text:
Vulcan salute
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Leonard Nimoy demonstrating the Vulcan salute
The Vulcan salute is a hand gesture popularized by the 1960s television series Star Trek. It consists of a raised hand with the palm forward and the thumb extended, while the fingers are parted between the middle and ring finger.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Gallery
3 "Live long and prosper"
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
The Vulcan salute was devised by Leonard Nimoy, who portrayed the half-Vulcan character Mr. Spock on the original Star Trek television series. A 1968 New York Times interview described the salute or greeting gesture as a "double-fingered version of Churchill's victory sign". Nimoy said in that interview that he "decided that the Vulcans were a 'hand-oriented' people".[1]
The salute first appeared in 1967 on the Star Trek second season opening episode, "Amok Time". Among other things, the gesture is known for being difficult for certain people to do properly without practice or the covert pre-positioning of the fingers, and actors on the original show reportedly had to position their fingers off-screen with the other hand before raising their hand into frame. This difficulty may stem from variations in individuals' manual dexterity. Its reputation is parodied in the motion picture Star Trek: First Contact when Zefram Cochrane, upon meeting a Vulcan for the first time in human history, is unable to return the Vulcan salute gesture and instead shakes the Vulcan's hand.
The blessing gesture which is the inspiration for the Vulcan salute
In his autobiography I Am Not Spock, Nimoy wrote that he based it on the Priestly Blessing performed by Jewish Kohanim with both hands, thumb to thumb in this same position, representing the Hebrew letter Shin (ש), which has three upward strokes similar to the position of the thumb and fingers in the salute. The letter Shin here stands for El Shaddai, meaning "Almighty (God)", as well as for Shekinah and Shalom. Nimoy wrote that when he was a child, his grandfather took him to an Orthodox synagogue, where he saw the blessing performed and was impressed by it.[2]
Others often greeted Nimoy with the salute,[3] which became so well-known that in June 2014 it was added to version 7 of the Unicode standard as U+1F596 🖖 RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS.[4][5]
The White House referenced the salute in its statement on Leonard Nimoy's death, calling it "the universal sign for 'Live long and prosper'."[6] The following day, NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts posted a photo on his Twitter feed from the International Space Station showing the hand gesture (with the Earth in the background) as the ISS passed over Nimoy's birthplace of Boston, Massachusetts, United States.[7]
Gallery[edit]
NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts performs the Vulcan salute from the International Space Station on February 27, 2015, shortly after hearing of Nimoy's death. Nimoy's home town of Boston is seen directly below.
ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti on Feb. 28, 2015 tweeted this photo in a final salute to Leonard Nimoy.
George Takei, a colleague of Nimoy who portrayed the Star Trek character Hikaru Sulu in the original series, salutes a crowd in 2011.
Star Trek actor and writer Simon Pegg giving a Vulcan salute in 2016.
"Live long and prosper"[edit]
The accompanying spoken blessing, "live long and prosper" – "dif-tor heh smusma" in the Vulcan language (as spoken in Star Trek: The Motion Picture) – also appeared for the first time in "Amok Time", scripted by Theodore Sturgeon.[8] The less-well-known reply is "peace and long life", though it is sometimes said first, with "live long and prosper" as the reply. In science fiction, the phrase 'live long' first appeared in print in 1957 in Eric Frank Russell's science fiction novel Wasp where it was used both as a greeting and as a farewell by a species of aliens called the Sirians.[citation needed] The phrase has been seen abbreviated "LLAP".[9][10][11]
An ancient Egyptian blessing "ankh wedja seneb", while its verbatim translation is uncertain, uses the three symbols "life", "prosperity" and "health"; it has been translated as "may he live, be prosperous, be healthy."[12] The New International Version of the Bible, Deuteronomy 5:33, includes the phrase "live and prosper" as part of Moses' admonitions to the Hebrew people prior to entering Canaan; other translations include the notion of long life as well.[13] William Shakespeare's 1594 Romeo and Juliet contains the line, "Live and be prosperous: and farewell good fellow", spoken by Romeo to Balthasar, his friend and servant.[14][15] The benediction "live and prosper" is attributed to the 18th-century organized crime figure Jonathan Wild in his 1725 biography written by "H.D.," possibly a pseudonym for Daniel Defoe.[16]
In Trilby, by George du Maurier (published in 1894), a description of an art student ends with the sentence, "May he live long and prosper!"[17]
See also[edit]
Star Trek portal
Judaism portal
Vulcan changeup, baseball pitch
Open Hand Monument, conceived in 1948 by Le Corbusier, developed in 1964, and completed in 1985
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Diehl, Digby (1968-08-25). "Girls All Want To Touch The Ears". The New York Times. p. 173. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Leonard Nimoy: 'Star Trek' fans can be scary". Hero Complex. Los Angeles Times. May 11, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Burr, Ty (2015-02-27). "Leonard Nimoy, 83; was TV's iconic Mr. Spock". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ West, Andrew (October 20, 2013). "What's new in Unicode 7.0?". Retrieved January 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Unicode 7.0 introduces 2,834 new characters, including 250 emoji". Ars Technica.
Jump up ^ "Statement by the President on the Passing of Leonard Nimoy". whitehouse.gov.
Jump up ^ "☀ Astronaut Pays Perfect Tribute To Spock From Outer Space ☀ - Ebuzz New - US Top News, Photos, Videos, Live Buzz & Breaking News". ebuzznew.com.
Jump up ^ "Theodore Sturgeon". Gary Westfahl's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Film. The SF Site. Archived from the original on 2009-09-13. Retrieved 2015-03-30. In that episode, [Sturgeon] also wrote one of the series' standard catchphrases, the Vulcan greeting 'Live long and prosper.'
Jump up ^ Leonard Nimoy (2015-02-22). "@TheRealNimoy". Twitter. Archived from the original on 2015-03-06. Retrieved 2015-03-04. A life is like a garden. Perfect moments can be had, but not preserved, except in memory. LLAP
Jump up ^ "Leonard Nimoy Dies at the age of 83". Renegade Cinema. 2015-02-27. Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
Jump up ^ "'Star Trek' Star Leonard Nimoy Dead At 83". The Huffington Post. 2015-02-27. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
Jump up ^ Gardiner, Alan (1957). Egyptian Grammar. Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, p. 239
Jump up ^ New International Version, Holy Bible, Deuteronomy 5:33, copyright 2011 by Biblica, Inc.
Jump up ^ Act V. Sc iii. Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare, William. Folger Shakespeare Library Edition. 1992.
Jump up ^ Shakespeare, William (1594). "Romeo and Juliet, Act V, Scene 3 :|: Open Source Shakespeare". opensourceshakespeare.org. George Mason University. Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2015-03-30. Romeo: So shalt thou show me friendship. Take thou that: Live, and be prosperous: and farewell, good fellow.
Jump up ^ Originally published in 1725 by T. Warner in London. H. D. late Clerk to Justice - H. D., Defoe, Daniel, attributed name (October 2007) [1725]. The Life of Jonathan Wild, from His Birth to His Death (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, MI, US: University of Michigan. p. 24. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2015-03-30. Before the Sessions, Jonathan, tho' retain'd on the other Side of the Cause; visits Mr. Powell, tells him of the dangerous Circumstances he was in, and at the same Time enquires into the Value of his personal Estate; the Thief apprehended his meaning, and made him sensible that forty Pounds should not part them, (for it seems this Fellow never came into Jonathan's Books) whereupon the Bargain was struck, the Money paid down, and Mr. Wild left him with this Blessing, Live and prosper. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ George Du Maurier (2009) [1894]. Trilby. Oxford University Press. p. 99. Also, he went into good society sometimes, with a dress-coat on, and a white tie, and his hair parted in the middle! But in spite of these blemishes on his otherwise exemplary record as an art student, he was the most delightful companion - the most affectionate, helpful, and sympathetic of friends. May he live long and prosper!
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vulcan salute.
Vulcan salute at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
Gershom, Yonassan (2009). Jewish Themes in Star Trek. Archived from the original on 2012-07-05. Retrieved 28 February 2015. A page by Rabbi Yonassan Gershom, with photos and diagrams of how the Salute forms the Hebrew letter Shin, the use of the Blessing Hands gesture on Jewish gravestones and jewelry, etc.
Yiddish Book Center (Feb 27, 2015). "Nimoy Explains Origin of Vulcan Greeting". Wexler Oral History Project. Remembering Leonard Nimoy. New York Times. Leonard Nimoy on the Jewish provenance and cultural impact of the Vulcan salute
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Manuel (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Manuel is a male given name originating in the Hebrew name Immanu'el (עִמָּנוּאֵל, which means "God with us."[1] It was possibly brought from the Byzantine Empire (as Μανουήλ) to Spain and Portugal, where it has been used since at least the 13th century.[2] Manuel is popular in Spanish, Portuguese and German. It is also used in Italian, French, Romanian, Greek (Latinized), Polish, Dutch and English, where Manny or Manu is used as a nickname.
Contents
[hide]
1 Middle Ages
2 Early modern
3 Modern given name
4 Surname
5 Fictional characters
6 See also
7 References
Middle Ages[edit]
Further information: Emanuel (name)
Manuel I Komnenos (1118–1180)
Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425)
Manuel I of Trebizond (1218–1263)
Manuel II of Trebizond (1324–1333)
Manuel III of Trebizond (1364–1417)
Manuel I of Portugal (1469–1521)
Manuel II of Portugal (1889–1932)
Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém, Portuguese prince, son of Peter II of Portugal
Manuel of Castile (1234–1283), son of Ferdinand III of Castile
Manuel I, patriarch of Constantinople in 1216–22
Manuel II, patriarch of Constantinople in 1244–55
Manuel Christonymos, birth name of Patriarch Maximus III of Constantinople, reigned 1476–1482
Early modern[edit]
Manuel da Nóbrega (1517–1570), Portuguese Jesuit and missionary in the early Colonial Brazil
Manuel, Prince of Portugal (1531–1537), son of John III of Portugal
Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage (1765–1805), Portuguese poet
Manuel Cardoso (1566–1650), Portuguese composer
Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820), Argentine politician and military leader during the Argentine War of Independence
Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (1681–1773), Portuguese nobleman and Grand Master of the Order of Malta
Modern given name[edit]
Patriarchs of Lisbon
Manuel II, 14th. cardinal-patriarch of Lisbon (1929–71)
Manuel III, 17th. cardinal-patriarch of Lisbon (since 2013) -current-
Manuel Agogo (born 1979, English-Ghanaian football player
Manuel Alegre (born 1936), Portuguese poet
Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968), Brazilian writer
Manuel Cuevas (born 1933), fashion designer, known simply as "Manuel"
Manuel Fettner (born 1985), Austrian ski jumper
Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941), Portuguese politician and writer, 7th President of Portugal
Manuel Göttsching (born 1952), German musician, member of Ash Ra Tempel
Manuel Hassassian (born 1953), is an Armenian-Palestinian professor
Manuel Machata (born 1984), German bobsledder and World Champion of 2011
Manuel Mamikonian was the real leader of Armenia after the death of King Varasdates (Varazdat).
Manuel Morales (basketball) (born 1987), Peruvian basketball player
Manuel Neuer (born 1986), German football goalkeeper
Manuel Noriega (born 1934), Panamanian dictator and criminal
Manoel de Oliveira (1908–2015), Portuguese film director
Manuel Pellegrini (born 1953), Chilean football manager
Manuel Pinho (born 1954), Portuguese politician and economist
Manuel Poppinger (born 1989), Austrian ski jumper
Manuel L. Quezón (1878–1944), first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
Manny Ramírez (born 1972), Dominican-American Major League Baseball player
Manuel Rivera-Ortiz (born 1968), American photographer
Manuel Rocha, American diplomat
Manuel Acuña Roxas (1892–1948), first President of the Third Philippine Republic
Manuel Sanhouse (born 1975), Venezuelan football goalkeeper
Manuel Seco (born 1928), Spanish lexicographer
Manuel Tenenbaum (1934–2016), Uruguayan educator, historian and philanthropist.
Manuel Uribe (1965–2014), Mexican who was at one time considered to be the heaviest man in the world
Surname[edit]
Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena (1232–1328), Spanish noble and medieval writer, son of Infante Manuel of Castile
Niklaus Manuel (~1484–1530), Swiss painter
Louis Pierre Manuel (1751–1793), political figure of the French Revolution
Jacques-Antoine Manuel (1775–1827), French politician
Herman E. Manuel (1849–1918), American politician
Richard Manuel (1943–1986), Canadian composer, singer and multi-instrumentalist with The Band
Rob Manuel (born 1973), English developer/producer of humorous/miscellaneous web content
Rod Manuel (born 1974), American football player
Vic Manuel (born 1987), Filipino basketball player
Laurent Manuel, an American association football (soccer) player
Fictional characters[edit]
Manuel (Fawlty Towers), waiter in the BBC TV sitcom
Manny (Ice Age), a fictional bull wooly mammoth, who appears in the Ice Age movie series
Manny Calavera, protagonist of the adventure game Grim Fandango
Manny Pardo, a hard-boiled detective in the game Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number
See also[edit]
Isaiah 7:14
List of names referring to El
This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/. JewishEncyclopedia.com
Jump up ^ http://www.behindthename.com/name/manuel
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_(name)&oldid=822543940"
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Portuguese masculine given names
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Volatility (chemistry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In chemistry and physics, volatility is quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure. At a given temperature, a substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure.[1][2][3][4]
The term is primarily written to be applied to liquids; however, it may be used to describe the process of sublimation which is associated with solid substances, such as dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and osmium tetroxide (OsO4), which can change directly from the solid state to a vapor, without becoming liquid.
A log-lin vapor pressure chart for various liquids
Contents
[hide]
1 Relations between vapor pressure, temperature, and boiling point
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Relations between vapor pressure, temperature, and boiling point[edit]
Main article: Vapor pressure
The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure at which its gas phase is in equilibrium with its condensed phases (liquid or solid). It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and it is often called the normal boiling point.
The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the higher the volatility and the lower the normal boiling point of the liquid. The vapor pressure chart (right hand side) displays the vapor pressures dependency for a variety of liquids as a function of temperature.[5]
For example, at any given temperature, chloromethane (methyl chloride) has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point (−24.2 °C), which is where the vapor pressure curve (the blue line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere (atm) of absolute vapor pressure.
See also[edit]
Clausius–Clapeyron relation
Distillation
Fractional distillation
Partial pressure
Raoult's law
Relative volatility
Vapor–liquid equilibrium
Volatile organic compound
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gases and Vapor (University of Kentucky website)
Jump up ^ Definition of Terms (University of Victoria website)
Jump up ^ James G. Speight (2006). The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum (4th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-9067-8.
Jump up ^ Kister, Henry Z. (1992-02-01). Distillation Design (1st ed.). McGraw-hill. ISBN 978-0-07-034909-4.
Jump up ^ Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (Editors); Don W. Green; James O. Maloney (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-049841-9. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Volatility from ilpi.com
Definition of volatile from Wiktionary
[hide]
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States of matter (list)
State
Solid
Liquid
Gas / Vapor
Plasma
Low energy
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Vaporization
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Quantities
Enthalpy of fusion
Enthalpy of sublimation
Enthalpy of vaporization
Latent heat
Latent internal energy
Trouton's ratio
Volatility
Concepts
Binodal
Compressed fluid
Cooling curve
Equation of state
Leidenfrost effect
Macroscopic quantum phenomena
Mpemba effect
Order and disorder (physics)
Spinodal
Superconductivity
Superheated vapor
Superheating
Thermo-dielectric effect
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Baby Talk (How I Met Your Mother)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Baby Talk" How I Met Your Mother – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2015)
"Baby Talk"
How I Met Your Mother episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 6
Directed by
Pamela Fryman
Written by
Joe Kelly
Production code
6ALH07
Original air date
October 25, 2010 (2010-10-25)
Guest appearance(s)
Laura Bell Bundy as Becky
Matt Boren as Stuart
Virginia Williams as Claudia
Bill Fagerbakke as Marvin Eriksen Sr.
Suzie Plakson as Judy Eriksen
Emily Wilson as Marshall's Daughter
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Architect of Destruction" Next →
"Canning Randy"
"Baby Talk" is the sixth episode of the sixth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 118th episode overall. It aired on October 25, 2010.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Critical response
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Marshall and Lily visit Stuart and Claudia, who are having trouble naming their newborn baby. When Claudia and Stuart leave the room, Marshall and Lily both come up with names for the baby, although the names are different. They both decide that to solve this problem, they would both come up with names and present them to the other later on. Marshall comes up with boy names that Lily rejects because of her past experiences with trouble-making kindergarten boys and Lily comes up with girl names that Marshall rejects because of his experience with a hot girl and a stripper. A future fantasy has an older Barney hitting on and subsequently marrying their daughter. Marshall, worried that it might be a girl, consults his father on how to ensure that it will be a boy while Lily has been searching for ways to make sure it will be a girl. When they found out, they realize that they have no control over the gender and decide to give him/her the gender-neutral name Jamie. Lily rejects the name later because of a troublemaker named Jamie.
Becky, Robin's new, overly cheery co-anchor at Come On, Get Up New York! reveals that she is dating Ted. Robin takes issue with Ted dating a girl who uses baby talk, while Ted, Barney, and Marshall defend girls using baby talk as a way for men to feel more manly and protective. Robin states that women would never fly with a man using baby talk,and Barney tries and fails the baby talk play, Robin finds out that Ted finds dependent girls attractive and found Robin's independence and assertiveness off-putting. Robin asks Barney if he felt that he was needed by Robin during their relationship, but he thought her independence was awesome. Robin points out that there is a crazy woman in his apartment — she turns out to have come by Barney as he was indulging himself in ice cream, and responding to her in a childish manner, seduced Barney. Barney asks for Robin's help to get rid of the woman, and the independent Robin grabs Barney's decorative sword and heads into the bedroom.
At the end of the episode, Ted and Becky are in a park, and as Becky licks an ice cream cone, Ted notices her shoe is untied and bends down to tie it. He then notices a nearby father tying his daughter's shoe and breaks up with Becky.
Critical response[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
DeAnn Welker of Television Without Pity gave the episode a score of A−.[1] The A.V. Club's Donna Bowman gave the episode a B+ rating.[2] Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode a rating of 7.5 out of 10.[3] Chris O'Hara of TVFanatic.com gave the episode a rating of 5 out of 5.[4]
References [edit]
Jump up ^ DeAnn Welker (2010-10-27). "How I Met Your Mother: Who's Your Daddy?". Television Without Pity. NBC Universal. Archived from the original on 2010-10-28.
Jump up ^ Donna Bowman (2010-10-25). "How I Met Your Mother "Baby Talk"". The A.V. Club. The Onion.
Jump up ^ Robert Canning (2010-10-26). "How I Met Your Mother: "Baby Talk" Review". IGN. News Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
Jump up ^ Chris O'Hara (2010-10-26). "How I Met Your Mother Review: Not Jaime!". TV Fanatic. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
External links[edit]
"Baby Talk" on IMDb
"Baby Talk" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
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How I Met Your Mother episodes
Seasons
1
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3
4
5
6
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Season 6
"Big Days"
"Cleaning House"
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"Architect of Destruction"
"Baby Talk"
"Canning Randy"
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"Blitzgiving"
"The Mermaid Theory"
"False Positive"
"Bad News"
"Last Words"
"Oh Honey"
"Desperation Day"
"Garbage Island"
"A Change of Heart"
"Legendaddy"
"The Exploding Meatball Sub"
"Hopeless"
"The Perfect Cocktail"
"Landmarks"
"Challenge Accepted"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Talk_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=819553626"
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Wave-cut platform
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wave-cut platform at Southerndown, South Wales, UK
A wave-cut platform, shore platform, coastal bench, or wave-cut cliff is the narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by erosion . Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock. Sometimes the landward side of the platform is covered by sand, forming the beach, and then the platform can only be identified at low tides or when storms move the sand.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation
2 Use of ancient examples
3 Usage of term 'wave-cut'
4 See also
5 References
Formation[edit]
The formation of a wave cut platform
Wave-cut platforms form when destructive waves hit against the cliff face, causing undercutting between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of abrasion, corrosion and hydraulic action, creating a wave-cut notch. This notch then enlarges into a cave. The waves undermine this portion until the roof of the cave cannot hold due to the pressure and freeze-thaw weathering acting on it, and collapses, resulting in the cliff retreating landward. The base of the cave forms the wave-cut platform as attrition causes the collapsed material to be broken down into smaller pieces, while some cliff material may be washed into the sea. This may be deposited at the end of the platform, forming an off-shore terrace.
Because of the continual wave action, a wave-cut platform represents an extremely hostile environment and only the toughest of organisms can utilize such a niche.
Abrasion, Attrition and Hydraulic Action are the most common reason behind cliff erosion.
Use of ancient examples[edit]
Ancient wave-cut platforms provide evidence of past sea and lake levels. Raised and abandoned platforms, sometimes found behind modern beaches, are evidence of higher sea levels in the geological past,[1] and have been used to identify areas of isostatic adjustment. By using scientific dating methods, or examination of marine fossils found on the platform, it is possible to work out when the platform was formed, thus giving geographers and geologists information about sea levels at known times in the past. This has been used in the United Kingdom and other previously glaciated areas to calculate the rate at which land is rising now that it is no longer covered in ice.
Where the coastline itself is changing due to seismic action, there may be a series of platforms showing earlier sea levels and indicating the amount of uplift caused by various earthquakes.
Usage of term 'wave-cut'[edit]
According to Trenhaile,[2] Sunamura,[3] and Massalink and Hughes,[4] the term 'wave-cut platform' should no longer be used as it assumes that shore platforms are the result of wave action, which is not always true. Shore platforms, like comparable river and lake platforms, are erosional features that develop when removal of saprock and other debris by waves and currents leaves behind a bedrock surface below the water table.[5]
Raised beach and shore platform, Bleik, Norway
Shore platforms from Lake Bonneville (Pleistocene), Utah, United States
Shore platform at St Bees Head, UK
Jurassic wave-cut platform at Tedbury Camp, southern England
See also[edit]
Beach
Bench (geology)
Machair
Marine terrace
Raised beach
Raised shorelines
Strandflat
Terrace (geology)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilson, M.A., Curran, H.A. and White, B. 1998: Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial. Lethaia 31: 241-250. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ Trenhaile, A. S. 1987: The Geomorphology of Rock Coasts. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.) 393 pp.
Jump up ^ Sunamura, T., 1992. Geomorphology of rocky coasts. New York: John Wiley.
Jump up ^ Masselink, G and Hughes, M. 2003. Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology. Hodder Arnold
Jump up ^ Retallack, G.J. and Roering, J.J. 2012: Wave-cut or water-table platforms of rocky coasts and rivers? GSA Today 22(6), 4-9.
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