimmix! (Play Loud)" (1978), Epic - UK No. 39[2]
"Splat"/"Twat" (1979), Epic
"The It Man" (1980), Epic
"The Day My Pad Went Mad" (1982), Epic
"Night People" (1982), Epic
"Pity the Plight" (2012 Ill manors album - Plan B)
DVDs, Videos[edit]
Ten Years in an Open-Necked Shirt (1981) Channel 4/British Arts Council (re-released 2015)[22]
Evidently, John Cooper Clarke (2012), Click Films/BBC
South of the Border - Live (2013), Click Films/Safecracker Pictures
Compilation appearances[edit]
Short Circuit - Live At The Electric Circus[23] (1978), Virgin (various artists, features Clarke performing "(You Never See a Nipple In The) Daily Express" and "I Married a Monster From Outer Space"
Urgh! A Music War (1981), Warners - "Health Fanatic"
The Old Grey Whistle Test Volume 3 (2004), 2 Entertain - "I Don't Want to Be Nice"
Poets, Punks, Beatniks and Counter Culture Heroes (2010), Ozit - includes rare JCC film footage from the 1980s
Ten Years In An Open-Necked Video (2016) Ozit
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Evidently... John Cooper Clarke". BBC Four. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Strong, Martin C. (2003). The Great Indie Discography. Canongate. pp. 33–34. ISBN 1-84195-335-0.
Jump up ^ Tim Adams (6 April 2014). "John Cooper Clarke interview: 'Poetry is not something you have to retire from'". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "John Cooper Clarke On Life In Higher Broughton". Salford Star. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "It's Legend Time". Salford Star. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Bard of Salford". BBC Radio 4. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rabid Records". Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Adams, Tim (2014-04-05). "John Cooper Clarke interview: 'Poetry is not something you have to retire from'". the Guardian. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Bell, Nigel (August 2002). "The Very Best of John Cooper Clarke". BBC. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Urgh! A Music War". IMDB. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ten Years in an Open Necked Shirt (film)" on YouTube. Retrieved on 2 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "John Cooper Clarke". Comedy CV.co.uk. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "A bit of lip". The Age. 28 January 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hattenstone, Simon (29 May 2012). "John Cooper Clarke: 'It's diabolical how poor I am'". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Arctics go for poetry". Ananova. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Lyrical Genius". Daily Record. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007. Alex Turner also has "John Cooper Clarke" tattooed on his arm
Jump up ^ "John Cooper Clarke honoured by University of Salford". BBC News. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "AM". Arctic Monkeys. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01d09p5/broadcasts/2018/01
Jump up ^ Duerden, Nick (23 September 2012). "John Cooper Clarke: The punk poet whose time has come again". The Independent. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "John Cooper Clarke - Post-War Glamour Girl / Kung Fu International - CBS - UK - S CBS 6541". 45cat. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Various - Short Circuit - Live At The Electric Circus (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Cooper Clarke
Official website
John Cooper Clarke on IMDb
John Cooper Clarke performs Beasley Street at Hammersmith Palais on YouTube
John Cooper Clarke Interview 2012
[show]
v
t
e
John Cooper Clarke
Studio albums
Solo
Où est la maison de fromage? (1978)
Disguise in Love (1978)
Walking Back to Happiness (1979)
Snap, Crackle & Bop (1980)
Zip Style Method (1982)
with Hugh Cornwell
This Time It's Personal (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Suns of Arqa
Angel Eye
Michael Wadada
Johar Ali Khan
Raghunath Seth
Martin Glover
John Cooper Clarke
Steve Hopkins
Bryn Jones
Chris Joyce
Marcel King
Graham Massey
Prince Far I
Prince Hammer
Damon Reece
Keshav Sathe
Professor Stanley Unwin
Helen Watson
Colin Wood
Studio albums
Revenge of the Mozabites (1979)
Musical Revue (1983)
Wadada Magic (1983)
India? (1984)
Ark of the Arqans (1985)
Seven (1987)
White Band Speak with Forked Tongue (1989)
Jaggernaut (1989)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 80221742
ISNI: 0000 0000 5810 6925
GND: 13549446X
SUDOC: 172038618
MusicBrainz: 7df6e6eb-8e3a-4402-a243-b5b01f0d9bec
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Cooper_Clarke&oldid=829868992"
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