text:
Extensor pollicis longus muscle
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Extensor pollicis longus muscle
Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles. Extensor pollicis longus muscle is labeled in purple.
Details
Origin
Middle third of posterior surface of ulna, interosseous membrane
Insertion
thumb, distal phalanx
Artery
posterior interosseous artery
Nerve
posterior interosseous nerve (branching from the radial nerve)
Actions
extension of the thumb (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal)
Antagonist
Flexor pollicis longus muscle, Flexor pollicis brevis muscle
Identifiers
Latin
musculus extensor pollicis longus
Dorlands
/Elsevier
m_22/12548955
TA
A04.6.02.051
FMA
38521
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
In human anatomy, the extensor pollicis longus muscle (EPL) is a skeletal muscle located dorsally on the forearm. It is much larger than the extensor pollicis brevis, the origin of which it partly covers and acts to stretch the thumb together with this muscle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Relations
1.2 Blood supply
1.3 Innervation
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Injury
4 Additional images
5 Notes
6 References
Structure[edit]
The extensor pollicis longus arises from the dorsal surface of the ulna and from the interosseous membrane,[1] next to the origins of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.[2]
Passing through the third tendon compartment,[1] lying in a narrow, oblique groove on the back of the lower end of the radius,[3] it crosses the wrist close to the dorsal midline before turning towards the thumb using Lister's tubercle on the distal end of the radius as a pulley.[2]
It obliquely crosses the tendons of the extensores carpi radialis longus and brevis, and is separated from the extensor pollicis brevis by a triangular interval, the anatomical snuff box in which the radial artery is found.[3]
At the proximal phalanx, the tendon is joined by expansions from abductor pollicis brevis and adductor pollicis.[2]
The tendon is finally inserted on the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.[1]
6.7 to 9.7 centimetres (2.6 to 3.8 in) in length, the tendon passes through a long and superficial synovial sheath which, passing obliquely from the radial border of the foremarm into the thumb, extends from the proximal border of the extensor retinaculum to the first carpometacarpal joint. In the synovial sheath a proximal and a distal mesotendon connect the tendon to the floor of the sheath.[4]
Relations[edit]
Together with the tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and the abductor pollicis longus, its tendon crosses the radial artery.[3]
Blood supply[edit]
The tendon of extensor pollicis longus is supplied by branches from various arteries. Before the tendon enters its synovial sheath, arteries from the anterior interosseous artery or its muscular branches enter the tendon. The sheath itself is supplied by the posterior ramus of the same artery. In the metacarpal region, beyond the synovial sheath, the tendon is supplied directly from the radial artery. At the phalanges, the tendon forms a dorsal aponeurosis which is supplied by a digital branch of the first dorsal metacarpal artery.[4]
Innervation[edit]
The extensor pollicis longus muscle receives innervation from the posterior interosseous nerve (C7 and C8) which is the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve.
Function[edit]
Extensor pollicis longus extends the terminal phalanx of the thumb. While abductor pollicis brevis and adductor pollicis, both attached to the extensor pollicis longus tendon, can extend the thumb's interphalangeal joint to the neutral position, only extensor pollicis longus can achieve full hyperextension at the interphalangeal joint. This complete extension at the interphalangeal joint is not possible, or considerably more difficult, with the carpal, carpometacarpal, and metacarpophalangeal joints simultaneously extended. Likewise, flexion at the interphalangeal joint by flexor pollicis longus is considerably reduced in wrist flexion.[2]
It also applies an extensor force at the metacarpophalangeal joint together with the extensor pollicis brevis and extends and adducts at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.[2]
Clinical significance[edit]
Injury[edit]
Tenosynovitis, inflammatory irritation of the synovial sheath, is relatively common in the third compartment after repetitive activities such as drum playing.[5]
Additional images[edit]
Anatomical snuff box
Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.
Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface.
Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina.
Cross-section through the middle of the forearm.
Posterior surface of the forearm. Superficial muscles.
Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles.
Transverse section across the wrist and digits.
Arteries of the back of the forearm and hand.
The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the back of the wrist. (Extensor pollicis longus visible at center right.)
Muscle of the hand . Posterior view.
Notes[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
^ Jump up to: a b c Platzer 2004, p. 168
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Austin 2005, p. 339
^ Jump up to: a b c Gray's Anatomy 1918, see infobox
^ Jump up to: a b Zbrodowski, Gajisin & Grodecki 1982, Results, pp. 235–9
Jump up ^ Schmitt, Lanz & Buchberger 2008, p. 336
References[edit]
Austin, Noelle M (2005). "Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand Complex". In Levangie, Pamela K; Norkin, Cynthia C. Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. ISBN 0-8036-1191-9.
Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
Schmitt, Rainer; Lanz, Ulrich; Buchberger, Wolfgang (2008). Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. Thieme. ISBN 9781588904539.
Zbrodowski, A; Gajisin, S; Grodecki, J (September 1982). "Vascularization of the tendons of the extensor pollicis longus, extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles". J Anat. 135 (Pt 2): 235–44. PMC 1168229  . PMID 7174499.
[hide]
v
t
e
Muscles of the arm
Shoulder
deltoid
rotator cuff
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
teres major
fascia:
deltoid fascia
supraspinous fascia
infraspinous fascia
Arm
(compartments)
anterior
coracobrachialis
biceps
brachialis
posterior
triceps brachii
anconeus
articularis cubiti
fascia
axillary sheath
axillary fascia
brachial fascia
intermuscular septa
lateral
medial
other
spaces
quadrangular space
triangular space
triangular interval
Forearm
anterior
superficial:
pronator teres
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum superficialis
deep:
pronator quadratus
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
posterior
superficial:
mobile wad
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
deep:
supinator
anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
fascia
bicipital aponeurosis
common tendons
extensor
flexor
antebrachial fascia
other
cubital tunnel
Hand
lateral volar
thenar
opponens pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis brevis
adductor pollicis
medial volar
hypothenar
opponens digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
abductor digiti minimi
palmaris brevis
intermediate
lumbrical
interossei
dorsal
palmar
fascia
posterior:
extensor retinaculum
extensor expansion
anterior:
flexor retinaculum
palmar aponeurosis
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text:
Printing press
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the historical device created by Johannes Gutenberg. For the modern technology of printing, see printing.
Recreated Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum, Carson, California
Part of a series on the
History of printing
Woodblock printing
200
Movable type
1040
Printing press
c. 1440
Etching
c. 1515
Mezzotint
1642
Aquatint
1772
Lithography
1796
Chromolithography
1837
Rotary press
1843
Hectograph
1869
Offset printing
1875
Hot metal typesetting
1884
Mimeograph
1886
Photostat and rectigraph
1907
Screen printing
1911
Spirit duplicator
1923
Dot matrix printing
1925
Xerography
1938
Phototypesetting
1949
Inkjet printing
1951
Dye-sublimation
1957
Laser printing
1969
Thermal printing
c. 1972
3D printing
1981
Solid Ink printing
1986
Digital printing
1991
v
t
e
A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth, paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink, and accelerated the process. Typically used for texts, the invention and global spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium.[1][2]
Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed, circa 1439, a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty,[3][4] and in Europe, woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century. Gutenberg's most important innovation was the development of hand-molded metal printing matrices, thus producing a movable type based printing press system. His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs.
The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries.[5] By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes.[5] In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies.[5] The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing, and lent its name to a new branch of media, "the press".[6]
In Renaissance Europe, the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication, which permanently altered the structure of society. The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and (revolutionary) ideas transcended borders, captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities. The sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class. Across Europe, the increasing cultural self-awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto-nationalism, and accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages, to the detriment of Latin's status as lingua franca.[7] In the 19th century, the replacement of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press by steam-powered rotary presses allowed printing on an industrial scale.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Economic conditions and intellectual climate
1.2 Technological factors
2 Function and approach
3 Gutenberg's press
4 The Printing Revolution
4.1 Mass production and spread of printed books
4.2 Circulation of information and ideas
5 Industrial printing presses
5.1 Rotary press
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History
Main article: History of printing
Economic conditions and intellectual climate
See also: History of capitalism and Medieval university
Medieval university class (1350s)
The rapid economic and socio-cultural development of late medieval society in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg's improved version of the printing press: the entrepreneurial spirit of emerging capitalism increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production, fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work-processes. The sharp rise of medieval learning and literacy amongst the middle class led to an increased demand for books which the time-consuming hand-copying method fell far short of accommodating.[9]
Technological factors
See also: History of Western typography and Medieval technology
Technologies preceding the press that led to the press's invention included: manufacturing of paper, development of ink, woodblock printing, and distribution of eyeglasses.[10] At the same time, a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes. Gutenberg took up these far-flung strands, combined them into one complete and functioning system, and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own:
Early modern wine press. Such screw presses were applied in Europe to a wide range of uses and provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press.
The screw press which allowed direct pressure to be applied on flat-plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg's time and was used for a wide range of tasks.[11] Introduced in the 1st century AD by the Romans, it was commonly employed in agricultural production for pressing wine grapes and (olive) oil fruit, both of which formed an integral part of the mediterranean and medieval diet.[12] The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns.[13] Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the German lands since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles.[14]
Gutenberg adopted the basic design, thereby mechanizing the printing process.[15] Printing, however, put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing. Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity. To speed up the printing process, he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed.[16]
Movable type sorted in a letter case and loaded in a composing stick on top
The concept of movable type was not new in the 15th century; movable type printing had been invented in China during the Song dynasty, and was later used in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty, where metal movable-type printing technology was developed in 1234.[3][4] In Europe, sporadic evidence that the typographical principle, the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters, was well understood and employed in pre-Gutenberg Europe had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before. The known examples range from Germany (Prüfening inscription) to England (letter tiles) to Italy.[17] However, the various techniques employed (imprinting, punching and assembling individual letters) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted.
Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating typesetting and printing as two separate work steps. A goldsmith by profession, he created his type pieces from a lead-based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today.[18] The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special hand mould, the matrix.[19] The Latin alphabet proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because, in contrast to logographic writing systems, it allowed the type-setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters.[20]
Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the codex, which had originated in the Roman period.[21] Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself, the codex had completely replaced the ancient scroll at the onset of the Middle Ages (500 AD).[22] The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format; it is more convenient to read (by turning pages), is more compact, less costly, and, in particular, unlike the scroll, both recto and verso could be used for writing − and printing.[23]
A paper codex of the acclaimed 42-line Bible, Gutenberg's major work
A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture. The introduction of water-powered paper mills, the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282,[24] allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese[25] and Muslim papermaking.[26] Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later.[27]
Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable-type printing.[28] It is notable that codices of parchment, which in terms of quality is superior to any other writing material,[29] still had a substantial share in Gutenberg's edition of the 42-line Bible.[30] After much experimentation, Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water-based inks caused by soaking the paper, and found the formula for an oil-based ink suitable for high-quality printing with metal type.[31]
Function and approach
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This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing around 3,600 pages in the process.[32]
A printing press, in its classical form, is a standing mechanism, ranging from 5 to 7 feet (1.5 to 2.1 m) long, 3 feet (0.91 m) wide, and 7 feet (2.1 m) tall. Type, small metal letters that have a raised letter on one end, is arranged into pages and placed in a frame to make a forme, which itself is placed onto a flat stone, 'bed,' or 'coffin.' The text is inked using two balls, pads mounted on handles. The balls were made of dog skin leather, because it has no pores,[33] and stuffed with sheep's wool and were inked. This ink was then applied to the text evenly. One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan. The paper was damp as this lets the type 'bite' into the paper better. Small pins hold the paper in place. The paper is now held between a frisket and tympan (two frames covered with paper or parchment).
These are folded down, so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type. The bed is rolled under the platen, using a windlass mechanism. A small rotating handle is used called the 'rounce' to do this, and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen. To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned. This is known as the bar or 'Devil's Tail.' In a well-set-up press, the springiness of the paper, frisket, and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen, the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position, the tympan and frisket raised and opened, and the printed sheet removed. Such presses were always worked by hand. After around 1800, iron presses were developed, some of which could be operated by steam power.
Gutenberg's press
See also: Letterpress printing
Johannes Gutenberg's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn—a man who had previously instructed in gem-cutting—and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill.[34] However, it was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record existed; witnesses' testimony discussed Gutenberg's types, an inventory of metals (including lead), and his type molds.[34]
Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith, Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman. He was the first to make type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, which was critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials. To create these lead types, Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions,[34] a special matrix enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template. His type case is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes, most of which were required for special characters, ligatures, punctuation marks, and so forth.[35]
Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink which was more durable than the previously used water-based inks. As printing material he used both paper and vellum (high-quality parchment). In the Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg made a trial of coloured printing for a few of the page headings, present only in some copies.[36] A later work, the Mainz Psalter of 1453, presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer, had elaborate red and blue printed initials.[37]
The Printing Revolution
The Printing Revolution occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas, acting as an "agent of change" through the societies that it reached. (Eisenstein (1980))
Mass production and spread of printed books
See also: Global spread of the printing press and List of early modern newspapers
Spread of printing in the 15th century from Mainz, Germany
The European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries.[38]
The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades. From a single print shop in Mainz, Germany, printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central, Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century.[39] As early as 1480, there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, England, Bohemia and Poland.[5] From that time on, it is assumed that "the printed book was in universal use in Europe".[5]
In Italy, a center of early printing, print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500. At the end of the following century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities, with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active. Despite this proliferation, printing centres soon emerged; thus, one third of the Italian printers published in Venice.[40]
By 1500, the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies.[5] In the following century, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies.[5]
European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing about 1,500 impressions per workday.[41] By comparison, book printing in East Asia, did not use presses and was solely done by block printing.[42]
Of Erasmus's work, at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone (1469–1536).[43] In the early days of the Reformation, the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise. In the period from 1518 to 1524, the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold; between 1518 and 1520, Luther's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies.[44]
The rapidity of typographical text production, as well as the sharp fall in unit costs, led to the issuing of the first newspapers (see Relation) which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up-to-date information to the public.[45]
Incunable are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and North America.[46]
Circulation of information and ideas
See also: The Gutenberg Galaxy
"Modern Book Printing" sculpture, commemorating Gutenberg's invention on the occasion of the 2006 World Cup in Germany
The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on the scientific revolution.[citation needed] Because of the printing press, authorship became more meaningful and profitable. It was suddenly important who had said or written what, and what the precise formulation and time of composition was. This allowed the exact citing of references, producing the rule, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325). Before, the author was less important, since a copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna. For many works prior to the printing press, the name of the author has been entirely lost.[citation needed]
Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages, page numbering, tables of contents, and indices became common, though they previously had not been unknown.[citation needed] The process of reading also changed, gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent, private reading.[citation needed] Over the next 200 years, the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe.[47]
The printing press was an important step towards the democratization of knowledge.[48][49] Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press, the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe (Eisenstein, 1969; 52). More people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Book production became more commercialised, and the first copyright laws were passed.[50] On the other hand, the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information which may have been incorrect.[51][52]
A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect 'decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited[who?] as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe.
A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy. The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth.[53] The publication of trade related manuals and books teaching techniques like double-entry bookkeeping increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders.[54]
Industrial printing presses
See also: History of printing
At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, the mechanics of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press were still essentially unchanged, although new materials in its construction, amongst other innovations, had gradually improved its printing efficiency. By 1800, Lord Stanhope had built a press completely from cast iron which reduced the force required by 90%, while doubling the size of the printed area.[55] With a capacity of 480 pages per hour, the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press.[56] Nonetheless, the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious.
Koenig's 1814 steam-powered printing press
Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically: First, the use of steam power for running the machinery, and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders. Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer Friedrich Koenig in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818.[57] Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig soon met Thomas Bensley and secured financial support for his project in 1807.[55] Patented in 1810, Koenig had designed a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a steam engine."[55] The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811. He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer Andreas Friedrich Bauer.
Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to The Times in London in 1814, capable of 1,100 impressions per hour. The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814. They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once. This began the long process of making newspapers available to a mass audience (which in turn helped spread literacy), and from the 1820s changed the nature of book production, forcing a greater standardization in titles and other metadata. Their company Koenig & Bauer AG is still one of the world's largest manufacturers of printing presses today.
Rotary press
The steam powered rotary printing press, invented in 1843 in the United States by Richard M. Hoe,[58] allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace.
By the late 1930s or early 1940s, rotary presses had increased substantially in efficiency: a model by Platen Printing Press was capable of performing 2,500 to 3,000 impressions per hour.[citation needed]
Also, in the middle of the 19th century, there was a separate development of jobbing presses, small presses capable of printing small-format pieces such as billheads, letterheads, business cards, and envelopes. Jobbing presses were capable of quick set-up (average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes) and quick production (even on treadle-powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour [iph] with one pressman, with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work).[citation needed] Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost-effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time.
Gallery
Model of the Common Press, used from 1650 to 1850
Printing press from 1811
Stanhope press from 1842
Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860
See also
General
Imprimatur
Printing
Typography
Printing presses
Adana Printing Presses
Albion press
Columbian Printing Press
Flexography
Vertical print press
Other inventions
Color printing
Lithography
Offset printing
Desktop publishing
Electronic publishing
Computer printer
Composing stick
Notes
Jump up ^ For example, in 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era.
Jump up ^ McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
^ Jump up to: a b Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin; Joseph Needham (1985). Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 158,201.
^ Jump up to: a b Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp.15–23, 61–73.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976): "The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800", London: New Left Books, quoted in: Anderson, Benedict: "Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo", Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2, pp. 58f.
Jump up ^ Weber 2006, p. 387:
At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Benedict: "Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo", Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2, pp.63–76
Jump up ^ Gerhardt 1978, p. 217
Jump up ^ Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
Jump up ^ Jones, Colin. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-521-43294-4.
Jump up ^ Wolf 1974, pp. 21–35
Jump up ^ Onken 2009; White 1984, pp. 31f.; Schneider 2007, pp. 156–159
Jump up ^ Schneider 2007, p. 158
Jump up ^ Schulte 1939, p. 56
Jump up ^ Wolf 1974, pp. 39f.
Jump up ^ Wolf 1974, pp. 39–46
Jump up ^ Germany: Brekle 1995, pp. 23–26; Brekle 1997, p. 62; Brekle 2005, p. 25; England: Lehmann-Haupt 1940, pp. 93–97; Brekle 1997, p. 62; Italy: Lipinsky 1986, pp. 75–80; Koch 1994, p. 213. Lipinsky surmises that this typographical technique was known in Constantinople from the 10th to 12th century and that the Venetians received it from there (p. 78).
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing", retrieved 27 November 2006
Jump up ^ Childress 2008, pp. 51–55
Jump up ^ Childress 2008, pp. 51–55; Hellinga 2007, p. 208:
Gutenberg's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century.
Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983, pp. 24–30
Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983, pp. 1, 38–67, 75:
The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material, folded double and fastened together at the back or spine, and usually protected by covers. (p. 1)
Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983, pp. 45–53. Technically speaking, a scroll could be written on its back side, too, but the very few ancient specimen found indicate that this was never considered a viable option. (p. 46)
Jump up ^ Burns 1996, p. 418
Jump up ^ Thompson 1978, p. 169; Tsien 1985, p. 68−73; Lucas 2005, p. 28, fn. 70
Jump up ^ Thompson 1978, p. 169; Burns 1996, pp. 414–417
Jump up ^ Burns 1996, p. 417
Jump up ^ Febvre & Martin 1997, pp. 41–44; Burns 1996, p. 419:
In the West, the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself. With his mechanization by movable-type printing in the 1440s, the manufacture of paper, until then relatively confined, began to spread very widely. The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era.
Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983, pp. 7f.:
Despite all that has been said above, even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man. It is immensely strong, remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions, does not deteriorate with age, and possesses a smooth, even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination.
Jump up ^ The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 (Hanebutt-Benz 2000, pp. 158–189).
Jump up ^ Childress 2008, p. 60
Jump up ^ Wolf 1974, pp. 67f.:
From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day.
Jump up ^ [1] RIND Survey (The Press Institute of India- Research Institute for Newspaper Development) June 2015, p14
^ Jump up to: a b c Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58–69) ISBN 0-471-29198-6
Jump up ^ Mahnke 2009, p. 290
Jump up ^ Kapr 1996, p. 172
Jump up ^ Kapr 1996, p. 203
Jump up ^ Buringh & van Zanden 2009, p. 417, table 2
Jump up ^ "Incunabula Short Title Catalogue". British Library. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Borsa 1976, p. 314; Borsa 1977, p. 166−169
Jump up ^ Pollak, Michael (1972). "The performance of the wooden printing press". The library quarterly. 42 (2): 218–264. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Needham 1965, p. 211:
The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw-presses from China, but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that culture.
Widmann 1974, p. 34, fn. 14:
In East Asia, both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques, that is hand printing.
Duchesne 2006, p. 83; Man 2002, pp. 112–115:
Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing; there were no screw-based presses in the east, because they were not wine-drinkers, didn’t have olives, and used other means to dry their paper.
Jump up ^ Issawi 1980, pp. 492
Jump up ^ Duchesne 2006, p. 83
Jump up ^ Weber 2006, pp. 387f.
Jump up ^ The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue gives 29,777 separate editions (not copies) as of 8 January 2008, which however includes some print items from the 16th century (retrieved 11 March 2010). According to Bettina Wagner: "Das Second-Life der Wiegendrucke. Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek", in: Griebel, Rolf; Ceynowa, Klaus (eds.): "Information, Innovation, Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek", K G Saur, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-598-11772-5, pp. 207–224 (207f.), the Incunabula Short Title Catalogue lists 28,107 editions published before 1501.
Jump up ^ Peck, Josh. “The State of Publishing: Literacy Rates.” McSweeney’s Internet Tendency. McSweeney, 5 July 2011. Web. 28 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Malte Herwig, "Google's Total Library", Spiegel Online International, Mar. 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Howard Rheingold, "Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism", Online Journalism Review, Jul. 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Eshgh, Amy. "Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the United States | Association of Research Libraries® | ARL®". www.arl.org. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
Jump up ^ Julia C. Crick; Alexandra Walsham (2004). The uses of script and print, 1300–1700. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-521-81063-0. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Nick Bilton (14 September 2010). I Live in the Future & Here's How It Works: Why Your World, Work, and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-307-59111-1. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Jeremiah Dittmar. "Information technology and economic change: The impact of the printing press". VoxEU. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Prateek Raj. "How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets". Evonomics. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 130–133) ISBN 0-471-29198-6
Jump up ^ Bolza 1967, p. 80
Jump up ^ Bolza 1967, p. 88
Jump up ^ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design (Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5.
References
On the effects of the printing press
Boruchoff, David A. (2012), "The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times: An Idea and Its Public", in Klaus Hock; Gesa Mackenthun, Entangled Knowledge: Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference, Münster: Waxmann, pp. 133–163, ISBN 978-3-8309-2729-7
Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2009), "Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", The Journal of Economic History, 69 (2): 409–445, doi:10.1017/s0022050709000837
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1980), The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29955-1
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (2005), The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (2nd, rev. ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-60774-4 [More recent, abridged version]
Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, London: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-108-2
Man, John (2002), The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World, London: Headline Review, ISBN 978-0-7472-4504-9
McLuhan, Marshall (1962), The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1st ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-6041-9
Technology of printing
Bechtel, G. (1992), Gutenberg et l'invention de l'imprimerie, Paris: Fayard, ISBN 2-213-02865-6
Bolza, Hans (1967), "Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine", Technikgeschichte, 34 (1): 79–89
Borsa, Gedeon (1976), "Druckorte in Italien vor 1601", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 311–314
Borsa, Gedeon (1977), "Drucker in Italien vor 1601", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 166–169
Brekle, Herbert E. (1995), "Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12. Jahrhundert", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 70: 23–26
Brekle, Herbert E. (1997), "Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 72: 58–63
Brekle, Herbert E. (2005), Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung (brief summary), Regensburg: Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, ISBN 3-937527-06-0
Burns, Robert I. (1996), "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400", in Lindgren, Uta, Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation (4th ed.), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 413–422, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9
Childress, Diana (2008), Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press, Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, ISBN 978-0-7613-4024-9
Ch'on Hye-bong: "Typography in Korea", Koreana, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1993), pp. 10–19
Stearns, Peter N (ed.). Encyclopedia of World History (6 ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/ Bartleby.com. Citation
Crompton, Samuel Willard (2004), The Printing Press. Transforming Power of Technology, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, ISBN 0-7910-7451-X
Duchesne, Ricardo (2006), "Asia First?", The Journal of the Historical Society, 6 (1): 69–91, doi:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00168.x
Fontaine, Jean-Paul (1999), L'aventure du livre: Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours, Paris: Bibliothèque de l'image
Gerhardt, Claus W. (1971), "Warum wurde die Gutenberg-Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst?", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 43–57
Gerhardt, Claus W. (1978), "Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert?", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 212–217
Hanebutt-Benz, Eva-Maria (2000), "Gutenbergs Erfindungen", Gutenberg. Aventur und Kunst: Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution, Mainz: Stadt Mainz, pp. 158–189
Hellinga, Lotte (2007), "The Gutenberg Revolutions", in Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, A Companion to the History of the Book, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 207–220, ISBN 978-1-4051-2765-3
Hind, Arthur M., An Introduction to a History of Woodcut, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 ISBN 0-486-20952-0
Issawi, Charles (1980), "Europe, the Middle East and the Shift in Power: Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22 (4): 487–504, doi:10.1017/s001041750000949x
Kapr, Albert (1996), Johannes Gutenberg. The Man and his Invention, Aldershot: Scolar, ISBN 1-85928-114-1
Koch, Walter (1994), Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991), Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Hilfsmittel, 14, München, p. 213, ISBN 978-3-88612-114-4
Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1940), "Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 93–97
Lipinsky, Angelo (1986), "La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili", Ateneo Veneto, 24: 75–80
Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture, 46 (1): 1–30, doi:10.1353/tech.2005.0026
Mahnke, Helmut (2009), Der kunstreiche Johannes Gutenberg und die Frühzeit der Druckkunst, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, ISBN 978-3-8370-5041-7
Needham, Joseph: "Science and Civilisation in China", Physics and Physical Technology (Vol. 4), Mechanical Engineering (Part 2), Cambridge University Press, 1965
Onken, Björn (2009), "Presses", in Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth, Brill's New Pauly
Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing". Retrieved 27 November 2006
Roberts, Colin H.; Skeat, T. C. (1983), The Birth of the Codex, London: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-726024-1
Schneider, Helmuth (2007), "Technology", in Scheidel, Walter; Morris, Ian; Saller, Richard, The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 144–171, ISBN 978-0-521-78053-7
Schulte, Alfred (1939), "Papierpresse, Druckerpresse und Kelter", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 52–56
Thompson, Susan (1978), "Paper Manufacturing and Early Books", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 314: 167–176, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb47791.x
Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology (Vol. 5, Part 1), Cambridge University Press
Weber, Johannes (2006), "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe", German History, 24 (3): 387–412, doi:10.1191/0266355406gh380oa
White, K. D. (1984), Greek and Roman Technology, London: Thames and Hudson
Widmann, Hans (1974), "Der koreanische Buchdruck und Gutenbergs Erfindung", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 32–34
Wolf, Hans-Jürgen (1974), Geschichte der Druckpressen (1st ed.), Frankfurt/Main: Interprint
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing press.
Centre for the History of the Book
Gutenberg printing − Photos of Incunabula and the Gutenberg Bible (1455)
Internet Archive: Printing (1947) − a film from the Prelinger Archives explaining the printing industry
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NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital
Geography
Location
New York Metropolitan Area, NY, United States
Organization
Care system
Medicare, Medicaid, Public
Hospital type
Teaching
Affiliated university
Weill Cornell Medical College
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Services
Beds
2,478[1]
History
Founded
1771 (as New York Hospital)
1868 (as Presbyterian Hospital)
1998 (as NewYork–Presbyterian)
Links
Website
nyp.org
Lists
Hospitals in the United States
Other links
Hospitals in New York
The NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital is a nonprofit university hospital in New York City affiliated with two Ivy League medical schools: Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Weill Cornell Medical College. It is composed of two distinct medical centers, Columbia University Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical Center. As of August 2017[update], the hospital is ranked as the 8th best hospital in the United States and 1st in the New York City metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report.[2] The hospital has 2,478 beds in total, and is one of the largest hospitals in the United States.[1] New York–Presbyterian Hospital is among the largest hospitals and largest private employers in New York City,[3][4] and one of the world's busiest.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Structure
3 Awards and recognition
4 New York–Presbyterian Emergency Medical Services
5 Facilities
5.1 Allen Hospital
5.2 Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
5.3 Columbia University Irving Medical Center
5.4 Weill Cornell Medical Center
5.5 Lower Manhattan Hospital
5.6 Queens
5.7 Hudson Valley Hospital
5.8 Brooklyn Methodist Hospital
5.9 Lawrence Hospital
6 In popular culture
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: New York Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital (New York City)
NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia campus
NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Weill Cornell campus
The New York Hospital was founded in 1771 by Edinburgh graduate Samuel Bard. It received a Royal Charter granted by King George III of Great Britain and became associated with Weill Cornell Medical College upon the latter institution's founding in 1898. It is the third oldest hospital in the United States, after NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue in New York (1736) and Pennsylvania Hospital (1751).
A 1927 endowment of more than $20 million by Payne Whitney expanded the hospital significantly and the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic is named in his honor. Other prominent donors have included Edward S. Harkness and Anna Harkness,[5] Howard Hughes, William Randolph Hearst, Harry and Leona Helmsley, Maurice R. Greenberg, and the Baker, Whitney, Lasdon, and Payson families.
The Presbyterian Hospital was founded in 1868 by James Lenox, a New York philanthropist and was associated with Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1925 the Sloane Hospital for Women, a leader in obstetrics and gynecology that had been founded in 1886, was incorporated.[6]
New York Hospital was the subject of a lawsuit from the family of Libby Zion, a young woman admitted in 1984 who died while under the care of overworked hospital residents. An investigation by the New York state Health Commissioner, the Bell Commission, led to restrictions on the number of hours residents could work and required oversight of their care by accredited physicians (this regulation is also known as the Libby Zion law). These reforms have since been adopted nationwide.[7]
On January 1, 1998, The New York Hospital announced its merger with The Presbyterian Hospital to create New York–Presbyterian Hospital. New York–Presbyterian Hospital, chartered as The New York and Presbyterian Hospital by the State of New York in 1996, was formed in 1998 with the merger of two large, previously independent hospitals, the New York Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital.
In the 2010s, the hospital began to supplement its physical presence with remote and online services. A tele-psychiatry service allows patients to receive follow-up care remotely, a CAT-equipped ambulance allows stroke care to take place outside the hospital, and a remote second opinion program uses Grand Rounds technology.[8]
Structure[edit]
Main article: NewYork–Presbyterian Healthcare System
The NYP system includes a variety of outlying hospitals that had previously been affiliates of NYH or Presbyterian; these hospitals stretch throughout the five boroughs, Westchester County, Long Island and New Jersey.
The hospital, along with Weill Cornell Medical College and Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, runs the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System, a network of independent, cooperating, acute-care and community hospitals, continuum-of-care facilities, home-health agencies, ambulatory sites, and specialty institutes in the New York metropolitan area. The two medical schools remain essentially autonomous, though there is increasing cooperation and coordination of clinical, research, and residency training programs. The hospitals have merged administrations, with Herb Pardes, MD, leading the combined hospitals from 2001 to 2011. Steven Corwin, MD is now the Hospital system CEO.
The institution's six main facilities are:
NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center
NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center
NewYork-Presbyterian Allen Hospital
NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
NewYork-Presbyterian Westchester Division, formerly the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, and before that Bloomingdale Insane Asylum
NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital
Awards and recognition[edit]
Milstein building, Ft Washington Avenue
A NYP ambulance
NYP/Allen Hospital
As of 2016, the U.S. News and World Report rankings place NYPH overall as the sixth-best hospital in the United States. Every specialty was ranked in the top 50 by US News, and the following were ranked in the top 10 of hospitals around the country: neurology and neurosurgery (3); gastroenterology and gastrointestinal surgery (14); cardiology and heart surgery (3); diabetes and endocrinology (5); nephrology (4); geriatrics (7); pulmonology (8); rheumatology (2); urology (6); and psychiatry (3).[9]
New York–Presbyterian Emergency Medical Services[edit]
New York–Presbyterian Emergency Medical Services (NYP-EMS) is a hospital-based ambulance service[10] that has operated since 1981. NYP-EMS also operates critical care transport ambulances throughout the New York City Metropolitan Area. The service is licensed to operate in the 5 counties of New York City, Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York, and in the state of New Jersey for Basic Life Support and Specialty Care Transport. In addition to providing emergency and non-emergency ambulance services, either through the New York City 911 system on through the NYP-EMS Communications Center at Weill Cornell Medical Center, NYP-EMS provides stand-by EMS services for events throughout the New York City area, including the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer and the NYC Triathlon.
NYP-EMS is also a New York State Department of Health-approved training center for EMT and Paramedic programs, several of which are approved for college-level credit by the New York State Department of Education. NYP-EMS operates one of the largest American Heart Association Emergency Cardiac Care training centers in New York. NYP-EMS also maintains a Special Operations team trained in hazardous materials decontamination and technical rescue. This team, accompanied by several Weill Cornell Physicians, provided rescue and relief support on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Most recently, the team decontaminated 28 patients after the 2007 New York City steam explosion in Midtown Manhattan on July 18, 2007.
Facilities[edit]
Allen Hospital[edit]
The Allen Hospital is located at 5141 Broadway and West 220th Street in northernmost part of Inwood, Manhattan. The General Surgery Group of The Allen Hospital specialize in the treatment of hernias and gallbladder diseases. The Hospitalist group and Internal Medicine and Family Medicine residents care for the adult medical patients. There is an active Labor and Delivery Department. It also has the Mila Conanan Memorial Chapel, named after Mila P. Conanan, who had been on the medical center staff for 20 years and the operating rooms director at the Allen Pavilion for three years before her death in 1990.?
Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital[edit]
Main article: Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
Located on 3959 Broadway (165th Street and Broadway), New York City, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital is a pediatric hospital in New York–Presbyterian Hospital. They are especially known for their expertise in pediatric heart surgery. It was listed on the 2009 U.S.News & World Report "America's Best Children's Hospitals" "Honor Roll" and one of only 10 children's hospitals in the nation to be ranked in all 10 clinical specialties.
Columbia University Irving Medical Center[edit]
Main article: Columbia University Medical Center
The New York–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Irving Medical Center is located on West 168th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. It contains an Emergency Room, an eye institute, a chapel, a garden, and more. It is situated on a 20-acre (81,000 m2) campus in the Washington Heights community of Manhattan and comprising roughly half of Columbia University's nearly $3 billion annual budget, it provides leadership in scientific research, medical education, and more. New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University Medical Center are well known for their strong affiliation with the Neurological Institute of New York, which houses the departments of Neurology[11] and Neurological Surgery[12] as well as numerous research laboratories.
Weill Cornell Medical Center[edit]
Main article: Weill Cornell Medical Center
Cornell Medical College was founded in 1898, and has been affiliated with what is now New York–Presbyterian Hospital since 1927. The Medical College is divided into 20 academic departments. It is among the top-ranked clinical and medical research centers in the United States of America, although the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services' Medicare program adjudged its rate of admission for heart failure patients to be worse than the national rate. Also housed here is the New York-Presbyterian Phyllis and David Komansky Center for Children's Health. Located at 525 East 68th Street on the Upper East Side in Manhattan (E.68th and York Avenue), New York City, the Komansky Center for Children's Health is a full-service pediatric "hospital within a hospital." The Komansky Center was listed on the 2009 U.S.News & World Report "America's Best Children's Hospitals" "Honor Roll" and one of only 10 children's hospitals in the nation to be ranked in all 10 clinical specialties.
In August 2011, Becker's Hospital Review listed the New York-Presbyterian Hospital/ Weill Cornell Medical Center as number 4 of the 100 Top Grossing Hospitals in America with $7.52 billion in gross revenue.[13]
Lower Manhattan Hospital[edit]
Main article: Lower Manhattan Hospital
On July 1, 2013, NYP announced its merger with the former New York Downtown Hospital to form the Lower Manhattan Hospital (LMH) campus of the New York–Presbyterian Hospital.[14] LMH is one of the few hospitals in Lower Manhattan south of Greenwich Village. The campus operates 170 beds and offers a full range of inpatient and outpatient services. LMH serves the diverse neighborhoods of Wall Street, Battery Park City, Chinatown, SoHo, TriBeCa, Little Italy, and the Lower East Side, and is the closest acute care facility to both the Financial District and to the seat of New York City's government.
Queens[edit]
Main article: NewYork–Presbyterian/Queens
On July 10, 2015, NYP announced its merger with the former New York Hospital Queens (formerly known as Booth Memorial Medical Center) to form the Queens campus of the New York–Presbyterian Hospital.[15] Located in Flushing, Queens, NewYork-Presbyterian/Queens is a teaching hospital affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical College that serves Queens and metro New York residents. The 535-bed tertiary care facility provides services in 14 clinical departments and numerous subspecialties, including 15,000 surgeries and 4,000 infant deliveries each year. With its network of affiliated primary and multispecialty care physician practices and community-based health centers, the hospital provides approximately 162,000 ambulatory care visits and 124,000 emergency service visits annually.
Hudson Valley Hospital[edit]
Main article: Hudson Valley Hospital
Founded in 1889 by the Helping Hand Association, NewYork-Presbyterian/Hudson Valley Hospital, located in Cortlandt Manor, New York, serves residents of the Hudson Valley and Westchester County. The 128-bed facility provides a wide range of ambulatory care and inpatient services, with 350 physicians on staff in 43 specialties. The hospital is home to the region’s only state-of-the-art, 24-hour "no wait" emergency department, which sees more than 39,000 visits per year. In 2011, the Cheryl R. Lindenbaum Cancer Center opened, offering the first comprehensive cancer center in the area, combining infusion, radiation therapy and support services all under one roof.
Brooklyn Methodist Hospital[edit]
Main article: NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital
Lawrence Hospital[edit]
Main article: Lawrence Hospital
In popular culture[edit]
ABC documentary series NY Med, produced by ABC News, features NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Weill Cornell Medical Center.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "About Us". New York-Presbyterian. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview
Jump up ^ "NewYork–Presbyterian". Retrieved August 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Becker's Healthcare
Jump up ^ The Exeter Bulletin, Fall 2006, p.28
Jump up ^ "Sloane Hospital for Women (New York, N.Y.)". Columbia University Health Sciences Library. 2006. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
Jump up ^ Barron H. Lerner (November 28, 2006). "A Case That Shook Medicine: How One Man's Rage Over His Daughter's Death Sped Reform of Doctor Training". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
Jump up ^ http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/newyork-presbyterian-adds-more-telepsychiatry-express-care-services
Jump up ^ "New York-Presbyterian University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell". U.S.News & World Report. 2016-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/neurology/education/adult.html. Retrieved February 11, 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
Jump up ^ E. Sander Connolly Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S. - New York Presbyterian. The University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell Archived October 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Nyp.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center
Jump up ^ http://nyp.org/news/hospital/2013-merger-downtown.html
Jump up ^ http://www.nyp.org/news/hospital/renamed-nyp-queens.html
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York-Presbyterian Hospital.
New York–Presbyterian Hospital
New York-Presbyterian Emergency Medicine
New York-Presbyterian Children's Health
Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NewYork–Presbyterian_Hospital&oldid=836737233"
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value: مستشفى نيويورك-بريسبيتيريان – Arabic

value: Hospital presbiteriano de Nueva York – Spanish

value: بیمارستان نیویورک-پرسبیترین – Persian

value: Hôpital presbytérien de New York – French

value: New York-Presbyterian Hospital – Italian

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