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List of most streamed artists on Spotify
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Jump to: navigation, search
No. 1 is Drake with 50 million monthly listeners.
No. 2 is The Weeknd with 41 million monthly listeners.
No. 5 is Ed Sheeran with 40 million monthly listeners.
This list of most-streamed artists on Spotify contains the top 20 artists with the most monthly streams, as derived from Spotify charts in April 2018. Drake is currently the most streamed artist on Spotify with 49 million monthly listeners. He is also the most streamed artist of all time with over 10 billion combined streams.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Most streamed artists
2 Peak position on chart
3 Most streamed artists by year
3.1 2017
3.2 2016
3.3 2015
3.4 2014
3.5 2013
4 See also
5 References
Most streamed artists[edit]
Non-English
Female artists
1. Drake 50 million Canada [1]
2. The Weeknd 42.5 Million Canada [2]
3. J Balvin 42.5 Million Colombia [3]
4. Marshmello 41 Million United States [4]
5. Ed Sheeran 40 million United Kingdom [5]
6. Dua Lipa 40 million United Kingdom [6]
7. J Balvin 40 million Colombia [7]
8. David Guetta 39 million France [8]
9. Post Malone 38 million United States [9]
10. Camila Cabello 37 million United States [10]
11. Rihanna 35 million Barbados [11]
12. Khalid 34 million United States [12]
13. The Chainsmokers 32 million United States [13]
14. Calvin Harris 32 million United Kingdom [14]
15. Eminem 31 million United States [15]
16. Shawn Mendes 31 million Canada [16]
17. Daddy Yankee 31 million Puerto Rico [17]
18. Bruno Mars 31 million United States [18]
19. Chris Brown 30 million United States [19]
20. Maroon 5 30 million United States [20]
As of April 2018
Peak position on chart[edit]
Timeline of artists who have held the peak position each month as the most streamed artist since September 2015, when the feature was first made public.[21]
Indicates most streamed artist of the year
Year
Month
Artist
Ref(s)
2015 September The Weeknd [24]
October
November
December Justin Bieber [29]
2016 January
February
March
April Rihanna [30]
May Drake [31]
June
July
August
September
October
November
December The Weeknd [33]
2017 January
February Ed Sheeran [37]
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2018 January Ed Sheeran
February
March Drake [38]
April
Most streamed artists by year[edit]
Ed Sheeran was the most streamed artist of 2014 and 2017.
Drake was the most streamed artist of 2015 and 2016.
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis were the most streamed artists of 2013.
2017[edit]
Spotify's most streamed artist of 2017 was Ed Sheeran with 6.3 billion streams that year. This was his second year topping the list.[39]
Rank
Chg
Artist
Country
1. Ed Sheeran United Kingdom
2. Drake Canada
3. The Weeknd
4. Kendrick Lamar United States
5. The Chainsmokers
2016[edit]
Spotify's most streamed artist of 2016 was Drake with 4.7 billion streams that year. He topped the list for a second year in a row.[40]
Rank
Chg
Artist
Country
1. Drake Canada
2. Justin Bieber
3. Rihanna Barbados
4. Twenty One Pilots United States
5. Kanye West
2015[edit]
Spotify's most streamed artist of 2015 was Drake with 1.8 billion streams that year.[41]
Rank
Chg
Artist
Country
1. Drake Canada
2. Ed Sheeran United Kingdom
3. The Weeknd Canada
4. Maroon 5 United States
5. Kanye West
2014[edit]
Spotify's most streamed artist of 2014 was Ed Sheeran with 860 million streams that year.[42]
Rank
Chg
Artist
Country
1. Ed Sheeran United Kingdom
2. Eminem United States
3. Coldplay United Kingdom
4. Calvin Harris United Kingdom
5. Katy Perry United States
2013[edit]
Spotify's most streamed artists of 2013 were Macklemore & Ryan Lewis.[43]
Rank
Artist
Country
1. Macklemore & Ryan Lewis United States
2. Avicii Sweden
3. Daft Punk France
4. Eminem United States
5. Imagine Dragons
6. Jay-Z
7. Bruno Mars
8. Rihanna Barbados
9. Calvin Harris United Kingdom
10. Drake Canada
See also[edit]
List of most streamed songs on Spotify
List of most-subscribed YouTube channels
List of most-followed Twitter accounts
List of most-followed Instagram accounts
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Drake". Spotify. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Weeknd". Spotify. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Marshmello". Spotify. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kendrick Lamar". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dua Lipa". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "J Balvin". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "David Guetta". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Post Malone". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rihanna". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Khalid". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Chainsmokers". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Calvin Harris". Spotify. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Eminem". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes". Spotify. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Daddy Yankee". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown". Spotify. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Maroon 5". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Spotify’s new About tab reveals artists’ monthly listeners
Jump up ^ The Weeknd tops Spotify artists chart with 24m monthly listeners
Jump up ^ Spotify's new Number of Monthly Listeners stat / chart is pretty interesting (The Weeknd currently #1 in the world).
Jump up ^ [22][23]
Jump up ^ The most listened artist on Spotify is Justin Bieber. And you still ask why the aliens didn't come to Earth.
Jump up ^ Justin Bieber ranks the #1 most popular artist on Spotify w/ over 4 million followers & 31 million monthly listeners
Jump up ^ Justin Bieber is most popular Spotify artist with 31.7 million monthly listeners. Can you guess who is in second and third? Hint: Adele 4th
Jump up ^ Justin Bieber got the most number of monthly listener in spotify.
Jump up ^ [25][26][27][28]
Jump up ^ Rihanna has bypassed Justin Bieber as the number one artist on Spotify, with over 31 million monthly listeners!
^ Jump up to: a b Ingham, Tim (December 1, 2016). "Drake finally loses his Spotify crown to record-breaking The Weeknd". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ The Weeknd passed Drake for the most monthly listeners on spotify. About time.🙄
Jump up ^ [31][32]
Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran is now officially the biggest artist on Spotify worldwide
Jump up ^ Artists with the most monthly listeners on Spotify currently: Ed Sheeran, The Chainsmokers, Drake, Coldplay
Jump up ^ Taylor is now the second most listened to artist on Spotify with 36M+ monthly listeners - right behind Ed Sheeran 🎶🎵
Jump up ^ [34][35][36]
Jump up ^ Drake is back in 1st place with more monthly listeners on Spotify.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (December 12, 2017). "Ed Sheeran Tops Spotify's 2017 Most-Streamed List". Billboard. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stutz, Colin (December 1, 2016). "Drake & Rihanna Top Spotify's Year-End Lists". Billboard. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ The Spotify Team (December 1, 2015). "Drake Is The World's Most Streamed Artist on Spotify for 2015". Spotify. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran is Spotify's most-streamed artist of 2014". BBC News. December 3, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ The Spotify Team (December 17, 2013). "Spotify reveals Macklemore & Ryan Lewis are 2013's most-streamed artists". Spotify. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_streamed_artists_on_Spotify&oldid=838540854"
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Communications satellite
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications satellite relays secure communications for the United States and other allied countries.
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth’s orbit, used by both private and government organizations.[1]
Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals. These waves require line-of-sight, and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points.[2] Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Satellite orbits
2.1 Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites
2.2 Satellite constellation
2.3 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
2.3.1 Example
2.4 Geostationary orbits (GEO)
2.4.1 Examples
2.5 Molniya satellites
2.6 Polar Orbit
3 Structure
4 Frequency Allocation for satellite systems
5 Applications
5.1 Telephone
5.2 Television
5.3 Radio broadcasting
5.4 Amateur radio
5.5 Internet access
5.6 Military
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The concept of the geostationary communications satellite was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, along with Vahid K. Sanadi building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. In October 1945 Clarke published an article titled "Extraterrestrial Relays" in the British magazine Wireless World.[4] The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment of artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signals. Thus, Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite and the term 'Clarke Belt' employed as a description of the orbit.[5]
Decades later a project named Communication Moon Relay was a telecommunication project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of wireless communication by using the Moon as a passive reflector and natural communications satellite.
The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1. Put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies: 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Sputnik 1 was launched as a step in the exploration of space and rocket development. While incredibly important it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another. And it was the first artificial satellite in the steps leading to today's satellite communications.
The first artificial satellite used solely to further advances in global communications was a balloon named Echo 1.[6] Echo 1 was the world's first artificial communications satellite capable of relaying signals to other points on Earth. It soared 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) above the planet after its Aug. 12, 1960 launch, yet relied on humanity's oldest flight technology — ballooning. Launched by NASA, Echo 1 was a 30-metre (100 ft) aluminized PET film balloon that served as a passive reflector for radio communications. The world's first inflatable satellite — or "satelloon", as they were informally known — helped lay the foundation of today's satellite communications. The idea behind a communications satellite is simple: Send data up into space and beam it back down to another spot on the globe. Echo 1 accomplished this by essentially serving as an enormous mirror, 10 stories tall, that could be used to reflect communications signals.
The first American satellite to relay communications was Project SCORE in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. It was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.;[7] Courier 1B, built by Philco, launched in 1960, was the world's first active repeater satellite.
There are two major classes of communications satellites, passive and active. Passive satellites only reflect the signal coming from the source, toward the direction of the receiver. With passive satellites, the reflected signal is not amplified at the satellite, and only a very small amount of the transmitted energy actually reaches the receiver. Since the satellite is so far above Earth, the radio signal is attenuated due to free-space path loss, so the signal received on Earth is very, very weak. Active satellites, on the other hand, amplify the received signal before retransmitting it to the receiver on the ground.[3] Passive satellites were the first communications satellites, but are little used now. Telstar was the second active, direct relay communications satellite. Belonging to AT&T as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories, NASA, the British General Post Office, and the French National PTT (Post Office) to develop satellite communications, it was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, in the first privately sponsored space launch. Relay 1 was launched on December 13, 1962, and it became the first satellite to transmit across the Pacific Ocean on November 22, 1963.[8]
An immediate antecedent of the geostationary satellites was the Hughes Aircraft Company's Syncom 2, launched on July 26, 1963. Syncom 2 was the first communications satellite in a geosynchronous orbit. It revolved around the earth once per day at constant speed, but because it still had north-south motion, special equipment was needed to track it. Its successor, Syncom 3 was the first geostationary communications satellite. Syncom 3 obtained a geosynchronous orbit, without a north-south motion, making it appear from the ground as a stationary object in the sky.
Beginning with the Mars Exploration Rovers, landers on the surface of Mars have used orbiting spacecraft as communications satellites for relaying their data to Earth. The landers use UHF transmitters to send their data to the orbiters, which then relay the data to Earth using either X band or Ka band frequencies. These higher frequencies, along with more powerful transmitters and larger antennas, permit the orbiters to send the data much faster than the landers could manage transmitting directly to Earth, which conserves valuable time on the NASA Deep Space Network.[9]
Satellite orbits[edit]
Communications satellites usually have one of three primary types of orbit, while other orbital classifications are used to further specify orbital details.
Geostationary satellites have a geostationary orbit (GEO), which is 36,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) from Earth’s surface. This orbit has the special characteristic that the apparent position of the satellite in the sky when viewed by a ground observer does not change, the satellite appears to "stand still" in the sky. This is because the satellite's orbital period is the same as the rotation rate of the Earth. The advantage of this orbit is that ground antennas do not have to track the satellite across the sky, they can be fixed to point at the location in the sky the satellite appears.
Medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites are closer to Earth. Orbital altitudes range from 2,000 to 36,000 kilometres (1,200 to 22,400 mi) above Earth.
The region below medium orbits is referred to as low Earth orbit (LEO), and is about 160 to 2,000 kilometres (99 to 1,243 mi) above Earth.
As satellites in MEO and LEO orbit the Earth faster, they do not remain visible in the sky to a fixed point on Earth continually like a geostationary satellite, but appear to a ground observer to cross the sky and "set" when they go behind the Earth. Therefore, to provide continuous communications capability with these lower orbits requires a larger number of satellites, so one will always be in the sky for transmission of communication signals. However, due to their relatively small distance to the Earth their signals are stronger.[clarification needed]
Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites[edit]
Main article: Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit in Cyan
A low Earth orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 160 to 2,000 kilometres (99 to 1,243 mi) above the earth's surface[citation needed] and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the earth) of about 90 minutes.
Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible from within a radius of roughly 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from the sub-satellite point. In addition, satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the ground position quickly. So even for local applications, a large number of satellites are needed if the mission requires uninterrupted connectivity.
Low-Earth-orbiting satellites are less expensive to launch into orbit than geostationary satellites and, due to proximity to the ground, do not require as high signal strength (Recall that signal strength falls off as the square of the distance from the source, so the effect is dramatic). Thus there is a trade off between the number of satellites and their cost.
In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.
Satellite constellation[edit]
Main article: Satellite constellation
A group of satellites working in concert is known as a satellite constellation. Two such constellations, intended to provide satellite phone services, primarily to remote areas, are the Iridium and Globalstar systems. The Iridium system has 66 satellites.
It is also possible to offer discontinuous coverage using a low-Earth-orbit satellite capable of storing data received while passing over one part of Earth and transmitting it later while passing over another part. This will be the case with the CASCADE system of Canada's CASSIOPE communications satellite. Another system using this store and forward method is Orbcomm.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)[edit]
A MEO is a satellite in orbit somewhere between 2,000 and 35,786 kilometres (1,243 and 22,236 mi) above the earth’s surface. MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality. MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 and 8 hours. MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites. A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network. One disadvantage is that a MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a LEO satellite, although these limitations are not as severe as those of a GEO satellite.
Like LEOs, these satellites don’t maintain a stationary distance from the earth. This is in contrast to the geostationary orbit, where satellites are always approximately 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) from the earth.
Typically the orbit of a medium earth orbit satellite is about 16,000 kilometres (10,000 mi) above earth. In various patterns, these satellites make the trip around earth in anywhere from 2
Example[edit]
In 1962, the first communications satellite, Telstar, was launched. It was a medium earth orbit satellite designed to help facilitate high-speed telephone signals. Although it was the first practical way to transmit signals over the horizon, its major drawback was soon realized. Because its orbital period of about 2.5 hours did not match the Earth's rotational period of 24 hours, continuous coverage was impossible. It was apparent that multiple MEOs needed to be used in order to provide continuous coverage.
Geostationary orbits (GEO)[edit]
Main article: Geostationary orbit
Geostationary orbit
To an observer on the earth, a satellite in a geostationary orbit appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. This is because it revolves around the earth at the earth's own angular velocity (360 degrees every 24 hours, in an equatorial orbit).
A geostationary orbit is useful for communications because ground antennas can be aimed at the satellite without their having to track the satellite's motion. This is relatively inexpensive.
In applications that require a large number of ground antennas, such as DirecTV distribution, the savings in ground equipment can more than outweigh the cost and complexity of placing a satellite into orbit.
Examples[edit]
The first geostationary satellite was Syncom 3, launched on August 19, 1964, and used for communication across the Pacific starting with television coverage of the 1964 Summer Olympics. Shortly after Syncom 3, Intelsat I, aka Early Bird, was launched on April 6, 1965 and placed in orbit at 28° west longitude. It was the first geostationary satellite for telecommunications over the Atlantic Ocean.
On November 9, 1972, Canada's first geostationary satellite serving the continent, Anik A1, was launched by Telesat Canada, with the United States following suit with the launch of Westar 1 by Western Union on April 13, 1974.
On May 30, 1974, the first geostationary communications satellite in the world to be three-axis stabilized was launched: the experimental satellite ATS-6 built for NASA.
After the launches of the Telstar through Westar 1 satellites, RCA Americom (later GE Americom, now SES) launched Satcom 1 in 1975. It was Satcom 1 that was instrumental in helping early cable TV channels such as WTBS (now TBS), HBO, CBN (now Freeform) and The Weather Channel become successful, because these channels distributed their programming to all of the local cable TV headends using the satellite. Additionally, it was the first satellite used by broadcast television networks in the United States, like ABC, NBC, and CBS, to distribute programming to their local affiliate stations. Satcom 1 was widely used because it had twice the communications capacity of the competing Westar 1 in America (24 transponders as opposed to the 12 of Westar 1), resulting in lower transponder-usage costs. Satellites in later decades tended to have even higher transponder numbers.
By 2000, Hughes Space and Communications (now Boeing Satellite Development Center) had built nearly 40 percent of the more than one hundred satellites in service worldwide. Other major satellite manufacturers include Space Systems/Loral, Orbital Sciences Corporation with the Star Bus series, Indian Space Research Organisation, Lockheed Martin (owns the former RCA Astro Electronics/GE Astro Space business), Northrop Grumman, Alcatel Space, now Thales Alenia Space, with the Spacebus series, and Astrium.
Molniya satellites[edit]
Main article: Molniya orbit
Geostationary satellites must operate above the equator and therefore appear lower on the horizon as the receiver gets the farther from the equator. This will cause problems for extreme northerly latitudes, affecting connectivity and causing multipath interference (caused by signals reflecting off the ground and into the ground antenna).
Thus, for areas close to the North (and South) Pole, a geostationary satellite may appear below the horizon. Therefore, Molniya orbit satellites have been launched, mainly in Russia, to alleviate this problem.
Molniya orbits can be an appealing alternative in such cases. The Molniya orbit is highly inclined, guaranteeing good elevation over selected positions during the northern portion of the orbit. (Elevation is the extent of the satellite's position above the horizon. Thus, a satellite at the horizon has zero elevation and a satellite directly overhead has elevation of 90 degrees.)
The Molniya orbit is designed so that the satellite spends the great majority of its time over the far northern latitudes, during which its ground footprint moves only slightly. Its period is one half day, so that the satellite is available for operation over the targeted region for six to nine hours every second revolution. In this way a constellation of three Molniya satellites (plus in-orbit spares) can provide uninterrupted coverage.
The first satellite of the Molniya series was launched on April 23, 1965 and was used for experimental transmission of TV signals from a Moscow uplink station to downlink stations located in Siberia and the Russian Far East, in Norilsk, Khabarovsk, Magadan and Vladivostok. In November 1967 Soviet engineers created a unique system of national TV network of satellite television, called Orbita, that was based on Molniya satellites.
Polar Orbit[edit]
Main article: Polar orbit
In the United States, the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) was established in 1994 to consolidate the polar satellite operations of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). NPOESS manages a number of satellites for various purposes; for example, METSAT for meteorological satellite, EUMETSAT for the European branch of the program, and METOP for meteorological operations.
These orbits are sun synchronous, meaning that they cross the equator at the same local time each day. For example, the satellites in the NPOESS (civilian) orbit will cross the equator, going from south to north, at times 1:30 P.M., 5:30 P.M., and 9:30 P.M.
Structure[edit]
Communications Satellites are usually composed of the following subsystems:
Communication Payload, normally composed of transponders, antennas, and switching systems
Engines used to bring the satellite to its desired orbit
Station Keeping Tracking and stabilization subsystem used to keep the satellite in the right orbit, with its antennas pointed in the right direction, and its power system pointed towards the sun
Power subsystem, used to power the Satellite systems, normally composed of solar cells, and batteries that maintain power during solar eclipse
Command and Control subsystem, which maintains communications with ground control stations. The ground control Earth stations monitor the satellite performance and control its functionality during various phases of its life-cycle.
The bandwidth available from a satellite depends upon the number of transponders provided by the satellite. Each service (TV, Voice, Internet, radio) requires a different amount of bandwidth for transmission. This is typically known as link budgeting and a network simulator can be used to arrive at the exact value.
Frequency Allocation for satellite systems[edit]
Allocating frequencies to satellite services is a complicated process which requires international coordination and planning. This is carried out under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). To facilitate frequency planning, the world is divided into three regions: Region 1: Europe, Africa, what was formerly the Soviet Union, and Mongolia Region 2: North and South America and Greenland Region 3: Asia (excluding region 1 areas), Australia, and the southwest Pacific
Within these regions, frequency bands are allocated to various satellite services, although a given service may be allocated different frequency bands in different regions. Some of the services provided by satellites are:
Fixed satellite service (FSS)
Broadcasting satellite service (BSS)
Mobile-satellite service
Radionavigation-satellite service
Meteorological-satellite service
Amateur-satellite service
Applications[edit]
Telephone[edit]
Main article: Satellite phone
An Iridium satellite
The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite. The downlink follows an analogous path. Improvements in submarine communications cables through the use of fiber-optics caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century.
Satellite communications are still used in many applications today. Remote islands such as Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Diego Garcia, and Easter Island, where no submarine cables are in service, need satellite telephones. There are also regions of some continents and countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent, for example large regions of South America, Africa, Canada, China, Russia, and Australia. Satellite communications also provide connection to the edges of Antarctica and Greenland. Other land use for satellite phones are rigs at sea, a back up for hospitals, military, and recreation. Ships at sea, as well as planes, often use satellite phones.[10]
Satellite phone systems can be accomplished by a number of means. On a large scale, often there will be a local telephone system in an isolated area with a link to the telephone system in a main land area. There are also services that will patch a radio signal to a telephone system. In this example, almost any type of satellite can be used. Satellite phones connect directly to a constellation of either geostationary or low-Earth-orbit satellites. Calls are then forwarded to a satellite teleport connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network .
Television[edit]
Main article: Satellite television
As television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct broadcast satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS).
The definitions of FSS and DBS satellites outside of North America, especially in Europe, are a bit more ambiguous. Most satellites used for direct-to-home television in Europe have the same high power output as DBS-class satellites in North America, but use the same linear polarization as FSS-class satellites. Examples of these are the Astra, Eutelsat, and Hotbird spacecraft in orbit over the European continent. Because of this, the terms FSS and DBS are more so used throughout the North American continent, and are uncommon in Europe.
Fixed Service Satellites use the C band, and the lower portions of the Ku band. They are normally used for broadcast feeds to and from television networks and local affiliate stations (such as program feeds for network and syndicated programming, live shots, and backhauls), as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television (BTV), Videoconferencing, and general commercial telecommunications. FSS satellites are also used to distribute national cable channels to cable television headends.
Free-to-air satellite TV channels are also usually distributed on FSS satellites in the Ku band. The Intelsat Americas 5, Galaxy 10R and AMC 3 satellites over North America provide a quite large amount of FTA channels on their Ku band transponders.
The American Dish Network DBS service has also recently utilized FSS technology as well for their programming packages requiring their SuperDish antenna, due to Dish Network needing more capacity to carry local television stations per the FCC's "must-carry" regulations, and for more bandwidth to carry HDTV channels.
A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes (usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in diameter). Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion of the microwave Ku band. DBS technology is used for DTH-oriented (Direct-To-Home) satellite TV services, such as DirecTV and DISH Network in the United States, Bell TV and Shaw Direct in Canada, Freesat and Sky in the UK, Ireland, and New Zealand and DSTV in South Africa.
Operating at lower frequency and lower power than DBS, FSS satellites require a much larger dish for reception (3 to 8 feet (1 to 2.5 m) in diameter for Ku band, and 12 feet (3.6 m) or larger for C band). They use linear polarization for each of the transponders' RF input and output (as opposed to circular polarization used by DBS satellites), but this is a minor technical difference that users do not notice. FSS satellite technology was also originally used for DTH satellite TV from the late 1970s to the early 1990s in the United States in the form of TVRO (TeleVision Receive Only) receivers and dishes. It was also used in its Ku band form for the now-defunct Primestar satellite TV service.
Some satellites have been launched that have transponders in the Ka band, such as DirecTV's SPACEWAY-1 satellite, and Anik F2. NASA and ISRO[11][12] have also launched experimental satellites carrying Ka band beacons recently.[13]
Some manufacturers have also introduced special antennas for mobile reception of DBS television. Using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology as a reference, these antennas automatically re-aim to the satellite no matter where or how the vehicle (on which the antenna is mounted) is situated. These mobile satellite antennas are popular with some recreational vehicle owners. Such mobile DBS antennas are also used by JetBlue Airways for DirecTV (supplied by LiveTV, a subsidiary of JetBlue), which passengers can view on-board on LCD screens mounted in the seats.
Radio broadcasting[edit]
Main article: Satellite radio
Satellite radio offers audio broadcast services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services allow listeners to roam a continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere.
A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals.
Satellite radio offers a meaningful alternative to ground-based radio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services, such as SiriusXM, and Worldspace, allow listeners to roam across an entire continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere they go. Other services, such as Music Choice or Muzak's satellite-delivered content, require a fixed-location receiver and a dish antenna. In all cases, the antenna must have a clear view to the satellites. In areas where tall buildings, bridges, or even parking garages obscure the signal, repeaters can be placed to make the signal available to listeners.
Initially available for broadcast to stationary TV receivers, by 2004 popular mobile direct broadcast applications made their appearance with the arrival of two satellite radio systems in the United States: Sirius and XM Satellite Radio Holdings. Later they merged to become the conglomerate SiriusXM.
Radio services are usually provided by commercial ventures and are subscription-based. The various services are proprietary signals, requiring specialized hardware for decoding and playback. Providers usually carry a variety of news, weather, sports, and music channels, with the music channels generally being commercial-free.
In areas with a relatively high population density, it is easier and less expensive to reach the bulk of the population with terrestrial broadcasts. Thus in the UK and some other countries, the contemporary evolution of radio services is focused on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) services or HD Radio, rather than satellite radio.
Amateur radio[edit]
Main article: Amateur radio satellite
Amateur radio operators have access to amateur satellites, which have been designed specifically to carry amateur radio traffic. Most such satellites operate as spaceborne repeaters, and are generally accessed by amateurs equipped with UHF or VHF radio equipment and highly directional antennas such as Yagis or dish antennas. Due to launch costs, most current amateur satellites are launched into fairly low Earth orbits, and are designed to deal with only a limited number of brief contacts at any given time. Some satellites also provide data-forwarding services using the X.25 or similar protocols.
Internet access[edit]
Main article: Satellite Internet access
After the 1990s, satellite communication technology has been used as a means to connect to the Internet via broadband data connections. This can be very useful for users who are located in remote areas, and cannot access a broadband connection, or require high availability of services.
Military[edit]
Communications satellites are used for military communications applications, such as Global Command and Control Systems. Examples of military systems that use communication satellites are the MILSTAR, the DSCS, and the FLTSATCOM of the United States, NATO satellites, United Kingdom satellites (for instance Skynet), and satellites of the former Soviet Union. India has launched its first Military Communication satellite GSAT-7, its transponders operate in UHF, F, C and Ku band bands.[14] Typically military satellites operate in the UHF, SHF (also known as X-band) or EHF (also known as Ka band) frequency bands.
Further information: X Band Satellite Communication
See also[edit]
Commercialization of space
List of communication satellite companies
List of communications satellite firsts
NewSpace
Reconnaissance satellite
Satcom On The Move
Satellite space segment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Labrador, Virgil (2015-02-19). "satellite communication". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Satellites - Communication Satellites". Satellites.spacesim.org. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Military Satellite Communications Fundamentals | The Aerospace Corporation". Aerospace. 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ Extraterrestrial Relays
Jump up ^ "Arthur C. Clarke, inventor of satellite, visionary in technology, dead at 90". Engadget.com. 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ ECHO 1 space.com
Jump up ^ Martin, Donald; Anderson, Paul; Bartamian, Lucy (March 16, 2007). "Communications Satellites" (5th ed.). AIAA. ISBN 978-1884989193.
Jump up ^ "Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958-1964" (PDF). NASA-SP-93. NASA. 1966. pp. 30–32. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Talking to Martians: Communications with Mars Curiosity Rover". Steven Gordon's Home Page. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Connected | Maritime. Iridium. Retrieved on 2013-09-19.
Jump up ^ "GSAT-14". ISRO. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Indian GSLV successfully lofts GSAT-14 satellite". NASA Space Flight. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "DIRECTV's Spaceway F1 Satellite Launches New Era in High-Definition Programming; Next Generation Satellite Will Initiate Historic Expansion of DIRECTV". SpaceRef. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
Jump up ^ India's first 'military' satellite GSAT-7 put into earth's orbit. NDTV.com (2013-09-04). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
External links[edit]
Satellite Industry Association
European Satellite Operators Association
http://prmt.com/glossary-of-terms/ Satellite Glossary]
SatMagazine
SatNews
The future of communication satellite business
Communications satellites short history by David J. Whalen
Beyond The Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication (NASA SP-4217, 1997)
An Overview of Satellite Operating Frequencies and their Applications
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Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team
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Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team
Genre
Reality television
Based on
Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders
Starring
Kelli Finglass
Judy Trammell
Jay Johnson
Melissa Rycroft
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
12
No. of episodes
104[1] (as of October 26, 2017)
Release
Original network
CMT
Original release
September 29, 2006 (2006-09-29) – present (present)
Chronology
Related shows
NFL Cheerleader Playoffs
External links
Website
Production website
Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team is an American reality television series that premiered in 2006 on Country Music Television.[2] The series follows the auditioning process and the forming of the annual Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders squad. The series features DCC director Kelli McGonagill Finglass and choreographer Judy Trammell (both of whom are former DCCs from the 1980s), and former Army drill sergeant Jay Johnson (who is the founder of "Boot Camp Fitness" and is responsible for the conditioning drills each girl must perform for testing).[2] Hundreds of young women audition each year and are put through the DCC "training camp" system before being cut down to the final 36 squad members for the first home football game of the Dallas Cowboys' preseason.
Contents
[hide]
1 Show style
2 Seasons
2.1 2017 season
2.2 2016 season
2.3 2015 season
2.4 2014 season
2.5 2013 season
2.6 2012 season
2.7 2011 season
2.8 2010 season
2.9 2009 season
2.10 2008 season
2.11 2007 season
2.12 2006 season
3 References
4 External links
Show style[edit]
The show tracks the progression each candidate must follow in order to make the final roster and premiere on opening day at Texas Stadium (Seasons 1-3) and going forward to AT&T Stadium (formerly Cowboys Stadium); first the open audition "cattle call", then the 5-person audition "cut-down", then the personal interviews, uniform fittings, BMI testing, physical fitness testing, etiquette training, mock media interviews, and calendar shoots. Successful candidates must also complete a knowledge test on various subjects; including, but not limited to: the Dallas Cowboys and their history, NFL Football in general and the rules of the game, general history, government, and current events. There is also the grueling elite dance choreography that tests each girl's capacity to grasp dance combinations and perform the trademark kick-line/jump-split routine for which the DCC is known. Girls are judged by a hand-picked panel of experts and scoring is based on physical appearance, physical fitness, dance style, poise, grace, intelligence, and showmanship.
Once DCC training camp opens, the girls are put through a program of elite dance training and physical conditioning that is comparable to some professional sports training programs. If a girl is struggling, she is called into Finglass's office to discuss the nature of her difficulty and is generally given an opportunity to correct the shortcoming(s) to avoid being dismissed (cut) from the squad. However, some girls do have to be cut for several reasons. Common reasons for being cut include failure to correctly perform mandatory dance routines, failure to display an elite level of dance skill, a lack of physical fitness and/or failing to meet body fat requirements, and to reduce the squad roster down to the traditional number of 36 girls. Candidates have also been cut due to past legal problems, morality issues, domestic distractions (family issues), lack of preparedness, and poor time management skills. And rookie candidates haven't been the only ones who have been cut; even veterans have been cut due to some of the above-mentioned reasons.
Seasons[edit]
The series returned for a second season in 2007, and with the success of the program, the series returned for a third season on October 4, 2008. The fourth season started on October 10, 2009. The fifth season began airing on October 15, 2010. Season 6 began airing on October 20, 2011. Season 7 premiered on September 7, 2012. Season 8 premiered on September 6, 2013. Season 9 premiered on August 1, 2014. Season 10 premiered on August 6, 2015.[3] Season 11 premiered on August 25, 2016.[4] Season 12 premiered on August 3, 2017.
2017 season[edit]
2017 - 2018 Squad
Veterans: Amy Leonall, Cersten Bradley, Chantel Jones, Elizabeth Voegtle, Heather O'Connor, Jenna Jackson, Jessika Palmer, Jinelle Davidson, KaShara Garrett, Kelli Sullivan, Kelsey Lowrance, Khalyn Cole, Lacey Munoz, Madeline Massingill, Maggie Rouse, Milan Brahney, Robin Richardson, Selina Flores, Simone Culwell, Stephanie Larson, Tasha Cruz, Tess Guidry, and Yuko Kawata.
Rookies: Alexandria Stavropoulos, Alexis Peterson, Christina Riccelli, Gina Ligi, Kalyssa Singleton, Keyra Ford, Lauren Parker, Lexie Sullivan, Miranda Tims, Molly Neumeister, Rachel Alexander, Savannah Heineken, and Tara Szybillo.
2016 season[edit]
2016 - 2017 Squad
Veterans: Amy Trader, Amy Leonall, Chantel Jones, Claire Brown, Danielle Barhold, Elizabeth Voegtle, Erica Wilkins, Holly Powell, Jaclyn Tisdale, Jenna Jackson, Jennifer Amburn, Jessica Purdy, Jinelle Davidson, KaShara Garrett, Lacey Munoz, Megan Carcioppolo, Melissa Wallace, Raylee Stearman, Robin Richardson, Simone Culwell, and Stephanie Larson.
Rookies: Allie Droste, Cersten Bradley, Heather Hamilton, Heather O'Connor, Jessika Palmer, Kelli Sullivan, Kelsey Lowrance, Khalyn Cole, Madeline Massingill, Maggie Rouse, Mandy Voecks, Milan Brahney, Selina Flores, Tasha Cruz, Tess Guidry, and Yuko Kawata.
2015 season[edit]
2015 - 2016 Squad
Veterans: Angela Nicotera, Ashley Holland, Caila Sims, Danielle Barhold, Erica Wilkins, Holly Hubbard, Jacie Scott, Jenna Jackson, Jennifer Amburn, Jessica Purdy, Jinelle Davidson, Kelsey Bond, Kinzie Rusco, Lacey Munoz, Loren Roeder, Mary Dill, Melissa Wallace, Paige Cavalieri, Rachel Lunsford, and Victoria Carriere.
Rookies: Amy Trader, Amy Leonall, Chantel Jones, Claire Brown, Elizabeth Voegtle, Holly Powell, KaShara Garrett, Kat Rogers, Jaclyn Tisdale, Megan Carcioppolo, Raylee Stearman, Robin Richardson, Simone Culwell, and Stephanie Larson.
2014 season[edit]
2014 - 2015 Squad[5]
Veterans: Abby Bertrand, Angela Nicotera, Ashley Ferrel, Ashley Holland, Brittney Schram, Danielle Barhold, Emma Dutton, Holly Hubbard, Jacie Scott, Jasmine Goode, Jenna Jackson, Jennifer Colvin, Jennifer Amburn, Jessica Purdy, Jessica Kalil, Jinelle Davidson, Jordan Daigle, Katy Fink, Kelsey Bond, Kinzie Rusco, Nicole Bulcher, Paige Cavalieri, Rachel Lunsford, Samantha Clark, Sydney Durso, and Veronica Lind.
Rookies: Ashley Prochazka, Breelan Statham, Caila Sims, Courtney Russ, Erica Wilkins, Lacey Munoz, Loren Roeder, Mary Dill, Melissa Wallace, and Victoria Carriere.
2013 season[edit]
2013 - 2014 Squad[6]
Veterans: Alex Hermes, Amelia Smith, Angela Nicotera, Ashley Ferrel, Brittney Schram, Carisa McMillan, Danielle Barhold, Emma Dutton, Holly Hubbard, Jacie Scott, Jacqueline Bob, Jasmine Goode, Jenna Jackson, Jennifer Colvin, Jessica Purdy, Jordan Daigle, Katy Fink, Kelsey Bond, Kim Tong, Kinzie Rusco, Lauren Williams, Mackenzie Weeks, Mia Greenhouse, Nicole Bulcher, Olivia Sharber, Sydney Durso, and Veronica Lind.
Rookies: Abby Bertrand, Ashley Holland, Courtni Shae, Hannah West, Jennifer Amburn, Jessica Kalil, Jinelle Davidson, Kaitlyn Phillips, Morgan Jordan, Paige Cavalieri, Rachel Lunsford, and Samantha Clark.
2012 season[edit]
2012 - 2013 Squad
Veterans: Alexandra Gandara, Amelia Smith, Angela Nicotera, Brittney Schram, Cassie Trammell, Colleen Brent, Courtney Cook, Emma Dutton, Holly Hubbard, Jackie Bob, Katy Fink, Lauren Williams, Mackenzie Weeks, Meagan McVay, Melissa Kellerman, Mia Greenhouse, Nicole Bulcher, Sydney Durso, Veronica Lind, and Whitney Isleib.
Rookies: Alex Hermes, Ashley Ferrel, Carisa McMillan, Chelsea Chaney, Collin Sarvis, Danielle Barhold, Emily Claire, Jacie Scott, Jasmine Goode, Jenna Jackson, Jennifer Colvin, Jessica Purdy, Jordan Daigle, Kali Drake, Kelsey Bond, Kim Tong, Kinzie Rusco, Olivia Sharber, and Teri George.
2011 season[edit]
2011 - 2012 Squad
Veterans: Ally Traylor, Whitney Isleib, Kelsi Reich, Melissa Kellerman, Brittany Evans, Cassie Trammell, Kaitlin Ilseng, Sydney Durso, Mia Greenhouse, Ashton Torres, Ann Lux, Lauren Williams, Meagan McVay, Sunni Cranfill, Sasha Agent, Jackie Bob, and Nicole Bulcher.
Rookies: Colleen Brent, Cassie Dyson, Emma Dutton, Holly Hubbard, Kamilah Todd, Amelia Smith, Meghan Phillips, Brittney Schram, Amber Lea, Courtney Cook, Alexandra Gandara, Jenna Brooks, Angela Nicotera, Mackenzie Weeks, Katy Fink, Alyssa Torres, and Veronica Lind.
2010 season[edit]
2010 - 2011 Squad
Veterans: Ally Traylor, Ashton Torres, Brittany Evans, Brooke Sorenson, Carey DePasquale, Cassie Trammell, Crystal Trevino, Evan Anderson, Jackie Bob, Joannah Liad, Jordan Baum, Jordan Chanley, Kaitlin Ilseng, Kelsi Reich, Meagan McVay, Meagan Sharp, Melissa Kellerman, Meredith Oden, Mia Greenhouse, Michelle Keys, Sunni Cranfill, Sydney Durso, Tia Williams, Tobie Percival, Trisha Trevino, and Whitney Isleib.
Rookies: Alyssa Sarasani, Ann Lux, Kaitlin LeGrand, Lauren Williams, Nicole Bulcher, Olivia Stevanovski, Sasha Agent, and Stephanie Heymann.
2009 season[edit]
2009 - 2010 Squad
Veterans: Abigail Klein, Ally Traylor, Amy Reese, Brittany Evans, Brooke Sorenson, Cassie Trammell, Crystal Trevino, Jordan Baum, Jordan Chanley, Justine Phillips-Orf, Kaitlin Ilseng, Kelsi Reich, Kristen Gauthier, Meagan Sharp, Melissa Kellerman, Meredith Oden, Michelle Keys, Nicole Hamilton, Sarah Gourley, Sydney Durso, Tia Williams, Tobie Percival, Trisha Trevino, and Whitney Isleib.
Rookies: Ashton Torres, Brandi Kilby, Carey DePasquale, Evan Anderson, Jacqueline Bob, Joannah Liad, Malia Morales, Meagan McVay, Mia Greenhouse, Sunni Cranfill, and Vanessa Jenkins.
2008 season[edit]
2008 - 2009 Squad
Veterans: Abigail Klein, Ally Traylor, Brooke Sorenson, Dara McFarlane, Deryn Derbigny, Erica Jenkins, Julie Jacobs, Justine Phillips-Orf, Kandi Harris, Kristen Gauthier, Makenzi Swicegood, Meagan Sharp, Meredith Oden, Nicole Hamilton, Ryan Ray, Sarah Clay, Sarah Gourley, Tia Williams, Tobie Percival, and Trisha Trevino.
Rookies: Amy Reese, Brittany Evans, Cassandra Trammell, Crystal Trevino, Jennifer McMahon, Jordan Baum, Jordan Chanley, Jordyn Ketchum, Kaitlin Ilseng, Kelsi Reich, Lauren Castillo, Melissa Kellerman, Michelle Keys, Stefani Peterson, Sydney Durso, and Whitney Isleib.
2007 season[edit]
2007 - 2008 Squad
Veterans: Andrea Rogers, Brooke Sorenson, Carmen Butler, Christina Parker, Deryn Derbigny, Erica Perry, Jennifer Nix, Julie Jacobs, Justine Philips, Kandi Harris, Leah Mullinax, Makenzi Swicegood, Megan Fox, Melissa Rycroft, Misty Duncan, Nicole Hamilton, Sarah Gourley, Starr Spangler, Tobie Percival, and Trisha Trevino.
Rookies: Abigail Klein, Ally Traylor, Candice Carr, Christina Murphy, Dara McFarlane, Erica Jenkins, Gina Becchetti, Kelly Jo Stauffacher, Kristen Gauthier, Loni Lindsey, Meagan Sharp, Meredith Oden, Michelle Mozek, Natalie Woods, Ryan Ray, Sarah Clay, Sarah Shelton, and Tia Williams.
2006 season[edit]
2006 - 2007 Squad
Veterans: Andrea Richards, Becca Gambel, Carmen Butler, Christina Parker, Cori Robinson Brown, Elizabeth Davis, Emma Dawson, Erica Perry, Jen Hill, Justine Phillips, Leah Wilkins, Lisa Henslin, Lynlee Allen, Makenzi Swicegood, Megan Fox, Misty Duncan, Monica Moore, Nicole Hamilton, Sarah Gourley, Starr Spangler, Trisha Trevino, and Whitney Ott.
Rookies: Andrea Rogers, Brooke Sorenson, Carrie Stilwell, Deryn Derbigny, Dulce Rosales, Jennifer Nix, Julie Jacobs, Kandi Harris, Kristin Hager, Leah Mullinax, Melissa Rycroft, Tobie Percival, and Yoshiko Danjo.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team 2006". TV Guide. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team: Characters". Country Music Television. 2008.
Jump up ^ "CMT Announces Four New Fall Series; Return Of 'Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders'". Deadline. 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
Jump up ^ "I Love Kellie Pickler and Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making The Team New Seasons Premiere Aug. 25". cmt.com. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "archived article". Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "archived article". Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
External links[edit]
Dallas-Fort Worth portal
Official site at CMT.com
Official MySpace
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Cowboys_Cheerleaders:_Making_the_Team&oldid=836314960"
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