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Elections in Canada
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Canada holds elections for legislatures or governments in several jurisdictions: nationally (federally), provincially and territorially, and municipally. Elections are also held for self-governing First Nations and for many other public and private organizations including corporations and trade unions. Municipal elections can also be held for both upper-tier (regional municipality or county) and lower-tier (town and city) governments. Formal elections have occurred in Canada since at least 1792, when both Upper Canada and Lower Canada had their first elections.
National voting is available to Canadian citizens aged 18 or older who reside in Canada or have been abroad for shorter than five years. Other elections may have citizenship, residency,or ownership requirements (some municipalities allow both residents and non-resident landowners to vote).
Contents
[hide]
1 National elections
1.1 Results
1.2 Fixed dates
1.3 By-elections and referendums
1.4 Qualifications
1.5 Canadian citizens abroad
1.6 Length of election campaigns
2 Provincial and territorial
2.1 System
2.2 Parties
2.3 Results
3 Municipal
4 Senate nominee (Alberta)
5 Reforms
5.1 1952 BC election uses different electoral system
5.2 2004 Quebec proposed electoral reform
5.3 2005 Single Transferable Vote referendum
5.4 2005 Prince Edward Island referendum
5.5 2007 Ontario mixed member proportional representation referendum
5.6 2008 New Brunswick referendum
5.7 2009 British Columbia Single Transferable Vote referendum
5.8 2015 federal election
5.9 2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
National elections[edit]
The Parliament of Canada has two chambers: The House of Commons has 338 members, elected for a maximum five-year term in single-seat constituencies, and the Senate has 105 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister. Senators are given permanent terms (up to age 75) and thus often serve much longer than the prime minister who was primarily responsible for their appointment.
National elections are governed by the Canada Elections Act and administered by an independent agency, Elections Canada. Using the plurality voting system, Canadians vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP), who represents one specific constituency in the House of Commons. Generally, the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Commons becomes the prime minister.
Most MPs are members of a political party, although candidates may stand for election as independents unaffiliated with any political party. Since the practice of listing candidates' party affiliation on ballots began with the 1972 election, the Canada Elections Act has required that all local candidates be directly approved by the leader of their affiliated party, effectively centralizing the candidate nomination process.[1] Once candidates are elected, sitting members of parliament are permitted to "cross the floor" switching party affiliation without having to first resign and restand for office under their new affiliation. Sitting members may also be dismissed from or voluntarily leave their party and become independents. As a result, the distribution of seats by party affiliation often fluctuates in between elections.
Although several parties are typically represented in parliament, Canada has historically had two dominant political parties: the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party (preceded by the Progressive Conservative Party and the Conservative Party (1867–1942)). Every government since Confederation has been either Liberal or Conservative with the exception of the Unionist government during World War I, which was a coalition of Conservatives and Liberals. While other parties have sometimes formed the Official Opposition, the 41st Parliament (2011-2015) was the first in which the Liberals did not form either the government or the Official Opposition.
If a government loses a confidence motion, traditionally the prime minister will ask the governor general to call an election and the governor general follows that advice. However, the viceroy's compliance is not assured; the governor general also has the right to seek out another party leader who might be able to command the confidence of the House and ask him or her to form a government. This happened in 1926 and is referred to as the King-Byng Affair.
The five-year time limitation is strictly applied to the life of the parliament or assembly in question—this body is not deemed to have been formed until the return of the writs and ceases to exist the moment it is dissolved. It is therefore possible to run slightly longer than five years between election days, as was the case between the 1930 and 1935 elections. Although the law has allowed for a five-year gap between elections, there have in fact only been two five-year gaps in the last 50 years: between 1974 and 1979 and between 1988 and 1993, and there have in fact been five general elections since 2000.
It is also possible for a general election to be delayed should Canada be embroiled in a war or insurrection. This provision was enacted to allow Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden to delay a federal election for about a year during World War I.[citation needed] Since then, the provision has only been used twice, both times by provincial governments—Ontario delayed an election for a few weeks in the year following the Armistice in 1918. Saskatchewan was the only jurisdiction to delay a general election by more than a year, due to World War II, but held an election in 1944, six years after the previous vote.
Results[edit]
Further information: Canadian federal election, 2015
e • d Summary of the 2015 Canadian federal election
Party
Party leader
Candidates
Seats
Popular vote
2011 Dissol. Redist.[a] 2015 % change
from 2011 % seats # # change % pp change % where
running
Liberal Justin Trudeau 338[b] 34 36 36 184 +441.18% 54.44% 6,943,276 +4,160,101 39.47% +20.56pp 39.47%
Conservative Stephen Harper 338[c] 166 159 188 99 -40.36% 29.29% 5,613,614 -218,787 31.91% -7.73pp 31.91%
New Democratic Tom Mulcair 338 103 95[d] 109 44 -57.28% 13.02% 3,470,350 -1,038,124 19.73% -10.92pp 19.73%
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 78 4 2 4 10 +150% 2.96% 821,144 -68,644 4.67% -1.38pp 19.36%
Green Elizabeth May 336 1 2[d] 1 1 0% 0.3% 602,944 +26,723 3.43% -0.46pp 3.44%
Independent and no affiliation 80 0 8 0 0 0 0 49,616 -23,115 0.28% -0.21pp 1.18%
Libertarian Tim Moen 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 36,772 +30,755 0.21% +0.17pp 0.93%
Christian Heritage Rod Taylor 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,232 -3,986 0.09% -0.05pp 0.97%
Marxist–Leninist Anna Di Carlo 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,838 -1,322 0.05% -0.02pp 0.23%
Strength in Democracy Jean-François Fortin 17 N/A 2[e] N/A 0 0 0 8,274 * 0.05% * 0.90%
Rhinoceros Sébastien Corriveau 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,263 +3,444 0.04% +0.01pp 0.52%
Progressive Canadian Sinclair Stevens 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,476 -1,362 0.03% -0.01pp 1.03%
Communist Miguel Figueroa 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,393 +1,468 0.02% -0.00pp 0.32%
Animal Alliance Liz White 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,699 +248 0.01% -0.00pp 0.36%
Marijuana Blair Longley 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,557 -307 0.01% -0.00pp 0.34%
Democratic Advancement Stephen Garvey 4 N/A 0 N/A 0 0 0 1,187 * 0.01% * 0.62%
Pirate Roderick Lim 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 908 -2,290 0.01% -0.01pp 0.32%
Canadian Action Jeremy Arney 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 401 -1,629 0.00% -0.01pp 0.24%
Canada Party Jim Pankiw 1 N/A 0 N/A 0 0 0 271 * 0.00% * 0.72%
Seniors Daniel J. Patton 1 N/A N/A N/A 0 0 0 157 * 0.00% * 0.29%
Alliance of the North François Bélanger 1 N/A N/A N/A 0 0 0 136 * 0.00% * 0.22%
Bridge David Berlin 1 N/A 0 N/A 0 0 0 122 * 0.00% * 0.29%
PACT Michael Nicula 1 N/A 0 N/A 0 0 0 91 * 0.00% * 0.17%
United Bob Kesic 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 -237 0.00% -0.00pp 0.10%
Vacant 0 4 0 0 N/A
Total 1,792 308 308 338 338 +9.74% 100% 17,592,778 +2,872,198 100% 100%
Source: Elections Canada (Final results)
Jump up ^ The party totals are theoretical. They are the transposition of the 2011 district results redistributed to the new districts formed in 2015.
Jump up ^ Includes Liberal candidate Cheryl Thomas from Victoria, who publicly withdrew from the election after the final list of candidates was released and thus remained on the ballot as the Liberal candidate.
Jump up ^ Includes Conservative candidate Jagdish Grewal from Mississauga—Malton, who was expelled by the Conservative Party after the final list of candidates was released and thus remained on the ballot as the Conservative candidate.
^ Jump up to: a b Does not include José Núñez-Melo, an incumbent MP who was denied the NDP nomination in Vimy after the writ was dropped, and subsequently announced he was running as a Green candidate.
Jump up ^ Does not include Montcalm MP Manon Perreault, who sat as an independent before the writ was dropped, after which she announced her candidacy for Strength in Democracy.
Fixed dates[edit]
See also: Fixed election dates in Canada
Although, under Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, each parliament has a maximum term of five years after the return of the writs of the last election, on November 6, 2006, the Parliament of Canada passed Bill C-16, An Act to Amend the Canada Elections Act. It requires that each general election is to take place on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the previous poll, starting with October 19, 2009.[2][3][4]
Nevertheless, the law does not curtail the power of the governor general to dissolve parliament at any time, meaning the prime minister may advise such a move whenever he or she feels is prudent. In the provinces and territories, the maximum life of a legislature is also fixed by the constitution, although some provinces have local laws that require elections to be even earlier.
By-elections and referendums[edit]
By-elections can be held between general elections when seats become vacant through the resignation or death of a member. The date of the by-election is determined by the Governor General, who must call it between 11 and 180 days after being notified of the seat vacancy by the Speaker of the House of Commons.
The federal government can also hold nationwide referendums on major issues. The last federal referendum was held in 1992, on proposed constitutional changes in the Charlottetown Accord. On occasion, one particular issue will dominate an election, and the election will in a sense be a virtual referendum. The most recent instance of this was the 1988 election, which was considered by most parties to be a referendum on free trade with the United States.
Qualifications[edit]
Every Canadian citizen 18 years of age or older has the right to vote, except for the Chief Electoral Officer and the Deputy Chief Electoral Officer. In the Canada Elections Act, inmates serving a sentence of at least two years were prohibited from voting, but on October 31, 2002, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Sauvé v. Canada that such a law violated the section 3 of the Charter, and was rendered of no force or effect.
The federal National Register of Electors is updated to reflect various changes in the Canadian population, including address changes, reaching voting age, naturalization, and death.[5] Every year, about 3,000,000 address changes are processed by Elections Canada from information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency, Canada Post (via the National Change of Address service), provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars, and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists. Every year, about 400,000 Canadians reach voting age and 200,000 Canadians die, resulting in changes to the National Register of Electors based on information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency, provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars, and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists. Additionally, over 150,000 individuals a year become naturalized Canadians, and are added to the National Register of Electors by Elections Canada based on information obtained from Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
Canadian citizens abroad[edit]
Although Section Three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides that "every citizen of Canada has the right to vote",[6] in practice only those citizens 18 years of age or older, and who reside in Canada or have been abroad for fewer than five years, may vote in federal elections.[7] Exemptions to the five-year limit exist for members of the Canadian Armed Forces, employees of the federal or a provincial government who are abroad, employees of certain international organizations, and their cohabitants.[7] The five-year limit was originally enacted as part of Bill C-114, An Act to Amend the Canada Elections Act, in 1993; these amendments extended the special ballot to certain prisoners, and Canadians "living or travelling" abroad.[8] In September 2005, Jean-Pierre Kingsley, then the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada for 15 years, explicitly recommended in his official report that Parliament remove the five-year limit by amendment, but no action was taken.[9][10]
In May 2014, a court decision from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice invalidated the five-year limit as an unconstitutional restriction on the right to vote, in violation of Section Three, leading to a period of fourteen months during which all Canadian expatriates could apply to be on the register of electors.[11] However, the decision was reversed 2-1 on appeal at the Court of Appeal for Ontario on July 20, 2015, in a judicial opinion citing Canada's history of using a residence-based electoral district system and a justification based on social contract theory, which held that the five-year limit was a permissible limitation of the constitutional right to vote under Section One.[12][13] As of August 2015, Elections Canada has implemented changes to its registration process to comply with the latest court ruling, and will require expatriates already on the register to declare an intended date of return.[14] The decision from the Court of Appeal was subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, which announced on April 14, 2016 that it would hear the appeal.[15]
Length of election campaigns[edit]
The length of election campaigns can vary, but under the Elections Act, the minimum length of a campaign is 36 days. There is no explicit maximum length for a campaign, although section 5 of the Charter requires that the Parliament sit at least once every twelve months, and thus a campaign would have to conclude in time for returns to be completed and parliament to be called into session within twelve months of the previous sitting. The federal election date must be set on a Monday (or Tuesday if the Monday is a statutory holiday).
The first two elections, the 1867 election and the 1872 election, took place over several weeks.
The 1872 election was both the second shortest and the longest campaign in history. Parliament was dissolved on 8 July 1872, while the writ was dropped on 15 July 1872. Voting occurred from July 20 to October 12. Therefore, the campaign started to close 12 days after dissolution of Parliament and 5 days after the writ, and was concluded 96 days (13 weeks plus 5 days) after dissolution and 89 days after the writ.[16]
Every subsequent election has occurred on a single day. Of these elections, the longest election campaign, in terms of days from dissolution to election day, was that of 1926 election,[17] following the King-Byng Affair, which lasted 74 days.
In terms of days from writ to election day, the longest campaign had been the 1980 election, which lasted 66 days. It was surpassed by the 2015 election, which was 78 days long from writ to election day, making it the longest campaign for a one-day election, exceeded in length only by that of 1872.
Prior to the adoption of the minimum of 36 days in law, there were six elections that lasted shorter periods of time. The last of these was the 1904 election which occurred many decades before the minimum was imposed.
In practice, the Prime Minister will generally keep a campaign as brief as is legal and feasible, because spending by parties is strictly limited by the Elections Act. The maximum spending by each party is increased by 1/37th of the maximum for each day that the campaign exceeds 37 days. The 1997, 2000 and 2004 elections were all of the minimum 36 days in length which has led to a common misconception that elections must be 36 days long. However, prior to 1997, elections averaged much longer: aside from the 47-day campaign for the 1993 election, the shortest election period after World War II was 57 days and many were over 60 days in length.
Much speculation had surrounded how long the campaign for the 39th federal election would be in 2006, especially as it became certain the election would be called in the weeks preceding Christmas 2005. The government of Joe Clark, which fell on December 12, 1979, recommended a campaign of 66 days for the resulting election, and nothing legal barred a similarly lengthened campaign. In the end, the 2006 election was called on November 29, 2005, for January 23, 2006 — making a 55-day-long campaign.[18]
Provincial and territorial[edit]
System[edit]
Canada's ten provinces and Yukon use the same plurality voting system used in federal elections. Elections are monitored and organized, however, by independent provincial election commissions, and a province may legally change their electoral system should they wish to do so, without requiring permission from the federal government.
In the territories of Northwest Territories and Nunavut, elections are held using the consensus government model.
Since 2001, most Canadian provinces and the Northwest Territories have passed laws establishing fixed election dates, in most cases calling for elections every four years on a specific day and month.
Parties[edit]
All Canadian provinces and Yukon, have electoral systems dominated by major political parties. In most provinces the leading parties are the same parties prominent at the federal level. However, the provincial party may or may not have an official affiliation with the federal party of the same name. Thus, names of provincial parties can sometimes be misleading when associating a provincial party with a national party, although the respective ideologies are usually fairly similar.
The federal Conservative Party of Canada has no provincial wings and none of the current provincial Progressive Conservative Parties are formally linked with the federal party as they all predate the 2003 establishment of the federal party, which resulted in the formal disbanding of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Some provincial parties (such as Alberta) formally broke off links with the federal party prior to the merger.
In British Columbia, Alberta and Quebec the provincial Liberal parties are independent of the federal Liberal Party of Canada, while in the other provinces, the provincial Liberal parties are autonomous entities that retain formal links with the federal party.
All provincial wings of the New Democratic Party are fully integrated with the federal party, and members of the provincial party are automatically also members of the federal party. The Green Party has provincial counterparts that are directly affiliated but do not share membership or organizational structure and support.
In Saskatchewan and Yukon, the political parties, the Saskatchewan Party and the Yukon Party, respectively, have no federal counterpart, although they are both ideologically conservative.
Results[edit]
The following table summarizes the results of the most recent provincial and territorial elections. A link to complete lists for each province and territory is below. The winning party is indicated in bold and by the coloured bar at the left of the table.
This table shows the party standings as a result of the most recent election, and not the current representation in legislatures; refer to the articles on the individual houses for the current state.
Province or territory
Date of most
recent election
Total seats
Conservative
Liberal
New Democrat
Green
Other
Nunavut October 30, 2017 221 22
Nova Scotia May 30, 2017 17
27
7 51
British Columbia May 9, 2017
41
3 432 (BC Liberals) 87
Yukon November 7, 2016
11
2 6 (Yukon Party) 19
Manitoba April 19, 2016
40
3 14 57
Saskatchewan April 4, 2016 10
51 (Saskatchewan Party)
61
Newfoundland & Labrador November 30, 2015 7
31
2 40
Northwest Territories November 23, 2015 191 19
Alberta May 5, 2015 10 12
54
21 (Wildrose Party)
1 (Alberta Party)
87
Prince Edward Island May 4, 2015 8
17
2 27
New Brunswick September 22, 2014 21
27
1 49
Ontario June 12, 2014 28
582
21 107
Quebec April 7, 2014
702
30 (Parti Québécois)
22 (Coalition Avenir Québec)
3 (Québec Solidaire) 125
For lists of general elections in each province and territory, see the infobox at the bottom of the article.
1Note: Nunavut does not have political parties, and political parties in the Northwest Territories were disbanded in 1905. MLAs in both territories are elected as independents and the legislatures function under a consensus government model.
2Note: Provincial Liberal parties that are not affiliated with the federal Liberal Party of Canada.
Municipal[edit]
Main article: Municipal elections in Canada
Municipal elections are held in Canada for the election of local governments. Most provinces hold all of their municipal elections on the same date. Candidates are elected through either ward or at-large systems, every two, three or four years, depending on the province. A minority of locations in Canada have local political parties or election slates, while most locations elect only independents.
Senate nominee (Alberta)[edit]
Main article: Alberta Senate nominee election
Reforms[edit]
Reforms and attempted reforms are outlined below.
1952 BC election uses different electoral system[edit]
In 1952, "Alternative vote [was] used for first time in general election 12 June...'[19] But later the province returned to the previously used voting system.
2004 Quebec proposed electoral reform[edit]
The Liberal government of Quebec proposed electoral reform in 2004, which was scheduled to be passed in the fall of 2006 without a referendum. The project was postponed due to divergent views on how to improve it.
2005 Single Transferable Vote referendum[edit]
Main article: British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2005
In this referendum 57.7% of British Columbians voted in favour of the Single Transferable Vote system, however a vote of 60% was required to pass, therefore the motion was defeated.
2005 Prince Edward Island referendum[edit]
Main article: Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum, 2005
To approve mixed member proportional representation or some variant. The motion was defeated.[citation needed]
2007 Ontario mixed member proportional representation referendum[edit]
Main article: Ontario electoral reform referendum, 2007
To approve a proposed mixed member proportional representation system. The motion was defeated.[citation needed]
2008 New Brunswick referendum[edit]
Main article: New Brunswick electoral reform referendum, 2008
A referendum on the issue was proposed for 2008, however the Progressive Conservatives were defeated in the September 2006 election and the new Liberal government cancelled the referendum.
2009 British Columbia Single Transferable Vote referendum[edit]
Main article: British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2009
A referendum for the Single Transferable Vote (STV) system was held on May 12, 2009. The adoption of STV was defeated, with 39.09% of voters preferring STV over First Past The Post (FPTP).[citation needed]
2015 federal election[edit]
Main article: Canadian federal election, 2015
In the 2015 federal election, both of the main opposition parties (the federal Liberals and NDP) promised to implement electoral reform no later than the next scheduled election. The NDP has long supported Mixed Member Proportional, a hybrid system proposed by the Law Commission in which voters would cast two ballots (one for a riding representative and one for their preferred party, but from a regional and open list). By comparison, the Liberals led by Justin Trudeau promised to review numerous electoral reform options through an "all party parliamentary committee" and to implement the changes in time for the next election. Trudeau promised to make the 2015 election "Canada's last first-past-the-post election". There are divisions within the Liberal Party over which alternative system would be better (some prefer a proportional voting system, while others want a single member constituency preferential model); however, the promise by the Liberals, who won a majority in the House of Commons, created expectations that some sort of change will be introduced.
The Liberal members of the special all-committee on electoral reform urged Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to break his promise to change Canada’s voting system before the next federal election in 2019. That call for inaction came as opposition members of the committee pressured Trudeau to keep the commitment. In its final report, the government-minority committee recommended the government design a new proportional system and hold a national referendum to gauge Canadians' support.[20]
67% of Canadians voted in 2015 for parties that promised to replace the voting system with one that doesn't distort the vote as much as first past the post. 88% of experts brought forward by the Liberal government recommending a proportional representation voting system, and 96% rejected Trudeau's preferred alternate voting system.[21] Despite this, on February 1, 2017, the new Liberal Minister of Democratic Institutions, Karina Gould, announced that Trudeau instructed her that a change of voting system would no longer be in her mandate. She cited a lack of broad consensus among Canadians in favour of one particular type of electoral voting as the reason for the abandonment of the 2015 election promise.[22]
2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum[edit]
Main article: Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum, 2016
The 2016 Plebiscite on Democratic Renewal[23] was a non-binding[24] referendum held in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island between 27 October – 7 November 2016. The referendum asked which of five voting systems residents would prefer to use in electing members to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island.[25][26][27] The referendum, after four instant run-off rounds, indicated mixed member proportional representation was the preferred choice with over 52% support on the final ballot.
See also[edit]
Canadian politics portal
Canada portal
Book: Canada
Canadian electoral calendar
Canadian electoral system
Electoral calendar
Electoral system
Electronic voting in Canada
Federal political financing in Canada
Fixed election dates in Canada
List of Canadian federal electoral districts
List of Canadian federal general elections
List of elections in the Province of Canada (pre-Confederation)
List of federal by-elections in Canada
List of political parties in Canada
Past Canadian electoral districts
Referendums in Canada
Timeline of Canadian elections
Voter turnout in Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cross, William (2006-09-01). "Chapter 7: Candidate Nomination in Canada's Political Parties" (PDF). In Pammet, Jon; Dornan, Christopher. The Canadian General Election of 2006. Dundurn. pp. 172–195. ISBN 978-1550026504.
Jump up ^ "Fixed election dates in Canada". Election Almanac. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Parliament of Canada (November 6, 2006). "Bill C-16, An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth II (July 27, 2008). "Canada Elections Act". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Description of the National Register of Electors". Elections Canada. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Constitution Act, 1982, Part I: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-01-10. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Canada Elections Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Section 222. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Canada, Elections. "A History of the Vote in Canada: Chapter 4 (The Charter Era, 1982–2006)". Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Completing the Cycle of Electoral Reforms – Recommendations from the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on the 38th General Election". Elections Canada. 2005-09-29. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on the 41st general election of May 2, 2011". Elections Canada. 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Frank et al. v. AG Canada, 2014 ONSC 907". Canadian Legal Information Institute. 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Frank v. Canada (Attorney General), 2015 ONCA 536". www.ontariocourts.ca. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Fine, Sean (2015-07-20). "Long-term Canadian expats denied right to vote, court rules". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Voting from abroad". Elections Canada Online. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Gillian Frank, et al. v. Attorney General of Canada (Supreme Court of Canada 2016-08-25). Text
Jump up ^ "Length of Federal Election Campaigns". Parliament of Canada. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Length of Federal Election Campaigns". Parliament of Canada. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Jump up ^ A full list of past election periods can be found on the Parliament of Canada website
Jump up ^ "Resources / Electoral History of BC". Elections BC. Elections BC. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/on-electoral-reform-committee-urges-proportional-vote-referendum/
Jump up ^ "Consultations Provide Strong Mandate for Proportional Representation".
Jump up ^ "Opposition accuses Trudeau of betrayal as Liberals abandon promise of electoral reform". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Media Release: Voting locations". Is it Time for Change?. Elections Prince Edward Island. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Voting begins in P.E.I. plebiscite on electoral reform". CBC News. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Rob (7 July 2016). "PEI sets voting-reform plebiscite for fall". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ McKenna, Peter (21 September 2016). "Electoral reform in P.E.I. redux". Charlottetown, PEI: The Guardian Charlottetown. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Kerry (16 April 2016). "P.E.I. electoral reform: 4 unanswered questions about the plebiscite". CBC. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
External links[edit]
Elections Canada
CBC Digital Archives—Voting in Canada: How a Privilege Became a Right
CBC Digital Archives—Campaigning for Canada
Canadian Governments Compared
U.S. State Department estimates of Canadian elections
Canada Elections Atlas - Federal
[show]
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text:
Christmas Kettle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Christmas kettle in Sweden
Part of a series on
The Salvation Army
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An American Gold Eagle.
The Christmas Kettle (also referred to as the Red Kettle due to its color) is The Salvation Army's most famous street campaign. It is most recognized during the Christmas season through its volunteers who stand outside of businesses and play or sing Christmas carols, or ring bells to inspire passersby to place donations of cash and checks inside the trademark red kettles.
History[edit]
A tradition on the "kettle" started in 1891, in San Francisco, by Salvation Army officer Captain Joseph McFee.[1] Captain McFee, resolving to provide a free Christmas dinner to the poor of San Francisco, remembered a sight he saw in Liverpool, England. From his days as a sailor McFee remembered a large pot displayed on the Stage Landing, called "Simpson's Pot." The pot took in donations put in by passersby. Taking this idea, McFee asked for permission from San Francisco city authorities to place a crab pot and tripod at the Oakland ferry landing. The kettle - and McFee's call of "Keep the Pot Boiling!" - drew in passengers and donations.
The idea spread, and is in use by many Salvation Army charities worldwide. Innovations from the crab pot have included self ringing kettles, booths that play Christmas music, and Credit Card capabilities.[1]
Since 1997, the Christmas kettle campaign is traditionally kicked off during the halftime of the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving Day football game. An oversized kettle sits just outside the playing field, which has on at least two occasions been featured after touchdown celebrations: Terrell Owens (on the Thanksgiving Day 2006 (November 23) game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, after catching a pass for a touchdown, dropped the ball into the kettle, donating the ball to the Salvation Army), and Ezekiel Elliott (on December 18, 2016, also against Tampa Bay, after scoring a rushing touchdown jumped into the kettle).
Anonymous donations[edit]
A tradition has developed in the United States where, in some places, gold coins are anonymously inserted into the kettles in which the bell ringers collect donations. The tradition appears to have started in the Midwest when the first known drop of a gold coin was put into a kettle in Crystal Lake, Illinois in 1982.[2]
Since this drop, many others have taken to dropping not only gold coins,[3] but also other bullion and rare coins, gold medals,[4] jewelry, and large checks. The anonymous donations have included:
Various bullion and rare coins:
American Gold Eagle[2][5]
Krugerrand[2][6]
United States Quarter Eagle[2]
United States Double Eagle[7]
Counterfeit 1804 dollar[2]
Jewelry
⅓-carat diamond ring[2]
Five gold rings (invoking the song The Twelve Days of Christmas)
Checks for $14,845.00[2] and for $500,000.00[8]
Gold teeth[9]
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Salvation Army Spokane (Copyright date 2007). "Red Kettles". Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2007-12-20. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Oren Dorell (December 7, 2006). "Gold coins from secret Santas bring cheer to Christmas bell ringers". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
Jump up ^ Journal staff (December 19, 2007). "Salvation Army gets 10 gold coins". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
Jump up ^ Journal staff (December 16, 2005). "Gold coin donated again". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
Jump up ^ Andrea J. Cook (December 21, 2006). "Red kettle gold converted to green". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
Jump up ^ Bill Sheets (November 28, 2007). "Mysterious gold coin dropped in Salvation Army kettle". The Daily Herald. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
Jump up ^ Mary Stegmeir (December 20, 2007). "Salvation Army kettle yields double eagle gold coin". WCF Courier. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
Jump up ^ "$500K check dropped into Salvation Army kettle in Minnesota". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (December 18, 2005). "Gold teeth donated to Salvation Army kettle". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Kettle&oldid=797244078"
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The Salvation Army
Christmas traditions
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This page was last edited on 25 August 2017, at 20:19.
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