text:
Film adaptation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A film adaptation is the transfer of a work or story, in whole or in part, to a feature film. Although often considered a type of derivative work, recent academic developments by scholars such as Robert Stam conceptualize film adaptation as a dialogic process.
A common form of film adaptation is the use of a novel as the basis of a feature film. Other works adapted into films include non-fiction (including journalism), autobiography, comic books, scriptures, plays, historical sources, and even other films. From the earliest days of cinema, in nineteenth-century Europe, adaptation from such diverse resources has been a ubiquitous practice of filmmaking.
Contents
[hide]
1 Elision and interpolation
2 Interpretation as adaptation
3 Theatrical adaptation
4 Television adaptation
5 Radio adaptation
6 Comic book adaptation
7 Video game adaptation
8 Adaptations from other sources
9 Awards
10 Adaptation of films
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Elision and interpolation[edit]
In 1924, Erich von Stroheim attempted a literal adaptation of Frank Norris's novel McTeague with his moving picture Greed, and the resulting film was 9½ hours long. It was cut, at studio insistence, to four hours, then without Stroheim's input, cut again to around two hours. The end result was a film that was largely incoherent. Since that time, few directors have attempted to put everything in a novel into a film. Therefore, elision is all but essential.
However, in some cases, film adaptations also interpolate scenes or invent characters. This is especially true when a novel is part of a literary saga. Incidents or quotations from later or earlier novels will be inserted into a single film. Additionally, and far more controversially, filmmakers will invent new characters or create stories that were not present in the source material at all. Given the anticipated audience for a film, the screenwriter, director, or movie studio may wish to increase character time or to invent new characters. For example, William J. Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Ironweed included a short appearance by a prostitute named Helen. Because the film studio anticipated a female audience for the film and had Meryl Streep for the role, Helen became a significant part of the film. However, characters are also sometimes invented to provide the narrative voice.
As Sergei Eisenstein pointed out in his landmark essay on Charles Dickens, films most readily adapt novels with externalities and physical description: they fare poorly when they attempt the modern novel and any fiction that has internal monologue or, worse, stream of consciousness. When source novels have exposition or digressions from the author's own voice, a film adaptation may create a commenting, chorus-like character to provide what could not be filmed otherwise. Thus, in the adaptation of John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman, the director created a contemporary Englishman in a romance with a woman to offer up the ironic and scholarly voice that Fowles provided in the novel, and the film version of Laurence Sterne's "unfilmable" novel, Tristram Shandy had the main actor speak in his own voice, as an actor, to emulate the narrator's ironic and metafictional voice in the novel. Early on, filmmakers would rely upon voice-over for a main character's thoughts, but, while some films (e.g. Blade Runner) may self-consciously invoke the older era of film by the use of voice over, such devices have been used less and less with time.
Interpretation as adaptation[edit]
There have been several nominees for non-plus ultra of inventive adaptation, including the Roland Joffe adaptation of The Scarlet Letter with explicit sex between Hester Prynn and the minister and Native American obscene puns into a major character and the film's villain. The Charlie Kaufman and "Donald Kaufman" penned Adaptation., credited as an adaptation of the novel The Orchid Thief, was an intentional satire and commentary on the process of film adaptation itself. All of these are cases of Nathaniel Hawthorne's point. The creators of the Gulliver's Travels miniseries interpolated a sanity trial to reflect the ongoing scholarly debate over whether or not Gulliver himself is sane at the conclusion of Book IV. In these cases, adaptation is a form of criticism and recreation, as well as translation.
Change is essential and practically unavoidable, mandated both by the constraints of time and medium, but how much is always a balance. Some film theorists have argued that a director should be entirely unconcerned with the source, as a novel is a novel, while a film is a film, and the two works of art must be seen as separate entities. Since a transcription of a novel into film is impossible, even holding up a goal of "accuracy" is absurd. Others argue that what a film adaptation does is change to fit (literally, adapt), and the film must be accurate to either the effect (aesthetics) of a novel or the theme of the novel or the message of the novel and that the filmmaker must introduce changes where necessary to fit the demands of time and to maximize faithfulness along one of these axes.
In most cases of adaptation, the films are required to create identities (for example, a characters' costume or set decor) since they are not specified in the original material. In these cases, the influence of film-makers may go unrecognised because there is no comparison in the original material, and even though the new visual identities will affect narrative interpretation. Peter Jackson's adaptations of The Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit by author JRR Tolkien represent an unusual case because many visual and stylistic details were specified by Tolkien. For the Harry Potter film series, author JK Rowling was closely consulted by the film-makers and she provided production designer Stuart Craig with a map of Hogwarts' grounds, and also prevented director Alfonso Cuarón from adding a graveyard scene because the graveyard would appear elsewhere in a later novel.
An often overlooked aspect of film adaptation is the inclusion of sound and music. In a literary text, a specific sound effect can often be implied or specified by an event, but in the process of adaptation, the film-makers will have to determine specific sound characteristics which subliminally affects narrative interpretation. In some cases of adaptation, music may have been specified in the original material (usually diegetic music). In Stephenie Meyer's 2005 Twilight novel, the characters Edward Cullen and Bella Swan both listen to Debussy's Clair de lune and Edward composes the piece Bella's Lullaby for the character Bella Swan. While Clair de lune was a pre-existing piece of music, Bella's Lullaby was not and required original music to be composed for the 2008 movie adaptation. In the 2016 sci-fi film 2BR02B: To Be or Naught to Be adapted from the story by Kurt Vonnegut, the film-makers decided to abandon Vonnegut's choice of music, stating that they felt it only worked in his prose because it wasn't actually heard. In the filmmakers' test screenings, they found that Vonnegut's style of music confused audiences and detracted from narrative comprehension. The film's composer Leon Coward stated "You can try to be as true to Vonnegut’s material as possible, but at the end of the day also you’re working with the material that you as a team have generated, not just Vonnegut’s, and that’s what you’ve got to make work."[1][2]
Theatrical adaptation[edit]
Films sometimes use plays as their sources. William Shakespeare has been called the most popular screenwriter in Hollywood.[citation needed] There are not only film versions of most of Shakespeare's works but also multiple versions of many of the plays. Numerous spinoffs adapt Shakespeare's plays very loosely, such as West Side Story, Kiss Me, Kate, The Lion King, O, and 10 Things I Hate about You. Adaptations in languages other than English flourish around the globe, such as Akira Kurosawa's two epic films Throne of Blood (1957) and Ran (1985), and Éric Rohmer's Conte d'hiver (A Tale of Winter, 1992).
Similarly, hit Broadway plays are frequently adapted, whether from musicals or dramas. On one hand, theatrical adaptation does not involve as many interpolations or elisions as novel adaptation, but on the other, the demands of scenery and possibilities of motion frequently entail changes from one medium to the other. Film critics will often mention if an adapted play has a static camera or emulates a proscenium arch. Laurence Olivier consciously imitated the arch with his Henry V (1944), having the camera begin to move and to use color stock after the prologue, indicating the passage from physical to imaginative space. Sometimes, the adaptive process can continue after one translation. Mel Brooks' The Producers was a film that was adapted into a Broadway musical and then adapted again into a film.
Television adaptation[edit]
Feature films are occasionally created from television series or television segments. In these cases, the film will either offer a longer storyline than the usual television program's format or will offer expanded production values. In the adaptation of The X-Files to film, for example, greater effects and a longer plotline were involved. Additionally, adaptations of television shows will offer the viewer the opportunity to see the television show's characters without broadcast restrictions. These additions (nudity, profanity, explicit drug use, and explicit violence) are only rarely a featured adaptive addition (film versions of "procedurals" such as Miami Vice are most inclined to such additions as featured adaptations) – South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut is a notable example of a film being more explicit than its parent TV series.
At the same time, some theatrically released films are adaptations of television miniseries events. When national film boards and state-controlled television networks co-exist, filmmakers can sometimes create very long films for television that they may adapt solely for time for theatrical release. Both Ingmar Bergman (notably with Fanny and Alexander but with other films as well) and Lars von Trier have created long television films that they then recut for international distribution.
Even segments of television series have been adapted into feature films. The American television variety show Saturday Night Live has been the origin of a number of films, beginning with The Blues Brothers, which began as a one-off performance by Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi. Mr. Bean was adapted into Bean and the sequel, Mr. Bean's Holiday.
Radio adaptation[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
Radio narratives have also provided the basis of film adaptation. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, for example, began as a radio series for the BBC and then became a novel that was adapted to film. In the heyday of radio, radio segments, like television segments today, translated to film on several occasions, usually as shorts. Dialog-heavy stories and fantastic stories from radio also adapted to film (e.g. Fibber McGee and Molly and The Life of Riley).
Comic book adaptation[edit]
See also: List of films based on comics
Comic book characters, particularly superheroes, have long been adapted into film, beginning in the 1940s with Saturday movie serials aimed at children. Superman (1978) and Batman (1989) are two later successful movie adaptations of famous comic book characters. In the early 2000s, blockbusters such as X-Men (2000) and Spider-Man (2002) have led to dozens of superhero films. The success of these films has also led to other comic books not necessarily about superheroes being adapted for the big screen, such as Ghost World (2001), From Hell (2001), American Splendor (2003), Sin City (2005), 300 (2007), Wanted (2008), and Whiteout (2009).
The adaptation process for comics is different from that of novels. Many successful comic book series last for several decades and have featured several variations of the characters in that time. Films based on such series usually try to capture the back story and “spirit” of the character instead of adapting a particular storyline. Occasionally, aspects of the characters and their origins are simplified or modernized.
Self-contained graphic novels, and miniseries many of which do not feature superheroes, can be adapted more directly, such as in the case of Road to Perdition (2002) or V for Vendetta (2006). In particular, Robert Rodriguez did not use a screenplay for Sin City but utilized actual panels from writer/artist Frank Miller's series as storyboards to create what Rodriguez regards as a "translation" rather than an adaptation.
Furthermore, some films based on long-running franchises use particular story lines from the franchise as a basis for a plot. The second X-Men film was loosely based on the graphic novel X-Men: God Loves, Man Kills and the third film on the storyline "The Dark Phoenix Saga". Spider-Man 2 was based on the storyline "Spider-Man No More!" Likewise, Batman Begins owes many of its elements to Miller's "Batman: Year One" and the film's sequel, The Dark Knight, uses subplots from Batman: The Long Halloween.
The Marvel Cinematic Universe starting in 2008 is a shared universe with films combining characters from different works by Marvel Comics. The DC Extended Universe starting in 2013 uses the same model for DC Comics.
Video game adaptation[edit]
See also: List of films based on video games
Video games have also been adapted into films, beginning in the early 1980s, although films closely related to the computer and video game industries had been done previously, such as Tron and The Wizard, but only after the release of several films based on well-known brands has this genre become recognized in its own right.
Similar to comic book-based films in the past (especially from 1980's), films based on video games tend to carry a reputation of lackluster quality and receive negative reaction from both film critics or fans of the games on which they are based. A number of films have been successful at the box office(such as Mortal Kombat, Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, Silent Hill, Resident Evil, and Prince of Persia), but all critical reception of the films are either mixed to poor.
Some, such as Super Mario Bros., were particularly negatively received and are considered among the worst films ever made. The aforementioned adaptation was criticized for being too dark, violent and unfaithful(in plot) to the popular video game series. Many anime Original Video Animations (OVAs) based on popular games have been released such as Dead Space: Downfall, Halo Legends, Dante's Inferno: An Animated Epic, and numerous films based on the video game series Pokémon.
The main cause of failure among video game adaptations is often cited as the genre's tendency for its films to drastically differ from source material, as producers, writers, and directors take many artistic liberties with the original games. Some notable examples include Doom, which traded in religious elements of the video games for scientific plot elements and openly parodied the game's first-person shooter gameplay. Silent Hill radically altered the backstory of the game, replacing the game's demonic cult which sought to birth a new god with a pseudo-Christian witch-burning cult. While still a comedic feature, the setting of the film adaptation of Super Mario Bros. was radically changed from a light, cartoonish kingdom to that of a dystopian city similar to the worlds of Blade Runner or Total Recall. The film also made several major alterations to the storyline from the game series, including the exclusion of series regular Princess "Peach" Toadstool, turning the villain Bowser into a human character named King Koopa (despite the character being a large, tortoise-like creature in the games), and making the titular brothers into father/son figures, explaining that Mario raised a much younger Luigi, unlike the game series.
Among the most well-known video-game filmmakers is Uwe Boll, a German writer, director, and producer who has become notorious among video-game fans and critics alike for making video games adaptations such as House of the Dead, Alone in the Dark, BloodRayne, In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale, Postal, and Far Cry, all of which were almost universally panned by audiences and film critics for their deviation from the source material and simply bad quality. Boll is often compared to cult filmmaker Ed Wood, who created such films as Plan 9 from Outer Space and Glen or Glenda.
Another likely reason for the failure of video game adaptations is that structural conversion from video game to film format can be challenging for filmmakers. As Nintendo video game designer, Shigeru Miyamoto said in a 2007 interview:
“I think that part of the problem with translating games to movies is that the structure of what makes a good game is very different from the structure of what makes a good movie. Movies are a much more passive medium, where the movie itself is telling a story and you, as the viewer, are relaxing and taking that in passively. Whereas video games are a much more active medium where you are playing along with the story. In some cases, you are progressing the story yourself, or perhaps you get to a point where it gets too difficult and maybe you give up. I think that people who like movies also have an interest in the creative work that goes into making a video game. So there is interactivity with the video game that you don’t necessarily have with a movie. In that sense, I think the structures of the two are very different and you have to take that into account when converting a video game into a movie. I think that video games, as a whole, have a very simple flow in terms of what’s going on in the game. We make that flow entertaining by implementing many different elements to the video game to keep the player entertained. Movies have much more complex stories, or flow, to them, but the elements that affect that flow are limited in number. So I think that because these surrounding elements in these two different mediums vary so greatly, when you fail to take that into account then you run into problems.”
In an interview with Fortune in August 2015, Miyamoto has explained that Nintendo is planned to become an entertainment company rather than just the focus of game development, which includes potential partnerships with different studios that will be seen overseas by Nintendo’s Software Planning & Development (SPD) Division. As Miyamoto said:
“We’ve had, over the years, a number of people who have come to us and said ‘Why don’t we make a movie together—or we make a movie and you make a game and we’ll release them at the same time?’ Because games and movies seem like similar mediums, people’s natural expectation is we want to take our games and turn them into movies. … I’ve always felt video games, being an interactive medium, and movies, being a passive medium, mean the two are quite different.”
“As we look more broadly at what is Nintendo’s role as an entertainment company, we’re starting to think more and more about how movies can fit in with that—and we’ll potentially be looking at things like movies in the future,”
Adaptations from other sources[edit]
See also: Category:Films based on works.
While documentary films have often been made from journalism and reportage, so too have some dramatic films, including: All the President's Men (1976, adapted from the 1974 book); Miracle, (2004, from an account published shortly after the 1980 "miracle on ice"); and Pushing Tin (1999, from a 1996 New York Times article by Darcy Frey). An Inconvenient Truth is Al Gore's film adaptation of his own Keynote multimedia presentation. The 2011 independent comedy film, Benjamin Sniddlegrass and the Cauldron of Penguins was based on Kermode and Mayo's Film Review of Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.
Films adapted from songs include Coward of the County, Ode to Billy Joe, Convoy, and Pretty Baby (each from a song of the same name).
Films based on toys include the Transformers franchise and the G.I. Joe films; there is a longer history of animated television series being created simultaneous to toy lines as a marketing tool. Hasbro's plans to for films based on their board games began with 2012's Battleship. While amusement park rides have often been based on action movies, conversely the 1967 Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland was adapted into Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl in 2003.
Remakes and film sequels are technically adaptations of the original film. Less direct derivations include The Magnificent Seven from The Seven Samurai, Star Wars from The Hidden Fortress, and Twelve Monkeys from La Jetée.
Many films have been made from mythology and religious texts. Both Greek mythology and the Bible have been adapted frequently. Homer's works have been adapted multiple times in several nations. In these cases, the audience already knows the story well, and so the adaptation will de-emphasize elements of suspense and concentrate instead on detail and phrasing.[original research?]
Awards[edit]
Many major film award programs present an award for adapted screenplays, separate from the award for original screenplays.
In the case of a film which was adapted from an unpublished work, however, different awards have different rules around which category the screenplay qualifies for. In 1983, the Canadian Genie Awards rescinded the Best Adapted Screenplay award they had presented to the film Melanie when they learned that the original work had been unpublished;[3] and in 2017, the film Moonlight, which was adapted from an unpublished theatrical play, was classified and nominated as an adapted screenplay by some awards but as an original screenplay by others.[4]
Adaptation of films[edit]
When a film's screenplay is original, it can also be the source of derivative works such as novels and plays. For example, movie studios will commission novelizations of their popular titles or sell the rights to their titles to publishing houses. These novelized films will frequently be written on assignment and sometimes written by authors who have only an early script as their source. Consequently, novelizations are quite often changed from the films as they appear in theatres.
Novelization can build up characters and incidents for commercial reasons (e.g. to market a card or computer game, to promote the publisher's "saga" of novels, or to create continuity between films in a series)
There have been instances of novelists who have worked from their own screenplays to create novels at nearly the same time as a film. Both Arthur C. Clarke, with 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Graham Greene, with The Third Man, have worked from their own film ideas to a novel form (although the novel version of The Third Man was written more to aid in the development of the screenplay than for the purposes of being released as a novel). Both John Sayles and Ingmar Bergman write their film ideas as novels before they begin producing them as films, although neither director has allowed these prose treatments to be published.
Finally, films have inspired and been adapted into plays. John Waters's films have been successfully mounted as plays; both Hairspray and Cry-Baby have been adapted, and other films have spurred subsequent theatrical adaptations. Spamalot is a Broadway play based on Monty Python films. In a rare case of a film being adapted from a stage musical adaptation of a film, in 2005, the film adaptation of the stage musical based on Mel Brooks' classic comedy film The Producers was released.
See also[edit]
Remake
Literary adaptation
Adaptation (arts)
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Black, Anna (2016). ""...for a father hear a child!" Schubert's Ave Maria and the film 2BR02B". The Schubertian. The Schubert Institute (UK). July (91): 16–19.
Jump up ^ Masson, Sophie (October 19, 2016). "2BR02B: the journey of a dystopian film–an interview with Leon Coward". Feathers of the Firebird (Interview).
Jump up ^ "Melanie adaptation Genie returned". Cinema Canada, No. 96 (May 1983). p. 12.
Jump up ^ "Oscars: Moonlight ineligible for Best Original Screenplay". Entertainment Weekly, December 15, 2016.
Sources
Eisenstein, Sergei. "Dickens, Griffith, and the Film Today." Film Form Dennis Dobson, trans. 1951.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Literature/Film Quarterly, journal published by Salisbury University
Journal of Adaptation in Film and Performance, published by Intellect
Adaptation, journal published by Oxford University Press
Movie Adaptation Database, UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
The history of Erich von Stroheim's Greed, from welcometosilentmovies.com
The Art of Adaptation from hollywoodlitsales.com
Hutcheon, Linda, with Siobhan O’Flynn. A Theory of Adaptation. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Leitch, Thomas (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Adaptation Studies. Oxford: OUP, 2017.
Murray, Simone. The Adaptation Industry: The Cultural Economy of Contemporary Adaptation. New York: Routledge, 2012.
Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and Appropriation. London: Routledge, 2006.
[show]
v
t
e
Appropriation in the arts
By field
Music
Appropriation
Bootleg recording
Contrafact
List
Contrafactum
Cover version
Interpolation
List of musical medleys
Music mashup
Music plagiarism
Musical quotation
Parody music
Pasticcio
Plunderphonics
Potpourri
DJ mix
Quodlibet
Remix
Sampling
Sound collage
Trope
Variation
Literature / theatre
Assemblage
Cut-up technique
Joke theft
Trope
Found poetry
Flarf poetry
Verbatim theatre
Painting / comics /
photography
Collage
Swipe
Comic strip switcheroo
Photographic mosaic
Combine painting
By source material
Mona Lisa
Michelangelo's David
Michelangelo's Pietà
Cinema / television /
video
Video mashup
Re-cut trailer
TV format
Found footage
Remake
Parody film
Collage film
General concepts
Intertextual figures
Allusion
Calque
Plagiarism
Pastiche
Parody
Quotation
Translation
Adaptation
Drama
Film
Literary
Theatre
Other concepts
Assemblage (art)
Bricolage
Citation
Derivative work
Détournement
Found object
Homage
Imitation in art
Mashup
Reprise
Source criticism in the arts
Related artistic
concepts
Originality
Artistic inspiration
Afflatus
Genius (literature)
Genre
Genre studies
Parody advertisement
In-joke
Tribute act
Fan fiction
Simulacrum
Archetypal literary criticism
Readymades of Marcel Duchamp
Anti-art
Pop art
Aesthetic interpretation
Western canon
Standard blocks
and forms
Jazz standard
Stock character
Plot device
Dramatic structure
Formula fiction
Monomyth
Archetype
Epoch-marking
works
L.H.O.O.Q. (1919)
"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" (1939)
Reality Hunger: A Manifesto (2010)
Theorization
Mimesis
Dionysian imitatio
De Copia Rerum
Romantic movement
Russian formalism
Modernist movement
Postmodern movement
Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree
Related non-artistic
concepts
Cultural appropriation
Appropriation in sociology
Articulation in sociology
Trope (literature)
Academic dishonesty
Authorship
Genius
Intellectual property
Recontextualisation
[show]
v
t
e
Filmmaking
Development
Film treatment
Producer
scriptment
Step outline
Screenplay
process
spec script
film adaptation
Hook
Option
Film budgeting
Film finance
pitch
Green-light
Pre-production
Script breakdown
process
Shooting script
Storyboard
Casting
Scenography
Rehearsal
Production board
Day Out of Days
Production schedule
Shooting schedule
one-liner
Production
Film crew
Cinematic techniques
Principal photography
Cinematography
Videography
Daily call sheet
Dailies (rushes)
Daily reports
Film inventory
Production
Daily Production
Progress
Sound
Cost
Editor log
Post-production
Film editing
Re-recording
Sync sound
Soundtrack
Music
Special effects
sound
visual
Negative cost
Distribution
Film distributor
list
Film release
wide
limited
delayed
Roadshow
Related
Box office
Guerrilla filmmaking
Development hell
Film
Filmography
Film industry
Film rights
Turnaround
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Film_adaptation&oldid=817129244"
Categories:
Film and video terminology
Literature
Screenwriting
Films by source
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2008
All articles lacking in-text citations
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017
Articles to be expanded from June 2008
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
All articles that may contain original research
Articles that may contain original research from November 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 December 2017, at 09:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

tag: tr

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

value: Edit section: Interpretation as adaptation

value:
/wiki/JRR_Tolkien
mw-redirect
JRR Tolkien

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

value:
/wiki/Video_game_designer
mw-redirect
Video game designer

value: Edit section: Adaptations from other sources

value: The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2015)

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
https://academic.oup.com/adaptation

value: Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

value: Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

value:
/wiki/Daily_production_report
mw-redirect
Daily production report

value:
/wiki/Daily_editor_log
mw-redirect
Daily editor log

value:
/wiki/Delayed_release_(film)
mw-redirect
Delayed release (film)

value: navigation navbox Filmmaking padding:3px

value: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2008

value: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017

value: Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2008

value: Category:Articles using small message boxes

value: Category:All articles that may contain original research

value: Category:Articles that may contain original research from November 2015

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Film_adaptation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: فيلم مقتبس – Arabic

value: 문학의 영화화 – Korean

value: עיבוד קולנועי – Hebrew

value: Экранизация – Russian

value: Екранізація літературного твору – Ukrainian

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Film_adaptation rootpage-Film_adaptation skin-vector action-view


text:
Satya Nadella
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Satya Nadella
Satya Nadella in 2017
Born
Bukkapuram Nadella Satyanarayana
(1967-08-19) 19 August 1967 (age 50)[1]
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Citizenship
United States[2]
Alma mater
Manipal Institute of Technology (B.E. - Electrical Engineering)
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (M.S.)
University of Chicago (MBA)
Occupation
CEO of Microsoft Corp (2014–present)
Employer
Microsoft (1992–present)
Salary
$84.3 million (2018)
Net worth
$1.34 billion (January 2018) [3]
Board member of
Starbucks[4]
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center[5]
Spouse(s)
Anupama Priya Nadella (m. 1992)
Children
3
Website
Satya Nadella - Microsoft.com
Satya Narayana Nadella (born 19 August 1967) is an Indian American business executive. He is the current Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Microsoft, succeeding Steve Ballmer in 2014.[6][7] Before becoming CEO, he was Executive Vice President of Microsoft's cloud and enterprise group, responsible for building and running the company's computing platforms, developer tools and cloud computing services.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Sun Microsystems
2.2 Microsoft
3 Personal life
4 Publications
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Nadella was born in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India (now in the state of Telangana), to a brahmin family that is originally from Bukkapuram village in Rayalaseema.[8] His father, Bukkapuram Nadella Yugandher, was a civil servant who worked at the prestigious Indian Administrative Service within the Government of India.[9][10][11]
Nadella attended the Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet[12] before receiving a bachelor's in electrical engineering[13] from the Manipal Institute of Technology (then part of Mangalore University) in 1988.[14][15] Nadella subsequently traveled to the U.S. to study for a M.S. in computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee,[16][17] receiving his degree in 1990.[18] Later, he received an MBA from the University of Chicago.[19]
Nadella said he "always wanted to build things"[20] and that electrical engineering "was a great way for [him] to go discover what turned out to become a passion," computer science.[21]
Career[edit]
Sun Microsystems[edit]
Nadella worked at Sun Microsystems as a member of its technology staff prior to joining Microsoft in 1992.[22]
Microsoft[edit]
At Microsoft, Nadella has led major projects that included the company's move to cloud computing and the development of one of the largest cloud infrastructures in the world.[23]
Nadella worked as the senior vice-president of Research and Development (R&D) for the Online Services Division and vice-president of the Microsoft Business Division. Later, he was made the president of Microsoft's $19 billion Server and Tools Business and led a transformation of the company's business and technology culture from client services to cloud infrastructure and services. He has been credited for helping bring Microsoft's database, Windows Server and developer tools to its Azure cloud.[19] The revenue from Cloud Services grew to $20.3 billion in June 2013 from $16.6 billion when he took over in 2011.[24] He received $18 million in 2016 pay.[25]
Nadella's 2013 base salary was nearly $700,000, for a total compensation, with stock bonuses, of $7.6 million.[26]
Previous positions held by Nadella include:[27]
President of the Server & Tools Division (9 February 2011 – February 2014)
Senior Vice-President of Research and Development for the Online Services Division (March 2007 – February 2011)[28]
Vice-President of the Business Division
Corporate Vice-President of Business Solutions and Search & Advertising Platform Group
Executive Vice-President of Cloud and Enterprise group[14]
On 4 February 2014, Nadella was announced as the new CEO of Microsoft,[6][7] the third chief executive in the company's history, following Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer.[29]
In October 2014, Nadella courted controversy when he made a statement that women should not ask for a raise and should trust the system.[30] The statement was made while he was attending an event on Women in Computing in Phoenix, AZ. Nadella was roundly criticised for the statement and he apologised later on Twitter.[31] He later sent an email to Microsoft employees admitting he was "Completely wrong".[32]
Nadella changed the company’s direction after becoming CEO. His tenure has emphasized openness to working with companies and technologies with which Microsoft also competes, including Apple Inc.,[33] Salesforce,[34] IBM,[35] and Dropbox.[36] In contrast to previous Microsoft campaigns against the Linux operating system, Nadella proclaimed that "Microsoft ♥ Linux",[37] and in 2016, Microsoft joined the Linux Foundation as a Platinum member.[38]
Under Nadella Microsoft revised its mission statement to "empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more".[39] In comparison to founder Bill Gates's "a PC on every desk and in every home, running Microsoft software", Nadella says that it is an enduring mission, rather than a temporal goal.[40] His key goal has been transforming Microsoft’s corporate culture into one that values continual learning and growth.[41] He has cited the book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success by Carol Dweck as inspiration for this philosophy around a "growth mindset".[42]
Nadella's leadership of Microsoft included a series of high-profile acquisitions of other companies, to redirect Microsoft's focus. His first major acquisition was of Mojang, a Swedish game company best known for the popular freeform computer building game Minecraft, in late 2014, for $2.5 billion. Minecraft was notably a cross-platform game, with versions running on Apple's iOS mobile devices, and the Sony PlayStation dedicated gaming console, as well as Microsoft's Xbox.[43] He followed that in 2016 by purchasing Xamarin[44] and LinkedIn.[45]
In the years since becoming CEO, Nadella is viewed as having done well,[46] with Microsoft stock having risen more than 130% since he took over and achieving an all-time high.[47][48] During his leadership, stock in the company has grown at an annualized rate of 23%.
Personal life[edit]
In 1992, Nadella married Anupama, daughter of his father's Indian Administrative Service (IAS) batchmate, K.R. Venugopal.[49] The couple has three children, a son and two daughters, and lives in Bellevue, Washington.[50]
Nadella is an avid reader of business literature[51] and of American and Indian poetry. He also nurses a passion for cricket, having played on his school team.[52]
Nadella has authored a book titled Hit Refresh that explores his life, his career in Microsoft and how he believes technology will shape the future. It was announced that the profits from the book would go to Microsoft Philanthropies and through that to nonprofit organizations.[53]
Publications[edit]
Hit Refresh: The quest to rediscover Microsoft's soul and imagine a better future for everyone, 2017.[54][55]ISBN 9780062652508 (audiobook ISBN 9780062694805)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Happy Birthday Satya Nadella: 9 interesting facts about Microsoft CEO". Economic Times.
Jump up ^ Satya Nadella makes no mention of his Indian background Archived 27 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine.. Associated Press via hindustantimes.com. 6 February 2014
Jump up ^ {{|url=http://www1.salary.com/Satya-Nadella-Salary-Bonus-Stock-Options-for-MICROSOFT-CORP.html%7Ctitle=Compensation Information for Satya Nadella, Chief Executive Officer and Director of MICROSOFT CORP - Salary.com|first=Site built by:|last=Salary.com|website=Salary.com|accessdate=5 November 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824174320/http://www1.salary.com/Satya-Nadella-Salary-Bonus-Stock-Options-for-MICROSOFT-CORP.html%7Carchivedate=24 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}
Jump up ^ "Starbucks Corporation - Corporate Governance - Board of Directors". Starbucks. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Board of Trustees". Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ovide, Shira (5 February 2014). "Microsoft Board Names Satya Nadella as CEO". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Microsoft Board names Satya Nadella as CEO". Microsoft.com. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Studious, hardworking boy has achieved his goal,' says Satya Nadella's dad". DNA India. 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ ‘Studious, hardworking boy has achieved his goal,’ says Satya Nadella's dad Archived 5 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Daily News and Analysis. (5 February 2014). Retrieved 16 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Satya, Nadella (5 February 2014). "Well done Satya". Eenadu. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Anisha Dhiman (25 August 2015). "'Satya Nadella on the Meaning of Work': Satya Nadella". Oxy. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Anisha Dhiman (29 July 2013). "'Never, ever stop learning': Satya Nadella". Decan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Satya Nadella Archived 24 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine.. news.microsoft.com
^ Jump up to: a b Satya Nadella, President, Server & Tools Business, archived from the original on 2014-02-09, retrieved 2017-06-26
Jump up ^ "MIT thrilled over Nadella being in race to head Microsoft". DNA India. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "I went to the United States right when Sachin Tendulkar started to play for India so I look at it and say, wow, I missed the entire Sachin era of Indian cricket". Espncricinfo.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "UWMilwaukee alum named Microsoft CEO | UWM News". 5.uwm.edu. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Satya Nadella education". 5.uwm.edu. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b McCracken, Harry (15 December 2010). "Microsoft's New CEO Satya Nadella: 10 Things to Know". Time. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Meet Satya Nadella, the new Microsoft CEO | NDTV Gadgets". Gadgets.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Satya Nadella – Microsoft's CEO". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015. 'I think playing cricket taught me more about working in teams and leadership that has stayed with me throughout my career.'
Jump up ^ "IAS officer's son tipped to become Microsoft CEO". The Times of India. 1 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Satya, Nadella (4 February 2014). "Satya Nadella CEO". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Indo-American Satya Nadella in race to be Microsoft's new CEO". Biharprabha News. Indo-Asian News Service. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft CEO Nadella Received $18 Million in 2016 Pay". Bloomberg.com. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Kyle Nazario (27 January 2014). "Satya Nadella biography: Everything you need to know about Microsoft's new CEO". IT PRO.
Jump up ^ "Satya Nadella: Executive Profile & Biography". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Equilar Atlas". Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft names Satya Nadella new CEO". News.cnet.com. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff; agencies (10 October 2014). "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella: women, don't ask for a raise". Theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Satya Nadella [@satyanadella] (9 October 2014). "Was inarticulate re how women should ask for raise. Our industry must close gender pay gap so a raise is not needed because of a bias #GHC14" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Satya Nadella email to employees: RE: Grace Hopper Conference - News Center". News.microsoft.com. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Chris (27 March 2014). "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella publicly debuts himself, Office for iPad". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Hempel, Jesse (February 2015). "Satya Nadella's Got a Plan to Make You Care About Microsoft. The First Step? Holograms". Wired. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Gavin (22 October 2014). "Big Azure? Microsoft and IBM ink deal on business cloud". The Register. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Bort, Julie (4 November 2014). "Microsoft Partners With Dropbox". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Joab (20 October 2014). "Microsoft (hearts) Linux, for Azure's sake". PC World. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Frank, Blair Hanley (16 November 2016). "Microsoft doubles down on Linux love, joins foundation". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Statt, Nick (25 June 2015). "Microsoft CEO Nadella wants to help the world 'to achieve more'". CNET. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ McCracken, Harry (18 September 2017). "Satya Nadella Rewrites Microsoft's Code - The future of business". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ della Cava, Marco (20 February 2017). "Microsoft's Satya Nadella is counting on culture shock to drive growth". USA Today. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Bass, Dina (4 August 2016). "Satya Nadella on a Middle-Aged Microsoft". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Molina, Brett. "Microsoft to acquire 'Minecraft' maker Mojang for $2.5B". USA Today. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Weinberger, Matt (24 February 2016). "Microsoft acquires Xamarin". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Wingfield, Nick (13 June 2016). "Microsoft Buys LinkedIn for $26.2 Billion, Reasserting Its Muscle". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Lynley, Matthew (29 December 2016). "The new Microsoft under Satya Nadella is still looking good on Wall Street". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ La Monica, Paul R. (1 December 2015). "Is Satya Nadella a better Microsoft CEO than Bill Gates?". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Fiegerman, Seth (21 October 2016). "Microsoft stock hits a new all-time high. Here's why". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Nikhila Henry & Rohit P S, TNN. "Nadella's other passions: Cricket, running and pastries". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ Drusch, Andrea (2 April 2014). "10 things to know: Satya Nadella". Politico.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.fastcompany.com/40457479/the-7-books-microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-says-you-need-to-lead-smarter
Jump up ^ "All for love: When Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella surrendered his Green Card for wife Anu". Firstpost.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella is writing a book called Hit Refresh". The Verge. 29 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella Offers A Business-Like Memoir | Star2.com". Star2.com. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
Jump up ^ MacLellan, Lila. "With his new book, Satya Nadella takes control of the Microsoft narrative". Quartz. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Satya Nadella.
Microsoft bio
Satya Nadella's theCUBE Interview from Accel Stanford Symposium 2013
Appearances on C-SPAN
Preceded by
Steve Ballmer CEO of Microsoft
2014–present Succeeded by
incumbent
[show]
v
t
e
Microsoft
History
Outline
People
Founders
Bill Gates
Paul Allen
Board of directors
John W. Thompson (Chairman)
Satya Nadella (CEO)
Dina Dublon
Maria Klawe
David Marquardt
Charles Noski
Helmut Panke
Mason Morfit
John W. Stanton
Senior leadership team
Satya Nadella (CEO)
Scott Guthrie
Amy Hood (CFO)
Terry Myerson
Harry Shum
Phil Spencer
Corporate VPs
Gabe Aul (VP)
Joe Belfiore
Richard Rashid (SVP)
S. Somasegar (SVP)
Divisions
Engineering groups
Mobile
Skype unit
Digital Crimes Unit
Garage
Press
Research
Studios
.NET Foundation
Outercurve Foundation
Estates
Microsoft Redmond campus
Microsoft Talo
Microsoft Algeria
Microsoft Egypt
Microsoft India
Microsoft Japan
Product families
Operating systems
Windows
Software
Office
Servers
Visual Studio
Hardware
HoloLens
Surface
Xbox
Web properties
Azure
Bing
Channel 9
CodePlex
Developer Network
MSN
Mixer
Office.com
OneDrive
Outlook.com
Store
TechNet
Conferences
Build
Inspire
MIX
PDC
TechEd
WinHEC
Campaigns
Where do you want to go today? (1994)
Champagne (2002)
Mojave Experiment (2006)
I'm a PC (2008)
Scroogled (2012)
Criticism
Bundling of Microsoft Windows
Clippy
iLoo
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Bob
_NSAKEY
Windows
XP
Vista
10
Litigation
Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft
Apple v. Microsoft
European Union Microsoft competition case
Microsoft v. Lindows
Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft
Microsoft v. Shah
United States v. Microsoft (2001 antitrust case)
Microsoft Ireland case
Acquisitions
6Wunderkinder
Altamira Software
AltspaceVR
aQuantive
Azyxxi
The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks
Beam
Bungie
Calista Technologies
Colloquis
Connectix
Consumers Software
Danger
Farecast
FASA Studio
Fast Search & Transfer
Firefly
Forethought
GIANT Company Software
GreenButton
Groove Networks
High Heat Major League Baseball
Hotmail
Jellyfish.com
LinkedIn
LinkExchange
Lionhead Studios
Maluuba
Massive Incorporated
Mobile Data Labs
Mojang
Nokia Devices and Services
Onfolio
Pando Networks
Perceptive Pixel
PlaceWare
Powerset
ProClarity
Rare
Revolution Analytics
ScreenTonic
Secure Islands
Simplygon
Skype
Sunrise Atelier
SwiftKey
Winternals Software
Teleo
Telekinesys Research
Tellme Networks
Twisted Pixel Games
Vermeer Technologies
Visio Corporation
Vivaty
VoloMetrix
VXtreme
WebTV Networks
Xamarin
Yammer
Yupi
Category
Portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 317106370
LCCN: nb2015015253
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satya_Nadella&oldid=838497973"
Categories:
Microsoft employees
1967 births
Living people
Engineers from Andhra Pradesh
Businesspeople in software
University of Chicago alumni
American businessmen of Indian descent
Manipal University alumni
Indian emigrants to the United States
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India
University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni
American technology chief executives
American male scientists of Indian descent
20th-century Indian engineers
21st-century Indian engineers
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use American English from January 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Latina
Magyar
मैथिली
മലയാളം
मराठी
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Русский
संस्कृतम्
Scots
Simple English
کوردی
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
35 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 12:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: span

tag: th

attr: colspan style

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

tag: br

tag: sup

attr: href title

value:
/wiki/Microsoft_Corp
mw-redirect
Microsoft Corp

value:
/wiki/Indian_American
mw-redirect
Indian American

value:
/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer
mw-redirect
Chief Executive Officer

value:
/wiki/Research_and_Development
mw-redirect
Research and Development

value:
/wiki/Cloud_infrastructure
mw-redirect
Cloud infrastructure

value:
/wiki/Cloud_services
mw-redirect
Cloud services

value:
/wiki/Corporate_culture
mw-redirect
Corporate culture

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/317106370

value: Category:American businessmen of Indian descent

value: Category:Indian emigrants to the United States

value: Category:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni

value: Category:Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India

value: Category:University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni

value: Category:American technology chief executives

value: Category:American male scientists of Indian descent

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Use American English from January 2016

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Satya_Nadella
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: ساتيا نادالا – Arabic

value: সত্য নাদেলা – Bangla

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

value: Сатя Надела – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Σάτια Ναντέλα – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value: ساتیا نادلا – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: 사티아 나델라 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: सत्य नडेला – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: סאטיה נאדלה – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ಸತ್ಯ ನಾಡೆಲ್ಲ – Kannada

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value: सत्य नडेला – Maithili

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

value: സത്യ നദെല്ല – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value: सत्या नादेला – Marathi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: सत्य नडेला – Nepali

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

value: サティア・ナデラ – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Наделла, Сатья – Russian

value: सत्य नाडेला – Sanskrit

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: சத்ய நாடெல்லா – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: సత్య నాదెళ్ల – Telugu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Сатья Наделла – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: ستیا نادیلا – Urdu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value: 薩蒂亞·納德拉 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Satya_Nadella rootpage-Satya_Nadella skin-vector action-view


text:
Chyme
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Chyle, Chymex, or Chime.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chyme
Identifiers
FMA
62961
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Chyme or chymus (/kaɪm/; from Greek χυμός khymos, "juice"[1][2]) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum[3] (the beginning of the small intestine).
Chyme results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme in anywhere between 40 minutes to a few hours.
With a pH of approximately 2, chyme emerging from the stomach is very acidic. The duodenum secretes a hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes the gall bladder to contract, releasing alkaline bile into the duodenum. CCK also causes the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. The duodenum is a short section of the small intestine located between the stomach and the rest of the small intestine. The duodenum also produces the hormone secretin to stimulate the pancreatic secretion of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate, which then raises pH of the chyme to 7. The chyme then enters the jejunum, where the useful portion of it is transformed into chyle. (As the material moves through the jejunum and ileum, digestion progresses, and the nonuseful portion will continue onward into the large intestine.) The duodenum is protected by a thick layer of mucus and the neutralizing actions of the sodium bicarbonate and bile.
At a pH of 7, the enzymes that were present from the stomach are no longer active. This then leads into the further breakdown of the nutrients still present by anaerobic bacteria, which at the same time help to package the remains. These bacteria also help synthesize vitamin B and vitamin K, which will be absorbed along with other nutrients.
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 Path of chyme
3 Uses
4 References
Properties[edit]
Chyme has a low pH that is countered by the production of bile, helping to further digest food. Chyme is part liquid and part solid: a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and small intestine during digestion. Chyme also contains cells from the mouth and esophagus that slough off from the mechanical action of chewing and swallowing.
Path of chyme[edit]
After hours of mechanical and chemical digestion, food has been reduced into chyme. As particles of food become small enough, they are passed out of the stomach at regular intervals into the small intestine, which stimulates the pancreas to release fluid containing a high concentration of bicarbonate. This fluid neutralizes the gastric juices, which can damage the lining of the intestine, resulting in duodenal ulcer. Other secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and glands in the intestinal wall help in digestion.
When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition, they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream. Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine. In the large intestine, bacteria break down proteins and starches in chyme that were not digested fully in the small intestine.
When all of the nutrients have been absorbed from chyme, the remaining waste material changes into semisolids that are called feces. The feces pass to the rectum, to be stored until ready to be discharged from the body during defecation.
Uses[edit]
The chyme of an unweaned calf is the defining ingredient of pajata, a traditional Roman recipe.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chyme, Online Etymology Dictionary
Jump up ^ χυμός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ chyme, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chyme&oldid=802488569"
Categories:
Digestive system
Body fluids
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from January 2009
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
Ido
Italiano
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Latviešu
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 13:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value: /wiki/Chymex mw-redirect Chymex

value:
/wiki/Chime_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Chime (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: b

attr: class href

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: i

tag: small

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value:
/wiki/Pyloric_valve
mw-redirect
Pyloric valve

value:
/wiki/Gall_bladder
mw-redirect
Gall bladder

value:
/wiki/Duodenal_ulcer
mw-redirect
Duodenal ulcer

value:
/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary
mw-redirect
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2009

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Chyme
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
/w/index.php?title=Chyme&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: كيموس – Arabic

value: পাকমণ্ড – Bangla

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quim
Quim – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymus
Chymus – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimo
Quimo – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88imo
Ĉimo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimo
Kimo – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyme
Chyme – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimo
Quimo – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimo
Chimo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimo
Chimo – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value: Химус – Kazakh

value:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim
Chim – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%ABms
Hīms – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymus
Chymus – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymus
Chymus – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimo
Quimo – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymus
Chymus – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chyme rootpage-Chyme vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Ghostbusters II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ghostbusters II
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ivan Reitman
Produced by
Ivan Reitman
Written by
Harold Ramis
Dan Aykroyd
Starring
Bill Murray
Dan Aykroyd
Sigourney Weaver
Harold Ramis
Rick Moranis
Ernie Hudson
Annie Potts
Music by
Randy Edelman
Cinematography
Michael Chapman
Edited by
Donn Cambern
Sheldon Kahn
Production
company
Columbia Pictures
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
June 16, 1989 (1989-06-16)
Running time
108 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$37 million
Box office
$215.4 million[1]
Ghostbusters II is a 1989 American supernatural comedy film directed and produced by Ivan Reitman, written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis and starring Bill Murray, Aykroyd, Sigourney Weaver, Ramis, Ernie Hudson and Rick Moranis. It is the sequel to the 1984 film Ghostbusters, and follows the further adventures of the three parapsychologists and their organization that combats paranormal activities.
Despite generally mixed reviews from critics, the film grossed $112.5 million in the United States and $215.4 million worldwide, becoming the eighth-highest-grossing film of 1989.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Home media
6 Merchandise
6.1 Comic book adaptation
6.2 Video games
7 Soundtrack
8 Cancelled sequel and reboot
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
After saving New York City from the demi-god Gozer, the Ghostbusters—Egon Spengler, Ray Stantz, Peter Venkman, and Winston Zeddemore—are sued for the property damage they caused, and barred from investigating the supernatural, forcing them out of business. Ray owns an occult bookstore and works as an unpopular children's entertainer with Winston, Egon works in a laboratory conducting experiments into human emotion, and Peter hosts a pseudo-psychic television show. Peter's former girlfriend Dana Barrett has had a son, Oscar, with an ex-husband, and works at the Museum of Modern Art. After an incident in which Oscar's baby carriage is controlled by an unseen force and drawn to a busy junction, Dana turns to the Ghostbusters for help. Meanwhile, Dana's colleague Dr. Janosz Poha is indoctrinated by the spirit of Vigo the Carpathian, a powerful legendary sixteenth-century tyrant and magician trapped in a painting in the gallery. Vigo orders Janosz to locate a child that Vigo can possess, allowing him to return to life on the New Year.
The Ghostbusters' investigation leads them to illegally excavate First Avenue at the point where the baby carriage stopped. Lowered underneath, Ray discovers a river of pink slime filling the abandoned Beach Pneumatic Transit line. Attacked by the slime after obtaining a sample, Ray accidentally causes a citywide blackout, and the Ghostbusters are arrested. They are found guilty of investigating the supernatural, but before they can be taken away, the slime taken as evidence reacts to the judge's angry outburst and explodes, releasing two ghosts who were murderers that the judge had executed that proceed to devastate the courtroom. The Ghostbusters imprison the ghosts in exchange for the dismissal of all charges and that they be allowed to resume their Ghostbusting business.
Later, the slime invades Dana's apartment and attacks her and Oscar. She seeks refuge with Peter, and the two begin to renew their relationship. Investigating the slime and Vigo's history, the Ghostbusters discover that the slime reacts to emotions, and suspect that it has been generated by the negative attitudes of New Yorkers. While Peter and Dana have dinner together, Egon, Ray, and Winston explore the underground river of slime. While measuring the depth, Winston gets pulled into the flowing river, and Ray and Egon jump in after him. After they escape back to the surface Ray and Winston begin arguing, but Egon realizes that they are being influenced by the slime, so they strip off their clothes. They also learn the river is flowing directly to the museum.
The Ghostbusters go to the mayor with their suspicions, but are dismissed; the mayor's assistant, Jack Hardemeyer, has them committed to a psychiatric hospital to protect the mayor's interests as he runs for governor. Meanwhile, a spirit resembling Janosz kidnaps Oscar from Peter's apartment, and Dana pursues them to the museum alone. After she enters, the museum is covered with a barrier of impenetrable slime.
New Year's Eve sees a sudden increase of supernatural activity as the slime rises from the subway line and onto the city streets, causing widespread paranormal activity with ghosts attacking citizens. In response, the mayor fires Hardemeyer and has the Ghostbusters released. After heading to the museum, they are unable to breach the power of the slime barrier with their proton packs. Determining that they need a symbol of powerful positivity to rally the citizens and weaken the slime, the Ghostbusters use positively-charged mood slime, and a remix of "Higher and Higher" to animate the Statue of Liberty and pilot it through the streets before the cheering populace. As they arrive at the museum, the slime begins to recede and they use the Statue's torch to break through the museum's ceiling to attack Vigo and Janosz.
Janosz is neutralized with positively-charged slime, but Vigo immobilizes the Ghostbusters and attempts a transfer into Oscar's body. A chorus of "Auld Lang Syne" by the citizens outside weakens Vigo, returning him to the painting and freeing the Ghostbusters. Vigo momentarily possesses Ray, and the other Ghostbusters attack him with a combination of proton streams and positively-charged mood slime. Dressed in full Ghostbusters attire, Louis attacks the weakened slime barrier around the building with a proton stream of his own. This combination destroys Vigo and changes the painting to a likeness of the four Ghostbusters standing protectively around Oscar. Outside, the Ghostbusters receive a standing ovation from the crowd and, at a later ceremony to restore the Statue, the Key to the City from the mayor.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Ghostbusters characters
Bill Murray as Peter Venkman
Dan Aykroyd as Ray Stantz
Sigourney Weaver as Dana Barrett
Harold Ramis as Egon Spengler
Rick Moranis as Louis Tully
Ernie Hudson as Winston Zeddemore
Annie Potts as Janine Melnitz
Peter MacNicol as Dr. Janosz Poha
Harris Yulin as Judge Stephen Wexler
Janet Margolin as Prosecuting Attorney "Kitten"
David Margulies as Mayor "Lenny"
Kurt Fuller as Jack Hardemeyer
William T. Deutschendorf and Hank J. Deutschendorf II as Baby Oscar
Wilhelm von Homburg as Vigo the Carpathian
Ivan Reitman as the voice of Slimer
Some notable cast members in the film include one of Bill Murray's siblings, Brian Doyle-Murray, who played the psychiatric doctor, Dan Aykroyd's niece, Karen Humber, who played one of the school children, and Ben Stein, who played a public works official for the mayor. Jason Reitman, son of director Ivan Reitman, plays the boy who insults the Ghostbusters at a birthday party. Cheech Marin is the dock supervisor who witnesses the arrival of the Titanic, and Philip Baker Hall is the city police chief. Bobby Brown is the doorman to Gracie Mansion when the Ghostbusters go to see the mayor of New York City (also performing on the soundtrack). The physical role of Vigo was played by Wilhelm von Homburg, and his dialog was dubbed by Max von Sydow.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
After the success of the first film and the animated series, The Real Ghostbusters, Columbia Pictures pressed the producers to make a sequel.[2] Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis and Ivan Reitman were uncomfortable with this, as the original film was intended to be conclusive and they wished to work on other projects. Eventually, they agreed and created a script.[3]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012)
At its release, Ghostbusters II was the biggest three-day opening weekend gross in history with $29.5 million,[4] a record that was broken one week later by Batman ($40.5 million).[5] Ghostbusters II eventually grossed $112.4 million in North America and $102.9 million internationally for a total of $215.3 million worldwide.[6]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 53% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to the cast, Ghostbusters 2 is reasonably amusing, but it lacks the charm, wit, and energy of its predecessor."[7] At Metacritic the film received a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[9]
Variety said the film had amusing visuals and a clever plot, while Nick Shager of Screengrab opined that it "Effectively slimed everyone's fond memories of the original".[10] On their show, Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the picture two thumbs down, disappointed that the film did not try anything new and like many sequels, merely re-treated the first film. Siskel stated "The film contains little comic invention. It looks as if the filmmakers, particularly the writers, simply didn't try to do anything special. As if they simply filmed the first draft." Ebert stated that he saw the movie in a theater in Michigan and out of a packed house, there was only one laugh.[11] Murray remarked how disappointed he was with it all as "Those special-effects guys took over. It was too much of the slime and not enough of us."
Home media[edit]
The Blu-ray version, released in September 2014, was scanned and mastered in 4K and preserves the original aspect ratio of 2.35:1. An earlier DVD version was also transferred in the correct scope ratio. The VHS and Laserdisc releases of Ghostbusters II were made differently, however: instead of being produced in either the original 2.35:1 or panned and scanned at 1.33:1, the movie was panned and scanned in a 1.66:1 frame. This version, often shown on television, shows slightly more image at the edges than a "proper" pan and scan version at 1.33:1.
Merchandise[edit]
A great deal of merchandise (such as coloring books) came out with the release of this film. As was the case with the Real Ghostbusters cartoon, the makers of this material may have wanted to avoid likeness fees and as a result, the main characters in these bear little resemblance to any other version of the characters.
As a tie-in with the release of the movie, approximately 3,100 Hardee’s fast food restaurants offered a kids meal-deal that included a toy called the “Ghostblaster”, a small noisemaker embossed with the movie’s signature logo on one side and made different sounds when one of two buttons were activated. However, officials at the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission deemed that the toy posed a potential choking hazard to small children because the toy was operated with small watch-sized batteries and recalled at least 2 million units.
Comic book adaptation[edit]
During this period, The Real Ghostbusters comic book produced by NOW Comics ran a three-part adaptation of the film, using the cartoon character designs instead of the likenesses of the actors. The overall story received minor alterations to run as a three-part series, and includes several scenes that were in the shooting script but were not included in the released movie. An example is a scene set after their first visit at the museum (and Ray's first encounter with Vigo). In this scene, Ray is momentarily possessed while driving the Ecto-1A, and as a result tries to crash the car and kill the Ghostbusters. They soon bring Ray around to his senses after speeding through New York streets, and he apologizes, unable to account for his actions. They never connect it to Vigo since, while possessed, Ray never mentions him. The comic panels further reinforce the movie's scene where Ray is briefly hypnotized by Vigo (leading to him being chosen as a host at the end).
Video games[edit]
Main article: List of Ghostbusters video games § Ghostbusters II video game
Soundtrack[edit]
Ghostbusters II
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
1989
Genre
New jack swing,[12][13] R&B,[13] rap[13]
Length
45:40
Label
MCA
Ghostbusters soundtrack chronology
Ghostbusters
(1984)Ghostbusters1984 Ghostbusters II
(1989) Ghostbusters
(2016)Ghostbusters2016
Singles from Ghostbusters II
"On Our Own"
Released: May 1989
"Ghostbusters"
Released: July 12, 1989
Original Soundtrack Album[14]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "On Our Own" L.A. Reid, Babyface, Daryl Simmons[15][16] Bobby Brown 4:54
2. "Supernatural" Jellybean Johnson, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis New Edition 4:34
3. "The Promised Land" Bobby Caldwell, Paul Gordon James "J.T." Taylor 4:17
4. "We're Back" Bobby Brown, Dennis Austin, Larry White, Kirk Crumple Original Bobby Brown 5:10
5. "Spirit" Doug E. Fresh, Bernard Wright Doug E. Fresh and the Get Fresh Crew 5:03
6. "Ghostbusters" Ray Parker, Jr. Run-D.M.C. 4:10
7. "Flesh 'N Blood" Danny Elfman Oingo Boingo 4:17
8. "Love is a Cannibal" Elton John, Bernie Taupin Elton John 3:54
9. "Flip City" Glenn Frey, Hawk Wolinski Glenn Frey 5:12
10. "Higher and Higher" Gary Jackson, Carl Smith, Raynard Miner Howard Huntsberry 4:09
Total length: 45:40
The film also features the original versions of "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker, Jr. and "Higher and Higher" by Jackie Wilson, though neither appears on the soundtrack album.
The album was made available in digital form on Tuesday, May 27, 2014.
Cancelled sequel and reboot[edit]
In 1999, Dan Aykroyd wrote a script for a possible third film, titled Ghostbusters III: Hellbent.[17] In a 2004 interview, Bill Murray stated that he didn't want to appear in a potential third installment and for that reason, the cast considered replacing him with Ben Stiller.[18]
In 2014, after Harold Ramis' death, Ivan Reitman abandoned the project.[19] Film directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were in talks to direct the film, but passed on the project, leading to its cancellation.[20] In August 2014, Paul Feig revealed that he was in talks for direct a third film in the franchise, but with women in the lead roles.[21] He later revealed that the film will be a reboot and not a sequel for Ghostbusters II. The rebooted Ghostbusters was released on July 15, 2016.
See also[edit]
Film portal
List of ghost films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ghostbusters II (1989)". BoxOfficeMojo. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Park, Jeannie (1988-12-25). "FILM; Slime? Don't Worry! The Ghostbusters Are Back". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ Klady, Leonard (1987-05-17). "Ghostly Movie". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (1989-06-20). "Record-Busting Opening for 'Ghostbusters II". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Batman Sets Record And So Does Hollywood". The New York Times. 1989-06-27. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ Dick, Bernard F. (1992) "Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio" (p. 51). The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1769-0.
Jump up ^ "Ghostbusters II (1989)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ghostbusters II reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Ghostbusters II". Variety. 1988-12-31. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Jim. "Batman/Honey, I Shrunk the Kids/Tummy Trouble/Ghostbusters II/Kung-Fu Master!" (June 24, 1989). Television: Siskel & Ebert. Burbank: Buena Vista Television.
Jump up ^ Patrin, Nate (June 30, 2016). "Something Strange Indeed: The Music of Ghostbusters". Stereogum. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Heaney, Gregory. "Original Soundtrack – Ghostbusters II". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ghostbusters II – Original Soundtrack at AllMusic
Jump up ^ "Bobby Brown: On Our Own (1989)", 80s Music Channel, October 1, 2008, retrieved January 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul; Goldstein, Patrick (1989-04-09). "Ghostbusters Sequel: The red-hot Bobby Brown, coming off.." The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ Van Camp, Jeffrey (December 29, 2009). "Could Ghostbusters 3 Start Filming This Summer?". Collider.com. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Setoodeh, Ramin (October 14, 2014). "'Ghostbusters' Reboot: Will Bill Murray Return in Smaller Role?". Variety. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reed, Ryan (March 19, 2014). "Director Ivan Reitman Backs Out of 'Ghostbusters' Sequel". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Twitter / NikkiFinke: Hot duo to direct #Ghostbusters3? .." Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Whitney, Erin (August 2, 2014). "Paul Feig Reportedly In Talks To Direct Female-Centered 'Ghostbusters' Reboot". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ghostbusters II
Ghostbusters II on IMDb
Ghostbusters II at AllMovie
Ghostbusters II at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
Ghostbusters
Films
Ghostbusters (1984)
Ghostbusters II (1989)
Ghostbusters (2016)
Television
The Real Ghostbusters
Episodes
Extreme Ghostbusters
Comics
The Real Ghostbusters
Ghostbusters: Legion
Video games
Ghostbusters II
New Ghostbusters II
The Real Ghostbusters
Ghostbusters: The Video Game
Ghostbusters: Sanctum of Slime
Ghostbusters (2016)
Characters
Peter Venkman
Ray Stantz
Egon Spengler
Winston Zeddemore
Janine Melnitz
Stay Puft Marshmallow Man
Slimer
Music
"Ghostbusters"
"On Our Own"
"Good Girls"
"Girls Talk Boys"
Miscellaneous
Proton pack
55 Central Park West
Firehouse
Role-playing game
The Earth Day Special
Ghost Corps
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Ivan Reitman
Foxy Lady (1971)
Cannibal Girls (1973)
Meatballs (1979)
Stripes (1981)
Ghostbusters (1984)
Legal Eagles (1986)
Twins (1988)
Ghostbusters II (1989)
Kindergarten Cop (1990)
Dave (1993)
Junior (1994)
Fathers' Day (1997)
Six Days, Seven Nights (1998)
Evolution (2001)
My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006)
No Strings Attached (2011)
Draft Day (2014)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 222757869
GND: 7525610-1
BNF: cb16462307n (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghostbusters_II&oldid=818973269"
Categories:
1989 films
English-language films
1989 horror films
American films
1980s comedy horror films
1980s fantasy films
1980s ghost films
1980s monster movies
1980s sequel films
American comedy science fiction films
American fantasy-comedy films
American sequel films
Supernatural horror films
American comedy horror films
American ghost films
New Year films
Columbia Pictures films
Films directed by Ivan Reitman
Films set in New York City
Films with live action and animation
Ghostbusters
Screenplays by Dan Aykroyd
Screenplays by Harold Ramis
Films using stop-motion animation
Films scored by Randy Edelman
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from October 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Use mdy dates from May 2016
Articles to be expanded from March 2012
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 January 2018, at 17:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: colspan class style

attr: scope style

value: (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher

value:
/wiki/Dana_Barrett
mw-redirect
Dana Barrett

value:
/wiki/Louis_Tully
mw-redirect
Louis Tully

value: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

value: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

value: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

value:
/wiki/Real_Ghostbusters
mw-redirect
Real Ghostbusters

value: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

value: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

value:
tlheader mbox-text
5
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

value:
/wiki/Ray_Parker,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Ray Parker, Jr.

value: padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:right;background-color:#eee

value: Edit section: Cancelled sequel and reboot

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
/wiki/The_University_Press_of_Kentucky
mw-redirect
The University Press of Kentucky

value:
nofollow
external text
https://m.cinemascore.com

value:
/wiki/Siskel_%26_Ebert
mw-redirect
Siskel & Ebert

value:
/wiki/Buena_Vista_Television
mw-redirect
Buena Vista Television

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmusic.com/album/r113445

value: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097428/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v19672

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: navigation navbox Ghostbusters padding:3px

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/222757869

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/7525610-1

value: Category:American comedy science fiction films

value: Category:Films with live action and animation

value: Category:Films using stop-motion animation

value: Category:All articles with dead external links

value: Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017

value: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

value: Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2012

value: Category:Articles using small message boxes

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

value: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Ghostbusters_II
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: شکارچیان روح ۲ – Persian

value: 고스트버스터즈 2 – Korean

value: Ghostbusters II - Acchiappafantasmi II – Italian

value: מכסחי השדים 2 – Hebrew

value: ゴーストバスターズ2 – Japanese

value: Охотники за привидениями 2 – Russian

value: Мисливці на привидів 2 – Ukrainian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ghostbusters_II rootpage-Ghostbusters_II skin-vector action-view