text:
Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation
Type
Public
Industry
Casino
Headquarters
Philippines
Key people
Andrea D. Domingo (Chairman and CEO)[1]
Number of employees
11,000+
Website
www.pagcor.ph
Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) is a government-owned and controlled corporation established through the Presidential Decree 1067-A.[2] PAGCOR is the Philippines' largest contributor of revenue to the government after the Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Bureau of .
History[edit]
After its establishment, PAGCOR entered itself into a contract with Philippine Casino Operators Corporation (PCOC) for the operation of the floating casino in the Manila Bay in 1977. However, after the floating casino was gutted by fire in 1979, PAGCOR shifted its focus to land-based casinos and entered into another contract with PCOC for the management of a casino at the Provident International and Resources Corporation (PIRC) building on Imelda Avenue, Parañaque City, Metro Manila, Philippines.[3] Then, under Presidential Decree 1869, decreed in 1983, it was mandated to act as the sole government corporation conducting and establishing gaming pools and casinos in the country.[4] In 1986, it was re-established and reorganized by Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino as a New PAGCOR to help raise funds for the government; Norberto Quisumbing was appointed as its first Chairman, followed by the former Development Bank of the Philippines chair Alicia LL. Reyes as its Chair and CEO. Reyes was succeeded by Ephraim Genuino under the appointment by Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in 2001.
The firm operates its own casinos and several VIP slot clubs in major cities across the country. It also oversees and regulates privately owned casinos, more than 180 bingo parlors, as well as e-games cafes across the country. The company employs more than 11,000 workers. In June 2007, PAGCOR gained from a piece of legislation, Republic Act 9487, which granted the state-run gaming firm, then under the leadership of Chairman Genuino, another 25 years to regulate and operate games of chance, to issue licenses, and to enter into joint venture, management, or investment agreements with private entities for the Entertainment City in the Manila Bay area, Parañaque, and in Newport City, Pasay, in particular. Chairman Genuino successfully attracted investors to the project to put up Las Vegas-style integrated resorts. Two integrated resorts opened in 1 November 2014.
a slot amusement cafe beside Manila Grand Opera House
PAGCOR is under the Office of the President of the Philippines.[5]
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation.
Jump up ^ "THE NEW MANAGEMENT". www.pagcor.ph. Archived from the original on 2011-07-03. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "FOURTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 1 First Regular Session" (PDF). senate.gov.ph. 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2003/mar2003/..%5C..%5C2000%5Cmar2000%5C132929.html
Jump up ^ http://ocampolaw.co-ph.com/laws/index.php?s=new+pagcor&submit=Search
Jump up ^ "House of Representatives of the Philippines". HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Amusement_and_Gaming_Corporation&oldid=836785849"
Categories:
Gambling companies of the Philippines
Government-owned and controlled corporations
Companies based in Manila
Hidden categories:
Articles with broken or outdated citations from January 2014
All articles with broken or outdated citations
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 20:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: Text document with red question mark.svg

tag: b

attr: class href

tag: span

value: Talk:Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation

tag: small

value:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

value: Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR).svg

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pagcor.ph

value: commons:Category:Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: Category:Gambling companies of the Philippines

value: Category:Government-owned and controlled corporations

value: Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations from January 2014

value: Category:All articles with broken or outdated citations

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Philippine_Amusement_and_Gaming_Corporation rootpage-Philippine_Amusement_and_Gaming_Corporation skin-vector action-view


text:
Brenda's Got a Baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Brenda's Got a Baby"
Single by 2Pac
from the album 2Pacalypse Now
Released
October 20, 1991
Format
12" single
Recorded
1991
Genre
Conscious hip hop, alternative hip hop
Length
3:55
Label
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
T. Shakur, D. Evans
Producer(s)
Deion "Big D" Evans, The Underground Railroad
2Pac singles chronology
"Same Song (Digital Underground song)"
(1991) "Brenda's Got a Baby"
(1991) "If My Homie Calls"
(1991)
"Same Song (Digital Underground song)"
(1991) "Brenda's Got a Baby"
(1991) "If My Homie Calls"
(1991)
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
"Brenda's Got a Baby" on YouTube
"Brenda's Got a Baby" is the solo debut single by Tupac Shakur, and tenth track from his debut album, 2Pacalypse Now. The song, which features R&B singer Dave Hollister, is about a 12-year-old girl named Brenda who lives in a ghetto and has a baby she can't support. The song explores the issue of teen pregnancy and its effect on young mothers and their families. Like many of Shakur's songs, "Brenda's Got a Baby" draws from the plight of the impoverished. Using Brenda to represent young mothers in general, Shakur criticises the low level of support from the baby's father, the government, and society in general. Shakur wrote the song when he read a newspaper article about a 12-year-old girl who became pregnant from her cousin and threw the baby into a trash compactor.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Music video
3 Charts
4 References
Lyrics[edit]
The opening consists of a duet singing the song's title twice. Much of the rest of the song is one long verse performed by Tupac.
The verse begins with Tupac telling a group that he has heard about Brenda's pregnancy. He also notes that she has had virtually no education, and calls this a "damn shame" because she has little hope of a future. Her family is very poor and her father is a drug addict. Brenda is impregnated by her unnamed boyfriend, who is also her cousin, but she is successfully able to hide her pregnancy. Tupac explains that her family wouldn't care if she gave birth, as long as they got their cut of the government assistance.
Although she believes that her cousin (her baby's father) will stay with her and help her raise their child, he is merely a molester, and abandons her before she gives birth on the bathroom floor. She throws the baby into a trash bin but later retrieves it when she hears it crying. Her mother scolds her severely, and Brenda becomes so ashamed of herself that she runs away from home.
Brenda is now forced to live alone, and unsuccessfully seeks employment. Her attempt to sell crack cocaine results in robbery, and eventually she views prostitution as her only way to earn money and survive. This life path leads to her getting murdered. The fates of her parents, her cousin, and the baby are left unexplained. The song's final minute consists of a chorus singing "Don't you know she's got a baby?" repeatedly. The beginning of the song can be heard in The Game's song "Street Riders" 2Pac has another song which he made late in his career which deals with this same subject called "Mama's Just a Little Girl". The song can be found on his fourth posthumous studio album Better Dayz.
Music video[edit]
The video of the song is in black-and-white. It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates. The first part shows Shakur and "Brenda" and then the actual story starts. Ethel "Edy" Proctor portrays Brenda.
The video begins with "based on a true story," although the characters themselves are fictitious, Shakur wrote the song after reading a story in the newspaper of a 12-year-old girl getting pregnant by her cousin and trying to dispose of the baby in a trash can.
Parts of the video were included in Tupac: Resurrection, a 2003 documentary on 2Pac's life, in a television show later in the music video of Ghetto Gospel, in the music video of Changes and appears as a bonus in its entirety on the film's DVD. Part of the video and song was played in 2Pac's biopic film, "All Eyez On Me," released June 16th 2017.
The video was directed by the Hughes Brothers.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
US Rap Singles (Billboard)[2]
3
US R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[2]
23
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hedges, Chris (March 29, 1991). "A Child-Mother in the Jaws of New York". NYTimes.com. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "2Pac – Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
[hide]
v
t
e
Tupac Shakur
Studio albums
2Pacalypse Now
Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...
Thug Life: Volume 1
Me Against the World
All Eyez on Me
The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory
Posthumous albums
R U Still Down? (Remember Me)
Still I Rise
Until the End of Time
Better Dayz
Loyal to the Game
Pac's Life
Live albums
2Pac Live
Live at the House of Blues
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
The Rose That Grew from Concrete
The Prophet: The Best of the Works
Nu-Mixx Klazzics
Tupac: Resurrection
The Rose, Vol. 2
The Prophet Returns
Beginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991
Nu-Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2
Best of 2Pac
Related albums
Nothing but Trouble (soundtrack)
Sons of the P
Juice (soundtrack)
Poetic Justice (soundtrack)
Above the Rim (soundtrack)
Gridlock'd (soundtrack)
Gang Related (soundtrack)
A 2Pac Tribute: Dare 2 Struggle
Extended plays
Makaveli & Dillinger Don't Go 2 Sleep
Singles
"Brenda's Got a Baby"
"If My Homie Calls"
"Trapped"
"Holler If Ya Hear Me"
"I Get Around"
"Keep Ya Head Up"
"Papa'z Song"
"Cradle to the Grave"
"Dear Mama"
"So Many Tears"
"Temptations"
"California Love"
"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted"
"How Do U Want It"
"All Bout U"
"I Ain't Mad at Cha"
"Life Goes On"
"Toss It Up"
"To Live & Die in LA"
"Hail Mary"
"Wanted Dead or Alive"
"Made Niggaz"
Posthumous singles
"I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto"
"Do for Love"
"Changes"
"Unconditional Love"
"Baby Don't Cry (Keep Ya Head Up II)"
"Who Do U Believe In"
"Until the End of Time"
"Letter 2 My Unborn"
"Thugz Mansion"
"Still Ballin'"
"Runnin' (Dying to Live)"
"One Day at a Time (Em's Version)"
"Thugs Get Lonely Too"
"Ghetto Gospel"
"Untouchable"
"Pac's Life"
"Playa Cardz Right"
Other songs
"I Don't Give a Fuck"
"Runnin' (From tha Police)"
"Hit 'Em Up"
"Are U Still Down"
"Panther Power"
Featured singles
"Smile"
"Playa Cardz Right"
Books
The Rose That Grew from Concrete
Stage
Holler If Ya Hear Me
Filmography
Nothing but Trouble
Juice
Poetic Justice
Above the Rim
Bullet
Gridlock'd
Gang Related
Documentaries
Biggie & Tupac
Tupac: Resurrection
Tupac: Assassination
Outlawz
Yaki Kadafi
Kastro
Napoleon
E.D.I. Mean
Hussein Fatal
Mussolini
Komani
Young Noble
Related articles
Discography
List of songs
Outlawz
Digital Underground
Afeni Shakur
Assata Shakur
Mopreme Shakur
Mutulu Shakur
East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry
Makaveli Branded Clothing
Niccolò Machiavelli
Orlando Anderson
Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts
Billy Garland
Kadafi
List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur
Murder of Tupac Shakur
All Eyez on Me
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brenda%27s_Got_a_Baby&oldid=815832183"
Categories:
1991 songs
Debut singles
Incest in fiction
Songs about child abuse
Songs with feminist themes
Songs written by Tupac Shakur
Tupac Shakur songs
1990s ballads
Black-and-white music videos
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from July 2014
All articles needing additional references
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Español
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kiswahili
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 December 2017, at 13:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: href title

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: i

tag: tr

tag: tbody

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value:
/wiki/Conscious_hip_hop
mw-redirect
Conscious hip hop

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

value: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

value: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

value: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

value:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

value:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

value:
/wiki/Teen_pregnancy
mw-redirect
Teen pregnancy

value:
/wiki/Runaway_youth
mw-redirect
Runaway youth

value:
/wiki/Studio_album
mw-redirect
Studio album

value:
/wiki/Changes_(2Pac_song)
mw-redirect
Changes (2Pac song)

value:
/wiki/Hughes_Brothers
mw-redirect
Hughes Brothers

value:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
/wiki/R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs
mw-redirect
R&B/Hip-Hop Songs

value: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

value:
/wiki/Rovi_Corporation
mw-redirect
Rovi Corporation

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
Tupac_Shakur
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

value: Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)

value: Live at the House of Blues (Tupac Shakur album)

value:
/wiki/Nothing_but_Trouble_(soundtrack)
mw-redirect
Nothing but Trouble (soundtrack)

value:
/wiki/Poetic_Justice_(soundtrack)
mw-redirect
Poetic Justice (soundtrack)

value:
/wiki/Gang_Related_(soundtrack)
mw-redirect
Gang Related (soundtrack)

value:
/wiki/Life_Goes_On_(Tupac_Shakur_song)
mw-redirect
Life Goes On (Tupac Shakur song)

value: Wanted Dead or Alive (Tupac Shakur song)

value: Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur song)

value:
/wiki/Runnin%27_(From_tha_Police)
mw-redirect
Runnin' (From tha Police)

value: The Rose That Grew from Concrete (poetry collection)

value:
/wiki/Poetic_Justice_(1993_film)
mw-redirect
Poetic Justice (1993 film)

value:
/wiki/Billy_Garland_(Ex_Black_Panther)
mw-redirect
Billy Garland (Ex Black Panther)

value:
/wiki/Kadafi_(Outlawz)
mw-redirect
Kadafi (Outlawz)

value: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2014

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Brenda%27s_Got_a_Baby
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Brenda_s_Got_a_Baby rootpage-Brenda_s_Got_a_Baby skin-vector action-view


text:
Shofar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the academic journal, see Shofar (journal). For the Shofar Organization, see Amnon Yitzhak.
Shofar
Shofar
Blowing the shofar
A shofar (pron. /ʃoʊˈfɑːr/, from Hebrew: שׁוֹפָר (help·info), pronounced [ʃoˈfaʁ]) is an ancient musical horn typically made of a ram's horn, used for Jewish religious purposes. Like the modern bugle, the shofar lacks pitch-altering devices. All pitch control is done by varying the player's embouchure. The shofar is blown in synagogue services on Rosh Hashanah and at the very end of Yom Kippur, and is also blown every weekday morning in the month of Elul running up to Rosh Hashanah.[1] Shofars come in a variety of sizes and shapes, depending on the choice of animal and level of finish.
Contents
[hide]
1 Bible and rabbinic literature
1.1 Post-Biblical times
1.2 Mitzvah
1.3 Qualifications
2 Shape and material
2.1 Choice of animal
2.2 Construction
3 Sounds
3.1 Foundations in Talmud and Torah
3.2 Modern practice
4 Use in modern times
4.1 Religion
4.2 National liberation
4.3 Non-religious musical usage
4.4 Celebration and protest
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Bible and rabbinic literature[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Shofar (by Alphonse Lévy (fr) Caption says: "To a good year"
The shofar is mentioned frequently in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud and rabbinic literature. The blast of a shofar emanating from the thick cloud on Mount Sinai made the Israelites tremble in awe (Exodus 19:16).
The shofar was used to announce holidays[2] and the Jubilee year.[3] The first day of the seventh month (Tishrei) is termed "a memorial of blowing",[4] or "a day of blowing",[5] the shofar. They were used for signifying the start of a war.[6] Later, it was also employed in processions,[7] as musical accompaniment[8] and eventually it was inserted into the temple orchestra by David.[9] Note that the 'trumpets' described in Numbers 10 are a different instrument, described by the Hebrew word 'trumpet' (Hebrew: חצוצרה; ḥaṣoṣrah), not the word for shofar (Hebrew: שופר).
The Torah describes the first day of the seventh month (1st of Tishrei = Rosh HaShanah) as a zikron teruˁah (Hebrew: זכרון תרועה; memorial of blowing; Lev. 23:24) and as a yom teruˁah (Hebrew: יום תרועה; day of blowing; Num. 29). This was interpreted by the Jewish sages as referring to the sounding of the shofar.
In the Temple in Jerusalem, the shofar was sometimes used together with the trumpet. On New Year's Day the principal ceremony was conducted with the shofar, which instrument was placed in the center with a trumpet on either side; it was the horn of a wild goat and straight in shape, being ornamented with gold at the mouthpiece. On fast days the principal ceremony was conducted with the trumpets in the center and with a shofar on either side. On those occasions the shofarot were rams' horns curved in shape and ornamented with silver at the mouthpieces. On Yom Kippur of the jubilee year the ceremony was performed with the shofar as on New Year's Day.
On Rosh Hashanah and other full holidays (Day of Atonement, Ingathering of the harvest (Sukkot), Passover and the Feast of Weeks – Pentecost) a single priest perfected two sacrifices in honor of the full holiday. (Note that festivals such as Hanukah and Purim, are not considered full holidays requiring an extra sacrifice.) On Rosh Hashanah, something special occurred during the special sacrifice. Arguably two Shofar sounders played the long notes and one trumpet player played the short note. Accordingly, Rosh Hashanah is called Yom Teruah (the day of the blast). Otherwise, the trumpets had "top billing". Rosh Hashanah 27a, supports this claim: "Said Raba or it may have been R. Joshua B. Levi: What is the scriptural warrant for this? – Because it is written, 'With trumpets and the sound of the Shofar shout ye before the King in the Temple, we require trumpets and the sound of the Shofar; elsewhere not.'"[10]
Indeed, on Yom Kippur, the Shofar was sounded to announce the Jubilee Year (every 50 years, Jews were granted forgiveness, debts were forgiven, indentured Israelites were granted freedom, and the fields "shall become owned by the priests". Shofar first indicated in Yovel (Jubilee Year—Lev. 25:8–13). Indeed, in Rosh Hashanah 33b, the sages ask why the Shofar sounded in Jubilee year. Further support[clarification needed support of what?] is found in Rosh Hashanah 29a, indicating the sounding of both Shofars and trumpets. On Jubilee Year, however, only the Shofar blasts. The Rabbi's created the practice of the Shofar's sounding every Yom Kippur rather than just on the Jubilee Year (once in 50 years).
Otherwise, for all other special days, the Shofar is sounded shorter and two special silver Trumpets announced the sacrifice. When the trumpets sound the signal, all the people who were within the sacrifice prostrate themselves, stretching out flat, face down and on the ground.
The shofar was blown in the times of Joshua 5 to help him capture Jericho. As they surrounded the walls, the shofar was blown and the Jews were able to capture the city. The shofar was commonly taken out to war so the troops would know when a battle would begin. The person who would blow the shofar would call out to the troops from atop a hill. All of the troops were able to hear the call of the shofar from their position because of its distinct sound.[citation needed]
Post-Biblical times[edit]
Old Jerusalem Yochanan ben Zakkai synagogue—A flask of oil and a shofar for the anointing of the eagerly-awaited Mashiach.[11]
At the inception of the Diaspora, during the short-lived ban on playing musical instruments, the shofar was enhanced in its use, as a sign of mourning for the destruction of the temple. The declaration of the ban's source was in fact set to music itself as the lamentation 'Al Naharoth Bavel' within a few centuries of the ban. (It is noted that a full orchestra played in the temple, the ban was so that this would not be taken for granted, hence the wording of the ban 'if I forget thee O Jerusalem, over my chiefest joy etc.'.) The shofar continues to announce the Jewish Year,[12] and the sighting of the new moon,[13] to introduce Shabbat,[14] to carry out the commandment to sound it on Rosh Hashanah, and to mark the end of the day of fasting on Yom Kippur, once the services have been completed in the evening.[15] Secular uses have been discarded (see a notable exception in a section further down).[16]
The shofar is primarily associated with Rosh Hashanah; indeed, Rosh Hashanah is called "Yom Teruah" (or "Yom T'ruah") (the day of the shofar blast). In the Mishnah (book of early rabbinic laws derived from the Torah), a discussion centers on the primacy of the shofar in the time before the destruction of the second temple (70 AD). Indeed, the shofar was the center of the ceremony, with two silver trumpets playing a lesser role. On other solemn holidays, fasts, and new moon celebrations, two silver trumpets were featured, with one shofar playing a lesser role. The shofar is also associated with the jubilee year in which, every fifty years, Jewish law provided for the release of all slaves, land, and debts. The sound of the shofar on Rosh Hashanah announced the jubilee year, and the sound of the shofar on Yom Kippur proclaimed the actual release of financial encumbrances.
The halakha (Jewish law) rules that the shofar may not be sounded on Shabbat, due to the potential that the Ba’al Tekiah (shofar sounder) may inadvertently carry it, which is in a class of forbidden Shabbat work.[17] The historical explanation is that, in ancient Israel, the shofar was sounded on Shabbat in the temple located in Jerusalem. After the temple’s destruction, the sounding of the shofar on Shabbat was restricted to the place where the great Sanhedrin (Jewish legislature and court from 400 BCE to 100 C.E.) was located. However, when the Sanhedrin ceased to exist, the sounding of the shofar on Shabbat was discontinued.[18]
The shofar says, "Awake, sleepers from your sleep, and slumberers arise from your slumber!" Mishneh Torah, Laws of Repentance 3:4.[19]
Mitzvah[edit]
Jewish "Slichot" prayer service with shofar during the Days of Repentance preceding Yom Kippur at the Western Wall in Jerusalem's Old City, 2008.
The Sages indicated that the mitzvah was to hear the sounds of the shofar. They went so far as to consider a shofar blown into a pit or cave and to decide whether a person who hears the original sound or the echo has fulfilled the mitzvah. Mishnah (Rosh Hashanah 27b). The Shulchan Aruch sums up that if the hearer hears the reverberation, the mitzvah is not valid. However, if the listener perceives the direct sounds, he fulfils the mitzvah.[20] Thus, most modern halakhic authorities hold that hearing a shofar on the radio or the Internet would not be valid to satisfy the mitzvah because "electronically reproduced sounds do not suffice for mitzvot that require hearing a specific natural sound.... However, one should consult a competent rabbi if an unusually pressing situation arises, as some authorities believe that performing mitzvot through electronically reproduced sound is preferable to not performing them at all."[21]
According to Jewish law women and minors are exempt from the commandment of hearing the shofar blown (as is the case with any positive, time-bound commandment), but they are encouraged to attend the ceremony.
If the Baal Tekiyah (shofar sounder) blows with the intention that all who hear will perform the mitzvah, then anyone listening—even someone passing by—who intends to hear the Shofar can perform the mitzvah because the community blower blows for everybody. If the listener stands still, it is presumed he intends to hear.[22] If one hears the blast but with no intention of fulfilling the mitzvah, then the mitzvah has not been fulfilled.
Qualifications[edit]
Yemenite Jew blowing the shofar, late 1930's
The expert who blows (or "blasts" or "sounds") the shofar is termed the Tokea (lit. "Blaster") or Ba'al Tekiah (lit. "Master of the Blast"). Being a Ba'al Tekiah (shofar sounder) is an honor. Every male Jew is eligible for this sacred office, providing he is acceptable to the congregation. "The one who blows the shofar on Rosh Hashanah ... should likewise be learned in the Torah and shall be God-fearing; the best man available." If a potential choice will cause dissension, he should withdraw his candidacy, even if the improper person will be chosen.[23]
The Shulchan Aruch discusses who is fit to blow the shofar on behalf of a congregation:
Anyone not obligated to fulfill the mitzvah of sounding the shofar cannot fulfill the commandment for (cover) another whose duty it is to perform the mitzvah.
Although a woman (who is exempt from this mitzvah because it is time bound) may not blow the shofar for men (whose duty it is to perform the mitzvah), a female Ba'alat Tekiah may intone the shofar for herself and other women. Similarly, she may say a blessing over the mitzvah even though it is not mandatory (the requisite blessing contains the words "asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu", "who sanctified us with His commandments [mitzvot] and commanded us to ...", but women are not commanded in this mitzvah).
Only a freeman (not even a slave who will become free in the next month) can be a Ba'al Tekiah.[24]
The Ba'al Tekiah shall abstain from anything that may cause ritual contamination for three days prior to Rosh Hashanah.[25]
Shape and material[edit]
Choice of animal[edit]
According to the Talmud, a shofar may be made from the horn of any animal from the Bovidae family except that of a cow[26] although a ram is preferable.[27] Bovidae horns are made of a layer of keratin (the same material as human toenails and fingernails) around a core of bone, with a layer of cartilage in between, which can be removed to leave the hollow keratin horn. An antler, on the other hand, is made of solid bone, so an antler cannot be used as a shofar because it cannot be hollowed out.
There is no requirement for ritual slaughter (shechita), and theoretically, the horn can come from a non-kosher animal because under most, but not all, interpretations of Jewish law the shofar is not required to be muttar be-fikha (literally: permissible in your mouth); the mitzvah is hearing the shofar, not eating the animal it came from.[28] The shofar falls into the category of tashmishei mitzvah, objects used to perform a mitzvah that do not themselves have inherent holiness.[29] Moreover, because horn is always inedible, it is considered afra be-alma (mere dust) and not an unkosher substance.[30]
The Elef Hamagen (586:5) delineates the order of preference: 1) curved ram; 2) curved other sheep; 3) curved other animal; 4) straight—ram or otherwise; 5) non-kosher animal; 6) cow. The first four categories are used with a bracha (blessing), the fifth without a bracha, and the last, not at all.[31]
A Dall Sheep with horns.
Greater Kudu, Namibia.
Construction[edit]
In practice two species are generally used: the Ashkenazi and Sefardi shofar is made from the horn of a domestic ram, while a Yemeni shofar is made from the horn of a kudu. A Moroccan Shofar is a flat Shofar with no curves besides the main curve. A crack or hole in the shofar affecting the sound renders it unfit for ceremonial use. A shofar may not be painted in colors, but it may be carved with artistic designs (Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chayim, 586, 17). Shofars (especially the Sephardi shofars) are sometimes plated with silver across part of their length for display purposes, although this invalidates them for use in religious practices.
The horn is flattened and shaped by the application of heat, which softens it. A hole is made from the tip of the horn to the natural hollow inside. It is played much like a European brass instrument, with the player blowing through the hole, causing the air column inside to vibrate. Sephardi shofars usually have a carved mouthpiece resembling that of a European trumpet or French horn, but smaller. Ashkenazi shofars do not.
Because the hollow of the shofar is irregular in shape, the harmonics obtained when playing the instrument can vary: rather than a pure perfect fifth, intervals as narrow as a fourth, or as wide as a sixth may be produced.
A small shofar made from a ram’s horn.
A shofar made from the horn of a Greater kudu.
A small shofar made from a ram's horn.
Sounds[edit]
Foundations in Talmud and Torah[edit]
The Tekiah (תקיעה) and teruah (תרועה) sounds mentioned in the Tanakh were respectively bass and treble.[speculation?] The tekiah (or "t'kiah"or "t'qiah") was a plain deep sound ending abruptly; the teruah (or "t'ruah"), a trill between two tekiahs. These two sounds, constituting a single unit of shofar sounding, were rendered three times during a service added specially for Rosh HaShanah: first in honor of God's Kingship (malchiyot or malchuyot)); next to recall the Binding of Isaac, in order to cause the congregation to be remembered before God (zichronot); and a third time to comply with the precept regarding the shofar (shofrot).[citation needed]
The word teruah (a broken sound) appears three times in the Bible in the context of the shofar, from which the Talmud[32] derives the rule that three such sounds must be made. In addition, other verses connect the word tekiah (an unbroken sound) to teruah twice, thus leading the Talmud to rule that each teruah must be preceded and followed by a tekiah, leading to a total of nine blasts (tekiah-teruah-tekiah three times).
Over time doubts arose as to the correct sound of the teruah. The Talmud is uncertain whether it means a moaning/groaning or a staccato beat sound.[32] A system of three sounds was therefore devised to account for all the possibilities:
Shevarim (or "sh'varim") (שברים) is composed of three connected short sounds.
Teruah is a series of nine very short notes divided into three disconnected or broken sequences of three notes each. The nine notes of the teruah is equal the three notes of the shevarim in duration.
Tekiah is slightly longer than the length of either the shevarim or the teruah.[33]
The doubt as to the nature of the Biblical teruah, whether it was simply a broken moan (shevarim), a staccato (teruah) or both (shevarim-teruah), necessitates three near-repetitions to make sure of securing the correct sound. The sequence of the shofar blowing is thus:
Tekiah, shevarim-teruah, tekiah
Tekiah, shevarim, tekiah
Tekiah, teruah, and then a final blast of tekiah gedolah, which means "big tekiah", held as long as possible.
This series is also known by its acronyms: TaShRaT, TaShaT, TaRaT, respectively.
When blowing the shevarim-teruah, the tekiah is lengthened to be slightly longer than the duration of the shevarim and the teruah together.[34][35]
Some opinions require trebling the series, based on the mention of teruah three times in connection with the seventh month (Lev. xxiii, xxv; Num. xxix), and also on the above-mentioned division of the service into malchiyot, zichronot, and shofarot.
To fulfill all of the opinions and criteria above, a total of thirty blasts are sounded, the minimum number required today:
Tashrat three times, yielding twelve blasts
Tashat three times, yielding nine
Tarat three times, yielding nine
Alternatively, although fewer opinions are satisfied, some communities sound a single series of Tashrat-Tashat-Tarat without trebling. This may also fulfill the required total of thirty blasts, if tekiah is counted as one note, shevarim three, and teruah nine.[36]
Regardless, all halachic authorities[37] teach that one should follow one's community's custom.
Modern practice[edit]
Shofar sound for Rosh Hashana, Ashkenaz version; The National Library of Israel.
It is customary to hear 100 or 101 sounds in the synagogue, although the minimum requirement is to hear 30 sounds.
The shofar is sounded just before, during and after the Musaf prayer on Rosh Hashanah. For the sounding just before Musaf, after the Torah reading, relevant verses from the Bible are recited, followed by two blessings: one on the Biblical commandment of "hearing the sound of the shofar" and the blessing of Shehecheyanu. After that, thirty shofar blasts are sounded. In the Musaf prayer itself, the shofar is sounded three times during the silent prayer, and then again three times during the leader's repetition. For each of these soundings, ten appropriate selections from the Bible are recited, followed by a benediction, followed finally by a series of ten shofar blasts. After leader's repetition of the Musaf prayer is completed, a final series of ten (or eleven, depending on the community's custom) shofar blasts are sounded, yielding a total of 100 or 101 blasts. (Some communities do not blow the shofar during the silent Musaf prayer, instead blowing the 30 blasts after the leader's repetition.) After the service is over, it is customary to blow another series of thirty blasts "to confuse the Adversary".
According to the Sephardic tradition, a full 101 blasts are sounded, corresponding to the 100 cries of the mother of Sisera, the captain of Jabin's army who did not return home after being killed by Yael (Judges 5:28). One cry is added to symbolize the legitimate love of a mother mourning her son.[38][39]
Use in modern times[edit]
Religion[edit]
The shofar is used mainly on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. It is blown in synagogues to mark the end of the fast at Yom Kippur, and blown at four particular occasions in the prayers on Rosh Hashanah. Because of its inherent ties to the Days of Repentance and the inspiration that comes along with hearing its piercing blasts, the shofar is also blown after morning services for the entire month of Elul, the last month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth of the Jewish ecclesiastical year. It is not blown on the last day of month, however, to mark the difference between the voluntary blasts of the month and the mandatory blasts of the holiday. Shofar blasts are also used during penitential rituals such as Yom Kippur Katan and optional prayer services called during times of communal distress. The exact modes of sounding can vary from location to location.
In an effort to improve the skills of shofar blowers, an International Day of Shofar Study is observed on Rosh Chodesh Elul, the start of the month preceding Rosh Hashanah.[40]
A Jewish Haredi man blowing a Shofar, 2012.
Hasidic Jew, blowing the kudu shofar in Uman, Ukraine, 2010.
Jewish Israeli man blows the Shofar at the Western Wall, Jerusalem
National liberation[edit]
During the Ottoman and the British rule of Jerusalem, Jews were not allowed to sound the shofar at the Western Wall. After the Six Day War, Rabbi Shlomo Goren famously approached the Wall and sounded the shofar. This fact inspired Naomi Shemer to add an additional line to her song Jerusalem of Gold, saying: "a shofar calls out from the Temple Mount in the Old City."[41]
Non-religious musical usage[edit]
Shlomo Bar, Entertainment; Shofar blown in Israeli Pop music, 2009.
In pop music, the shofar is used by the Israeli Oriental metal band Salem in their adaptation of "Al Taster" psalm. The late trumpeter Lester Bowie played a shofar with the Art Ensemble of Chicago. In the film version of the musical Godspell, the first act opens with cast member David Haskell blowing the shofar. In his performances, Israeli composer and singer Shlomo Gronich uses the shofar to produce a very wide range of notes.[42] Since 1988 Rome-based American composer Alvin Curran's project Shofar features the shofar as a virtuoso solo instrument and in combination with sets of natural and electronic sounds. Madonna used a shofar played by Yitzhak Sinwani on the Confessions Tour and the album Confessions on a Dance Floor for the song "Isaac", based on Im Nin'alu. In 2003, The Howard Stern Show featured a contest called "Blow The Shofar", which asked callers to correctly identify popular songs played on the shofar. The shofar is sometimes used in Western classical music. Edward Elgar's oratorio The Apostles includes the sound of a shofar blowing, although other instruments, such as the flugelhorn, are usually used instead.
The shofar has been used in a number of films, both as a sound effect and as part of musical underscores. Elmer Bernstein incorporated the shofar into several cues for his score for Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments; one of the shofar calls recorded by Bernstein was later reused by the sound editors for Return of the Jedi for the Ewoks' horn calls. Jerry Goldsmith's scores to the films Alien and Planet of the Apes also incorporate the shofar in their orchestration.
Celebration and protest[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Shofar has been sounded as a sign of victory and celebration on May 8, 1945. Jewish elders were photographed blowing multiple shofars after hearing that the Nazis surrendered. The Shofar has played a major role in the pro-Israel movement and often played in the salute to Israel parade as well as other pro-Israel demonstrations.
See also[edit]
Binding of Isaac
Dung-Dkar
Erkencho
Rosh Hashanah
Shankha
Shofar blowing
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jewish prayer-book". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Psalm 81:3 (4)
Jump up ^ Leviticus 25:9
Jump up ^ Leviticus 23:24
Jump up ^ Numbers 29:1
Jump up ^ Joshua 6:4; Judges 3:27; 7:16, 20; 1 Samuel. 8:3
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 6:15; 1 Chronicles 15:28
Jump up ^ Psalm 98:6; compare Psalm 47:5
Jump up ^ Psalm 150:3
Jump up ^ Sidney B. Hoenig, "Origins of the Rosh Hashanah Liturgy", The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, Vol. 57, The Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Volume of the Jewish Quarterly Review (1967), pp. 312–331. • Published by University of Pennsylvania Press. Origins of the Rosh Hashanah Liturgy. Accessed 31 December 2009
Jump up ^ It has been said that when the mashiach comes, the Sephardic community will be ready to anoint him and blow the shofar to announce his arrival. Legend has it there is a tunnel from under the Yohanan Ben Zakkai synagogue that leads directly to the Temple Mount.
Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 128:2
Jump up ^ Arakhin 11a–b; Shabbos 35
Jump up ^ Shabbos 35
Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 133:26
Jump up ^ Judith Kaplan Eisenstein, Heritage of Music, New York: UAHC, 1972, pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ Rosh Hashanah 29b
Jump up ^ Kieval, The High Holy Days, p. 114
Jump up ^ "Anticipation and Consummation: a Perspective on the Shofar" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 587:1–3
Jump up ^ "Fulfilling Mitzvot Through Electronic Hearing Devices", Chaim Jachter and Ezra Frazer, Gray Matter volume 2 pp. 237–244. ISBN 1-933143-10-X
Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 590:9
Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh 3:72
Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 589:1–6
Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh 3:73
Jump up ^ Rosh Hashanah, 26a
Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 586:1
Jump up ^ Navon, Mois (2001). "The Ḥillazon and the Principle of "Muttar be-Fikha"" (PDF). The Torah u-Madda Journal. 10/2001: 142–162. Retrieved 15 June 2016. see pages 147-148 ff.
Jump up ^ Megillah 26b
Jump up ^ Avot 67b
Jump up ^ Elef Hamagen, Rabbi Shemarya Hakreti, edited by Aharon Erand, Jerusalem: Mekitzei Nirdamim, 2003
^ Jump up to: a b Rosh Hashanah 34a
Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 590:13
Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 590:14
Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 129:13
Jump up ^ "Shofar-Call to Action". Chabad. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 129:17, et seq.
Jump up ^ Kitov, Eliyahu. "One Hundred Sounds". Chabad.org. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Finkle, Shofar: History, Technique and Jewish Law, (Saarbrücken, Germany: Hadassah Word Press, 2015)
Jump up ^ International Day of Shofar Study
Jump up ^ Jerusalem of Gold Archived 29 November 1999 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 9 December 2008
Jump up ^ The Abraham Fund Initiatives: Press Clips - Crossing the Middle Eastern Tightrope Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
References[edit]
Arthur L. Finkle, Easy Guide to Shofar Sounding, Los Angeles: Torah Aura, 2003
Hearing Shofar: The Still Small Voice of the Ram's Horn by Michael T. Chusid, a three volume compendium of shofar information.
Further reading[edit]
Arthur l. Finkle, Shofar Sounders Reference Manual at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 October 2009), LA: Torah Aura, 1993
Montagu, Jeremy. 2016. The Shofar: Its History and Usage. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
External links[edit]
Media related to Shofars at Wikimedia Commons
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Shofar". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Shulkhan Arukh limited English translation includes Rosh Hashanah chapters 585–590 regarding the shofar.
Shofar sounds several videos with shofar sounds and explanations
[show]
v
t
e
High Holidays
Rosh Hashanah
Erev Rosh Hashanah
Rosh Hashanah greetings
Rosh Hashanah seder
Shofar
Shofar blowing
Tashlikh
Yom Kippur
Atonement
Break fast
Confession
Jonah
Kapparot
Kittel
Kol Nidre
Ne'ila
Repentance
Selichot
Ten Martyrs
Unetanneh Tokef
Ten Days of Repentance
Avinu Malkeinu
Fast of Gedalia
Shabbat Shuvah
[show]
v
t
e
Jewish life
Birth and infancy
Hebrew birthday
Shalom Zachar
Brit milah
Zeved habat
Hebrew name
Pidyon haben
Coming of age
Upsherin
Wimpel
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
Yeshiva
Kollel
Daily life
Ritual washing
Prayers and blessings
Prayer services
Grace after Meals
Honorifics
Marriage
Marriageable age
Role of women
Tzniut
Yichus
Matchmaking
Engagement
Jewish wedding
Ketubah
Chuppah
Sheva Brachot
Niddah
Mikvah
Divorce
Religious practice
613 commandments
Customs
Torah study
Weekly Torah reading
Daf Yomi
Shiur
Siyum
Chavrusa
Chavurah
Chiddush
Holidays
Tzedakah
Religious items
Sefer Torah
Siddur
Machzor
Tzitzit
Tallit
Tefillin
Mezuzah
Kippah
Menorah
Shofar
Four species
Death
Chevra Kadisha
Shiva
Kaddish
Tehillim
Yahrzeit
Yahrzeit candle
Yizkor
Honorifics
[show]
v
t
e
Musical instruments
Strings
Acoustic guitar
Balalaika
Banjo
Bass guitar (electric bass)
Bass amplifier
Cavaquinho
Classical guitar
Electric guitar
Guitar amplifier
Guitar
Harp
Hurdy gurdy
Guitarrón
Guitarra de golpe
Lute
Mandolin
Musical bow
Rajão
Slack-key guitar
Steel guitar
String section (Classical strings)
Violin
Viola
Cello
Double bass
Theorbo
Timple
Ukulele
Vihuela
Viol
Washtub bass
Zither
Brass
Trumpet
Fanfare trumpet
Trombone
Cornet
Saxhorn
Flugelhorn
Tenor horn
Baritone horn
Euphonium
Tuba
French horn
Sousaphone
Mellophone
Alphorn
Buccina
Bugle
Contrabass bugle
Carnyx
Cornett
Cornu
Dord (instrument)
German horn
Horn
Nabal
Nyele
Ophicleide
Post horn
Serpent
Shofar
Sringa
Tibetan horn
Vienna horn
Wagner tuba
Wazza
Woodwind
Piccolo
Flute
Oboe
English horn
Bassoon
Clarinet
Saxophone
Recorder
Bagpipes
Musette de cour
Nose flute
Sring
Tárogató
Keyboard
Accordion
Calliope
Carillon
Celesta
Clavichord
Harpsichord
Organ
Hammond organ
Pipe organ
Pump organ
Pedal keyboard
Piano
Digital piano
Electric piano
Electronic piano
Synthesizer
Percussion
Bell
Bell tree
Cajon
Cymbals
Djembe
Drum
Bass drum
Snare drum
Tenor drum
Drum kit
Gong
Hammered dulcimer
Marimba
Tambourine
Timpani
Triangle
Vibraphone
Xylophone
Friction
Cristal baschet
Glass harmonica
Friction drum
Lion's roar
Musical saw
Nail violin
Verrophone
Rhythm section
Acoustic guitar
Bass guitar
Double bass
Drum kit
Drum machine
Electric guitar
Guitar amplifier
Electric piano
Hammond organ
Leslie speaker
Piano
Synthesizer
Miscellaneous
Didgeridoo
Turntables used as instrument
Harmonica
Studio as an instrument
Melodica
Experimental musical instrument
[show]
v
t
e
Natural horns and trumpets
Alphorn
Birch trumpet
Bucium
Bugle
Carnyx
Conch
Hakgediya
Horagai
Nagak
Cowhorn
Swedish
Didgeridoo
modern
Dord
Embouchure & hand-stopping
Erke
Karnal
Lituus
Lur
Brudevælte Lurs
Midwinter horn
Nyele
Olifant
Post horn
Ramsinga
Roman tuba
Salpinx
Shofar
Rosh Hashanah
Sringa
Tibetan horn
Tochacatl
Trembita
Tube trumpet
Vuvuzela
Waqra phuku
Wazza
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shofar&oldid=814051459"
Categories:
Elul
Ancient Hebrew musical instruments
Natural horns and trumpets
Hebrew words and phrases
High Holy Days
Jewish ritual objects
Rosh Hashanah
Israeli musical instruments
Animal products
Jewish symbols
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from August 2015
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles needing additional references from February 2012
All articles needing additional references
Interlanguage link template link number
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
Articles containing predictions or speculation
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011
Articles needing additional references from September 2015
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Boarisch
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Runa Simi
Русский
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
ייִדיש
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 December 2017, at 16:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class title

attr: class style

value: font-size: 115%; font-family: Alef, 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', 'David CLM', 'Frenk Ruehl CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', Shofar, 'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', Cardo, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', David, FreeSerif, 'Times New Roman', FreeSans, Arial;

value: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

value:
/wiki/Ram_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Ram (sheep)

value: Edit section: Bible and rabbinic literature

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

value:
/wiki/Domestic_Sheep
mw-redirect
Domestic Sheep

value:
/wiki/Jubilee_(Biblical)
mw-redirect
Jubilee (Biblical)

value: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2012)

value:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Yochanan_ben_Zakkai
mw-redirect
Yochanan ben Zakkai

value:
/wiki/Greater_Kudu
mw-redirect
Greater Kudu

value:
/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh
mw-redirect
Shulkhan Arukh

value: Edit section: Foundations in Talmud and Torah

value: Material appears to be speculative in nature.

value:
/wiki/Rosh_HaShanah
mw-redirect
Rosh HaShanah

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)

value: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

value: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

value: mediaContainer mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder

value: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

value:
/wiki/Mother_of_Sisera
mw-redirect
Mother of Sisera

value:
/wiki/Six_Day_War
mw-redirect
Six Day War

value: Edit section: Non-religious musical usage

value:
/wiki/Oriental_metal
mw-redirect
Oriental metal

value:
/wiki/Salem_(Israel_band)
mw-redirect
Salem (Israel band)

value:
/wiki/European_classical_music
mw-redirect
European classical music

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453499

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.shofarcorps.org

value:
nofollow
http://www.jerusalemofgold.co.il/
external text

value: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

value:
nofollow
http://www.shulchanarach.com/
external text

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
/wiki/Marriageable_age_in_Judaism
mw-redirect
Marriageable age in Judaism

value:
/wiki/613_Mitzvot
mw-redirect
613 Mitzvot

value:
/wiki/Jewish_holiday
mw-redirect
Jewish holiday

value: width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.00; line-height:1.1em; width:9.0em; text-align:left;

value:
/wiki/Hurdy_gurdy
mw-redirect
Hurdy gurdy

value:
/wiki/English_horn
mw-redirect
English horn

value: Template talk:Natural horns and trumpets (page does not exist)

value:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: Category:Ancient Hebrew musical instruments

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2012

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

value: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012

value: Category:Articles containing predictions or speculation

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2015

value: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Shofar
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
/w/index.php?title=Shofar&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: شوفار – Arabic

value:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofar
Schofar – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xofar
Xofar – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar
Shofar – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofar
Schofar – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar
Shofar – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chophar
Chophar – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar
Shofar – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar
Shofar – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar
Shofar – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjofar
Sjofar – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjofar
Sjofar – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar
Shofar – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szofar
Szofar – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar
Shofar – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipa
Kipa – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar
Shofar – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value: ஷோபார் – Tamil

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Shofar rootpage-Shofar skin-vector action-view