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Mission: Impossible (film series)
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Mission: Impossible
Blu-ray box set of the five films
Directed by
Brian De Palma (1)
John Woo (2)
J. J. Abrams (3)
Brad Bird (4)
Christopher McQuarrie (5–6)
Produced by
Tom Cruise (1–6)
Paula Wagner (1–3)
J. J. Abrams (4–6)
Bryan Burk (4–6)
David Ellison (5–6)
Screenplay by
David Koepp (1)
Robert Towne (1–2)
Alex Kurtzman (3)
Roberto Orci (3)
J. J. Abrams (3)
André Nemec (4)
Josh Appelbaum (4)
Christopher McQuarrie (5–6)
Story by
David Koepp (1)
Steven Zaillian (1)
Ronald D. Moore (2)
Brannon Braga (2)
Christopher McQuarrie (5)
Drew Pearce (5)
Based on
Mission: Impossible
by Bruce Geller
Starring
Tom Cruise (1–present)
Ving Rhames (1–present)
Simon Pegg (3–present)
(See below)
Music by
Danny Elfman (1)
Hans Zimmer (2)
Michael Giacchino (3–4)
Joe Kraemer (5)
Lorne Balfe (6)
Cinematography
Stephen H. Burum (1)
Jeffrey L. Kimball (2)
Dan Mindel (3)
Robert Elswit (4–5)
Rob Hardy (6)
Edited by
Paul Hirsch (1, 4)
Steven Kemper (2)
Christian Wagner (2)
Maryann Brandon (3)
Mary Jo Markey (3)
Eddie Hamilton (5–6)
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
1996 – present
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$650 million
Box office
$2.779 billion[1]
Mission: Impossible is a series of action spy films based on the television series of the same name, produced by and starring Tom Cruise as an agent of the fictional Impossible Missions Force (IMF), Ethan Hunt.
Beginning in 1996, the films follow the missions of the IMF's main field team under the leadership of Hunt, who is forced to take over after the team is betrayed from within in the first film. The series focuses on Hunt as the lead character as opposed to the ensemble cast structure of the television series, although some characters, such as Luther Stickell (played by Ving Rhames) and Benji Dunn (played by Simon Pegg) have recurring roles in the films.
The series is the 20th-highest-grossing film series of all time, with a worldwide gross of over $2.7 billion to date.[2] A sixth film, titled Mission: Impossible – Fallout is set to be released in July 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Films
1.1 Mission: Impossible (1996)
1.2 Mission: Impossible 2 (2000)
1.3 Mission: Impossible III (2006)
1.4 Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)
1.5 Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)
1.6 Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)
2 Principal cast
3 Crew
4 Reception
4.1 Box office performance
4.2 Critical and public response
4.3 Controversy
5 Change to theme music
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Films[edit]
Mission: Impossible (1996)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible (film)
Ethan Hunt is framed for the murder of his fellow IMF agents during a Prague Embassy mission gone wrong and falsely accused of selling government secrets to a mysterious international criminal known only as "Max". The action spy film was directed by Brian De Palma, and was produced by and starred Tom Cruise. Work on the script had begun early with filmmaker Sydney Pollack on board, before De Palma, Steven Zaillian, David Koepp, and Robert Towne were brought in. Mission: Impossible went into pre-production without a shooting script. De Palma came up with some action sequences, but Koepp and Towne were dissatisfied with the story that led up to those events. U2 band members Larry Mullen, Jr. and Adam Clayton produced an electronic dance version of the original theme song. The song went into top ten of music charts around the world, and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. The film was the third-highest-grossing of the year and received positive reviews from film critics.
Mission: Impossible 2 (2000)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible 2
Ethan sends international thief Nyah Nordoff-Hall (Thandie Newton) undercover to stop rogue IMF agent, and Nyah's former lover, Sean Ambrose (Dougray Scott) from stealing a deadly virus to start a pandemic and sell the antidote to the highest bidder. The film was directed by John Woo.
Mission: Impossible III (2006)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible III
Ethan, retired from being an IMF team leader and engaged to be married, assembles a team to face the elusive arms and information broker Owen Davian (Philip Seymour Hoffman) who intends to sell a mysterious dangerous object known as "The Rabbit's Foot". The film was directed by J.J. Abrams.
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol
Ethan and the entire IMF are blamed for the bombing of the Kremlin while investigating an individual known only as "Cobalt" (Michael Nyqvist). He and three other agents are left to stop him from starting a global nuclear war. The film was directed by Brad Bird.
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
Ethan Hunt comes under threat from the Syndicate, a near-mythical organization of rogue agents who kill to order. Faced with the IMF's disbandment, Hunt assembles his team for their mission to prove the Syndicate's existence and bring the organization down by any means necessary. The film was directed by Christopher McQuarrie.
Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible – Fallout
When an IMF mission ends badly, the world is faced with dire consequences. As Ethan Hunt takes it upon himself to fulfill his original briefing, the CIA begins to question his loyalty and his motives. Hunt finds himself in a race against time, hunted by assassins and former allies while trying to prevent a global catastrophe. The film was directed by Christopher McQuarrie.
Principal cast[edit]
Character
Films
Mission: Impossible
Mission: Impossible 2
Mission: Impossible III
Mission: Impossible –
Ghost Protocol
Mission: Impossible –
Rogue Nation
Mission: Impossible –
Fallout
1996
2000
2006
2011
2015
2018
Ethan Hunt
Tom Cruise
Luther Stickell
Ving Rhames
Jim Phelps
Jon Voight
Claire Phelps
Emmanuelle Béart
Eugene Kittridge
Henry Czerny
Franz Krieger
Jean Reno
Sarah Davies
Kristin Scott Thomas
Jack Harmon
Emilio Estevez
Max
Vanessa Redgrave
Sean Ambrose
Dougray Scott
Ulrich
Dominic Purcell
Nyah Nordoff-Hall
Thandie Newton
Hugh Stamp
Richard Roxburgh
Billy Baird
John Polson
John C. McCloy
Brendan Gleeson
Dr. Nekhorvich
Rade Šerbedžija
Owen Davian
Philip Seymour Hoffman
Benji Dunn
Simon Pegg
Julia Meade
Michelle Monaghan Michelle Monaghan[3]
John Musgrave
Billy Crudup
Declan Gormley
Jonathan Rhys Meyers
Lindsey Farris
Keri Russell
Zhen Lei
Maggie Q
Theodore Brassel
Laurence Fishburne
William Brandt
Jeremy Renner
Jane Carter
Paula Patton
Kurt Hendricks
Michael Nyqvist
Trevor Hanaway
Josh Holloway
Marius Wistrom
Samuli Edelmann
Sabine Moreau
Lea Seydoux
Ilsa Faust
Rebecca Ferguson
Solomon Lane
Sean Harris
Janik Vinter
Jens Hultén
Alan Hunley
Alec Baldwin
August Walker
Henry Cavill
Crew[edit]
Crew/detail
Film
Mission: Impossible
Mission: Impossible 2
Mission: Impossible III
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
Mission: Impossible – Fallout
1996 2000 2006 2011 2015 2018
Director
Brian De Palma John Woo J. J. Abrams Brad Bird Christopher McQuarrie
Producer
Tom Cruise
Paula Wagner Tom Cruise
J. J. Abrams
Bryan Burk Tom Cruise
J. J. Abrams
Bryan Burk
David Ellison
Dana Goldberg
Don Granger Tom Cruise
J. J. Abrams
Bryan Burk
David Ellison
Dana Goldberg
Don Granger
Christopher McQuarrie
Writer
David Koepp,
Robert Towne
(screenplay);
David Koepp,
Steven Zaillian
(story) Robert Towne
(screenplay);
Ronald D. Moore,
Brannon Braga
(story) Alex Kurtzman & Roberto Orci & J. J. Abrams Josh Appelbaum & André Nemec Christopher McQuarrie (screenplay);
Christopher McQuarrie & Drew Pearce (story) Christopher McQuarrie
Composer
Danny Elfman Hans Zimmer Michael Giacchino Joe Kraemer Lorne Balfe
Editor
Paul Hirsch Steven Kemper
Christian Wagner
Tony Ciccone
Stuart Baird Maryann Brandon
Mary Jo Markey Paul Hirsch Eddie Hamilton
Cinematographer
Stephen H. Burum Jeffrey L. Kimball Dan Mindel Robert Elswit Rob Hardy
Production companies
Cruise/Wagner Productions Bad Robot Productions
Skydance Productions Bad Robot Productions
Odin
Alibaba Pictures
China Movie Channel
Skydance Productions Skydance Media
Bad Robot Productions
Distributor
Paramount Pictures
Release date
May 22, 1996 May 24, 2000 May 5, 2006 December 16, 2011 July 31, 2015 July 27, 2018
Running time
110 minutes 123 minutes 125 minutes 133 minutes 131 minutes TBA
Reception[edit]
For more details on the reception of each film, see the "Reception" section on each film's article.
Box office performance[edit]
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Budget
Ref(s)
Opening weekend
(North America)
North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide
Mission: Impossible May 22, 1996 $45,436,830 $180,981,856 $276,714,503 $457,696,359 #198
#158(A) #170 $80,000,000 [4]
Mission: Impossible 2 May 24, 2000 $57,845,297 $215,409,889 $330,978,216 $546,388,105 #136
#168(A) #123 $125,000,000 [5]
Mission: Impossible III May 5, 2006 $47,743,273 $134,029,801 $263,820,211 $397,850,012 #362 #213 $150,000,000 [6]
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol December 16, 2011 $29,556,629 $209,397,903 $485,315,477 $694,713,380 #143 #78 $145,000,000 [7]
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation July 31, 2015 $55,520,089 $195,042,377 $487,671,890 $682,714,267 #169 #80 $150,000,000 [8]
Total
$7008236102118000000♠236,102,118
$7008934861826000000♠934,861,826
$7009184450029700000♠1,844,500,297
$7009277936212300000♠2,779,362,123
#23
#20
$650,000,000
[9]
Average
$47.2 million
$187.0 million
$368.8 million
$555.0 million
$130 millon
List indicator(s)
(A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo).
Critical and public response[edit]
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore
Mission: Impossible 62% (52 reviews)[10] 59 (29 reviews)[11] B+[12]
Mission: Impossible 2 57% (144 reviews)[13] 59 (40 reviews)[14] B[12]
Mission: Impossible III 70% (221 reviews)[15] 66 (42 reviews)[16] A-[12]
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol 93% (237 reviews)[17] 73 (47 reviews)[18] A-[12]
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation 93% (291 reviews)[19] 75 (46 reviews)[20] A-[12]
Controversy[edit]
Some fans of the TV series were upset that Jim Phelps, team leader in the series, became a traitor in the first film, selling the details of government agents to an arms dealer. Actor Greg Morris, who portrayed Barney Collier in the original television series, was so disgusted with the film's treatment of the Phelps character that he walked out of the theater before the film ended.[21] Martin Landau, who portrayed Rollin Hand in the original series, was equally negative concerning the films. In an MTV interview in October 2009, Landau stated: "When they were working on an early incarnation of the first one – not the script they ultimately did – they wanted the entire team to be destroyed, done away with one at a time, and I was against that", he said. "It was basically an action-adventure movie and not 'Mission.' 'Mission' was a mind game. The ideal mission was getting in and getting out without anyone ever knowing we were there. So the whole texture changed. Why volunteer to essentially have our characters commit suicide? I passed on it. The script wasn't that good either."[22] Peter Graves turned down an offer to portray Jim Phelps in the 1996 film because of Phelps being an antagonist.[23]
Change to theme music[edit]
The television version is in a rarely used 5/4 (five quarter-notes to a measure) time and is difficult to dance to,[24] as was proven by a memorable segment of American Bandstand in which teenage dancers were caught off-guard by Dick Clark's playing of the Lalo Schifrin single release.
The opening theme music for the first six films are stylized renditions of Schifrin's original iconic theme, preserving the 5/4 rhythm, by Danny Elfman, Hans Zimmer, Michael Giacchino, Joe Kraemer and Lorne Balfe respectively by the films' chronology. Most of the versions included in the score also retained the 5/4 time signature.[24]
However, for Adam Clayton and Larry Mullen, Jr.'s remix featured on the first film's motion picture soundtrack, the time signature was changed to standard pop 4/4 (four quarter-notes to a measure) time to make it more dance-friendly, although the intro is still in 5/4 time.[24] Also, the Limp Bizkit song "Take a Look Around" from the soundtrack to the second film was set to a similar 4/4 modification of the theme, with an interlude in 5/4.
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible Moviesat the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Movies at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes. "Michelle Monaghan Returning For 'Mission: Impossible 6'". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible (1996)". Box Office Mojo. August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible II (2000)". Box Office Mojo. August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible III (2006)". Box Office Mojo. August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)". Box Office Mojo. August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)". Box Office Mojo. August 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible Moviesat the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Cinemascore". Cinemascore.com. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible 2". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible II". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible III". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible III". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Ghost Protocol". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Ghost Protocol". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Rogue Nation". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Rogue Nation". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ 'Mission: Impossible' TV stars disgruntled. CNN. May 29, 1996.
Jump up ^ Martin Landau Discusses 'Mission: Impossible' Movies, MTV Movies Blog, October 29, 2009
Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian (March 15, 2010). "Peter Graves And The Legacy Of 'Mission: Impossible'". MTV.com. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c They Shot, He Scored by Dave Karger. Published June 7, 1996. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
External links[edit]
Latest Mission Impossible trailer: http://www.missionimpossible.com/
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission: Impossible (film series).
[hide]
v
t
e
Mission: Impossible
Television
Mission: Impossible (1966–73)
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mission: Impossible (1988–90)
Episodes
Season 1
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Films
Mission: Impossible
soundtrack
2
soundtrack
score
III
score
Ghost Protocol
Rogue Nation
Fallout
Characters
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Film
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Luther Stickell
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Video games
Mission: Impossible (1990)
Mission: Impossible (1998)
Mission: Impossible (2000)
Mission: Impossible – Operation Surma
Miscellaneous
Mission: Impossible vs. the Mob
Impossible Missions Force
Theme (Lalo Schifrin)
Music from Mission: Impossible
"I Disappear"
"Scum of the Earth"
"Take a Look Around"
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Hold Back the River (James Bay song)
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This article is about the James Bay song. For the Wet Wet Wet song, see Hold Back the River (Wet Wet Wet song).
"Hold Back the River"
Single by James Bay
from the album Chaos and the Calm
B-side
"Wait in Line" (CD)
Released
17 November 2014
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
2013–14 in Nashville, Tennessee
Genre
Indie rock
folk rock
Length
4:01
Label
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Iain Archer
James Bay
Producer(s)
Jacquire King
James Bay singles chronology
"Let It Go"
(2014) "Hold Back the River"
(2014) "Scars"
(2015)
"Let It Go"
(2014) "Hold Back the River"
(2014) "Scars"
(2015)
"Hold Back the River" is a song by the English singer-songwriter James Bay. It was released in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014 by [no] as the second single from Bay's first studio album Chaos and the Calm (2015). The song was written by the Ivor Novello award winner Iain Archer with Bay and produced by Jacquire King. The song peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song, after the success of "Let It Go", it was planned to go for adds on 27 September 2016, but it was cancelled.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listing
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Certifications
5 Release history
6 References
Music video[edit]
A music video to accompany the release of "Hold Back the River" was first released onto YouTube on 24 October 2014 at a total length of four minutes and six seconds.[1]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Hold Back the River" 4:01
2. "Sparks" 3:06
3. "Wait In Line" 4:00
4. "Hold Back the River" (Live At The Hotel Cafe) 3:59
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014–15)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[2]
4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[3]
4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4]
7
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[5]
3
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[6]
56
Colombia (National-Report Top Rock)[7]
2
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[8]
50
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[9]
19
Denmark (Tracklisten)[10]
20
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[11]
2
France (SNEP)[12]
72
Germany (Official German Charts)[13]
4
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[14]
27
Hungary (Single Top 40)[15]
32
Ireland (IRMA)[16]
1
Italy (FIMI)[17]
7
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[18]
76
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[19]
14
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[20]
12
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[21]
8
Norway (VG-lista)[22]
24
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [23]
16
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[24]
2
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[25]
14
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[26]
16
Slovenia (SloTop50)[27]
5
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[28]
25
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[29]
17
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[30]
4
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[31]
2
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[32]
1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[33]
16
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[34]
9
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[35]
8
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[36]
13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[37]
19
Germany (Official German Charts)[38]
33
Italy (FIMI)[39]
43
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[40]
24
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[41]
8
US Billboard Adult Alternative Songs[42]
24
US Billboard Alternative Songs[43]
40
US Billboard Hot Rock Songs[44]
19
US Billboard Rock Digital Songs[45]
44
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[46]
3× Platinum 210,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[47]
Gold 15,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[48]
Gold 40,000^
Germany (BVMI)[49]
Gold 200,000^
Italy (FIMI)[50]
2x Platinum 100,000
Netherlands (NVPI)[51]
2× Platinum 80,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[52]
Platinum 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[53]
2× Platinum 1,200,000
United States (RIAA)[54]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom 17 November 2014[55] Digital download Republic
United States 3 March 2015[56] Modern rock radio Republic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James Bay - Hold Back The River - YouTube
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "ROCK" (in Spanish). National-Report. 27 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201503 into search. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201510 into search. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "James Bay – Chart history" Billboard Euro Digital Songs for James Bay. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – James Bay – Hold Back The River". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 13, 2015". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – James Bay" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". VG-lista. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201510 into search. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201510 into search. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart". slotop50.si. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Bubbling Under Hot 100 : July 11, 2015". Billboard. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". offiziellecharts.de (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Classifiche "Top of the Music" 2015 FIMI-GfK: La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2015". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed". Retrieved 4 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adult Alternative Songs : Dec 31, 2015e". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alternative Songs : Dec 31, 2015". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot Rock Songs : Dec 31, 2015". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rock Digital Songs : Dec 31, 2015". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (15 August 2015). "ARIA Singles: Delta Goodrem 'Wings' Tops Australian Chart". Noise11. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 12 January 2018. Enter James Bay in the field Interpret. Enter Hold Back The River in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Music Canada. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (James Bay; 'Hold Back The River')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutch single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 13 May 2016. Enter Hold Back the River in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - Hold Back the River - EP by James Bay
Jump up ^ "AllAccess.com Alternative eWeekly". AllAccess. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
James Bay
Studio albums
Chaos and the Calm
Singles
"Let It Go"
"Hold Back the River"
"Scars"
"If You Ever Want to Be in Love"
"Best Fake Smile"
"Running"
Related articles
"Republic Records"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hold_Back_the_River_(James_Bay_song)&oldid=827754663"
Categories:
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Singlechart usages for Australia
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Alaska Time Zone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the time zone with daylight change in North America. For the static time zone, see UTC−09:00.
Alaska Time Zone
UTC offset
AKST
UTC−9:00
AKDT
UTC−8:00
Current time (Refresh the clock.)
AKDT
10:27 am on Apr 27, 2018
Observance of DST
DST is observed throughout this time zone between the 2nd Sunday in March and the 1st Sunday in November.
DST began
Mar 11, 2018
DST ends
Nov 4, 2018
The Alaska Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting nine hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−09:00). During daylight saving time its time offset is eight hours (UTC−08:00). The clock time in this zone is based on mean solar time at the 135th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory.
The zone includes nearly all of the U.S. state of Alaska and is one hour behind the Pacific Time Zone.
standard time: Alaska Standard Time (AKST)
daylight saving time: Alaska Daylight Time (AKDT)
The western Aleutian Islands observe Hawaii–Aleutian Time, one hour behind the remainder of the state.
Effective from 2007, the local time changes from AKST to AKDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Anomalies
3 Cities
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
History[edit]
Two time zones have been referred to as the "Alaska Time Zone": a UTC−10-based zone that covered much of Central Alaska in the early 20th century, and a UTC−9-based zone that has covered all of the state except the Aleutian Islands since 1983.
The Standard Time Act of 1918 authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to define each time zone. The United States Standard Alaska Time was designated as UTC−10.[1] Some references prior to 1967 refer to this zone as Central Alaska Standard Time (CAT)[2] or as Alaska Standard Time (AST). In 1966, the Uniform Time Act renamed the UTC−10 zone to Alaska-Hawaii Standard Time[3] (AHST[4]), effective April 1, 1967.[5] This zone was renamed in 1983[3] to Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (HAST) when the majority of Alaska was moved out of the zone.
Prior to 1983, the current Alaska Time Zone (UTC−9) was known as the Yukon Time Zone, observing Yukon Standard Time (YST). This time zone included Canada's Yukon Territory and a small portion of Alaska including Yakutat. The Alaska Panhandle communities were in the Pacific Time Zone, while most of the interior was on UTC−10.[6] Nome and the Aleutians previously observed Bering Standard Time or UTC−11. In 1975, the Yukon Territory switched to Pacific Standard Time, leaving Yakutat the only land area in the zone.
With the reorganization of Alaska's time zones in 1983 to place the entire state in either a UTC−9- or UTC−10-based zone, the UTC−9-zone was renamed the Alaska Time Zone.
Anomalies[edit]
The Alaska Time Zone applies to the territory of the state of Alaska east of 169°30′ W. Given that the UTC−9 time corresponds to the solar time at 9 × 15° = 135° W (roughly, Juneau), the westernmost locales of the Alaska Time Zone are off by up to 169°30′ − 135° = 34°30′ from local solar time. This means that when a clock correctly set to Alaska time, at a location just east of 169°30′ W, shows noon, local solar time is around 9:42 a.m. When UTC−8 is applied in the summer (because of daylight saving time), this effect becomes even more apparent. For example, on June 12 at noon AKDT, the solar time at the extreme westerly points of the Alaskan time zone will be only 8:42 a.m. Very few people notice this, however, as these locations are virtually uninhabited, and for the very few people who do live there, the long days in the summer and short days in the winter make the sunrise and sunset times less important than areas closer to the equator. By contrast, in Juneau, which is much closer to the 135° west meridian, mean solar noon occurs around 11:57 a.m., very close to clock noon.
In Anchorage, visitors from more southerly latitudes are often surprised to see the sun set at 11:41 p.m. on the summer solstice while the 'solar time' is 9:41 p.m. This is because at 150° W, Anchorage is one solar hour behind the legal time zone and observes daylight saving time as well. Some local residents refer to this phenomenon as "double daylight time".[7] In Fairbanks, the same circumstances cause sunset to occur at 12:47 a.m. the next calendar day and the solar sunset is at 11:01 p.m. In the winter, even without daylight saving time, another anomaly is that on the winter solstice in Nome, the sunrise is after "noon" clock time, at 12:02 p.m., about 4 hours before sunset at 3:56 p.m.
The territory of the state of Alaska spans almost as much longitude as the contiguous United States (57.5° vs. 57.6°)[7] so the use of two time zones will inevitably lead to some distortions. Alaska would "naturally" fall into four time zones, but political and logistical considerations have led to the use of two, leading to the distortions mentioned above.
Cities[edit]
Anchorage, Alaska
Fairbanks, Alaska
Juneau, Alaska
See also[edit]
Time in Alaska
Time zone
Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Full text - Daylight Saving Time - U.S. Law, 1918 & 1942". Retrieved 2012-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Time zone names- Central Africa Time, Central Alaskan Standard Time(until 1967)". Retrieved 2012-06-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "US CODE: Title 15,263. Designation of zone standard times". Retrieved 2012-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Time zone names- Alaska-Hawaii Standard Time". Retrieved 2012-06-18.
Jump up ^ "United States Time Notes". Retrieved 2012-06-18.
Jump up ^ Benson, Carl (March 25, 1983). "Time Zones Article #597". Alaska Science Forum. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rozell, Ned (March 28, 1996). "Alaskans Double Their Daylight Savings". Alaska Science Forum. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Sources[edit]
The official U.S. time for the Alaska Time Zone dead link
[hide]
v
t
e
Time zones in North America
Time zone
Hours from UTC: Standard time
Hours from UTC: Daylight saving time
Hawaii–Aleutian (in Hawaii) –10 –10
Hawaii–Aleutian (in Alaska) –10 –9
Alaska –9 –8
Pacific –8 –7
Mountain (Arizona and Sonora only) –7 –7
Mountain (other states/provinces) –7 –6
Central (Saskatchewan only) –6 –6
Central (other states/provinces) –6 –5
Eastern (parts of Nunavut and the Caribbean) –5 –5
Eastern (other states/provinces) –5 –4
Atlantic (Natashquan River) –4 –4
Atlantic (other states/provinces) –4 –3
Newfoundland –3:30 –2:30
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
and most of Greenland –3 –2
See also
Time in Canada
Time in Denmark
Time in Mexico
Time in the United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaska_Time_Zone&oldid=823607056"
Categories:
Time zones
Geography of Alaska
Time zones in the United States
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Vikram Samvat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Bikram Sambat. Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page. Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed.
It has been suggested that Bikrami calendar be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2017.
Vikram Samvat (Hindi: विक्रम सम्वत्, Nepali: विक्रम सम्वत्) (abbreviated as V.S. (or VS) or B.S. (or BS)); Listen (help·info))is the historical Hindu calendar of India and Nepal. It uses lunar months and solar sidereal year (see: Vedic time keeping). It is used as the official calendar in Nepal.
The Vikram Samvat has two alternative systems. It started in 56 BCE in southern (purnimanta) and 57–56 BCE in northern (amanta) systems of Hindu calendar. The Shukla Paksha in both systems coincides, most festivals occur in the Shukla Paksha. The era is named after King Vikramaditya of India.[1][2]
The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead (in count) of the solar Gregorian calendar. For example, the year 2074 VS began in 2017 CE and will end in 2018 CE.
The Rana rulers of Nepal made Vikram Samvat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which started as Samvat 1958.[3] In Nepal, the new year begins with the first day of the month of Baishakh, which usually falls within the months of April–May in the Gregorian calendar. The first day of the new year is passionately celebrated in a historical carnival that takes place every year in Bhaktapur, called Bisket Jatra.As before, from 2007 AD Nepal Sambat is recognized as the national calender.
In India, the reformulated Saka Calendar is officially used (although not for computing the dates of the traditional festivals), although in the Hindi version of the Preamble of the Constitution of India, the date of adoption of the constitution, 26 November 1949, is presented in Vikram Samvat (Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006). There have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as India's official calendar.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Divisions of a year
1.1 Lunar metrics
2 History
2.1 Vikramaditya legends
2.2 Historicity of the legends
3 Culture
4 Converting Vikram Samvat to CE
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Divisions of a year[edit]
The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly, correctional months (adhika māsa) are added, or occasionally subtracted (kshaya masa).
Lunar metrics[edit]
A Tithi or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the Sun to increase by 12°.[5] Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.[citation needed]
A Paksa (also Pakṣa) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis.
A Māsa or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 Pakṣas: the one between new moon and full moon (waxing) is called gaura (bright) or Śukla Pakṣa; the one between full moon and new moon (waning) Kṛiṣhṇa (dark) or Vadhya Pakṣa
A Ṛitu (or season) is 2 Māsa[6]
An Ayana is 3 Ṛitus
A year is two Ayanas [1][7]
Months of the Nepali Bikram Samvat: In North India India the Vikram samvat starts from Chaitra.
No.
Name
Nepali
Hindi
Days
Corresponding Gregorian months
1 Baishakh बैशाख बैशाख 30 / 31(30.950 exactly) mid-April to mid-May
2 Jestha जेठ जेष्ठ 31 / 32(31.429 exactly) mid-May to mid-June
3 Ashadh असार आषाढ़ 31 / 32(31.638 exactly) mid-June to mid-July
4 Shrawan साउन श्रावण or सावन 31 / 32(31.463 exactly) mid-July to mid-August
5 Bhadra भदौ भाद्र or भादो 31 / 32(31.012 exactly) mid-August to mid-September
6 Ashwin असोज आश्विन or कुआर/क्वार 30 / 31(30.428 exactly) mid-September to mid-October
7 Kartik कार्तिक कार्तिक 29 / 30(29.879 exactly) mid-October to mid-November
8 Mangsir मंसिर मार्ग or मंसिर/अगहन 29 / 30(29.475 exactly) mid-November to mid-December
9 Poush पुष पौष or पुष/पूस 29 / 30(29.310 exactly) mid-December to mid-January
10 Magh माघ माघ 29 / 30(29.457 exactly) mid-January to mid-February
11 Falgun फागुन फाल्गुन 29 / 30(29.841 exactly) mid-February to mid-March
12 Chaitra चैत चैत्र 30 / 31(30.377 exactly) mid-March to mid-April
The exact length of each month is the time taken by the Sun to move through a full zodiac sign.
History[edit]
Vikramaditya legends[edit]
The Jain monk Kalakacharya and the Saka King (Kalakacharya Katha manuscript, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai)
According to popular tradition, the legendary king Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas.
Kalakacharya Kathanaka ("An account of the monk Kalakacharya") by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk(citation missing). The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan. Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.
Historicity of the legends[edit]
The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including Kṛṭa (343 CE and 371 CE), Kritaa (404 CE), the era of the Malava tribe (424 CE), or simply, Samvat.[2][8]
The earliest known inscription that calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842 CE. This inscription of Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena was found at Dholpur, and is dated Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda (16 April 842 CE). The earliest known inscription that associates this era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971 CE. The earliest literary work that connects the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha (993-994 CE) by the Jain author Amitagati.[8]
For this reason, multiple authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a purely legendary king or the title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya, and changed the name of the era to "Vikrama Samvat". According to Rudolf Hoernlé, the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman: Hoernlé also believed that he conquered Kashmir, and is same person as the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini.[8]
Earlier, some scholars believed that the Vikrama Samavat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes. However, this was disputed by Robert Bracey following discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra, which is dated in two eras.[9] The theory seems to be now thoroughly discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE.[10]
Culture[edit]
The traditional New Year of Vikram Samvat is one of the many festivals of Nepal, marked by parties, family gatherings, the exchange of good wishes, and participation in rituals to ensure good fortune in the coming year. It occurs in mid-April each year, and coincides with the traditional new year in Assam, Bengal, Burma, Cambodia, Kerala, Kashmir, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu and Thailand.
In addition to Nepal, the Vikram Samvat calendar is also recognized in North and East India, and in Gujarat among Hindus. In Buddhist communities, the month of Baishakh is associated with Vesak or Buddha's Birthday. It commemorates the birth, Enlightenment and passing of Gautama Buddha on the first full moon day in May, except in a leap year when the festival is held in June. Although this festival is not held on the same day as Pahela Baishakh, the holidays typically fall in the same month (Baishakh) of the Bengali, Hindu, and Theravada Buddhist calendars, and are related historically through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asia.
In Gujarat, the second day of Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar which is the first day of the month Kartik.[11]
Converting Vikram Samvat to CE[edit]
While an approximate conversion can be made by subtracting 56 or 57, a precise computation requires identification of the version of Vikam Samvat that was used:
Year expired (default) or current
Kartikadi (older or western India) or Chaitradi (modern Northern India). Kartikadi starts 7 months later in Kartika. Until 12th century Kartikadi year was common even in North India.
Months Amanta (south) or Purminata (North). Amanta Chaitra Krishna Paksha is Purminata Vaishakh Krishna Paksha. For the Shukla Paksh, the month is the same.
Software named Pancanga is available to make the calculations.[12]
Thus the date Vikram 1208 (Kartikadi, expired), Vaishakh Krishna 5 (Purnimanta), Thursday, is equivalent to Vikram 1209 (Chaitradi, expired), Chaitra Krishna 5 (Amanta), and to Thursday March 27, 1152.[13]
See also[edit]
Bikrami calendar
Hindu calendars
Vira Nirvana Samvat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Salomon (1398). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Ashvini Agrawal (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, William D. Crump, Publisher McFarland, 2014 p.38
Jump up ^ "Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar". The Free Press Journal. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix Originally published: Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860) 141–498 Chapter 14, Verse 12
Jump up ^ Burgess, Chapter 14, Verse 10
Jump up ^ Burgess, Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix Originally published: Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860) 141–498, Chapter 14, Verse 9
^ Jump up to: a b c M. Srinivasachariar (1974). History of Classical Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. ISBN 9788120802841.
Jump up ^ Alf Hiltebeitel (2011). Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata. BRILL. p. 103. ISBN 90-04-18566-6.
Jump up ^ Falk and Bennett (2009), pp. 197-215.
Jump up ^ "Gujarat CM to exchange Diwali-New Year greetings with people". 19 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Pancanga (version 3.14)
Jump up ^ On a Jain Statue in the Horniman Museum, F. Kielhorn, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1898, p. 101-102
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Vikramaditya.
Harry Falk and Chris Bennett (2009). "Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes." Acta Orientalia 70, pp. 197–215.
"The Dynastic Art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield.
"Samvat". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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value: بيكرم سامفات – Arabic

value: বিক্রম সংবৎ – Bangla

value: Бікрам Самват – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value: विक्रम संवत – Bhojpuri

value: Βικράμ Σαμβάτ – Greek

value: ویکرم سموت – Persian

value: વિક્રમ સંવત – Gujarati

value: विक्रम संवत – Hindi

value: ವಿಕ್ರಮ ಶಕೆ – Kannada

value: ვიქრამ-სამვატი – Georgian

value: विक्रम सम्बत – Maithili

value: Викрам самват – Macedonian

value: विक्रम संवत्सर – Marathi

value: ვიკრამ-სამვატი – Mingrelian

value: विक्रम सम्वत् – Nepali

value: विक्रम सम्बत – Newari

value: ਬਿਕਰਮੀ ਸੰਮਤ – Punjabi

value: Викрам-самват – Russian

value: விக்ரம் நாட்காட்டி – Tamil

value: విక్రమార్కుని సంవత్ – Telugu

value: Вікрам Самват – Ukrainian

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