text:
PDCA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see PDCA (disambiguation).
PDCA (plan–do–check–act or plan–do–check–adjust) is an iterative four-step management method used in business for the control and continual improvement of processes and products.[1] It is also known as the Deming circle/cycle/wheel, the Shewhart cycle, the control circle/cycle, or plan–do–study–act (PDSA). Another version of this PDCA cycle is OPDCA.[citation needed] The added "O" stands for observation or as some versions say: "Observe the current condition." This emphasis on observation and current condition has currency with the literature on lean manufacturing and the Toyota Production System.[2]:129–158
Contents
[hide]
1 Meaning
1.1 Plan
1.2 Do
1.3 Check
1.4 Act
2 About
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Meaning[edit]
This section contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks or Wikivoyage. (October 2017)
The PDCA cycle[3]
Continuous quality improvement with PDCA
Plan[edit]
During the plan phase, establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the expected output (the target or goals). By establishing output expectations, the completeness and accuracy of the specification is also a part of the targeted improvement. When possible start on a small scale to test possible effects.
Do[edit]
During the do phase, implement the plan, execute the process, make the product. Collect data for charting and analysis in the following check and act steps.
Check[edit]
In the check phase, study the actual results (measured and collected in do phase above) and compare against the expected results (targets or goals from the plan phase) to ascertain any differences. Look for deviation in implementation from the plan and also look for the appropriateness and completeness of the plan to enable the execution, i.e., the doing. Charting data can make this much easier to see trends over several PDCA cycles and in order to convert the collected data into information. Information is needed for the next step: act.
Act[edit]
If the check phase shows that the plan phase which was implemented in do phase is an improvement to the prior standard (baseline), then that becomes the new standard (baseline) for how the organization should act going forward (new standards are thus said to be enACTed). Instead, if the check phase shows that the plan phase which was implemented in do phase is not an improvement, then the existing standard (baseline) will remain in place. In either case, if the check phase showed something different than expected (whether better or worse), then there is some more learning to be done... and that will suggest potential future PDCA cycles. Note that some who teach PDCA assert that the act phase involves making adjustments or corrective actions, but generally it would be counter to PDCA thinking to propose and decide upon alternative changes without using a proper plan phase, or to make them the new standard (baseline) without going through do and check steps.
About[edit]
PDCA was made popular by W. Edwards Deming, who is considered by many to be the father of modern quality control; however, he always referred to it as the "Shewhart cycle". Later in Deming's career, he modified PDCA to "Plan, Do, Study, Act" (PDSA) because he felt that "check" emphasized inspection over analysis.[4] The PDSA cycle was used to create the model of know-how transfer process,[5] and other models.[6]
The concept of PDCA is based on the scientific method, as developed from the work of Francis Bacon (Novum Organum, 1620). The scientific method can be written as "hypothesis–experiment–evaluation" or as "plan–do–check". Walter A. Shewhart described manufacture under "control"—under statistical control—as a three-step process of specification, production, and inspection.[7]:45 He also specifically related this to the scientific method of hypothesis, experiment, and evaluation. Shewhart says that the statistician "must help to change the demand [for goods] by showing [...] how to close up the tolerance range and to improve the quality of goods."[7]:48 Clearly, Shewhart intended the analyst to take action based on the conclusions of the evaluation. According to Deming, during his lectures in Japan in the early 1950s, the Japanese participants shortened the steps to the now traditional plan, do, check, act.[8]:88 Deming preferred plan, do, study, act because "study" has connotations in English closer to Shewhart's intent than "check".[9]
Multiple iterations of the PDCA cycle are repeated until the problem is solved.
A fundamental principle of the scientific method and PDCA is iteration—once a hypothesis is confirmed (or negated), executing the cycle again will extend the knowledge further. Repeating the PDCA cycle can bring its users closer to the goal, usually a perfect operation and output.[9]
Another fundamental function of PDCA is the "hygienic" separation of each phase, for if not properly separated measurements of effects due to various simultaneous actions (causes) risk becoming confounded.[10]
PDCA (and other forms of scientific problem solving) is also known as a system for developing critical thinking. At Toyota this is also known as "Building people before building cars".[11] Toyota and other lean manufacturing companies propose that an engaged, problem-solving workforce using PDCA in a culture of critical thinking is better able to innovate and stay ahead of the competition through rigorous problem solving and the subsequent innovations.[11]
Deming continually emphasized iterating towards an improved system, hence PDCA should be repeatedly implemented in spirals of increasing knowledge of the system that converge on the ultimate goal, each cycle closer than the previous.[citation needed] One can envision an open coil spring, with each loop being one cycle of the scientific method, and each complete cycle indicating an increase in our knowledge of the system under study. This approach is based on the belief that our knowledge and skills are limited, but improving. Especially at the start of a project, key information may not be known; the PDCA—scientific method—provides feedback to justify guesses (hypotheses) and increase knowledge. Rather than enter "analysis paralysis" to get it perfect the first time, it is better to be approximately right than exactly wrong. With improved knowledge, one may choose to refine or alter the goal (ideal state). The aim of the PDCA cycle is to bring its users closer to whatever goal they choose.[2]:160
When PDCA is used for complex projects or products with a certain controversy, checking with external stakeholders should happen before the Do stage, since changes to projects and products that are already in detailed design can be costly; this is also seen as Plan-Check-Do-Act.[citation needed]
Rate of change, that is, rate of improvement, is a key competitive factor in today's world.[citation needed] PDCA allows for major "jumps" in performance ("breakthroughs" often desired in a Western approach), as well as kaizen (frequent small improvements).[citation needed] In the United States a PDCA approach is usually associated with a sizable project involving numerous people's time,[citation needed] and thus managers want to see large "breakthrough" improvements to justify the effort expended. However, the scientific method and PDCA apply to all sorts of projects and improvement activities.[2]:76
See also[edit]
COBIT
Decision cycle
DMAIC
Lean manufacturing
Learning cycle
Lesson study
OODA loop
Performance management
Quality storyboard
Robert S. Kaplan (closed loop management system)
Six sigma
Theory of constraints
Total security management
Software development process
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tague, Nancy R. (2005) [1995]. "Plan–Do–Study–Act cycle". The quality toolbox (2nd ed.). Milwaukee: ASQ Quality Press. pp. 390–392. ISBN 0873896394. OCLC 57251077. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rother, Mike (2010). Toyota kata: managing people for improvement, adaptiveness, and superior results. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071635238. OCLC 318409119.
Jump up ^ "Taking the first step with PDCA". 2 February 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Aguayo, Rafael (1990). Dr. Deming: the American who taught the Japanese about quality. A Lyle Stuart book. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group. p. 76. ISBN 0818405198. OCLC 22347078. Also published by Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Jump up ^ Dubickis, Mikus; Gaile-Sarkane, Elīna (December 2017). "Transfer of know-how based on learning outcomes for development of open innovation". Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 3 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s40852-017-0053-4.
Jump up ^ Dubberly, Hugh (2008) [2004]. "How do you design?: a compendium of models". dubberly.com. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Shewhart, Walter Andrew (1986) [1939]. Statistical method from the viewpoint of quality control. New York: Dover. ISBN 0486652327. OCLC 13822053. Reprint. Originally published: Washington, DC: Graduate School of the Department of Agriculture, 1939.
Jump up ^ Deming, W. Edwards (1986). Out of the crisis. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Advanced Engineering Study. ISBN 0911379010. OCLC 13126265.
^ Jump up to: a b Moen, Ronald; Norman, Clifford. "Evolution of the PDCA cycle" (PDF). westga.edu. Paper delivered to the Asian Network for Quality Conference in Tokyo on September 17, 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Berengueres, José (2007). The Toyota production system re-contextualized. Tokyo: José Berengueres. p. 74. ISBN 1847534775. OCLC 906982187.
^ Jump up to: a b Liker, Jeffrey K. (2004). The Toyota way: 14 management principles from the world's greatest manufacturer. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071392319. OCLC 54005437.
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to PDCA.
Kolesar, Peter J. (2005) [1994]. "What Deming told the Japanese in 1950". In Wood, John C.; Wood, Michael C. W. Edwards Deming: critical evaluations in business and management. 2. New York: Routledge. pp. 87–107. ISBN 9780415323888. OCLC 55738077. Reprint. Originally published: Quality Management Journal 2(1) (1994): 9–24.
Langley, Gerald J.; Moen, Ronald D.; Nolan, Kevin M.; Nolan, Thomas W.; Norman, Clifford L.; Provost, Lloyd P. (2009) [1996]. The improvement guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performance (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9780470192412. OCLC 236325893.
Shewhart, Walter Andrew (1980) [1931]. Economic control of quality of manufactured product. Milwaukee: American Society for Quality. ISBN 0873890760. OCLC 7543940. 50th anniversary commemorative reissue. Originally published: New York: Van Nostrand, 1931.
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Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!
Hindi
भाबीजी घर पर हैं !
Genre
Sitcom
Based on
Shrimaan Shrimati (TV Series)
Written by
Manoj Santosh
Directed by
Shashank Bali
Starring
Saumya Tandon
Aashif Sheikh
Shubhangi Atre
Rohitash Gaud
Opening theme
Bhabi Ji Ghar Par nahi Hai!
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
757 as of 23 January, 2018
Production
Producer(s)
Benaifer Kohli
Sanjay Kohli
Vikas Gupta (former production head)[1]
Camera setup
DSLR
Running time
20–22 minutes
Production company(s)
Edit II Productions
Release
Original network
&TV
Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
2 March 2015 (2015-03-02) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Jijaji Chhat Par Hai
External links
Website
Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hai! (English: Is Sister-in-law at home?) is an Indian Hindi-language comedy television series that premiered on 2 March 2015 and airs weeknights at 10:30 p.m. on &TV.[2] The show is inspired by the 1995 Hindi serial Shrimaan Shrimati.[3] In November 2016, The show, has been extended by one more day, named "Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai Shanivaar Special" in which celebrities visit the sets.[4] The show is being shot at Artisian and Nirman Studio, Vasai(A Tribeni Group venture).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Shanivaar special
3 Other guest appearances
4 Awards
4.1 Indian Telly Awards
4.2 Indian Television Academy Awards
5 Trivia
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The fictional "Modern Colony" located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh and revolves around two neighbouring couples. Both the husbands are fed up with their respective marriages and are smitten by each other's wives, unbeknownst to each other. Manmohan Tiwari is a successful undergarment businessman, whose wife Angoori is a simple and naive housewife. Their neighbour, Vibhuti Narayan Mishra, was an unsuccessful insurance policy agent and is now unemployed. Often called "Nalla" (unemployed), he spends most of his time doing household chores. His wife Anita is a headstrong, smart and modern day lady who runs grooming classes. She is the breadwinner of the family and her husband's unemployment and laziness irritates her.
As both the men devise schemes to impress each other's wives, they pull each other down and in-turn, create problematic situations for everybody else. Other recurring characters include are Amma Ji (Manmohan Tiwari's strict mother), Ladoo (Manmohan Tiwari's little brother), Happu Singh (A corrupt Police Inspector), Anokhelal Saxena (A crazy man with genius level skills and a love for electric shocks), Teeka and Malkhan (two rowdy boys), Tillu (Tiwari's shop employee), Prem Choudhary (Vibhuti's rich but dubious friend), Gulfam Kali (Kanpur's best courtesan), David Mishra (Vibhuti's rich NRI uncle from UK), Pelu Chaurasia (Rickshaw puller of the locality) and many more.
Main cast[edit]
Aashif Sheikh as Vibhuti Narayan Ahuti Narayan Mishra, the unemployed husband of Anita Mishra. Often called "Nalla" for being jobless, which has become a running gag on the show, he has fallen for the simple minded Angoori Tiwari. He is known to be highly educated but still won't do a job out of his ego. His plans to woo Angoori usually fails due to her naivety and puts him in dire situations.
Rohitash Gaud as Manmohan Tiwari, a successful undergarments businessman, who is attracted to the modern and elegant Anita Mishra. He is known to be a petty and stingy yet very cunning. He always tries to manipulate situations in his favour, sometimes to impress Anita Mishra, with little to no success.
Shubhangi Atre as Angoori Manmohan Tiwari - In 2016, Atre replaced Shinde in the role of Angoori from episode 301 onwards. She is a simple, loving but naive housewife who easily believes anybody and everybody. She performs various superstitious rituals sometimes told to her by her loving mother in law which leads to hilarious outcomes. She usually speaks English words incorrectly, leading to everybody correcting her vocabulary, which she follows by her now iconic "Sahi Pakde Hai" (You caught it right).[5]
Saumya Tandon as Anita Vibhuti Narayan Mishra, a modern lady who runs her grooming classes in Kanpur. She is a head strong lady. The unemployment of her husband really irritates her which is why she dominates him over every issue. To fulfill her romantic fantasies, she constantly forces Vibhuti to perform various characters like a thief, a robber, a painter, a dacoit, an electrician, a cop among others which sometimes frustrates him. She has a good friendship with Angoori.
Recurring cast[edit]
Yogesh Tripathi as Daroga Happu Singh, a corrupt Daroga (police inspector) who has a secret crush on Anita Mishra whom he calls 'Gori Mem' ('Gori' meaning White). He demands bribes from everybody, much to the chagrin of the residents, to feed his "nine kids" and a "pregnant wife" although nobody believes him as he has been saying that for years now.
Saanand Verma as Anokhelal Saxena, more popular known as Saxena Ji, a genius and talented but aptly crazy guy with an obsession for electrocuting himself, getting tortured and eating almost anything that is poisonous or unhealthy, such as lizard soup or cockroach tea. He usually expresses his joy of madness by saying his iconic "I Like It!!". Over the course of the show, he has shown various talents that he possesses like being a lawyer, an artist, an actor, a writer, a singer etc. It has never been clearly acknowledged on the show as to why he went mad in the first place.
Kishore Bhanushali as Resham Pal Singh, the Commissioner of Kanpur Police Department. He is known to an honest and straight forward man who dislikes Happu Singh. He is known to be an admirer of Gulfam Kali. Actor Kishore Bhanushali has been a lifelong impersonator of a great Indian actor Dev Anand and he brings his characteristics to this role. He has also appeared as another character 'Sharma Uncle' in a 1-hour horror special episode previously before taking on this character.
Vaibhav Mathur as Teeka Ram, a dim-wit unemployed guy, who always hangs out with Tillu and Malkhaan. He along with the other two shares a rented place to live but have been kicked out of it several times by their landlord for flirting with his daughter.
Deepesh Bhan as Malkhan, an equally dim-witted guy like Teeka, always looking out to woo girls with bad results. He along with the other two are always seen trying to make fast cash through odd jobs like kidnapping, selling stolen items and frauds but are often caught and jailed. He is often seen in flirting sessions with girls which end with him and Teeka getting beaten by the girls or Daroga Happu Singh.
Salim Zaidi as Tillu, Tiwari's shop employee who constantly plots against him so as to get back his unpaid 6 months salary. Although dim-witted, he is relatively more intelligent than the other two. He has taken severe measures to extort his salary out of his boss's pocket like robbing Tiwari's house, threat calls and kidnapping Tiwari's younger brother, but circumstances always turn against him and he is left empty handed.
Soma Rathod as Ramkali Tiwari (Amma Ji), Tiwari's strict mother who constantly beats him for every mistake and loves her daughter-in-law, Angoori. It has been revealed by Manmohan Tiwari that his father left her mother before his birth. Amma Ji is an avid follower of a famous astrologer and priest, Pandit Ramphal. He tells her various rituals which in turn Amma Ji makes Angoori perform to get health and wealth related benefits. There are subtle hints given in the show that points at Pandit Ramphal being Manmohan Tiwari's actual biological father, but this has never been fully explored.
Falguni Rajani as Gulfam Kali is an infamous courtesan of Kanpur. Every male character on the show has visited her at some point in the show to admire her dance and beauty, except Saxena Ji who considers Gulfam Kali as his sister. She is known to manipulate the men of the show as she knows secrets about every man that she knows. Although the women of the show do treat her with respect and she is often seen supportive towards the schemes of the women to teach their husbands a lesson.
Vishwajeet Soni as Prem Chaudhary, Vibhuti's best friend who is a foul-mouthed cunning show-off, much to Vibhuti's ire. He comes from a rich background and deals in several illegal activities like gambling, smuggling etc. Despite all this, he is always there to help Vibhuti in rough times. He is disliked by Anita because she fears that Vibhuti might become a criminal in his influence.
Akshay Patil as Pelu Chaurasia, the colony's mute rickshaw puller. He communicates through pulling out message slips out of his muffler tied around his head. He known for being a rather smart person. He ends conversations through his signature 'wide awkward smile'. He also carries a portable radio, providing songs appropriate to often hilarious situations.
Anup Upadhyay as David Mishra, Vibhuti's UK based rich uncle who always visits him in awkward situations. He is known to be very rich although his business is unknown. Whenever he visits Vibhuti, he brings paper of his ₹20 crore property. But, due to one reason or another, he and sometimes others too tear the papers apart to pieces.
Jeetu Gupta as Dr. Gupta, a doctor who is basically a "tantrik", as he always tells people. He usually performs black magic on his patients to cure them as his prescriptions never work.
Rakesh Bedi as Bhoorey Lal (Cameo), Angoori's alcoholic but loving father, who hates Tiwari for marrying her by lying about his profession. He likes Vibhuti and sometimes, when he's drunk, he mumbles about preferring him as his son-in-law if he would have found him sooner, much to the dismay of Tiwari.
Hardik Gohil as Laddoo Tiwari is the younger brother of Manmohan Tiwari and Ramkali's younger son. He likes his sister-in-law, Angoori more than his own brother and thinks her as his second mother, as he would call her, 'Bhabhi Ma'. He is known to have subtle telepathic ability and could hear what others are thinking whenever they are around.
Feroz (actor) as Chhedi, a flirting Dhobi(washerman) of the locality.
Saurabh Kaushik as Pandit Ji
Praful Chawan - Yadram ka launda, known for dancing to any music, and scoffing and spitting loudly whenever strange things happen
Sandeep Anand as Puttan (Cameo) is Angoori's brother who is a thief.
Sohit Vijay Soni as (News Anchor and also as Various Character)
Manju Brijnandan Sharma as Manju Ahuti Narayan Mishra (Cameo) is the mother of Vibhuti and calls him 'Khachedu'. She loves him but hates how Anita would use him as a servant to work in his house and would mistreat her. Anita would eventually force Vibhuti to get her out of the house.
Meenal as Anita's friend, who would usually talk with her for long. She has married Anurag, who wouldn't talk at all and is overweight. They are a happy couple as Anurag is a rich businessman and would take Meenal to different places as holidays and give her a lot of gifts, of which Anita would blame Vibhuti for not doing these things as well.
Nirmal Soni as Anurag (Meenal's husband)
Shanivaar special[edit]
Shanivaar Special episodes were telecast on Saturdays, with celebrity guest stars appearing as part of plot woven around them and subsequently interviewed by main cast.
Episode 1: Govinda
Episode 2: Karan Singh Grover and Bipasha Basu
Episode 3: Ranjeet and Shakti Kapoor
Episode 4: Kumar Sanu and Alka Yagnik
Episode 5: Ravi Kishen
Episode 6: Jimmy Shergill
Episodes 7 & 8: Jackie Shroff
Episode 9: New Year Special, featuring actors from various TV shows of &TV
Other guest appearances[edit]
Ranveer Singh (Episode: 209) - for promotion of Bajirao Mastani
Arjun Kapoor (Episode: 285) - for promotion of Ki & Ka
Ritesh Deshmukh, Vivek Oberoi and Urvashi Rautela (Episode: 363) - for promotion of Great Grand Masti
Brett Lee (Episode: 381) - for promotion of UnIndian
Sunny Leone (Episodes: 417-421) - as part of Bhabi ji Ghar Par Hai!: Sunny Leone Special
Shaan (Episode: 466) - for promotion of The Voice India (Season 2)
Akshay Kumar (Episode: 510) - for promotion of Jolly LLB 2
Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt (Episode: 530) - for promotion of Badrinath Ki Dulhania
Anushka Sharma (Episode: 540) - for promotion of Phillauri
Akshay Kumar (Episode: 639) - for promotion of Toilet: Ek Prem Katha (as part of Bhabi ji Ghar Par Hai!: Toilet Special)
Ayushmann Khurrana and Kriti Sanon (Episode: 645) - for promotion of Bareilly Ki Barfi
Varun Dhawan (Episode: 671) - for promotion of Judwaa 2
Nitin Goswami (Episode: 692) - for promotion of Siddhi Vinayak
Awards[edit]
Indian Telly Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2015 Shilpa Shinde Best Actress In A Comic Role Won[6]
Saumya Tandon Nominated[6]
Rohitash Gaud Best Actor In A Comic Role Won[6]
Aashif Sheikh Nominated[6]
Shashank Bali Best Director (Sitcom) Won[6]
Manoj Santoshi Best Dialogue Writer (Sitcom or Comedy)
Raghuvir Shekhawat Best Screenplay Writer (Sitcom/Comedy)
Indian Television Academy Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016 Shubhangi Atre Best Actress - Comedy Won[7]
Saumya Tandon Nominated
Aashif Sheikh Best Actor - Comedy Won[7]
Rohitash Gaud Nominated
Shashank Bali Best Director - Comedy (Jury) Won[7]
Manoj Santoshi Best Dialogues (Jury)
Trivia[edit]
The make of the show told that when Shilpa Shinde left the show, around 80 girls were auditioned within a span of one month and Shubhangi Atre fit the character perfectly. She looks good and innocent at the same time, which is required for the character.[8]
Dialogue "Sahi Pakade Hain" (You Caught It Right) became popular from the serial.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-shilpa-shinde-bhabi-ghar-par-hai-actor-shubhangi-atre-vikas-gupta-4946044/lite/
Jump up ^ "More of the Same". The Indian Express. 2015-03-06. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
Jump up ^ Kapoor, Shruti (16 October 2015). "Why is everyone talking about Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hain?". India Today. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai' shooting stalled for three hours for Govinda". The Indian Express. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/9-lesser-known-facts-about-new-angoori-bhabhi-shubhangi-atre/1/665612.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Indian Telly Awards 2015 Winners". andtv.com. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Indian Television Academy Awards 2016". abplive.in. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
Jump up ^ https://www.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/shubhangi-atre-lesser-known-facts-about-the-new-angoori-bhabi/amp_photostory/51866374.cms
Jump up ^ "Sunny Leone refused to mouth a dialogue in 'Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hain'". DNA India.
External links[edit]
Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai! on IMDb
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Programs currently broadcast by &TV
Reality shows
Comedy Dangal
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Electrical brain stimulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chronic subcortical electrode implant in a laboratory rat used to deliver electrical stimulation to the brain.
Electrical brain stimulation (EBS), also referred to as focal brain stimulation (FBS), is a form of electrotherapy and technique used in research and clinical neurobiology to stimulate a neuron or neural network in the brain through the direct or indirect excitation of its cell membrane by using an electric current. It is used for research or for therapeutical purposes.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Process
3 Effects
4 Therapeutic applications
5 References
History[edit]
Electrical brain stimulation was first used in the first half of the 19th century by pioneering researchers such as Luigi Rolando[citation needed](1773–1831) and Pierre Flourens[citation needed](1794–1867), to study the brain localization of function, following the discovery by Italian physician Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) that nerves and muscles were electrically excitable. The stimulation of the surface of the cerebral cortex by using brain stimulation was used to investigate the motor cortex in animals by researchers such as Eduard Hitzig (1838–1907), Gustav Fritsch (1838–1927), David Ferrier (1842–1928) and Friedrich Goltz (1834–1902). The human cortex was also stimulated electrically by neurosurgeons and neurologists such as Robert Bartholow (1831–1904) and Fedor Krause (1857–1937).
In the following century, the technique was improved by the invention of the stereotactic method by British neurosurgeon pioneer Victor Horsley (1857–1916), and by the development of chronic electrode implants by Swiss neurophysiologist Walter Rudolf Hess (1881–1973), José Delgado (1915-2011) and others, by using electrodes manufactured by straight insulated wire that could be inserted deep into the brain of freely-behaving animals, such as cats and monkeys. This approach was used by Dr.James Olds (1922–1976) and colleagues to discover brain stimulation reward and the pleasure center. American-Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield (1891–1976) and colleagues at the Montreal Neurological Institute used extensively electrical stimulation of the brain cortex in awake neurosurgical patients to investigate the motor and sensory homunculus (the representation of the body in the brain cortex according to the distribution of motor and sensory territories).
EBS remains inextricably entwined with the work of Dr. Robert Galbraith Heath, Dr. Jose Delgado and Dr. Wilder Penfield. It's of interest that during cerebral localization studies, neurosurgeon Penfield could not elicit emotional reactions in humans, either by observing spontaneous epilepsy or by electrically stimulating the surface of the cerebral cortex. Neurophysiologist Dr. Jose Delgado noted a few exceptions to this rule. In contrast, EBS, via deeply implanted electrodes in localized areas of the brain (deep brain stimulation; DBS), elicited both pleasurable and aversive responses in laboratory animals and man as previously described.[1][2][3]
EBS could elicit the ritualistic, motor responses of sham rage in cats by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus, as well as more complex emotional and behavioral components of "true rage" in both experimental animals by stimulaton of the lateral hypothalamus, and in human subjects by stimulating various deep areas of the brain. EBS in human patients with epilepsy could trigger seizures in the surface of the brain and pathologic aggression and rage with stimulation of the amygdala.[3][4]
Process[edit]
Two-photon excitation microscopy has shown that microstimulation activates neurons sparsely around the electrode even at low currents (as low as 10 μA) up to distances as far as four millimeters away. This happens without particularly selecting other neurons much nearer the electrode's tip. This is due to activation of neurons being determined by whether they do or do not have axons or dendrites that pass within a radius of 15 μm near the tip of the electrode. As the current is increased the volume around the tip that activates neuron axons and dendrites increases and with this the number of neurons activated. Activation is most likely to be due to direct depolarization rather than synaptic activation.[5]
Effects[edit]
A comprehensive review of EBS research compiled a list of many different acute impacts of stimulation depending on the brain region targeted. Following are some examples of the effects documented:[6]
Sensory: Feelings of body tingling, swaying, movement, suffocation, burning, shock, warmth, paresthesia, feeling of falling, oscillopsia, dysesthesia, levitation, sounds, phosphenes, hallucinations, micropsia, diplopia, etc.
Motor: Eye movements, locomotion, speech arrest, automatisms, laughter, palilalia, chewing, urge to move, crying without feeling sad, etc.
Autonomic: Blushing, mydriasis, change in blood pressure and breathing, apnea, nausea, tachycardia, sweating, etc.
Emotional: Anxiety, mirth, feeling of unreality, fear, happiness, anger, sadness, transient acute depression, hypomania, etc.
Cognitive: Acalculia, paraphasia, anomic aphasia, recalling memories, "going into a trance", "out of this world", conduction aphasia, hemispatial neglect, alexia, déjà vu, reliving past experiences, agraphia, apraxia, etc.
EBS in face-sensitive regions of the fusiform gyrus caused a patient to report that the faces of the people in the room with him had "metamorphosed" and became distorted: "Your nose got saggy, went to the left. [...] Only your face changed, everything else was the same."[7]
Therapeutic applications[edit]
Stereotactic apparatus used to insert an electrode into the basal ganglia of the brain, for Parkinson's disease surgery.
Examples of therapeutic EBS are:
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES)
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Low Field Magnetic Stimulation (LFMS)
Functional electrical stimulation (FES)
Magnetic seizure therapy (MST)
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (Deep TMS)
Strong electric currents may cause a localized lesion in the nervous tissue, instead of a functional reversible stimulation. This property has been used for neurosurgical procedures in a variety of treatments, such as for Parkinson's disease, focal epilepsy and psychosurgery. Sometimes the same electrode is used to probe the brain for finding defective functions, before passing the lesioning current (electrocoagulation).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Penfield, Wilder (1974). Speech and Brain Mechanisms. New York: Atheneum.
Jump up ^ Delgado, Jose (1986). Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society. New York: Harper and Row.
^ Jump up to: a b Faria, Miguel A. "Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 2 - From the limbic system and cingulotomy to deep brain stimulation". Surg Neurol Int 01-Jun-2013;4:75. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mark, Vernon (1970). Violence and the Brain. New York: Harper and Row.
Jump up ^ Histed, MH; Bonin, V; Reid, RC. (2009). "Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation". Neuron. 63 (4): 508–22. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016. PMC 2874753  . PMID 19709632.
Jump up ^ Aslihan Selimbeyoglu; Josef Parvizi (30 May 2010). "Electrical stimulation of the human brain: perceptual and behavioral phenomena reported in the old and new literature". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 4 (46). doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00046. ISSN 1662-5161. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Josef Parvizi; Corentin Jacques; Brett L. Foster; Nathan Withoft; Vinitha Rangarajan; Kevin S. Weiner; Kalanit Grill-Spector (24 Oct 2012). "Electrical Stimulation of Human Fusiform Face-Selective Regions Distorts Face Perception". Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (43): 14915–14920. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2609-12.2012. ISSN 1529-2401. PMC 3517886  . PMID 23100414. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_brain_stimulation&oldid=814017187"
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List of national independence days
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Independence Day" redirects here. For other uses, see Independence Day (disambiguation).
For patriotic days not necessarily linked to independence, see National Day.
Independence-related National Day
Other National Day
No official National Day
An Independence Day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state; more rarely after the end of a military occupation; and in the unique case of Singapore, expulsion from Malaysia.
Most countries observe their respective independence days as national holidays.
List[edit]
The following is a partial list of independence days of countries around the world:
Country
Date of holiday
Year celebrated
Event celebrated
Name of holiday
Afghanistan 08-19 !August 19 1919 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1919. Afghan Independence Day
Albania 11-28 !November 28 1912 Declared by Ismail Qemali in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule. Independence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë
Algeria 07-05 !July 5 1962 Independence from France in 1962. Independence Day (Algeria)
Angola 11-11 !November 11 1975 Independence from Portugal in 1975.
Anguilla 05-30 !May 30 1967 Independence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967. Anguilla Day
Antigua and Barbuda 11-01 !November 1 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1981.
Argentina 07-09 !July 9 1816 Independence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816. Independence Day
Armenia 05-28 !May 28 1918 Declaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.
09-21 !September 21 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day
Australia 01-26 !January 26 1901 Independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1901 celebrated first fleet landing on 26 January. Australia Day
Austria 10-26 !October 26 1955 Restoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955. National Day
Azerbaijan 05-28 !May 28 1918 Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic. Republic Day
10-18 !October 18 1991 Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991. Day of the State Independence of Azerbaijan
Bahamas 07-10 !July 10 1973 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1973.
Bahrain 12-16 !December 16 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1971. Bahrain Independence Day
Bangladesh 03-26 !March 26 1971 Independence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971. Independence Day of Bangladesh
Barbados 11-30 !November 30 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.
Belarus 07-03 !July 3 1944 The liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944. Independence Day of Belarus
Belgium 07-21 !July 21 1831 Independence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831. Belgian National Day
Belize 09-21 !September 21 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1981. September Celebrations
Benin 08-01 !August 1 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Bhutan August 8 1949 Never under any rule.
Bolivia 08-06 !August 6 1825 Independence from Spain in 1825.
Bosnia and Herzegovina 03-01 !March 1 1992 Independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. Independence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Botswana 09-30 !September 30 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966. Independence Day (Botswana)
Brazil 09-07 !September 7 1822 Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825. Dia da Independência or Sete de Setembro
Brunei 01-01 !January 1 1984 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.
Bulgaria 09-22 !March 3 1878 Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.
Burkina Faso 08-05 !August 5 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Burma 01-04 !January 4 1948 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1948. Independence Day (Myanmar)
Burundi 07-01 !July 1 1962 Independence from Belgium in 1962.
Cambodia 11-09 !November 9 1953 Independence from France in 1953.
Cameroon 01-01 !January 1 1960 Independence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.
Canada 07-01 !July 1 1867 Granted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador). Canada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)
Cape Verde 07-05 !July 5 1975 Independence from Portugal in 1975.
Central African Republic 08-13 !August 13 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Chad 08-11 !August 11 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Chile 09-18 !September 18 1810 Chileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed] Fiestas Patrias
02-12 !February 12 1818 Independence from Spain in 1818. Not a holiday
Colombia 07-20 !July 20 and August 7 1810 and 1819 Independence from Spain in 1810.
Comoros 07-06 !July 6 1975 Independence from France in 1975.
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 06-30 !June 30 1960 Independence from Belgium in 1960.
Congo, Republic of the 08-15 !August 15 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Costa Rica 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Croatia 10-08 !October 8 1991 Independence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991. Independence Day (Croatia)
Cuba 05-20 !May 20 1902 Independence from Spain in 1902.
Cyprus 10-01 !October 1 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1. Independence Day (Cyprus)
Czech Republic 10-28 !October 28 1918 As Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.
01-01 !January 1 1993 As the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.
Djibouti 06-27 !June 27 1977 Independence from France in 1977.
Dominica 11-03 !November 3 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.
Dominican Republic 02-27 !February 27 1844 Independence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.
East Timor 05-20 !May 20 2002 Independence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).
Ecuador 08-10 !August 10 1809 Proclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.
05-24 !May 24 1822 Independence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.
El Salvador 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Equatorial Guinea 10-12 !October 12 1968 Independence from Spain in 1968.
Eritrea 05-24 !May 24 1993 Independence from Ethiopia in 1993. Independence Day (Eritrea)
Estonia 02-24 !February 24 1918 Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918. Independence Day (Estonia)
08-20 !August 20 1991 Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Fiji 10-10 !October 10 1970 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1970. Fiji Day
Finland 12-06 !December 6 1917 Independence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918. Independence Day (Finland)
Gabon 08-17 !August 17 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Gambia, The 02-18 !February 18 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.
Georgia 05-26 !May 26 1918 Day of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918. Independence Day
04-09 !April 9 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Day of National Unity
Ghana 03-06 !March 6 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.
Greece 03-25 !March 25 1821 Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.
Grenada 02-07 !February 7 1974 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. Independence Day (Grenada)
Guatemala 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Guinea 10-02 !October 2 1958 Independence from France in 1958.
Guinea-Bissau 09-24 !September 24 1973 Declaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.
Guyana 05-26 !May 26 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.
Haiti 01-01 !January 1 1804 Declaration of independence from France in 1804.
Honduras 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Iceland 06-17 !June 17 1944 Foundation of republic in 1944. Icelandic National Day
India 08-15 !August 15 1947 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. Independence Day (India)
Indonesia 08-17 !August 17 1945 Declaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949. The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1] Independence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)
Iraq 10-03 !October 3 1932 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1932.
Ireland 04-24 !April 24 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.
Israel 05-14 !Iyar 5
(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar). 1948 !1948 Independence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar. Yom Ha'atzmaut
Ivory Coast 08-07 !August 7 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Jamaica 08-06 !August 6 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Jordan 05-25 !May 25 1946 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1946.
Kazakhstan 12-16 !December 16 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Kazakhstan Independence Day
Kenya 12-12 !December 12 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1963. Jamhuri Day
Kiribati 07-12 !July 12 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.
Korea, North 08-15 !August 15 1945 Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953. Chogukhaebangŭi nal
Korea, South 08-15 !August 15 1945 Independence from the Empire of Japan in 1945. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953. Gwangbokjeol
Kosovo 02-17 !February 17 2008 Independence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)
Kuwait 02-25 !February 25 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1961.
Kyrgyzstan 08-31 !August 31 1991 Independence from USSR in 1991. Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan)
Laos 10-22 !October 22 1953 Independence from France on October 22, 1953.
Latvia 11-18 !November 18 1918 Proclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918 Proclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia
05-04 !May 4 1990 Restoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.
Lebanon 11-22 !November 22 1943 Independence from France in 1943. Lebanese Independence Day
Lesotho 10-04 !October 4 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.
Liberia 07-26 !July 26 1847 Independence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.
Libya 12-24 !December 24 1951 Independence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.
Lithuania 02-16 !February 16 1918 Act of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.
03-11 !March 11 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.
Macedonia, Republic of 09-08 !September 8 1991 Independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Den na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста
Madagascar 06-26 !June 26 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Malawi 07-06 !July 6 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964.
Malaysia 08-31 !August 31 1957 Independence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957. Hari Merdeka
Maldives 07-26 !July 26 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.
Mali 09-22 !September 22 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Malta 09-21 !September 21 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. Independence Day
Mauritania 11-28 !November 28 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Mauritius 03-12 !March 12 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1968.
Mexico 09-16 !September 16 1810 Independence from Spain declared in 1810. ("grito" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821. Grito de Dolores
Moldova 08-27 !August 27 1991 Declaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day
Mongolia 12-29 !December 29[2] 1911 Independence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5] Independence Day (Mongolia)
Montenegro 05-21 !May 21 2006 Referendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.
Morocco 11-18 !November 18 1955 Independence from France and Spain in 1956. Independence Day
Mozambique 06-25 !June 25 1975 Independence from Portugal in 1975.
Namibia 03-21 !March 21 1990 Independence from South Africa mandated in 1990.
Nauru 01-31 !January 31 1968 Independence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.
Nicaragua 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Niger 08-03 !August 3 1960 Independence from France in 1960. Independence Day (Niger)
Nigeria 10-01 !October 1 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1960. Independence Day (Nigeria)
Northern Cyprus 11-15 !November 15 1983 Declaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)
Norway 05-17 !May 17 1814 Independence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814). National day/Constitution Day
06-7 !June 7 1905 Finally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945. Independence Day/Union Dissolution Day
Oman 18 !November 18 1650 Independence from Portugal in 1650. National Day
Pakistan 08-14 !August 14 1947 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. Youm-e-Azadi
Panama 11-28 !November 28 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
11-03 !November 3 1903 Panama was member of the "Gran Colombia" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.
Papua New Guinea 09-16 !September 16 1975 Independence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.
Paraguay 05-15 !May 15 1811 Independence from Spain in 1811.[6] Día de Independencia
Peru 07-28 !July 28 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821. Fiestas Patrias
Philippines 06-12 !June 12 1898 Commemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9] Araw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan
Poland 11-11 !November 11 1918 Restoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Święto Niepodległości (Independence Day)
Portugal 12-01 !December 1 1143 Portugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10] Restoration of Independence Day
Qatar 12-18 !December 18 1971 Original independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September. Qatar National Day
Rhodesia 11-11 !November 11 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965. Independence Day
Romania 05-09 !May 10 1877 Romania's first celebration of its independence, on prince Carol's coronation day, 1877, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.
Russia 06-12 !June 12 1992 It commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state. Russia Day
Rwanda 07-01 !July 1 1962 Independence from Belgium in 1962.
Saint Kitts and Nevis 09-19 !September 19 1983 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1983.
Saint Lucia 02-22 !February 22 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979. Independence Day
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10-27 !October 27 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.
Samoa 01-01 !January 1 1962 Independence from New Zealand in 1962.
São Tomé and Príncipe 07-12 !July 12 1975 Independence from Portugal in 1975.
Senegal 04-04 !April 4 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Serbia 02-15 !February 15 1804 The beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835. Statehood Day
Seychelles 06-29 !June 29 1976 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1976.
Sierra Leone 04-27 !April 27 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1961.
Singapore 08-09 !August 9 1965 Marks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion. National Day (Singapore)
Slovakia 07-17 !July 17 1992 Declaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).
Slovenia 12-26 !December 26 and June 25 1990 Date of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Independence and Unity Day
Solomon Islands 07-07 !July 7 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.
Somalia 07-01 !July 1 1960 Union of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually. Independence Day (Somalia)
Somaliland 05-18 !May 18 1991 Somaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic Independence Day (Somaliland)
South Africa 12-11 !December 11 1931 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid. Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.
South Sudan 07-09 !July 9 2011 Independence from Sudan in 2011.
Sri Lanka 02-04 !February 4 1948 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1948. Independence Day (Sri Lanka)
Sudan 01-01 !January 1 1956 Independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.
Suriname 11-25 !November 25 1975 Independence from the Netherlands in 1975.
Swaziland 09-06 !September 6 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1968.
Sweden 06-06 !June 6 1523 Celebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence. National Day of Sweden
Switzerland 08-01 !August 1 1291 Alliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291. Swiss National Day
Syria 04-17 !April 17 1946 End of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946. Evacuation Day
Tajikistan 09-09 !September 9 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day (Tajikistan)
Tanzania 12-09 !December 9 1961 Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.
Togo 04-27 !April 27 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Tibet 02-13 !February 13 1913 Independence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China. Tibetan Independence Day
Tonga 06-04 !June 4 1970 Termination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.
Trinidad and Tobago 08-31 !August 31 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Tunisia 03-20 !March 20 1956 Independence from France in 1956.
Turkey 10-29 !October 29 1923 Foundation of the Republic of Turkey. Republic Day (Turkey)
Turkmenistan 10-27 !October 27 1991 Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[11] Independence Day (Turkmenistan)
Tuvalu 10-01 !October 1 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.
Uganda 10-09 !October 9 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Ukraine 08-24 !August 24 1991 Declaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day of Ukraine
01-22 !January 22 1919 Unification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[12] Day of Unity of Ukraine
United Arab Emirates 12-02 !December 2 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1971. National Day
United States 07-04 !July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776. Independence Day (United States) or Fourth of July
Uruguay 08-25 !August 25 1825 Declaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. Declaratoria de la Independencia
Uzbekistan 09-01 !September 1 1991 Independence from Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day (Uzbekistan)
Vanuatu 07-30 !July 30 1980 Independence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.
Venezuela 07-05 !July 5 1811 Declaration of independence from Spain in 1811.
Vietnam 09-02 !September 2 1945 Proclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945. Independence Day (Vietnam)
Western Sahara 02-27 !February 27 1976 Declaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.
Yemen 11-30 !November 30 1967 South Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.
Zambia 10-24 !October 24 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964.
Zimbabwe 04-18 !April 18 1980 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1980.
See also[edit]
Decolonization
Liberation Day
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ "detikNews - Berita hari ini di Indonesia dan Internasional".
Jump up ^ Xiaoyuan Liu – Reins of Liberation, p.6
Jump up ^ Stephen Kotkin, Bruce A. Elleman – Mongolia in the twentieth century: landlocked cosmopolitan, p.74
Jump up ^ David Sneath – The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia, p.36
Jump up ^ Duke University. School of Law – Unification of law, 1965, Volume 30, p.282
Jump up ^ "Paraguay Independence Day".
Jump up ^ Diosdado Macapagal, Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day, Philippine History Group of Los Angeles, archived from the original on May 12, 2009, retrieved November 11, 2009
Jump up ^ "Republic Act No. 4166". August 4, 1964. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal signed a proclamation which declared Tuesday, June 12, 1962 as a special public holiday in commemoration of the declaration of independence from Spain on that date in 1898. That proclamation did not move the date of the Independence Day holiday in the Philippines.[7] The date of the holiday was moved in 1964, with the signing of Republic Act No. 4166.[8]
Jump up ^ The country's original independence (from the Kingdom of León) occurred in June 24, 1128 (Battle of São Mamede) and was recognized on October 5, 1143. That day is a holiday in Portugal, but for a different reason. (Implantation of the Republic, or Republic Day. Event of 1910.) Note that none of these events are similar to today's declarations or recognition of independence as these are in fact the recognition of the rule of a king to the land. Portugal existed as a separate entity before 1143 and during the union with Spain between 1580 and 1640.
Jump up ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-691-11775-6. On October 27, 1991, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union.
Jump up ^ "Holidays". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 2006-04-20. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
General
"National holiday of member states". United Nations. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_independence_days&oldid=837407649"
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value: فهرست روز استقلال ملی کشورهای دنیا – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

value: 독립기념일 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: स्वतंत्रता दिवस – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: Daftar hari kemerdekaan nasional – Indonesian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: ימי עצמאות – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
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value: დამოუკიდებლობის დღე – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value: Тәуелсіздік күні – Kazakh

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value: روز خودصلادار – Northern Luri

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
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value: Senarai hari kemerdekaan kebangsaan – Malay

value: အမျိုးသား လွတ်လပ်ရေးနေ့များ စာရင်း – Burmese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
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value: स्वतन्त्रता दिवस – Nepali

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
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value: Lista zilelor de independență națională – Romanian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: День независимости – Russian

value: ජාතික නිදහස් දින ලැයිස්තුව – Sinhala

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
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value: جەژنی سەربەخۆیی – Central Kurdish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
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value: Дан независности – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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value: Tala ng mga ayon sa Araw ng Kalayaan – Tagalog

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
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value: உலக நாடுகளின் விடுதலை நாட்கள் – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
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value: วันเอกราช – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value: Рӯзи истиқлол – Tajik

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
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value: Список країн за датою Дня Незалежності – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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value: فہرست قومی یوم آزادی – Urdu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
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value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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suggestions
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