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International rankings of India
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The following are international rankings of India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Demographics
2 Society
3 Economy
4 Communications
5 Sport
6 Entertainment
7 Politics
8 Military
9 Awards
10 Environment
11 Geography
12 Agriculture, Fisheries and Live Stock
13 Cities
14 Religion
15 See also
16 References
Demographics[edit]
Further information: Demographics of India
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Population 2/ 221 CIA World Factbook[1] Estimated Population(July 2017) 1,281,935,911
Population Density 33 / 246 Economist Intelligence Unit 2017 - 403 people per km2
Fertility rate 103 / 210 Population Reference Bureau 2016 - 2.3
Net migration (rate) 85 / 194 World Bank 2012 - 2.06 per thousand
Net migrants 2 / 194 World Bank 2012 - 2,598,218 emigrated
Health
Life expectancy 125 / 183 World Health Organization 2015 - 68.3 years
Infant Mortality 175 / 223 CIA 2016 est - 40.5 per 1000
Ethnic and cultural diversity 88 / 215 Alesina et al[2] 2003
Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus 2 / 194 World Health Organization 2016 (69.2 of 422 million diagnosed adult diabetics, live in India)
Cigarette consumption 7 / 185 tobaccoatlas.org 2014[3]
Cigarette consumption per capita 159 / 185 tobaccoatlas.org 2014
Alcohol consumption per capita 119 / 191 World Health Organization 2014
Global Hunger Index 100 / 119 International Food Policy Research Institute 2015
Suicide rate 41 / 106 World Health Organization
Health Expenditure per capita (PPP) 140 / 190 World Health Organization 2014 - $267 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)
Height
Average Height - male 90 / 101 averageheight.co 2016 - 1.647m
Average Height - female 45 / 103 averageheight.co 2016 - 1.612m
Education
Literacy rate 168 / 234 UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2015 - 72.1%
Education Index 145 / 191 United Nations 2013
Programme for International Student Assessment 72 to 74 / 74 OECD 2009
Languages
Linguistic diversity index 14 / 232 SIL International 2017
Official languages 2 / 41 22 Official languages
English-speaking population 2 / 133 Census of India 10.35% (125,226,449) English speakers out of 1,210,000,000 eligible population
Society[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Happiness
World Happiness Report 133 / 155 United Nations 2018 report[4]
Happy Planet Index 50 / 140 New Economics Foundation 2016 - Score 29.2[5]
Aggregate metrics
Human Development Index 131 / 188 United Nations 2016 report - score 0.624
Inequality-adjusted HDI 97 / 151 UNDP 2016 report - score 0.454
Social Progress Index 93 / 128 Social Progress Imperative 2017 - score 58.39
Where-to-be-born Index 66 / 80 Economist Intelligence Unit 2013 - score 5.67
Legatum Prosperity Index 104 / 149 Legatum 2016[6]
Global Youth Development Index 134 / 183 Global Youth Development Index 2016
List of countries by homeless population 8 / 52 Business Standard 2011 - 1,770,000 homeless
Urbanization by country 161 / 199 CIA The World Factbook 2015 est
Estimated number of guns per capita by country 107 / 175 Small Arms Survey 2007 - 4.2 guns per 100 residents
Gender
Global Gender Gap Report 108 / 144 World Economic Forum 2017[7]
Gender Inequality Index 125 / 188 UNDP 2015 - value: 0.530 - female Labour force participation rate: 26.8%[8]
State of the World's Mothers report 73 / 77 Save the Children 2010[9][10]
Crime
Intentional homicides 2 / 219 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2015 - 41,623 Intentional homicides
Global Slavery Index 4 / 167 Walk Free Foundation 2016 - 18,354,700 living in modern slavery[11]
Economy[edit]
Further information: Economy of India
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Product
GDP growth rate 12 / 225 CIA The World Factbook[12] 2016 - estimated 6.8% growth rate
Nominal GDP 7 / 181 International Monetary Fund 2017 - 2.45 trillion
GDP (PPP) 3 / 181 International Monetary Fund 2017 - $9.49 trllion
Per capita GDP 122 / 183 International Monetary Fund 2015
tax revenue to GDP ratio 109 / 180 The Heritage Foundation 2015 - 17.7% of GDP
Trade
Imports 10 / 222 CIA The World Factbook 2016 est - $402,400,000,000
Exports 17 / 222 CIA The World Factbook 2016 est - $271.600,000,000 - 13% GDP
Received FDI 21 / 132 CIA The World Factbook 2016 est - $318,500,000,000 est.
Wealth
Number of Billionaires 4 / 71 Forbes 2017
Gold reserve 10 / 18 World Gold Council 2017 June - 557.8 tonnes
Public debt 82 / 189 CIA The World Factbook 2016 est - 52.3% GDP NET / 41.11% GDP Gross
Foreign-Exchange reserves 8 / 193 2017 Sept
Income
Minimum wages 124 / 156 2017 - $743/yr (Bihar)
GNI nominal 9 / 15 World Bank 2016 - value $2,027,964,000,000
GNI PPP 3 / 15 World Bank 2016 - value $8,594,226,000,000 international dollars
GNI (PPP) per capita 124 / 179 World Bank 2015 - $6,030 international dollars
Employment
Unemployment rate 103 / 217 CIA The World Factbook[13] 2016 - 8% unemployment
Employment rate 42 / 47 OECD 2012 - 53.3% of 15-64 year olds in employment
Business environment
Globalization Index 107 / 184 ETHZ KOF Index of Globalization [1] 2017
World Competitiveness Yearbook scoreboard 45 / 63 IMD International [2] 2017
Global Resilience Index 60 / 130 FM Global 2017[14] [3]
Index of Economic Freedom 123 / 178 The Wall Street Journal [4] 2016
Quality-of-life index 43 / 56 Economist Intelligence Unit [5] 2017
Ease of doing business index 100 / 190 World Bank Group 2017
Global Competitiveness Index 40 / 137 World Economic Forum [6] 2017-2018
Index of Economic Freedom 128 / 178 The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal 2016
Economic Freedom of the World 95 / 157 Fraser Institute 2015 - score 6.63
Financial Development Index 51 / 183 IMF 2016
Technology
IT industry competitiveness index 18 / 66 BSA Global Index [7] 2016
ICT Development Index 134 / 176 International Telecommunication Union 2017[15]
Global Innovation Index 60 / 130 Global Innovation Index 2017
Space Competitiveness Index 6 / 15 Futron Corporation, 2013
Networked Readiness Index 91 / 139 World Economic Forum 2016 - Score 3.8[16]
Transport
Passengers carried in rail transport 2 / 86 International Union of Railways 2016[17][18] - 8.224 billion passengers
Longest Railway platforms 1 / 5 The Times of India
rail transport network size 3 / 149 International Union of Railways 2015 - 68,525 km
Traffic-related deaths 2 / 180 WHO 2013 - 238,562 deaths
Vehicles per capita 84 / 163 2015 - 0.167 per capita, 55,725,543 total
Industry
Electricity production 3 / 209 BP 2016 - 1,400,800
Steel production 3 / 38 World Steel Association 2016 - 95.6 million metric tons
Communications[edit]
Following rankings involving technological advances in communication are taken from the CIA World Factbook.[19]
List
World rank
Source
Demographics (est.)
Telephone Lines in Use 12 / 218 CIA The World Factbook 2014 - 27 million est. (2017 Aug - 23.77 million[20])
Mobile Phones in Use 1 / 222 908,358,714 million lines (74.71% density) for 1.2 billion population as of August 2012
Broadband Internet subscriptions 10 / 196 ITU 2014 - 18.23 million (2017 Aug - 18.11 million[20])
Internet hosts 16 / 233 6,738,000 hosts
Number of Internet Users 2 / 16 ITU estimate 2017 - 383,285,000
Internet users (pct of population) 127 / 191 ITU estimate 2015 - 26%
4G LTE penetration 15 / 75 OpenSignal 2017 - 81.56%
Internet connection speeds 89 / 149 Akamai Technologies 2017 Q1 - Average 6.5Mbit/s[21]
Television broadcast stations 4 / 233 2016 - 857 licenced stations
Sport[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Cricket - men's 1 / 10 International Cricket Council 2017 Nov
Cricket - women's 3 / 10 International Cricket Council 2017 Oct
Kabaddi - men's 1/12 IKF 2017
Field Hockey - men's 6 / 91 International Hockey Federation 2017
Field Hockey - women's 10 / 74 International Hockey Federation 2017
Football - men's 97 / 206 FIFA april 2018
Football - women's 56 / 177 FIFA 2017
Rugby Union - men's 77 / 103 World Rugby 2017
Chess - men's 5 / 173 FIDE 2017[22]
Chess - women's 7 / 142 FIDE 2017[22]
Olympic Gold Medals 48= / 151 IOC 2016 - 9 Golds from 33 Games (24 - Summer, 9 - Winter)
Olympic Medals 60= / 151 IOC 2016 - 28 medals from 33 Games (24 - Summer, 9 - Winter)
Paralympic Gold Medals 64= / 122 IOC 2016 - 4 Golds from 11 Games (11 - Summer, 0 - Winter)
Paralympic Medals 71 / 122 IOC 2016 - 12 medals from 11 Games (11 - Summer, 0 - Winter)
Entertainment[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Film productions 1 / 15 UNESCO 2015
Cinema box office 4 / 15 MPAA 2016 - $1.9bn
Cinema admissions 1 / 10 European Audiovisual Observatory 2013 - 9,164,000,000
Politics[edit]
Further information: Economy of India
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Corruption Perceptions Index 81 / 180 Transparency International 2016[23]
Press Freedom Index 136 / 180 Reporters Without Borders 2017[24]
Soft power 24 / 25 Monocle 2016-17[25]
Rule of Law Index 66 / 113 World Justice Project 2016
Democracy Index 42 / 167 Economist Intelligence Unit 2017 - score 7.23 - Flawed democracy
Democracy Ranking 65 / 112 democracyranking.org 2014-2015
Corporate Governance 20 / 38 GMI Ratings 2010
E-Government 107 / 192 UN 2016 - score 0.4638[26]
Military[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Military expenditure 5 / 186 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2016 - $55.9bn or 2.5% of GDP[27]
Military Strength 5 / 20 Credit Suisse 2015
Active troops 2 / 171 International Institute for Strategic Studies 1,395,100 active troops (1.1 active troops per 1000 capita)
Total troops 4 / 171 International Institute for Strategic Studies 4,941,600 total troops (3.9 troops per 1000 capita)
Composite Index of National Capability 3 / 193 National power 2003 - score 0.073444
Overseas Bases 5 / 10 4 overseas bases
Awards[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Academy Award nominations - Foreign Language Film 33 / 125 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 3 nominations, from 50 submissions
Nobel laureates 24= / 76 Nobel Prize 3 Indian Citizens, at the time they were made a Nobel laureate: Mother Teresa (Peace), Amartya Sen (Economics), Kailash Satyarthi (Peace), two British Indian subjects: Rabindranath Tagore (Literature), and C. V. Raman (Physics), along with two Indian born British subjects: Rudyard Kipling (Literature), Ronald Ross (Medicine), have received the honour.
Turing Award 6= / 13 Association for Computing Machinery Indian-American Raj Reddy, became first person of Asian origin to receive the ACM Turing Award, in 1994, for his work in the field of Artificial Intelligence.
Environment[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Carbon dioxide emissions by country 8 / 214 United Nations Statistics Division 2010
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita 145 / 214 United Nations Statistics Division 2009
Climate Change Performance Index 31 / 61 2015
Environmental Performance Index 141 / 180 Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy 2016
Environment Democracy Index 20 / 70 World Resources Institute [28]
Air Quality - average PM 2.5 concentration 84 / 92 WHO[29] 2014 - 60.6 µg/m3[30]
Freshwater withdrawal 1 / 170 CIA World Factbook 2008 - 645.84 km³/year
Irrigated land area 2 / 221 CIA World Factbook 2012 - 667,000 km²
Geography[edit]
width
Total Area 7/233 All Over India 32,87,364 km2
(1,222,559 sq mile) including land and water
Length of coastline 18/196 7,000 km coastline with 2.00 coast/area ratio (m/km sq). According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.
Agriculture, Fisheries and Live Stock[edit]
Main article: Agriculture in India
Field
Rank
Date
Apple Production, output of 2,203,000 tons 5 2013
Bananas Production, output of 29,800,000 metric tons 1 2013
Bean Production, output of 4,870,000 tons 1 2010
Buffalo, milk output of 56,960,000 tons 1 2008
Black Pepper, 19% of world output 2 2008
Cauliflowers and Broccoli Production, output of 5,014,500 tons 2 2008
Cardamom Production, output of 15 thousand metric tons 2 2012
Cashew Apple Production, output of 613,000 metric tons 2 2010
Chicken Population, output of 648,830,000 5 2004
Chickpea Production, output of 5,970,000 tons 1 2008
Coconut Production, output of 10,824,100 3 2010
Coffee Production, output of 300,300,000 kg 6 2011
Cotton Production, output of 27.0 million bales 2 2011
Cow Numbers, 281,700,000 cows 1 2009
Fish Production, output of 6,318,887 tons (capture 3,481,136 & aquaculture 2,837,751) 3 2005
Garlic Production, output of 833,970 tons 2 2010
Ginger Production, output of 380,100 tons 1 2008
Goat Numbers, 125,700,000 goats 2 2008
Goat Milk Production, output of 4,000,000 metric tons 1 2008
Goat Meat Production, output of 480,000 metric tons 2 2008
Jute Production, output of 17,43,000 tons 1 2008
Lemon & Lime Production, output of 2,060,000 tons 1 2007
Lentil Production, 950,000 tons 2 2009
Mango Production, output of 16,340,000 tons 1 2011
Millet Production, output of 8,810,000 tons 1 2009
Milk Production, output of 110,040,000 metric tons (cow milk 50.3 million metric tons) 2 2018
Onion Production, output of 13,372,100 metric tons 2 2010
Orange Production, output of 5,000,000 tons 3 2010
Peanut Production, output of 6.25 metric tons 2 2009
Pineapple Production, output of 1,341,000 tons 7 2010
Potato Production, output of 36,600,000 metric tons 2 2010
Rice Production, output of 120,600,000 metric tons 1 2015-16
Saffron Production, output of 2,300 kg 3 2005
Sheep Stock, output of 65,000,000 3 2008
Silk Production, output of 77,000,000 kg 2 2005
Sorghum Production, output of 7,900,000 metric tons 3 2008
Soybean Production, output of 9.8 metric tons 5 2010
Sugarcane Production, output of 285,029,000 tons 2 2009
Sweet Potato Production, output of 1,100,000 tons 7 2009
Tea Production, output of 991,180 metric tons 2 2010
Tomato Production, output of 11,979,700 tons 3 2010
Wheat Production, output of 80.7 million metric tons 2 2010
Cities[edit]
UN World's Largest Morphological Cities ranking(physically contiguous urban area) ranks
City
Rank
bangalore 1
List of cities with the most high-rise buildings above 35 meters has following Indian cities: Mumbai 12th with 2480 buildings, Chennai 35th with 689 buildings, Kolkata 40th with 594 buildings, Pune 47th with 510 buildings, Bangalore 53rd with 460 buildings.
City
Rank
Buildings
Mumbai 14 1614
Chennai 35 689
Kolkata 40 594
Pune 47 510
List of cities with most skyscrapers above meters ranks Mumbai behind Dubai.
City
Rank
Buildings
Mumbai 1 2
Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC), Loughborough University listed Mumbai, New Delhi & Bangalore as emerging world city[31]
List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration
Religion[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking
Source
Notes
Hindu 1st 2011 Census of India[32] 2011 - 966,257,353 (India: 79.80%, World: )
Muslim 3rd 2011 Census of India 2011 - 172,245,158 (India: 14.23%, World: 9.57%) [33]
Christian 22nd 2011 Census of India 2011 - 27,819,588 (India: 2.30%, World: 1.16%)
Sikh 1st 2011 Census of India 2011 - 20,833,116 (India: 1.72%, World: 90.02%)
Buddhist 9th 2011 Census of India 2011 - 8,442,972 (India: 0.70%, World: 63%)
Jain 1st 2011 Census of India 2011 - 4,451,753 (India: 0.37%, World: 64%)[34]
Zoroastrian 1st 2011 Census of India 2001 - 69,000 (India: 0.006%, World: 50%)
Bahá'í Faith - 2011 Census of India 2011 - 4,572 (India: 0.0%, World: 0.0%)
See also[edit]
List of India-related articles
Lists of countries
Lists by country
List of international rankings
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
Jump up ^ A. Alesina, E. La Ferrara (2005). "Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature: 762–800. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION". The tobacco atlas. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "India ranks 122nd in World Happiness Report, behind its neighbours Pakistan and China". hindustantimes.com. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "About the HPI". happyplanetindex.org. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE LEGATUM PROSPERITY INDEX™". prosperity.com. LEGATUM. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ World Economic Forum 2017 Global Gender Gap Report
Jump up ^ "Gender Inequality Index". undp.org. UN. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Times News Network (2010-05-04). "India among worst places to become a mother: Survey". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ Save the Children 2010 State of the World's Mothers PDF
Jump up ^ "The Global Slavery Index 2016". The Global Slavery Index. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World factbook". CIA - The World factbook. CIA. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. CIA. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "FM GLOBAL RESILIENCE INDEX". FM GLOBAL. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Measuring the Information Society Report 2017" (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 2017. p. 31. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Networked Readiness Index". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Railway Statistics 2016 - synopsis" (PDF). UIC. UIC. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Railway Statistics 2015 - synopsis" (PDF). UIC. UIC. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook - Pakistan". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Highlights of Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st August, 2017" (PDF). TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "India Ranked 89th Globally in Terms of Average Internet Speed: Akamai". NDTV. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Federations Ranking". World Chess Federation. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Transparency International 2016 Corruption Perceptions Index
Jump up ^ World Press Freedom Index 2017, Reporters Without Borders
Jump up ^ Serventi, Cesare. "Soft Power Survey 2016/17". Monocle. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "E-Government Development Index". UN.org. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.in/Breathe-free-India-ranks-24th-in-Environment-Democracy-Index/articleshow/47372898.cms
Jump up ^ "World Health Organization: 2014 Air Pollution Ranking". aqicn.org. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Oliver. "Mapped: The world's most polluted countries". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Globalization and World Cities". GaWC, Loughborough University.
Jump up ^ "Religion Census 2011". census2011.co.in. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ "Countries With The Largest Jain Populations". Worldatlas. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
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Gimme Gimme Gimme (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gimme Gimme Gimme
Part of the Gimme Gimme Gimme title sequence.
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Jonathan Harvey
Developed by
Jonathan Harvey
Kathy Burke
Starring
Kathy Burke
James Dreyfus
Brian Bovell
Beth Goddard
Rosalind Knight
Opening theme
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"
Ending theme
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
3
No. of episodes
19 (+1 Comic Relief sketch) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jon Plowman
Peter Bennett-Jones
Mark Chapman
Producer(s)
Sue Vertue
Matthew Francis
Running time
29 minutes
Production company(s)
Tiger Aspect Productions
Distributor
Endemol UK
Release
Original network
BBC Two (series 1-2)
BBC One (series 3)
Picture format
16:9
Original release
8 January 1999 (1999-01-08) – 14 December 2001 (2001-12-14)
External links
Website
Gimme Gimme Gimme is a BBC television sitcom by Tiger Aspect Productions that was first aired in three series from 1999 to 2001. It was written by Jonathan Harvey, who developed the series with Kathy Burke.
The title from the show stems from both the main characters' continual search for a male partner, and the theme music is a cover of ABBA's "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)". The first two series were originally shown on BBC Two and were deemed successful enough for the third series to be shown on BBC One.
The series is repeated on Gold.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
3 Characters
3.1 Regular
3.2 Recurring
4 Production
5 Episodes
6 Ratings
7 Home media
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Premise[edit]
Gimme Gimme Gimme centres around loudmouthed Londoner Linda La Hughes (played by comedian and director Kathy Burke) and her gay flatmate, actor Tom Farrell (played by James Dreyfus). A modern twist on the traditional "odd couple" format, much of Gimme Gimme Gimme's humour springs from its lubricious innuendo subplot, which comes from the mouths of both Tom and Linda.
Linda is characterised by her red perm, white glasses, and plump, lycra-clad figure. Boorish, unattractive Linda is convinced she is a "stunner"; in series three she is finally diagnosed with reversed body dysmorphic disorder. It is suggested that Linda and Tom first met at a nightclub, bonded instantly (due to both being on ecstasy), and decided to live together. What follows is, as writer Jonathan Harvey describes, "one long comedown". Linda often tells humorous anecdotes about her family and childhood which suggest abuse or neglect (such as how she apparently slept on a doormat as a baby, lived in a kennel as a child, and was left in a car-boot for the two weeks her aunt went on holiday), but she always thinks of these as positive experiences. She also claims that her Daddy now lives in an iron lung, although the only proof she has is a photo of a sideboard. Linda also lived in a convent and a borstal as a teenager. She has crushes on Liam Gallagher (in whom she lost interest after series one as she "couldn't bring up another bird's child"), Robbie Williams, and both male members of Hear'Say. She also imagines having sex with Dale Winton in a toilet cubicle.
Tom is melodramatic yet fails in his desire to get acting roles. He believes himself to be truly gifted in the art of acting, and often blames his failures on his agent or society itself. He did appear in one episode of EastEnders and often brags about it, delaying for as long as he can the fact that he was in one scene, had one line, and did nothing but buy a cagoule from Bianca Jackson's market stall. He also appeared in Daylight Robbery as an extra, standing in a queue in the background. He had one line but it was cut due to timekeeping. He insists that the entire series was ruined due to the axing of his line. Tom has an obsession with appearing to be middle-class even though he hails from a working-class background, possibly because he also hates his parents. It is often suggested that Tom has no friends whatsoever (apart from Linda and his housemates) but unlike Linda he usually tries to pretend he is popular. Tom is in love with the actor Simon Shepherd.
Although they appear to loathe each other, Tom and Linda are beholden to each other due to the simple fact that nobody else can tolerate them. They are in many ways alike: selfish, unsuccessful, and physically and personally unattractive - although Tom less so. The hapless duo live in a Kentish Town flat (69 Paradise Passage, Kentish Town) rented from elderly ex-prostitute Beryl Merit (Rosalind Knight). Other regular characters are the middle-class, horny married couple Jez (Brian Bovell) and Suze (Beth Goddard). Many of the storylines revolve around the fact that Tom and Linda find Jez sexually attractive and (particularly Linda) despise the oblivious Suze. Another recurring character is Sugar Walls (Elaine Lordan), Linda's celebrity sister. Many of the other characters can be just as hapless as Tom and Linda; Beryl still engages in sexual activities such as S&M and picking up young and married men, while Jez and Suze generally lack common sense. For example, they once cancelled their holiday to the Algarve and paid £500 to stay in their own back garden after Linda opened it up as a campsite.
Simon Shepherd, Su Pollard, Charlie Condou, and Rose Keegan have made guest appearances. Su Pollard played a character called Heidi Honeycombe; when she appeared, Linda greeted her with "Heidi! Hi!" (a reference to Pollard's character in the sitcom Hi-de-Hi!).
At the end of series three, Tom finally got his big break in TV soap opera Crossroads. The last episode ended with Tom leaving the flat and Linda taking off her hair (revealing it to be a wig) and sitting in the flat alone.
Cast[edit]
Kathy Burke as Linda La Hughes (19 episodes)
James Dreyfus as Tom Farrell (19 episodes)
Beth Goddard as Suze Littlewood (14 episodes)
Brian Bovell as Jez Littlewood (13 episodes)
Rosalind Knight as Beryl Merit (13 episodes)
Doña Croll as Norma (4 episodes, inc 2 voice appearances)
Simon Shepherd as Himself (3 episodes)
Elaine Lordan as Sugar Walls (2 episodes)
Jonathan Harvey as Man on sofa & Louie (2 episodes)
Characters[edit]
Regular[edit]
Linda La Hughes – Linda is an unattractive middle-aged woman who usually wears skin tight, colourful clothing. Linda grabs any opportunity to bluntly flirt with any man she sees. She is delusional about her appearance; in the Series 3 episode "Trauma," she's finally diagnosed with reversed body dysmorphic disorder. Her age is uncertain as she has announced different ages through the three series e.g. 16, 18, 19, 23 and 28. In the Series 2 episode "Dirty Thirty", her birth certificate reveals that she is 39 – but in the Series 3 episode "Secrets and Flies" she is unexpectedly reunited with her 28-year-old son; she says she was 15 when she gave birth to him, meaning she must be 43. Linda has a large family consisting of a son named Zippy, two cousins, Simon who has a wonky eye, Velma who works in Soho who has an act called "Snatch and Ladders", two aunties, Nitty and Ivy, an uncle called Tyrone and a sister called Sharon La Hughes who changed her name to Sugar Walls. Her Mother, called "Queenie" (and oddly referred to in one episode as "Dolly") died when Linda was a child but there is some uncertainty as to the cause; Linda tells Tom’s mum that she collapsed in a paddling pool in Pinner, but her sister Sugar Walls states that she electrocuted herself on her own Slendertone pads. Her Daddy hides from her, although she thinks he's in an iron lung, but he does send her Christmas Presents. When Linda is asked what her father's name is by her son Zippy, she replies "Daddy".
Thomas Thessalonius "Tom" Farrell – Tom is a 30-year-old wannabe (but bad) actor who has only had small roles on TV and on stage. Tom is openly gay and seizes every possible opportunity to get a boyfriend. Throughout Series 1, he often refers to using drugs once at home when he mistook a sleeping tablet for an E, the other when reading what "middle class" people should do "the middle class person will not go to sleazy night club and get off his tits on ecstasy" He also tends to exaggerate a lot. Series 3 concludes with him moving to Nottingham to join the cast of Crossroads.
Beryl Merit – Beryl is the elderly landlady of 69 Paradise Passage. She is a retired prostitute but stays involved in criminal activities such as shoplifting and bootlegging; in the Series 2 episode "Glad to be Gay?" she's seen to be an escort. Her best friend is Reenie, a fellow former prostitute whom she often mentions and is seen chatting to on the phone, but who never appears.
Jez Littlewood – Jez is Tom and Linda's hunky middle-class neighbour. When Tom and Linda first meet Jez, they think one of them has slept with him, but actually he had just slept on the sofa. Both Tom and Linda constantly lust after him; whilst Tom tends to be subtle about his feelings, Linda boorishly propositions Jez at every opportunity – even in Suze's presence. However, Jez is devoted to his wife.
Suze Littlewood – Suze is Jez's ditzy wife. She can sometimes be nice but on other occasions she can be hyperactive and rather irritating, unintentionally coming off as a burden. Tom and Linda loathe Suze for standing in the way of their pursuit of Jez. Linda, especially, showers her with vicious insults, most of which go way over her head. She and Jez have a voracious – often vociferous – sex life. In the Series 3 episode "Secrets and Flies" (featuring Linda's own long-lost son), she gives birth to their baby boy, Lee-on-Solent "Lee" Littlewood. Suze has also stated that she is a "committed vegetarian", with a liking for spinach pie and quorn placenta.
Recurring[edit]
Norma – Norma is Tom's agent and appears throughout all three of the series.
Sugar Walls – Sugar (Birthname Sharon La Hughes) is Linda's famous sister. She is a model, but is more famous for her promiscuity than her modelling career. She appears once in series 1 and again in series 2.
Simon Shepherd – Simon is Tom's celebrity crush. Simon is famous for starring in Peak Practice. He appears in every series.
Production[edit]
The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience in Studio 2 at The London Studios, South Bank, London
Writer Jonathan Harvey appeared in three episodes; as a guest at the series 1 wedding, once as make-up artist Louis, and then as a customer in a sofa store.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Gimme Gimme Gimme episodes
Gimme Gimme Gimme has broadcast three series and 19 episodes in total. The first series premiered on BBC Two on 8 January 1999 and lasted for six episodes, concluding on 12 February 1999. Following this, a Millennium special was screened at the end of the year on 29 December 1999. A second series commenced on 14 January 2000 and finished on 18 February 2000, again including six episodes. A short sketch included as part of Comic Relief was broadcast on 16 March 2001. Due to the high viewing figures and success the show received, it was moved to BBC One for a six-episode third series which was the last. Each episode was written by Jonathan Harvey and directed by Liddy Oldroyd for the first two series and the special; the third series was directed by Tristram Shapeero.
Ratings[edit]
Series
Episode
Viewers
1 1 6,550,000
2 6,290,000
3 5,950,000
4 6,100,000
5 5,840,000
6 5,350,000
Series
Episode
Viewers
2 Millennium special 3,980,000
1 6,790,000
2 5,420,000
3 5,570,000
4 6,160,000
5 4,720,000
6 7,100,000
Series
Episode
Viewers
3 1 6,790,000
2 underneath 6,150,000
3 underneath 5,830,000
4 underneath 5,960,000
5 underneath 5,920,000
6 underneath 5,550,000
Home media[edit]
Title
Episodes
No. of discs
Release date
VHS / Region 2 DVD
Region 2 DVD (re-release)
Region 4 DVD
The Complete First Series 6 1 1 October 2001 30 April 2007 22 April 2003[1]
The Complete Second Series 7 1 17 November 2003 27 August 2007 3 June 2009[2]
The Complete Third Series 6 1 11 November 2002 27 August 2007 TBA
The Complete Collection 19 3 17 November 2003 20 November 2006 / 2011* TBA
The Complete Collection was re-released again in 2011 in standard DVD case, as the 2006 box set went out of print. The UK DVD releases have both Region 2 and Region 4 encoding on each season and the complete set.
References[edit]
Brown, David (2015) The BBC would never make Gimme Gimme Gimme today, says its writer Jonathan Harvey Radio Times
Harvey, Jonathan (2002). Gimme Gimme Gimme: The Book Boxtree. ISBN 978-0752272689.
Jump up ^ "Gimme Gimme Gimme Series 1 on DVD". dvdorachar.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gimme Gimme Gimme Series 2 on DVD". dvdorachar.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Padva. Gilad (2005). Desired Bodies and Queer Masculinities in Three Popular TV Sitcoms. In Lorek-Jezinska, Edyta and Wieckowska, Katarzyna (Eds.), Corporeal Inscriptions: Representations of the Body in Cultural and Literary Texts and Practices(pp. 127–138). Torun, Poland: Nicholas Copernicus University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gimme Gimme Gimme
Gimme Gimme Gimme at BBC Online
Gimme Gimme Gimme at BBC Programmes
Gimme Gimme Gimme on IMDb
Gimme Gimme Gimme at British Comedy Guide
Gimme Gimme Gimme at TV.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gimme_Gimme_Gimme_(TV_series)&oldid=835714625"
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Microsporidia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about parasitic fungi group. For the ascomycete fungi genus, see Microsporum. For the green algae genus, see Microspora. For the beetle family, see Microsporidae.
Microsporidia
Sporoblast of
Fibrillanosema crangonycis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Microsporidia
Balbiani, 1882[1]
Classes and orders
See text.
Synonyms
Microsporidiida Labbé, 1899
Microsporea Delphy, 1936 [1963], Levine et al., 1980[2][3]
Microsporidea Corliss & Levine, 1963[4]
Microspora Sprague, 1969, 1977[5]
Microsporida Tuzet at al. 1971
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites. They were once considered protozoans or protists, but are now known to be fungi,[6] or a sister group to fungi.[7] Loosely 1500 of the probably more than one million[8] species are named now. Microsporidia are restricted to animal hosts, and all major groups of animals host microsporidia. Most infect insects, but they are also responsible for common diseases of crustaceans and fish. The named species of microsporidia usually infect one host species or a group of closely related taxa. Several species, most of which are opportunistic, also infect humans.
Approximately 10 percent of the species are parasites of vertebrates—including humans, in which they can cause microsporidiosis.
After infection they influence their hosts in various ways and all organs and tissues are invaded, though generally by different species of microsporidia. Some species are lethal, and a few are used in biological control of insect pests. Parasitic castration, gigantism, or change of host sex are all potential effects of microsporidian parasitism (in insects). In the most advanced cases of parasitism the microsporidium rules the host cell completely and controls its metabolism and reproduction, forming a xenoma.[9]
Replication takes place within the host's cells, which are infected by means of unicellular spores. These vary from 1–40 μm, making them some of the smallest eukaryotes.[citation needed] Microsporidia that infect mammals are 1.0–4.0 μm.[10] They also have the smallest eukaryotic genomes.
The terms "microsporidium" (pl. "microsporidia") and "microsporidian" are used as vernacular names for members of the group. The name Microsporidium Balbiani, 1884[11] is also used as a catchall genus for incertae sedis members.[12]
Xenoma on flatfish caused by Glugea stephani
Contents
[hide]
1 Morphology
2 Infection
3 Medical implications
3.1 Clinical
4 As hyperparasites
5 Genomes
6 Classification
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Morphology[edit]
Dictyocoela diporeiae.[13] A, meront and spore; B, spore wall; C, polar filament
Microsporidia lack mitochondria, instead possessing mitosomes. They also lack motile structures, such as flagella.
Microsporidia produce highly resistant spores, capable of surviving outside their host for up to several years. Spore morphology is useful in distinguishing between different species. Spores of most species are oval or pyriform, but rod-shaped or spherical spores are not unusual. A few genera produce spores of unique shape for the genus.
The spore is protected by a wall, consisting of three layers:
an outer electron-dense exospore
a median, wide and seemingly structureless endospore, containing chitin
a thin internal plasma membrane
In most cases there are two closely associated nuclei, forming a diplokaryon, but sometimes there is only one.
The anterior half of the spore contains a harpoon-like apparatus with a long, thread-like polar filament, which is coiled up in the posterior half of the spore. The anterior part of the polar filament is surrounded by a polaroplast, a lamella of membranes. Behind the polar filament, there is a posterior vacuole.[9]
Infection[edit]
In the gut of the host the spore germinates, it builds up osmotic pressure until its rigid wall ruptures at its thinnest point at the apex. The posterior vacuole swells, forcing the polar filament to rapidly eject the infectious content into the cytoplasm of the potential host. Simultaneously the material of the filament is rearranged to form a tube which functions as a hypodermic needle and penetrates the gut epithelium.
Once inside the host cell, a sporoplasm grows, dividing or forming a multinucleate plasmodium, before producing new spores. The life cycle varies considerably. Some have a simple asexual life cycle,[14] while others have a complex life cycle involving multiple hosts and both asexual and sexual reproduction. Different types of spores may be produced at different stages, probably with different functions including autoinfection (transmission within a single host).
Medical implications[edit]
In animals and humans, microsporidia often cause chronic, debilitating diseases rather than lethal infections. Effects on the host include reduced longevity, fertility, weight, and general vigor. Vertical transmission of microsporidia is frequently reported. In the case of insect hosts, vertical transmission often occurs as transovarial transmission, where the microsporidian parasites pass from the ovaries of the female host into eggs and eventually multiply in the infected larvae. Amblyospora salinaria n. sp. which infects the mosquito Culex salinarius Coquillett, and Amblyospora californica which infects the mosquito Culex tarsalis Coquillett, provide typical examples of transovarial transmission of microsporidia.[15][16][17][18]
Microsporidia, specifically the mosquito-infecting Vavraia culicis, are being explored as a possible 'evolution-proof' malaria-control method.[19] Microsporidian infection of Anopheles gambiae (the principal vector of Plasmodium falciparum malaria) reduces malarial infection within the mosquito, and shortens the mosquito lifespan.[20] As the majority of malaria-infected mosquitoes naturally die before the malaria parasite is mature enough to transmit, any increase in mosquito mortality through microsporidian-infection may reduce malaria transmission to humans.
Clinical[edit]
Main article: Microsporidiosis
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2013)
Microsporidian infections of humans sometimes cause a disease called microsporidiosis. At least 14 microsporidian species, spread across eight genera, have been recognized as human pathogens. These include Trachipleistophora hominis.[21]
As hyperparasites[edit]
A hyperparasitic microsporidian, Nosema podocotyloidis, a parasite of a digenean which is itself a parasite of a fish [22]
Microsporidia can infect a variety of hosts, including hosts which are themselves parasites. In that case, the microsporidian species is an hyperparasite, i.e. a parasite of a parasite. As an example, more than eighteen species are known which parasitize digeneans (parasitic flatworms). These digeneans are themselves parasites in various vertebrates and molluscs. Eight of these species belong to the genus Nosema.[22]
Genomes[edit]
Microsporidia have the smallest known (nuclear) eukaryotic genomes. The parasitic lifestyle of microsporidia has led to a loss of many mitochondrial and Golgi genes, and even their ribosomal RNAs are reduced in size compared with those of most eukaryotes. As a consequence, the genomes of microsporidia are much smaller than those of other eukaryotes. Currently known microsporidial genomes are 2.5 to 11.6 Mb in size, encoding from 1,848 to 3,266 proteins which is in the same range as many bacteria.[23]
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) seems to have occurred many times in microsporidia. For instance, the genomes of Encephalitozoon romaleae and Trachipleistophora hominis contain genes that derive from animals and bacteria, and some even from fungi.[23]
Classification[edit]
Further information: Wikispecies:Microsporidia
The first described microsporidian genus, Nosema, was initially put by Nägeli in the fungal group Schizomycetes together with some bacteria and yeasts.[24][25] For some time microsporidia were considered as very primitive eukaryotes, placed in the protozoan group Cnidospora.[4] Later, especially because of the lack of mitochondria, they were placed along with the other Protozoa such as diplomonads, parabasalids and archamoebae in the protozoan-group Archezoa.[26] More recent research has falsified this theory of early origin (for all of these). Yet microsporidia are proposed to be highly developed and specialized organisms, which just dispensed functions that are needed no longer, because they are supplied by the host.[27] Furthermore, spore-forming organisms in general do have a complex system of reproduction, both sexual and asexual, which look far from primitive.
Nowadays microsporidia are placed within the Fungi or as a sister-group of the Fungi with a common ancestor.[28][29][30][31]
Forming of clades is largely based on habitat and host. Three classes of Microsporidia are proposed by Vossbrinck and Debrunner-Vossbrinck, based on the habitat: Aquasporidia, Marinosporidia and Terresporidia.[32]
Another classification could be:[33]
Class Metchnikovellea Weiser 1977 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Manubrispora Cavalier-Smith 1998]
Order Metchnikovellida Vivier 1977
Family Amphiacanthidae
Family Metchnikovellidae Caullery & Mesnil 1897
Class Microsporea Delphy 1936 ex Levine & Corliss 1963
Family Cougourdellidae Poisson 1953
Family Facilisporidae
Family Heterovesiculidae Lange et al. 1995
Family Myosporidae
Family Nadelsporidae
Family Neonosemoidiidae
Family Ordosporidae
Family Pseudonosematidae
Family Telomyxidae Leger & Hesse 1910
Family Toxoglugeidae
Family Tubulinosematidae
Subclass Haplophasea Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Order Chytridiopsida Weiser 1974
Family Chytridiopsidae Sprague, Ormieres & Manier 1972
Family Buxtehudiidae Larsson 1980
Family Enterocytozoonidae
Family Burkeidae Sprague 1977
Family Hesseidae Ormierees & Sprague 1973
Order Glugeida Issi 1986
Family Glugeidae Thelohan 1892 [Pleistophoridae Stempell 1909]
Family Gurleyidae Sprague 1977
Family Encephalitozoonidae
Family Abelsporidae
Family Tuzetiidae Sprague, Tuzet & Maurand 1977
Family Microfilidae
Family Unikaryonidae Sprague 1977
Subclass Dihaplophasea Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Order Meiodihaplophasida Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Superfamily Thelohanioidea Hazard & Oldacre 1975
Family Thelohaniidae Hazard & Oldacre 1975 [Coccosporidae]
Family Duboscqiidae Sprague 1977
Family Janacekiidae
Family Pereziidae Loubes et al. 1977
Family Striatosporidae
Family Cylindrosporidae
Superfamily Burenelloidea Jouvenaz & Hazard 1978
Family Burenellidae Jouvenaz & Hazard 1978
Superfamily Amblyosporoidea Weiser 1977
Family Amblyosporidae Weiser 1977
Order Dissociodihaplophasida Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Superfamily Nosematoidea Labbe
Family Nosematidae Labbe 1899
Family Ichthyosporidiidae
Family Caudosporidae Weiser 1958
Family Pseudopleistophoridae Sprague 1977
Family Mrazekiidae Leger & Hesse 1922
Superfamily Culicosporoidea Weiser 1977
Family Culicosporidae Weisser 1977
Family Culicosporellidae
Family Golbergiidae
Family Spragueidae Weissenberg 1976
Superfamily Ovavesiculoidea Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Family Ovavesiculidae
Family Tetramicridae
A third classification by Cavalier-Smith 1993:[34]
Subphyla Rudimicrospora Cavalier-Smith 1993
Class Minisporea Cavalier-Smith 1993
Order Minisporida Sprague, 1972
Class Metchnikovellea Weiser, 1977
Order Metchnikovellida Vivier, 1975
Subphyla Polaroplasta Cavalier-Smith 1993
Class Pleistophoridea Cavalier-Smith 1993
Order Pleistophorida Stempell 1906
Class Disporea Cavalier-Smith 1993
Subclass Unikaryotia Cavalier-Smith 1993
Subclass Diplokaryotia Cavalier-Smith 1993
See also[edit]
List of Microsporidian genera
Glugea, a genus of microsporidia
Nosema apis, a microsporidian parasite of bees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Balbiani, G. 1882. Sur les microsporidies ou psorospermies des Articulés. C. R. Acad. Sci. 95:1168–71, [1].
Jump up ^ Delphy, J. 1936. Sous-règne des Protozoaires. In: Perrier, R. (ed.). La Faune de la France en tableaux synoptiques illustrés, v. 1A. Delagrave: Paris.
Jump up ^ Levine, N. D. et al. (1980). A Newly Revised Classification of the Protozoa. The Journal of Protozoology 27: 37-58, [2].
^ Jump up to: a b Corliss JO, Levine ND (1963). "Establishment of the Microsporidea as a new class in the protozoan subphylum Cnidospora". The Journal of Protozoology. 10 (Suppl.): 26–27.
Jump up ^ Sprague, V. (1977). Classification and phylogeny of the Microsporidia. In: Comparative pathobiology. vol. 2, Systematics of the Microsporidia. Lee A. Bulla & Thomas C. Cheng (ed.). pp. 1-30. New York: Plenum Press, [3].
Jump up ^ Hibbett, D.S. et al. (2007) A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research 111 (5): 509–47, [4].
Jump up ^ Silar, Philippe (2016). "Protistes Eucaryotes : Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes". HAL: 462. ISBN 978-2-9555841-0-1.
Jump up ^ Hawksworth, David (2001). "The magnitude of fungal diversity: The 1.5 million spices estimate revisited". Mycological Research: 1422.
^ Jump up to: a b Ronny Larsson, Lund University (Department of Cell and Organism Biology) Cytology and taxonomy of the microsporidia 2004.
Jump up ^ Didier, ES. (Apr 2005). "Microsporidiosis: an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals". Acta Trop. 94 (1): 61–76. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.01.010. PMID 15777637.
Jump up ^ Balbiani, G. 1884. Les Psorospermies des Articulés ou Microsporidies, pp. 150-168, 184. In: Leçons sur les sporozoaires. Paris: Doin, [5].
Jump up ^ Hoffman, G. (1999). Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes, 2nd edn, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA, p. 89, [6].
Jump up ^ Winters, A. D., Faisal, M. 2014. Molecular and ultrastructural characterization of Dictyocoela diporeiae n. sp. (Microsporidia), a parasite of Diporeia spp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridea). Parasite, 21, 26 doi:10.1051/parasite/2014028
Jump up ^ Ironside JE (2007). "Multiple losses of sex within a single genus of Microsporidia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 48. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-48. PMC 1853083  . PMID 17394631.
Jump up ^ Andreadis TG, Hall DW; Hall (August 1979). "Development, ultrastructure, and mode of transmission of Amblyospora sp. (Microspora) in the mosquito". The Journal of Protozoology. 26 (3): 444–52. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04651.x. PMID 536933.
Jump up ^ Andreadis TG, Hall DW; Hall (September 1979). "Significance of transovarial infections of Amblyospora sp. (Microspora:Thelohaniidae) in relation to parasite maintenance in the mosquito Culex salinarius". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 34 (2): 152–7. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(79)90095-8. PMID 536610.
Jump up ^ Jahn GC, Hall DW, Zam SG (1986). "A comparison of the life cycles of two Amblyospora (Microspora: Amblyosporidae) in the mosquitoes Culex salinarius and Culex tarsalis Coquillett". Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association. 57 (1): 24–27.
Jump up ^ Becnel JJ, Andreadis TG; Andreadis (May 1998). "Amblyospora salinaria n. sp. (Microsporidia: amblyosporidae), parasite of Culex salinarius (Diptera: culicidae): its life cycle stages in an intermediate host". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 71 (3): 258–62. doi:10.1006/jipa.1998.4729. PMID 9538031.
Jump up ^ Koella, Jacob C.; Lorenz, Lena; Bargielowski, Irka (2009). "Chapter 12 Microsporidians as Evolution-Proof Agents of Malaria Control?". Advances in Parasitology. Advances in Parasitology. 68: 315–327. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00612-X. ISBN 978-0-12-374787-7. PMID 19289199. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
Jump up ^ Bargielowski I, Koella JC; Koella (2009). Baylis, Matthew, ed. "A Possible Mechanism for the Suppression of Plasmodium berghei Development in the Mosquito Anopheles gambiae by the Microsporidian Vavraia culicis". PLoS ONE. 4 (3): e4676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004676. PMC 2651578  . PMID 19277119.
Jump up ^ Heinz, E; Williams, TA; Nakjang, S; Noël, CJ; Swan, DC; Goldberg, AV; Harris, SR; Weinmaier, T; Markert, S; et al. (Oct 2012). "The genome of the obligate intracellular parasite Trachipleistophora hominis: New insights into microsporidian genome dynamics and reductive evolution". PLoS Pathog. 8 (10): e1002979. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002979. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Toguebaye, B. S.; Quilichini, Y.; Diagne, P. M.; Marchand, B. (2014). "Ultrastructure and development of Nosema podocotyloidis n. sp. (Microsporidia), a hyperparasite of Podocotyloides magnatestis (Trematoda), a parasite of Parapristipoma octolineatum (Teleostei)". Parasite. 21: 44. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014044. PMC 4150386  . PMID 25174849.
^ Jump up to: a b Corradi, N.; Selman, M. (2013). "Latest Progress in Microsporidian Genome Research". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 60 (3): 309–312. doi:10.1111/jeu.12030. PMID 23445243.
Jump up ^ Nägeli, C. von (1857). Über die neue Krankheit der Seidenraupe und verwandte Organismen. pp. 760–61. In: Caspary, R. (ed.). Bericht über die Verhandlungen der 33. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte, gehalten in Bonn von 18 bis 24 September 1857. Botanische Zeitung 15: 749–776, [7].
Jump up ^ Keeling, P. J., & Fast, N. M. (2002). Microsporidia: biology and evolution of highly reduced intracellular parasites. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 56(1), 93-116, [8].
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57 (4): 953–994, [9].
Jump up ^ Keeling PJ, Slamovits CH; Slamovits (December 2004). "Simplicity and Complexity of Microsporidian Genomes". Eukaryotic Cell. 3 (6): 1363–9. doi:10.1128/EC.3.6.1363-1369.2004. PMC 539024  . PMID 15590811.
Jump up ^ Fischer WM, Palmer JD; Palmer (September 2005). "Evidence from small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences for a fungal origin of Microsporidia". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (3): 606–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.031. PMID 15923129.
Jump up ^ Liu YJ, Hodson MC, Hall BD; Hodson; Hall (2006). "Loss of the flagellum happened only once in the fungal lineage: phylogenetic structure of Kingdom Fungi inferred from RNA polymerase II subunit genes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 74. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-74. PMC 1599754  . PMID 17010206. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Gill EE, Fast NM; Fast (June 2006). "Assessing the microsporidia-fungi relationship: Combined phylogenetic analysis of eight genes". Gene. 375: 103–9. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2006.02.023. PMID 16626896.
Jump up ^ Lee SC, Corradi N, Byrnes EJ, et al. (November 2008). "Microsporidia evolved from ancestral sexual fungi". Current Biology. 18 (21): 1675–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.030. PMC 2654606  . PMID 18976912.
Jump up ^ Vossbrinck CR, Debrunner-Vossbrinck BA; Debrunner-Vossbrinck (May 2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Microsporidia: ecological, ultrastructural and taxonomic considerations". Folia Parasitologica. 52 (1–2): 131–42; discussion 130. doi:10.14411/fp.2005.017. PMID 16004372.
Jump up ^ Alimov, A. F. ed. (May 2007). "Protista 2: Handbook on zoology". Nauka: 1141. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith (1993). "Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla" (PDF).
External links[edit]
Data related to Microsporidia at Wikispecies
BioHealthBase Bioinformatics Resource Center Database of microspordia sequences and related information.
Microsporidia at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsporidia.
[show]
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Fungal phyla are underlined. See also: fungi imperfecti (polyphyletic group).
[show]
v
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Sources and alternative views: Wikispecies.
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q132652
EoL: 5006395
EPPO: 1MICRP
Fungorum: 99056
MycoBank: 99056
NCBI: 6029
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