text:
Hastings Insurance
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Hastings Group Holdings
Type
Public limited company
Traded as
LSE: HSTG
Industry
Insurance
Founded
1997
Headquarters
Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex, United Kingdom
Key people
Mike Fairey, (Chairman)
Gary Hoffman, (CEO)
Revenue
£596.9 million (2016)[1]
Operating income
£152.1 million (2016)[1]
Net income
£78.4 million (2016)[1]
Website
www.hastingsplc.com
Hastings Insurance Services Ltd is a UK personal lines insurance broker servicing customers online, by phone and by branch. The company provides car, bike, van and home insurance, as well as a range of ancillary products and services such as breakdown cover, personal accident, substitute vehicle and key and legal cover. It is part of the Hastings Group, a UK public limited company which is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Operations
3 Sponsorship
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Conquest House at Bexhill-on-Sea, Head Office of Hastings Insurance
The company was established, based on business plan prepared by David Gundlach and Andrew Bowen, as "Hastings Direct" in 1997.[2] It was acquired by Insurance Australia Group in 2006[3] and then by its management in 2009.[4] In 2011 the company announced that 150 new posts would be created, with the first 60 to be recruited in January in the Bexhill, Hastings, Eastbourne, Brighton and Hove areas.[5] Goldman Sachs acquired a 50% interest in the company in 2013.[6] The company was the subject of an initial public offering in October 2015.[6]
Operations[edit]
The company trades under the Hastings Direct, Hastings Premier, Hastings Essential, SmartMiles, People's Choice and insurePink brands.[7][8] In 2012, the company launched a usage-based insurance product under the Hastings Direct SmartMiles brand. The SmartMiles product requires a telematics device to be fitted to the insured vehicle.[9]
The company is known for its mascot, Harry Hastings, an animated figure dressed in armour from the Battle of Hastings in 1066.[10] Based in Bexhill-on-Sea, the company is one of the largest employers on the South Coast. The company also has a second call centre in Leicester.[11]
Sponsorship[edit]
The company sponsored the Eastbourne International tennis tournament between 2003[12] and 2007[13] in a deal worth £350,000 per year.[14]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Preliminary Results for year ended 31 December 2016". Hastings Insurance. Retrieved 21 April 2017. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Hastings Van Insurance". Customer Care. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Selfless Portrait: Man Leaves $150M to City of Elkhart". Indianapolis Monthly. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hastings and Advantage MBO team speak out". www.postonline.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hastings Direct creates 150 jobs". The Recruiter. 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hastings shares trade below IPO price". 12 October 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hastings Direct".
Jump up ^ "People's Choice".
Jump up ^ "Hastings Direct gives details of telematics trial | Latest News | Insurance Times". m.insurancetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Harry Hastings and Stephen Seagull return in Hastings Direct TV ad series". The Drum. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hastings Direct set to grow workforce in Leicester". Leicester Mercury. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hastings Direct signs two-year tennis sponsorship deal". BrandRepublic. 10 March 2003. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hastings Direct quits as Ladies' Tennis Sponsor". Eastbourne Herald. 2 February 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tennis bosses serve blow to Eastbourne". The Angus. 25 June 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
External links[edit]
Official website
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text:
Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Who Do You Think You Are?
Genre
Documentary
Created by
Alex Graham
Wall to Wall Media
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
69
Production
Executive producer(s)
Lisa Kudrow
Running time
42 minutes
Production company(s)
Shed Media US
Is or Isn't Entertainment
Release
Original network
NBC (2010–12)
TLC (2013–present)
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
March 5, 2010 (2010-03-05) – present
External links
Website
www.tlc.com/tv-shows/who-do-you-think-you-are
For the UK series of the same name, see Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series).
Who Do You Think You Are? is an American genealogy documentary series that is an adaptation of the British BBC series of the same name. In each episode, a different celebrity goes on a journey to trace parts of his or her family tree. The show premiered on NBC on March 5, 2010, as one of the replacement shows of The Jay Leno Show. It ran on NBC for three seasons before being cancelled in 2012;[1] it was then picked up by TLC,[2] where it has aired for six additional seasons.[3][4]
Lisa Kudrow is an executive producer for the series, which is a partnership between Shed Media, NBC Entertainment and Ancestry.com.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
1.1 Season 1 (2010)
1.2 Season 2 (2011)
1.3 Season 3 (2012)
1.4 Season 4 (2013)
1.5 Season 5 (2014)
1.6 Season 6 (2015)
1.7 Season 7 (2015)
1.8 Season 8 (2016)
1.9 Season 9 (2017)
1.10 Season 10 (2018)
1.11 Specials
2 Ratings
2.1 Season 1: 2010
2.2 Season 2: 2011
2.3 Season 7: 2015
3 DVD releases
4 International distribution
5 Awards and nominations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Network
1 7 March 5, 2010 (2010-03-05) April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30) NBC
2 8 February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04) April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)
3 12 February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03) May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18)
4 8 July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23) September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10) TLC
5 6 July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23) August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)
6 8 March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08) April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
7 5 July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26) August 30, 2015 (2015 -08-30)
8 6 April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03) May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
9 8 March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05) April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)
Specials 1 August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)
Season 1 (2010)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
1
1 "Sarah Jessica Parker" Cincinnati, Ohio; El Dorado County, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Danvers, Massachusetts March 5, 2010 (2010-03-05)
2
2 "Emmitt Smith" Pensacola, Florida; Burnt Corn, Alabama; Claiborne, Alabama; Boydton, Virginia; Ouidah, Benin March 12, 2010 (2010-03-12)
3
3 "Lisa Kudrow" Minsk, Belarus, Ilya, Belarus; Gdynia, Poland March 19, 2010 (2010-03-19)
4
4 "Matthew Broderick" Jersey City, New Jersey; New York City, New York; Forest of Argonne, France; Hartford, Connecticut; Atlanta, Georgia; Marietta National Cemetery, Cobb County, Georgia March 26, 2010 (2010-03-26)
5
5 "Brooke Shields" Newark, New Jersey; New York City, New York; Rome, Italy; Augerolles, France; Paris, France April 2, 2010 (2010-04-02)
6
6 "Susan Sarandon" Virginia; New York City, New York; Florence; Coreglia Antelminelli; Rockland County, New York April 23, 2010 (2010-04-23)
7
7 "Spike Lee" Atlanta, Georgia; Twiggs County, Georgia; Arlington, Texas April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)
Season 2 (2011)[edit]
NBC ordered a second season for the reality series on April 5, 2010.[5] The second season of the series began on February 4, 2011, and consisted of eight episodes. The first episode featured Vanessa Williams. Following episodes featured Tim McGraw, Rosie O'Donnell, Kim Cattrall, Lionel Richie, Steve Buscemi, Gwyneth Paltrow and Ashley Judd.[6][7] Cattrall's episode is an edited version of the original one that she made for the British series in 2009.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
8
1 "Vanessa L. Williams" Chappaqua, New York; Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York; Washington, D.C.; Johns Island, South Carolina; Baltimore, Maryland; Memphis, Tennessee; Nashville, Tennessee February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)
9
2 "Tim McGraw" Kansas City, Missouri; Big Stone Gap, Virginia; Rye Cove, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Shenandoah Valley; Washington, D.C.; New York City, New York; Franklin, Tennessee February 11, 2011 (2011-02-11)
10
3 "Rosie O'Donnell" Nyack, New York; Jersey City, New Jersey; New York City, New York (Manhattan and Brooklyn); Secaucus, New Jersey; Montreal, Quebec; Dublin, Ireland; County Wicklow, Ireland; Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland; Birr, County Offaly, Ireland February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)
11
4 "Kim Cattrall" Liverpool, England; Derbyshire, England; Durham, County Durham, England; Tudhoe, County Durham, England; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada February 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)
12
5 "Lionel Richie" Los Angeles, California; Tuskegee, Alabama; Nashville, Tennessee; Chattanooga, Tennessee March 4, 2011 (2011-03-04)
13
6 "Steve Buscemi" Brooklyn, New York; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fredericksburg, Virginia; Camden, New Jersey March 25, 2011 (2011-03-25)
14
7 "Gwyneth Paltrow" Manhattan, New York City, New York; Bridgetown, Barbados April 1, 2011 (2011-04-01)
15
8 "Ashley Judd" Louisville, Kentucky; Frankfort, Kentucky; Saltville, Virginia; Boston, Massachusetts; York, England; Boston, Lincolnshire, England; Cambridge, England; Plymouth, Devon, England April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)
Season 3 (2012)[edit]
The show was renewed for a third season by NBC on February 22, 2011, and aired during the 2011–2012 television season.[8] The 12 celebrities included in season 3 were Marisa Tomei, Rob Lowe, Paula Deen, Rashida Jones, Jerome Bettis, Reba McEntire, Helen Hunt, Edie Falco, Rita Wilson, Jason Sudeikis, Martin Sheen and Blair Underwood. The show returned on February 3, 2012.[9]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
16
1 "Martin Sheen" Malibu, California; Dublin, Ireland; Madrid, Spain; Pamplona, Navarre, Spain; Tui, Galicia, Spain; La Coruña, Galicia, Spain; Parderrubias, Galicia, Spain February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)
17
2 "Marisa Tomei" Manhattan, New York City, New York; Livorno, Tuscany, Italy (Cecina, Rio nell'Elba, Portoferraio and Castiglioncello); Lucca, Tuscany, Italy February 10, 2012 (2012-02-10)
18
3 "Blair Underwood" Los Angeles, California; Petersburg, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Lynchburg, Virginia; Babungo, Northwest Region, Cameroon February 24, 2012 (2012-02-24)
19
4 "Reba McEntire" Stringtown, Oklahoma; Aberdeen, Mississippi; Raleigh, North Carolina; Oxford, North Carolina; Tappahannock, Virginia; Cheshire, England March 2, 2012 (2012-03-02)
20
5 "Jerome Bettis" Detroit, Michigan; Paducah, Kentucky; Calloway County, Kentucky March 9, 2012 (2012-03-09)
21
6 "Helen Hunt" Los Angeles, California; Pasadena, California; San Francisco, California; Portland, Maine March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)
22
7 "Rita Wilson" Los Angeles, California; Oraio, Greece; Smolyan, Bulgaria; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Sofia, Bulgaria March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)
23
8 "Edie Falco" Long Island, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; England (Fulham; Penzance) April 6, 2012 (2012-04-06)
24
9 "Rob Lowe" Santa Barbara, California; Washington, D.C.; Trenton, New Jersey; Newtown, Pennsylvania; Germany (Marburg; Hessisch Lichtenau) April 27, 2012 (2012-04-27)
25
10 "Rashida Jones" Los Angeles, California; New York City, New York; Dublin, Ireland; Latvia (Riga; Aizpute; Rumbula) May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)
26
11 "Jason Sudeikis" New York City, New York; Overland Park, Kansas; Chicago, Illinois; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania May 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)
27
12 "Paula Deen" Savannah, Georgia; Albany, Georgia; Morrow, Georgia; Athens, Georgia; Atlanta, Georgia; Leesburg, Georgia May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18)
Season 4 (2013)[edit]
After being cancelled by NBC, TLC picked up the series and the new season began on July 23, 2013. Celebrities taking part in the fourth season were Christina Applegate, Cindy Crawford, Zooey Deschanel, Chelsea Handler, Kelly Clarkson, Trisha Yearwood, Jim Parsons and Chris O'Donnell.[10]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
28
1 "Kelly Clarkson" Columbus, Ohio; Decatur, Georgia; Andersonville, Georgia; Marietta, Ohio; Coal Run, Ohio July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)
29
2 "Christina Applegate" Trenton, New Jersey July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)
30
3 "Chelsea Handler" Bochum, Germany; Herne, Germany; Berlin, Germany; Saint-Raphaël, France; Algona, Iowa August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)
31
4 "Zooey Deschanel" Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Swarthmore, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Christiana, Pennsylvania August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)
32
5 "Chris O'Donnell" St. Louis, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Annapolis, Maryland; Baltimore, Maryland August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)
33
6 "Cindy Crawford" Boston, Massachusetts; Hartford, Connecticut; Taunton, England; London, England; Aachen, Germany August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)
34
7 "Trisha Yearwood" Nashville, Tennessee; Hampshire, England; Kew, England; Atlanta, Georgia September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)
35
8 "Jim Parsons" New Orleans, Louisiana; Paris, France; Versailles, France September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)
Season 5 (2014)[edit]
TLC renewed the show on September 10, 2013. The season premiered on July 23, 2014 and featured Cynthia Nixon, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Rachel McAdams, Valerie Bertinelli, and Kelsey Grammer. Initially, an episode featuring Lauren Graham was planned but cancelled. Just like Kim Cattrall's episode, the network chose to air an edited version of an episode that Minnie Driver had made for the original BBC series in 2013.[11][12]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
36
1 "Cynthia Nixon" Manhattan, New York City, New York; Washington, D.C; Jefferson City, Missouri; Leasburg, Missouri July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23)
37
2 "Jesse Tyler Ferguson" Albuquerque, New Mexico; Annapolis, Maryland; Evanston, Illinois; Wrangell, Alaska July 30, 2014 (2014-07-30)
38
3 "Rachel McAdams[a]" Plymouth, Devon, England; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada; Toronto, Ontario, Canada August 6, 2014 (2014-08-06)
39
4 "Valerie Bertinelli" Scranton, Pennsylvania; Lanzo, Torino, Italy; London, United Kingdom August 13, 2014 (2014-08-13)
40
5 "Kelsey Grammer" Beverly Hills, California; San Francisco, California; Oakland, California; Portland, Oregon; Baker City, Oregon; Salem, Oregon; Benton County, Oregon August 20, 2014 (2014-08-20)
41
6 "Minnie Driver" United Kingdom August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)
Jump up ^ The episode also featured McAdams' sister Kayleen McAdams, a Hollywood make-up artist.
Season 6 (2015)[edit]
Season 6 premiered on March 8, 2015.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
42
1 "Julie Chen" Los Angeles, California; Singapore; Penglai, Shandong, China March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)
43
2 "Josh Groban" Los Angeles, California; Stuttgart, Germany March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)
44
3 "Angie Harmon" Charlotte, North Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Harrodsburg, Kentucky March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)
45
4 "Sean Hayes" Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Dublin, Ireland; Tarbert, Ireland March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)
46
5 "Tony Goldwyn" Los Angeles, California; Albany, New York; Nunda, New York; Portland, Oregon; The Dalles, Oregon; Salem, Oregon; Hood River, Oregon April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05)
47
6 "America Ferrera" New York City, New York; La Esperanza, Intibucá, Honduras; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; San Jerónimo, Copán, Honduras April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
48
7 "Bill Paxton" Los Angeles, California; Washington, D.C.; Blacksburg, South Carolina; Richmond, Virginia; Warren County, Missouri April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)
49
8 "Melissa Etheridge" Los Angeles, California; Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Chester, Illinois; Kaskaskia, Illinois; Ste. Genevieve, Missouri April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
Season 7 (2015)[edit]
Season 7 premiered on July 26, 2015. This season featured Ginnifer Goodwin, J. K. Rowling, Alfre Woodard, Bryan Cranston, and Tom Bergeron.[13] Rowling's episode was an edited version of her appearance on the original BBC series in 2011.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
50
1 "Ginnifer Goodwin" Los Angeles, California; Batesville, Arkansas; Little Rock, Arkansas; Shreveport, Louisiana July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
51
2 "J. K. Rowling" Edinburgh, Scotland; Paris, France; Brumath, Alsace, France August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)
52
3 "Alfre Woodard" Los Angeles, California; Perry, Georgia; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Jackson Parish, Louisiana August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)
53
4 "Bryan Cranston" Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Springfield, Illinois; Montreal, Quebec; Dayton, Ohio August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
54
5 "Tom Bergeron" Portsmouth, New Hampshire; La Rochelle, France; Quebec City, Quebec August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)
Season 8 (2016)[edit]
Season 8 premiered on April 3, 2016. The list of celebrity participants included Aisha Tyler, Scott Foley, Lea Michele, Chris Noth, Katey Sagal, and Molly Ringwald.[14]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
55
1 "Aisha Tyler" Oberlin, Ohio; Cleveland, Ohio; Austin, Texas April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)
56
2 "Scott Foley" Washington, D.C.; Boston, Massachusetts; Salem, Massachusetts April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)
57
3 "Katey Sagal" New York, New York; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania April 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)
58
4 "Molly Ringwald" Brooklyn, New York; Lund, Sweden; Höganäs, Sweden; Washington County, Nebraska; Arlington, Nebraska April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
59
5 "Chris Noth" Chicago, Illinois; London, England; Elvas, Portugal; County Cavan, Ireland May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
60
6 "Lea Michele" Bronx, New York; Ellis Island May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
Season 9 (2017)[edit]
On June 9, 2016, the series was renewed for a ninth season to consist of 8 episodes which premiered on March 5, 2017.[4] The list of celebrities that participated includes Jessica Biel, Julie Bowen, Courteney Cox, Jennifer Grey, Smokey Robinson, John Stamos, Liv Tyler and Noah Wyle.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date
61
1 "Courteney Cox" Los Angeles, California; Gloucestershire, England; London, England March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
62
2 "Julie Bowen" Chicago, Illinois; Washington, Pennsylvania March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
63
3 "Jennifer Grey" Brooklyn, New York March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
64
4 "Noah Wyle" Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi; Beauvoir (Biloxi, Mississippi) March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
65
5 "Jessica Biel" Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; St Louis, Missouri; Miller County, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Alton, Illinois April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
66
6 "Smokey Robinson" Los Angeles, California; Memphis, Tennessee; Washington, D.C.; Fayette County, Tennessee April 9, 2016 (2016-04-09)
67
7 "John Stamos" Athens, Greece; Levidi, Greece; Nafplio, Greece; Kakouri, Greece April 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)
68
8 "Liv Tyler" Plattsburg, New York; Washington D.C.; Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Schuylerville, New York April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
Season 10 (2018)[edit]
The series has been renewed for its tenth season, airing in spring 2018.[15]
Specials[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
1
1 "Into the Archives" August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)
Some of the biggest emotional and shocking highlights from past seasons.
Ratings[edit]
Season 1: 2010[edit]
No.
Episode
Rating
Share
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)
1 "Sarah Jessica Parker"
4.6[16]
8
1.6/6[17]
6.85
2
5
2 "Emmitt Smith"
4.5[18]
8
1.8/6[19]
7.15
2
4
3 "Lisa Kudrow"
4.7
9
1.7/7
7.14
2
3
4 "Matthew Broderick"
4.1
8
1.5/5
6.21
3
9
5 "Brooke Shields"
4.0
8
1.4/6
5.90
1
5
6 "Susan Sarandon"
4.2
8[20]
1.3/5
6.35
1
2[21]
7 "Spike Lee"
3.5
7[22]
1.2/5
5.21
2
7[23]
Season 2: 2011[edit]
No.
Episode
Rating
Share
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)
Note
1 "Vanessa Williams"
4.5
8
1.3/4
7.31
3
6
[24]
2 "Tim McGraw"
4.2
7
1.4/5
6.59
2
4
[25]
3 "Rosie O'Donnell"
3.8
7
1.3/5
5.88
3
8
[26]
4 "Kim Cattrall"
4.1
7
1.2/4
6.18
3
9
[27]
5 "Lionel Richie"
3.9
7
1.2/4
6.11
2
5
[28]
6 "Steve Buscemi"
4.2
8
1.3/5
6.55
1
4
[29]
7 "Gwyneth Paltrow"
4.1
7
1.3/5
6.01
2
4
[30]
8 "Ashley Judd"
3.7
7
1.3/4
5.76
1
4
[31][32]
Season 7: 2015[edit]
No.
Episode
Rating
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "Ginnifer Goodwin"
0.34[33]
1.428[33]
2 "J.K. Rowling"
0.32[34]
1.527[34]
3 "Alfre Woodard"
4 "Into the Archives"
DVD releases[edit]
Complete season
Release dates
DVD extras
and bonus features
Number
of discs
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Season 1
March 15, 2011[35] February 1, 2011[36] August 12, 2010[37] None 2
Season 2
May 1, 2012[38] February 20, 2012[39] TBA TBA 2
International distribution[edit]
In Australia, season 1 began airing on the Nine Network on April 28, 2010.[40] Season 2 and reruns of season 1 will now air on sister channel, GEM. For a reason unexplained by Nine, the episodes featuring Spike Lee and Emmitt Smith were not aired in the initial Australian screenings.
In the Republic of Ireland, the first season of the US version began airing on RTÉ One on Thursday, May 27, 2010, at 22:25.[41] The second series premiered on RTÉ One on Monday, July 4, 2011, at 22:40.[42]
In the United Kingdom, the first season of the US version began airing on BBC One on Sunday, June 13, 2010, at 21:15, the show received the same voice-over as the UK original series.[43] The second series, premiered on Wednesday, November 16, 2011, at 22:45. The first episode shown was that following Steve Buscemi. The fourth series premiered on BBC1 at midnight on Tuesday, January 14, 2014. The order of celebrity is changed in the opening credits to Applegate, Clarkson, O'Donnell, Deschanel, Crawford and Parsons. Handler and Yearwood are not featured as they have little profile in the UK.
In Sweden, the first season of the US version began airing with Swedish subtitles on SVT on Tuesday, September 14, 2010, at 13:20.
In Greece, the first season of the US version began airing with Greek subtitles on Fox Life on Thursday, October 14, 2010, at 21:55.
In Finland, the first season of the US version began airing with Finnish subtitles on MTV3 on Thursday December 30, 2010, at 20:00, called Sukujuuria etsimässä, "Looking for family roots".
In Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Former Yugoslav republics, the US version airs on Universal Channel, the British version airs on Viasat History.
In The Netherlands, the US versions of season 1 & 2 aired on August 8, 2013.
In Italy, the show began airing on Studio Universal on February 4, 2013. Reruns of season 2 and season 1 began airing on LaEFFE since May, 2013.
In Germany, it began airing on RTL Living on November 25, 2011. The network also aired the British version of the series on January 6, 2012.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Presenter
Award
Result
2012 64th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Reality Program Nominated
2014 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Structured Reality Program Nominated
2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Structured Reality Program Nominated
2018 Critics' Choice Awards Best Structured Reality Series Pending
See also[edit]
African American Lives
Ancestors in the Attic
Finding Your Roots
Genealogy Roadshow
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 13, 2012). "'Fear Factor,' 'Minute to Win It,' Who Do You Think You Are?' and 'The Sing Off' All Canceled by NBC". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stromblad, Cory (25 February 2013). "Kelly Clarkson Embraces Her Southern Roots on 'Who Do You Think You Are?'". Taste of Country. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "TLC Renews "Who Do You Think You Are?" and "Long Lost Family" for Additional Seasons". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "TLC Reveals New Celebrity Contributors for "Who Do You Think You Are?"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (April 5, 2010). "NBC renews "Marriage Ref, "Minute To Win It," and "Who Do You Think You Are?"". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ CW - Primetime Calender thru to March 4, 2011
Jump up ^ 'Who Do You Think You Are?': NBC Announces The Celebrities Tracing Their Family Trees On Season Two Archived 2010-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. NBC
Jump up ^ "NBC Picks Up 'The Biggest Loser,' 'Who Do You Think You Are?' and 'The Sing-Off' For 2011-12". NBC.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley. "Martin Sheen, Reba McEntire, Rob Lowe Among 'Who Do You Think You Are?' Season 3 Cast". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ TLC Reveals the Celebrity Contributors on 'Who Do You Think You Are?' Including Kelly Clarkson & Jim Parsons TVbytheNumbers
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (June 4, 2014). ""Who Do You Think You Are?" Season 5 to Feature Cynthia Nixon, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Rachel McAdams".
Jump up ^ "Updates On New Season Of "Who Do You Think You Are?" And TLC Network". July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (June 25, 2015). "Bryan Cranston and more to appear on new season of family history series 'Who Do You Think You Are?'".
Jump up ^ Smolenyak, Megan. "New Season of 'Who Do You Think You Are?' Launching April 3rd". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "TLC Renews "Who Do You Think You Are?" for New Season Premiering Spring 2018". The Futon Critic. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Hanh (March 6, 2010). "TV Ratings: CBS edges out NBC Friday". ZAP2it.com. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (March 6, 2010). "TV Ratings: Medium, Dateline Lead Night; Who Do You Think You Are Debuts". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 13, 2010). "TV ratings: 'Numb3rs' finale leads CBS Friday". Zap2It.com. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (March 13, 2010). "TV Ratings: Numb3rs Counted For the Last Time?". TVByTheNumbers.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Law, Christine (April 24, 2010). "TV Ratings: Family tree show helps NBC take a Friday win". ZAP2it.com. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (April 24, 2010). "TV Ratings: Dateline Leads NBC Win, As Food Revolution Ends Without A Bang". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 1, 2010). "TV ratings: CBS, NBC share Friday victory". ZAP2it.com. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 1, 2010). "TV Ratings: Dateline Leads Friday Again". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (February 7, 2011). "Friday Finals: No Adjustments for 'Fringe,' 'Supernatural,' 'Smallville' or Any Other Show's 18-49 Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (February 14, 2011). "Friday Final Ratings: 'CSI:NY' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment For 'Fringe,' 'Smallville,' 'Supernatural'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (February 22, 2011). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Blue Bloods' Falls; No Adjustments for 'Fringe,' 'Smallville' and 'Supernatural". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (February 28, 2011). "Friday Final Ratings: 'CSI:NY' Adjusted Up; No Adjustments For 'Fringe,' 'Supernatural,' 'Smallville'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (March 7, 2011). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Smallville' Adjusted Down, 20/20 Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 26, 2011). "Updated TV Ratings Friday: 'Fringe' Rebounds, 'Shark Tank's' Mark Cuban Still Can't Beat The Donald". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (April 2, 2011). "TV Ratings Friday: 'Chaos' Bombs; 'CSI:NY,' 'Blue Bloods' Return Down; 'Shark Tank' Steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (April 10, 2011). "TV Ratings Friday: 'Chaos' Goes Even Lower and Takes 'CSI: NY' & 'Blue Bloods' Down With It; 'Shark Tank' Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Futon Staff Critic (April 9, 2011). "Friday's Broadcast Ratings: 'Chaos' Craters in Second Week". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.26.2015 | Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.2.2015 | Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
Jump up ^ Who Do You Think You Are? DVD news: Announcement for Who Do You Think You Are? - Season 1 | TVShowsOnDVD.com
Jump up ^ Who Do You Think You Are - U.S. [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Film & TV
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? (Usa) | DVD Movies & TV Shows, Genres, Special Interest / Documentary : JB HI-FI". Jbhifionline.com.au. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
Jump up ^ Amazon.com: Who Do You Think You Are: Season 2: Who Do You Think You Are?: Movies & TV
Jump up ^ Who Do You Think You Are? USA - Series Two [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Vanessa Williams, Tim McGraw, Rosie O'Donnell, Lionel Richie, Steve Buscemi, Gwyneth Paltrow, Ashley Judd: ...
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are?". Channel Nine Australia. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "RTÉ News". Archived from the original on 2009-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? USA". RTÉ News.
Jump up ^ BBC One - Who Do You Think You Are?
External links[edit]
Official website
Who Do You Think You Are? on IMDb
Who Do You Think You Are? at TV.com
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text:
Battle of San Juan Hill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Battle of San Juan (disambiguation).
Battle of San Juan Hill
Part of the Spanish–American War
Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry at San Juan Hill, July 1, 1898.
Date
1 July 1898
Location
Near Santiago, Cuba
20°01′15″N 75°47′58″W / 20.02083°N 75.79944°W / 20.02083; -75.79944Coordinates: 20°01′15″N 75°47′58″W / 20.02083°N 75.79944°W / 20.02083; -75.79944
Result
Cuban-American victory[1]
Belligerents
United States Kingdom of Spain
Commanders and leaders
William R. Shafter
Joseph Wheeler[2] Arsenio Linares y Pombo
Strength
8,412[3] 521[4]
Casualties and losses
144 killed[3]
1,024 wounded[3]
72 missing[3] 114 killed [4]
366 wounded[4]
2 captured[4]
[show]
v
t
e
Spanish–American War and Cuban War of Independence: Santiago Campaign, 1898
1st Cardenas
2nd Cardenas
3rd Cárdenas
1st Cienfuegos
USS Merrimac
Guantánamo Bay
Fort Toro
2nd Cienfuegos
Las Guasimas
1st Manzanillo
Tayacoba
Aguadores
El Caney
San Juan Hill
2nd Manzanillo
Aguacate
1st Santiago
2nd Santiago
3rd Manzanillo
Nipe Bay
Manimani
4th Manzanillo
The Battle of San Juan Hill (1 July 1898), also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights, was a decisive battle of the Spanish–American War. The San Juan heights was a north-south running elevation about 2 kilometres (2,200 yd) east of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. The names San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill were given to the location by the Americans. This fight for the heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war. It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders, as claimed by the press and its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who was to eventually become first vice president and then president, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Order of battle
2.1 U.S.
3 Battle
3.1 "Hell's Pocket"
3.2 San Juan Heights
3.2.1 San Juan Hill
3.2.2 Kettle Hill
3.3 Spanish counterattack
4 Aftermath
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Background[edit]
Spanish General Arsenio Linares ordered 760 Spanish Army regular troops to hold the San Juan heights against an American offensive on 1 July 1898. For unclear reasons, Linares failed to reinforce this position, choosing to hold nearly 10,000 Spanish reserves in the city of Santiago de Cuba.
Spanish hilltop entrenchments, while typically well-concealed, were not all correctly positioned for plunging fire, which made return fire at the advancing Americans more difficult. Most of the Spanish fortifications and trench lines were laid out along the geographic crest of the heights instead of the military crest. This meant that the fire from the Spanish troops would have difficulty hitting the advancing enemy when the attacking Americans reached the defilade at the foot of the heights. Once they began scaling the hill, however, the attackers would be in full view of the defenders, who could engage the Americans with both rifle and artillery fire.[6]
Most Spanish troops were recently arrived conscripts, but their officers were skilled in fighting Cuban insurgents. The Spanish were well equipped with supporting artillery, and all Spanish soldiers were armed with 7 mm Mauser M1893 rifles, a modern repeating bolt-action weapon with a high rate of fire that used high-velocity cartridges and smokeless powder. Spanish artillery units were armed mainly with modern rapid-fire breech-loading cannon, again using smokeless powder.[7]
The American regular forces and troopers were armed with bolt-action Krag rifles chambered in the smokeless .30 Army caliber.[8] However, U.S. 3.2-inch artillery pieces were of an outmoded design, with a slow rate of fire due to bag powder charges and lack of a recoil mechanism.[7] They also used less powerful black powder charges, which limited the effective range of support fire for U.S. troops. The Americans also had a four-gun Gatling Gun Detachment commanded by Lt. John Henry Parker. Parker's men were equipped with four Colt Model 1895 Gatlings in .30 Army caliber. Although these guns were hand-cranked, they were nevertheless capable of 700 rpm or more in continuous fire, and were equipped with swivel mounts to allow greater field of fire coverage.[9]
General William Rufus Shafter commanded Fifth Army Corps, of about 15,000 troops in three divisions. Jacob F. Kent commanded the corps' 1st Division (brigade and division numbers in this era were only unique within their parent formation), while Henry W. Lawton commanded the 2nd Division. Joseph Wheeler commanded the dismounted Cavalry Division but was suffering from fever and had to turn over command to General Samuel S. Sumner.[10] Shafter's plans to attack Santiago de Cuba called for Lawton's division to move north and reduce the Spanish stronghold at El Caney, a task which was to take about two hours. Then they were to join with the rest of the troops for the attack on the San Juan Heights. The remaining two divisions would move directly against the San Juan heights, with Sumner in the center and Kent to the south. Shafter, too ill to personally direct the operations, set up his headquarters at El Pozo 2 mi (3.2 km) from the heights and communicated via mounted staff officers.
Order of battle[edit]
See also: San Juan Hill order of battle
U.S.[edit]
U. S. Army photo taken near the base of Kettle Hill about 4 July 1898. The soldier is pointing at the top of Kettle Hill. In the background are the block houses on San Juan Hill and the American encampment.
Fifth Army Corps – Major General William Rufus Shafter, Corps Executive Officer – Major General Joseph Wheeler (Cavalry Division)
1st Division – Brigadier General Jacob Ford Kent
1st Brigade – Brigadier General Hamilton S. Hawkins; consisted of the 6th and 16th Infantry Regiments, along with the 71st (New York Volunteer) Infantry Regiment
2nd Brigade – Colonel E. P. Pearson; consisting of the 2nd, 10th, and 21st U.S. Infantry Regiments
3rd Brigade – Colonel Charles A. Wikoff; consisting of the 9th, 13th and 24th (Colored) U.S. Infantry regiments
Cavalry Division (Dismounted) – Major General Joseph Wheeler; Division Executive Officer Samuel S. Sumner (1st Brigade) was in command of the division when the battle began as General Wheeler was ill. Wheeler returned to the front once the battle was underway.[11]
1st Brigade – Brigadier General Samuel S. Sumner, Brigade Executive Officer Colonel Henry K. Carroll (6th Cav); consisted of the 3rd U.S. Cavalry, 6th U.S. Cavalry and 9th U.S. Cavalry
2nd Brigade – Brigadier General Leonard Wood;[12] consisted of the 1st U.S. Cavalry, 10th U.S. Cavalry and 1st Volunteer Cavalry
The American assault line consisted of the following regiments: From the far left, attacking what later became known as San Juan Hill, was the 6th Infantry, the 9th Infantry, the 13th Infantry, the 16th Infantry, the 24th (Colored) Infantry, the 10th (Colored) Cavalry (the 10th was the only unit that assaulted both high points on the San Juan heights), with the 3rd Cavalry, 1st Volunteer Cavalry on the far right, attacking what later became known as Kettle Hill.
Battle[edit]
At the Bloody Ford of the San Juan by Frederic Remington, 1898
"Hell's Pocket"[edit]
A company from the Signal Corps ascended in a hot air balloon to reconnoiter the hills. The balloon made a good target for the Spaniards. Hawkins' brigade had already passed by the newfound route[clarification needed] and Kent ordered forward the brigade under Colonel Charles A. Wikoff. Wikoff began heading down the trail at noon, and 30 minutes later he emerged from the woods and was struck by a Mauser bullet. He died as his staff officers carried him to the rear. Lt. Col. William S. Worth, next in rank, assumed command, but within five minutes fell wounded. Lt. Col. Emerson Liscom assumed command and within another five minutes received a disabling wound. Lt. Col. Ezra P. Ewers, fourth in command of the brigade, assumed command. Kent and Sumner lined up for the attack and waited for Lawton's division to arrive from El Caney. Lawton did not arrive as scheduled, and no orders came from either Shafter or Wheeler. The troops waited at the base of the hill, plagued by constant Spanish Mauser gunfire in areas dubbed "Hell's Pocket" or "Bloody Ford".
San Juan Heights[edit]
San Juan Hill[edit]
In the meantime, Gen. Hamilton Hawkins' 1st Infantry Brigade was preparing to assault San Juan Hill, the higher of the two hilltops forming San Juan heights. The southernmost point was most recognizable for the Spanish blockhouse, a defensive fort that dominated the crest. The Cavalry Brigade then moved into position. In open view of the Spanish positions on the heights, the Americans suffered casualties from rifle and artillery fire while awaiting orders from General Shafter to take the hill. As the volume of fire increased, officers began to agitate for action.[6]
US Army photo showing trench and block house on San Juan Hill about 4 July 1898. Soldiers are from the 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiment.
The 2nd and 10th Infantry regiments of the 2nd Brigade were ordered by the brigade commander, Col. E. P. Pearson, to advance towards the Spanish lines. Positioned on the far left of the American line, the two regiments moved forward in good order, advanced towards a small knoll on the Spanish right flank, and drove groups of Spanish skirmishers back towards their trenches. A former brigade staff officer, First Lieutenant Jules Garesche Ord (son of General E. O. C. Ord),[6] officially of the 6th Infantry Regiment but temporarily assigned to D Company of the 10th due to sick and heat-disabled officers in the Fifth Corps, made a special request to General Hawkins. "General, if you will order a charge, I will lead it." Hawkins responded, "I will not ask for volunteers, I will not give permission and I will not refuse it," he said. "God bless you and good luck!"[6] Lt. Ord then asked the leaders to the right of the 10th Cavalry (members of the 3rd and 1st Volunteers) to "support the regulars" when they charged the heights. When Ord returned to his assigned unit, he advised his commander, Captain John Bigelow, Jr. of D Troop, of his conversation with the general. Bigelow gave the honor to sound the advance to Lt. Ord. With a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other, Ord stood up and ordered the advance of his unit. The Buffalo Soldiers (members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment) moved out of the trenches and up the hill. Units to the right began moving forward in a ripple effect to support the regulars. To the left of the 10th, a cheer went out from members of the 24th all-black Infantry Regiment, and they too moved toward the top of the heights. They were accompanied by elements of the 6th Infantry Regiment, including E Company, led by Capt. L. W. V. Kennon, as well as units from the 9th and 13th Infantry Regiments.[6][13] The 16th Infantry followed some distance behind the lead formations, while the 71st (New York Volunteer) infantry regiment, having failed to initially advance with the other regiments, remained at the rear.[14] As the units began their advance up the hill, they became separated, with the battalions of some regiments placed between those of other regiments.
The Scream of Shrapnel at San Juan Hill, by Frederic Remington, 1898
The Fifth Corps' newly formed Gatling Gun Detachment participated in the U.S. Army's first use of machine gun fire for mobile fire support in offensive combat.[15] Because U.S. black-powder artillery pieces lacked the range to reach the Spanish positions, Lt. John Parker's Gatling battery of four .30 caliber 10-barrelled guns was originally conceived as providing covering fire for the artillery trains. The Gatling Gun Detachment was ordered to move forward in support of the U.S. assault, and Lt. Parker received orders from his colonel to detach one gun to General Shafter's aide, Lt. John D. Miley, then to take the remaining three guns forward "to the best point you can find".[16] Parker set up his three Gatlings approximately 600 yd (550 m) from the San Juan Hill blockhouse and its surrounding trenches, occupied by Spanish regulars; 800 yd (730 m) away was another ridge-line, also with Spanish entrenchments. Being exposed, the Detachment soon came under attack and quickly lost five men to wounds and others to severe heat stroke. Ordinarily, four to six men were required to operate each Gatling gun. Nevertheless, the crews continued to fire at the Spanish. Lt. Parker's three rapid-fire[17] Gatlings provided covering fire for U.S. forces assaulting both hills.[18][19] Equipped with swivel mountings that enabled the gunners to rake Spanish positions, the three guns poured a continuous and demoralizing hail of bullets into the Spanish defensive lines. Witnessing the assault on San Juan Hill, more than one observer from the U.S. side noticed some of the Spanish defenders fleeing their trenches to escape the intense fire.[20][21] The Gatlings continued to fire until Lt. Parker observed Lt. Ferguson of the 13th Infantry waving a white handkerchief as a signal for the battery to cease firing to avoid causing friendly casualties.[22][23] The American assault then broke into a charge about 150 yd (140 m) from the crest of the hill.[16][24]
Major William Auman was the first commanding officer to reach the top of the hill. Lt. Ord was among the first to reach the crest of San Juan heights. As the Spanish fled, Lt. Ord directed supporting fire into the remaining Spanish until he was mortally wounded by a shot to the throat. General Hawkins was wounded shortly after.[6] At 13:50, Private Arthur Agnew of the 13th Infantry pulled down the Spanish flag atop the San Juan blockhouse.[25] General Wood sent requests for General Kent to send up infantry to strengthen his vulnerable position. When General Wheeler reached the trenches, he ordered breastworks constructed. The Americans' position on San Juan was exposed to artillery fire from within Santiago, and General Shafter feared the American position on Kettle Hill was vulnerable to counter-attack by Spanish forces. A Spanish counter-attack was launched late in the afternoon, but was easily beaten back with the aid of supporting Gatling fire from San Juan Hill. Though General Wheeler assured Shafter that the position could be held, Shafter nevertheless ordered a withdrawal. Before the men on Kettle Hill could withdraw, General Wheeler called aside Generals Kent and Sumner and reassured them that the line could be held. During the night, the Americans worked at strengthening the lines while awaiting reinforcements.[6]
Kettle Hill[edit]
Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill by Frederic Remington. In reality, they assaulted San Juan Heights and the portion later called Kettle Hill by the Americans.
The 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders), along with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, began a near simultaneous assault supporting the regulars of the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) up Kettle Hill, supported by the fire of three Gatling guns commanded by Lt. John H. Parker. Trooper Jesse D. Langdon of the 1st Volunteer Infantry, who accompanied Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders in their assault on Kettle Hill, reported:
We were exposed to the Spanish fire, but there was very little because just before we started, why, the Gatling guns opened up at the bottom of the hill, and everybody yelled, “The Gatlings! The Gatlings!” and away we went. The Gatlings just enfiladed the top of those trenches. We’d never have been able to take Kettle Hill if it hadn’t been for Parker’s Gatling guns.[18]
During the battle, Parker's Gatling guns expended approximately 18,000 rounds in eight and a half minutes (over 700 rounds per minute of continuous fire) into the Spanish defensive lines atop the heights, killing many of the defenders and forcing others to flee the trench lines, while disrupting the aim of any still alive who continued to resist.[26] Col. Egbert, commander of the 6th Infantry assaulting San Juan Hill, stated that his regiment was brought to a halt near the top of the hill to await the cease-fire order, as the Gatling fire striking the crest and trench line was so intense.[23] Col. Theodore Roosevelt later gave much of the credit for the successful capture of the Spanish positions atop the heights to Parker's inventive use of his Gatling Gun Detachment: "I think Parker deserved rather more credit than any other one man in the entire campaign ... he had the rare good judgment and foresight to see the possibilities of the machine-guns. He then, by his own exertions, got it to the front and proved that it could do invaluable work on the field of battle, as much in attack as in defense."[27] Roosevelt observed that the hammering sound of the guns raised the spirits of his men: "While thus firing, there suddenly smote on our ears a peculiar drumming sound. One or two of the men cried out, 'The Spanish machine guns!' but, after listening a moment, I leaped to my feet and called, 'It's the Gatlings, men! Our Gatlings!' Immediately the troopers began to cheer lustily, for the sound was most inspiring."[28][29]
Under continuous fire, the advance slowed as troops dropped from heat exhaustion. Officers from the rest of Wood's brigade, along with Carroll's, bunched up under fire. When the regulars of the all-black Buffalo Soldiers punched toward the top of the hill, the units became intermingled. One of the 10th's officers who took part in the attack, 1st Lieutenant John J. "Black Jack" Pershing, would later reach the highest rank ever held in the United States Army by a living officer—General of the Armies of the United States. Pershing later recalled that:
...the entire command moved forward as coolly as though the buzzing of bullets was the humming of bees. White regiments, black regiments, regulars and Rough Riders [i.e. volunteers], representing the young manhood of the North and the South, fought shoulder to shoulder, unmindful of race or color, unmindful of whether commanded by ex-Confederate or not, and mindful of only their common duty as Americans.[30]
When the American formations (10th, 3rd, and 1st Volunteers) reached the summit of Kettle Hill, they briefly fought hand to hand within the Spanish defensive works, at which point the Spanish retreated. Most reports name the first American soldier to reach the crest of Kettle Hill as Sgt. George Berry of the 10th Cavalry, who took both the 10th and 3rd Cavalry battle flags to the summit. This is supported in the writings of Pershing, who fought with the 10th on Kettle Hill and who was present when Col. Roosevelt reached the top.[6] Politics and racial discrimination led to many myths about the African-American involvement in the fighting in Cuba.[31][32]
Second Lieutenant Thomas H. Rynning is credited with being the first Rough Rider to reach the top of the hill, where he rallied his men with the Rough Riders' flag.[33]
General Linares's troops on San Juan heights fired on the newly-won American position on the crest of Kettle Hill. The Americans returned fire on the entrenched Spanish troops.[6] Seeing the "spontaneous advance" of the 1st Infantry Brigade, led by the 10th Cavalry, General Wheeler (having returned to the front) gave the order for General Kent to advance with his whole division and ordered the 3rd Brigade into the attack. Kent sent forward the 3rd Infantry Brigade, now effectively commanded by Lt. Col. Ezra P. Ewers,[34] to join the advance, which had successfully reached the heights.[6]"Previous to the return of the troops the newspapers in the Territory claimed the distinction for Arizona that [George] Truman of B Troop was the first American soldier on the Heights of San Juan. On return of the troops this statement was verified by Middleton, Owens and Sargent Norton of B Troop who were along with, and close to, Truman at the time the ascent was made."[35]
Spanish counterattack[edit]
Original title: "Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders at the top of the hill which they captured, Battle of San Juan Hill. US Army victors on Kettle Hill about 3 July 1898 after the battle of San Juan Hill(s)." Left to right are 3rd US Cavalry, 1st Volunteer Cavalry (with Roosevelt at center), and 10th US Cavalry.
A second similar picture is often seen, in which all but the 1st Volunteer Cavalry and Roosevelt are cropped out.
Witnessing the assault on San Juan Hill, Col. Roosevelt decided to cross the steep ravine from Kettle Hill to San Juan Hill to support the ongoing fighting. Calling for his men to follow, he ran forward, only to find just five of the Rough Riders following him (most had not heard his command). Roosevelt returned, gathered a larger group of men. Under advice he led them down the less steep western slope of Kettle Hill, past a small lagoon, and was ready to start up the northern extension of San Juan Hill. By then the fighting was over at the top of the heights. General Summer intercepted Roosevelt and angrily ordered him to return to Kettle Hill immediately to prepare for the expected counterattack. When he returned, his men were exhausted and his horse was spent from the heat. When the expected counterattack came, these men were ineffective.[36]
After the Spanish positions atop San Juan Hill had been taken, two of Lt. Parker's Gatling guns were dragged by mules up the slope to the captured position on San Juan ridge, where both were hurriedly emplaced among a line of skirmishers.[37] As the Americans were setting up the guns, the Spanish commenced a general counterattack on the heights.[38] Though the attack on San Juan was quickly broken up, the men on Kettle Hill faced a more serious attack from some 120 Spanish regulars.[citation needed] Ignoring an order from Col. Leonard Wood to reposition one or two of his Gatling guns to the top of Kettle Hill to support the 1st Volunteer and 3rd Cavalry, Parker instead ordered the closest Gatling, manned by Sgt. Green, to fire obliquely against 600 enemy soldiers attacking Kettle Hill.[24][38] From a range of 600 yd (550 m), Sgt. Green's Gatling responded, killing all but 40 of the attackers.[16][39][40]
After the counterattack was driven off, Lt. Parker moved to Kettle Hill to view the American positions, where he was soon joined by Sgt. Weigle's Gatling and crew from San Juan, detached to the service of Lt. Miley.[41] Miley (who was primarily tasked with inspecting troop positions for General Shafter) had restrained Weigle's crew from opening fire during the entirety of the fighting.[41] Parker then ordered Sgt. Weigle and his crew to emplace their gun on Kettle Hill.[41] This Gatling was used to eliminate Spanish sniper fire against the American defensive positions on Kettle Hill.[41]
Returning to the two Gatlings on San Juan Hill, Lt. Parker had the guns relocated near the road to avoid counter-battery fire.[16][41] Despite this precaution, the guns were bombarded by a heavy Spanish 6.3 in (160 mm) gun.[16][41] Parker located the enemy gun and trained the two Gatlings using a powerful set of field glasses. The two Gatlings then opened fire, silencing the Spanish 6.3 in (160 mm) gun at a range of roughly 2,000 yd (1,800 m).[16][41] 4 July, Parker ordered his three operational guns moved into the battle line around the city of Santiago. The wheels of the Gatling carriages were removed, and the Gatlings, along with two 7 mm Colt–Browning machine guns (a gift from Col. Roosevelt) were placed in breastworks where they could command various sectors of fire. The fourth Gatling was repaired and placed in reserve. However, it was soon moved to Fort Canosa, where it was used during the siege of Santiago to fire 6,000–7,000 rounds into the city to help force a surrender.[42]
Aftermath[edit]
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Buffalo Soldiers who participated in the Spanish–American War at San Juan Hill.
The Americans suffered almost five times as many losses as the Spanish.[clarification needed] The Spaniards fought to the knife, losing a third of their force in casualties, but yielding very few prisoners. In view of the large number of U.S. casualties incurred from small-arms fire, the Army decided to update and modernize its small arms arsenal. The .45-70 and M1892 (Krag) Springfield rifles were quickly retired from service in favor of new Mauser-pattern .30-03 (later .30-06 Springfield) M1903 Springfield rifles, while the remaining .30 Army Gatling guns were replaced in 1909 by the M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun.[citation needed]
Lawton's division, which was supposed to have joined the fight early on 1 July 1898, did not arrive until noon the following day, on 2 July 1898, having encountered unexpectedly heavy resistance in the battle of El Caney. The Americans, aided by Cuban insurgents, immediately began the investment of Santiago, which surrendered just over two weeks later, on 17 July 1898.[citation needed]
Although Roosevelt and the Rough Riders achieved considerable fame with the victory, other soldiers fared less well. Ord never received recognition in the popular press of the day for his actions. The Army turned down[why?] requests for a medal for his heroism from his commanding officer and his commanding general.[clarification needed][citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Konstam, Angus. San Juan Hill 1898: America's Emergence as a World Power: 1998, p. 77
Jump up ^ Wheeler was the senior most frontline commander during the battle Santiago Campaign, 1898 by Joseph Wheeler
^ Jump up to: a b c d Clodfelter 2017, p. 255.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sus, A (dir), (1983) Historia de las Fuerzas Armadas. Vol. I Zaragoza: Palafox
Jump up ^ Brands, H. W. ed. The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt. (2001), Chapter 13
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Kinevan, Marcos E., Brigadier General, USAF, retired (1998). Frontier Cavalryman, Lieutenant John Bigelow with the Buffalo Soldiers in Texas. Texas Western Press, The University of Texas at El Paso. ISBN 0-87404-243-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Roosevelt, Theodore, The Rough Riders, Scribner's Magazine, Vol. 25, January–June 1899, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 423
Jump up ^ While the Rough Rider's troopers carried the Krag, each Rough Rider officer was equipped with a .30 Army caliber M1895 Winchester lever-action rifle, courtesy of Col. Roosevelt.
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, UK: Echo Library (reprinted 2006)
Jump up ^ Once the fighting had begun General Wheeler rode to the front becoming the senior ranking officer on the front lines as General Shafter was far to the rear at his headquarters. There he directed parts of Kent's division and his own Cavalry Division during the attack.
Jump up ^ Longacre, Edward G. A Soldier to the Last: Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler in Blue and Gray: 2006 p.227
Jump up ^ Nofi, Albert The Spanish-American dragon, 1898, 1997 p.149
Jump up ^ Larned, J.N., History for Ready Reference: Report of General Kent, Vol. 6 (1901), Springfield, MA: C. A. Nichols, pp. 604–605: In his official report, General Kent stated that the 6th, 9th, 13th, 16th, and 24th regiments of infantry participated in the assault on San Juan Hill, and were due equal credit for its capture. The 25th Infantry Regiment (Colored) participated in the Battle of El Caney, and was not present for the attack on San Juan Hill.
Jump up ^ "General Kent's Report: His Official Account of the Three Days' Fighting Around Santiago de Cuba", The New York Times, 22 July 1898: "Armed with obsolescent M1873 Trapdoor single-shot rifles, and with many of its soldiers ill with malaria, the 71st failed to advance with the lead formations, and played no role in the actual assault."
Jump up ^ Lt. Parker's use of the Gatling machine gun as offensive fire support was preceded by the U.S. Marines' use of the M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun a month before in their assault on Spanish positions surrounding Guantanamo Bay Harbor.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Armstrong, David A., Bullets and Bureaucrats: The Machine Gun and the United States Army 1861–1916, Greenwood Publishing (1982), ISBN 0-313-23029-3, ISBN 978-0-313-23029-5, p. 101
Jump up ^ The Model 1895 10-barrelled Gatling Gun was capable of an initial rate of fire of some 800–900 rpm.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, V. C., "Before the Colors Fade: Last of the Rough Riders", American Heritage Magazine, August 1969, Vol. 20, Issue 5, p. 26
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co. (1898), pp. 85–89
Jump up ^ Armstrong, David A., Bullets and Bureaucrats: The Machine Gun and the United States Army 1861–1916, Greenwood Publishing (1982), ISBN 0-313-23029-3, ISBN 978-0-313-23029-5, p. 104: Capt. Lyman Kennon of the 6th Infantry and Capt. James B. Goe of the 13th Infantry reported that they personally observed Spanish troops running away to escape the Gatling fire.
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings at Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006): The three Gatling guns expended a total of 18,000 .30 Army rounds against Spanish troop positions in support of the assault by U.S. forces.
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co. (1898), p. 138
^ Jump up to: a b Parker, John H. (Lt.), History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co. (1898), pp. 137–138
^ Jump up to: a b Tucker, Spencer C., The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars, Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO Press (2009), p. 238
Jump up ^ "General Kent's Report: His Official Account of the Three Days' Fighting Around Santiago de Cuba", The New York Times, 22 July 1898
Jump up ^ Armstrong 1982, p. 104: "Well before the American infantry had reached the top of the heights, Capt. Lyman Kennon of the 6th Infantry and Capt. James B. Goe of the 13th Infantry reported that they personally observed Spanish troops running away to escape the Gatling fire."
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore, The Rough Riders, p. 568
Jump up ^ Parker 2006, p. ??[page needed]
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (May 1899). "The Rough Riders". Scribner's Magazine. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 25: 568.
Jump up ^ Cashin, Herschel V., Under Fire with the 10th U.S. Cavalry, Chicago: American Publishing House (1902) pp. 207–208
Jump up ^ Anthony L. Powell (1998). "Black Participation in the Spanish–American War". The Spanish–American War Centennial web site. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Evan Thomas (2008). "A 'Splendid' War's Shameful Side. The finale of the Spanish–American war, rooted in misunderstanding and racism, still reverberates". Newsweek. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Arizona Ranger Rynning". Genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Ewers was the ranking surviving officer of the 3rd Brigade, after Colonel Wikoff, Lt. Col. Worth, and Lt. Col. Liscum had all been killed in action while the Brigade formed for the assault in full view of the Spanish lines atop San Juan Heights.
Jump up ^ Connors, Jo, 1913, Who's Who in Arizona, Volume 1, p. 748.
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006), pp. 59–61
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006), pp. 58–59: The third gun had broken its pintle pin, and could not be limbered.
^ Jump up to: a b Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006), p. 59
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006), p. 59: Parker's account is very clear that he never obeyed Col. Wood's order to redeploy his guns to Kettle Hill ("The order to move the guns was disregarded."), instead ordering Sgt. Green's Gatling to fire immediately from its existing position atop San Juan at the Spanish assaulting Kettle Hill.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 568
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006), pp. 60–61
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006), p. 68
Bibliography[edit]
Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. ISBN 978-0786474707.
Roosevelt, Theodore. The Rough Riders.
Nofi, Albert A., The Spanish American War, 1898, 1997.
Carrasco García, Antonio, En Guerra con Los Estados Unidos: Cuba, 1898, Madrid: 1998.
"Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill | from a talk in 1998 during the Conference of Army Historians in Bethesda, Maryland". History.army.mil.
External links[edit]
Spanish – American War Centennial website
[show]
Rough Riders
Officers
Leonard Wood
Theodore Roosevelt
Alexander Oswald Brodie
James H. McClintock
Buckey O'Neill
Seth Bullock
John Campbell Greenway
John Avery McIlhenny
Allyn K. Capron Jr.
Allyn K. Capron Sr.
George Curry
Woodbury Kane
Thomas H. Rynning
Enlisted men
George G. McMurtry
Chris Madsen
Hamilton Fish
Thomas Grindell
Henry Barrett
Billy McGinty
Juan Alamia
Frank Frantz
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Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940 film)
Rough Riders (1997 mini-series)
See also
Buckhorn Saloon
Arizona Rangers
Three Guardsmen
Canyon Diablo Train Robbery
Tiburón Island Tragedy
Roosevelt's World War I volunteers
The Lost Battalion
[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill&oldid=834341261"
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