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Sokka
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Sokka
Avatar: The Last Airbender character
First appearance
"The Boy in the Iceberg"
Created by
Michael Dante DiMartino
Bryan Konietzko
Portrayed by
Jackson Rathbone (The Last Airbender)
Voiced by
Jack DeSena (original series)
Chris Hardwick (The Legend of Korra)
Information
Aliases
Wang Fire
Snoozles (by Toph)
Master Swish (by Katara in book 2 episode 5)
Family
Hakoda (father)
Kya (mother)
Katara (younger sister)
Significant other(s)
Suki (girlfriend)
Yue (love interest)
Relatives
Bumi (nephew)
Kya (niece)
Tenzin (nephew)
Affinity:
Aang (brother-in-law)
Grandfamily:
Kanna (paternal grandmother)
Pakku (step-grandfather)
Jinora (grandniece)
Ikki (grandniece)
Meelo (grandnephew)
Rohan (grandnephew)
Nationality
Southern Water Tribe
Bending element
None
Age
15 (Avatar: The Last Airbender)
16 (The Promise & The Search)
17 (The Rift)
Deceased (The Legend of Korra)
Sokka (索卡, Suǒ Kǎ) is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender and its sequel series The Legend of Korra. The character, created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, is voiced by Jack DeSena in the original series and by Chris Hardwick in the sequel series. In the live-action film adaptation The Last Airbender, he is portrayed by Jackson Rathbone.
In the original series, fifteen-year-old Sokka is a warrior of the Southern Water Tribe, a nation of people able to telekinetically manipulate, or "bend", water.[1] He, along with his younger sister Katara, discovers an Airbender named Aang, the long-lost Avatar, and accompanies him to defeat the imperialistic Fire Nation and bring peace to the war-torn nations.[2] Unlike his companions, Sokka doesn't have any bending abilities, but as the show progresses he masters swordplay.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conception and creation
2 Plot overview
3 Personality
4 Innovations and abilities
5 Appearances in other media
5.1 Film
6 Reception
7 References
8 External links
Conception and creation[edit]
In the Avatar Nick Mag Presents: First Edition issue by co-creators Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, stated that Sokka was originally designed as a minor figure; but when his comedian voice actor Jack DeSena brought liveliness to his character, they began to emphasize this quality.[3]
As a result of his design, Sokka's character is a source of comic relief throughout the series, often a victim of visual comedy. Among various running gags involving Sokka are his immersion in viscous substances, such as raw sewage, slurry, phlegm, or saliva; and forgetting that Toph is blind. Sokka also has a tendency to produce or at times laugh at jokes shared by no other character.[4]
In "Tales of Ba Sing Se", Sokka's name was written as 索卡, whereof Sǔo (索) means to search, demand, ask, exact, or isolated and Kǎ (卡) means to check, block, or card.[5] The character for Kǎ also appears in Katara's name.[6] The name Sokka is defined as "loverboy" in Zulu.
Plot overview[edit]
Sokka, forced to mature quickly when his mother Kya was killed, cultivated his martial skills with a militant zeal, while his younger sister Katara did chores and practiced her waterbending abilities.[7] When he was thirteen, his father and the other men left to fight alongside the Earth Kingdom against the Fire Nation, leaving him and his sister to look after their tribe, advised by their grandmother.[8] As the oldest male present, Sokka came to assume a leader's role by the age of fifteen, fiercely protecting the village from external threats while trying to train children in defense.
In the initial episode, Katara and Sokka discovered Aang in suspended animation. Fire Prince Zuko attacks the village and Sokka fights him. However he loses and Zuko takes Aang away. Advised by their grandmother Sokka and his sister, Katara save Aang and embark with him to find a waterbending instructor while Sokka plans to improve his own skill en route.[2] In the episode "The Warriors of Kyoshi", Sokka's male chauvinism is challenged when he and the gang are captured by the all female Kyoshi warriors led by fifteen year old Suki, who eventually host them graciously in honor of the avatar. Sokka learns to respect Suki's skill and soon after he apologizes for his behavior he trains with the warriors, even being forced to wear their female armor dresses. Sokka and Suki soon develop a romantic bond and later in the series they become a couple.
After arriving in the Earth Kingdom, Sokka and the group discover a secret underground library. Sokka and Aang learn of the Day of Black Sun where all firebenders are powerless. Sokka and the group attempt to give this information to the Earth King but are stopped by the Dai Li. The group finally exposes their leader's corruption and they tell the Earth King of their plan of invading the Fire Nation. In the episode "Sokka's Master", Sokka seeks an instructor in swordsmanship, and receives training with Master Piandao, a Fire Nation swordmaster, in which creativity and lateral thought are the bases of his technique. In the episode "Day of Black Sun" Sokka invades the Fire Nation along with his allies. However he discovers from Azula where his girlfriend Suki is and that she has known about the invasion for months. The invasion fails and Sokka and the younger members of the group are forced to retreat. In the episode "The Boiling Rock" Sokka infiltrates the prison where his father might be being held with the help of Zuko. Sokka also discovers that his girlfriend, Suki is being held at the prison. However his father is not. He initially decides to escape the prison with Suki, Zuko and other inmates but decides to wait for his father to possibly arrive. Sokka's father, Hakoda does arrive and Sokka formulates a plan of escape with him. The two along with Zuko, Suki and another inmate execute the plan and after a fight with Azula they escape the prison. However Sokka is again separated from his father at the Western Air Temple due to a Fire Nation ambush. They are forced to split up with Sokka going with Aang, Katara, Toph, Zuko and Suki.
In the four-part series finale,"Sozin's Comet," Sokka and Katara meet with Katara's waterbending master, Pakku, who has now married their paternal grandmother, Kanna or "Gran-Gran". In the battle against antagonist Ozai, characters Sokka, Suki, and Toph hijack a Fire Nation airship and use it to destroy other airships while Aang duels with Ozai himself. With the battle over, the trio reunite with Aang. At Zuko's coronation, Suki is reunited with the Kyoshi Warriors, Sokka and Katara are reunited with their father, and the rest of the group is reunited with their friends. In the end, Sokka is seen in Ba Sing Se.
In the first season of the sequel series The Legend of Korra, which picks up 70 years after Ozai's defeat, Katara (now an elderly woman) states that Sokka is deceased; in the third season, Tenzin (Katara and Aang's son) mentions that Sokka was present when a gang of criminals attempted to abduct Korra as a child. Flashbacks reveal that a middle-aged Sokka served as the representative of the Southern Water Tribe on the United Republic Council 40 years prior.
Personality[edit]
According to his sister Katara, Sokka was initially skeptical, abrasive, sexist and immature and was always sharp-witted. Incapable of bending abilities himself, Sokka instead pursues martial arts, sciences, and engineering.[2][9] He is intelligent, resourceful and at times he even proves to be quite scholarly. However, he is often clumsy and sometimes mistaken. Despite his flaws, he is loving, brotherly, and protective. He holds little interest in the mysticism of bending and prefers to rely on his strength and wits.[10][11] He tends to be rash, and his arrogance often leads to embarrassment, as during a haiku contest when, in his last verse of his song, he included too many syllables. Even though Sokka finds himself victim to embarrassment, he has the capability to apologize and seek resolution to avoid preceding moments of embarrassment from recurring. This capability is evident from his sincere apology to the Kyoshi Warriors for his sexist remarks in the fourth episode of Book One: Water of Avatar: The Last Airbender.
As an advocate of human carnivorism, Sokka is the main hunter in the group; often makes dry-witted jokes or abrasive remarks; and accordingly once describes himself as "the meat and sarcasm guy".[12][13]
Under the guidance of swordsmaster Piandao, Sokka displays various unorthodox procedures when undergoing his training; such that Piandao relates that though Sokka's skills were unimpressive, he displayed much creativity, versatility, and intelligence.[14] As a rule, most or all of the foregoing characteristics appear as sources of comic relief.
After the failure of his Fire Nation invasion plan, Sokka attempted to restore his honor by risking his life in order to rescue his father from a highly secure prison known as 'the Boiling Rock'.
Innovations and abilities[edit]
Unusual for an inhabitant of a mystical world, Sokka prefers mechanistic science and is something of a jack-of-all-trades. He seems naturally adept at creating weapons from any available material [9] and adapting them to various purposes, as when he used explosives to simulate Firebending [15] or optical illusions to help his sister Katara imitate Earthbending.[16] Alongside the Mechanist, Sokka devised a system of control for an experimental hot air balloon and partly began the design of waterbending-powered submarines. Sokka also demonstrated advanced mathematic skills and a talent for geometry towards the end of the series; but is whimsically depicted in the epilogue as a poor draughtsman.
In addition to his engineering skill, Sokka shows a remarkable talent for poetry in "The Tales of Ba Sing Se", wherein he competes with a local instructor in a haiku contest, and holds his own at length before mistakenly adding an extra syllable to the end of a haiku.[17] Sokka writes with his right hand, but draws with his left hand,[18][19] and may therefore be accounted ambidextrous.
As the only non-bender in Aang's group, Sokka is often overshadowed by the bending skills of his friends;[20] but his skill in martial arts improves as the series progresses, and it is sometimes he who devises victorious strategy. Alongside his trademark boomerang, Sokka is shown wielding clubs, a machete, spears, and later a black jian [14] capable of cutting through solid metal, identified as his "space sword". Sokka also receives a white lotus Pai Sho piece from his master, the symbol of the secret 'White Lotus' Society notable for disregarding traditional rivalries and hatreds between the nations; although most of the series' protagonists have had in-depth interactions with members of the White Lotus, Sokka is the only one to receive this implied invitation.
Appearances in other media[edit]
Sokka's character has appeared in three THQ video games for the show, which are Avatar: The Last Airbender video game,[21] Avatar: The Last Airbender – The Burning Earth[22][23] and Avatar: The Last Airbender – Into the Inferno. Like Aang, Sokka also appears on some Avatar T-shirts sold by Nick,[24] as well as in Tokyopop's films comic (sometimes referred to as cine-manga).[25]
Film[edit]
Jackson Rathbone stars as Sokka in the feature film The Last Airbender. Unlike the show, Sokka is serious, with most of his immature and humorous qualities either toned down or removed altogether. Significant criticism was pointed at the character difference.[26] Rathbone received the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his role in the film.
Reception[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pittarese, Frank (2006). "Nation Exploration". Nickelodeon Magazine (Winter 2006): 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Director: Dave Filoni; Writers: Michael Dante DiMartino, Bryan Konietzko (2005-02-21). "The Avatar Returns". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1. Episode 2. Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ "In Their Elements." (September 2006) Nick Mag Presents, p. 7
Jump up ^ Director: Giancarlo Volpe; Writers: Michael Dante DiMartino, Bryan Konietzko (2006-12-01). "The Guru". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2 (Book 2). Episode 19. Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Definitions for 索 and 卡
Jump up ^ Director: Ethan Spaulding; Writers: Lauren MacMullan (The Tale of Sokka), Joann Estoesta and Lisa Wahlander (The Tale of Toph and Katara) (2006-09-29). "The Tales of Ba Sing Se". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 15 (Book 2). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Dave Filoni; Writers: Michael Dante DiMartino, Bryan Konietzko (2005-02-21). "The Guru". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1 (Book 1). Episode 1. Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Giancarlo Volpe; Writer: Ian Wilcox (2005-10-07). "Bato of the Water Tribe". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1 (Book 1). Episode 15. Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
^ Jump up to: a b Director: Dave Filoni; Writers: Elizabeth Welch Ehasz (2005-11-04). "The Northern Air Temple". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1. Episode 17 (Book 1). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Dave Filoni; Writers: Aaron Ehasz, John O'Bryan (2005-09-23). "The Fortuneteller". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1. Episode 14. Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Giancarlo Volpe; Writers: Tim Hendrick (2006-04-14). "The Swamp". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 4. Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Lauren MacMullan; Writers: Michael Dante DiMartino (2005-02-25). "The Southern Air Temple". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1. Episode 3. Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Ethan Spaulding; Writers: Aaron Ehasz (2006-06-02). "Bitter Work". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 9 (Book 2). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
^ Jump up to: a b Director: Giancarlo Volpe; Writers: Tim Hendrick (2007-10-12). "Sokka's Master". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 3. Episode 4 (Book 3). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Giancarlo Volpe; Writers: Michael Dante DiMartino (2005-04-15). "Avatar Roku (Winter Solstice, Part 2)". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1. Episode 8 (Book 1). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Dave Filoni; Writers: Matthew Hubbard (2005-03-26). "Imprisoned". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1. Episode 6 (Book 1). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Ethan Spaulding; Writers: Lauren MacMullan (The Tale of Sokka) (2006-09-29). "The Tales of Ba Sing Se". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 15 (Book 2). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Giancarlo Volpe; Writers: John O'Bryan (2006-07-14). "The Library". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 14 (Book 2). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Ethan Spaulding; Writers: Aaron Ehasz (2006-11-03). "Lake Laogai". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 17 (Book 2). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Giancarlo Volpe; Writers: Joshua Hamilton (2006-05-26). "The Chase". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 8 (Book 2). Avatar: The Last Airbender. Episode Tanscript. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ "Avatar: The Last Airbender Video Game". Nick.com. Nickelodeon. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
Jump up ^ "Avatar: The Last Airbender — The Burning Earth" (Flash). Nickelodeon. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
Jump up ^ "IGN.com: Avatar: The Burning Earth". IGN. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
Jump up ^ "The Nickelodeon Shop — Avatar". Nickelodeon. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
Jump up ^ created by Michael Dante DiMartino & Bryan Konietzko. (2006). Avatar: The Last Airbender Cine-Manga Volume 1. Avatar: The Last Airbender Cine-Manga. Tokyopop. ISBN 1-59532-891-2. Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
Jump up ^ Nicole Sperling, "Movies," Entertainment Weekly 1026 (December 17, 2008): 15.
External links[edit]
Fictional characters portal
Sokka at Nick.com
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text:
A Walk to Remember (novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Walk to Remember
The cover of the first hardback edition of the novel
Author
Nicholas Sparks
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Drama, romance
Publisher
Warner Books
Publication date
October 1999
Media type
Print (hardcover, paperback)
Pages
240
ISBN
0-446-60895-5
OCLC
44913996
A Walk to Remember is a novel by American writer Nicholas Sparks, released in October 1999. The novel, set in 1958–1959 in Beaufort, North Carolina, is a story of two teenagers who fall in love with each other despite the disparity of their personalities. A Walk to Remember is adapted in the film of the same name.
Contents
[hide]
1 Writing
2 Plot summary
3 Characters
4 Reception
5 Adaptation
6 See also
7 Bibliography
8 References
9 External links
Writing[edit]
Sparks wrote the manuscripts for A Walk to Remember, his third novel, in the summer of 1999. He wrote it in North Carolina, which is the setting of the novel.[1] Like his first published novel The Notebook, the prologue to A Walk to Remember was written last.[2] The title A Walk to Remember was taken from one of the tail end pages of the novel: "In every way, a walk to remember."[3][4] The novel is written in first-person, and its narrator is a seventeen-year-old boy, living in the 1950s.[1]
The novel was inspired by Sparks' sister,[1][5] Danielle Sparks Lewis, who later died of cancer in June 2000. Although the story is largely fictional, certain parts were based on real experiences.[4] For example, his sister, just like Jamie, was never popular at school and always wore an ugly sweater. And just like Jamie, she always carried the Bible around with her every where she went. And just like Landon and Jamie, never in a thousand years did anyone think someone would ever deeply fall head-over-heels for her. His sister's husband proposed marriage to her despite her sickness. After her death, Sparks said in the eulogy: "...I suppose I wrote this novel not only so that you could get to know my sister, but so that you would know what a wonderful thing it was that her husband once did for her."[5]
Plot summary[edit]
The story starts with a prologue from Landon Carter at age 56.[6] The remainder of the story takes place when Landon is a 17-year-old high school senior.[7] Landon lives in the small, religious town of Beaufort, North Carolina.[8] His father is a genial, charismatic congressman.
His father is not around very much, as he lives in Washington, D.C.[9] Landon is more reclusive, which causes some tension in their relationship. Landon's father pressures him into running for class president.[10] His best friend, Eric Hunter, who is the most popular boy in school, helps him and, to his surprise, Landon wins the election.[11] As student body president, Landon is required to attend the school dance with a date.[11] He asks many girls, but none are available. That night, he looks through his yearbook, trying to find an acceptable date.[12] Since nobody else seems to be available, Landon reluctantly asks Jamie Sullivan, the daughter of Hegbert Sullivan, the Beaufort church minister,[13] who accepts his invitation.[14] While Jamie is very religious and carries a Bible with her wherever she goes, Landon (one of the popular students) is reluctant to go to the dance with someone like her. When Landon is threatened by Lew,[15] Jamie comes to Landon's aid, to his appreciation. At the end of the night, he admits she was the best date possible.[16]
A few days later, Jamie asks Landon to participate in the school's production of The Christmas Angel.[17] While Landon is not very enthusiastic about participating, he agrees to it anyway.[18] Jamie, on the other hand, could not be happier about her new castmate. Landon knows that if his friends learn about his role in the play, he will be teased relentlessly.[19] One day at rehearsal, Jamie asks if Landon will walk her home, after which it becomes routine.[20] A couple of days later, Eric mocks the couple during their walk home and Landon becomes truly embarrassed to be with Jamie.[21] Meanwhile, Landon continues to learn about all the people and organizations Jamie spends her time helping, including an orphanage. Landon and Jamie visit the orphanage one day to discuss a possible showing of The Christmas Angel,[22] but their proposal is quickly rejected by Mr. Jenkins.[23] When Jamie and Landon were waiting to meet Mr. Jenkins, she tells Landon that all she wants in the future is to get married in a church full of people and to have her father walk her down the aisle.[24] While Landon thinks this is a strange wish, he accepts it. In truth, he is beginning to enjoy his time with her.
One day, while they are walking home, Landon yells at Jamie and he tells her that he is not friends with her.[25] The next day at the first show of The Christmas Angel, Jamie enters the stage dressed as the angel,[26] making Landon simply utter his line, "You're beautiful",[27] meaning it for the first time. Following that, Jamie asks Landon if he would go around town and retrieve the jars containing money collected for the orphans' Christmas presents.[28] When Landon collects the jars, there is only $55.73, but when he gives the money to Jamie, there is $247.[29] Jamie buys gifts for the orphanage, and Landon and Jamie spend Christmas Eve there.[30] Jamie's Christmas gift to Landon is her deceased mother's Bible.[31] As they get in the car to go home, Landon realizes his true feelings for her. "All I could do is wonder how I'd ever fallen in love with a girl like Jamie Sullivan".[32] He invites her to his house for Christmas dinner. The next day Landon visits Jamie at her house, where they share their first kiss on her porch.[33] Afterward, Landon asks Hegbert if they can go to Flavin's, a local restaurant, on New Year's Eve. While Hegbert initially refuses, after Landon declares his love for Jamie,[34] Hegbert allows it.[35]
On New Year's Jamie and Landon go to dinner, where they share their first dance.[36] A couple of weeks later, Landon tells Jamie that he is in love with her.[37] To his surprise, Jamie replies by insisting that he cannot be. In response, Landon demands an explanation,[38] and Jamie reveals that she is dying of leukemia.[39]
The following Sunday, Hegbert announces to his congregation that his daughter is dying.[40] Jamie does not return to school the following Monday and that it is eventually learned that she is too ill and will never return to school.[41] While they are having dinner at Landon's house, Jamie tells Landon, "I love you, too", for the first time.[42] A couple weeks later, Eric and Margaret visit Jamie's house, where they apologize for ever being rude to her.[43] Eric gives Jamie the $400 that he collected for the orphanage.[44] Jamie refuses to stay at the hospital, because she wants to die at home. In turn, Landon's father helps to provide Jamie the best equipment and doctors so she can spend the rest of her life at home.[45] This gesture helps to mend the gap between father and son. One day, while sitting next to Jamie while she sleeps, Landon comes up with an idea.[46] He runs to the church to find Hegbert[47] and asks him for permission to marry Jamie. While Hegbert is reluctant,[48] his refusal to deny Landon's request is seen by Landon as approval.[49] Landon runs back to Jamie's side and asks, "Will you marry me?"[50]
Landon and Jamie are married in a church full of people. Although she was weak and was in a wheelchair, she insisted on walking down the aisle so that her father could give her away which was part of her dream.[51] Landon remembers thinking "It was...the most difficult walk anyone ever had to make. In every way, a walk to remember".[52] When they reach the front of the church, Hegbert says, "I can no more give Jamie away than I can give away my heart. But what I can do is let another share in the joy that she has always given me".[53] Hegbert has had to experience so much pain in his life, first losing his wife, now knowing his only child will soon be gone, too. The book ends with Landon 40 years later at age 57. He still loves Jamie and wears her ring.[54] He finishes the story by saying, "I now believe, by the way, that miracles can happen".
Characters[edit]
Jamie Sullivan is the daughter of the Beaufort church minister Hegbert Sullivan. She is very religious, sweet, and kind.
Landon Carter is a son of a rich family, the narrator of the novel.
Hegbert Sullivan is Jamie's father. He is the Beaufort church minister.[55] His wife died shortly after giving birth to Jamie. He is very old with "translucent skin";[56] he is often crabby but his daughter describes him as having "a good sense of humor".[57] He wrote the local play, The Christmas Angel but he maintains a strong dislike for Mr. Carter due to his father's choices.[56][58]
Mrs. Carter is the mother of Landon Carter. "She [is] a nice lady, sweet and gentle."[59]
Mr. Carter is the father of Landon Carter. He is a congressman in North Carolina and is gone nine months out of the year because he lives in Washington D.C.[60][61]
Angela Clark is the first girlfriend of Landon and then begins dating Lew.[62]
Carey Denison is the treasurer at Landon's high school as well as a tuba player. He is unproportional, with short arms, a large stomach, and a squeaky voice.[63]
Lew is Angela Clark's boyfriend, who "[is] twenty years old and [works] as a mechanic" and "always [wears] a white T-shirt with a pack of Camels folded into the sleeve".[11]
Miss Garber is the drama teacher at Landon's high-school. "She [is] big, at least 6'2", with flaming red hair and pale skin that [shows] her freckles well into her forties." Her favorite word is marvelous.[64]
Eric Hunter is Landon's best friend, who does more making fun, than being an actual friend.[10] The popular jock at school, he starts out very crude, but when tragedy strikes his longtime friend, he shows that he is sympathetic.[10][65][66]
Eddie Jones is not well liked by the drama department. He was scheduled to play the main character in the play, but is demoted to the "bum" when Landon steps in.[67] He is extremely apathetic.
Jamie's dead mother is a minor role. Described as "a wispy little thing", she died while giving birth to Jamie, and is greatly missed by Hegbert and Jamie.[13]
Margaret, a cheerleader, is Eric's girlfriend.
Reception[edit]
The novel was published in the fall of October 1999 in hardcover print, and later in paperback edition. It spent nearly six months in the best-seller list on hardcover, and an additional four months on paperback.[1]
The novel received mixed reviews from critics. The Sunday New York Post holds that it "never fails to be interesting, touching, at times riveting ... a book you won't soon forget".[68] African Sun Times echoes the former's comments, saying, "A remarkable love story that, like its predecessors, will touch the hearts of readers everywhere."[68] New York Daily News compliments Sparks, commenting that he "has written a sweet tale of young but everlasting love, and though he's told us to expect both joy and sadness, the tears will still come".[68] Clarissa Cruz of Entertainment Weekly, however, panned the novel, saying, "With its cliche-riddled prose and plot twists that can be predicted after skimming the prologue, Nicholas Sparks' latest, A Walk To Remember, reads more like the script for a bad after-school special than anything approaching literature."[69] Although the novel is number 12 on their list of 1999 Bestsellers Fiction,[70] Publishers Weekly described it as "a forced coming of age story" and "the author's most simple, formulaic, and blatantly melodramatic package to date".[71] Theresea Parks from Publishers Weekly goes on to say how many will be disappointed stating, "Readers may be frusturated with the invariable formula that Sparks seems to regurgitate with regularity".[72] She also writes that it is especially similar to The Notebook in its "corny flashback device that mimics The Notebook".[72] Overall, Publishers Weekly expressed its disappointment.
Adaptation[edit]
A Walk to Remember was adapted in the film of the same name, becoming Sparks' second novel adapted to the big screen after Message in a Bottle in 1999. Sparks sold the film rights to Warner Bros. in December 1998, months before the publication of the novel.[1] The movie was directed by Adam Shankman and produced by Denise DiNovi and Hunt Lowry for Warner Bros.; the film premiered on January 25, 2002.[73]
The film, starring singer and actress Mandy Moore (Jamie) and Shane West (Landon), is set in the late 1990s. Sparks and the producer thought that because the film was suitable for teenagers "because of the message it provided", they had to make the adaptation more contemporary.[73]
See also[edit]
Books portal
1990s portal
United States portal
Novels portal
Love Story (novel)
Bibliography[edit]
Sparks, Nicholas. A Walk to Remember. Warner Books: New York, 1999. ISBN 0-446-52553-7.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "General Information on A Walk to Remember". Nicholassparks.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
Jump up ^ "Notes on the Writing of A Walk to Remember". Nicholassparks.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ Sparks, Nicholas (1999). Jamie Raab, ed. A Walk to Remember. United States: Warner Books. p. 237. ISBN 0-446-60895-5.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions About A Walk to Remember". Nicholassparks.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Notes on the Writing of A Walk to Remember". Nicholassparks.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. x
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. xi
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 1
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 9
^ Jump up to: a b c Sparks, p. 28
^ Jump up to: a b c Sparks, p. 32
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 33
^ Jump up to: a b Sparks, p. 16
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 44
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 56
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 61
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 73
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 77
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 83
Jump up ^ sparks, p. 108
Jump up ^ sparks, p. 120
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 88
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 102
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 99
Jump up ^ Sparks, pp. 124–125
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 134
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 135
Jump up ^ Sparks, pp. 140–142
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 145
Jump up ^ Sparks, pp. 147–148
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 153
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 154
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 171
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 180
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 181
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 183
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 188
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 190
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 191
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 193
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 197
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 209
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 211
Jump up ^ Sparks, pp. 212–213
Jump up ^ Sparks, pp. 219–220
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 222
Jump up ^ Sparks, pp. 227–228
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 228
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 229
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 232
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 236
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 237
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 239
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 240
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 16
^ Jump up to: a b Sparks, p. 3
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 116
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 10
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 13
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 9
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 12
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 32
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 34
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 18
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 19
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 114
Jump up ^ Sparks, p. 78
^ Jump up to: a b c "Reviews of A Walk to Remember". Nicholassparks.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
Jump up ^ Cruz, Clarissa (1999-10-15). "A WALK TO REMEMBER (1999)". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
Jump up ^ Howell, Kevin (2008-03-24). "Bestselling Books of the Year, 1996-2006". Publishers Weekly. Reed Business Information, Inc. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Editorial Reviews". Publishers Weekly. Reed Business Information, Inc. 1999. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Walk to Remember by Nicholas Sparks". Barnes and Nobles.
^ Jump up to: a b "Movie Adaptation". Nicholassparks.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
External links[edit]
Official Nicholas Sparks website
[hide]
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Nicholas Sparks
Novels
The Notebook (1996)
Message in a Bottle (1998)
A Walk to Remember (1999)
The Rescue (2000)
A Bend in the Road (2001)
Nights in Rodanthe (2002)
The Guardian (2003)
The Wedding (2003)
True Believer (2005)
At First Sight (2006)
Dear John (2006)
The Choice (2007)
The Lucky One (2008)
The Last Song (2009)
Safe Haven (2010)
The Best of Me (2011)
The Longest Ride (2013)
See Me (2015)
Two by Two (2016)
Non-fiction
Wokini: A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self-Understanding (1990)
Three Weeks with My Brother (2004)
Film adaptations
Message in a Bottle (1999)
A Walk to Remember (2002)
The Notebook (2004)
Nights in Rodanthe (2008)
Dear John (2010)
The Last Song (2010)
The Lucky One (2012)
Safe Haven (2013)
The Best of Me (2014)
The Longest Ride (2015)
The Choice (2016)
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Snow in Florida
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ice and snow as seen from an FDOT camera on the Bay Bridge in Pensacola, Florida following a winter storm on 28–29 January 2014. Much of the Panhandle experienced significant ice buildup (from freezing rain and sleet) followed by a light snowfall.
It is very rare for snow to fall in the U.S. state of Florida, especially in the central and southern portions of the state. With the exception of the far northern areas of the state and the Jacksonville area, most of the major cities of Florida have never recorded measurable snowfall, have only recorded trace (T) amounts, or have only reported flurries in the air, usually just a few times each century. In the Florida Keys and Key West there is no known occurrence of snow flurries since the settlement of the region.
Due to Florida's low latitude and subtropical climate, temperatures cold enough to support significant snowfall are infrequent and their duration is fleeting. In general, frost is more common than snow, requiring temperatures of 32 °F (0 °C) or less at 2 m (7 ft) above sea level, a cloudless sky, and a relative humidity of 65% or more.[1] Generally, for snow to occur, the polar jet stream must move southward through Texas and into the Gulf of Mexico, with a stalled cold front across the southern portion of the state curving northeastward to combine freezing air into the frontal clouds.[2] While light snowfall occurs a few times each decade across the northern panhandle, most of the state is too far south of the cold continental air masses responsible for generating snowfall in the rest of the country. The mean maximum monthly snowfall in most parts of Florida is zero. The only other areas in the continental United States with this distinction are extreme southern Texas and parts of coastal southern California.[3]
Much of the known information on snow in Florida prior to 1900 is from climatological records provided by the National Weather Service meteorological station in Jacksonville, and information for other locations is sparse. The earliest recorded instance of snow in Florida occurred in 1774; being unaccustomed to snow, some Jacksonville residents called it "extraordinary white rain."[1] The first White Christmas in northeastern Florida's history resulted from a snow event that occurred on December 23, 1989.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Events
1.1 Pre-1900
1.2 20th century (21 reported events)
1.3 21st century (19 reported events)
2 See also
3 References
Events[edit]
Due to larger populations and more advanced communication networks, snow events are witnessed and reported much more frequently in recent years than in historical eras. Interpretations of this timeline must therefore be made with caution, as observed patterns may not reflect actual climate-related trends in annual snowfall but rather improved reporting.
Pre-1900[edit]
Snowball fight on the steps of the Florida Capitol, February 1899
December 19, 1765: A "white frost" fell in the northern part of the British colony of East Florida "of short duration, and of no material detriment to the agricultural interests."[7]
1774: A snowstorm extended across much of the territory. The affected residents spoke of it as an "extraordinary white rain."[1][8]
January 10/11, 1800: Land surveyor Andrew Ellicott erected an observatory at Point Peter, a location near the mouth of Saint Marys River, now in the far southeast side of the City of St. Marys, Georgia. After recording a sunrise temperature of 37 °F (3 °C), he observed "snow and hail the whole day" until 10 pm. The temperature then fell below freezing, the wind shifted to northwesterly, and the skies cleared at midnight. At sunrise the morning of January 11, he reported snow 5 inches (130 mm) deep and a temperature of 28 °F (−2 °C).[2][9] This snowstorm perhaps extended from Louisiana to Georgia.[10]
January 13, 1852: Snow fell all morning, accumulating to 0.5 inches (13 mm) at Jacksonville.[1]
February 28, 1855: A few flakes of snow fell at Jacksonville.[1]
January 29, 1868: Light sleet fell during the night at Jacksonville.[1]
February 28, 1869: During the morning, snow flurries fell at Jacksonville.[1]
January 10, 1873: At 7:25 am, a few snowflakes fell at Jacksonville.[1]
February 4/5, 1875: Between midnight and sunrise on both dates, light sleet occurred.[1]
December 1, 1876: According to the observer at Punta Rassa, Florida, snow fell for 5 minutes on the morning of December 1.[11]
January 4/5, 1879: At Jacksonville at 7 pm, sleet began, which turned to rain 90 minutes later. The freezing rain covered trees, shrubbery, and everything else outdoors by morning. The weight of the ice broke the limbs of many orange trees.[1] At Fernandina, snow occurred.[12]
December 5, 1886: At Pensacola, following a heavy rain and wind storm, light snow fell from 4:25 pm to 8:20 pm, accumulating to 1.5 inches (38 mm).[13]
January 5, 1887: 1 inch (25 mm) of snow fell at Pensacola,[14] and sleet fell elsewhere in the state.[15]
January 14, 1892: 0.4 inches (10 mm) of snow was reported at Pensacola.[14] The first snowfall of the season occurred at Fort Barrancas. Monthly snowfall totaled 0.5 inches (13 mm) at Pensacola.[16]
January 17, 1892: At 10:30 am, sleet fell for a few minutes only at Madison, Florida.[17]
February 14, 1892: Pensacola reported 3 inches (76 mm) of snow.[18]
December 26/27, 1892: On both days, precipitation fell as sleet and snow at Pensacola. On December 26, sleet also occurred at Cerro Gordo, Florida, and slight trace of snow fell at Tallahassee. On December 27, a slight trace fell at Moseley Hall, Madison County, Florida.[19] At intervals during daytime on December 27, light snow flurries occurred at Jacksonville.[1]
January 16–19, 1893: On January 16, snow occurred at Palatka. On January 17, sleet fell at Oxford, and at Pensacola. Shortly after midnight on January 18, sleet began in the city of Jacksonville and then turned to snow and then to rain.[1] That day, sleet also fell at Moseley Hall, Pensacola, and Tallahassee, and snow occurred at Lawtey. On January 18 and 19, sleet fell at Bristol.
December 29, 1894: Brooksville reported snowfall from 9 am to 11 am, and a few flakes fell at Mosquito Lagoon near Oak Hill, Florida. The press reported snow at towns in middle and west Florida. The temperature morning fell to lows unprecedented in decades, and this freeze destroyed 2 million to 3 million boxes of not yet gathered oranges, severely damaged pineapple plants, and killed or destroyed almost all other fruits and vegetables.[20]
February 14, 1895: From 6:22 pm to 6:27 pm, light sleet fell at Jacksonville, followed by light snow until 6:32 pm. At 7:20 pm, light snow resumed until 8 pm.[1] Snow also fell at Tampa, and at Pensacola, snow reportedly reached depths allowing for sleighing.[21]
February 12/13, 1899: At 9:45 pm, rain changed to sleet at Jacksonville. Sleet then changed to snow at 10:15 pm and continued through the night, accumulating to 2 inches (51 mm) before sunrise at 7 am as the temperature plunged to 10 °F (−12 °C).[1] The accumulation reached 4 inches (100 mm) at Lake Butler.[18] In sheltered locations, the snow melted only several days later.[1] This Great Blizzard of 1899 also affected much of the rest of the American South.
20th century (21 reported events)[edit]
December 16, 1901: At 1 pm, light snow fell at Jacksonville; at intervals through the afternoon, sleet followed.[1]
February 7, 1907: During the afternoon, a light snow flurry occurred "in the immediate vicinity" of the city of Jacksonville.[1]
November 27, 1912: An overnight period of snow covers the ground and trees with a 0.5-inch (13 mm) layer in northern Florida.[22]
January 22/23, 1935: Snow falls until the next morning, with Pensacola recording 1 inch (25 mm).[14]
February 8/9, 1947: A cold wave entering from Canada, accompanied by winds of up to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h; 36 m/s), causes snow as far south as Clearwater.[23]
February 2/3, 1951: Snowfall accumulates to 2.0 inches (51 mm) at Saint Augustine and Crescent City.[18]
December 14, 1952: Sleet and snow falls across the northern portion of the state, though there is very little accumulation.[24]
December 14, 1953: Light sleet occurs in the morning in Marianna.[24]
March 6, 1954: 4 in (100 mm) of snow accumulates at Milton Experimental Station, Santa Rosa County, within a 24-hour period, the highest such total for Florida according to official modern records.[25]
March 28, 1955: Snowfall accumulates to 1 inch (25 mm) in Marianna along the Florida Panhandle.[26]
February 13, 1958: An overnight rainfall changes to snowfall in Jacksonville and accumulates to 1.5 inches (38 mm).[2] Additionally, Tallahassee reports a record 2.8 inches (71 mm).[18]
February 9, 1973: Snow falls over the northern portion of the state, including a total of 2.0 inches (51 mm) in Pensacola, with unofficial reports of up to 8 inches (200 mm).[18]
January 18, 1977: The pressure gradient between a strong ridge over the Mississippi Valley and a Nor'easter over Atlantic Canada sends very cold temperatures southward into the state. Areas around Pensacola are the first to receive the snow, then the rest of The Panhandle. Followed by record accumulations for The Nature Coast, the I-4 corridor (both Orlando and Tampa (one tenth to a quarter inch) receive light accumulations of 1 inch (25 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm) with a few isolated spots reportedly receiving 3 inches (76 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm)), and finally South Florida. By early morning before sunrise on January 19, West Palm Beach reported snow for the first time on record, with snow flurries reaching as far south as Homestead. The snow causes little impact as it was of the dry variety, though the accompanying cold air results in hundreds of millions of dollars in damage (Orlando tied the 1899 record of over six consecutive nights well-below freezing). On January 20, The Miami Herald reports the event as the front-page story, with a headline of a size usually reserved for the declaration of war.[27]
Late January 1977: Pensacola receives snowfall.[27]
March 2, 1980: About 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) of snow covers car tops and patio furniture in Jacksonville.[2]
March 1, 1986: 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow accumulates overnight in Jacksonville before melting within 30 minutes due to the morning sun.[2]
December 23/24, 1989: Light rain in Jacksonville turns to freezing rain as temperatures drop, and later changes to snow. The snow totals several inches in some locations, and results in the first White Christmas in the city's history.[2]
Picture of the December 23, 1989, Jacksonville snowfall
Light snow falls across central Florida as far south as southern Pinellas County on the 23rd, though the official weather station in St. Petersburg experiences only a light sleet.[28][29]
March 12, 1993: The 1993 Storm of the Century produces up to 4 inches (100 mm) of snow along the Florida Panhandle.[30]
January 8, 1996: Snow flurries are reported from Crystal River to New Port Richey with no accumulation.[31]
December 18, 1996: A plume of cold air causes snow to form in the northwestern portion of Escambia County.[32]
21st century (19 reported events)[edit]
Satellite image for the January 24, 2003, snowfall
January 24, 2003: A plume of Arctic air produces widespread record low temperatures and light snow flurries along the eastern coastline. The snow is described as ocean-effect snow, identical to lake effect snow in that it occurs due to very cold air passing over relatively warm water temperatures. The snow reaches as far south as Fort Pierce.[33]
December 25, 2004: Locations along the Florida Panhandle receive a dusting of snow.[34]
November 21, 2006: An eastward-moving weather system produces a very light dusting and snowflakes in central Florida. It is the first snow in November in the state since 1912.[34]
February 3, 2007: Very light snow flurries are reported in the northeastern panhandle, lasting less than an hour.[35]
January 3, 2008: Light snow flurries are reported near Daytona Beach.[36]
January 8/9, 2010: Very light dusting of snow seen in the eastern Jacksonville area. Light snow also fell in parts of central Florida, which briefly accumulated in Ocala and other parts of Marion County. A "wintry mix" of sleet and freezing rain was widespread, with reports of light snow across central Florida from Tampa to Orlando to Melbourne.[37] Isolated flurries were even reported from West Palm Beach to as far south as Kendall and sleet in a few spots in the South Florida metropolitan area for only the second time in recorded history and first time since 1977.[38]
February 12, 2010: Portions of northwestern Florida experience snowfall totals of around 1 in (25 mm).[39]
February 14, 2010: 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow fell across the northern halves of Escambia, Santa Rosa, Walton and Okaloosa Counties.[40]
December 8, 2010: Snow mixed with rain is reported in western parts of the panhandle, north of Pensacola.[41]
December 26, 2010: A mix of snow and sleet was reported in Jacksonville by the National Weather Service.[42]
December 28, 2010: Light snow was reported at Tampa Executive Airport in eastern Hillsborough County at 01:00 and 05:00 local time, following a rare freezing fog event around midnight.[43]
January 9, 2011: Sleet is reported in the Pensacola area, as well as other places in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. There was no accumulation.[44]
March 3, 2013: Snow flurries were reported in the Panhandle, specifically around Panama City Beach
January 24–25, 2014: Sleet and light snow are reported in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties.[45] Very light sleet is reported at a few locations around Jacksonville.[46]
Snowfall forecast for 28–29 January 2014, predicting over 1 inch of snow in northwest Florida.
January 28–29, 2014: A major winter storm event resulted in a mixture of freezing rain (with ice accumulation), sleet, and snow across most of the Panhandle between the afternoon of the 28th and morning of the 29th. Due to dangerous ice accumulation, the Florida Highway Patrol and FDOT closed several bridges in the Panhandle and advised against non-essential travel.[47] Many state and local government offices were closed around mid-day on the 28th.[48] In Santa Rosa county, officials cautioned that ice-laden tree limbs were hanging low enough to hit vehicles.[49] Between 1 and 9:30 PM on the 28th, 21,633 Gulf Power customers lost power at some point.[50] At 2 PM EST on January 28, Pensacola was 31 °F (−1 °C) with freezing rain while Immokalee, near Fort Myers, was 86 °F (30 °C). Pensacola received 1.8 inches (46 mm) of snow on January 28.[51] On January 29, the Florida Highway Patrol closed nearly 200 miles (320 km) of Interstate 10 from the Florida-Alabama state line to Gadsden County, directing resources and traffic to U.S. 90.[52] Pensacola International Airport closed at 9:17 PM January 28 and was not scheduled to reopen until late on the 29th.[53]
January 8, 2015: Snow flurries are reported in various locations around Jacksonville. The event is attributed to ocean-effect snow.[54][55]
January 22–23, 2016: Snow flurries are reported along the Florida Panhandle, as far east as the Jacksonville area,[56] and as far south as the Gainesville area.[57]
December 8–9, 2017: Snow falls in various locations in the western Florida Panhandle. Northern Escambia County saw up to 2 inches (51 mm) of snow while Century saw 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow. Snow flurries were reported in Destin and Miramar Beach.[58]
January 2–3, 2018: A winter storm resulted in snow and a wintry mix (freezing rain, sleet, and ice) across northern Florida from Tallahassee to the outskirts of Jacksonville and as far south as Gainesville, with temperatures in the 20s and dewpoints in the teens in the morning.[59] A winter storm warning was in effect on the morning of January 3 for Nassau, Baker, Union, Columbia, Gilchrist, Suwanee, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Taylor, Jefferson, and Leon Counties,[60][61] prompting several school districts to cancel classes on January 3.[62] Tallahassee received 0.10-0.20 in of snow, which was the first measurable snowfall in the city since December 1989 (it sees flurries every few years).[63][64][65] The Tallahassee snowfall followed a couple hours of freezing rain.[63] The Florida Highway Patrol closed Interstate 10 from Tallahassee to Madison for most of the morning of January 3 as well as several bridges in North-Central Florida that had accumulated a dangerous amount of ice.[66][62] Recorded ice accumulations included 0.25 in in Hilliard and Lake City and 0.10 in in Perry.[67]
See also[edit]
Climate of Florida
Climate of the Tampa Bay area
Great Blizzard of 1899
Cold wave of January 1977
1993 Storm of the Century
Early January 2018 nor'easter
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Davis, T. Frederick (1908). "Climatology of Jacksonville, Fla. and vicinity" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. United States Weather Bureau. 35 (12): 566–572. Bibcode:1907MWRv...35..566D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1907)35<566:COJFAV>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Winterling, George (December 4, 2003). "Snow on the First Coast". News4JAX.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ Harrington Jr., John A.; Cerveny, Randall S.; Dewey, Kenneth F. (August 1987). "A Climatology of Mean Monthly Snowfall for the Conterminous United States: Temporal and Spatial Patterns". Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 26 (8): 897–912. Bibcode:1987JApMe..26..897H. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026<0897:ACOMMS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0733-3021. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Collins, Chris (1989). December 23-24, 1989 Christmas Snowstorm (Event Summaries/Case Review). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service Forecast Office Newport/Morehead City North Carolina. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Tim (December 7, 2014). "Christmas Coastal Snowstorm: December 22-24, 1989". National Weather Service Wilmington. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Scanlan, Dan (December 22, 2014). "Lots of memories as Jacksonville marks the silver anniversary of 1989's freak snowstorm". Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Forbes, James Grant (1821). Sketches, historical and topographical, of the Floridas; more particularly of East Florida. New York: C.S. Van Winkle. p. 60.
Jump up ^ Williams, John Lee (1837). The territory of Florida, or, sketches of the topography, civil and natural history, of the country, the climate, and the Indian tribes: from the first discovery to the present time, with a map, views, etc. New York: A.T. Goodrich. p. 17.
Jump up ^ Ellicott, Andrew (1803). The journal of Andrew Ellicott,: late commissioner on behalf of the United States during part of the year 1796, the years 1797, 1798, 1799, and part of the year 1800: for determining the boundary between the United States and the possessions of His Catholic Majesty in America, containing occasional remarks on the situation, soil, rivers, natural productions, and diseases of the different countries on the Ohio, Mississippi, and Gulf of Mexico, with six maps, comprehending the Ohio, the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico, the whole of West Florida, and part of East Florida: To which is added an appendix, containing all the astronomical observations made use of for determining the boundary, with many others, made in different parts of the country, for settling the geographical positions of some important points, with maps of the boundary on a large scale; likewise a great number of thermometrical observations made at different times and places. Philadelphia: Budd and Bartram for Thomas Dobson (printer). pp. 116, 121.
Jump up ^ Blodget, Lorin (1857). Climatology of the United States: and of the temperate latitudes of the North American continent, emberacing a full comparison of these with the climatology of the temperate latitudes of Europe and Asia, and especially in regard to agriculture, sanitary investigations, and engineering with isothermal and rain charts for each season, the extreme months, and the year, including a summary of the statistics of meteorological observations of the United States, condensed from recent scientific and official publications. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 147.
Jump up ^ "TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR" (PDF), Monthly Weather Review, 4: 4–5, 1876, Bibcode:1876MWRv....4S...4., doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1876)412[4:TOTA]2.0.CO;2
Jump up ^ "--", The Florida Agriculturist: 403, 29 June 1892
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c ""Today in Florida History" for January". Flahistory.net. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Sleet" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 15: 15. January 1887. Bibcode:1887MWRv...15...12.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1887)15[12:P]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Snow" (PDF), Monthly Weather Review, 20: 14, January 1892, Bibcode:1892MWRv...20...11., doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1892)20[11:PEIIAH]2.0.CO;2, retrieved June 14, 2013
Jump up ^ Starr, Gregory T. (January 1892). "1892-01 COOP Publication for Madison, Florida" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e ""Today in Florida History" for February". Flahistory.net. Archived from the original on December 27, 2003. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Florida Weather Service for the month of December, 1892" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. December 1892. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Climatological Data, Florida, 1894
Jump up ^ Garriott, Edward B. (1906). Cold waves and frost in the United States. Bulletin P (WB No 355 ed.). United States Weather Bureau. p. 17. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Keith C. Heidorn (2006). "Significant Weather Events in November in the United States". Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ ‘Snow, Ain’t That Touch’; Stanford Daily, February 10, 1947, p. 1
^ Jump up to: a b Joe Disco (2003). "December 12 Time Capsule". Retrieved April 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Liz Osborn. "Record US Snowfalls For One Day". Current Results Nexus. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Flahistory.net. ""Today in Florida History" for March". Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Keith C. Heidorn (2002). "Miami's First Snowfall". Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Life: The great Tampa Bay snow of '89". Sptimes.com. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Reuters News Service (December 26, 1989). "4 die as Florida citrus, vegetables freeze". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (1993). "Event Report for the '93 Superstorm". Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Krueger, Curtis; Kameel Stanley (January 9, 2010). "Sleet falls for first time since 1996 in northern Tampa Bay area". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, FL. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey M. Medlin (2005). "Evolution of a Central Gulf Coast Heavy Snowband — December 18, 1996". Mobile, Alabama National Weather Service. Archived from the original on January 13, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Melbourne, Florida National Weather Service (2003). "Cold Temperatures and Snow Flurries in East-Central Florida". Archived from the original on January 21, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Associated Press (November 26, 2006). "Snow falls in central Florida as state endures unusual Nov. cold snap". USA Today. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Snow Flurries in Florida". WJHG-TV. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Snow Flurries in Florida". CNN. 2007. Archived from the original on January 4, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Sleet, Snow Fall In Parts Of Central Florida". WFTV. January 10, 2010. Archived from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Preliminary Local Storm Report". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Snowfall Accumulations From February 12th". National Weather Service. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Snow Forecast 02-14-10". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Let it Snow! Let it Snow! (With Photo Gallery)". NorthEscambia.com. December 8, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Winkle, Amanda (December 26, 2010). "Many Jacksonville.com users report snow flurries across Northeast Florida". The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "History for Tampa Executive, FL". wunderground.com. December 28, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sleet Reported In Escambia, Santa Rosa (With Photo)". NorthEscambia.com. January 9, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sleet, snow flurries falling on Gulf Coast". Pensacola News Journal. Pensacola, FL. January 24, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ Daryl Herzmann. "IEM :: LSR from NWS JAX". Mesonet.agron.iastate.edu. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ {https://twitter.com/MyFDOT_NWFL/status/428398067872567296
Jump up ^ "Escambia, Santa Rosa closures, cancellations". Pensacola News Journal. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Winter weather updates". NWFnewsonline.com. January 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gulf Power". Facebook. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pensacola Weather". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Winter Storm Leon Leaves Icy Mess in Pensacola, Parts of Florida Panhandle; Drivers Urged to Stay Off Roads". The Weather Channel. 29 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pensacola International Airport". Facebook. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Blake (January 9, 2015). "Thursday's flurries set Florida record". News 4 Jax. Graham Media Group. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Snow flurries great Northeast Florida, Southeast Georgia". firstcoastnews.com. January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Snow flurries reported west of Tallahassee". WESH-TV. Hearst Properties. January 22, 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sunshine State Sees Snow In Gainesville, Jacksonville". Miami, FL: WFOR-TV. January 23, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Erdman, Jonathan (December 9, 2017). "Snow Fell in South Texas, Along the Gulf Coast, Even the Florida Panhandle During Winter Storm Benji". The Weather Channel. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ @NWSJacksonville (3 January 2018). "Precipitation is overspreading the Suwannee Valley from south to north as of 3 AM, with dewpoint temps in the teens across Columbia, Suwannee & Hamilton Cos. Surface temps will fall into the 20s through the predawn hours, with significant icing expected to commence by 5 AM #flwx" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Weather Briefing" (PDF). NWS Jacksonville Weather Forecast Office. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE". NWS Tallahassee Weather Forecast Office. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "How cold is it? Snow is falling in Florida". Sun-Sentinel. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Bomb Cyclone': Rare Snow in South as North Braces for Bitter Cold". The New York Times. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Klas, Mary (3 January 2018). "It's snowing in Tallahassee for the first time in three decades". Miami Herald. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Rosenblatt, Kalhan (3 January 2018). "Florida sees snowfall as winter weather and cold air grips East Coast". NBC News. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Burlew, Jeff; Effers, Karl (3 January 2018). "Interstate 10 reopens after winter storm". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ @NWSEastern (3 January 2018). "Some snowfall and ice accumulation reports received by NWS forecast offices in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida as of 4 pm" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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Housewarming party
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Belarusian coin Navasielle. A tradition in Belarus is to let the cat into the house first.
A house-warming party is a party traditionally held soon after moving into a new residence. It is an occasion for the hosts to present their new home to their friends, post-moving, and for friends to give gifts to furnish the new home. House-warming parties are generally informal. Usually there are no planned activities besides a possible tour.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etiquette
2 Origins
3 In French-speaking countries
4 Variations
4.1 Regional
4.2 Other
5 References
Etiquette[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
It is considered proper etiquette to invite guests at least a few days, or up to three weeks, in advance.[1]
Gifts are customarily necessary. They usually consist of something for the new house (such as a potted plant, a vase, or a picture frame) or something to be enjoyed during the party (such as a bottle of whiskey, a bouquet of flowers, or a gift basket of foodstuffs). Bluebirds are often given in some countries as they are believed to bless the new house with happiness and good luck. Today it is also customary to provide bluebird-themed paraphernalia such as china. Pineapples and coconuts are also common housewarming gifts and the pineapple and coconuts have served as a symbol of hospitality and warm welcome through the history of the Americas.
In East Lancashire as in parts of Scotland (particularly Ayrshire and Banffshire) a frog is seen as a giver of good luck. A gift of a frog is often made as a wedding or housewarming gift for good luck and fertility.
In Germany, common gifts include gift certificates, for example from a furniture shop. Guests also usually bring something to drink or a homemade dish, such as a salad or a pie.
In Western Culture in modern times housewarming gifts have strayed from the traditional to the more contemporary in an attempt to address the values of Gen X and Y who are stereotypically becoming the primary demographic in the new home owner / first time renting markets in the Americas and Commonwealth Nations.
Origins[edit]
The term "housewarming" is descended literally from the act of warming a new house, in the days before central heating. Each guest would bring firewood, and build fires in all the available fireplaces, offering firewood as a gift. Aside from warming the house, this was also believed to repel evil spirits by creating a protective atmosphere of warmth. Uninhabited houses were considered targets for vagrant spirits, and therefore used to require a certain level of cleansing before a house was safe to be occupied by young children.[2] The origin is from the medieval times.
In French-speaking countries[edit]
Joos Goemare (fr) detail crémaillière (from Le Christ chez Marthe et Marie, circa 1600
A housewarming party is called a pendaison de crémaillère, literally "hanging of the chimney hook". The expression comes from medieval times. When the construction of the house was finished, it was customary to invite all those who participated in its building to eat dinner as a vote of thanks. The food was prepared in a large pot, the temperature of which was controlled by a chimney hook, which could adjust the pot so it sat higher or lower over the fireplace. This hook was the last thing to be installed in the new house, marking the beginning of the thank you meal.
Variations[edit]
Regional[edit]
In India, this ceremony is known as "Gruha Pravesh" (गृह प्रवेश in Devanagari) or புதுமனை புகு விழா/Pudumanai Pugu vizha (Tamil) or "Gruha Pravesam" "గృహప్రవేశం" (Telugu) or "ಗೃಹ ಪ್ರವೇಶ" (Kannada) literally meaning "Entering New House" (for the first time). In some places, they allow a cow (sacred animal among the Hindus) to be the first to enter the house, as the first part of the ceremony. The ceremony usually involves VastuShant (वास्तुशांत in Devanagari).
In New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and other Commonwealth countries, a housewarming party may also be known as a flatwarming party, usually in a shared living situation involving flatmates.
The traditional Thai housewarming is a Buddhist ritual in which monks, family, friends, and food all play important roles.[3]
In the Southern United States, an old-fashioned type of party, known as a "Food Pounder", is popular. Traditionally, each guest would bring the new homeowners a pound of food such as cheese, cornmeal, flour, sugar, or any other staple food needed to stock the new home's pantry. In modern times the tradition has been extended to canned goods and even fresh foods, but the hosts are still most likely to receive the basic foodstuffs needed to set up a kitchen.[citation needed]
Other[edit]
A housewarming party may be thrown upon completion of renovation or remodel.
A housewarming party may be presented as an "open house" where people are free to come and go during a fixed window of time on a given day.
A housewarming may involve a potluck meal.
Some people invite all of their new neighbors to their housewarming. This allows the hosts to meet their new community.
In some communities, neighbors may bring the housewarming party to the new residents to welcome them.
While it is common to host a housewarming party within the first three months, many people wait until they are completely settled in. The time frame is flexible, and a party can qualify as a housewarming anytime after the move-in date.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Emily Post Institute—Invitation Etiquette". Emily Post.
Jump up ^ An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English: In Two Volumes – Ernest Weekley – Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Thai Housewarming Ceremony – Monks, Family, Friends & Food » Temple of Thai Food". Templeofthai.com. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Housewarming_party&oldid=805682964"
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