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Bledisloe Cup
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Bledisloe Cup
Bledisloe Cup on display in Sydney 2014.
Sport
Rugby union
Instituted
1931
Number of teams
2
Country
Australia
New Zealand
Holders
New Zealand
Most titles
New Zealand (46 titles)
The Bledisloe Cup is a rugby union competition between the national teams of Australia and New Zealand that has been competed for since the 1930s. The frequency at which the competition has been held and the number of matches played has varied, but as of 2016[update], it consists of an annual three-match series, with two of the matches also counting towards The Rugby Championship. New Zealand have had the most success, winning the trophy for the 45th time in 2017, while Australia have won 12 times.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Results
3 By Year
4 Media coverage
5 See also
6 Notes
History[edit]
Bledisloe Cup Festival Day 2014 in Sydney
There is some dispute as to when the first Bledisloe Cup match was played. The Australian Rugby Union (ARU) contend that the one-off 1931 match played at Eden Park was first. However, no firm evidence has been produced to support this claim, and minutes from a New Zealand union management meeting several days later record Lord Bledisloe wishing to present a cup for the All Blacks and Wallabies to play for. The New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) believe that the first match was when New Zealand toured Australia in 1932.
Between 1931 and 1981 it was contested irregularly in the course of rugby tours between the two countries. New Zealand won it 19 times and Australia four times in this period including in 1949 when Australia won it for the first time on New Zealand soil. The trophy itself was apparently 'lost' during this period and reportedly rediscovered in a Melbourne store room. In the years 1982 to 1995 it was contested annually, sometimes as a series of three matches (two in 1995) and other times in a single match. During these years New Zealand won it 11 times and Australia three times.
Since 1996 the cup has been contested as part of the annual Tri Nations tournament. Until 1998 the cup was contested in a three match series: the two Tri Nations matches between these sides and a third match. New Zealand won these series in 1996 and 1997, and Australia won it in 1998.
In 1996 and from 1999 through 2005, the third match was not played; during those years, Australia and New Zealand played each other twice as part of the Tri Nations for the cup. If both teams won one of these games, or if both games were drawn, the cup was retained by its current holder. The non-holder had to win the two games 2–0 or 1–0 (with a draw) to regain the Cup. A criticism of this system was that with the closeness in the level of ability between the two sides, years where each team won one game each were very common (1999, 2000, 2002, 2004) and in these years, many rugby fans felt dissatisfied with one team keeping the cup in a series tied at 1–1.
2006 saw the return of the 3-game contest for the Bledisloe Cup as the Tri Nations series was extended so that each team played each other 3 times. The 2007 Cup, however, reverted to the two-game contest because the Tri Nations was abbreviated that year to minimise interference with the teams' preparations for the World Cup.
In 2008 it was announced that the Bledisloe Cup would be contested over an unprecedented four matches, with three games played in Australia and New Zealand and a fourth and potentially deciding game in Hong Kong in an effort to promote the game in Asia (the first time Australia and New Zealand played in a third country outside the World Cup).[1] The Hong Kong match, which drew a crowd of 39,000 to see the All Blacks (which had already clinched the Bledisloe Cup) defeat the Wallabies 19–14,[2] proved to be a financial success for the two unions, generating a reported £5.5 million.[3] Even before the match, the two countries' rugby federations were considering taking Cup matches to the United States and Japan in 2009 and 2010. Japan hosted a fourth Bledisloe Test match on 31 October 2009. Each team is expected to clear at least A$3.8 million/NZ$5 million from the Tokyo match.[4] However a 2010 fourth match was set in Hong Kong and has struggled to attract crowds.[5]
The three-match format for the Bledisloe Cup continued in 2012, with the first two matches taking place as part of the 2012 Rugby Championship.
Results[edit]
Year
Date
Venue
Home
Score
Away
Trophy
Winner
2017 21 October Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 23–18 New Zealand
26 August Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin New Zealand 35–29 Australia
19 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 34–54 New Zealand
2016 22 October Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 37–10 Australia
27 August Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 29–9 Australia
20 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 8–42 New Zealand
2015 15 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 41–13 Australia
8 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 27–19 New Zealand
2014 18 October Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 28–29 New Zealand
23 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 51–20 Australia
16 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 12–12 New Zealand
2013 19 October Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin New Zealand 41–33 Australia
24 August Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 27–16 Australia
17 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 29–47 New Zealand
2012 20 October Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 18–18 New Zealand
25 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 22–0 Australia
18 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 19–27 New Zealand
2011 27 August Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 25–20 New Zealand
6 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 30–14 Australia
2010 30 October Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong Australia 26–24 New Zealand
11 September Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 22–23 New Zealand
7 August Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 20–10 Australia
31 July Docklands Stadium, Melbourne Australia 28–49 New Zealand
2009 31 October National Stadium, Tokyo New Zealand 32–19 Australia
19 September Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 33–6 Australia
22 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 18–19 New Zealand
18 July Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 22–16 Australia
2008 1 November Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong New Zealand 19–14 Australia
13 September Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 24–28 New Zealand
2 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 39–10 Australia
26 July Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 34–19 New Zealand
2007 21 July Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 26–12 Australia
30 June MCG, Melbourne Australia 20–15 New Zealand
2006 19 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 34–27 Australia
29 July Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 9–13 New Zealand
8 July Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 32–12 Australia
2005 3 September Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 34–24 Australia
13 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 13–30 New Zealand
2004 7 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 23–18 New Zealand
17 July Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 16–7 Australia
2003 16 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 21–17 Australia
26 July Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 21–50 New Zealand
2002 3 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 16–14 New Zealand
13 July Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 12–6 Australia
2001 1 September Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 29–26 New Zealand
11 August Carisbrook, Dunedin New Zealand 15–23 Australia
2000 5 August Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 23–24 Australia
15 July Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 35–39 New Zealand
1999 28 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 28–7 New Zealand
24 July Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 34–15 Australia
1998 29 August Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney Australia 19–14 New Zealand
1 August Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 23–27 Australia
11 July MCG, Melbourne Australia 24–16 New Zealand
1997 16 August Carisbrook, Dunedin New Zealand 36–24 Australia
26 July MCG, Melbourne Australia 18–33 New Zealand
5 July Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 30–13 Australia
1996 27 July Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 25–32 New Zealand
6 July Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 43–6 Australia
1995 29 July Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney Australia 23–34 New Zealand
22 July Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 28–16 Australia
1994 17 August Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney Australia 20–16 New Zealand
1993 17 July Carisbrook, Dunedin New Zealand 25–10 Australia
1992 25 July Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney Australia 23–26 New Zealand
19 July Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 19–17
4 July Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney 16–15
1991 24 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 6–3 Australia
10 August Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney 21–12
1990 18 August Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 9–21 Australia
4 August Eden Park, Auckland 27–17
21 July Lancaster Park, Christchurch 21–6
1989 5 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 24–12 Australia
1988 30 July Concord Oval, Sydney Australia 9–30 New Zealand
16 July Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 19–19
3 July Concord Oval, Sydney 7–32
1987 25 July Concord Oval, Sydney Australia 16–30 New Zealand
1986 6 September Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 9–22 Australia
23 August Carisbrook, Dunedin 13–12
9 August Athletic Park, Wellington 12–13
1985 29 June Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 10–9 Australia
1984 18 August SCG, Sydney Australia 24–25 New Zealand
4 August Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 15–19
21 July SCG, Sydney 16–9
1983 20 August SCG, Sydney Australia 8–18 New Zealand
1982 11 September Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 33–18 Australia
28 August Athletic Park, Wellington 16–19
14 August Lancaster Park, Christchurch 23–16
1980 12 July SCG, Sydney Australia 26–10 New Zealand
28 June Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 9–12
21 June SCG, Sydney 13–9
1979 28 July SCG, Sydney Australia 12–6 New Zealand
1978 9 September Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 16–30 Australia
26 August Lancaster Park, Christchurch 22–6
19 August Athletic Park, Wellington 13–12
1974 8 June 1974 SCG, Sydney Australia 6–16 New Zealand
1 June 1974 Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 16–16
25 May 1974 SCG, Sydney 6–11
1972 16 September 1972 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 38–3 Australia
2 September 1972 Lancaster Park, Christchurch 30–17
19 August 1972 Athletic Park, Wellington 29–6
1968 22 June 1968 Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane Australia 18–19 New Zealand
15 June 1968 SCG, Sydney 11–27
1967 19 August 1967 Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 29–9 Australia
1964 29 August 1964 Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 5–20 Australia
22 August 1964 Lancaster Park, Christchurch 18–3
15 August 1964 Carisbrook, Dunedin 14–9
1962 22 September 1962 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 16–8 Australia
8 September 1962 Carisbrook, Dunedin 3–0
25 August 1962 Athletic Park, Wellington 9–9
4 June 1962 SCG, Sydney Australia 5–14 New Zealand
26 May 1962 Exhibition Ground, Brisbane 6–20
1958 20 September 1958 Epsom Showgrounds, Auckland New Zealand 17–8 Australia
6 September 1958 Lancaster Park, Christchurch 3–6
23 August 1958 Athletic Park, Wellington 25–3
1957 1 June 1957 Exhibition Ground, Brisbane Australia 9–22 New Zealand
25 May 1957 SCG, Sydney 11–25
1955 17 September 1955 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 3–8 Australia
3 September 1955 Carisbrook, Dunedin 8–0
20 August 1955 Athletic Park, Wellington 16–8
1952 13 September 1952 Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 15–8 Australia
6 September 1952 Lancaster Park, Christchurch 9–14
1951 21 July 1951 The Gabba, Brisbane Australia 6–16 New Zealand
7 July 1951 SCG, Sydney 11–17
23 June 1951 SCG, Sydney 0–8
1949 24 September 1949 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 9–16 Australia
3 September 1949 Athletic Park, Wellington 6–11
1947 28 June 1947 SCG, Sydney Australia 14–27 New Zealand
14 June 1947 Exhibition Ground, Brisbane 5–13
1946 28 September 1946 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 14–10 Australia
14 September 1946 Carisbrook, Dunedin 31–8
1938 13 August SCG, Sydney Australia 6–14 New Zealand
6 August Exhibition Ground, Brisbane 14–20
23 July SCG, Sydney 9–24
1936 12 September Carisbrook, Dunedin New Zealand 38–13 Australia
5 September Athletic Park, Wellington 11–6
1934 25 August SCG, Sydney Australia 3–3 New Zealand
11 August SCG, Sydney 25–11
1932 23 July 1932 SCG, Sydney Australia 13–21 New Zealand
16 July Exhibition Ground, Brisbane 3–21
2 July SCG, Sydney 22–17
By Year[edit]
For more details on this topic, see History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand.
Media coverage[edit]
In Australia, the Bledisloe Cup was televised between 1992 to 1995 by Network Ten. Since 1996, Fox Sports has televised it. They jointly televised it with Seven Network between 1996 to 2010, Nine Network in 2011 and 2012 and Network Ten since 2013.
See also[edit]
Rugby union portal
Australia portal
New Zealand portal
History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand
Laurie O'Reilly Cup
Rugby union trophies and awards
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong to host NZ v Australia". BBC Sport. 3 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Australia 14–19 New Zealand". BBC Sport. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ "US & Japan may host Bledisloe Cup". BBC Sport. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ AAP (1 July 2009). "Wallabies to take on All Blacks in Tokyo". The Roar. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Rugby: Bledisloe test locked in for Hong Kong". Otago Daily Times. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
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text:
Mohammad bin Salman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 April 2018.
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Saudi crown prince and minister of defense
Mohammad bin Salman
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
First Deputy Prime Minister
Incumbent
Assumed office
21 June 2017
Monarch
Salman
Prime Minister
Salman
Preceded by
Muhammad bin Nayef
Defense Minister of Saudi Arabia
Incumbent
Assumed office
23 January 2015
Monarch
Salman
Prime Minister
Salman
Preceded by
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Deputy Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
Second Deputy Prime Minister
In office
29 April 2015 – 21 June 2017
Monarch
Salman
Prime Minister
Salman
Preceded by
Muhammad bin Nayef
Succeeded by
Vacant
Personal details
Born
Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
(1985-08-31) 31 August 1985 (age 32)
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Spouse(s)
Sara bint Mashoor[1]
Children
4
Mother
Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan bin Hathleen al-Ajmi
Father
King Salman
Full name
Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Saud
House
House of Saud
Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: محمد بن سلمان بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود; born 31 August 1985[1][2][3]), known colloquially as MBS,[1][4][5] is the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, also serving as First Deputy Prime Minister,[6] President of the Council for Economic and Development Affairs and Minister of Defense—the world's youngest office holder at the time.[7] He has been described as the power behind the throne of his father, King Salman.[8] He was appointed Crown Prince[9] in June 2017 following his father's decision to remove Muhammad bin Nayef from all positions, making Mohammad bin Salman heir apparent to the throne.[10][11][12]
He has led several successful reforms, which include regulations restricting the powers of the religious police,[13] and the removal of the ban on female drivers.[14] Further cultural developments under his reign include the first Saudi public concerts by a female singer, the first Saudi sports stadium to admit women,[15] and an increased presence of women in the workforce.[16]
He has been accused of risking instability in the Middle East through his detention of human rights activists, intervention in Yemen, escalation of Saudi's diplomatic crisis with Qatar[17] and the start of the diplomatic crisis with Lebanon, as well as his arrests of members of the Saudi royal family in November 2017.[18][19][20] His proposed Saudi 2030 vision includes economic, social and religious changes, and plans to list shares of the coveted, state-owned oil company Aramco.[21][22][23] Despite promised reforms, the arrests and persecutions rate of human rights activists have risen under Mohammad bin Salman. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch continue to criticize the Saudi government for its violations of human rights.[24][25][26]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Chief of the Court
2.2 Defense Minister and Deputy Crown Prince
2.3 Crown Prince
3 Political and economic changes
3.1 Vision 2030
3.2 Domestic reforms
3.3 2017 purge
4 Philanthropy
5 Controversies
5.1 Relations with other nations
5.2 Military interventions
5.3 Human rights
6 Personal life
7 Ancestry
8 Notes and references
8.1 Notes
8.2 References
9 Further information
Early life and education[edit]
Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud
Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud was born on 31 August 1985[2][3][1][27] in Jeddah.[27] He is the son of King Salman from his third spouse,[28] Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan bin Hathleen.[1] She is the granddaughter of Rakan bin Hithalayn, who was the head of the Al Ajman tribe.[29]
Prince Mohammad bin Salman is the eldest among his mother's children;[28] his full siblings include Turki bin Salman, former chairman of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group, and Khalid bin Salman.[30] Prince Mohammad holds a bachelor's degree in law from King Saud University.[31]
Career[edit]
After graduating from college, Mohammad bin Salman spent several years in the private sector before becoming personal aide to his father. He worked as a consultant for the Experts Commission, working for the Saudi Cabinet.[32]
On 15 December 2009, at the age of 24, Mohammad bin Salman entered politics as a special advisor to his father when the latter was the governor of Riyadh Province.[33] At this time, Mohammad bin Salman began to rise from one position to another such as secretary-general of the Riyadh Competitive Council, special advisor to the chairman of the board for the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives, and a member of the board of trustees for Albir Society in the Riyadh region.[34]
In October 2011, Crown Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz died, and the current King Salman began his ascent to power by becoming second deputy prime minister and defense minister in November 2011 and making Mohammad bin Salman his private advisor.[35]
Chief of the Court[edit]
In June 2012, Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud died and Prince Muhammad bin Salman moved up into the number two position in the hierarchy, as his father became the new crown prince and first deputy prime minister. He soon began remaking the court in his own image. On 2 March 2013, the chief of the Crown Prince court Prince Saud bin Nayef was appointed governor of the Eastern Province and Prince Mohammad bin Salman succeeded him in the post. He was also given the rank of minister.[36][37][38] On 25 April 2014 Prince Mohammad was appointed state minister.[34]
Defense Minister and Deputy Crown Prince[edit]
Prince Mohammad with US Secretary of State John Kerry, 7 May 2015
Prince Mohammad with Russian President Vladimir Putin, 18 June 2015
President Donald Trump speaks with Prince bin Salman, Washington, D.C., 14 March 2017
U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis with Prince Mohammad bin Salman, 22 March 2018
On 23 January 2015, King Abdullah died, Salman took the throne and Prince Mohammad bin Salman was appointed Minister of Defense.[39] He was also named as the Secretary General of the Royal Court on the same date.[40] In addition he retained his post as the Minister of the State.[41][42]
In Yemen, the political unrest (which began escalating in 2011) rapidly became a major issue for the newly appointed Minister of Defense, with rebel Houthis taking control of northern Yemen in late 2014, followed by President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and his cabinet’s resignation. Mohammad bin Salman’s first move as minister was to mobilize a pan-GCC coalition to intervene following a series of suicide bombings in Sanaa via air strikes against Houthis, and impose a naval blockade.[43] In March 2015, Saudi Arabia began leading a coalition of countries allied against the Houthi rebels.[44] According to The New York Times, "Although all agreed that the Kingdom had to respond when the Houthis seized the Yemeni capital and forced the government into exile, Prince Mohammad bin Salman took the lead, launching the war in March 2015 without full coordination across the security services." Prince Mohammed bin Salman maintained restrictive coordination across security services and drove operations from the Maldives. Saudi National Guard Minister Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah, who was out of the country, was not in the loop of the operations, and US Secretary of Defense Ash Carter officially declared having trouble reaching him for days after the first strikes."[13] While Prince Mohammad bin Salman sold the war as a quick win on Houthi rebels in Yemen and a way to put President Hadi back in power, however, it became a long war of attrition.[45][46]
In April 2015, Muhammad bin Nayef, who is King Salman's nephew,[47][48] and Prince Mohammad bin Salman became Crown Prince and Deputy Crown Prince, respectively, under King Salman’s royal decrees.[49]
Regarding his role in the military intervention, Prince Mohammad bin Salman gave his first on-the-record interview on 4 January 2016 to The Economist, which had called him the architect of the war in Yemen. Denying the title, he explained the mechanism of the decision-making institutions actually holding stakes in the intervention, including the council of security and political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs from the Saudi side. He added that the Houthis usurped power in the Yemeni capital Sana’a before he served as Minister of Defense.[50][51][45]
Crown Prince[edit]
Mohammad bin Salman was appointed Crown Prince on 21 June 2017, following his father's decision to depose Muhammad bin Nayef, making him heir apparent to the throne.[52][53] The change of succession had been predicted in December 2015 by an unusually blunt and public memo published by the German Federal Intelligence Service,[54][55] which was subsequently rebuked by the German government.[56]
On the day he became Crown Prince, U.S. President Donald Trump called Mohammad bin Salman to "congratulate him on his recent elevation". Trump and the new crown prince pledged "close cooperation" on security and economic issues, according to the White House, and the two leaders also discussed the need to cut off support for terrorism, the recent diplomatic dispute with Qatar, and the push to secure peace between Israel and the Palestinians.[57] Mohammad bin Salman told the Washington Post in April 2017 that without America's cultural influence on Saudi Arabia, "we would have ended up like North Korea."[58]
Political and economic changes[edit]
On 29 January 2015, Prince Mohammad was named the chair of the newly established Council for Economic and Development Affairs,[59] replacing the disbanded Supreme Economic Commission.[59] In April 2015, Prince Mohammad bin Salman was given control over Saudi Aramco by royal decree following his appointment as deputy crown prince.[60]
Vision 2030[edit]
Main article: Saudi Vision 2030
Prince Mohammad with Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump, Saudi Arabia, May 2017
Prince Mohammad bin Salman took the leadership in the restructuring of Saudi Arabia's economy, which he officially announced in April 2016 when he introduced Vision 2030, the country's strategic orientation for the next 15 years. Vision 2030 plans to reform Saudi's economy towards a more diversified and privatized structure. It details goals and measures in various fields, from developing non-oil revenues and privatization of the economy to e-government and sustainable development.[61]
At the inaugural Future Investment Initiative conference in Riyadh in October 2017, bin Salman announced plans for the creation of Neom, a $500 billion economic zone to cover an area of 26,000 square kilometres on Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea coast, extending into Jordan and Egypt.[62] Neom aims to attract investment in sectors including renewable energy, biotechnology, robotics and advanced manufacturing.[63][64] The announcement followed plans to develop a 34,000 square kilometre area across a lagoon of 50 islands on Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea coastline into a luxury tourism destination with laws on a par with international standards.[65][66] In a further effort to boost the tourism industry, in November 2017 it was announced that Saudi Arabia would start issuing tourist visas for foreigners, beginning in 2018.[67]
Prince Mohammad bin Salman's biggest bet was his plan to restore the Saudi kingdom's dominance in global oil markets by driving the new competition into bankruptcy, by keeping the oil price low enough for a long enough period. Saudi Arabia persuaded OPEC to do the same. A few small players went bankrupt, but American frackers only shut down their less-profitable operations temporarily, and waited for oil prices to go up again. Saudi Arabia, which had been spending $100 billion a year to keep services and subsidies going, had to admit defeat in November 2016. It then cut production significantly and asked its OPEC partners to do the same.[45]
Domestic reforms[edit]
Prince bin Salman has successfully lobbied for regulations restricting the powers of the religious police.[13] Prince bin Salman established an entertainment authority that has hosted comedy shows, pro wrestling events, and monster truck rallies.[13] In an interview with al Arabiya he also shared his idea for "Green cards" for non-Saudi foreigners.[68]
In February 2017, Saudi Arabia appointed its first woman to head the Saudi Stock Exchange.[69][70]
In April 2017, bin Salman announced a project to build one of the world’s largest cultural, sports and entertainment cities in Al Qidiya, southwest of Riyadh. The 334 square kilometre city will include a safari and a Six Flags theme park.[71][72]
Portraits of King Salman and Prince Mohammed in Jenadriyah
As of February 2018, Saudi women can now open their own business, without a male's permission.[73]
According to the Saudi Information Ministry, mothers in Saudi Arabia can now retain immediate custody of their children after divorce without having to file any lawsuits.[74]
Further cultural developments followed in December that year with the Saudi Arabia’s first public concert by a female singer, and in January 2018 a sports stadium in Jeddah became the first in the Kingdom to admit women.[15][75] In the same month it was announced that Saudi Arabia would reopen public cinemas after a ban of 35 years, with plans to have more than 2,000 screens running by 2030.[76]
The first measures undertaken in April 2016 included new taxes and cuts in subsidies, a diversification plan, the creation of a $2 trillion Saudi sovereign wealth fund, and a series of strategic economic reforms called the National Transformation Programme.[77] Prince bin Salman plans to raise capital for the sovereign wealth fund by selling off shares of Saudi Aramco, the state-owned petroleum and natural gas company,[60] with the capital to be re-invested in other sectors such as to implement the diversification plans.[78] However, as of October 2017, the plan for Aramco’s IPO listing has been labeled "a mess" by The Economist.[79]
Prince Mohammad bin Salman slashed the state budget, freezing government contracts and reducing the pay of civil employees as part of drastic austerity measures.[80][45]
Prince Mohammad is seen as the figure behind the removal of the ban on female drivers in September 2017.[14] He has also chipped away at Saudi Arabia’s Wali system.[81]
In October 2017, he said the ultra-conservative Saudi state had been "not normal" for the past 30 years, blaming rigid doctrines that have governed society in a reaction to the Iranian Revolution, which successive leaders "didn’t know how to deal with".[82] According to him, Saudi Arabia is "returning to what we were before—a country of moderate Islam that is open to all religions and to the world".[83] In essence, he was telling the country's clerics that the deal the royal family struck with them after the 1979 siege of the Grand Mosque in Mecca is being renegotiated.[84] Building an industrial culture was not compatible with Wahhabism. The Wahhabis were committed to fixed social and gender relationships. These were consistent with an economy built on oil sales, but industrialization requires a dynamic culture with social relations constantly shifting.[85]
According to Politico, MbS wants to pre-empt a repetition of the downfall of the earlier Saudi states due to familial infighting, internal malaise, external frailty and failure to modernize. Mindful of this history, instead of waiting for today’s Saudi state to weaken and fall, MBS is trying to save the country before it collapses.[86]
Ayaan Hirsi Ali claims that "if M.B.S. succeeds in his modernization efforts, Saudis will benefit from new opportunities and freedoms, and the world will benefit from curtailing the Wahhabi radicalization agenda. A decade from now, the kingdom could look more like the United Arab Emirates, its prosperous and relatively forward-looking neighbor."[87]
2017 purge[edit]
Main article: 2017 Saudi Arabian purge
In May 2017, Mohammad bin Salman publicly warned "I confirm to you, no one will survive in a corruption case—whoever he is, even if he’s a prince or a minister".[88] On 4 November 2017, the Saudi press announced the arrest of the Saudi prince and billionaire Al-Waleed bin Talal, a frequent English-language news commentator and a major shareholder in Citi, News Corp and Twitter, as well as over 40 princes and government ministers at the behest of the Crown Prince on corruption and money laundering charges.[89]
Others arrested or fired in the purge included Mutaib bin Abdullah, head of the Saudi Arabian National Guard, Adel Fakeih, the Minister of Economy and Planning, and the Commander of the Saudi Naval Forces, Admiral Abdullah bin Sultan bin Mohammed Al-Sultan.[89][90]
Some analysts saw the arrests as part of a power grab on the part of Salman. The New York Times wrote:
“ The sweeping campaign of arrests appears to be the latest move to consolidate the power of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the favorite son and top adviser of King Salman. The king had decreed the creation of a powerful new anticorruption committee, headed by the crown prince, only hours before the committee ordered the arrests.[90] ”
Writing for the Huffington Post, University of Delaware professor of Islam and Global Affairs, Muqtedar Khan, speculated as to whether the removal of Talal, a critic of Donald Trump, amounted to a coup.[91] BBC correspondent Frank Gardner was quoted as saying that "Prince Mohammed is moving to consolidate his growing power while spearheading a reform programme". Yet "[i]t is not clear what those detained are suspected of."[92]
Other analysts see the purge as part of a move towards reform. Steven Mufson of the Washington Post argues that Crown Prince Mohammed “knows that only if he can place the royal family under the law, and not above as it was in the past, can he ask the whole country to change their attitudes relative to taxes [and] subsidies.”[93] An analysis from the CBC claimed that "the clampdown against corruption resonates with ordinary Saudis who feel that the state has been asking them to accept belt tightening while, at the same time, they see corruption and the power elite accumulating more wealth".[94] Bin Salman's ambitious reform agenda is widely popular with Saudi Arabia's burgeoning youth population but faces resistance from some of the old guard more comfortable with the kingdom's traditions of incremental change and rule by consensus.[95] According to a former British ambassador to Riyadh, Bin Salman "is the first prince in modern Saudi history whose constituency has not been within the royal family, it’s outside it. It’s been young Saudis, particularly younger Saudi men in the street".[96]
Robert Jordan, former US ambassador to Saudi Arabia, said that "Certainly Saudi Arabia has had a corruption problem for many years. I think the population, especially, has been very unhappy with princes coming in and grabbing business deals, with public funds going to flood control projects that never seem to get built... I would also say it's a classical power grab move sometimes to arrest your rivals, your potential rivals under the pretext of corruption".[97]
A Eurasia Group director states that "Mohammed bin Salman is in effect taking steps to separate the Al Saud family from the state...The process of destroying old elite networks that monopolized access to profitable contracts bodes well for the business environment."[88][unreliable source?]
US President Trump expressed support for the move, tweeting "I have great confidence in King Salman and the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, they know exactly what they are doing....Some of those they are harshly treating have been “milking” their country for years!"[98][99] French President Macron, who visited Riyadh days after the purge, when asked about the purge stated "this is not the role of a president, and similarly I would not expect a leader of a foreign country to come and infringe on domestic matters,"[100]
Philanthropy[edit]
Mohammad bin Salman established himself as the chairman of the Prince Mohammad bin Salman Foundation, otherwise known as MiSK, which puts in place activities empowering and enabling the younger generation, in line with Vision 2030’s goals of a more developed nation.[101] The foundation was a partner of the 9th UNESCO Youth Forum for Change in 2015.[102] In 2017, the with Vision 2030 goals aligned new city, Neom was announced.[103]
The foundation focuses on the country's youth and provides different means of fostering talent, creative potential, and innovation in a healthy environment that offers opportunities in arts and sciences. The foundation pursues these goals by establishing programs and partnering with local and global organizations. It intends to develop intellectual capability in youth, as well as unlock the potential of all Saudi people.[104] Saudi journalists traveling with Prince Mohammed on foreign delegations have been paid up to $100,000 in cash.[13]
Controversies[edit]
Relations with other nations[edit]
In late 2015, Prince Mohammad attended a meeting between King Salman and U.S. President Barack Obama, where the prince broke protocol to deliver a monologue criticizing U.S. foreign policy.[13] In addition, when Prince bin Salman announced an anti-terrorist military alliance of Islamic countries in December 2015, some of the countries involved said they had not been consulted.[13]
Since becoming Crown Prince, bin Salman has improved Saudi relations with Israel,[105] the United States,[106] Russia,[107] the United Arab Emirates[108] and Egypt,[109] while ties with Jordan,[110] Turkey,[111] Iran[112] and the Palestinian Authority[113] have deteriorated.
Military interventions[edit]
On 10 January 2016, The Independent reported that "the BND, the German intelligence agency, portrayed...Saudi defence minister and Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman...as a political gambler who is destabilising the Arab world through proxy wars in Yemen and Syria."[49][45][51][114] German officials reacted to the BND’s memo, saying the published statement "is not the position of the federal government".[56]
During the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen, thousands of civilians were reportedly killed in a major bombing campaign, prompting accusations of war crimes in the intervention.[115][116][117] So far, the war has already cost the kingdom tens of billions of dollars and destroyed much of Yemen's infrastructure but failed to dislodge the Shiite Houthi rebels and their allies from the Yemeni capital.[80][49][46]On March 28, 2018 Saudi Arabia, along with its coalition partner the UAE, donated $930 million USD to the United Nations which, according to UN Secretary-General Antonio Gueterres, "…(will) help to alleviate the suffering of millions of vulnerable people across Yemen." The funds cover almost one-third of the $2.96 billion required to implement the UN's 2018 Yemen Humanitarian Response Plan.[118]
Human rights[edit]
See also: Human rights in Saudi Arabia
Despite promised reforms, the arrests and persecution of activists has risen under Mohammad bin Salman according to the Gulf Centre for Human Rights.[119] The crackdown on human right activists includes the academic and novelist Mustafa al-Hassan, Abdullah al-Malki, Essam al-Zamel, all arrested in 12 September 2017. Two founding members of ACPRA, Abdulaziz al-Shubaily and Issa al-Hamid, were arrested on 16 September 2017, one was charged with "communicating with international organisations in order to harm the image of the state"[120] and sentenced to 11 years in prison on appeal, and a nine years of travel ban after he served his sentence. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch continue to criticize the Saudi government for its violations of human rights.[24][25][26]
Personal life[edit]
In 2015, Mohammad bin Salman purchased the Italian-built and Bermuda-registered yacht Serene from Russian vodka tycoon Yuri Shefler for €500 million.[121][122] In December 2017, a number of sources reported that Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, using his close associate Prince Bader bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Farhan al-Saud as an intermediary, had bought Leonardo da Vinci's Salvator Mundi; the sale in November at $450.3 million set a new record price for a work of art.[123][124][125][126] The Embassy of Saudi Arabia[127], the Government of the United Arab Emirates, which has announced that it is in fact the owner of the painting[128], and the auctioneer Christie's have denied this claim[129]. The painting is presently located at its permanent home in the Louvre Museum's extension in Abu Dhabi, UAE.[130][131]
The New York Times has reported that Crown Prince Mohammad has purchased the $300 million Chateau Louis XIV in France.[132]
Mohammad has travelled extensively around the world, meeting with politicians, business leaders and celebrities.[122] In June 2016, he travelled to Silicon Valley and met key people in the US high tech industry, including Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.[133]
Mohammad bin Salman married Princess Sarah bint Mashhoor in 2008. They have four children.[134]
Ancestry[edit]
[show]Ancestors of Mohammad bin Salman[135]
16. Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud
8. Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
17. Sarah bint Mishari bin Abdulrahman bin Hassan Al Saud
4. Ibn Saud
18. Ahmed Al Kabir bin Mohammed bin Turki Al Sudairi
9. Sarah bint Ahmed Al Kabir bin Mohammed Al Sudairi
2. Salman Al Saud
20. Mohammed bin Ahmed Al Kabir Al Sudairi
10. Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Sudairi
5. Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi
22. Ali bin Mohammed Al Suwaidi
11. Sharifa bint Ali bin Mohammed Al Suwaidi
1. Mohammad Al Saud
24. Hathleen al-Ajmi
12. Sultan bin Hathleen al-Ajmi
6. Falah bin Sultan al-Ajmi
3. Fahda bint Falah al-Ajmi
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Profile: Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman". Al Jazeera. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ministries". Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia - Washington, DC. 30 April 2003. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Who is Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed?". BBC News. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (23 November 2017). "Saudi Arabia's Arab Spring, at Last". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Muhammad bin Salman cracks down on his perceived opponents". The Economist. 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mohammad bin Salman named new Saudi Crown Prince". TASS. Beirut. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mohammed bin Nayef kingpin in new Saudi Arabia: country experts". Middle East Eye. 1 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
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Further information[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud.
Saudi Deputy Crown Prince: The War Will Be Waged in Iran, Not Saudi Arabia; No to Direct Dialogue with Iran, MEMRI TV, 2017
Saudi King’s Son Plotted Effort to Oust His Rival New York Times
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value: محمد بن سلمان آل سعود – Arabic

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