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Adventure Time (season 9)
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Adventure Time (season 9)
Volume 11 digital purchase image, featuring the episodes following Elements
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
Cartoon Network
Original release
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)[1] – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 8
List of Adventure Time episodes
The ninth and final season[2] of Adventure Time, an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward, premiered on Cartoon Network on April 21, 2017.[1] It is set to conclude sometime in 2018.[2] The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios. The season will follow the adventures of Finn, a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, where they interact with the other main characters of the show: Princess Bubblegum, The Ice King, Marceline the Vampire Queen, Lumpy Space Princess, BMO, and Flame Princess.
The season debuted with the episode "Orb", which was viewed by 0.71 million viewers.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
1.1 Concept
1.2 Production
1.3 Series conclusion
1.4 Miniseries
2 Cast
3 Broadcast and reception
3.1 Broadcast
3.2 Ratings
3.3 Reviews and accolades
4 Episodes
5 Notes
6 References
Development
Concept
The series follows the adventures of Finn the Human, a human boy, and his best friend Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape, grow, and shrink at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, wherein they interact with the other major characters, including: Princess Bubblegum, The Ice King, Marceline the Vampire Queen, Lumpy Space Princess, BMO, and Flame Princess. Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures, dealing with the antagonistic but misunderstood Ice King, and battling monsters in order to help others.[4] Multi-episode story arcs for this season include Finn and Jake undoing extreme elemental magic that had transformed Ooo into a dystopia while they were away at sea.[5]
Production
On July 21, 2016, Kent Osborne posted an image on Twitter that suggested Adventure Time had been renewed for a ninth season.[6] The main storyline writers for the season included Jack Pendarvis, Adam Muto, Ashly Burch, Osborne, and Julia Pott.[7] According to Pendarvis, after Burch left following the eighth season, "Julia parachuted in at perhaps the most mind boggling moment in the sweeping arc of the series just totally undaunted, and showed incredible spirit and ingeniousness that encouraged us to press forward.".[8]
This season's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons' episodes. First, all of the episodes begin as simple two-to-three-page outlines that contain the necessary plot information.[9] These outlines are then handed off to storyboard artists, who then expand the rough outline into a full storyboard.[10] The episodes' design and coloring are done in Burbank, California. Animation is handled overseas in South Korea, either by Rough Draft Korea or by Saerom Animation.[11][12][13] Continuing a tradition that first started with the fifth season episode "A Glitch Is a Glitch", this season also features the work of guest animators. The episode "Ketchup" featured animation courtesy of Alex & Lindsay Small-Butera, a husband and wife duo perhaps best known for their web series Baman Piderman.[14][15] The Small-Buteras had previously contributed animation to the eighth-season episode "Beyond the Grotto".[16]
Former lead background artist Ghostshrimp returned to work on several episodes this season.
Storyboard artists who worked on this season include (but are not limited to) Adam Muto, Sam Alden, Polly Guo, Seo Kim, Somvilay Xayaphone, Laura Knetzger, Steve Wolfhard, Tom Herpich, Graham Falk, Kent Osborne, Hanna K. Nyström, Aleks Sennwald, and Erik Fountain.[nb 1] In regards to other aspects of production, Ghostshrimp—the series' former lead background designer—returned to the series to work on background pieces for "Abstract", "Fionna and Cake and Fionna", "Whispers", as well as the episodes comprising the "final story arc of Adventure Time".[nb 2][17] Ghostshrimp had retired from the show after the fourth season, but had previously returned to draw backgrounds for the seventh-season miniseries Stakes.[18][19]
Series conclusion
In an interview, Osborne noted that Cartoon Network provided the writers with "an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale."[20]
On September 29, 2016, it was confirmed by Cartoon Network that this season would be the show's last.[2] When asked in an interview with Skwigly about his feelings concerning the end of the series, Osborne explained:
It's weird because I've never been on a show this long, and I don't think Cartoon Network has done a show with this many episodes—for the past few seasons we’ve been surprised I think every time it gets picked up. And I think a lot of us were thinking in the back of our minds, 'When is this going to end? Am I gonna be 80 and still writing this?!' It is sad, and everyone's kind of grieving, but it's hard to feel too bad about it, because [...] they have so many episodes in the bank that it's gonna play for another couple years.[20]
Osborne did note that Cartoon Network provided the writers with "an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale."[20] According to a speech given by Pendarvis, storyline writing for the series wrapped up mid-November 2016;[21] and the last storyline meeting was on November 21.[22] A tweet by Osborne revealed that the show's final script was pitched to storyboarders Sam Alden and Hanna K. Nyström on November 28,[23][24][25] which was pitched to the show's producers during the third week of December 2016.[26][27] Voice recording for the season and series ended on January 31, 2017, as confirmed by a number of voice actors, including Maria Bamford and Andy Milonakis.[28][29][30]
Following the season's completion, several of its' crewmembers have gone on to work on the upcoming Cartoon Network series Summer Camp Island, created by staff writer Julia Pott.[31]
Miniseries
See also: Elements (miniseries)
During the ninth season of Adventure Time, a miniseries entitled Elements aired during late April 2017.[32] News of this miniseries was first announced on March 31, 2017 by Cartoon Network during the unveiling of their 2017–18 programming lineup.[32] Elements follows Finn, Jake, and BMO after they return home to discover that Ooo has been turned into a veritable dystopia thanks to extreme elemental magic. Finn and Jake team up with Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny), Betty (voiced by Felicia Day), and Lumpy Space Princess (voiced by Pendleton Ward) to set things straight.
Cast
The voice actors for the season include: Jeremy Shada (Finn the Human), John DiMaggio (Jake the Dog), Tom Kenny (The Ice King), Hynden Walch (Princess Bubblegum), and Olivia Olson (Marceline the Vampire Queen). Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters, including Lumpy Space Princess. Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English, as well as Jake's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean.[33] Polly Lou Livingston, a friend of Pendleton Ward's mother, Bettie Ward, plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks.[34][35] Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess, Finn's ex-girlfriend and the sovereign of the Fire Kingdom.[36] Andy Milonakis voices N.E.P.T.R., a sentient robot who makes and throws pies.[37] The Lich, the series' principal antagonist, is portrayed by Ron Perlman in his demonic form,[38] and by Ethan Maher when portrayed as Sweet P.[39] The Adventure Time cast records their lines together as opposed to doing it individually. This is to capture more natural sounding dialogue among the characters. Hynden Walch has described these group session as akin to "doing a play reading—a really, really out there play."[40]
In addition to the regular cast members, episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions, including actors, musicians, and artists. In "Orb", Tom Scharpling reprises his role of Jake's brother Jermaine, and Thu Tran returns as AMO.[41] The Elements miniseries prominently features Felicia Day playing the role of Ice King's fiancée, Betty Grof (in previous episodes, this role had been played by Lena Dunham).[5][42] In the same miniseries, Hayden Ezzy voices Fern, Ethan Maher voices Sweet P, Ron Lynch returns as Mr. Pig, Lauren Lapkus reprises her role as Patience St. Pim, Dana Snyder lends his voice to the Life-Giving Magus, Cameron Esposito appears as Carroll the cloud woman, storyboard artist Tom Herpich voices Mr. Fox, Jeff Bennett plays Choose Goose, John Hodgman reprises his role as Elder Plops, Andy Samberg returns to voice Party Pat, and Andrew Daly voices Wyatt.[5][43] Scharpling returned again in "Abstract", and the episode also featured Andy Merrill, who reprised his role as James.[44] In "Ketchup", J. G. Quintel voiced an unnamed blue bird.[45] "Fionna and Cake and Fionna" saw the return of Madeleine Martin as Fionna and Roz Ryan as Cake. In the same episode, Chelsea Peretti voiced the Queen of Ooo and Charlotte Newhouse voiced a fake Fionna.[46] Fred Melamed voices Uncle Gumbald;[47] Melamed would appear in the subsequent episodes "The Wild Hunt", "Always BMO Closing", and "Bonnibel Bubblegum".[48][49][50] In "The Wild Hunt", Jenny Slate reprises her role as Huntress Wizard.[48] "Son of Rap Bear" sees Dumbfoundead voice the titular character, Rekstizzy voice Rap Bear, Keith David reprise his role as Flame King, Paul Scheer reprise his role as Toronto, and Open Mike Eagle voice a gingerbread man and rapping chipmunks.[51] In "Bonnibel Bubblegum", Livvy Stubenrauch voices the younger Princess Bubblegum, and former supervising director Andres Salaff reprises his role as Neddy.[50]
The upcoming episode "Marcy & Hunson" will feature Martin Olson reprising his role as Hunson Abadeer, father of Marceline.[52][53]
Various other characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Maria Bamford, Steve Little, and Melissa Villaseñor.[33]
Broadcast and reception
Broadcast
Much like the sixth, seventh, and eighth seasons,[54][55][56] the ninth season featured several episode "bombs", or instances wherein large amounts of episodes debuted within a relatively short timeframe. The first of these strings of new episodes occurred between January 30 and February 2, 2017, during which the entirety of Elements aired.[57] The second started on July 17, 2017 with "Abstract" and concluded on July 21, 2017 with "Three Buckets".[58] The third occurred on September 17, 2017, when four episodes (viz. "The Wild Hunt", "Always BMO Closing", "Son of Rap Bear", and "Bonnibel Bubblegum") aired the same day.[59]
Ratings
The season debuted on April 21, 2017, with the episode "Orb". It was watched by 0.71 million viewers and scored a 0.19 Nielsen rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, which means that the episodes were seen by 0.19 percent of all households aged 18 to 49 years old were watching television at the time of the episode's airing.[3] In terms of viewers, this marked a decrease when compared to both the season eight finale, "Islands Part 8: The Light Cloud" (which was seen by 1 million individuals), as well as the previous season's premiere, "Broke His Crown" (which was viewed by 1.13 million).[3][60][61] Elements saw a slight uptick in terms of viewership, with each episode being watched by just under 1 million individuals.[62][63][64][65]
The finale episode of the series is scheduled to air sometime in 2018.[2]
Reviews and accolades
Elements was met with mostly positive comments. Sava argued that the limited series helped to return the viewers to the land of Ooo and also to resituate and reconfigure the characters' central relationships.[66] Smith argued that the use of the miniseries format allowed for "a stronger sense of focus [...] with every episode giving the sense that the story is building to a larger conclusion".[67] Blumenfeld praised the miniseries, declaring that Elements "is superior to and more cohesive than both Stakes and Islands, simultaneously a return to Adventure Time’s surrealist roots and an emotional step forward."[68]
Episodes
See also: List of Adventure Time episodes and Elements (miniseries)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Supervising
direction by
Written and storyboarded by
Original air date [nb 3]
Prod.
code [71]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
253
1 "Orb" Elizabeth Ito Adam Muto & Aleks Sennwald April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21) 1042-259 0.71[3]
While returning home from their adventure in Islands, Finn, Jake and BMO take a nap after eating a lot of bananas. A mysterious black orb in the sky begins to subject the three to strange dreams that quickly become nightmarish. Their nightmares begin to intertwine as they realize that they are dreaming and come in contact with a being that Finn dubs Nightmare Princess. This entity simply wants their bananas, but BMO strikes a bargain so that they get something in return. The group wake up to the orb taking some of their bananas and leaves a pink vial of nightmare juice. BMO looks through the telescope to discover that Ooo has changed radically.
254
2 "Elements Part 1: Skyhooks" Cole Sanchez Sam Alden & Polly Guo April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24) 1042-260 0.83[62]
Finn, Jake and BMO arrive back in Ooo and discover that their home and the areas surrounding it have been entirely converted into candy. They also encounter Fern, N.E.P.T.R., Shelby, Lemongrab, Tree Trunks, Mr. Pig and Marceline who have been converted into happily brainwashed candy people. A frightened Sweet P is the only person who is still normal and directs the gang to a mysterious candy tower. The tower turns out to be Princess Bubblegum who has become a large candy being and attempts to convert the gang into candy people as well. While BMO is completely transformed, Finn and Jake are rescued by Ice King who takes them to the Sky Kingdom. As Finn and Jake look down, they discover that Ooo has been divided into four completely corrupted sections.
255
3 "Elements Part 2: Bespoken For" Elizabeth Ito Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24) 1042-261 0.83[62]
Ice King explains what happened to Ooo while Finn and Jake were away. After the group left on their adventure, Ice King was visited by Betty (voiced by Felicia Day) who, frustrated over Ice King not remembering her, asks him out on a date. Betty recreates a restaurant from Ice King's previous life as Simon. When Ice King still can't remember his old life Betty drops him off back home and leaves him. Tiny Manticore gives Betty some advice; rather than trying to adhere to Simon, she should just reach out to him as Ice King due to her having changed as well. Betty returns to Ice King and they start playing together. Suddenly, Patience St. Pim (voiced by Lauren Lapkus) kidnaps Betty and begins using her magic to empower mind controlled Princess Bubblegum, Flame Princess and Slime Princess while Ice King flees with Gunter.
256
4 "Elements Part 3: Winter Light" Cole Sanchez Laura Knetzger & Steve Wolfhard April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25) 1042-262 0.98[63]
Finn, Jake and Ice King travel to the Ice World and break through the large ice dome covering the center of the land. They encounter Carroll (voiced by Cameron Esposito), from "The Tower", who was converted to Ice and is genuinely pleased with her new appearance. The gang eventually encounter a powered up, and rather withheld, Patience who seems disappointed with the outcome of the new Ooo. While she succeeded in empowering the other elementals they have relegated themseleves to their sections of Ooo as Patience had forced them to power up rather than allow them to do so themseleves. The gang rescue Betty and leave while Patience bemoans the new world to an iced Choose Goose. Betty reveals that she can help them with the power of the Enchiridion which Finn has, causing Betty to ominously laugh.
257
5 "Elements Part 4: Cloudy" Elizabeth Ito Graham Falk & Kent Osborne April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25) 1042-263 0.98[63]
In order to calm Finn down, Jake tucks him and himself into a cloud, but it floats away from Ice King and Betty. The two find themselves floating in the middle of endless sky while another cloud with a door flies past them. The two play pretend barber to pass the time and end up getting to the roots of their worries. The cloud flies past again and discover that it is actually a lard. They use the lard to fly back to Betty and Ice King where the former has discovered a way to return the land of Ooo to normal.
258
6 "Elements Part 5: Slime Central" Elizabeth Ito Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26) 1042-264 0.92[64]
Finn and Jake arrive in the transformed Slime Kingdom to retrieve Slime Princess' crown for her jewel. They run into Lumpy Space Princess who is attending Slime Princess's roller skating party. The winners of the skating competition get absorbed into Slime Princess's whole being while the losers are caged up. Finn, Jake and Lumpy Space Princess enter, but lose, only to learn that by losing they still get absorbed. While Finn manages to grab the crown, Jake gets fully absorbed into Slime Princess forcing Lumpy Space Princess to save Finn, revealing in the process that 'her lumps' protect her from corruption. They are ejected from Slime Princess and forced to leave. Finn is saddened at the loss of Jake, but Lumpy Space Princess explains that Finn and Jake always win which inspires Finn to continue his mission.
259
7 "Elements Part 6: Happy Warrior" Cole Sanchez Sam Alden & Polly Guo April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26) 1042-265 0.92[64]
Finn, Lumpy Space Princess, and Gunter arrive in a radically altered Fire Kingdom. The inhabitants, which include Wyatt (voiced by Andrew Daly) and Lady Rainicorn, attack the heroes. Finn and Gunter try desperately to restrain their violent tendencies as it would allow the kingdom to corrupt them. Eventually the group find Flame Princess who has transformed into a dragon. When she swallows the jewel necessary to save Ooo, Finn gives into his violence and begins attacking Flame Princess, thus transforming into a fire person. Lumpy Space Princess, angered by the violence, yells at everyone to stop their fighting. The kingdom misinterprets her anger and decide to start a war with the Candy Kingdom. Cinnamon Bun, who was unaffected by the corruption, frets that this is the end of Ooo.
260
8 "Elements Part 7: Hero Heart" Elizabeth Ito Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27) 1042-266 0.90[65]
Lumpy Space Princess chases Finn and attempts to turn him back to normal, but to no avail. Ice King and Betty try to intervene, but are swatted away by Flame Princess. The Fire Kingdom inhabitants 'fight' the Candy Kingdom inhabitants making Lumpy Space Princess upset. After eating some of Marceline, who is made of marshmallows, Lumpy Space Princess reaches out to Finn's hero heart by placing some of Princess Bubblegum onto him. Recalling happier times with Bubblegum, Finn returns to normal. Bubblegum then fires her candy powers into the air and converts everyone into obedient candy people, except for Finn who was protected by Lumpy Space Princess. Finn nabs the three jewels and gives them to Betty, but she betrays him and leaves him behind. Finn finds himself surrounded by the citizens of the Candy Kingdom.
261
9 "Elements Part 8: Skyhooks II" Cole Sanchez Steve Wolfhard April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27) 1042-267 0.90[65]
Betty knocks out Ice King and reveals that she wants to use the jewels to go back in time and stop Simon from transforming into Ice King. Ice King, still oblivious to her plans accidentally ruins her spell causing her to get transported to Mars where she meets Normal Man. Lumpy Space Princess rescues Finn from the candy inhabitants as Princess Bubblegum enacts her plan to convert the rest of Ooo into candy while Patience freezes herself again. Finn realizes that LSP's immunity means that she is the anti-elemental. Ice King arrives with the gems and Lumpy Space Princess is able to transform all of Ooo back to normal. However, Jake comes back resembling his shapeshifter parent. Despite this, Finn is glad that he is reunited with his brother.
262
10 "Abstract" Adam Muto Graham Falk & Laura Knetzger July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17) 1042-268 0.77[72]
Finn, BMO and Lady Rainicorn are slightly disturbed by Jake's new alien appearance while Jake himself seems oblivious, or rather in denial about it. After having a bizarre dream about Jermaine (voiced by Tom Scharpling) painting abstract art, which according to Jake he hates, he decides to go look for him. Jake traverses the wasteland until he comes across Jermaine's studio. He tries to "rescue" Jermaine from changing, but Jermaine convinces Jake that change is a good thing as long as you remain the same on the inside. After examining and taking home one of Jermaine's paintings, Jake discovers that he has returned to normal and is greeted by a very pleased Finn.
263
11 "Ketchup" Elizabeth Ito[nb 4] Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18) 1042-271 0.67[73]
Marceline is unexpectedly visited by BMO causing the former to ask BMO to download a USB drive. While they wait, BMO tells the story of when it, Finn and Jake traveled the seas. However, the story is mostly inaccurate and involves a cat named Ted and a blue jay that says "OOOOOOHH!" (voiced by J. G. Quintel). Marcy then tells the story of "Lollipop Girl" and "Rock Star Girl" and their encounter with a "Blue Tranch" that resulted in "Weekend Island" getting taken over by potatoes. When the USB drive finally downloads, it reveals pictures of young Marcy with her mother. She feigns knowing them and asks BMO to tell their story resulting in a tale about "the Child and the Moon Girl" which Marcy thanks BMO for.
264
12 "Fionna and Cake and Fionna" Elizabeth Ito Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19) 1042-269 0.69[74]
At a Fionna and Cake book reading by Ice King, an old woman claiming to be Fionna (voiced by Charlotte Newhouse) arrives with a tape of an early Fionna and Cake adventure. Ice King is enamored by "Fionna" and invites her to stay with him. At night Ice King watches the remainder of the tape where Fionna and Cake find a mummy (voiced by Chelsea Peretti) only to learn that the mummy is really the Queen of Ooo. Ice King misinterprets the video and thinks that "Fionna" is a mummy. He confronts her and discovers that she was looking for more Fionna and Cake tapes only to find that Ice King doesn't have any. "Fionna" is really a bunny who picked up signals that played Fionna and Cake and wanted more. When she realizes what she has done she flees. Later that night, a mysterious beam containing clips of Fionna and Cake adventures are sent into Ice King's head.
265
13 "Whispers" Cole Sanchez Sam Alden & Polly Guo July 20, 2017 (2017-07-20) 1042-270 0.76[75]
While fishing, Finn and Fern encounter Sweet P who was running away from home after having a nightmare. Sweet P reveals that he has been having visions of a "whisper monster" trying to tell him he is evil. Finn and Fern decide to camp with Sweet P when they encounter the hand of the Lich that was cut off in "Crossover". Finn and Fern fight the Lich's hand, but it escapes. Finn gives chase and follows it into an underground tunnel where he ends up getting rescued by Sweet P (he had knocked out Fern so he could escape) who slays the hand. Fern feeling useless for not being able to help, plots to become the true Finn.
266
14 "Three Buckets" Cole Sanchez Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) 1042-272 0.85[76]
Fern reveals his ability to change his appearance to look just like Finn. Impressed, Finn joins Fern to a dungeon hidden away in a mountain. While there, Fern traps Finn in one of the rooms and reveals his plan to replace him. Finn finds out that his robotic arm can do a variety of things and drills his way out of the dungeon. Finn and Fern fight out in the field where Finn attempts to reason with Fern, however his robot arm misinterprets the word "finality" with "fatality" and he ends up destroying Fern. Finn returns home traumatized with Jake and BMO comforting him. Meanwhile, Princess Bubblegum's Uncle Gumbald (voiced by Fred Melamed) scoops up Fern's still living remains in a bucket.
267
15 "The Wild Hunt" Cole Sanchez Sam Alden, Erik Fountain & Polly Guo September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) TBA 0.77[77]
Still feeling guilty over Fern's death, Princess Bubblegum tasks Finn to protect the banana guard from a monster later dubbed "the Grumbo". Finn can't bring himself to slay the monster as he keeps seeing Fern's face materialize when he's close to defeating it. Later, Finn meets up with Huntress Wizard (voiced by Jenny Slate) who is also trying to slay the Grumbo and she tries to give encouraging words to Finn. They find the Grumbo's cave and Finn once again stalls. Huntress Wizard puts herself in harm's way and Finn imagines Fern in her place and finally slays the Grumbo. Afterwards, Finn and Huntress Wizard casually admit their feelings for each other and realize that the Grumbo was artificially created. Uncle Gumbald plots to create another monster using the remains of Fern.
268
16 "Always BMO Closing" Diana Lafyatis Graham Falk & Kent Osborne September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) TBA 0.77[77]
BMO and Ice King become door-to-door salesmen by posing as one body (Ice King as the body and BMO as the head). After selling a stick to Tree Trunks, the two get lost and end up at the dungeon where Gumbald is staying. They sell him Finn's baby teeth which he happily pays for with a silver cup. Finn is outraged that his baby teeth were sold and is further mortified when Baby Finns made of teeth begin attacking the tree house. Through Ice King's encouragement, BMO "sells" two mallets to Finn and Jake and they successfully defeat the teeth babies. Afterwards, Gumbald admits that his current plan was a bad idea.
269
17 "Son of Rap Bear" Diana Lafyatis Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) TBA 0.77[77]
While at a party, Flame Princess accidentally signs a contract from Toronto stating that if she loses in a rap battle against Son of Rap Bear (voiced by Dumbfoundead) her kingdom will be forfeited to Toronto. She and Finn go meet Rap Bear (voiced by Rekstizzy) who explains that his son literally blew his legs off, frightening them. Despite training, Flame Princess still feels ill-prepared, and so she visits her father, the deposed Flame King (voiced by Keith David). She attempts to mend their rocky relationship, but much to her frustration, her father seems oblivious to the pain that he caused his daughter. Later, at the rap battle, Flame Princess begins to lose her composure, but after seeing the still-unapologetic Flame King in the crowd, she angrily expresses her frustrations with her father in a rap. The track impresses the crowd, and Flame Princess defeats Son of Rap Bear.
270
18 "Bonnibel Bubblegum" Diana Lafyatis Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) TBA 0.77[77]
When Finn presents the silver cup from "Always BMO Closing", Princess Bubblegum decides to tell him, Marceline and Jake some more of her history. 800 years ago, a child version of Bonnibel discovers a family photo and decides to create a gum family. She creates Uncle Gumbald, Aunt Molly and Cousin Chicle to help farm the area. However, her family quickly turn on her with the prospect of "branding" their family. Gumbald creates a juice that transforms those into low minded candy people. Bonnibel fights back, transforming them into her eventual candy civilians and deciding on the title of princess. In the present, BMO reveals where it got the cup.
TBA
TBA "Marcy & Hunson"[52][53] TBA Graham Falk & TBA[78] TBA 1054-278 TBD
TBA
TBA "Seventeen"[79] TBA Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone[79] TBA TBA TBD
TBA
TBA "Ring of Fire"[80] TBA Steve Wolfhard & TBA[80] TBA TBA TBD
Notes
Jump up ^ Information regarding story development and storyboard artists is taken from the opening credits of the season's episodes.
Jump up ^ Information regarding background art is taken from the end credits of the episodes "Abstract", "Fionna and Cake and Fionna", and "Whispers".
Jump up ^ "Orb" was released via Cartoon Network phone App on April 14,[69] the Elements miniseries was released for download via iTunes on April 18,[70] and "Abstract" through "Three Buckets" were released via Cartoon Network phone app on July 14.[14] However, because this field specifically refers to episode airdates, the information here will denote when these fourteen episodes first aired on Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Three sequences in this episode were animated and directed by Alex & Lindsay Small-Butera.[14]
References
^ Jump up to: a b "Orb", which aired on April 21, 2017, is considered by Cartoon Network to be the first episode of the season, based on the following sources:
"Adventure Time | Video | Full Episodes". Cartoon Network. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2017. Note: To access this information, clicking on "Full Episodes" at the top of the chart. This will reveal a new list, with "Orb" at the top.
"Orb – Adventure Time Video". Cartoon Network. Retrieved May 12, 2017. Note that "Orb" is listed as a season nine episode.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pedersen, Erik (September 29, 2016). "Cult Hit Animated Series ‘Adventure Time’ To End In 2018". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (April 24, 2017). "Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update: 4.21.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clark, Noelene (November 14, 2012). "'Adventure Time': Post-Apocalyptic 'Candyland' Attracts Adult Fans". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ito, Elizabeth & Cole Sanchez (supervising directors); Sandra Lee (art director); Sam Alden, et al. (storyboard artists) (April 24–27, 2017). "Elements". Adventure Time. Season 8. Episode 2–9. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Kent [@kentisawesome] (July 22, 2016). "#AdventureTimeSeason9" (Tweet). Retrieved July 23, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Pendarvis, Jack [@JackPendarvis] (August 17, 2016). "ADVENTURE TIME writers meeting. We're all exactly this happy all the time! @ashly_burch @juliapott @MrMuto" (Tweet). Retrieved August 19, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Pendarvis, Jack (November 21, 2016). "Waaaaahhhhhhhh!". Blogspot. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ McKendry, David (February 4, 2013). "Q&A: 'Adventure Time' Writer Dick Grunert". Fangoria. The Brooklyn Company, Inc. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ulloa, Alexander (2010). "Adventure Time (2010)". Art of the Title. Art of the Title, LLC. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ristaino, Andy [skronked] (February 14, 2012). "It takes about 8 months to create an episode from start to finish. About a week to write an episode, a month to storyboard, a few days to record voices, two weeks to put together an animatic, a week to design it, a week to do clean up on the designs, a week to do color design, then it goes overseas and takes about five months to be animated. Rest of the time goes to retakes editing and music and sound design". Archived from the original on August 4, 2014 – via Spring.me.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Rich (December 19, 2013). "This Is How an Episode of Cartoon Network's 'Adventure Time' Is Made". The Daily Beast. The Newsweek Daily Beast Company. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ McDonnell, Chris (2014). Adventure Time: The Art of Ooo. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 348–349. ISBN 978-1-4197-0450-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Adventure Time production staff (July 7, 2017). "Adventure Time Returns on Monday, July 17th". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Small-Butera, Alex; Small-Butera, Lindsay (February 3, 2017). ""We’re very humbled to announce..."". KingOfOoo. Tumblr.
Jump up ^ Small-Butera, Lindsay [@SmallLindsay] (March 31, 2016). "Adventure Time episode "Beyond the Grotto" featuring 7 minutes of full Animation done by Alex and I is scheduled to air April 9th!" (Tweet). Retrieved April 1, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Ghostshrimp (January 31, 2017). "Rumor has it that I will be doing some new backgrounds for the final story arc of Adventure Time!". Facebook. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bandit, Dan "Ghostshrimp" (February 24, 2012). "I am officially retiring from Adventure Time today". Facebook. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bandit, Dan "Ghostshrimp" (March 15, 2015). "New Adventure Time 8-Parter!". GhostshrimpGlobal.com. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dutton, Sophie (November 4, 2016). "Interview with ‘Adventure Time’ Head Writer Kent Osborne". Skwigly. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Germain, Siomara (November 1, 2016). "Brockport Welcomes Adventure Time Writer Jack Pendarvis". The Stylus. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pendarvis, Jack [@JackPendarvis] (November 21, 2016). "Starting my last ADVENTURE TIME meeting in about half an hour. Bah, I say! But also I'm excited about the story! But also my stomach hurts" (Tweet). Retrieved November 22, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Kent [@kentisawesome] (November 28, 2016). "Last Adventure Time handout meeting :(" (Tweet). Retrieved November 29, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Alden, Sam [@samalden] (December 8, 2016). "@HannaKtweet @kikutowne my board however is going to be hot garbage, ruin the show, etc" (Tweet). Retrieved December 12, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Nyström, Hanna K [@HannaKtweet] (December 7, 2016). "hold me tight and tell me this board will be good. rock me to sleep" (Tweet). Retrieved December 12, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Alden, Sam (December 26, 2016). "Pitched my last Adventure Time storyboard last week". Instagram. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Muto, Adam [@MrMuto] (December 26, 2016). "from last week's final Adventure Time storyboard pitch" (Tweet). Retrieved December 28, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Bamford, Maria [@mariabamfoo] (January 31, 2017). "Last day of Adventuretime! #8yearsofgoodgoof thanks Pendleton and @kentisawesome for a wonderful time!" (Tweet). Retrieved February 1, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Bamford, Maria [@mariabamfoo] (January 31, 2017). "@kentisawesome pumped for last record!" (Tweet). Retrieved February 1, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Milonakis, Andy (January 31, 2017). "Adventure Time Cake". Instagram. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pendarvis, Jack [@JackPendarvis] (February 10, 2017). "I'm in a SUMMER CAMP ISLAND meeting RIGHT NOW with @aleks_sennwald Graham Falk @Seodles @samalden @krismukai @juliapott & @ColeSanchez" (Tweet). Retrieved September 17, 2017 – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b Newsarama Staff (March 30, 2017). "Ben 10 Reboot & 5 New Shows Lead Cartoon Network's 2017-18 Line-Up". Newsarama. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Adventure Time". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Note: To reveal who voiced what character, one must click on the various characters under "Guest Stars" to reveal their voice actor or actress.
Jump up ^ Livingston, Polly Lou (Actress). 2012. "Tree Trunks" [Commentary track], Adventure Time Season One [DVD], Los Angeles, CA: Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Ward, Bettie (Artist). 2012. "Tree Trunks" [Commentary track], Adventure Time Season One [DVD], Los Angeles, CA: Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ "Character Facts of the Week: Flame Princess from Adventure Time". CartoonNetwork.co.uk. May 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Polo, Susana (October 28, 2014). "Our Interview With Adventure Time's Head of Story and the Voice of Flame Princess!". The Mary Sue. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ ScreenCrush staff. "Meet the Voices Behind Your Favorite 'Adventure Time' Characters". ScreenCrush. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sanchez, Cole (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Sam Alden & Polly Guo (storyboard artists) (July 20, 2017). "Whispers". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 13. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ "Adventure Time – Season 3 Comic-Con Exclusive: Hynden Walch". August 8, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Ito, Elizabeth (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Adam Muto & Aleks Sennwald (storyboard artists) (April 21, 2017). "Orb". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 1. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Episodes that credited Lena Dunham as Betty include:
Cash, Nate & Adam Muto (supervising directors); Nick Jennings (art director); Ako Castuera & Jesse Moynihan (storyboard artists) (February 24, 2014). "Betty". Adventure Time. Season 5. Episode 48. Cartoon Network.
Salaff, Andres (supervising director); Nick Jennings & Sandra Lee (art directors); Jesse Moynihan (storyboard artist) (June 1, 2015). "You Forgot Your Floaties". Adventure Time. Season 6. Episode 38. Cartoon Network.
Ito, Elizabeth (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Ako Castuera & Hanna K. Nyström (storyboard artists) (March 26, 2016). "Broke His Crown". Adventure Time. Season 8. Episode 1. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Muto, Adam [@MrMuto] (April 11, 2017). "Guest stars @feliciaday @danasnyder @laurenlapkus @cameronesposito @GreyDeLisle @AndySamberg @hodgman @TVsAndyDaly and @JustinRoiland" (Tweet). Retrieved April 12, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Muto, Adam (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Graham Falk & Laura Knetzger (storyboard artists) (July 17, 2017). "Abstract". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 10. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Ito, Elizabeth (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone (storyboard artists) (July 18, 2017). "Ketchup". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 11. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Ito, Elizabeth (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald (storyboard artists) (July 19, 2017). "Fionna and Cake and Fionna". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 12. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Sanchez, Cole (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard (storyboard artists) (July 21, 2017). "Three Buckets". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 14. Cartoon Network.
^ Jump up to: a b Sanchez, Cole (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Sam Alden, Erik Fountain & Polly Guo (storyboard artists) (September 17, 2017). "The Wild Hunt". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 15. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Lafyatis, Diana (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Graham Falk & Kent Osborne (storyboard artists) (September 17, 2017). "Always BMO Closing". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 16. Cartoon Network.
^ Jump up to: a b Lafyatis, Diana (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald (storyboard artists) (September 17, 2017). "Bonnibel Bubblegum". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 18. Cartoon Network.
Jump up ^ Lafyatis, Diana (supervising director); Sandra Lee (art director); Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone (storyboard artists) (September 17, 2017). "Son of Rap Bear". Adventure Time. Season 9. Episode 17. Cartoon Network.
^ Jump up to: a b Olson, Olivia. "[Snippet of 'Marcy & Hunson' script]". Instagram. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Olson, Olivia. "[Clip of 'Marcy & Hunson' recording]". Instagram. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sources for season six "bombs":
Adventure Time production staff (November 13, 2014). "Coming Soon". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
Adventure Time production staff (May 28, 2015). "#Finnale". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sources for season seven "bombs":
Adventure Time production staff (October 27, 2015). "Adventure Time Returns This Monday". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Adventure Time production staff (November 10, 2015). "4 Nights @ 8/7 c". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Adventure Time production staff (January 11, 2016). "5 Nights of New Adventure Time Episodes". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sources for season eight "bombs":
Adventure Time production staff (January 23, 2017). "Adventure Time: Season 8 Arrives This Week". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Adventure Time production staff (January 30, 2017). "Islands". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adventure Time production staff (April 11, 2017). "Elements". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adventure Time production staff (July 5, 2017). "Adventure Time Returns on July 17". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adventure Time production staff (September 1, 2017). "Adventure Time Returns on September 17". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 3, 2017). "Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update: 2.2.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2016). "Saturday Cable Ratings: 'Family Guy' Tops a Quiet Day". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Metcalf, Mitch (April 25, 2017). "Top 100 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update: 4.24.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Metcalf, Mitch (April 26, 2017). "Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 4.25.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Metcalf, Mitch (April 27, 2017). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 4.26.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Metcalf, Mitch (April 28, 2017). "Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update: 4.27.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sava, Oliver (April 21, 2017). "Adventure Time: Elements". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Zack (April 21, 2017). "Advance Review: Adventure Time – Elements 'A Victory Lap' Before 2018 Finale". Newsarama. Purch Group. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blumenfeld, Zack (April 24, 2017). "Adventure Time Gets Back to Its Roots in Elements". Paste. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cartoon Network (April 14, 2017). "Adventure Time | Orb". Facebook. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Adventure Time: Elements". iTunes. 2017. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Production codes for the season derived from the following sources:
Adventure Time production staff (November 8, 2013). "King of Ooo". Tumblr. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Note: Production codes are stamped onto various storyboards that must be searched for.
Olson, Olivia. "[Snippet of 'Marcy & Hunson' script]". Instagram. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016.
"Copyright Catalog" (enter "Adventure Time" in the search parameter and select individual episode titles for further information). United States Copyright Office. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 18, 2017). "Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.17.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 20, 2017). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.19.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 21, 2017). "Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.20.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 24, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.21.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (September 19, 2017). "Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.17.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adventure Time production staff. "[Storyboard panel from episode]". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Adventure Time production staff. "[Storyboard panel from episode entitled "Seventeen"]". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Adventure Time production staff. "[Storyboard panel from episode entitled "Ring of Fire"]". KingOfOoo. Tumblr. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
[show]
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Adventure Time
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Princess Bubblegum
Ice King
Marceline the Vampire Queen
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7
Stakes
8
Islands
9
Elements
Video games
Hey Ice King! Why'd You Steal Our Garbage?!!
Explore the Dungeon Because I Don't Know!
Battle Party
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The Music of Ooo
Random! Cartoons
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Cartoon Network: Battle Crashers
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Pilot
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"Tree Trunks"
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"Evicted!"
Season 2
"It Came from the Nightosphere"
"The Eyes"
"Guardians of Sunshine"
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"Hitman"
"Too Young"
"Fionna and Cake"
"What Was Missing"
"Holly Jolly Secrets"
"Another Way"
"Incendium"
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"Hot to the Touch"
"Five Short Graybles"
"Web Weirdos"
"Dream of Love"
"Return to the Nightosphere" / "Daddy's Little Monster"
"In Your Footsteps"
"Hug Wolf"
"Princess Monster Wife"
"Goliad"
"Beyond This Earthly Realm"
"Gotcha!"
"Princess Cookie"
"Card Wars"
"Sons of Mars"
"Burning Low"
"BMO Noire"
"King Worm"
"Lady & Peebles"
"You Made Me"
"Who Would Win"
"Ignition Point"
"The Hard Easy"
"Reign of Gunters"
"I Remember You"
"The Lich"
Season 5
"Finn the Human" / "Jake the Dog"
"Bad Little Boy"
"Simon & Marcy"
"A Glitch Is a Glitch"
"Puhoy"
"James Baxter the Horse"
"Wizards Only, Fools"
"Be More"
"Sky Witch"
"Frost & Fire"
"Time Sandwich"
"Root Beer Guy"
"Rattleballs"
"The Red Throne"
"Betty"
"Bad Timing"
"Billy's Bucket List"
Season 6
"Wake Up" / "Escape from the Citadel"
"Food Chain"
"Furniture & Meat"
"Something Big"
"Is That You?"
"Jake the Brick"
"Dentist"
"Evergreen"
"Astral Plane"
"The Diary"
"Walnuts & Rain"
"Jermaine"
Season 7
Stakes
"Bad Jubies"
"Crossover"
"The Hall of Egress"
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"Normal Man"
Islands
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Elements
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Airway resistance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In respiratory physiology, airway resistance is the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and expiration. Airway resistance can be measured using body plethysmography.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Determinants of airway resistance
2.1 Hagen–Poiseuille equation
2.2 Laminar flow versus turbulent flow
3 Changes in airway resistance
4 Derived parameters
4.1 Airway conductance (GAW)
4.2 Specific airway resistance (sRaw)[3][4]
4.3 Specific airway conductance (sGaw)[3]
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Definition[edit]
Analogously to Ohm's Law:
R A W = Δ P V ˙ {\displaystyle R_{AW}={\frac {{\Delta }P}{\dot {V}}}}
Where:
Δ P = P A T M − P A {\displaystyle {\Delta P}=P_{ATM}-P_{A}}
So:
R A W = P A T M − P A V ˙ {\displaystyle R_{AW}={\frac {P_{\mathrm {ATM} }-P_{\mathrm {A} }}{\dot {V}}}}
Where:
R A W {\displaystyle R_{AW}} = Airway Resistance
Δ P {\displaystyle {\Delta }P} = Pressure Difference driving airflow
P A T M {\displaystyle P_{ATM}} = Atmospheric Pressure
P A {\displaystyle P_{A}} = Alveolar Pressure
V ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {V}}} = Volumetric Airflow (not minute ventilation which, confusingly, may be represented by the same symbol)
N.B. PA and V ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {V}}} change constantly during the respiratory cycle.
Determinants of airway resistance[edit]
There are several important determinants of airway resistance including:
The diameter of the airways
Whether airflow is laminar or turbulent
Hagen–Poiseuille equation[edit]
In fluid dynamics, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in a fluid flowing through a long cylindrical pipe. The assumptions of the equation are that the flow is laminar viscous and incompressible and the flow is through a constant circular cross-section that is substantially longer than its diameter. The equation is also known as the Hagen–Poiseuille law, Poiseuille law and Poiseuille equation.
Δ P = 8 η l V ˙ π r 4 {\displaystyle {\Delta P}={\frac {8\eta l{\dot {V}}}{\pi r^{4}}}}
Where:
Δ P {\displaystyle \Delta P} = Pressure difference between the ends of the pipe
l {\displaystyle l} = Length of pipe
η {\displaystyle \eta } = the dynamic viscosity
V ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {V}}} = the volumetric flow rate (Q is usually used in fluid dynamics, however in respiratory physiology it denotes cardiac output)
r {\displaystyle r} = the radius of the pipe
Dividing both sides by V ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {V}}} and given the above definition shows:-
R = 8 η l π r 4 {\displaystyle R={\frac {8\eta l}{\pi r^{4}}}}
While the assumptions of the Hagen–Poiseuille equation are not strictly true of the respiratory tract it serves to show that, because of the fourth power, relatively small changes in the radius of the airways causes large changes in airway resistance.
An individual small airway has much greater resistance than a large airway, however there are many more small airways than large ones. Therefore, resistance is greatest at the bronchi of intermediate size, in between the fourth and eighth bifurcation.[1]
Laminar flow versus turbulent flow[edit]
Where air is flowing in a laminar manner it has less resistance than when it is flowing in a turbulent manner. If flow becomes turbulent, and the pressure difference is increased to maintain flow, this response itself increases resistance. This means that a large increase in pressure difference is required to maintain flow if it becomes turbulent.
Whether flow is laminar or turbulent is complicated, however generally flow within a pipe will be laminar as long as the Reynolds number is less than 2300.[2]
R e = ρ v d μ {\displaystyle Re={{\rho {\mathrm {v} }d} \over \mu }}
where:
R e {\displaystyle Re} is the Reynolds number
d {\displaystyle d} is the diameter of the pipe.
v {\displaystyle {\mathbf {\mathrm {v} } }} is the mean velocity.
μ {\displaystyle {\mu }} is the dynamic viscosity.
ρ {\displaystyle {\rho }\,} is the density.
This shows that larger airways are more prone to turbulent flow than smaller airways. In cases of upper airway obstruction the development of turbulent flow is a very important mechanism of increased airway resistance, this can be treated by administering Heliox which is much less dense than air and consequently more conductive to laminar flow.
Changes in airway resistance[edit]
Airway resistance is not constant. As shown above airway resistance is markedly affected by changes in the diameter of the airways, therefore diseases affecting the respiratory tract can increase airway resistance. Airway resistance can change over time, for example, in asthma during an attack the airways constrict causing an increase in airway resistance. Airway resistance can also vary between inspiration and expiration, for example, in emphysema there is destruction of the elastic tissue of the lungs which help hold the small airways open, therefore during expiration, particularly forced expiration, these airways may collapse causing increased airway resistance.
Derived parameters[edit]
Airway conductance (GAW)[edit]
This is simply the mathematical inverse of airway resistance.
G A W = 1 R A W {\displaystyle G_{AW}={\frac {1}{R_{AW}}}}
Specific airway resistance (sRaw)[3][4][edit]
s R A W = R A W V {\displaystyle sR_{AW}={R_{AW}}{V}}
Where V is the lung volume at which RAW was measured.
Also called volumic airway resistance. Due to the elastic nature of the tissue that supports the small airways airway resistance changes with lung volume. It is not practically possible to measure airway resistance at a set absolute lung volume, therefore specific airway resistance attempts to correct for differences in lung volume at which different measurements of airway resistance were made.
Specific airway resistance is often measured at FRC, in which case:
s R A W = R A W × F R C {\displaystyle sR_{AW}={R_{AW}}\times {FRC}}
Specific airway conductance (sGaw)[3][edit]
s G A W = G A W V = 1 R A W V = 1 s R A W {\displaystyle sG_{AW}={\frac {G_{AW}}{V}}={\frac {1}{R_{AW}V}}={\frac {1}{sR_{AW}}}}
Where V is the lung volume at which GAW was measured.
Also called volumic airway conductance. Similarly to specific airway resistance, specific airway conductance attempts to correct for differences in lung volume.
Specific airway conductance is often measured at FRC, in which case:
s G A W = G A W F R C {\displaystyle sG_{AW}={\frac {G_{AW}}{FRC}}}
See also[edit]
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
Reynolds number
Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Physiology: 4/4ch2/s4ch2_51 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ "Reynolds Number".
^ Jump up to: a b "US EPA Glossary of Terms".
Jump up ^ Kirkby, J.; et al. (2010). "Reference equations for specific airway resistance in children: the Asthma UK initiative" (PDF). European Respiratory Journal. 36 (3): 622–629. doi:10.1183/09031936.00135909. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
External links[edit]
Overview at med.jhmi.edu
Calculator at medstudents.com.br
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Capsid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
It has been suggested that Capsomere be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2017.
Schematic of a cytomegalovirus
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus.
Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. The majority of viruses have capsids with either helical or icosahedral[1][2] structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures due to constraints of elasticity and electrostatics.[3] The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape resembles the shape of a spring, taking the space of a cylinder but not being a cylinder itself.[4] The capsid faces may consist of one or more proteins. For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting of three proteins named VP1–3.[5]
Some viruses are enveloped, meaning that the capsid is coated with a lipid membrane known as the viral envelope. The envelope is acquired by the capsid from an intracellular membrane in the virus' host; examples include the inner nuclear membrane, the golgi membrane, and the cell's outer membrane.[6]
Once the virus has infected a cell and begins replicating itself, new capsid subunits are synthesized according to the genetic material of the virus, using the protein biosynthesis mechanism of the cell. During the assembly process, a portal subunit is assembled at one vertex of the capsid. Through this portal, viral DNA or RNA is transported into the capsid.[7]
Structural analyses of major capsid protein (MCP) architectures have been used to categorise viruses into families. For example, the bacteriophage PRD1, Paramecium bursaria Chlorella algal virus, and mammalian adenovirus have been placed in the same family.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Specific shapes
1.1 Icosahedral
1.2 Prolate
1.3 Helical
2 Functions
3 Chemical properties
4 Origin and evolution
5 See also
6 References
Specific shapes[edit]
Icosahedral[edit]
Icosahedral capsid of an adenovirus
Virus capsid T-numbers
The icosahedral structure is extremely common among viruses. The number and arrangement of capsomeres in an icosahedral capsid can be classified using the "quasi-equivalence principle" proposed by Donald Caspar and Aaron Klug.[10] Like the Goldberg polyhedra, an icosahedral structure can be regarded as being constructed from pentamers and hexamers. The structures can be indexed by two integers h and k, with h ≥ 1 {\displaystyle h\geq 1} and k ≥ 0 {\displaystyle k\geq 0} ; the structure can be thought of as taking h steps from the edge of a pentamer, turning 60 degrees counterclockwise, then taking k steps to get to the next pentamer. The triangulation number T for the capsid is defined as:
T = h 2 + h ⋅ k + k 2 {\displaystyle T=h^{2}+h\cdot k+k^{2}}
Icosahedral capsids contain 12 pentamers plus 10(T − 1) hexamers. [11][12] The T-number is representative of the size and complexity of the capsid proteins: all know viruses with T > 7 require auxillary proteins for assembly.[13] Geometric examples for many values of h, k, and T can be found at List of geodesic polyhedra and Goldberg polyhedra. Although this classification can be applied to the majority of known viruses, exceptions are known including the retroviruses where point mutations disrupt the symmetry.[12]
T-numbers can be represented in different ways, for example T = 1 can only be represented as an icosahedron or a dodecahedron and, depending on the type of quasi-symmetry, T = 3 can be presented as a truncated dodecahedron, an icosidodecahedron, or a truncated icosahedron and their respective duals a triakis icosahedron, a rhombic triacontahedron, or a pentakis dodecahedron.[14][clarification needed]
Prolate[edit]
The prolate structure of a typical head on a bacteriophage
An elongated icosahedron is a common shape for the heads of bacteriophages. Such a structure is composed of a cylinder with a cap at either end. The cylinder is composed of 10 triangles. The Q number, which can be any positive integer[dubious – discuss], specifies the number of triangles, composed of asymmetric subunits, that make up the 10 triangles of the cylinder. The caps are classified by the T number.[15]
Helical[edit]
3D model of a helical capsid structure of a virus
Many rod-shaped and filamentous plant viruses have capsids with helical symmetry.[16] The helical structure can be described as a set of n 1-D molecular helices related by an n-fold axial symmetry.[17] The helical transformation are classified into two categories: one-dimensional and two-dimensional helical systems.[17] Creating an entire helical structure relies on a set of translational and rotational matrices which are coded in the protein data bank.[17] Helical symmetry is given by the formula P = μ x ρ, where μ is the number of structural units per turn of the helix, ρ is the axial rise per unit and P is the pitch of the helix. The structure is said to be open due to the characteristic that any volume can be enclosed by varying the length of the helix.[18] The most understood helical virus is the tobacco mosaic virus.[16] The virus is a single molecule of (+) strand RNA. Each coat protein on the interior of the helix bind three nucleotides of the RNA genome. Influenza A viruses differ by comprising multiple ribonucleoproteins, the viral NP protein organizes the RNA into a helical structure. The size is also different the tobacco mosaic virus has a 16.33 protein subunits per helical turn,[16] while the influenza A virus has a 28 amino acid tail loop.[citation needed]
Functions[edit]
The functions of the virion are to:
protect the genome,
deliver the genome, and
interact with the host.
The virion must assemble a stable, protective protein shell to protect the genome from lethal chemical and physical agents. These include forms of natural radiation, extremes of pH or temperature and proteolytic and nucleolytic enzymes. Delivery of the genome is also important by specific binding to external receptors of the host cell, transmission of specific signals that induce uncoating of the genome, and induction of fusion with host cell membranes.[18][clarification needed]
Chemical properties[edit]
The viral particle must be metastable so that interactions can be readily reversed when entering and uncoating a new host cell. If it attains the minimum free energy state conformation will be irreversible associated with attachment and entry.[clarification needed] Each subunit of the capsid has identical bonding contacts with its neighbors, and the two binding contacts are usually noncovalent. The non-covalent bonding holds the structural unit together. The reversible formation of non-covalent bonds between properly folded subunits leads to error-free assembly and minimizes free energy.[18]
Origin and evolution[edit]
It has been suggested that many viral capsid proteins have evolved on multiple occasions from functionally diverse cellular proteins.[19] The recruitment of cellular proteins appears to have occurred at different stages of evolution, so that some cellular proteins were captured and refunctionalized prior to the divergence of cellular organisms into the three contemporary domains of life, whereas others were hijacked relatively recently. As a result, some capsid proteins are widespread in viruses infecting distantly related organisms (e.g., capsid proteins with the jelly-roll fold), whereas others are restricted to a particular group of viruses (e.g., capsid proteins of alphaviruses).[19]
See also[edit]
Viruses portal
Geodesic polyhedron
Goldberg–Coxeter construction
Fullerene#Other buckyballs
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capsid.
Jump up ^ Lidmar J, Mirny L, Nelson DR (2003). "Virus shapes and buckling transitions in spherical shells". Phys. Rev. E. 68 (5): 051910. arXiv:cond-mat/0306741  . Bibcode:2003PhRvE..68e1910L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.68.051910.
Jump up ^ Vernizzi G, Olvera de la Cruz M (2007). "Faceting ionic shells into icosahedra via electrostatics". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104 (47): 18382–18386. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10418382V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703431104.
Jump up ^ Vernizzi G, Sknepnek R, Olvera de la Cruz M (2011). "Platonic and Archimedean geometries in multicomponent elastic membranes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 108 (11): 4292–4296. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.4292V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012872108. PMC 3060260  . PMID 21368184.
Jump up ^ Branden, Carl; Tooze, John (1991). Introduction to Protein Structure. New York: Garland. pp. 161–162. ISBN 0-8153-0270-3.
Jump up ^ "Virus Structure (web-books.com)".
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce; Bray, Dennis; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Watson, James D. (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). p. 280.
Jump up ^ Newcomb WW, Homa FL, Brown JC (August 2005). "Involvement of the Portal at an Early Step in Herpes Simplex Virus Capsid Assembly". Journal of Virology. 79 (16): 10540–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.16.10540-10546.2005. PMC 1182615  . PMID 16051846.
Jump up ^ Krupovic, M; Bamford, DH (2008). "Virus evolution: how far does the double beta-barrel viral lineage extend?". Nat Rev Microbiol. 6 (12): 941–8. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2033. PMID 19008892.
Jump up ^ Khayat et al. classified Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV) and Laurinmäki et al. classified bacteriophage Bam35 – Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 3669 (2006); 102, 18944 (2005); Structure 13, 1819 (2005)
Jump up ^ Caspar, D. L. D.; Klug, A. (1962). "Physical Principles in the Construction of Regular Viruses". Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 27: 1–24. doi:10.1101/sqb.1962.027.001.005. PMID 14019094.
Jump up ^ "T-number index". VIPERdb. La Jolla, CA: The Scripps Research Institute. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn840. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, J. E.; Speir, J.A. (2009). Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 115–123. ISBN 0-12-375146-2.
Jump up ^ Mannige RV, Brooks CL III (2010). "Periodic Table of Virus Capsids: Implications for Natural Selection and Design". PLoS ONE. 5 (3): e9423. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9423M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009423. PMC 2831995  . PMID 20209096.
Jump up ^ K. V. Damodaran; Vijay S. Reddy; John E. Johnson; Charles L. Brooks III (2002). "A General Method to Quantify Quasi-equivalence in Icosahedral Viruses". J. Mol. Biol. 324 (4): 723–737. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01138-5. PMID 12460573.
Jump up ^ Casens, S. (2009). Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 167–174. ISBN 0-12-375146-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yamada S, Matsuzawa T, Yamada K, Yoshioka S, Ono S, Hishinuma T (December 1986). "Modified inversion recovery method for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging". Sci Rep Res Inst Tohoku Univ Med. 33 (1–4): 9–15. PMID 3629216.
^ Jump up to: a b c Aldrich RA (February 1987). "Children in cities—Seattle's KidsPlace program". Acta Paediatr Jpn. 29 (1): 84–90. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.1987.tb00013.x. PMID 3144854.
^ Jump up to: a b c Racaniello, Vincent R.; Enquist, L. W. (2008). Principles of Virology, Vol. 1: Molecular Biology. Washington, D.C: ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-479-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Krupovic, M; Koonin, EV (2017). "Multiple origins of viral capsid proteins from cellular ancestors". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 114 (12): E2401–E2410. doi:10.1073/pnas.1621061114. PMID 28265094.
Robert Williams The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A source book of Design, 1979, pp. 142–144, Figure 4-49,50,51 Custers of 12 spheres, 42 spheres, 92 spheres
Antony Pugh, Polyhedra: a visual approach, 1976, Chapter 6. The Geodesic Polyhedra of R. Buckminster Fuller and Related Polyhedra
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