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President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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President pro tempore of the United States Senate
Incumbent
Orrin Hatch (R)
since January 6, 2015
Style
Mr. President
(Informal and within the Senate)
The Honorable
(Formal)
Appointer
Elected by the U.S. Senate
Term length
At the pleasure of the Senate, and until another is elected or their term of office as a Senator expires
Constituting instrument
U.S. Constitution
Inaugural holder
John Langdon
April 6, 1789
Formation
March 4, 1789
Succession
Third[1]
Deputy
Any senator, typically a member of the majority party, designated by the President pro tempore
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The President pro tempore of the United States Senate (also president pro tem) is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Article One, Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the Vice President of the United States is, despite not being a U.S. Senator, the President of the Senate, and mandates that the Senate must choose a President pro tempore to act in the Vice President's absence. Unlike the Vice President, the President pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate, able to speak or vote on any issue. Selected by the Senate at large, the President pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers.[2] During the Vice President's absence, the President pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore usually presides; instead, the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. Senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure.[3]
Since 1890, the most senior U.S. Senator in the majority party has generally been chosen to be President pro tempore and holds the office continuously until the election of another. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949.[4] Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State.[5]
The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6, 2015,[6] he is the 90th person to serve in this office. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced his pending retirement from the Senate, effective January 3, 2019.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Power and responsibilities
2 History
3 Related officials
3.1 Acting president pro tempore
3.1.1 Permanent acting president pro tempore
3.2 Deputy president pro tempore
3.3 President pro tempore emeritus
4 Salary
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Power and responsibilities[edit]
The office of president pro tempore is created by Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution:[8]
The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with party leaders and individual senators, but as the chamber's presiding officer, the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the absence of the vice president, including ruling on points of order.[9] Additionally, under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, the president pro tempore and the speaker are the two authorities to whom declarations must be transmitted that the president is unable to perform the duties of the office, or is able to resume doing so. The president pro tempore is third in the line of presidential succession, following the vice president and the speaker.[5][9] Additional duties include appointment of various congressional officers, certain commissions, advisory boards, and committees and joint supervision of the congressional page school.[9] The president pro tempore is the designated legal recipient of various reports to the Senate, including War Powers Act reports under which he or she, jointly with the speaker, may have the president call Congress back into session. The officeholder is an ex officio member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol and Senate buildings.[9][10]
History[edit]
Benjamin Wade came within one vote of being the first president pro tempore to succeed to the presidency after the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868
The office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year.[9] Originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was common practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions, so the president pro tempore rarely presided unless the vice presidency became vacant.[11] Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the vice president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of presidential succession following the vice president and preceding the speaker.[11]
On three occasions during the 19th century, the Senate was without both a president and a president pro tempore:
July 9–11, 1850, following Millard Fillmore's accession to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor, until William R. King was elected president pro tempore;
September 19–October 10, 1881, following Chester Arthur's accession to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield, until Thomas F. Bayard was elected president pro tempore;
November 25–December 7, 1885, following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, until John Sherman was elected president pro tempore.
John Tyler is the only Senate president pro tempore to also become President of the United States.
When President Andrew Johnson, who had no vice president, was impeached and tried in 1868, Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Franklin Wade was next in line to the presidency. Wade's radicalism is thought by many historians to be a major reason why the Senate, which did not want to see Wade in the White House, acquitted Johnson.[12] The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the presidential line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker.[9]
William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress), a tenure longer than anyone else. He resigned from the position due to ill health a couple of months before his death. Electing his successor proved difficult, as Senate Republicans, then in the majority, were split between progressive and conservative factions, each promoting its own candidate. Likewise, the Democrats proposed their own candidate. As a result of this three-way split, no individual received a majority vote. It took four months for a compromise solution to emerge: Democrat Augustus Bacon would serve for a single day, August 14, 1911, during the vice president's absence. Thereafter, Bacon and four Republicans—Charles Curtis, Jacob Gallinger, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Frank Brandegee—would alternate as president pro tempore for the remainder of the Congress.[9]
In January 1945, the 79th Congress elected Kenneth McKellar, who at the time was the Senator with the longest continuous service, to be President pro tempore. Since then, it has become customary for the majority party's senior member to hold this position. Arthur Vandenberg (in 1947–1949) was the last president pro tempore not to be the senior member of the majority party, aside from the single day accorded Milton Young (in December 1980), who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party, which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress.[4]
Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President: John Tyler, William R. King and Charles Curtis. Tyler is the only one to become president (in April 1841, following the death of William Henry Harrison).
Related officials[edit]
Acting president pro tempore[edit]
While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position.[11] Furthermore, as the president pro tempore is now usually the most senior senator of the majority party, he or she most likely also chairs a major Senate committee and has other significant demands on his or her time. Therefore, the president pro tempore has less time now than in the past to preside daily over the Senate. Instead, junior senators from the majority party are designated acting president pro tempore to preside over the Senate.[13] This allows junior senators to learn proper parliamentary procedure.[3] The acting president pro tempore is usually reappointed daily by the president pro tempore.[14]
Permanent acting president pro tempore[edit]
In June 1963, because of the illness of president pro tempore Carl Hayden, Senator Lee Metcalf was designated permanent acting president pro tempore. No term was imposed on this designation, so Metcalf retained it until he died in office in 1978.[10]
Deputy president pro tempore[edit]
Hubert Humphrey (D-Minnesota) was the first Deputy President pro tempore in 1977–1978
The ceremonial post of deputy president pro tempore was created for Hubert Humphrey, a former vice president, in 1977 following his losing bid to become the Senate majority leader.[15] The Senate resolution creating the position stated that any former president or former vice president serving in the Senate would be entitled to this position, though none has served since Humphrey's death in 1978,[10] and former vice president Walter Mondale, who sought his former Senate seat in Minnesota in 2002, is the only one to have tried. Andrew Johnson is the only former president to have subsequently served in the Senate.
George J. Mitchell was elected deputy president pro tempore in 1987, because of the illness of president pro tempore John C. Stennis, similar to Metcalf's earlier designation as permanent acting president pro tempore. The office has remained vacant since 1989 and no senator other than Humphrey and Mitchell has held it since its creation.[10] Mitchell is the only person to have served as deputy president pro tempore who was neither a former president nor former vice president of the United States.
The post is largely honorary and ceremonial, but comes with a salary increase. By statute, the compensation granted to the position holder equals the rate of annual compensation paid to the president pro tempore, majority leader, and minority leader. (See 2 U.S.C. § 6112.)[10]
President pro tempore emeritus[edit]
Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont), former president pro tempore, and current president pro tempore emeritus.
Since 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. The position has been held by Strom Thurmond (R-South Carolina) (2001–2003), Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003–2007), Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007–2009) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for the position.
The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001.[16] With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007.[10] While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, he is entitled to an increase in staff[17] and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate.
The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress, shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years. Quoted in CQ Roll Call, Leahy commented, "[The Republicans] didn't keep their commitment. They want to treat us differently than we treated them, and so they've got that right. It seems kind of petty, but it really doesn't matter to me. I've got plenty of funding, plenty of good staff."[18]
Salary[edit]
The salary of the president pro tempore for 2012 was $193,400, equal to that of the majority leaders and minority leaders of both houses of Congress. If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, then the salary would be the same as that of the vice president, $230,700.[10]
See also[edit]
List of Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Seniority in the United States Senate
Acting Vice President of the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act".
Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office; With a preface by Senator Robert C. Byrd, President pro tempore (2008). Erickson, Nancy (Secretary of the Senate), ed. Pro Tem: Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-16-079984-6. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hillary takes Senate gavel–for an hour". CNN. January 24, 2001. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Christopher M. (December 20, 2012). The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Mount, Steve. "Constitutional Topic: Presidential Line of Succession". USConstitution.net. Steve Mount. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Burr, Thomas (January 6, 2015). "Hatch now third in line for presidency as Senate president pro tem". The Salt Lake Tribune.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Sean; Scherer, Michael (January 2, 2018). "Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah will retire, opening door for a Romney candidacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kathy Gill. "US Senate Organization". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "President Pro Tempore". United States Senate. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sachs, Richard C. (January 22, 2003). "The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard E. Berg-Andersson (June 7, 2001). "A Brief History of Congressional Leadership". The Green Papers. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Smith, Gene (1977). High Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson. William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-688-03072-6.
Jump up ^ Gold, Martin B.; Gupta, Dimple. "The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures: A Majoritarian Means to Over Come the Filibuster*" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 28 (1): 211.
Jump up ^ "APPOINTMENT OF A SENATOR TO THE CHAIR - Rules of the Senate - United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration".
Jump up ^ "Hubert H. Humphrey". virtualology.com. Evisum Inc. 2000. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ S.Res. 103, adopted, June 6, 2001. "Thanking and Electing Strom Thurmond President pro tempore emeritus."
Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 32b
Jump up ^ Lesniewski, Niels (December 10, 2014). "Leahy: 'Kind of Petty' Not to Fund Emeritus Office in 'Cromnibus'". CQ Roll Call. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
External links[edit]
"President pro tempore". Official website of the United States Senate. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
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Paul Ryan 3rd in line Succeeded by
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Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation, she is not a natural-born citizen (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and thus ineligible for the Presidency.
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The Intelligent Investor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Intelligent Investor
First edition
Author
Benjamin Graham
Cover artist
Donavan Hayes
Country
United States
Language
English
Subject
Securities, Investment
Publisher
Harper & Brothers
Publication date
1949
Pages
640
ISBN
0-06-055566-1 (2008 edition)
OCLC
1723191
LC Class
HG4521 .G665
The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham, first published in 1949, is a widely acclaimed book on value investing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and history
2 Mr. Market
3 Editions
4 Book contents
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background and history[edit]
The Intelligent Investor is based on value investing, an investment approach Graham began teaching at Columbia Business School in 1928 and subsequently refined with David Dodd.[1] This sentiment was echoed by other Graham disciples such as Irving Kahn and Walter Schloss.
The Intelligent Investor also marks a significant deviation to stock selection from Graham's earlier works, such as Security Analysis. He explained the change as:
The thing that I have been emphasizing in my own work for the last few years has been the group approach. To try to buy groups of stocks that meet some simple criterion for being undervalued-regardless of the industry and with very little attention to the individual company... I found the results were very good for 50 years. They certainly did twice as well as the Dow Jones. And so my enthusiasm has been transferred from the selective to the group approach.[2]
Mr. Market[edit]
Main article: Mr. Market
Graham's favorite allegory is that of Mr. Market, an obliging fellow who turns up every day at the shareholder's door offering to buy or sell his shares at a different price. Often, the price quoted by Mr. Market seems plausible, but sometimes it is ridiculous. The investor is free to either agree with his quoted price and trade with him, or ignore him completely. Mr. Market doesn't mind this, and will be back the following day to quote another price.
The point of this anecdote is that the investor should not regard the whims of Mr. Market as a determining factor in the value of the shares the investor owns. He should profit from market folly rather than participate in it. The investor is advised to concentrate on the real life performance of his companies and receiving dividends, rather than be too concerned with Mr. Market's often irrational behavior.
Editions[edit]
Since the work was published in 1949 Graham revised it several times, most recently in 1971–72. This was published in 1973 as the "Fourth Revised Edition" ISBN 0-06-015547-7, and it included a preface and appendices by Warren Buffett. Graham died in 1976. Commentaries and new footnotes were added to the fourth edition by Jason Zweig, and this new revision was published in 2003.[3]
The Intelligent Investor (Re-issue of the 1949 edition) by Benjamin Graham. Collins, 2005, 269 pages. ISBN 0-06-075261-0.
The Intelligent Investor (Revised 1973 edition) by Benjamin Graham and Jason Zweig. HarperBusiness Essentials, 2003, 640 pages. ISBN 0-06-055566-1.
An unabridged audio version of the Revised Edition of The Intelligent Investor was also released on July 7, 2015.[4]
Book contents[edit]
2003 edition
Introduction: What This Book Expects to Accomplish
Commentary on the Introduction
Investment versus Speculation: Results to Be Expected by the Intelligent Investor
The Investor and Inflation
A Century of Stock Market History: The Level of Stock Market Prices in Early 1972
General Portfolio Policy: The Defensive Investor
The Defensive Investor and Common Stocks
Portfolio Policy for the Enterprising Investor: Negative Approach
Portfolio Policy for the Enterprising Investor: The Positive Side
The Investor and Market Fluctuations
Investing in Investment Funds
The Investor and His Advisers
Security Analysis for the Lay Investor: General Approach
Things to Consider About Per-Share Earnings
A Comparison of Four Listed Companies
Stock Selection for the Defensive Investor
Stock Selection for the Enterprising Investor
Convertible Issues and Warrants
Four Extremely Instructive Case Histories and more
A Comparison of Eight Pairs of Companies
Shareholders and Managements: Dividend Policy
"Margin of Safety" as the Central Concept of Investment
Postscript
Commentary on Postscript
Appendixes
The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville
Important Rules Concerning Taxability of Investment Income and Security Transactions (in 1972)
The Basics of Investment Taxation (Updated as of 2003)
The New Speculation in Common Stocks
A Case History: Aetna Maintenance Co.
Tax Accounting for NVF's Acquisition of Sharon Steel Shares
Technological Companies as Investments
Endnotes
Index
See also[edit]
Security Analysis (book)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Graham, Benjamin; Jason Zweig (2003-07-08) [1949]. The Intelligent Investor. Warren E. Buffett (collaborator) (2003 ed.). HarperCollins. front cover. ISBN 0-06-055566-1.
Jump up ^ "An hour with Mr. Graham: "Imagine – there seems to be practically a foolproof way of getting good results out of common stock investment…"". 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Graham, Benjamin; Jason Zweig (2003-07-08) [1949]. The Intelligent Investor. Warren Buffett (collaborator) (2003 ed.). HarperCollins. p. vii. ISBN 0-06-055566-1.
Jump up ^ "The Intelligent Investor Rev Ed" – via www.audible.com.
Further reading[edit]
Williams, John Burr. The Theory of Investment Value.
External links[edit]
The Intelligent Investor - an Introduction by Tom Butler-Bowdon
The Intelligent Investor - Simplified Book Summary by Barry Deen
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Intelligent_Investor&oldid=800863262"
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Shepherd's pie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Shepherd's pie
Type
Meat pie
Place of origin
United Kingdom
Main ingredients
Mashed potato crust and meat filling
Variations
Cumberland pie, Shepherdess pie
Media: Shepherd's pie
Shepherd's pie in a market
Shepherd's pie or cottage pie is a meat pie with a crust of mashed potato.[1][2][3][4][5]
The recipe can vary widely. The defining ingredients are minced meat (commonly beef when named cottage pie or lamb when named shepherd's pie), typically cooked in a gravy with onions and sometimes other vegetables, such as peas, celery or carrots, and topped with mashed potato. The pie is sometimes also topped with grated cheese.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Variations
4 See also
5 References
Etymology[edit]
The term cottage pie was in use by 1791,[2][6] when the potato was being introduced as an edible crop affordable for the poor (cf. "cottage" meaning a modest dwelling for rural workers). The term shepherd's pie did not appear until 1854,[2] and was used synonymously with cottage pie, regardless of whether the meat was beef or mutton.[1][4][7][8][9][10][11][12] In the United Kingdom, the term shepherd's pie is now commonly used when the meat is lamb.[13][14][15]
History[edit]
In early cookery books, the dish was a means of using leftover roasted meat of any kind, and the pie dish was lined with mashed potato as well as having a mashed potato crust on top.[8][9]
Variations[edit]
Other mashed-potato-topped pies include:
The modern Cumberland pie is a version with either beef or lamb, and a layer of breadcrumbs and cheese on top. In medieval times (and modern-day Cumbria) the crust was pastry, and the filling was meat with fruits and spices.[16]
A St. Stephen's Day pie is made using turkey and ham.[17]
A fish pie is another British dish of fish and seafood in sauce topped with mashed potato.
In Quebec, a variation of the dish is called Pâté chinois. It is made with ground beef on the bottom layer, canned corn in the middle, and mashed potato on top.
See also[edit]
Food portal
Antoine-Augustin Parmentier
Pâté chinois
British cuisine
Irish cuisine
List of English dishes
List of Irish dishes
List of pies, tarts and flans
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1933
^ Jump up to: a b c "shepherd's pie". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "The Chambers Dictionary", Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 1999
^ Jump up to: a b Concise Oxford English Dictionary, Eleventh Edition (Revised), Oxford University Press, 2006
Jump up ^ "Jewish Cookery by Florence Greenberg", Penguin Books Ltd, 1947–1963
Jump up ^ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ The Glutton's Glossary: A Dictionary of Food and Drink Terms. Routledge. 1990. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management by Isabella Beeton, recipe 1427 in 1907 edition. Uses beef or mutton. Recipe not in original 1861 edition.
^ Jump up to: a b Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book by Lizzie Heritage published by Cassell and Company, 1894
Jump up ^ The Constance Spry Cookery Book by Constance Spry and Rosemary Hume, J M Dent & Sons, 1956
Jump up ^ Mrs Beeton’s Everyday Cookery, editor Susan Dixon, published by Ward Lock Limited, London, 1982, page 145, Shepherd’s Pie made with beef
Jump up ^ Chambers Dictionary, Ninth Edition, published by Chambers Harrap Publishing Ltd, 2003
Jump up ^ "Delia Smith: Shepherds Pie with Crusted Leeks". Retrieved 24 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "BBC Food Recipes: Shepherd's Pie". Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Shepherds' Pie and Cottage Pie". Retrieved 24 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "What is Cumberland Pie?". Retrieved 6 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Food - Recipes : Turkey and ham pie". Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cottage pie.
[show]
v
t
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British pies
Sweet
Apple pie
Bakewell tart
Banoffee pie
Bedfordshire clanger
Black bun
Custard tart
Manchester tart
Mince pie
Rhubarb pie
Treacle tart
Savoury
Bacon and egg pie
Bedfordshire clanger
Bridie
Butter pie
Cheese and onion pie
Chicken and mushroom pie
Corned beef pie
Cornish pasty
Cottage pie
Cumberland pie
Curry pie
Devizes pie
Fish pie
Game pie
Homity pie
Killie pie
Meat and potato pie
Melton Mowbray pork pie
Pork pie
Scotch pie
Shepherd's pie
Squab pie
Stargazy pie
Steak pie
Steak and kidney pie
Steak and oyster pie
Woolton pie
Manufacturers
Clark's Pies
Dickinson & Morris
Fray Bentos
Ginsters
Higgidy
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Mr Kipling
Peter's
Poole's
Pork Farms
Pukka Pies
Shire Foods
Square Pie
Wall's
Wrights Pies
[show]
v
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Potato dishes
Ajiaco
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Aloo gobi
Aloo gosht
Aloo pie
Aloo tikki
Baeckeoffe
Baked potato
Bangers and mash
Batata harra
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Bonda
Boxty
Brændende kærlighed
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Cepelinai
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Clapshot
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Hutspot
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Mashed potato
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16th century
Exemplars
Thomas Dawson (The Good Huswifes Jewell, 1585)
Dishes
Black pudding
Fruit fool
Pancake
Scones
Syllabub
Trifle (without jelly)
17th century
Exemplars
Elinor Fettiplace (Receipt Book, 1604)
Gervase Markham (The English Huswife, 1615)
Robert May (The Accomplisht Cook, 1660)
Hannah Woolley (The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670)
Kenelm Digby (The Closet Opened 1699)
Dishes
Battalia pie
Currant bun
Queen of Puddings
Sponge cake
Sussex pond pudding
Sweet and sour
Tea
18th century
Exemplars
Mary Kettilby (A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts 1714)
John Nott (The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary, 1723)
Eliza Smith (The Compleat Housewife 1727)
Hannah Glasse (The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy 1747)
Elizabeth Raffald (The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769)
Richard Briggs (The English Art of Cookery 1788)
William Augustus Henderson (The Housekeeper's Instructor 1791)
Dishes
Bread and butter pudding
Christmas pudding
Chutney
Cottage or Shepherd's pie
Eccles cake
Jellied eels
Jugged hare
Ketchup
Marmalade
Parkin
Piccalilli
Pork pie
Roast beef
Sandwich
Scouse
Suet pudding
Toad in the hole
Trifle (with jelly)
Welsh rabbit
Yorkshire pudding
19th century
Exemplars
Mrs Rundell (A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806)
Eliza Acton (Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845)
Charles Elmé Francatelli (The Modern Cook 1846)
Isabella Beeton (Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management 1861)
Dishes
Bubble and squeak
Cauliflower cheese
Cobbler
Devilled kidneys
Faggots
Fish and chips
Full English breakfast
HP Sauce
Ice cream cone
Lancashire hotpot
Potted shrimps
Sausage roll
Steak and kidney pudding
Battenberg cake
Eton mess
Eve's pudding
Jam roly-poly
Lardy cake
Madeira cake
Summer pudding
Worcestershire sauce
20th century
Exemplars
Elizabeth David (A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950)
Constance Spry
Marguerite Patten
Jane Grigson
Delia Smith
Rick Stein
Nigel Slater
Keith Floyd
Marco Pierre White
Fergus Henderson
Gordon Ramsay
Gary Rhodes
Dishes
Bakewell tart
Beef Wellington
Carrot cake
Chicken tikka masala
Crumble
Knickerbocker glory
Ploughman's lunch
Salad cream
21st century
Exemplars
Michel Roux Jr. (Le Gavroche)
Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (River Cottage)
Antony Worrall Thompson
Heston Blumenthal (The Fat Duck)
Mary Berry
Clarissa Dickson Wright (A History of English Food 2011)
Related
Food in England (1954)
List of English dishes
List of English cheeses
List of puddings
Rationing in the United Kingdom
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shepherd%27s_pie&oldid=838367666"
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Junie B. Jones
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Junie B. Jones
Author
Barbara Park
Illustrator
Denise Brunkus
Genre
Comic novel
Publisher
Random House
Junie B. Jones is a children's book series written by Barbara Park and illustrated by Denise Brunkus. Published by Random House from 1992 to 2013, the stories begin with Junie B. Jones and the Stupid Smelly Bus, in which Junie B. is an "almost six year old" starting her first day of kindergarten.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Characters
2.1 Friends
2.2 Rivals
2.3 Teachers
3 Books
4 Adaptations
4.1 Plays
4.2 Film
5 References
6 External links
Description[edit]
Aimed at beginning readers, the series centers on Junie B. Jones, a young girl who is just entering kindergarten in the first book in the series, Junie B. Jones and the Stupid Smelly Bus (1992).[1] In the opening sentences of that book, she declares, “My name is Junie B. Jones. The B stands for Beatrice. Except I don’t like Beatrice. I just like B and that’s all.”[1]
Characters[edit]
Juniper Beatrice "Junie B." Jones: The series' title character and main protagonist, Junie B. lives with her parents, Robert and Susan, and her baby brother, Ollie. Her birthday is in the month of June. She also has a dog named Tickle. She is 5 years old in the first kindergarten adventures, and 6 years old in the first grade stories. Junie B. is friendly and has a bright personality.[2] In kindergarten, her two best friends are Lucille and Grace. In first grade, her best friends are Herb, José, and Lennie. Junie B. has two rivals: Jim in kindergarten and May in first grade. In kindergarten, her classroom is Room Nine, and in First Grade, Room One. Junie B.'s favorite foods are spaghetti and meatballs, lemon pie, and ice cream. She has many catchphrases such as; "Wowie wow wow!", "Yeah, only", and "Hello! How are you today?". She is afraid of roosters because she thinks "they can peck your head into a nub", ponies because she thinks "they can stomple you to the ground and kill you", and clowns because she thinks "they are not normal people". She is shown to have reddish-brown hair and blue-green eyes. In the kindergarten series she was shown with short hair and a bow, she wears a pink sweater, purple skirt, white socks and signature black Mary Jane shoes. In the first grade series she had longer, messier hair, wore pants, and the bow was dropped, being replaced by her purple glasses. In Junie B. Jones is A Beauty Shop Guy, she is shown that she wants to be a beauty shop guy herself, though in Junie B. Jones and her Big Fat Mouth she wants to be a janitor when she grows up. In Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business, her grandpa lets her put syrup on her waffles without saying "WHOA! WHOA! WHOA!" It's also implied that she and her family possibly lives in Arizona.
Robert "Bob" Jones: Junie B. and Ollie's loving father, whom Junie B. calls "Daddy." He takes Junie B. to the beauty shop with him in Junie B. Jones is a Beauty Shop Guy, where she causes a disaster. In Junie B., First Grader: One Man Band, he teaches Junie B. to juggle. Robert is said to be playful and silly around his daughter. In Junie B. Jones is a Beauty Shop Guy, Junie B. says "he has other names too. Some people call him Bob, and other people call him Bobby. Plus today Mother called him Ace."
Philip Johnny Bob: Junie B.'s beloved stuffed elephant. She brings him on trips with her, as seen in Junie B. Jones is a Party Animal and Aloha-ha-ha!. Junie B. seems to feel a lot safer when he is around, as shown in Junie B. Jones has a Monster Under her Bed and BOO! And I MEAN It!. In "Aloha-ha-ha!", Junie B.'s mother brings her a new Hawaiian Barbie doll which Junie B. names Delores. Philip Johnny Bob is shown to dislike Delores because of her "pointy, hard hands" poking him in the backpack while on the trip to Hawaii. Delores is only mentioned in this book.
Susan Jones (née Miller): Junie B.'s and Ollie's protective but caring mother, whom Junie B. calls "Mother." Since Junie B. loves ice cream, Susan made a rule at the grocery store that Junie B. can't shout "I WANT ICE CREAM!" and not to call her a "big meanie" when she won't buy it. In "Junie B. Jones and Some Sneaky Peeky Spying", she gets very annoyed with Junie B. spying but despite her attempts, Junie B. continues to spy on people. She is shown to have short, blonde hair and wears make-up. In Top Secret Personal Beeswax, Junie B. says "sometimes Daddy calls her Buttercup. That is ridiculous, I think." In Junie B.'s Essential Survival Guide to School she is said to have been at a school called Brainerd Elementary in 1st grade between 1983 and 1984 on her old report card, which she did not do so well on. Junie B. sees the report card and says "Mother was a bad kid."
Oliver "Ollie" Jones: Junie B.'s baby brother. He is born in the book Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business. He is said to be ten months old in the month of October, so he is probably born in December. Junie B. often dislikes her brother, and they have somewhat of a sibling rivalry, stating that the family didn't actually need a baby but no one consulted her about it. However, she does show that she cares for him sometimes, like in Junie B., First Grader: Toothless Wonder where Junie B. concludes that Ollie's first tooth was the baby tooth Junie B. lost, and she smiles at him. Ollie's first word was "moo" which was revealed in Junie B., First Grader: BOO...and I MEAN It! which was the reason he was dressed up in a cow suit. In Junie B. Jones and That Meanie Jim's Birthday he is shown to have a hard time getting to sleep.
Frank Miller (Grampa Miller): Junie B.'s grandfather. Grampa Miller, along with his wife, Helen Miller, babysits for her and her brother while their parents are at work. Junie B. calls Grampa Miller her "favoritest babysitter 'cause he doesn't even follow the 'structions!" In Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business, he is shown to be a smoker and smokes a cigar indoors and in "Junie B. Jones is a Graduation Girl" it mentions that he enjoys an occasional beer. Junie B. enjoys helping him fix the upstairs toilet and "touching the big ball that floats on top."
Helen Miller (Grandma Miller): Junie B.'s grandmother. Grandma Miller also babysits for Junie B. and her brother on occasion. She is also known to try and help Junie B. when ever she's in a crisis, such as in Meanie Jim's Birthday, Grandma Miller tries to help when Junie B. isn't invited to a party. Junie B. often calls her grandmother by her first name much to her annoyance. Grandma Miller has a pet canary bird named Twitter.
Tickle: Junie B.'s dog of unknown breed. He has short yellowish fur. He has been around since before Junie B. was born. Junie B. practices hairstyling by cutting his fur in Junie B. Jones is a Beauty Shop Guy. Also, she once fed him sugary cereal, causing him to throw up on a rug. Susan will not allow him on Junie B.'s bed, as revealed in Junie B. Jones Has a Monster Under Her Bed. He appears less often in the first grade books, implying that he may have died after Junie B.'s Top Secret Personal Beeswax. He and Junie B. watch her parents make Ollie's room in Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business.
Flo Miller: Junie B.'s aunt and Susan's sister. She, her husband, and sister-in-law are only mentioned in "Junie B. Jones is (Almost) a Flower Girl", where she is getting married to her future husband Joe. She named Junie B. alternate flower girl, since her 5-year-old sister-in-law Bo was already chosen to be the flower girl. Miller was her maiden name and it is unknown what her last name was changed to, if at all. Bo’s older brother Joe is Flo’s husband. Junie B. has a misunderstanding with Bo at first, since Bo thought Junie B. was trying to steal her basket when she only wanted two petals, but the two later enjoy themselves at Flo and Joe’s wedding and promise to contact each other after they learn to read and write better.
Friends[edit]
Lucille: Junie B.'s rich, beautiful, but rather spoiled best friend in kindergarten. She has a grandmother who pampers her and always gives her what she wants except dogs, since Nana is allergic to them. She always wears nail polish, usually in shades of red. Although Lucille is in Junie B.'s first grade class, she and Junie B. are still good friends, but she gives 2 twins a turn to be her best friend in the beginning of the first grade and befriends the twins, Camille and Chenille (who both resemble Grace somewhat). Junie B. says that she doesn't like Lucille very much in the first grade series, although they somewhat get along during an egg hunt and when Junie B. shows off her glasses. She also didn't like her in Junie B. Jones and Her Big Fat Mouth. In the kindergarten books, she is shown to have brown hair, although in the first grade books, she is shown to have blond hair. She likes to wear lacy socks with bows on them. She also has an older brother. She tries to make her nana get a poodle, but Junie B. ruins her chance. Also, she and her family cannot stand sweat.
Grace (That Grace): Junie B.'s athletic, best friend in kindergarten. Like Junie B., she has a baby brother. Grace is a very fast runner and wears pink high-top sneakers. In contrast with Junie B., Grace is very well-behaved, and she speaks with proper grammar. She sits with Junie B. every day on the school bus in Kindergarten. In first grade she makes a new friend named Bobbi Jean Piper, whom Junie B. shares a rivalry with. In kindergarten, Junie B. calls Grace "That Grace". Grace is known to be competitive and a bit of a show-off. She sometimes fights with Lucille. She also has a younger brother and an older sister. Warren becomes Grace's boyfriend, Junie B. and Lucille are not okay with it, showing feelings of jealousy. Her grandmother has a condo in Florida. She is not in the same first grade class that Junie B. is in. Although Junie B. states that she is “dropping” Grace in first grade, she later admits in Top Secret Personal Beeswax that she misses her. Grace’s phone number is 555-5555.
Ricardo: Junie B.'s "boyfriend" in kindergarten until Junie B. Jones is (Almost) a Flower Girl where Junie B. confronts him about chasing "New" Thelma during recess and says that only boyfriends and girlfriends should chase each other, in which Ricardo tells her that they should start "chasing other people" and leaves, much to Junie B.'s dismay. He likes monkeys, has freckles, and wears cowboy boots.
Paulie Allen Puffer: A boy in Junie B.'s kindergarten class that often tells her scary or funny stories which she always believes are true. In Junie B. Jones Has a Monster Under Her Bed, he tells her about the monster that lives under the bed which rekindles her fear of monsters. In "Junie B. Jones and Some Sneaky Peeky Spying", he discovers a dead cat that was ran over by an ice cream truck. Junie B. Jones is a Graduation Girl he tells her that being in the first grade is really fun because they are the boss of the kindergarteners. He seems to be one of the oldest students in the class, since he turned six in "Junie B. Jones and that Meanie Jim's Birthday." He is best friends with Jim. In Junie B., First Grader: BOO...and I MEAN It! it is said that he tells Junie B. "five scary secrets" from kindergarten. He also has an older brother in the seventh grade (later eighth grade).
William: A very shy and soft-spoken boy who Junie B. says would be easy for her to beat up. She refers to him as "Crybaby William". He can be upset very easily as seen in Junie B. Jones and That Meanie Jim's Birthday when she runs past him stealing his invitation. He also has stage fright as seen in Junie B. Jones Smells Something Fishy when he became nervous after the teacher asked him if he'd like to take out his pet bullfrog and also in Junie B. Jones is a Graduation Girl when he tries to run away to the school parking lot during graduation rehearsal. Also in Junie B. Jones Is Captain Field Day when it was almost William's turn to play a game, he told Junie B. Jones he was never good at it, but he came through in the Pull Up game. His crickets die in Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business.
Herbert (Herb): Junie B.'s best friend in first grade. He seems to dislike May as much as Junie B. does. In Junie B.'s Top Secret Personal Beeswax, he and Junie B. seem to have a crush on each other. He was in a different school before first grade.
José: Another one of Junie B.'s best friends in first grade. He is Hispanic and speaks both English and Spanish. He plays soccer. Sometimes, he greets Junie B. in Spanish. He won the bouquet of flowers for his mom in Junie B., First Grader: Dumb Bunny. He has a sister. José has his own remote control.
Leonard aka Lennie: Another one of Junie B.'s best friends in first grade. He is quiet and almost always agrees with Junie B.. Lennie has spiky hair. He has a washcloth puppet. In Dumb Bunny, he and Shirley mention that they are Jewish.
Sheldon Potts: A good friend of Junie B. in first grade. He is one of a handful of characters whose first and last names are known. Sheldon is known for showing his bare feet in class when taking off his shoes and socks. He can be awfully shy in front of a crowd as revealed in Junie B., First Grader: One Man Band. In Junie B., First Grader: Dumb Bunny, he and Lucille are shown to have a crush on each other. He is shown to have blonde hair. Sheldon takes multi-vitamins due to his many food allergies. His family is full of former criminals and otherwise strange people, such as his Uncle Vern, Aunt Bunny, and Grandpa Ned.
Shirley: Another good friend of Junie B. in first grade. Although not much is known about her, she sometimes chats with Junie B. She is shown to have short black hair. She has a dog named Stinky. In Dumb Bunny, she mentions that she and Lennie are Jewish. She used to be Junie B.’s bathroom buddy until May caught them taking too long to wash their hands.
Roger: A boy with freckles who is in the same classes as Junie B. for both the kindergarten and first grade books. Not a lot of information is revealed about him. He had his lunch money stolen by a boy named Jeff Hooks in kindergarten, and has an older brother named Rodney who was previously in Mr. Scary’s class.
Jamal Hall: A boy in the kindergarten class. Very little information is known about him, besides the fact that his mother is the art teacher.
Charlotte: A girl in the kindergarten class. She doesn't always get along with Junie B. In the book Junie B. Jones Has a Peep in Her Pocket, Charlotte sees Junie B.'s drawing of a rooster stuck under a tree and says that she hates it, to which Junie B. replies "You wouldn't say that if your head was a nub, sister." She somewhat resembles May except she doesn't have freckles and wears glasses.
Rivals[edit]
May Murkee: a girl who sits next to Junie B in the first grade part of the series. Junie B. does not like her because she won't say her B in her name and just calls her Junie Jones. She tattletales to Mr. Scary about Junie B. They get into arguments a lot and May gets annoyed with Junie B. when she does something Mr. Scary had told her not to do. Junie B. calls her as Blabber-mouth May. They are never shown to like each other at all. Her last name is Murkee, as revealed in Turkeys We Have Loved And Eaten (And Other Thankful Stuff). She says that E stands for excellent in her report card in one of the first grade books. She is spoiled by her mother Mary.
Jim: Junie B. and Jim are said to hate each other until Junie B. Jones and the Mushy Gushy Valentine when he gives a nice valentine to her. He tries to keep it a secret but he accidentally gives the game away when she catches him looking at the card while the rest of the children are on the playground. He tries to cover it up but he realizes that it is too late when she says his words are "sputtery." He then admits that he's always liked her and that she makes Room Nine "sparky." Although the reason is unknown it seems that not a hint of friendship is shown throughout the rest of the series, though in Junie B. Jones is a Graduation Girl after she get grape juice stains on her graduation outfit he suggest that everyone else color on their clothes so she would feel better. Jim as well as most of the kindergarten children are never shown again and calls her "Goony Bird Jones." He says that Junie B.'s brother is not a monkey in Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business.
Pink Fluffy Girl: a fellow student at Junie B.'s school who wears a pink jacket is well known for stealing her beloved mittens in Junie B. Jones is not a Crook. How ever she gets caught and gets her comeuppance for stealing and Junie B. gets her mittens back.
Bobbi Jean Piper: Grace's new friend in first grade. She sat next to Grace and Junie B. is not okay with it.
Teachers[edit]
Mrs.: Junie B.'s kindergarten teacher and in charge of Room Nine. In all of the Kindergarten adventures, Junie B. says: "Her name is Mrs. She has another name too but I just like Mrs. and that's all." In the first book, Junie B. says that she does not remember the teacher's last name. In Junie B. Jones and Some Sneaky Peeky Spying, Junie B. catches Mrs. stealing grapes while at a grocery store and kissing her husband. She will miss Junie B. as shown in the last kindergarten book in the series.
Mr. Scary: Junie B.'s kind and warm first grade teacher. She believes that he made up his name because he is actually very nice and "doesn't even scare her, hardly." He makes his class keep journals, where they write about whatever subjects they want. Mr. Scary often has to break up Junie B. and May's arguments. He can also be very firm when Junie B. and May tattle on each other.
Principal: The principal at Junie B.'s school, whom she believes lives in his office and is "the king of the school, only he doesn't actually wear a crown." She refers to him only as "Principal." His first appearance was in Junie B. Jones and the Stupid, Smelly Bus, where he sternly scolds Junie B. for not getting on the bus and hiding in the school. They get to know each other pretty well during the kindergarten series since Junie B's antics often wind up getting her sent to the office. Junie B. does not like to go to his office because there is a "grouchy typing lady" in there that is somewhat mean, never smiles, and always "forces" her to sit in a blue chair which she says is "where bad kids have to sit." Her mom eventually made a rule at home that getting herself sent to the office would get her "grounded, young lady."
Gus Vallony: The janitor who is often friendly around Junie B. He helps her out when she is accidentally locked in the school in Stupid, Smelly Bus, where he was originally known as the "man with the can". She dresses up as a janitor for career day in Big Fat Mouth. He was born in an unknown foreign country. He cleans up "splat-o" (vomit) in Shipwrecked.
Mrs. Gladys Gutzman: The school cafeteria lady. She brings cookies to the kindergarten students. In Boss of Lunch, Junie B. helps her out in the cafeteria after she complains about how the first graders don't get cookies.
Mrs. Weller: The school nurse. In Junie B. Jones and Some Sneaky Peeky Spying she puts a band-aid on Junie B.'s head after Lucille tells her "it's not a good idea to keep secrets inside your head", after which Junie B. runs into the office yelling "my head's gonna blow!" In First Grader At Last! she tells Junie B. that she needs glasses after Mr. Scary finds out she has issues reading from the boards. Her names is unknown by Junie B. throughout the kindergarten series.
Mr. Woo: The Bus driver, who drives Junie B. and the other kids to school. He is friendly towards the kids, but often gets frustrated with them from time to time. He has given Junie B. two bus misbehavior warnings, one for shouting for the bus to go faster and one for tickling another student.
Grouchy typing lady: Principal's secretary who works at the front office. Junie B. often fears her because she is "grouchy", though she is shown to be considerate to Junie B. at times, such as in Junie B. Jones is Not a Crook, where she is proud of Junie B. for returning the colorful pen she found to the Lost and Found box. Junie B.’s response to her telling her to sit down is often “Yeah, only I’m not even bad” or “Yeah, only that’s the bad kid’s chair. And I’m not even bad.”
Mr. Toot: The music teacher, who is also in charge of the annual Holiday Sing-Along.
Mrs. Hall: The art teacher. She was mentioned in Junie B. Jones and the Yucky Blucky Fruitcake,” where she ran the Cake Walk in Room Nine. She has a son named Jamal.
Books[edit]
Main article: Bibliography of Barbara Park § Junie B. Jones
Since the original book was published by Random House in 1992, twenty-eight other Junie B. Jones books have been published. Twenty-seven books belong to the Junie B. Jones Series and there is also a Junie B. Jones Journal. The Junie B. Jones series has also been translated into Spanish and French.
Junie B Jones The Junie B. Jones series came in at #71 on the American Library Association's list of the Top 100 Banned or Challenged Books from 2000-2009.[3] Reasons cited are poor social values taught by the books and Junie B. Jones not being considered a good role model due to her mouthiness and bad spelling and grammar.[citation needed] While Junie B. Jones writer Barbara Park appreciated being on banned lists with writers she respected (like Maya Angelou and Toni Morrison), she stopped reading information about her books because the comments were "too hurtful".[4] Park once wrote that some people "believe that the value of a children's book can be measured only in terms of the moral lessons it tries to impose or the perfect role models it offers. Personally, I happen to think that a book is of extraordinary value if it gives the reader nothing more than a smile or two. In fact, I happen to think that's huge."[5]
Adaptations[edit]
Plays[edit]
Junie B. Jones, theatrical adaptation by Marcy Heisler and Zina Goldrich, Theatreworks USA[6][7]
Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business, theatrical adaptation by Joan Cushing
Junie B. Jones The Stupid Smelly Bus Tour, Random House,[8] Tour by Momentum Worldwide
2008 Tour - Caitlin Thurnauer as Junie B. Jones, Jay Paranada as Mr. Woo. Tour Managed by Michael Barth
Junie B. Jones Top-Secret Personal Beeswax educational video game for the LeapFrog Leapster Learning System
Junie B. Jones: Jingle Bells, Batman Smells, theatrical adaptation by Allison Gregory; Childsplay. Music composed by Rob Witmer
Junie B. Jones: First Grader: Shipwrecked, theatrical adaptation by Allison Gregory; Childsplay
Junie B Jones and a Little Monkey Business, theatrical adaptation performed at B Street Theatre.
Film[edit]
The only mentioning of a theatrical feature film based on the books comes from a question and answer thread from Barbara Park where she stated that "Junie B has been pretty successful already living in the readers' imaginations, so I am happy with that."[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Fox, Margalit (2013-11-18). "Barbara Park, Author of Junie B. Jones Series, Dies at 66". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
Jump up ^ Junie B. Jones Books (BellaOnline.com)
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009". American Library Association. 2013-03-26. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Anna Jane (July 26, 2007). "Is Junie B. Jones Talking Trash?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Minzesheimer, Bob (November 17, 2013). "'Junie B. Jones' author Barbara Park dies at 66". USA Today. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
Jump up ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (2005-11-12). Irrepressible, Bespectacled Girl Tackles First Grade. The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Welcome to TheatreworksUSA
Jump up ^ Official Junie B. Jones site.
Jump up ^ http://www.randomhouse.com/kids//junieb/author/author.html
[1]
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[5]
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External links[edit]
Junie B Jones - Random House Website
Author Barbara Park - Random House Website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junie_B._Jones&oldid=816284357"
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