text:
List of lakes by depth
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This page lists the world's deepest lakes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lakes ranked by maximum depth
2 Lakes ranked by mean depth
3 Greatest maximum depth by continent
4 Greatest mean depth by continent
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Sources
8 External links
Lakes ranked by maximum depth[edit]
This list contains all lakes whose maximum depth is reliably known to exceed 400 metres (1,300 ft)
Geologically, the Caspian Sea, like the Black and Mediterranean seas, is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean. The deepest area is oceanic rather than continental crust. However, it is generally regarded by geographers as a large endorheic salt lake.
Continent color key
Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Antarctica
Name
Country
Region
Depth
(meters)
Depth
(feet)
1. Baikal[1] Russia Siberia 7003164200000000000♠1,642 7003538700000000000♠5,387
2. Tanganyika Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Zambia Central Africa 7003147000000000000♠1,470 7003482300000000000♠4,823
3. (Caspian Sea[2]) Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan 7003102500000000000♠1,025 7003336300000000000♠3,363
4. Vostok[3] Antarctica 7003100000000000000♠~1,000 7003330000000000000♠~3,300
5. O'Higgins-San Martín[4] Chile, Argentina Aysén (Chile), Santa Cruz (Argentina) 7002836000000000000♠836 7003274200000000000♠2,742
6. Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania 7002706000000000000♠706 7003231600000000000♠2,316
7. Issyk Kul Kyrgyzstan 7002668000000000000♠668 7003219200000000000♠2,192
8. Great Slave Canada Northwest Territories 7002614000000000000♠614 7003201500000000000♠2,015
9. Crater[5] United States Oregon 7002594000000000000♠594 7003194900000000000♠1,949
10. Matano Indonesia Sulawesi 7002590000000000000♠590 7003193600000000000♠1,936
11. General Carrera-Buenos Aires[6] Chile, Argentina 7002586000000000000♠586 7003192300000000000♠1,923
12. Hornindalsvatnet Norway Sogn og Fjordane 7002514000000000000♠514 7003168600000000000♠1,686
13. Quesnel Canada British Columbia 7002506000000000000♠506 7003166000000000000♠1,660
14. Toba Indonesia Sumatra 7002505000000000000♠505 7003165700000000000♠1,657
15. Sarez Tajikistan 7002505000000000000♠505 7003165700000000000♠1,657
16. Tahoe United States California, Nevada 7002501000000000000♠501 7003164500000000000♠1,645
17. Argentino Argentina Santa Cruz (Patagonia) 7002500000000000000♠500 7003164000000000000♠1,640
18. Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda 7002480000000000000♠480 7003157500000000000♠1,575
19. Grand Canada Newfoundland 7002475000000000000♠475 7003155800000000000♠1,558
20. Mjøsa Norway Hedmark, Oppland and Akershus counties 7002468000000000000♠468 7003153500000000000♠1,535
21. Salsvatnet Norway Nord-Trøndelag county 7002464000000000000♠464 7003152300000000000♠1,523
22. Nahuel Huapi Argentina Rio Negro, Patagonia 7002464000000000000♠464 7003152300000000000♠1,523
23. Hauroko New Zealand Southland (South Island) 7002462000000000000♠462 7003151600000000000♠1,516
24. Cochrane / Pueyrredón[6] Chile, Argentina Aysén (Chile), Santa Cruz (Argentina) 7002460000000000000♠460 7003150900000000000♠1,509
25. Lake Tinn Norway Telemark county 7002460000000000000♠460 7003150900000000000♠1,509
26. Adams Canada British Columbia 7002457000000000000♠457 7003149900000000000♠1,499
27. Chelan United States Washington (state) 7002453000000000000♠453 7003148600000000000♠1,486
28. Van[7] Turkey 7002451000000000000♠451 7003148000000000000♠1,480
29. Poso Indonesia Sulawesi 7002450000000000000♠450 7003147600000000000♠1,476
30. Fagnano Argentina, Chile Tierra del Fuego 7002449000000000000♠449 7003147300000000000♠1,473
31. Great Bear Canada Northwest Territories 7002446000000000000♠446 7003146300000000000♠1,463
32. Manapouri New Zealand Southland (South Island) 7002444000000000000♠444 7003145700000000000♠1,457
33. Te Anau New Zealand Southland (South Island) 7002425000000000000♠425 7003139000000000000♠1,390
34. Tazawa Japan Akita Prefecture 7002423000000000000♠423 7003138700000000000♠1,387
35. Wakatipu New Zealand South Island 7002420000000000000♠420 7003137800000000000♠1,378
36. Como Italy Lombardy 7002410000000000000♠410 7003134500000000000♠1,345
37. Superior Canada, United States Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin 7002406000000000000♠406 7003133200000000000♠1,332
Lakes ranked by mean depth[edit]
Mean depth can be a more useful indicator than maximum depth for many ecological purposes. Unfortunately, accurate mean depth figures are only available for well-studied lakes, as they must be calculated by dividing the lake's volume by its surface area. A reliable volume figure requires a bathymetric survey. Therefore, mean depth figures are not available for many deep lakes in remote locations.
The Caspian Sea ranks much further down the list on mean depth, as it has a large continental shelf (significantly larger than the oceanic basin that contains its greatest depths).
Continent colour key
Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Antarctica
Name
Country
Region
Depth
(meters)
Depth
(feet)
1. Baikal[1] Russia Siberia 7002744400000000000♠744.4 7003244200000000000♠2,442
2. Tanganyika Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Zambia Africa 7002570000000000000♠570 7003187000000000000♠1,870
3. Crater[5] United States Oregon 7002350000000000000♠350 7003114800000000000♠1,148
4. Vostok[3] Antarctica 7002344000000000000♠344 7003112900000000000♠1,129
5. Tahoe United States California, Nevada 7002301000000000000♠301 7002989000000000000♠989
6. Adams Canada British Columbia 7002299000000000000♠299 7002981000000000000♠981
7. Malawi Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi 7002292000000000000♠292 7002958000000000000♠958
8. Tazawa Japan 7002280000000000000♠280.0 7002918600000000000♠918.6
9. Issyk Kul Kyrgyzstan 7002278390000099999♠278.4 7002913400000000000♠913.4
10. Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda 7002240000000000000♠240 7002787000000000000♠787
11. Matano[8] Indonesia Sulawesi 7002240000000000000♠240 7002787000000000000♠787
12. Hornindalsvatnet[8] Norway Sogn og Fjordane 7002237000000000000♠237 7002778000000000000♠778
13. Toba[8] Indonesia Sumatra 7002216000000000000♠216 7002707000000000000♠707
14. Karakul Tajikistan 7002210000000000000♠210 7002689000000000000♠689
15. Sarez Tajikistan 7002202000000000000♠202 7002662000000000000♠662
16. Lake Tinn[8] Norway Telemark 7002190000000000000♠190 7002623000000000000♠623
17. (Caspian Sea[2]) Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan 7002184000000000000♠184 7002604000000000000♠604
18= Lake Teletskoye Russia 7002174000000000000♠174 7002571000000000000♠571
18= Ranau Indonesia Sumatra 7002174000000000000♠174 7002571000000000000♠571
20. Slocan Canada British Columbia 7002171000000000000♠171 7002561000000000000♠561
21. Como[9] Italy Lombardia 7002161000000000000♠161 7002528000000000000♠528
22. Azure Canada British Columbia 7002157190000000000♠157.2 7002515700000000000♠515.7
23. Quesnel Canada British Columbia 7002157000000000000♠157 7002515000000000000♠515
24= Ohrid Macedonia and Albania 7002155000000000000♠155 7002508000000000000♠508
24= Mjøsa Norway Hedmark, Oppland and Akershus 7002155000000000000♠155 7002508000000000000♠508
26. Salsvatnet[8] Norway Nord-Trøndelag 7002154000000000000♠154 7002505000000000000♠505
27. Geneva[8] Switzerland, France 7002153000000000000♠153 7002502000000000000♠502
28. Singkarak Indonesia West Sumatra 7002149000000000000♠149 7002489000000000000♠489
29. Lake Superior United States, Canada Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin 7002147000000000000♠147 7002483000000000000♠483
30. Loch Ness[8] United Kingdom Scotland 7002133000000000000♠133 7002436000000000000♠436
31. Great Central Canada British Columbia 7002124000000000000♠124 7002407000000000000♠407
32. Garibaldi Canada British Columbia 7002119000000000000♠119 7002390000000000000♠390
33. Dead Sea Jordan, Palestine, Israel 7002118000000000000♠118 7002387000000000000♠387
34. Titicaca Peru, Bolivia 7002107000000000000♠107 7002351000000000000♠351
35. Gander Canada Newfoundland 7002105400000000000♠105.4 7002346000000000000♠346
36. Kauhakō Crater[10][11] United States Hawaii 7002105000000000000♠105 7002344000000000000♠344
Greatest maximum depth by continent[edit]
Africa — 1: Tanganyika, 2: Malawi, 3: Kivu
Antarctica — 1: Vostok[3]
Asia — 1: Baikal, (2: Caspian Sea), 3: Issyk Kul, (3: Matano)
Europe — 1: Hornindalsvatnet, 2: Mjøsa, 3: Salsvatnet
North America — 1: Great Slave Lake, 2: Crater, 3: Quesnel
Central America — 1: Atitlán, 2: Chicabal
Oceania — 1: Hauroko, 2: Manapouri, 3: Te Anau
Australia — 1: St Clair
South America — 1: O'Higgins/San Martín, 2: General Carrera, 3: Argentino
Greatest mean depth by continent[edit]
Africa — 1: Tanganyika, 2: Malawi, 3: Kivu
Antarctica — 1: Vostok[3]
Asia — 1: Baikal, 2: Issyk Kul, 3: Karakul
North America — 1: Crater, 2: Tahoe, 3: Quesnel
Oceania — 1: Kauhakō Crater
See also[edit]
List of lakes by area
List of lakes by volume
List of largest lakes of Europe
Notes[edit]
Note: Lake depths often vary depending on sources. The depths used here are the most reliable figures available in recent sources. See the articles on individual lakes for more details and data sources.
^ Jump up to: a b Lake Baikal is also the largest freshwater lake by volume.
^ Jump up to: a b The Caspian Sea is generally regarded by geographers, biologists and limnologists as a huge inland salt lake. However, the Caspian's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea. Geologically, the Caspian, Black, and Mediterranean seas are small oceans, remnants of the ancient Tethys. Politically, the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lake Vostok in Antarctica is a subglacial lake with a depth ranging from 400 to more than 900 meters.
Jump up ^ *CECS, Depth sounding of Lake O'Higgins/San Martín[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Crater Lake in Oregon has a maximum depth of 594m, based on its USGS benchmark surface elevation of 1883m. The US National Park Service publishes different values (1881m for surface elevation, and 592m for the maximum depth). The technical basis of the values determined by the USGS is documented in Bacon, C. R.; Gardner, J. V.; Mayer, L. A.; Buktenica, M. W.; Dartnell, P.; Ramsey, D. W.; Robinson, J. E. (2002). "Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon". GSA Bulletin. 114 (6): 675–692. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0675:MVAMWI>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. OCLC 4642976847, 196656627. Retrieved 2013-07-08. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b Murdie, Ruth E.; Pugh, David T.; Styles, Peter; Muñoz, Miguel (1999), "Heatflow, Temperature and Bathymetry of Lago General Carrera and Lago Cochrane, Southern Chile" (PDF), Extended Extracts of the Fourth International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics, Gottingen, Germany 04-06/10/1999, Paris: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, pp. 539–542
Jump up ^ Degens, E.T.; Wong, H.K.; Kempe, S.; Kurtman, F. (June 1984), "A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey", International Journal of Earth Sciences, Springer, 73 (2): 701–734, doi:10.1007/BF01824978
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Walter K. Dodds; Matt R. Whiles (23 September 2010). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology. Academic Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-12-374724-2. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Buzzi, Documento dell'Istituto italiano di idrobiologia
Jump up ^ Maciolek, J. A. (April 30, 1982), Lakes and Lake-like Waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago (PDF), Occasional Papers of Berenice P. Bishop Museum, 25 (1)
Jump up ^ Terrestrial analogs to lunar sinuous rilles - Kauhako Crater and channel, Kalaupapa, Molokai, and other Hawaiian lava conduit systems
Sources[edit]
Worldlakes.org, Deepest lakes
External links[edit]
Environmentalgraffiti.com - 10 deepest lakes with pictures
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Columbian Exchange
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New World native plants. Clockwise, from top left: 1. Maize (Zea mays) 2. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 3. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 4. Vanilla (Vanilla) 5. Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) 6. Cacao (Theobroma cacao) 7. Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica)
Old World native plants. Clockwise, from top left: 1. Citrus (Rutaceae); 2. Apple (Malus domestica); 3. Banana (Musa); 4. Mango (Mangifera); 5. Onion (Allium); 6. Coffee (Coffea); 7. Wheat (Triticum spp.); 8. Rice (Oryza sativa)
The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1] Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. However, the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents. Furthermore, a byproduct of the Columbian Exchange was the Atlantic slave trade, where as many as 12.5 million enslaved African people were forcibly transferred as a labor source to other regions.[2]
The new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in population in both hemispheres, although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Traders returned to Europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century.
The term was first used in 1972 by American historian Alfred W. Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange.[3] It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists and has become widely known.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the term
2 Influence
2.1 Crops
2.1.1 Tomatoes
2.2 Livestock
2.3 Disease
2.4 Columbian Exchange and the trans-Atlantic slave trade
2.4.1 Context and relevant history
2.4.2 The beginning of the trans-Atlantic slave trade
2.5 Cultural exchanges
3 Organism examples
4 Later history
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Origin of the term[edit]
In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby, an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin, published The Columbian Exchange.[3] This book covers the environmental impact of Columbus' landing in the new world.[4]
The term has become popular among historians and journalists, such as Charles C. Mann, whose book 1493 expands and updates Crosby's original research.[5]
Influence[edit]
Inca-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples such as quinoa and potatoes, alongside wheat, a European introduction.
Crops[edit]
Portuguese trading animals in Japan; detail of Nanban panel (1570–1616)
Before 1500, potatoes were not grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that the proximate cause of the Great Famine was a potato disease.[6] Potatoes eventually became an important staple of the diet in much of Europe. Many European rulers, including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia, encouraged the cultivation of the potato.[7]
Maize and cassava, introduced to the Portuguese from South America in the 16th century,[8] have replaced sorghum and millet as Africa's most important food crops.[9] 16th-century Spanish colonizers introduced new staple crops to Asia from the Americas, including maize and sweet potatoes, and thereby contributed to population growth in Asia.[10]
Tomatoes, which came to Europe from the New World via Spain, were initially prized in Italy mainly for their ornamental value (see below). From the 19th century tomato sauces became typical of Neapolitan cuisine and, ultimately, Italian cuisine in general.[11] Coffee (introduced in the Americas circa 1720) from Africa and the Middle East and sugarcane (introduced from South Asia) from the Spanish West Indies became the main export commodity crops of extensive Latin American plantations. Introduced to India by the Portuguese, chili and potatoes from South America have become an integral part of Indian cuisine.[12]
Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no potatoes in Ireland, no coffee in Colombia, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no chili peppers in Thailand, no tomatoes in Italy, and no chocolate in Switzerland.
Tomatoes[edit]
It took three centuries after their introduction in Europe for tomatoes to become widely accepted. Of all the New World plants introduced to Italy, only the potato took as long as the tomato to gain acceptance. In large part this was due to 16th-century physicians believing that this native Mexican fruit was poisonous and the generator of "melancholic humours." In 1544, Pietro Andrea Mattioli, a Tuscan physician and botanist, suggested that tomatoes might be edible, but no record exists of anyone consuming them at this time. On October 31, 1548 the tomato was given its first name anywhere in Europe when a house steward of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence, wrote to the De' Medici's private secretary that the basket of pomi d'oro "had arrived safely." At this time, the label pomi d'oro was also used to refer to figs, melons, and citrus fruits in treatises by scientists.[13]
In the early years, tomatoes were mainly grown as ornamentals in Italy. For example, the Florentine aristocrat Giovan Vettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought only for their beauty" and were grown only in gardens or flower beds. Tomatoes were grown in elite town and country gardens in the fifty years or so following their arrival in Europe and were only occasionally depicted in works of art. However, in 1592 the head gardener at the botanical garden of Aranjuez near Madrid, under the patronage of Philip II of Spain wrote, "it is said [tomatoes] are good for sauces." Besides this account, tomatoes remained exotic plants grown for ornamental purposes, but rarely for culinary use. The combination of pasta with tomato sauce was developed only in the late nineteenth century. Today around 32,000 acres (12,950 ha) of tomatoes are cultivated in Italy, although there are still areas where relatively few tomatoes are grown and consumed.[13]
Livestock[edit]
Further information: Plains Indians § The horse
Initially, at least, the Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route, from Europe to the New World, as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals. Horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, large dogs, cats and bees were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport, food, and other uses.[14] One of the first European exports to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes in the mountains. They shifted to a nomadic lifestyle, as opposed to agriculture, based on hunting bison on horseback and moved down to the Great Plains. The existing Plains tribes expanded their territories with horses, and the animals were considered so valuable that horse herds became a measure of wealth.[15]
Still, the effects of the introduction of European livestock on the environments and peoples of the New World were not always positive. In the Caribbean, the proliferation of European animals had large effects on native fauna and undergrowth and damaged conucos, plots managed by indigenous peoples for subsistence.[16]
Disease[edit]
Further information: Influx of disease in the Caribbean
European exploration of tropical areas was aided by the New World discovery of quinine, the first effective treatment for malaria. Europeans suffered from this disease, but some indigenous populations had developed at least partial resistance to it. In Africa, resistance to malaria has been associated with other genetic changes among sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, which can cause sickle-cell disease.[1]:164
Before regular communication had been established between the two hemispheres, the varieties of domesticated animals and infectious diseases that jumped to humans, such as smallpox, were substantially more numerous in the Old World than in the New due to more extensive long-distance trade networks. Many had migrated west across Eurasia with animals or people, or were brought by traders from Asia, so diseases of two continents were suffered by all occupants. While Europeans and Asians were affected by the Eurasian diseases, their endemic status in those continents over centuries resulted in many people gaining acquired immunity.
By contrast, "Old World" diseases had a devastating effect when introduced to Native American populations via European carriers, as the people in the Americas had no natural immunity to the new diseases. Measles caused many deaths. The smallpox epidemics are believed to have caused the largest death tolls among Native Americans, surpassing any wars[17] and far exceeding the comparative loss of life in Europe due to the Black Death.[1]:164 It is estimated that upwards of 80–95 percent of the Native American population died in these epidemics within the first 100–150 years following 1492. Many regions in the Americas lost 100%.[1]:165 The beginning of demographic collapse on the North American continent has typically been attributed to the spread of a well-documented smallpox epidemic from Hispaniola in December 1518.[16] At that point in time, approximately only 10,000 indigenous people were still alive in Hispaniola.[16]
Similarly, yellow fever is thought to have been brought to the Americas from Africa via the Atlantic slave trade. Because it was endemic in Africa, many people there had acquired immunity. Europeans suffered higher rates of death than did African-descended persons when exposed to yellow fever in Africa and the Americas, where numerous epidemics swept the colonies beginning in the 17th century and continuing into the late 19th century. The disease caused widespread fatalities in the Caribbean during the heyday of slave-based sugar plantation.[16] The replacement of native forests by sugar plantations and factories facilitated its spread in the tropical area by reducing the number of potential natural predators.[16] Yet, the means of the transmission was unknown until 1881, when Carlos Finlay suggested that the disease was transmitted through mosquitoes, now known to be female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti.[16]
The history of syphilis has been well-studied, but the exact origin of the disease is unknown and remains a subject of debate.[18] There are two primary hypotheses: one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s, while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized.[19] These are referred to as the "Columbian" and "pre-Columbian" hypotheses.[19] The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493.[20] The first large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494/1495 in Naples, Italy, among the army of Charles VIII, during their invasion of Naples.[19][21][22][23]
Columbian Exchange and the trans-Atlantic slave trade[edit]
Context and relevant history[edit]
Main article: Atlantic slave trade
Prior to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Columbus directly participated in and championed the slave trade. Upon landing in what is now known and assumed to be San Salvador Island, Columbus encountered the Taíno. In his journal of 1492, Columbus noted that
It appears to me, that the people are ingenious and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them. If it please our Lord, I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses, that they may learn our language.[24]
The idea of enslaving the Tainos had instantly struck Columbus as plausible, even desirable. "They ought to be good servants," he continued, "and of good skill, for I see they repeat very quickly whatever was said to them."[25] As part of his journey,
Columbus had planned to inaugurate a regular slave trade between the Indies and Spain. With gold in short supply, the slave trade gradually took on greater urgency. Portugal and Genoa had their slave trade, why not Spain? Columbus set about establishing a slave trade including both Caribs and Tainos.[26]
However, it was not until the colonized lands emerged as profitable plantation lands that the use of West African people as slaves transformed the globe.
Following Columbus were a series of Spaniards seeking to expand the Spanish empire while at the same time increasing their own power and wealth. Such an example was explorer Hernán Cortés. Cortés was interested in expanding the Spanish-controlled lands and often disobeyed his rulers in the process. However, the Spanish royalty was struggling to accurately define the policy related to the enslavement of the Taínos and other Caribbean people. Mann notes that "obtaining the wealth of the Americas would involve subjugating people who had committed no offense against Spain".[27] Like Cortez, Columbus angered the Spanish royalty through subjugating and enslaving the native people. For example, Columbus sent 550 Taíno to Seville in 1495.[28] The parade of enslaved Taíno in Seville angered Queen Isabella to the point that she ordered the Spanish to send the enslaved people back to the Americas.[citation needed] By 1503, the Spanish solidified their policy through the implementation of the encomienda system. This system was supposed to ensure the safety and freedom of the Taíno and other indigenous populations, while also converting them to Christianity. To achieve these goals, Spaniards were appointed as trustees who oversaw the religious instruction and treatment of the people. However, the trustees did not like working with the Taíno, and the Taíno resisted the efforts of the Spaniards. For the Taíno, this system represented a "legal justification for slavery" and the Spaniards justified the enslavement of the people through arguing that the Taíno were "less human than Europeans".[29]
These earlier forays into the enslavement of people laid the foundation for the future trans-Atlantic slave trade. Like other enslaved people, the Taíno and other enslaved Indians had periods of rebellion. Indigenous peoples in what is now known as New Mexico resisted early Spanish colonization and enslavement, resulting in the Acoma Massacre under Juan de Oñate at Acoma Pueblo. In recounting this event, it was said,
[W]hat had happened was that the Indians, as soon as they saw that the forces were divided, began to attack and kill. So this witness fell back immediately with his soldiers to rejoin the maese de campo, followed by the Indians who had hitherto accompanied this witness. They paused the Spaniards in large groups, and began to hurl countless stones, arrows, and clubs, not only from the ground but from the terraces, both men and women participating in the attack.[30]
When the colonized lands emerged as profitable plantation lands, the Spanish and other colonizers increased the importation of Africans as enslaved laborers, altering global demographics.
The beginning of the trans-Atlantic slave trade[edit]
The trans-Atlantic Slave Trade represents the largest migration in human history. While many Europeans migrated to the Americas, it was enslaved Africans that dominated the North and South American continents. The Columbian Exchange saw the rise of luxury goods which necessitated cheap or free labor to produce the largest potential profit. One of these luxury goods was sugar. In the early history of sugar, Islamic and European-owned plantations paid relatively high wages for this labor-intensive and profitable crop. However, as time progressed the European-sugar plantation owners reconsidered the use of highly paid labor and made the transition to the exploitation of people to meet the growing global sugar demand.[31] In the 1440s, the Portuguese discovered that the Madeira Islands were suited not to the growth of wheat but rather sugarcane. It was in Madeira that the early system of Iberian slavery was transformed. Originally, the enslaved people who worked on the Madeira sugarcane plantations were convicts, Guanches (persons from the Canary Islands), Berbers (individuals from Northwest Africa), and Conversos (Iberian Jewish people). As time passed, these early enslaved people were replaced by enslaved Africans from the West-Central African regions [32]). Eventually, by the 1560s and 1570s sugarcane plantations in Brazil dominated the sugar industry and Madeira switched from sugarcane production to wine.
The use of slave labor was not regulated to only the sugarcane plantations. Rather, slave labor was used in coffee, tobacco and even grains such as rice. In these systems, the enslaved people had little power, however, they did have some influence in agricultural methods. For example, in the rice production there is some evidence that slaves from Africa utilized traditional methods in the production of rice. Furthermore, enslaved Africans were responsible for growing their own food. In these cases, the enslaved people preferred rice that was part of their culture as opposed to the European preference for Carolina rice. However, in a system of power and control the slaves were eventually banned from using their preferred rice [33] Therefore, the system of slavery transmitted not only the people but also their cultures to new regions.
Cultural exchanges[edit]
One of the influences related to the migration of people were cultural exchanges. For example, in the article "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800" Pieter Remmer makes the point that "from 1500 onward, a 'clash of cultures' had begun in the Atlantic".[34] This clash of culture transferred European values to indigenous cultures. For example, the emergence of private property in regions where there were little to no rights to lands, the concepts of monogamy and the nuclear family, the role of women and children in the family system, and the "superiority of free labor".[35] An example of this type of cultural exchange occurred during the 1500s in North America. When these early European colonizers first entered North America, they encountered fence-less lands which indicated to them that this land was unimproved. For these Europeans, they were seeking economic opportunities, therefore, land and resources were important for the success of the mission. When these colonizers entered North America they encountered a fully established culture of people called the Powhatan. The Powhatan farmers in Virginia scattered their farm plots within larger cleared areas. These larger cleared areas were a communal place for naturally growing and useful plants. As the Europeans viewed fences as "hallmarks of civilization" they set about transforming "the land into something more suitable for themselves".[36] In implementing their practices, the Europeans enslaved, murdered, and exploited indigenous populations. Furthermore, in cases of enslaved peoples (and in particular, enslaved Africans) the Europeans simultaneously implemented their value system while at the same time justifying enslaving people through a philosophy which reduced the enslaved people to property. Thus, the slave traders and some of the plantation owners used the concept of family to exploit and control the enslaved people. In other subtle ways, which had a large impact the cultural exchanges involved sharing practices and traditions. An example of this can be found in the Tobacco industry.
Tobacco was one of the luxury goods which was spread as a direct result of the Columbian Exchange. As is discussed in regard to the trans-Atlantic Slave trade, the Tobacco Industry resulted in increased demands for free labor and the spread of Tobacco worldwide. In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco, the Spanish physician Nicolas Monardes (1493–1588) noted that "The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies, has taken the same manner and use of the Tobacco, that the Indians have".[37] As the European colonizers and enslaved Africans traveled the globe and came into contact with indigenous people they took the cultural practices related to tobacco, adopted them, and then spread them to additional regions. As such, there were growing demands for tobacco which were linked to the cultural exchanges and increased contact between people.
Organism examples[edit]
See also: New World crops, Agriculture in Mesoamerica, and Muisca agriculture
Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with close ties to humans
Type of organism
Old World to New World
New World to Old World
Domesticated animals
cat (domestic – wild species already present)
cattle
chicken
donkey
goat (the goats of the Old World, genus Capra, are different from the mountain goat of the New World, genus Oreamnos)
guineafowl
honey bee (European honey bee – other wild and domesticated species already present)
horse
rabbit (domestic)
pig
sheep (domestic)
water buffalo
alpaca
guinea pig
llama
Muscovy duck
turkey
Cultivated plants
almond
apple
apricot
asparagus
banana (including cooking banana)
barley
basil
beetroot
Brassica oleracea-derived vegetables
broccoli
Brussels sprout
cabbage
cauliflower
collard greens
kale
cantaloupe
carrot
celery
chickpea
citrus (orange, lemon, etc.)
coffee
common fig
coriander (also known as cilantro)
cucumber
cumin
eggplant
Elaeis (oil palm)
fennel
flax
garlic
ginger
hemp (including cannabis)
leek
lentil
lettuce
mango
millet
Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
oat
okra
olive
onion
opium
oregano
pea
peach
pear
pistachio
pomegranate
radish
rice
rye
sesame
sorghum
soybean
spinach
sugarcane and sugar beet
turmeric
turnip
watermelon
wheat
yam (sometimes misnamed "sweet potato")
Acca sellowiana (feijoa, pineapple guava, Brazilian guava, guavasteen)
Annona reticulata (custard apple)
agave
allspice
amaranth (as grain)
arrowroot or Maranta arundinacea
avocado
bell pepper
Calathea allouia (leren)
Canna indica (achira)
cashew
cassava (manioc, tapioca, yuca)
chili pepper
cherimoya
cocoa bean
cotton (long-staple species)
cranberry (large cranberry, or bearberry species)
cucurbita (squash)
Eryngium foetidum (culantro, Mexican coriander)
guava (common)
Helianthus (sunflower)
Jerusalem artichoke
Pachyrhizus erosus (jícama)
maize (corn)
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla)
Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear)
papaya
passionfruit
peanut
pecan
Phaseolus vulgaris (beans: pinto, lima, kidney, etc.)
pineapple
pitaya (dragon fruit)
potato
pumpkin
quinoa
soursop
stevia
strawberry (commercial varieties)
sugar-apple
sweet potato
tobacco
tomato
vanilla
yerba mate
yucca
zucchini (courgette)
Infectious diseases
bubonic plague
chickenpox
cholera
diphtheria
influenza
leprosy
malaria
measles
pertussis
scarlet fever
smallpox
typhoid fever
typhus
yaws
yellow fever
Chagas disease
Nonvenereal endemic syphilis
pinta
syphilis (disputed)
Later history[edit]
Further information: Introduced species, Invasive species, and Lists of invasive species
Plants that arrived by land, sea, or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes, and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes. Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance, including such weeds as tumbleweeds (Salsola spp.) and wild oats (Avena fatua). Some plants introduced intentionally, such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion, have since been found to be invasive pests in the new environment.
Fungi have also been transported, such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease, killing American elms in North American forests and cities, where many had been planted as street trees. Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments.[38][39] A beneficial, although probably unintentional, introduction is Saccharomyces eubayanus, the yeast responsible for lager beer now thought to have originated in Patagonia.[40]
In addition to these, many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally. These include such animals as brown rats, earthworms (apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World), and zebra mussels, which arrived on ships.[41] Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds, often negatively impacting or displacing native species. In the New World, populations of feral European cats, pigs, horses and cattle are common, and Burmese pythons are considered problematic. In the Old World, Eastern gray squirrel have been particularly successful in colonising Great Britain and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Germany, the Caucasus and Japan. Fur farm escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations. Canada geese are also common.
See also[edit]
Agriculture and agronomy portal
Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
New Spain portal
Alfred W. Crosby
Domestication
Great American Interchange
Glossary of invasion biology terms
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World
List of food plants native to the Americas
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
Transformation of culture
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. JSTOR 25703506. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163.
Jump up ^ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database (2013). Accessed June 29, 2017. http://www.slavevoyages.org/
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/?no-ist
Jump up ^ Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972
Jump up ^ de Vorsey, Louis (2001). "The Tragedy of the Columbian Exchange". In McIlwraith, Thomas F; Muller, Edward K. North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. Thanks to…Crosby's work, the term 'Columbian exchange' is now widely used…
Jump up ^ "The Impact of the Potato", History Magazine
Jump up ^ Crosby, Alfred (2003). The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 184.
Jump up ^ "Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa" Archived December 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., The Ohio State University
Jump up ^ "Maize Streak Virus-Resistant Transgenic Maize: an African solution to an African Problem", Scitizen, August 7, 2007
Jump up ^ "China's Population: Readings and Maps", Columbia University, East Asian Curriculum Project
Jump up ^ Riley, Gillian, ed. (2007). "Tomato". The Oxford Companion to Italian Food. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–530. ISBN 978-0-19-860617-8.
Jump up ^ Collingham, Lizzie (2006). "Vindaloo: the Portuguese and the chilli pepper". Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–73. ISBN 978-0-19-988381-3.
^ Jump up to: a b A History of the Tomato in Italy Pomodoro!, David Gentilcore (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2010).
Jump up ^ Michael Francis, John, ed. (2006). "Columbian Exchange—Livestock". Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 303–308. ISBN 978-1-85109-421-9.
Jump up ^ This transfer reintroduced horses to the Americas, as the species had died out there prior to the development of the modern horse in Eurasia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Palmié, Stephan (2011). The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226645087.
Jump up ^ "The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs", Guns, Germs and Steel, PBS Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Kent ME, Romanelli F (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Ann Pharmacother. 42 (2): 226–36. PMID 18212261. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086.
^ Jump up to: a b c Farhi, D; Dupin, N (Sep–Oct 2010). "Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies.". Clinics in dermatology. 28 (5): 533–8. PMID 20797514. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011.
Jump up ^ Smith, Tara C. (December 23, 2015). "Thanks Columbus! The true story of how syphilis spread to Europe". Quartz. Retrieved 1 September 2016. The first cases of the disease in the Old World were described in 1493.
Jump up ^ Franzen, C (December 2008). "Syphilis in composers and musicians—Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana.". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 27 (12): 1151–7. PMID 18592279. doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x.
Jump up ^ A New Skeleton and an Old Debate About Syphilis; The Atlantic; Cari Romm; February 18, 2016
Jump up ^ Choi, Charles Q. (December 27, 2011). "Case Closed? Columbus Introduced Syphilis to Europe". Scientific American. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Columbus, Christopher. "Journal of 1492." Fordham University. Accessed June 1, 2017. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/columbus1.asp, par. 28
Jump up ^ Bergreen p. 14
Jump up ^ Bergreen p. 196
Jump up ^ Mann, loc. 5518
Jump up ^ Thomas, Hugh (2005). Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan (2005 Random House Trade pbk. ed.). New York: Random House Trade paperbacks. p. 155. ISBN 0812970551. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Mann, loc. 5553
Jump up ^ Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey (editors and translators). Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of New Mexico, 1595–1628. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1953). Volume 5, pages 428–479
Jump up ^ Mann, Charles. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 2011. loc. 5359)
Jump up ^ Mann, Charles. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 2011. 5407-54239)
Jump up ^ Hawthorne, Walter "Labor Over 'Brown' Rice", in From Africa to Brazil, p. 137-72
Jump up ^ Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 45-46
Jump up ^ Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 46
Jump up ^ Mann, Charles. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 2011. loc. 1094 and 1050
Jump up ^ Monardes, Nicholas. "Of the Tabaco and of his Greate Vertues." Frampton, John trans, Wolf, Michael, ed. Taboacco.org. Accessed June 1, 2017 http://archive.tobacco.org/History/monardes.html
Jump up ^ Simberloff, Daniel (2000). "Introduced Species: The Threat to Biodiversity & What Can Be Done". American Institute of Biological Sciences: Bringing biology to informed decision making.
Jump up ^ Fernández Pérez, Joaquin and Ignacio González Tascón (eds.) (1991). La agricultura viajera. Barcelona, Spain: Lunwerg Editores, S. A.
Jump up ^ Elusive Lager Yeast Found in Patagonia, Discovery News, August 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Hoddle, M. S. "Quagga & Zebra Mussels". Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside . Retrieved June 29, 2010.
External links[edit]
The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds by Alfred W. Crosby (2009)
Worlds Together, Worlds Apart by Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Stephen Kotkin, et al.
Foods that Changed the World by Steven R. King from the Wayback Machine
The Columbian Exchange video, study guide, analysis, and teaching guide
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text:
Seven Seas of Rhye
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Seven Seas of Rhye"
Cover art (Germany)
Single by Queen
from the album Queen and Queen II
B-side
See What a Fool I've Been
Funny How Love Is (UK 3" CD Single)
The Loser in the End (Japan)
Released
23 February 1974
Format
7"
Recorded
1972-73 at Trident Studios
Genre
Hard rock[1]
Length
2:47 (Queen II)
1:15 (Queen - instrumental)
Label
EMI Records (UK), Elektra (US)
Songwriter(s)
Freddie Mercury
Producer(s)
Roy Thomas Baker, Queen
Queen singles chronology
"Liar"
(1974) "Seven Seas of Rhye"
(1974) "Killer Queen" / "Flick of the Wrist"
(1974)
"Liar"
(1974) "Seven Seas of Rhye"
(1974) "Killer Queen" /
"Flick of the Wrist"
(1974)
"Seven Seas of Rhye" is a song by the British rock band Queen. It was primarily written by Freddie Mercury, with Brian May contributing the second middle-eight. The song is officially credited to Mercury only. A rudimentary instrumental version appears as the final track on the group's debut album Queen (1973), with the final version on the follow-up Queen II (1974).[2] The completed version served as the band's third single, the earliest-released song to appear on their Greatest Hits album, with the exception of some versions where their first single, "Keep Yourself Alive", is included.
Initially "Seven Seas of Rhye" was simply an "instrumental musical sketch closing their first album".[3] An expanded rendition, planned for inclusion on the album Queen II, was publicly premiered when Queen was offered a sudden chance to appear on Top of the Pops in February 1974, and was rushed to vinyl two days later on 23 February.[3] It became their first chart entry after gaining airtime on BBC Radio 1,[3] peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart,[4] which in turn persuaded Freddie Mercury to take up Queen as his full-time career.[3]
The song was dropped from the live set in 1976 and was not played in concert again until The Works Tour eight years later.[citation needed]
It was the opening song of the set[5] at the first performance of the Queen + Adam Lambert's tour of Asia in Tel Aviv’s Park HaYarkon in Israel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Style, construction and interpretation
2 Personnel
3 References
4 External links
Style, construction and interpretation[edit]
The song features a distinctive arpeggiated piano introduction. These piano runs are sampled in "It's a Beautiful Day (reprise)", on the album Made in Heaven.[6]
The version on Queen II ends with a cross fade, instruments blending into the band singing "I Do Like To be Beside the Seaside", accompanied by a stylophone played by Roy Thomas Baker, which was a sole exception to their "no synths" statement.[7] Its inclusion here on the final track of Queen II is briefly mirrored via whistling during the first few seconds of "Brighton Rock", which opens their next album, Sheer Heart Attack.
In a 1977 radio interview, Freddie Mercury described the subject of the song as a "figment of his imagination". In the Queen musical We Will Rock You, the Seven Seas of Rhye is a place where the Bohemians are taken after they are brain-drained by Khashoggi.[8]
Personnel[edit]
Queen[9][10]
Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals, piano
Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals
Roger Taylor - drums, gong, percussion
John Deacon - bass guitar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fowles, Paul (2009). A Concise History of Rock Music. Mel Bay Publications, Inc. p. 244. ISBN 978-0786666430. the intricately-woven hard rock single Seven Seas of Rhye from the Queen II album
Jump up ^ Seven Seas of Rhye Allmusic. Retrieved 5 July 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rivadavia, Ed. "Seven Seas of Rhye: Review". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums. London: Guinness World Records Limited
Jump up ^ "Queen + Adam Lambert Set List / Reviews: Hayarkon Park, Tel Aviv, Israel (Updated)". Queen online. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Jump up ^ M. Felsani; M. Primi; M. Saita, Queen. Tutti i testi con traduzione a fronte edited
Jump up ^ Jackson, Laura (2011). Brian May: The definitive biography. Hachette UK. p. 30. ISBN 9781405513722.
Jump up ^ We Will Rock You - Plot & Photo Gallery Ultimate Queen. Retrieved 5 July 2011
Jump up ^ Blake, Mark (12 September 2016). "Freddie Mercury: A Kind of Magic". Omnibus Press. Retrieved 21 December 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Queen - Seven Seas Of Rhye (multitrack)". multitrackmaster.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of version from debut album Queen at Queen official website
Queenpedia - detailed worldwide release information
"Seven Seas of Rhye" Song Review at Allmusic
[hide]
Queen songs
Discography
Queen
"Keep Yourself Alive"
"Liar"
Queen II
"Seven Seas of Rhye"
Sheer Heart Attack
"Killer Queen"/"Flick of the Wrist"
"Now I'm Here"
"Lily of the Valley"
"Stone Cold Crazy"
A Night at the Opera
"Bohemian Rhapsody"
"You're My Best Friend"
"Love of My Life"
A Day at the Races
"Somebody to Love"
"Tie Your Mother Down"
"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)"
"Long Away"
"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy"
News of the World
"We Are the Champions"/"We Will Rock You"
"Spread Your Wings"
"It's Late"
Jazz
"Bicycle Race"/"Fat Bottomed Girls"
"Don't Stop Me Now"
"Jealousy"
"Mustapha"
Live Killers
"Love of My Life" (Live)
"We Will Rock You" (Live)
The Game
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love"
"Save Me"
"Play the Game"
"Another One Bites the Dust"
"Need Your Loving Tonight"
Flash Gordon
"Flash"
Hot Space
"Under Pressure" (with David Bowie)
"Body Language"
"Las Palabras de Amor"
"Calling All Girls"
"Staying Power"
"Back Chat"
The Works
"Radio Ga Ga"
"I Want to Break Free"
"It's a Hard Life"
"Hammer to Fall"
A Kind of Magic
"One Vision"
"A Kind of Magic"
"Princes of the Universe"
"Friends Will Be Friends"
"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
"One Year of Love"
The Miracle
"I Want It All"
"Breakthru"
"The Invisible Man"
"Scandal"
"The Miracle"
Innuendo
"Innuendo"
"I'm Going Slightly Mad"
"Headlong"
"I Can't Live with You"
"The Show Must Go On"
"These Are the Days of Our Lives"
Made in Heaven
"Heaven for Everyone"
"A Winter's Tale"
"I Was Born to Love You"
"Too Much Love Will Kill You"
"Let Me Live"
"You Don't Fool Me"
Queen Rocks
"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)"/"Tie Your Mother Down"
Greatest Hits III
"Under Pressure (Rah Mix)"
Non-album singles
"Thank God It's Christmas"
"Another One Bites the Dust (Small Soldiers Remix)"
"We Will Rock You" (with Five)
"We Are the Champions" (with Robbie Williams)
"Flash (Vanguard Mix)"
"Another One Bites the Dust (The Miami Project Remixes)"
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (with The Muppets)
Other songs
"See What a Fool I've Been"
"Death on Two Legs"
"Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon"
"I'm in Love with My Car"
"'39"
"Sweet Lady"
"Seaside Rendezvous"
"The Prophet's Song"
"Good Company"
"Sheer Heart Attack"
"Is This the World We Created...?"
"Ride the Wild Wind"
"Delilah"
"Made in Heaven"
"Mother Love"
"Let Me in Your Heart Again"
"Love Kills"
"There Must Be More To Life Than This"
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Seas_of_Rhye&oldid=824466047"
Categories:
1973 songs
1974 singles
Queen (band) songs
Songs written by Freddie Mercury
Song recordings produced by Roy Thomas Baker
EMI Records singles
Elektra Records singles
Hollywood Records singles
British hard rock songs
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This page was last edited on 7 February 2018, at 14:48.
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