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Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
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Los Angeles Stadium
at Hollywood Park
Location
Inglewood, California, U.S.
Coordinates
33°57′12″N 118°20′21″W / 33.95345°N 118.3392°W / 33.95345; -118.3392Coordinates: 33°57′12″N 118°20′21″W / 33.95345°N 118.3392°W / 33.95345; -118.3392
Owner
Kroenke Sports & Entertainment
Hollywood Park Land Company, LLC. (A joint venture of The Flesher Group and Stockbridge Capital)
City of Inglewood
Executive suites
69
Capacity
70,240[1] (expandable to 100,240)[2][3] for Super Bowls, Final Fours, FIFA World Cups, Summer Olympics and other major events.[4]
Acreage
298 acres (121 ha)
Surface
Artificial turf
Construction
Broke ground
November 17, 2016
Construction cost
$4.963 billion (estimated)[citation needed]
Architect
HKS, Inc.
Project manager
Legends Global Planning[5]
Structural engineer
Walter P Moore Engineers and Consultants[6]
Services engineer
Henderson Engineers, Inc.[7]
General contractor
Turner/Hunt JV[8]
Tenants
Los Angeles Rams (NFL) (2020–) planned
Los Angeles Chargers (NFL) (2020–) planned
Inglewood
Location in the United States
Inglewood
Location in L.A. metro area
The Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, also referred to as City of Champions Stadium,[10] is an open-air stadium and entertainment complex district under construction in Inglewood, California, United States. Formerly the site of Hollywood Park Racetrack, it is approximately three miles (5 km) from Los Angeles International Airport, and is located immediately south of The Forum.
Planned to open in 2020, the stadium will serve as the home to the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). It is also scheduled to host Super Bowl LVI in February 2022 and the College Football Playoff National Championship in January 2023. During the 2028 Summer Olympics, the stadium is expected to host the opening ceremony and soccer. Archery will be held on the grounds outside the stadium.
Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park will be the third stadium since the AFL–NFL merger to be shared by two NFL teams. MetLife Stadium, in East Rutherford, New Jersey, is home to the New York Giants and New York Jets, as was its predecessor, Giants Stadium. It will be the third facility in the Los Angeles area to host multiple teams from the same league as Staples Center is home to both of the city's National Basketball Association (NBA) teams, the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers and Stubhub Center which for a time hosted both the Los Angeles Galaxy and Chivas USA of Major League Soccer.
The stadium is a component of the City of Champions Revitalization Initiative, the working title of the development on the site of the former Hollywood Park Racetrack. Hollywood Park Casino opened on the lot in 2016, becoming the first establishment to open on the property on October 21.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Hollywood Park Racetrack
1.2 2014: Location discussions
1.3 2015
1.4 Construction and design
1.5 2016
1.6 2017
1.7 2018
2 Funding
3 Tenants and events
3.1 2028 Summer Olympics
3.2 Other events
4 Entertainment district
4.1 NFL Media Campus
5 Defeated rival proposals
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Hollywood Park Racetrack[edit]
Main article: Hollywood Park Racetrack
The stadium site was previously home to Hollywood Park, later sold and referred to as Betfair Hollywood Park, which was a thoroughbred race course from 1938 until it was shut down for racing and training in December 2013. The casino remained open, containing a poker card room. Most of the complex was demolished in 2014 to make way for new construction with the rest demolished in late 2016 after the new Hollywood Park Casino was opened. The current stadium project was not the first stadium proposed for the site. The site was almost home to a NFL stadium two decades earlier. In May 1995 after the departure of the Rams for St. Louis, the National Football League teams approved by a 27-1 vote with two abstentions, a resolution supporting a plan to build a $200 million, privately financed stadium on property owned by Hollywood Park for the Los Angeles Raiders. Al Davis, who was then the Raiders owner balked and refused the deal over a stipulation that he would have had to accept a second team at the stadium.[12]
2014: Location discussions[edit]
On January 31, 2014, the Los Angeles Times reported that Stan Kroenke, owner of the St. Louis Rams, purchased a 60-acre parcel of land just north of the Hollywood Park site in an area that had been studied by the National Football League in the past and at one point attempted to purchase.[13] This set off immediate speculation as to what Kroenke's intentions were for the site: it was originally planned to be a Walmart Supercenter; however, in 2014, most of the speculation centered around the site as a possible stadium site or training facility for the Rams.[14] NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell represented that Kroenke informed the league of the purchase. As an NFL owner, any purchase of land in which a potential stadium could be built must be disclosed to the league. Speculation about the Rams' returning to their home of nearly fifty years had already been discussed when Kroenke was one of the finalists in bidding for ownership in the Los Angeles Dodgers, but speculation increased when the news broke that the Rams owner had a possible stadium site in hand.[15][16]
2015[edit]
2015 aerial view of former racetrack and complex site, with the Downtown Los Angeles skyline in background.
Nearly a year went by without a word from Kroenke about his intentions for the land, as he failed to ever address the St. Louis media, or the Hollywood Land Company, about what the site may be used for. There was, however, speculation about the future of the Rams franchise until it was reported that the National Football League would not be allowing any franchise relocation for the 2015 season.[17]
Construction and design[edit]
On January 5, 2015, Stokbridge Capital the owners of the Hollywood Park Land Company announced that it had partnered with Kroenke Sports & Entertainment to add the northern 60-acre parcel to the rest of the development project and build a multi-purpose 70,240-seat stadium designed for the NFL.[18] The project will include the stadium of up to 100,240 seats (including standing room-only seats) and a performance entertainment venue of up to 6,000 seats while reconfiguring the previously approved Hollywood Park plan for up to 900,000 square feet of retail, 800,000 square feet of office space, 2,500 new residential and condo units, a luxury 300-room hotel and 25 acres of public parks, playgrounds, open space, a lake and pedestrian, bicycle and mass-transit access. The stadium would be ready by 2019. On February 24, 2015, the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium plan and the initiative with construction on the stadium planned to begin in December 2015.[13][19]
On February 24, 2015, the Inglewood City Council approved plans with a 5–0 unanimous vote to combine the 60-acre plot of land with the larger Hollywood Park development and rezone the area to include sports and entertainment capabilities. This essentially cleared the way for developers to begin construction on the venue as planned in December 2015.[20][21][22]
It was also reported, in early February 2015, that "earth was being moved" and the site was being graded to be prepared for the construction that would begin later in the year.[23]
2016[edit]
2016 aerial view of the stadium construction site, adjacent to The Forum. The new Hollywood Park Casino is in the foreground.
The NFL approved the Inglewood proposal and the Rams' relocation back to Los Angeles, 30–2, on January 12, 2016. On July 14, 2016, it was announced that Turner Construction and AECOM would oversee construction of the stadium.[24]
On October 19, 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) determined that a 110-foot-tall LB 44 rotary drill rig would not pose a hazard to air navigation, so it approved the first of several pieces of heavy equipment to be used during construction. The stadium design had been under review by the FAA for more than a year because of concerns about how the structure would interact with radar at nearby Los Angeles International Airport.[25] On December 16, 2016, it was reported in Sports Business Journal that the FAA had declined to issue permits for cranes needed to build the structure. “We’re not going to evaluate any crane applications until our concerns with the overall project are resolved,” said FAA spokesman Ian Gregor.[26] The FAA had previously recommended building the stadium at another site due to the risks posed to LAX—echoing concerns raised by former United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge.[27]
The Rams held the groundbreaking construction ceremony at the future Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park site on November 17, 2016. The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell and Rams' owner Stan Kroenke.[28][29]
On December 23, 2016, the FAA approved the large cranes to build the stadium.[30]
2017[edit]
It was announced on May 18, 2017, that due to record rainfall in the area leading to construction holdups, the stadium completion and opening will be delayed until the 2020 NFL season.[31][32]
On August 8, 2017, the LA Stadium Premiere Center in Playa Vista, California opened as a place for suite buyers and season ticket holders to be able to preview the stadium. The center contains a massive replica model of the stadium which will include: ribbon-like LED high definition jumbotron and LED ribbon boards that go from the field to the ceiling, giving potential buyers a preview of what they can expect when the stadium opens.[33][34][35]
2018[edit]
The NFL announced that NFL Media will add 200,000 square feet of space to the LA Stadium campus and move in around 2021 from Culver City. In addition to office and studio space, the new facility also will feature NFL Media’s first outdoor studio and studio space to host live audiences.[36]
Funding[edit]
The stadium is being built privately, but the developer is seeking significant tax breaks from Inglewood.[37]
The cost of the stadium project was orginally estimated to be approximately $2.66 billion upon the commencement of construction. However, internal league documents produced by the NFL in March 2018 indicated a need to raise the debt ceiling for the stadium and facility to a total of $4.963 billion. Team owners were expected to vote and approve this new debt ceiling at a meeting that same month. [38]
Tenants and events[edit]
The Los Angeles Rams have committed to moving to the stadium, as NFL approval for their relocation was obtained on January 12, 2016. The approval also gave the San Diego Chargers the first option to relocate to Los Angeles and share the stadium with the Rams, conditioned on a negotiated lease agreement between the two teams. The option would have expired on January 15, 2017, at which time the Oakland Raiders would have acquired the same option.[39]
On January 29, 2016, the Rams and Chargers came to an agreement in principle to share the stadium. The Chargers would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs and would pay $1 per year in rent to the Rams.[40] The same day, Chargers chairman-CEO Dean Spanos announced the team would remain in San Diego for the 2016 NFL season, while continuing to work with local government on a new stadium.[41] Measure C (the Chargers stadium proposal) did not receive the requisite number of votes required for passage.
On January 12, 2017, the Chargers exercised their option and announced plans to relocate to Los Angeles for the 2017 season, making the Chargers the second tenant at the stadium and returning them to the market where they played their inaugural season in 1960.[42][43]
When the Rams and Chargers move into the stadium, projected for August 2020, it will mark the return of major professional sports to Inglewood for the first time since the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings left The Forum for Staples Center in May 1999.
2028 Summer Olympics[edit]
The Hollywood Park stadium is expected to host soccer matches during the 2028 Summer Olympics. Los Angeles organizers had also proposed that the stadium co-host the Games' ceremonies with Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum with a dual-venue format.[44][45]
Other events[edit]
In addition to Rams and Chargers games, the stadium will host Super Bowl LVI in 2022.[46] It was initially to host Super Bowl LV in 2021, but construction delays mentioned above have pushed back the Super Bowl hosting duties by one year (NFL owners voted to move Super Bowl LV to Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida).
The stadium also allows other potential NFL opportunities on the complex such as an NFL retail store, an NFL Network studio, the NFL Honors ceremony, NFL Films premieres, other NFL-themed events, a West Coast wing of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and NFL-themed hotels.[47]
On November 1, 2017, it was announced that the stadium will host the 2023 College Football Playoff National Championship.[48]
The stadium could serve as a FIFA World Cup venue if the North America 2026 FIFA World Cup bid is successful.[49]
Entertainment district[edit]
The surrounding development around the stadium will include a new entertainment center with 8.5 million square feet (790,000 m2) for business parks and condominiums, it will also include a 6,000-seat music and theatre venue, ballrooms, indoor and outdoor room, a multiplex movie theater, a lake with a waterfall fountain, luxury hotels, high-scale dining and an open-air shopping center.[50] There will also be team stores for the Chargers and Rams.[47] The first new establishment to open service on the site was the new and modern Hollywood Park Casino, which opened on October 21, 2016.[11]
NFL Media Campus[edit]
The campus will become the new home of NFL Media which is currently based in Culver City, CA. The NFL will develop a 200,000 square foot space to headquarter operations for hundreds of employees at NFL Network, NFL.com, the NFL app and NFL RedZone. In addition to office and studio space, the facility also will feature NFL Media’s first outdoor studio and space to host studio audiences. The new NFL Media campus is expected to open by the summer of 2021.[51]
Defeated rival proposals[edit]
Main article: Proposed Los Angeles NFL stadiums
The Hollywood Park stadium project plan competed directly with a rival proposal. On February 19, 2015, the Oakland Raiders, and the San Diego Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.85 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market. Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.[52]
On April 21, 2015, Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to a public vote and approved the plan 3–0.[53] The NFL approved the Rams' relocation on January 12, 2016, with 30 of the 32 owners voting their approval to relocate, effectively ending the Carson proposal.[54]
See also[edit]
National Football League portal
Los Angeles portal
History of the Los Angeles Rams
History of the Los Angeles Chargers
History of the National Football League in Los Angeles
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park.
Official website
Hollywood Park Land Company stadium website
Webcam of LA Stadium
Construction page for stadium from Turner/Hunt
Stadium presentation from HKS
Preceded by
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Home of the Los Angeles Rams
2020–beyond Succeeded by
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Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (XXVI)
Rose Bowl (XXVII)
Georgia Dome (XXVIII)
Joe Robbie Stadium (XXIX)
Sun Devil Stadium (XXX)
Louisiana Superdome (XXXI)
Qualcomm Stadium (XXXII)
Pro Player Stadium (XXXIII)
Georgia Dome (XXXIV)
Raymond James Stadium (XXXV)
Louisiana Superdome (XXXVI)
Qualcomm Stadium (XXXVII)
Reliant Stadium (XXXVIII)
Alltel Stadium (XXXIX)
Ford Field (XL)
Dolphin Stadium (XLI)
University of Phoenix Stadium (XLII)
Raymond James Stadium (XLIII)
Sun Life Stadium (XLIV)
Cowboys Stadium (XLV)
Lucas Oil Stadium (XLVI)
Mercedes-Benz Superdome (XLVII)
MetLife Stadium (XLVIII)
University of Phoenix Stadium (XLIX)
Levi's Stadium (50)
NRG Stadium (LI)
U.S. Bank Stadium (LII)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium (LIII)
Hard Rock Stadium (LIV)
Raymond James Stadium (LV)
Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park (LVI)
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic venues in association football
1900
Vélodrome de Vincennes
1904
Francis Field
1908
White City Stadium
1912
Råsunda IP, Stockholm Olympic Stadium (final), Tranebergs Idrottsplats
1920
Jules Ottenstadion, Olympisch Stadion (final), Stade Joseph Marien, Stadion Broodstraat
1924
Stade Bergeyre, Stade de Colombes (final), Stade de Paris, Stade Pershing
1928
Monnikenhuize, Olympic Stadium (final), Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel
1936
Hertha-BSC Field, Mommsenstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Poststadion
1948
Arsenal Stadium, Champion Hill, Craven Cottage, Empire Stadium (medal matches), Fratton Park, Goldstone Ground, Green Pond Road, Griffin Park, Lynn Road, Selhurst Park, White Hart Lane
1952
Helsinki Football Grounds, Kotka, Lahti, Olympic Stadium (final), Tampere, Turku
1956
Melbourne Cricket Ground (final), Olympic Park Stadium
1960
Florence Communal Stadium, Grosseto Communal Stadium, L'Aquila Communal Stadium, Livorno Ardenza Stadium, Naples Saint Paul's Stadium, Pescara Adriatic Stadium, Stadio Flaminio (final)
1964
Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium, Mitsuzawa Football Field, Nagai Stadium, Tokyo National Stadium (final), Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium, Ōmiya Football Field, Prince Chichibu Memorial Football Field
1968
Estadio Azteca (final), Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Estadio Nou Camp, Jalisco Stadium
1972
Dreiflüssestadion, ESV-Stadion, Jahnstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Rosenaustadion, Urban Stadium
1976
Lansdowne Park, Olympic Stadium (final), Sherbrooke Stadium, Varsity Stadium
1980
Dinamo Stadium, Dynamo Central Stadium, Grand Arena, Grand Arena (final), Kirov Stadium, Republican Stadium
1984
Harvard Stadium, Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Rose Bowl (final), Stanford Stadium
1988
Busan Stadium, Daegu Stadium, Daejeon Stadium, Dongdaemun Stadium, Olympic Stadium (final)
1992
Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta, Camp Nou (final), Estadio Luís Casanova, La Romareda, Sarrià Stadium
1996
Florida Citrus Bowl, Legion Field, Orange Bowl, RFK Memorial Stadium, Sanford Stadium (both finals)
2000
Stadium Australia, Brisbane Cricket Ground, Bruce Stadium, Hindmarsh Stadium, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Olympic Stadium (men's final), Sydney Football Stadium (women's final)
2004
Kaftanzoglio Stadium, Karaiskakis Stadium (women's final), Olympic Stadium (men's final), Pampeloponnisiako Stadium, Pankritio Stadium, Panthessaliko Stadium
2008
Beijing National Stadium (men's final), Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Shanghai Stadium, Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium, Workers' Stadium (women's final)
2012
City of Coventry Stadium, Hampden Park, Millennium Stadium, St James' Park, Old Trafford, Wembley Stadium (both finals)
2016
Estádio Nacional de Brasília, Arena Fonte Nova, Mineirão, Arena Corinthians, Arena da Amazônia, Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Maracanã (both finals)
2020
International Stadium Yokohama, Kashima Soccer Stadium, Miyagi Stadium, National Stadium, Saitama Stadium, Sapporo Dome, Tokyo Stadium
2024
Parc des Princes (both finals), Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Stade de la Beaujoire, Stade de Nice, Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Stade Matmut Atlantique, Stadium Municipal, Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Stade Vélodrome
2028
Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, Banc of California Stadium, Rose Bowl, Levi's Stadium, Avaya Stadium, Stanford Stadium, California Memorial Stadium
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic venues in archery
1900: Bois de Vincennes
1904: Francis Field
1908: White City Stadium
1920: Nachtegalen Park
1972: Bogenschießlage
1976: Olympic Archery Field, Joliette
1980: Krylatskoye Sports Complex Archery Field
1984: El Dorado Park
1988: Hwarang Archery Field
1992: Olympic Archery Field
1996: Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
2000: Sydney International Archery Park
2004: Panathenaic Stadium
2008: Olympic Green Archery Field
2012: Lord's
2016: Sambódromo
2020: Dream Island Archery Field
2024: Les Invalides
2028: Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
[show]
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Inglewood, California
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Good Shepherd Lutheran School (closed)
Other
Landmarks
The Forum
Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park (under construction)
Inglewood City Hall
Inglewood Park Cemetery
Edward Vincent Jr. Park
Veterans Memorial Building
Randy's Donuts
Hollywood Park Casino
Centinela Hospital Medical Center
Centinela Adobe (physically in Westchester, Los Angeles)]
Centinela Freeman Regional Medical Center, Centinela Campus (demolished)
Centinela Freeman Regional Medical Center, Memorial Campus (demolished)
Hollywood Park Racetrack (demolished)
Transportation
Inglewood Transit Center
Fairview Heights Metro station (under construction)
Downtown Inglewood Metro station (under construction)
Westchester/Veterans station (under construction)
[show]
v
t
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Kroenke Sports & Entertainment
Founded in 1999
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Hairpin turn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hairpin turn in Oregon, US, and its namesake.
21 turns in Guizhou, China
Road D2204 ascends to the Col de Braus using hairpin bends in the Alpes Maritimes in the French Alps (43°51′58.0″N 7°22′50″E / 43.866111°N 7.38056°E / 43.866111; 7.38056)
Some of the 48 hairpin turns near the top of the northern ramp of the Stelvio Pass in Italy
Hairpin turn on Mont Ventoux in France
Hairpins on a track to the south of Mont Valier, Pyrenees
A hairpin turn (also hairpin bend, hairpin corner, etc.), named for its resemblance to a hairpin/bobby pin, is a bend in a road with a very acute inner angle, making it necessary for an oncoming vehicle to turn about 180° to continue on the road. Such turns in ramps and trails may be called switchbacks in American English, by analogy with switchback railways. In British English "switchback" is more likely to refer to a heavily undulating road—a use extended from the rollercoaster and the other type of switchback railway.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Roads with hairpin turns
2.1 Europe
2.2 United States
2.3 Mexico
2.4 Canada
2.5 Chile
2.6 Asia
2.7 Australia
3 Motorsports
4 Railways
5 Skiing
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Description[edit]
Hairpin turns are often built when a route climbs up or down a steep slope, so that it can travel mostly across the slope with only moderate steepness, and are often arrayed in a zigzag pattern. Highways with repeating hairpin turns allow easier, safer ascents and descents of mountainous terrain than a direct, steep climb and descent, at the price of greater distances of travel and usually lower speed limits, due to the sharpness of the turn. Highways of this style are also generally less costly to build and maintain than highways with tunnels.
On occasion, the road may loop completely, using a tunnel or bridge to cross itself at a different elevation (example on Reunion Island: 21°10′52″S 55°27′17″E / 21.18111°S 55.45472°E / -21.18111; 55.45472). When this routing geometry is used for a rail line, it is called a spiral, or spiral loop.
In trail building, an alternative to switchbacks is the stairway.
Roads with hairpin turns[edit]
Some roads with switchbacks (hairpin turns) include:
Europe[edit]
Alpe d'Huez in the French Alps, famous for its 21 hairpin bends
Stelvio Pass (German: Stilfserjoch) with its 48 hairpin bends (Italian: tornanti; German Spitzkehren) on the northern ramp is one of the most famous Alpine Mountain passes
Transfăgărăşan in the Romanian Carpathians (Fagaras Mountains), famous for its hairpin bends
In rallying, the cars slide sideways around hairpins in spectacular style, such as at the Col de Turini of the Monte Carlo Rally
Hillclimbing is a special kind of automobile racing mainly held of mountain roads with hairpins, which keeps average speeds lower than on tracks
In bicycle racing, climbs up mountains roads with many U-turns are considered the most difficult, and often feature in Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, Tour de Suisse and also Vuelta a España
The roads above Monaco, on the foothills of the Alps; also seen in Hitchcock's To Catch a Thief and the Loews Hairpin at the Circuit de Monaco
The road between Lysefjord and the mountain plateau has 27 hairpin bends
The Trollstigen road in Rauma, Norway, from Åndalsnes to Valldal has 11 characteristic bends.[1]
The Geiranger road from Geirangerfjord to the mountain pass (now road 63) won the gold medal on the world exhibition, Paris 1900, the original design included a 270° spiral.[2]
Norwegian National Road 7 through Måbødalen has a spiral partly within tunnels.[3]
The road from Frangokastello to Kallikratis in Crete has 27 tight bends. Due to mountainous profile of the country are many public streets in Greece having tight bends, and the asphalt is little slippery, making the traction (and the control) easily loosen. The situation worsens with the first rains after the long dry summer, then asphalt slips more than usual
The Veleta access road in Granada, Spain is the highest paved road in Europe
United States[edit]
One of the most famous NASCAR tracks with hairpin turns was the old Riverside International Raceway in Riverside, California
WA 129 in Joseph Canyon
Shafer Trail Road in Canyonlands National Park
See also: Dead Man's Curve
City streets:
Winters Street (Sacramento, California)
Vermont Street (San Francisco, California)
Lombard Street (San Francisco, California)
Snake Alley (Burlington, Iowa)
Mountain Road (Jersey City, New Jersey)
Shippen Street (Weehawken, New Jersey)
US Highways:
US 6 through Loveland Pass over the Continental Divide in Colorado (N39.65726, W105.87456)
US 44/NY 55 on the east face of the Shawangunk Ridge in Gardiner (N41.73803, W74.18433).
US 93 used to be on both the Nevada and Arizona sides of Hoover Dam, though these sections were bypassed by a new highway alignment and bridge south of the dam that opened in 2010 (N36.01612, W114.73716)
US 250 between the West Virginia border and West Augusta, Virginia　(N38.44073, W79.63908)
US 129 around the Tennessee/North Carolina border, 318 curves in 11 miles (18 km) (N35.47612, W83.91830)
US 191 (Coronado Trail Scenic Byway) in Arizona between Morenci and Alpine), has a few switchbacks and about 460 curves.[4](N33.16616, W109.36697)
US 441 through Great Smoky Mountains National Park on the Tennessee/North Carolina border. (N35.60273, W83.41527)
US 40 over Berthoud Pass in Colorado. (N39.84474, W105.7578)
US 550 in Colorado between Silverton and Ouray, nicknamed the "Million Dollar Highway" (N37.87297, W107.73610)
US 34 in Colorado in Rocky Mountain National Park has 10 switchbacks on Trail Ridge Road
State Highways:
AZ 89A as it enters Oak Creek Canyon in Arizona.
AR 7 in various places in Arkansas
CA 1 south of Bodega Bay, California; it is shown in Alfred Hitchcock's film The Birds, is still in use, and looks much as it did during the filming in the early 1960s
CA 74/Seven-Level Hill south of Palm Desert, California, featured in the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World
CA 92 southwest of the San Andreas Fault
CA 120 west of Groveland, California is known as Priest Grade, a dangerous road on the way to Yosemite National Park.
CA 130 Originally built as a wagon trail to aid in the construction of Lick Observatory, "Mt. Hamilton Road" travels east out of San Jose, CA and rises over the foothills, only to ascend again up the summit of Mt. Hamilton. It has a total of 365 curves and switchbacks: "...one for every day of the year"
CA 152 east of Watsonville, California is known as Hwy 152 or Hecker Pass; from Casserly Rd to Whitehurst Rd it curves and makes a hairpin turn just past the "Mt. Madona Inn" Restaurant
CA 198 on the ascent from the Kaweah River canyon to the Giant Forest area of Sequoia National Park; this portion of CA 198 is known as Generals Highway
CO 5, the highest paved road in North America, has three switchbacks as it ascends from Echo Lake Park in Clear Creek County, Colorado, and an additional 12 switchbacks on its final approach to the summit of Mount Evans. It forms half of the Mount Evans Scenic Byway.
CO 82 has one switchback on the western approach, and three on the east, at Independence Pass on the Lake–Pitkin county line, the highest paved crossing of the Continental Divide in the US
MA 2, the Mohawk Trail in the Berkshire Mountains
UT 261 includes steep switchbacks as it traverses the Moki Dugway in San Juan County
WA 20 just east of Washington Pass in Okanogan County
WA 410 between Cayuse Pass and Chinook Pass in Mount Rainier National Park, eastern Pierce County
NJ 495 just after leaving the Lincoln Tunnel toll plaza
Other roads:
Panoramic Highway in Marin County, California, includes dozens of hairpin turns as it traverses Mount Tamalpais, connecting the inland town of Mill Valley with the coastal community of Stinson Beach.
Pikes Peak Highway in Colorado Springs includes numerous hairpins and switchbacks which are known as "W's".[5]
Fairfax–Bolinas Road in Marin County, California, includes dozens of hairpin turns as it traverses the northern ridge of Mount Tamalpais, connecting the town of Fairfax in central Marin with the coastal community of Bolinas
The Beartooth Highway in Montana and Wyoming has 19 switchbacks
Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina and Virginia
San Juan Grade Road in Salinas, California between Old Stage Rd and California Highway 156 in San Juan Bautista
Cherohala Skyway in Tennessee and North Carolina
W Road near Chattanooga, Tennessee, with 3 quick hairpin turns forming the letter "W"
Pali Highway, Hawaii, connecting windward Oahu with Honolulu and leeward Oahu
Taconic State Parkway in New York has a wide hairpin turn in Putnam County, which is signed as an S-curve
Historic US 66 (Oatman Highway) between Kingman and Oatman, through Sitgreaves Pass in the Black Mountains, Arizona
Palomar Mountain Road, also known as South Grade Road, in San Diego County has 21 switchbacks
Greenwood Station Road (US Bicycle Route 76) in Albemarle County, Virginia near Crozet with a signed "5 mph" hairpin turn. (N38.054588, W78.770537)
Mexico[edit]
Mexican Autopista 95D has a famous hairpin turn which is known as La Pera (The Pear), because it somewhat resembles the shape of that fruit.
Canada[edit]
The Crowsnest Highway in British Columbia, Canada east of Osoyoos has several hairpin turns.
A sharp hairpin turn on British Columbia Highway 97 alongside Vaseux Lake near Oliver, British Columbia has been the scene of many accidents and deaths.
Nova Scotia Highway 105, part of the Trans-Canada Highway in Cape Breton has a hairpin turn after peaking Kelly's Mountain before descending to cross the Seal Island Bridge.
The Duffy Lake Road (hwy 99) in British Columbia descending into Pemberton from Lillooet. 50°18'4.31"N, 122°35'4.50"W
Chile[edit]
The Paso Internacional Los Libertadores has several switchbacks on the Chilean side of the pass. 26 below the tunnel entrance alone.
Asia[edit]
Nujiang 72 turns/Baxoi 99 turns
Tribhuvan Highway, Nepal
Ancient 18 Hairpin Bends, known as Daha ata wanguwa on the way to/from Kandy/Mahiyanganaya
The World War II–era Burma Road, constructed over the rugged terrain between the (then) British colony of Burma and China has many hairpin curves to accommodate traffic to supply China, then otherwise isolated by sea and land.
In Japan, there is the known Nikkō Irohazaka, a one-way switchback mountain road (there are 2 separate roads; up and down), located at Nikko, Tochigi. This road plays a significant role in Japanese history: The route was popular with Buddhist pilgrims on their way to Lake Chuzenji, which is at the top of the forested hill that this road climbs. There are 48 hairpin turns, each labeled with one of the 48 characters in the Japanese alphabet:[6][7] while the narrow road has been modernized over the years, care has been taken to keep the number of curves constant. Iroha-Zaka ascends more than 1,300 feet (396 m).[citation needed] In Aomori Prefecture, the Tsugaru Iwaki Skyline is a toll road that allows drivers to ascend 2,644 feet (806 m) with an average gradient of 8.66% and sections up to 10%; to 8th station on the stratovolcano, Mount Iwaki. The road is considered to be one of the most dangerous mountain roads in the world due to the gradient and the constant 69 hairpin turns.[8]
In Macau, a part of the Guia Circuit is a hairpin turn.
In India, the Gata Loops, a part of the route from Manali to Leh. And the Agumbe Ghat road from Udupi to Teerthahalli in Karnataka have 13 hairpin turns. In fact, most of the Ghats include at least one hairpin turn.
In India, The Ghat road from Namakkal to Kolli Hills has 70 hair pin bends to reach the top of the hills.
In China, Nujiang 72 turns/Baxoi 99 turns, part of China National Highway 318.
In Iraq, the road going up the Sinjar mountains starting from Shangal town to Gune Ezidiya village of the Yazidi sect has between 90–100 hairpin turns over a distance of 20 km (12 mi) from starting point[9] to ending point.[10]
In Philippines, Kennon Road on the way to/from Baguio has many hairpin turns. Also in Rizal, Cagayan, the road besides mountains and rivers have hairpin turns.
In Nepal, B.P. Koirala Highway, that links Kathmandu Valley with the Eastern Terai region, and Tribhuvan Highway that links Kathmandu with the Indian border, have many hairpin bends.
In West Sumatra, Indonesia, there are two sections of road particularly famous for its hairpins: Kelok Ampek-Puluh-Ampek near Lake Maninjau, and Kelok Sembilan near Payakumbuh.
In Sri Lanka, on the 41 km long Kandy-Padiyathalawa road via Mahiyangana there are 18 hairpin bends, popularly known as Daha ata wanguwa.[11]
Australia[edit]
The Mount Hotham Pass on the Great Alpine Road in Victoria has numerous hairpin bends, as do the other roads in the region.
Galston Gorge in New South Wales. Vehicles like towed caravans are forbidden on this road, lest the caravan gets jammed and delays other traffic. Special penalties apply if overlength vehicles attempted to take this route.
Macquarie Pass in New South Wales, which winds through Macquarie Pass National Park has numerous hairpin bends which used to be so tight that semi-trailers had to stop and reverse to get around.
Kangaroo Valley Road in New South Wales, located near Berry.
Ben Lomond Road in Tasmania has 6 hairpin bends known as "Jacobs Ladder", which is a popular descent for cyclists[12]
Corkscrew Road in Montacute, South Australia starts at Gorge Road and winds, as its name suggests, up to Montacute Road. This 2.4-kilometre (1.5 mi) road has become famous through the Tour Down Under King of the Mountain climb for the difficulty of riding up the steep and sharp bends.[13]
Western end of Cahill Expressway in Sydney.
Motorsports[edit]
Fairmont Hotel Hairpin in Circuit de Monaco.
A WRC car taking a hairpin turn during 2007 Rallye Deutschland
Fairmont Hotel Hairpin is the slowest turn in Formula One
Many venues used for motor racing incorporate hairpin turns in the racecourse even if the terrain is relatively level. In this case the purpose is to provide a greater challenge to the drivers, to increase overtaking opportunities or simply increase the lap length without increasing the area occupied by the track.
Martinsville Speedway is a paper clip shaped short track on the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series circuit, measuring around 0.5 miles (0.80 km) in length.
The eleventh turn at Sonoma Raceway is a hairpin turn used in NASCAR.
Railways[edit]
If a railway curves back on itself like a hairpin turn, it is called a horseshoe curve. However, the radius of curvature is much larger than that of a typical road hairpin. See this example at Zlatoust[14] or Hillclimbing for other railway ascent methods.
Skiing[edit]
Sections known as hairpins are also found in the slalom discipline of alpine skiing. A hairpin consists of two consecutive vertical or "closed gates" which must be negotiated very quickly. (Three or more consecutive closed gates are known as a flush.)
See also[edit]
Dead Man's Curve
Spiral bridge
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Statens vegvesen, Møre og Romsdal (2001): Vegminner i Møre og Romsdal fylke. Molde.
Jump up ^ National Road Authority of Norway http://www.vegvesen.no/binary?id=16315[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Rødland, Kjartan (2000). Tut og køyr!: vegar og vegplanar i Hordaland 1970–2000. Bergen: Alma mater og Statens vegvesen Hordaland. ISBN 8241902638.
Jump up ^ "Travel – National Geographic". www.nationalgeographic.com.
Jump up ^ Randy Rogers. "Pikes Peak Highway – Drive to the Summit".
Jump up ^ "Nikko Travel: Irohazaka Winding Road and Akechidaira Plateau". japan-guide.com.
Jump up ^ "NIKKO TOURIST ASSOCIATION". nikko-jp.org. Archived from the original on 2014-08-04.
Jump up ^ "About the Tsugaru Iwaki Skyline".
Jump up ^ "Wikimapia – Let's describe the whole world!". wikimapia.org.
Jump up ^ "Wikimapia – Let's describe the whole world!". wikimapia.org.
Jump up ^ "Wikimapia – Let's describe the whole world!". wikimapia.org.
Jump up ^ "The Ben Lomond Descent". mountainbiketasmania.com.au. Archived from the original on 2014-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Corkscrew Road for Tour Down Under". adelaidenow.com.au.
Jump up ^ "Златоуст - Google Maps". google.com.
External links[edit]
Media related to Hairpin turns at Wikimedia Commons
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Zone defense
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Zone defense is a type of defense, used in team sports, which is the alternative to man-to-man defense; instead of each player guarding a corresponding player on the other team, each defensive player is given an area (a zone) to cover.
A zone defense can be used in many sports where defensive players guard players on the other team. Zone defenses and zone principles are commonly used in basketball, american football, association football, ice hockey, australian rules football, netball and ultimate among others.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basketball
1.1 History of basketball zone defense
1.2 Advantages
1.3 Disadvantages
1.4 Attacking a zone defense
2 American football
3 Australian rules football
4 Ice hockey
5 Netball
6 Ultimate
7 See also
8 References
Basketball[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The names given to zone defenses start with the number of players on the front of the zone (farthest from the goal) followed by the numbers of players in the rear zones. For example, in a 2–3 zone two defenders cover areas in the top of the zone (near the top of the key) while three defenders cover areas near the baseline.
Match-up zone is a hybrid man-to-man and zone defense in which players apply man-to-man defense to whichever opposing player enters their area. John Chaney, former head coach of Temple University, is the most famous proponent of this defense. Hybrid defenses also include Box-and-one, in which four defenders are in a 2–2 zone and one defender guards a specific player on the offense. A variant of this is triangle-and-two, in which three defenders are in a 2–1 zone and two defenders guard two specific offensive players.
Zone defenses are common in international, college, and youth competition. In the National Basketball Association, zone defenses were prohibited until the 2001–2002 season, and most teams do not use them as a primary defensive strategy. The NBA has a defensive three-second violation rule, which makes it more difficult for teams to play zone, since such defenses usually position a player in the middle of the key to stop penetration.[1] The Dallas Mavericks under coach Rick Carlisle are an example of an NBA team that have regularly used zone defenses.
History of basketball zone defense[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Frank Lindley, Newton, KS High School basketball coach from 1914 to 1945, was among the first to use the zone defense and other innovations in the game and authored numerous books about basketball. He finished his career with a record of 594–118 and guided the Railroaders to ten state titles and seven second-place finishes. Jim Boeheim, coach of the Syracuse Orange men's basketball team, is famous for using a 2-3 zone that is among the best in the NCAA. His zone, which typically features athletic, disruptive, and aggressive defenders, has become a prototype for use on other teams including the United States men's national basketball team, where he has spent time as an assistant coach.
Advantages[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Some of the reasons for using a zone defense are:
The opposing team has a player or players too quick (in the case of guards) or too big (in the case of forwards or centers) for a man-to-man defense to be effective.
Many zones pack defenders in the lane but allow the offensive team to take long-range shots. If the opponents are poor long-range shooters, a zone can be very effective.
Unless trapping is involved, zone defenses typically don't involve aggressive pressure on the ball handler and allow the offensive team to easily pass the ball around the perimeter. This can allow the offense to use more time before a shot is attempted, an advantage for teams wanting to slow the tempo of a game.
A poor defensive player can often be "hidden" in a zone because teammates can more easily help if he or she is beaten.
A zone can help players in danger of fouling out by taking pressure off them.
Playing a zone is less tiring and thus can help teams suffering from fatigue.
To prevent easy scores when the ball is in-bounded under the basket.
Against teams with inexperienced guards, trapping zones can disrupt the offense and force turnover.
Disadvantages[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Playing a zone entails some risks.
Zones tend to be weak on the perimeter, so they are not very effective against teams with good outside shooters.
Zones have gaps (areas that are not well-covered by defenders) that can be exploited by teams that pass well or have guards capable of penetrating the zone.
If a team is behind in the game, playing a zone can be a poor strategy because zones usually allow the offense to take more time off the clock on each possession, which limits the time remaining for the losing team to reduce the lead. It also reduces the chances of stealing the ball from the attackers and attempting a quick counterstrike across open field. This is not always true; there are pressure zone defenses that can often cause quicker shots by the opponent or result in turnovers.
When a shot is attempted, it is often harder for players in a zone to find counterparts to box out for the rebound, which sometimes results in an offensive player getting an easy offensive rebound.
Zone defenses require a commitment to scheming and practicing zone, both from coaches and players. While most players are familiar with playing zone defense, they are sometimes not expert in the nuances of the zone, such as spacing, which require familiarity and experience. When man-to-man teams switch to the zone defense, it is sometimes seen as a gimmick that is easily exploited by disciplined teams.
Attacking a zone defense[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
While strategies for countering zone defenses vary and often depend on the strengths and weaknesses of both the offensive and defensive teams, there are some general principles that are typically used by offensive teams when facing a zone.
Many popular zones (such as the 2–3, 3-2 and 1–2–2) have a gap in the middle of the lane. Getting the ball in this area can be very effective because the defense is often forced to "collapse" on the ball handler, freeing up other players for open shots. To exploit this gap, many teams assign a forward to operate in the "high post" area near the free throw line to catch and distribute the ball. A forward in the high post area can also set screens on the players at the top of the zone to allow penetration by the guards.
Quick passing is an important element of attacking any zone. The defense will shift as the ball moves, but if the offense can move the ball faster than the defense can react, open shots can result. Quick passing against a zone often leads to open three-point shots, and zone defenses are less effective against teams with good three-point shooters.
Dribble penetration is very effective in breaking down a zone. If a guard can dribble into the gaps in the zone, multiple defenders must converge on the ball. The ball handler can then often pass to an open teammate for a shot. This strategy illustrates why preventing dribble penetration is important in playing an effective zone defense.
Passing the ball to the interior of the zone can have similar effects as dribble penetration: as the defense collapses, a quick kick-out to the perimeter can result in either an open shot or continued quick passing, as the defense is now imbalanced.
Short Corner: Attacking the "Short Corner", or baseline area behind the defense outside the lane, against a 2-3 zone puts the defense in rotation and opens up the mid post.
Screening the backside of the zone: this opens up weakside shooters off a skip pass or ball rotation.
American football[edit]
Main article: Zone defense in American football
Zone defense in American football refers to a type of "pass coverage". See American football defensive strategy and zone blocking.
Australian rules football[edit]
The zone defence tactic, borrowed from basketball, was introduced into Australian football in the late 1980s by Robert Walls and revolutionized the game. It was used most effectively by Essendon Football Club coach Kevin Sheedy.
The tactic is used from the fullback kick in after a behind is scored. The side in opposition to the player kicking in places their forward players, including their full-forward and centre half forward, in evenly spaced zones in the back 50-metre arc. This makes it easier for them to block leading players and forces the kick in to be more precise, in effect increasing the margin for error which can cause a turnover and another shot at goal. As a result, the best ways to break the zone are for the full-back to bomb it long (over 50 meters), often requiring a low percentage torpedo punt, or to play a short chipping game out of defence and then to switch play as opposition players break the zone. The latter has negated the effectiveness of the tactic since the 1990s.
Another kick-in technique is the huddle, often used before the zone, which involves all of the players from the opposition team to the player is kicking in huddling together and then breaking in different directions. The kicker typically aims in whichever direction that the designated target (typically the ruckman) runs in.
Ice hockey[edit]
In ice hockey, players defend zones in the neutral zone trap and left wing lock.
Netball[edit]
Netball is a sport similar to basketball with similar strategies and tactics employed, although with seven players per team. Zone defense is one of the main defensive strategies employed by teams, along with one-on-one defense. Common variants include center-court block, box-and-two zone, diamond-and-two zone, box-out zone and split-circle zone.[2]
Ultimate[edit]
Main article: Ultimate_(sport) § Zone_defense
Ultimate allows for a number of zone defence tactics, usually employed in poor (such as windy, rainy or snowy) conditions, to discourage long passes and slow the progress of the opposition's movement.
See also[edit]
Box-and-one defense
Man-to-man defense
Zonal marking
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.sportingcharts.com/dictionary/nba/defensive-three-second-violation.aspx
Jump up ^ Jane Woodlands (2006). The Netball Handbook. Human Kinetics. pp. 131–4. ISBN 0736062653.
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