text:
Great Is Thy Faithfulness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Great Is Thy Faithfulness is a popular Christian hymn written by Thomas Chisholm (1866–1960) with music composed by William M. Runyan (1870–1957) in Baldwin, Kansas, U.S..
The phrase "great is thy faithfulness" comes from the Old Testament Book of Lamentations 3:23. These exact words occur in both the King James Bible and the Revised Standard Version.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Covers
2.1 Jordan Smith
2.2 Charts
3 Lyrics
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Thomas O. Chisholm wrote the poem in 1923 about God's faithfulness over his lifetime. Chisholm sent the song to William Runyan in Kansas, who was affiliated with both the Moody Bible Institute and Hope Publishing Company. Runyan set the poem to music, and it was published that same year by Hope Publishing Company and became popular among church groups.[1] The Biblical lyrics reference Lamentations 3:22-23.[2] The song was exposed to wide audiences after becoming popular with Dr. William Henry Houghton of the Moody Bible Institute and Billy Graham, who used the song frequently on his international crusades.[3] Since the middle 20th century, this hymn has been the university hymn of Cairn University which was formerly Philadelphia Biblical University and prior to that Philadelphia College of Bible, founded in 1913.
Covers[edit]
Jordan Smith[edit]
"Great Is Thy Faithfulness"
Song by Jordan Smith
Released
November 16, 2015
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2015
Genre
Christian Hymn
Length
3:34
Label
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Thomas Chisholm
On Monday, November 16, 2015, Jordan Smith covered the Selah song pick choice selection playing the piano chord from The Voice of ninth season.[citation needed]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[4]
30
Lyrics[edit]
Great is Thy faithfulness, O God my Father;
There is no shadow of turning with Thee,
Thou changest not, Thy compassions they fail not,
As Thou hast been, Thou forever wilt be.
Great is Thy faithfulness!
Great is Thy faithfulness!
Morning by morning new mercies I see
All I have needed Thy hand hath provided
Great is Thy faithfulness, Lord unto me!
Summer and winter and springtime and harvest,
Sun, moon, and stars in their courses above;
Join with all nature in manifold witness,
To Thy great faithfulness, mercy, and love.
Pardon for sin and a peace that endureth,
Thine own dear presence to cheer and to guide;
Strength for today, and bright hope for tomorrow
Blessings all mine, with ten thousand beside.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Steve Benner, [1] (1999-2003) (accessed February 16, 2012)
Jump up ^ Lamentations 3:22-23
Jump up ^ Kenneth W. Osbeck, 101 hymn stories, (Kregel Publications, 1982) pg. 83 [2]
Jump up ^ "Jordan Smith Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Song Lyrics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Is_Thy_Faithfulness&oldid=821658240"
Categories:
American Christian hymns
1923 songs
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart called without song
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 January 2018, at 21:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Christian_hymn
mw-redirect
Christian hymn

value:
/wiki/Baldwin,_Kansas
mw-redirect
Baldwin, Kansas

tag: p

value:
/wiki/King_James_Bible
mw-redirect
King James Bible

attr: role tabindex class

value: button 0 togglelink

attr: class dir xml:lang

value: toctitle ltr en

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: wikitable plainrowheaders sortable jquery-tablesorter

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.hymnal.net/en/hymn/h/19

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016

value: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100

value: Category:Singlechart called without song

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Great_Is_Thy_Faithfulness
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Great_Is_Thy_Faithfulness rootpage-Great_Is_Thy_Faithfulness skin-vector action-view


text:
Mark and recapture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Collar tagged Rock Hyrax
Jackdaw with a numbered aluminum ring on its left tarsus
Biologist is marking a Chittenango ovate amber snail to monitor the population.
Marked Chittenango ovate amber snail.
Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method is most useful when it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population. Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include capture-recapture, capture-mark-recapture, mark-recapture, sight-resight, mark-release-recapture, multiple systems estimation, band recovery, the Petersen method,[1] and the Lincoln method.
Another major application for these methods is in epidemiology,[2] where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers. Typical applications include estimating the number of people needing particular services (i.e. services for children with learning disabilities, services for medically frail elderly living in the community), or with particular conditions(i.e. illegal drug addicts, people infected with HIV, etc.).[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Field work related to mark-recapture
2 Notation
3 Lincoln–Petersen estimator
3.1 Derivation
3.2 Sample calculation
4 Chapman estimator
4.1 Sample calculation
4.2 Variance
5 Confidence interval
6 Bayesian estimate
6.1 Mean value ± standard deviation
6.2 Sample calculation
7 More than two visits
8 Integrated approaches
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Field work related to mark-recapture[edit]
Typically a researcher visits a study area and uses traps to capture a group of individuals alive. Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment. A mark recapture method was first used for ecological study in 1896 by C.G. Johannes Petersen to estimate plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, populations.[3]
Sufficient time is allowed to pass for the marked individuals to redistribute themselves among the unmarked population.
Next, the researcher returns and captures another sample of individuals. Some individuals in this second sample will have been marked during the initial visit and are now known as recaptures. Other animals captured during the second visit, will not have been captured during the first visit to the study area. These unmarked animals are usually given a tag or band during the second visit and then are released.
Population size can be estimated from as few as two visits to the study area. Commonly, more than two visits are made, particularly if estimates of survival or movement are desired. Regardless of the total number of visits, the researcher simply records the date of each capture of each individual. The "capture histories" generated are analyzed mathematically to estimate population size, survival, or movement.
In the epidemiological setting, different sources of patients take the place of the repeated field visits in ecology. To take a concrete example, establishing a register of children with Type 1 diabetes children were identified from hospital admission records, from general practitioners (family doctors), and from the records of the local Diabetes Association[citation needed]. None of these sources had a complete list, but by putting them together it was possible to do two things, first to see how many children were identified in total, and secondly to estimate how many more children with Type 1 diabetes were living in the vital community.
Notation[edit]
Let
N = Number of animals in the population
n = Number of animals marked on the first visit
K = Number of animals captured on the second visit
k = Number of recaptured animals that were marked
A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population of turtles in a lake. She captures 10 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 15 turtles. Five of these 15 turtles have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals. This example is (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5). The problem is to estimate N.
Lincoln–Petersen estimator[edit]
Main article: Lincoln index
The Lincoln–Petersen method[4] (also known as the Petersen–Lincoln index[3] or Lincoln index) can be used to estimate population size if only two visits are made to the study area. This method assumes that the study population is "closed"[citation needed]. In other words, the two visits to the study area are close enough in time so that no individuals die, are born, move into the study area (immigrate) or move out of the study area (emigrate) between visits. The model also assumes that no marks fall off animals between visits to the field site by the researcher, and that the researcher correctly records all marks.
Given those conditions, estimated population size is:
N ^ = K n k , {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {Kn}{k}},}
Derivation[edit]
It is assumed[5] that all individuals have the same probability of being captured in the second sample, regardless of whether they were previously captured in the first sample (with only two samples, this assumption cannot be tested directly).
This implies that, in the second sample, the proportion of marked individuals that are caught ( k / K {\displaystyle k/K} ) should equal the proportion of the total population that is marked ( n / N {\displaystyle n/N} ). For example, if half of the marked individuals were recaptured, it would be assumed that half of the total population was included in the second sample.
In symbols,
k K = n N . {\displaystyle {\frac {k}{K}}={\frac {n}{N}}.}
A rearrangement of this gives
N ^ = K n k , {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {Kn}{k}},}
the formula used for the Lincoln–Petersen method.[5]
Sample calculation[edit]
In the example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) the Lincoln–Petersen method estimates that there are 30 turtles in the lake.
N ^ = K n k = 10 × 15 5 = 30 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {Kn}{k}}={\frac {10\times 15}{5}}=30}
Chapman estimator[edit]
The Lincoln–Peterson estimator is asymptotically unbiased as sample size approaches infinity, but is biased at small sample sizes.[6] An alternative less biased estimator of population size is given by the Chapman estimator:[6]
N ^ C = ( K + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) k + 1 − 1 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}_{C}={\frac {(K+1)(n+1)}{k+1}}-1}
Sample calculation[edit]
The example (K, n, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives
N ^ C = ( K + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) k + 1 − 1 = 11 × 16 6 − 1 = 28.3 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}_{C}={\frac {(K+1)(n+1)}{k+1}}-1={\frac {11\times 16}{6}}-1=28.3}
Note that the answer provided by this equation must be truncated not rounded. Thus, the Chapman method estimates 28 turtles in the lake.
Surprisingly, Chapman's estimate was one conjecture from a range of possible estimators: "In practice, the whole number immediately less than (K+1)(n+1)/(k+1) or even Kn/(k+1) will be the estimate. The above form is more convenient for mathematical purposes."[6](see footnote, page 144). Chapman also found the estimator could have considerable negative bias for small Kn/N [6](page 146), but was unconcerned because the estimated standard deviations were large for these cases.
A Bayesian analysis[7] found that Chapman's estimator is the maximum a posteriori estimator for a situation when the first person searches for a fixed number of animals then marks and releases them, but the second person searches for as many animals as possible.
Variance[edit]
An approximately unbiased variance of N ^ C {\textstyle {\hat {N}}_{C}} can be estimated as:
var  ( N ^ C ) = ( K + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ( K − k ) ( n − k ) ( k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) . {\displaystyle \operatorname {var} ({\hat {N}}_{C})={\frac {(K+1)(n+1)(K-k)(n-k)}{(k+1)(k+1)(k+2)}}.}
The moments of the hypergeometric equation studied by Chapman can be calculated exactly, giving the answers discussed below.
Confidence interval[edit]
An approximate 100 ( 1 − α ) % {\displaystyle 100(1-\alpha )\%} confidence interval for the population size N can be obtained as:
K + n − k + ( K − k + 0.5 ) ( n − k + 0.5 ) ( k + 0.5 ) exp  ( ± z α / 2 σ ^ 0.5 ) {\displaystyle K+n-k+{\frac {(K-k+0.5)(n-k+0.5)}{(k+0.5)}}\exp(\pm z_{\alpha /2}{\hat {\sigma }}_{0.5})} ,
where z α / 2 {\textstyle z_{\alpha /2}} corresponds to the 1 − α / 2 {\displaystyle 1-\alpha /2} quantile of a standard normal random variable, and
σ ^ 0.5 = 1 k + 0.5 + 1 K − k + 0.5 + 1 n − k + 0.5 + k + 0.5 ( n − k + 0.5 ) ( K − k + 0.5 ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{0.5}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{k+0.5}}+{\frac {1}{K-k+0.5}}+{\frac {1}{n-k+0.5}}+{\frac {k+0.5}{(n-k+0.5)(K-k+0.5)}}}}} .
It has been shown that this confidence interval has actual coverage probabilities that are close to the nominal 100 ( 1 − α ) % {\displaystyle 100(1-\alpha )\%} level even for small populations and extreme capture probabilities (near to 0 or 1), in which cases other confidence intervals fail to achieve the nominal coverage levels.[8]
Bayesian estimate[edit]
A Bayesian analysis is provided by.[7] The final answer depends on the priors and the type of search assumed but the approach gives, for Chapman's assumptions (and changing variables from the original notation),
Mean value ± standard deviation[edit]
N ≈ ( K − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) k − 2 ± ( K − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) ( K − k + 1 ) ( n − k + 1 ) ( k − 2 ) ( k − 2 ) ( k − 3 ) {\displaystyle N\approx {\frac {(K-1)(n-1)}{k-2}}\pm {\sqrt {\frac {(K-1)(n-1)(K-k+1)(n-k+1)}{(k-2)(k-2)(k-3)}}}}
A derivation is found here: Talk:Mark and recapture#Statistical treatment.
Sample calculation[edit]
The example (K, n, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives the estimate N ≈ 42 ± 21.5
More than two visits[edit]
The literature on the analysis of capture-recapture studies has blossomed since the early 1990s[citation needed]. There are very elaborate statistical models available for the analysis of these experiments.[9] A simple model which easily accommodates the three source, or the three visit study, is to fit a Poisson regression model. Sophisticated mark-recapture models can be fit with several packages for the Open Source R programming language. These include "Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)",[10] "Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)",[11] and "Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)".[12] Such models can also be fit with specialized programs such as MARK[13] or M-SURGE.[14]
Other related methods which are often used include the Jolly–Seber model (used in open populations and for multiple census estimates) and Schnabel estimators[15] (described above as an expansion to the Lincoln–Peterson method for closed populations). These are described in detail by Sutherland.[16]
Integrated approaches[edit]
Modelling mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach,[17] which combines mark-recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data. The integrated approach is more computationally demanding, but extracts more information from the data improving parameter and uncertainty estimates.[18]
See also[edit]
Ecology portal
German tank problem, for estimation of population size when the elements are numbered.
Tag and release
Abundance estimation
GPS wildlife tracking
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Krebs, Charles J. (2009). Ecology (6th ed.). p. 119. ISBN 978-0-321-50743-3.
Jump up ^ Chao, A.; Tsay, P. K.; Lin, S. H.; Shau, W. Y.; Chao, D. Y. (2001). "The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data". Statistics in Medicine. 20 (20): 3123–3157. doi:10.1002/sim.996. PMID 11590637.
^ Jump up to: a b Southwood, T. R. E.; Henderson, P. (2000). Ecological Methods (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Jump up ^ Seber, G. A. F. The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles J. Krebs (1999). Ecological Methodology (2nd ed.). ISBN 9780321021731.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chapman, D.G. (1951). "Some properties of the hypergeometric distribution with applications to zoological sample censuses".
^ Jump up to: a b Webster, Anthony J.; Kemp, Richard (2013). "Estimating Omissions From Searches". The American Statistician. 67 (2): 82–89. arXiv:1205.1150  . doi:10.1080/00031305.2013.783881.
Jump up ^ Sadinle, Mauricio (2009-10-01). "Transformed Logit Confidence Intervals for Small Populations in Single Capture–Recapture Estimation". Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation. 38 (9): 1909–1924. doi:10.1080/03610910903168595. ISSN 0361-0918.
Jump up ^ McCrea, R.S. and Morgan, B.J.T. (2014) "Analysis of capture-recapture data". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014. "Chapman and Hall/CRC Press". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014.
Jump up ^ Efford, Murray (2016-09-02). "Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Retrieved 2016-09-02.
Jump up ^ Rivest, Louis-Paul; Baillargeon, Sophie (2014-09-01). "Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Retrieved 2016-09-02.
Jump up ^ Laake, Jeff; Borchers, David; Thomas, Len; Miller, David; Bishop, Jon (2015-08-17). "Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
Jump up ^ "Program MARK". Archived from the original on 21 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Logiciels". Archived from the original on 2009-07-24.
Jump up ^ Schnabel, Z. E. (1938). "The Estimation of the Total Fish Population of a Lake". American Mathematical Monthly. 45: 348–352. doi:10.2307/2304025.
Jump up ^ William J. Sutherland, ed. (1996). Ecological Census Techniques: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47815-4.
Jump up ^ Maunder M.N. (2003) Paradigm shifts in fisheries stock assessment: from integrated analysis to Bayesian analysis and back again. Natural Resource Modeling 16:465–475
Jump up ^ Maunder, M.N. (2001) Integrated Tagging and Catch-at-Age Analysis (ITCAAN). In Spatial Processes and Management of Fish Populations, edited by G.H. Kruse, N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R.N. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell, Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-02, University of Alaska Fairbanks, pp. 123–146.
Besbeas, P; Freeman, S. N.; Morgan, B. J. T.; Catchpole, E. A. (2002). "Integrating mark-recapture-recovery and census data to estimate animal abundance and demographic parameters". Biometrics. 58 (3): 540–547. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00540.x. PMID 12229988.
Martin-Löf, P. (1961). "ringed birds". Arkiv för Zoologi (Zoology files), Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) Serie 2. Band 13 (21).
Maunder, M. N. (2004). "Population viability analysis, based on combining integrated, Bayesian, and hierarchical analyses". Acta Oecologica. 26 (2): 85–94. Bibcode:2004AcO....26...85M. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2003.11.008.
Phillips, C. A.; M. J. Dreslik; J. R. Johnson; J. E. Petzing (2001). "Application of population estimation to pond breeding salamanders". Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science. 94 (2): 111–118.
Royle, J. A.; R. M. Dorazio (2008). Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology. Elsevier. ISBN 1-930665-55-5.
Seber, G.A.F. The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5.
Schaub, M; Gimenez, O.; Sierro, A.; Arlettaz, R (2007). "Use of Integrated Modeling to Enhance Estimates of Population Dynamics Obtained from Limited Data". Conservation Biology. 21 (4): 945–955. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00743.x. PMID 17650245.
Williams, B. K.; J. D. Nichols; M. J. Conroy (2002). Analysis and Management of Animal Populations. San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-754406-2.
Chao, A; Tsay, P. K.; Lin, S. H.; Shau, W. Y.; Chao, D. Y. (2001). "The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data". Statistics in Medicine. 20 (20): 3123–3157. doi:10.1002/sim.996. PMID 11590637.
Webster, A. J.; Kemp, R. (2013). "Estimating Omissions from Searches". The American Statistician. 67 (2): 82–89. doi:10.1080/00031305.2013.783881.
Further reading[edit]
Bonett, D.G.; Woodward, J.A.; Bentler, P.M. (1986). "A Linear Model for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population". British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 39: 28–40. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x.
Evans, M.A.; Bonett, D.G.; McDonald, L. (1994). "A General Theory for Analyzing Capture-recapture Data in Closed Populations". Biometrics. 50: 396–405. doi:10.2307/2533383.
Lincoln, F. C. (1930). "Calculating Waterfowl Abundance on the Basis of Banding Returns". United States Department of Agriculture Circular. 118: 1–4.
Petersen, C. G. J. (1896). "The Yearly Immigration of Young Plaice Into the Limfjord From the German Sea", Report of the Danish Biological Station (1895), 6, 5–84.
Schofield, J. R. (2007). "Beyond Defect Removal: Latent Defect Estimation With Capture-Recapture Method", Crosstalk, August 2007; 27–29.
External links[edit]
A historical introduction to capture-recapture methods
Analysis of capture-recapture data
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_and_recapture&oldid=821123388"
Categories:
Ecological techniques
Epidemiology
Statistical data types
Environmental statistics
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2008
All articles lacking in-text citations
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Français
日本語
Polski
Português
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 January 2018, at 15:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

tag: td

attr: href title

tag: b

value: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

tag: span

tag: i

tag: small

tag: tr

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: right side view of a snail with a number 87 on its shell

value:
/wiki/Learning_disabilities
mw-redirect
Learning disabilities

value:
/wiki/Medically_frail
mw-redirect
Medically frail

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Edit section: Field work related to mark-recapture

value:
/wiki/Pleuronectes_platessa
mw-redirect
Pleuronectes platessa

value:
/wiki/Type_1_diabetes
mw-redirect
Type 1 diabetes

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)

value: Edit section: Lincoln–Petersen estimator

value: {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {Kn}{k}},}

value: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:10.106ex; height:5.343ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.44ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.621ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.547ex; height:5.343ex;

value: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:26.307ex; height:5.343ex;

value: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:26.567ex; height:6.009ex;

value: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:49.228ex; height:6.009ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.545ex; height:3.176ex;

value: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:43.505ex; height:6.509ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.723ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:56.066ex; height:6.509ex;

value: vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.009ex; height:2.509ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.815ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:77.97ex; height:7.509ex;

value: Edit section: Mean value ± standard deviation

value: vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:65.357ex; height:7.509ex;

value:
/wiki/R_programming_language
mw-redirect
R programming language

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fsim.996

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11590637

value:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1205.1150

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-0918

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.capturerecapture.co.uk

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2304025

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12229988

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actao.2003.11.008

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17650245

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2533383

value: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2008

value: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Mark_and_recapture
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: تثبيت العلامة وإعادة الأسر – Arabic

value: Зловити/повторити – Ukrainian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mark_and_recapture rootpage-Mark_and_recapture skin-vector action-view


text:
Sacred Valley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Peruvian valley. For the valley in central Italy, see Rieti Valley.
Sacred Valley
Sacred Valley of the Incas
Shown within Peru
Alternate name
Urubamba Valley
Location
Cuzco Region, Peru
Coordinates
13°20′00″S 72°05′00″W / 13.33333°S 72.08333°W / -13.33333; -72.08333Coordinates: 13°20′00″S 72°05′00″W / 13.33333°S 72.08333°W / -13.33333; -72.08333
Type
valley
History
Cultures
Inca
Site notes
Condition
In ruins
The mountain Veronica looms over the Sacred Valley.
Sacred Valley of the Incas
The Sacred Valley of the Incas (Spanish: Valle Sagrado de los Incas; Quechua: Willka Qhichwa) or the Urubamba Valley is a valley in the Andes of Peru, 20 kilometres (12 mi) at its closest north of the Inca capital of Cusco. It is located in the present-day Peruvian region of Cusco. In colonial documents it was referred to as the "Valley of Yucay." The Sacred Valley was incorporated slowly into the incipient Inca Empire during the period from 1000 to 1400 CE.[1]
The scenic and historical Sacred Valley is a major tourist destination. In 2013, 1.2 million people, 800,000 of them non-Peruvians, are estimated to have visited Machu Picchu, its most famous archaeological site. Many of the same tourists also visited other archaeological sites and modern towns in the Sacred Valley.
Machu Picchu
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 History
3 See also
4 References
Geography[edit]
Inca ruin and andenes (agricultural terraces} at Pisac.
The valley, running generally west to east, is understood to include everything along the Urubamba River between the town and Inca ruins at Písac westward to Machu Piccu, 100 kilometres (62 mi) distant.[2] The Sacred Valley has elevations above sea level along the river ranging from 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) at Pisac to 2,050 metres (6,730 ft) at the Urubamba River below the citadel of Macchu Piccu. On both sides of the river, the mountains rise to much higher elevations, especially to the south where two prominent mountains overlook the valley: Sahuasiray, 5,818 metres (19,088 ft) and Veronica, 5,893 metres (19,334 ft) in elevation. The intensely cultivated valley floor is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide on average. Side valleys and agricultural terraces (andenes) expand the cultivatable area.[3]
The valley was formed by the Urubamba river, also known as the Vilcanota River, Willkanuta River (Aymara, "house of the sun") or Willkamayu (Quechua). The latter, in Quechua, the still spoken lingua franca of the Inca Empire, means the sacred river. It is fed by numerous tributaries which descend through adjoining valleys and gorges, and contains numerous archaeological remains and villages. The Sacred Valley was the most important area for maize production in the heartland of the Inca Empire and access through the valley to tropical areas facilitated the import of products such as coca leaf and chile peppers to Cuzco.[4]
The climate of Urubamba is typical of the valley. Precipitation, concentrated in the months of October through April, totals 527 millimetres (20.7 in) annually and monthly average temperatures range between 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) in November, the warmest month, to 12.2 °C (54.0 °F) in July, the coldest month.[5] The Incas built extensive irrigation works throughout the valley to counter deficiencies and seasonality in precipitation.[6]
History[edit]
The early Incas lived in the Cuzco area.[7] By conquest or diplomacy, during the period 1000 to 1400 CE, the Inca achieved administrative control over the various ethnic groups living in or near the Sacred Valley.[8]
The attraction of the Sacred Valley to the Inca, in addition to its proximity to Cuzco, was probably that it was lower in elevation and therefore warmer than any other nearby area. The lower elevation permitted maize to be grown in the Sacred Valley. Maize was a prestige crop for the Incas, especially to make chicha, a fermented maize drink the Incas and their subjects consumed in large quantities at their many ceremonial feasts and religious festivals.[9]
Large scale maize production in the Sacred Valley was apparently facilitated by varieties bred in nearby Moray, either a governmental crop laboratory[10] or a seedling nursery of the Incas.[11]
The Inca customarily divided conquered lands into three more-or-less equal parts. One part was for the emperor (the Sapa Inca), one part for the religious establishment, and one part for the communities of farmers themselves. In the 1400s, the Sacred Valley became an area of royal estates and country homes. Once a royal estate was created by an emperor it continued to be owned by descendants of the emperor after his death.[12] The estate of the emperor Yawar Waqaq (ca. 1380 CE) was located at Paullu and Lamay (a few kilometers downstream from Pisac); Huchuy Qosqo, the estate of the emperor Viracocha Inca (c. 1410-1438), overlooks the Sacred Valley; the estate of Pachacuti (1438-1471 CE) was at Pisac; and the sparse ruins of Quispiguanca. the estate of the emperor Huayna Capac (1493-1527 CE), are in the town of Urubamba.[13] Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.[14]
Agricultural terraces, called andenes, were built up hillsides flanking the valley floor and are today the most visible and widespread signs of the Inca civilization in the Sacred Valley.[15]
In 1537, the Inca Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui fought and won the Battle of Ollantaytambo against a Spanish army headed by Hernando Pizarro. Nevertheless, Manco soon withdrew from the Sacred Valley and the area came under the control of the Spanish colonialists.[16]
See also[edit]
PeruRail
Sallqaqucha Wallata Warak'ay
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bauer, Brian S.; Covey, R. Alan (2002). "Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru)". American Anthropologist. 104 (3): 846–64. doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.846.
Jump up ^ D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). The Incas, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, p. 127
Jump up ^ Google Earth. Another definition of the area of the Sacred Valley is that it is between Pisaq and Ollantaytambo, a distance of about 60 kilometres (37 mi).
Jump up ^ Covey, R. Alan (2009), How the Incas built their Heartland, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp 43-44
Jump up ^ Climate: Urubamba, https://en.climate-data.org/location/44993/, accessed 24 Dec 2016
Jump up ^ D'Altroy, pp. 127-140
Jump up ^ Alan Covey, R (2003). "A processual study of Inka state formation". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 22 (4): 333–57. doi:10.1016/S0278-4165(03)00030-8.
Jump up ^ Bauer and Covey, p. 846
Jump up ^ D'Altroy, p. 189
Jump up ^ Earls, John (nd), "The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture," pp. 18-19. http://macareo.pucp.edu.pe/~jearls/documentosPDF/theCharacter.PDF, accessed 20 dec 2016
Jump up ^ Plachetka, Uwe Christian; Pietsch, Stephan A. (2009). "El centro vaviloviano en el Perú: un conjunto socio-ecológico frente a riesgos extremos" [The center Vavilov year in Peru: a socio-ecological set against extreme risks] (PDF). Tikpa Pachapaq (in Spanish). 1 (1): 9–16.
Jump up ^ McEwan, pp 87-88
Jump up ^ Covey, R. Alan (2009), How the Incas built their Heartland, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, p. 217; Niles, Susan A. (1999), The Shape of Inca History, Iowas City: University of Iowa Press, pp. 133-153. Downloaded from Project Muse.
Jump up ^ Rowe, John (1990). "Machu Picchu a la luz de documentos de siglo XVI. Historia, 16 (1), pp.139–154
Jump up ^ Guillet, David and others (1987), "Terracing and Irrigation in the Peruvian Highlands," Current Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 409-410. Downloaded from JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Hemming, John (1970), The Conquest of the Incas, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp 213-232.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sacred Valley.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sacred Valley of the Incas.
[show]
v
t
e
Archaeological sites in Peru
Acaray
Amaru Marka Wasi
Arhuaturo
Asana
Asiru Phat'jata
Aspero
Awila Qhincha Mach'ay
Awkin Punta
Awkillu Waqra
Awkimarka (Apurímac)
Awkimarka (Huánuco)
Awqa Punta
Aya Muqu
Ayamachay
Ayawayq'u
Azángaro
Baths of Boza
Bandurria
Buena Vista
Cahuachi
Cajamarquilla
Cao Viejo
Carajía
Caral
Caves of Sumbay
Cerro Baúl
Cerro Pátapo
Cerro Trinidad
Chacamarca
Chan Chan
Chanquillo
Chauchilla Cemetery
Chavín de Huantar
Chawaytiri
Chichakuri
Chipaw Marka
Choquepuquio
Choquequirao
Chuqik'iraw Pukyu
Churajón
Chuya
Ch'iqullu
Cochabamba
Colcampata
Cota Coca
Coricancha
Cumbe Mayo
El Brujo
El Cañoncillo
El Ingenio
El Paraíso
Garagay
Gran Pajatén
Gran Vilaya
Guitarrero Cave
Hatun Mach'ay
Hatun Misapata
Hatun Rumiyoc
Hatun Uchku
Hatun Usnu
Hatunmarka
Honcopampa
Huaca de la Luna
Huaca del Dragón
Huaca del Sol
Huaca Huallamarca
Huaca Prieta
Huaca Pucllana
Huaca San Marcos
Huaca Santa Ana
Huacramarca
Huamanmarca, La Convención
Huamboy
Huánuco Pampa
Huari
Huayna Picchu
Huayrapongo
Huiñao
Incahuasi, Lima
Inka Mach'ay
Inka Raqay, Apurímac
Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
Inka Tampu, Cajamarca
Inka Tampu, Huayopata
Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
Inka Tunuwiri
Inka Uyu
Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
Inkapintay
Inkill Tampu
Inti Punku
Inti Watana, Ayacucho
Inti Watana, Calca
Inti Watana, Urubamba
Intikancha
Intini Uyu Pata
Intipa Ñawin
Intiyuq K'uchu
Iskuqucha
Isog
Jinkiori
Jisk'a Iru Muqu
Kanamarka
Kanichi
Kenko
Killa Mach'ay
Killa Rumi
Killarumiyuq
Kiswar
Kotosh
Kuelap
Kukuli
Kuntur Wasi
Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
Kunturmarka, Pasco
Kuntur Qaqa
Kuntuyuq
Kusichaka valley
Kutimpu
Khichuqaqa
Khuchi Mach'ay
K'allapayuq Urqu
K'ipakhara
Laguna de las Momias
Lauricocha Caves
Layzón
Llamachayuq
Llamachayuq Qaqa
Llamayuq
Llamuqa
Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
Llaqtan
Llaqtapata
Machu Picchu
Machu Pirqa
Machu Pitumarka
Machu Q'inti
Machu Qullqa
Mameria
Maray Qalla
Marayniyuq
Marcahuamachuco
Markahirka
Markansaya
Markapukyu
Marpa
Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
Mawk'ataray
Mayqu Amaya
Mazur
Miculla
Millka
Miraflores
Mirq'imarka
Miyu Pampa
Moray
Mulinuyuq
Mullu Q'awa
Mulluq'u
Muyu Muyu
Muyu Urqu
Muyuq Marka
Nazca Lines
Nina Kiru
Ninamarca
Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
Ñusta Hispana
Ollantaytambo
Pacatnamu
Pachacamac
Pachatusan
Paiján
Pañamarca
Paracas Candelabra
Paraccra
Patallaqta
Phiruru
Pikillaqta
Pikimach'ay
Pilluchu
Pinkuylluna
Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
Pirca Pirca, Lima
Pirhuaylla
Pirwayuq
Písac
Puka Pukara
Puka Tampu
Puka Urqu
Pukara, Coporaque
Pukara, Fajardo
Pukara, Puno
Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
Pukarani
Pumamarka, San Sebastián
Pumamarka, Urubamba
Pumaq Hirka
Pumawasi
Punkuri
Puqin Kancha
Puruchuco
Purunllacta, Cheto
Purunllacta, Soloco
Pusharo
Pusuquy Pata
Phuyupatamarka
Qaqapatan
Qenko
Qillqatani
Quchapata
Qillqa
Qillqay Mach'ay
Quiaca
Qullqapampa
Qulu Qulu
Qunchamarka
Qunchupata
Quri Winchus
Qurimarka, Apurímac
Qurimarka, Cusco
Quriwayrachina, Anta
Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
Quriwayrachina, La Convención
Quyllur
Q'arachupa
Qasa Pata
Qhapaq Kancha
Q'illaywasin
Raqch'i
Revash
Rumicolca
Rumiwasi
Runayuq
Runkuraqay
Saksaywaman
Sara Sara
Sayacmarca
Sayhuite
Sechín
Sillustani
Sipán
Sóndor
Susupillu
Tambo Totem
Tambomachay
Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
Tampukancha
Tanqa Tanqa
Tantarica
Taqrachullu
Tarahuasi
Tarmatambo
Templo del Zorro
The Toads of Wiraqucha
Tikra
Tinyaq
Tipón
Titiqaqa
Toquepala Caves
Toro Muerto
Trinchera
Túcume
Tunanmarca
Tunay Q'asa
Tupu Inka
T'akaq
T'uqu T'uquyuq
Uchkus Inkañan
Urpish
Uskallaqta
Usnu, Ayacucho
Usnu, Huánuco
Usnu Muqu
Usqunta
Uyu Uyu
Venado cautivo
Ventanillas de Otuzco
Ventarron
Vilcabamba
Vilcashuamán
Viracochapampa
Vitcos
Wallpayunka
Waman Pirqa
Wamanilla
Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
Wamanmarka, Lima
Wanakawri, Cusco
Wanakawri, Huánuco
Wanqaran
Waqlamarka
Waqra Pukara
Waqutu
Warahirka
Waraqayuq
Waraqu Urqu
Warawtampu
Wari Willka
Waruq
Wat'a, Cusco
Wat'a, Huánuco
Wayna Q'inti
Wayna Tawqaray
Wichama
Wichqana
Wich'un
Wila Wilani
Wilca
Willkaraqay
Willkawayin
Wiñay Wayna
Wiraqucha Pirqa
Yanaca
Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
Yaynu
Yuraq Mach'ay
This Cusco Region geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Valley&oldid=809913674"
Categories:
Archaeological sites in Peru
Valleys of Peru
Inca
Archaeological sites in Cusco Region
Landforms of Cusco Region
Cusco Region geography stubs
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Articles containing Quechua-language text
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
বাংলা
Български
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
Français
Galego
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Lietuvių
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Runa Simi
Русский
Slovenčina
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 November 2017, at 08:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: caption

attr: href class

attr: colspan style

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/File:Peru_location_map.svg
image
Map showing location in Peru

attr: class style

value:
/wiki/Cuzco_Region
mw-redirect
Cuzco Region

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value:
/wiki/Quechua_language
mw-redirect
Quechua language

value:
/wiki/Chile_pepper
mw-redirect
Chile pepper

value:
/wiki/Spanish_empire
mw-redirect
Spanish empire

value:
/wiki/Sallqaqucha_Wallata_Warak%27ay
mw-redirect
Sallqaqucha Wallata Warak'ay

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.2002.104.3.846

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Template talk:Archaeological sites in Peru

value:
/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Peru
mw-redirect
Archaeological sites in Peru

value:
/wiki/Awila_Qhincha_Mach%27ay
mw-redirect
Awila Qhincha Mach'ay

value:
/wiki/Awkin_Punta
mw-redirect
Awkin Punta

value: Azángaro (archaeological site) (page does not exist)

value: Bandurria (archaeological site) (page does not exist)

value: Cerro Trinidad (archaeological site) (page does not exist)

value: Forest and archaeological complex El Cañoncillo (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Inti_Watana,_Urubamba
mw-redirect
Inti Watana, Urubamba

value:
/wiki/Intipa_%C3%91awin
mw-redirect
Intipa Ñawin

value:
/wiki/Kusichaka_River
mw-redirect
Kusichaka River

value:
/wiki/Khuchi_Mach%27ay
mw-redirect
Khuchi Mach'ay

value: Ruins of Miraflores (page does not exist)

value: Paiján (archaeological complex) (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Qillqay_Mach%27ay
mw-redirect
Qillqay Mach'ay

value: Petroglyphs of Quiaca (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Wanakawri,_Cusco
mw-redirect
Wanakawri, Cusco

value: Wichama (archaeological site) (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Yanaqi_-_Qillqamarka
mw-redirect
Yanaqi - Qillqamarka

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

value:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

value: Category:Archaeological sites in Cusco Region

value: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

value: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

value: Category:Articles containing Quechua-language text

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Sacred_Valley
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: উরুবাম্বা উপত্যকা – Bangla

value: Урубамба – Bulgarian

value: העמק הקדוש – Hebrew

value: ურუბამბის ხეობა – Georgian

value: Света долина – Macedonian

value: ウルバンバの谷 – Japanese

value: Урубамба (долина) – Russian

value: Долина Урубамба – Ukrainian

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sacred_Valley rootpage-Sacred_Valley skin-vector action-view


text:
Still Crazy After All These Years (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Still Crazy After All These Years"
Single by Paul Simon
from the album Still Crazy After All These Years
B-side
"I Do It For Your Love" (US)
"Silent Eyes" (Europe)
Released
March 26, 1976 (1976-03-26)
Format
7"
Genre
Soft rock
folk rock
folk jazz
Length
3:24
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Paul Simon
Producer(s)
Paul Simon
Phil Ramone
Paul Simon singles chronology
"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover"
(1975) "Still Crazy After All These Years"
(1976) "Slip Slidin' Away"
(1977)
"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover"
(1975) "Still Crazy After All These Years"
(1976) "Slip Slidin' Away"
(1977)
"Still Crazy After All These Years" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Paul Simon. It was the third and final single from his fifth studio album of the same name (1975), released on Columbia Records. Though the song briefly reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S., it was a bigger hit on the magazine's Easy Listening chart, where it peaked at number four.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Reception
3 Charts
4 Notes
4.1 References
4.2 Sources
5 External links
Composition[edit]
"Still Crazy After All These Years" begins with the singer singing that "I met my old lover on the street last night."[2] The "old lover" has been variously interpreted to be either Simon's ex-wife Peggy Harper, from whom he was recently divorced, his former girlfriend from the 1960s Kathy Chitty, or even Simon's former musical partner Art Garfunkel, who appears on the song that follows 'Still Crazy After All These Years" on the album.[2][3] After sharing a few beers, the singer and the old lover part ways again.[4] The singer notes that he is "not the kind of man who tends to socialize" but rather leans "on old familiar ways" and is "still crazy after all these years."[4] The lyrics acknowledge a nostalgia for the past, but also subtly suggest that once the sweet nostalgia is gone, it is replaced by loneliness and even bitterness.[2]
The song features the Muscle Shoals rhythm section: Barry Beckett (Fender Rhodes), David Hood (bass) and Roger Hawkins (drums). The saxophone, played by Michael Brecker, emphasizes the jazz character of the song.[2][5] Music theorist Peter Kaminsky analyzed how the key progression of the introduction to "Still Crazy After All These Years" anticipates the key progressions throughout the album.[5] The song has an AABA form, with the first, second and fourth verses sharing the same basic melody.[5] The first and second verses are primarily in the key of G major, although there are some unexpected harmonies that differ between the verses.[5] The key of the third verse, the B section, is never resolved.[5] G major returns in the final verse, but modulates to the slightly higher key of A major, which according to author James Bennighof gives "a faint sense of slightly demented triumph to the singer's declaration that he wouldn't be held responsible for his potential mayhem."[5][6] Music critic Walter Everett considers this modulation to reflect the singer's "unpredictable emotional and mental state."[6]
Reception[edit]
Rolling Stone critic Paul Nelson considered "Still Crazy After All These Years" to be the best song on the album.[7] He praises the "poignancy and openness" of the first verse and Brecker's passionate sax solo, and the fact that the song demonstrates "the fierceness of [Simon's] will."[7]
Simon performed an unfinished version of the song on the September 5, 1974 episode of The Dick Cavett Show during a discussion of his songwriting techniques. At that point he only had the first two verses finished and was unsure of how to proceed musically or lyrically.
Simon has performed the song twice on the late-night comedy series Saturday Night Live. He first performed the song during the show's October 18, 1975 episode, during its first season, second season in a turkey costume shortly before Thanksgiving 1976, and again for the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special in 2015.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[8]
10
Canada (RPM) Top Singles[9]
38
Canada MOR Playlist (RPM)[10]
2
US Easy Listening (Billboard)[11]
5
US Billboard Hot 100[12]
40
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Still Crazy After All These Years awards". Allmusic. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Charlesworth, C. (1997). The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel. Omnibus Press. p. 74. ISBN 0711955972.
Jump up ^ Eliot, M. (2010). Paul Simon: A Life. John Wiley & Sons. p. 142. ISBN 9780470900871.
^ Jump up to: a b Fineman. M.A. (2009). "Equality: Still Illusive After All These Years". In McCain. L.C.; Grossman, J.L. Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship. Cambridge University Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780521766470.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bennighof, J. (2007). The Words and Music of Paul Simon. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9780275991630.
^ Jump up to: a b Everett, W. (1997). "Swallowed by a Song:Paul Simon's Crisis of Chromaticism". In Covach, J.; Boone, G.M. Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–126. ISBN 9780199880126.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson, P. (December 4, 1975). "Still Crazy After All These Years". Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "RPM100: Singles" (PDF). RPM. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada. 25 (12). June 19, 1976. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Programmers' MOR Playlist" (PDF). RPM. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada. 25 (14). July 3, 1976. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Paul Simon – Chart history". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Paul Simon Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Sources[edit]
Bennighof, James (2007). The Words and Music of Paul Simon. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-99163-0.
Eliot, Marc (2010). Paul Simon: A Life. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-43363-8.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Paul Simon songs
Discography
The Paul Simon Songbook
"I Am a Rock"
Paul Simon
"Mother and Child Reunion"
"Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard"
"Duncan"
There Goes Rhymin' Simon
"Kodachrome"
"Loves Me Like a Rock"
"American Tune"
"Take Me to the Mardi Gras"
Paul Simon in Concert: Live Rhymin'
"The Sound of Silence"
Still Crazy After All These Years
"Gone at Last"
"My Little Town"
"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover"
"Still Crazy After All These Years"
Greatest Hits, Etc.
"Slip Slidin' Away"
One-Trick Pony
"Stranded in a Limousine"
"Late in the Evening"
"One-Trick Pony"
"Oh, Marion"
Hearts and Bones
"Allergies"
"The Late Great Johnny Ace"
"Think Too Much"
Graceland
"You Can Call Me Al"
"Graceland"
"The Boy in the Bubble"
"Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes"
"Under African Skies"
"Homeless"
The Rhythm of the Saints
"The Obvious Child"
"Proof"
"Born at the Right Time"
You're the One
"Old"
"You're the One"
Surprise
"Father and Daughter"
"That's Me"
"Outrageous"
So Beautiful or So What
"Getting Ready for Christmas Day"
"The Afterlife"
Featured singles
"Wonderful World"
"The Blues"
"The Boxer"
"New York Is My Home"
Other songs
"Something So Right"
"St. Judy's Comet"
"Rene and Georgette Magritte with Their Dog after the War"
"Thelma"
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_Crazy_After_All_These_Years_(song)&oldid=835543422"
Categories:
Paul Simon songs
1975 songs
1976 singles
Songs written by Paul Simon
Song recordings produced by Phil Ramone
Song recordings produced by Paul Simon
Columbia Records singles
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart making named ref
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 09:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

value: Still Crazy After All These Years single cover.jpeg

value:
/wiki/Gramophone_record
mw-redirect
Gramophone record

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

value: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
/wiki/Adult_contemporary
mw-redirect
Adult contemporary

value: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

value:
/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Magazine
mw-redirect
Rolling Stone Magazine

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
Paul_Simon_songs
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

value:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

value: Homeless (Paul Simon and Ladysmith Black Mambazo song)

value:
/wiki/Born_at_the_Right_Time
mw-redirect
Born at the Right Time

value: Trouble in Paradise (Randy Newman album)

value:
/wiki/St._Judy%27s_Comet
mw-redirect
St. Judy's Comet

value: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Song recordings produced by Phil Ramone

value: Category:Song recordings produced by Paul Simon

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: 時の流れに (ポール・サイモンの曲) – Japanese

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Still_Crazy_After_All_These_Years_song rootpage-Still_Crazy_After_All_These_Years_song skin-vector action-view


text:
Twelve Tribes of Israel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Twelve Tribes" redirects here. For other uses, see Twelve Tribes (disambiguation).
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Map of the Twelve Tribes of Israel
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Tribes of Israel (Hebrew: שבטי ישראל) were said to have descended from the 12 sons of the patriarch Jacob (who was later named Israel) by two wives, Leah and Rachel, and two concubines, Zilpah and Bilhah.
Contents
[hide]
1 Tribes
2 In Christianity
2.1 Coat of arms
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Tribes[edit]
Tribes of Israel
The Tribes
Reuben
Simeon
Levi
Judah
Dan
Naphtali
Gad
Asher
Issachar
Zebulun
Joseph
Manasseh
Ephraim
Benjamin
Related topics
Leaders
Israelites
Ten Lost Tribes
Jews
Samaritans
v
t
e
Deuteronomy 33:6–25 and Judges 5:14–18 present parallel listings of the twelve tribes:
Reuben
Simeon
Levi
Judah
Issachar
Zebulun
Dan
Naphtali
Gad
Asher
Joseph (later Ephraim and Manasseh)
Benjamin
Jacob elevated the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh (the two sons of Joseph and his Egyptian wife Asenath)[1] to the status of full tribes in their own right, replacing the tribe of Joseph.[2]
In the Bible's version of events, the period from the conquest of Canaan under the leadership of Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel, passed with the tribes forming a loose confederation, described in the Book of Judges. Modern scholarship has called into question the beginning, middle, and end of this picture[3][4] and the account of the conquest under Joshua has largely been abandoned.[5][6][7] The Bible's depiction of the 'period of the Judges' is widely considered doubtful.[3][8][9] The extent to which a united Kingdom of Israel ever existed is also a matter of ongoing dispute.[10][11][12]
Living in exile in the sixth century BCE, the prophet Ezekiel has a vision for the restoration of Israel[13] which would include "the ideal reallotment of the land to the twelve tribes of Israel".[14]
In Christianity[edit]
In the Christian New Testament, the twelve tribes of Israel are referred to twice in the gospels and twice in the Book of Revelation. In Matthew, paralled by Luke, Jesus anticipates that in the Kingdom of God, his followers will "sit on [twelve] thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel".[15][16] In the vision of the writer of the Book of Revelation, 144,000 of all the tribes of the children of Israel were "sealed", 12,000 from each tribe[17] and in his vision of the New or Heavenly Jerusalem, the tribes' names were written on the city gates:
The names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel: three gates on the east, three gates on the north, three gates on the south, and three gates on the west.[18]
Coat of arms[edit]
Thesouro de Nobreza, 1675
Asher
Benjamin
Dan
Ephraim
Gad
Issachar
Judah
Manasseh
Naphtali
Reuben
Simeon
Zebulun
See also[edit]
Judaism portal
Israelites
Leaders of the tribes of Israel
Ten Lost Tribes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Genesis 41:50
Jump up ^ Genesis 48:5
^ Jump up to: a b "In any case, it is now widely agreed that the so-called 'patriarchal/ancestral period' is a later 'literary' construct, not a period in the actual history of the ancient world. The same is the case for the ‘exodus’ and the 'wilderness period,' and more and more widely for the 'period of the Judges.'" Paula M. McNutt (1 January 1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-664-22265-9.
Jump up ^ Alan T. Levenson (16 August 2011). The Making of the Modern Jewish Bible: How Scholars in Germany, Israel, and America Transformed an Ancient Text. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4422-0518-5.
Jump up ^ "Besides the rejection of the Albrightian ‘conquest' model, the general consensus among OT scholars is that the Book of Joshua has no value in the historical reconstruction. They see the book as an ideological retrojection from a later period — either as early as the reign of Josiah or as late as the Hasmonean period." K. Lawson Younger Jr. (1 October 2004). "Early Israel in Recent Biblical Scholarship". In David W. Baker; Bill T. Arnold. The Face of Old Testament Studies: A Survey of Contemporary Approaches. Baker Academic. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8010-2871-7.
Jump up ^ "It behooves us to ask, in spite of the fact that the overwhelming consensus of modern scholarship is that Joshua is a pious fiction composed by the deuteronomistic school, how does and how has the Jewish community dealt with these foundational narratives, saturated as they are with acts of violence against others?" Carl S. Ehrlich (1999). "Joshua, Judaism and Genocide". Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Volume 1: Biblical, Rabbinical, and Medieval Studies. BRILL. p. 117. ISBN 90-04-11554-4.
Jump up ^ "Recent decades, for example, have seen a remarkable reevaluation of evidence concerning the conquest of the land of Canaan by Joshua. As more sites have been excavated, there has been a growing consensus that the main story of Joshua, that of a speedy and complete conquest (e.g. Josh. 11.23: 'Thus Joshua conquered the whole country, just as the LORD had promised Moses') is contradicted by the archaeological record, though there are indications of some destruction and conquest at the appropriate time. Adele Berlin; Marc Zvi Brettler (17 October 2014). The Jewish Study Bible (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 951. ISBN 978-0-19-939387-9.
Jump up ^ "The biblical text does not shed light on the history of the highlands in the early Iron I. The conquest and part of the period of the judges narratives should be seen, first and foremost, as a Deuteronomist construct that used myths, tales, and etiological traditions in order to convey the theology and territorial ideology of the late monarchic author(s) (e.g., Nelson 1981; Van Seters 1990; Finkelstein and Silberman 2001, 72-79, Römer 2007, 83-90)." Israel Finkelstein (2013). The Forgotten Kingdom: The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel (PDF). Society of Biblical Literature. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-58983-912-0.
Jump up ^ "In short, the so-called ‘period of the judges’ was probably the creation of a person or persons known as the deuteronomistic historian." J. Clinton McCann (2002). Judges. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8042-3107-7.
Jump up ^ "Although most scholars accept the historicity of the united monarchy (although not in the scale and form described in the Bible; see Dever 1996; Na'aman 1996; Fritz 1996, and bibliography there), its existence has been questioned by other scholars (see Whitelam 1996b; see also Grabbe 1997, and bibliography there). The scenario described below suggests that some important changes did take place at the time." Avraham Faust (1 April 2016). Israel's Ethnogenesis: Settlement, Interaction, Expansion and Resistance. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-134-94215-2.
Jump up ^ "In some sense most scholars today agree on a 'minimalist' point of view in this regard. It does not seem reasonable any longer to claim that the united monarchy ruled over most of Palestine and Syria." Gunnar Lebmann (2003). Andrew G. Vaughn; Ann E. Killebrew, eds. Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-58983-066-0.
Jump up ^ "There seems to be a consensus that the power and size of the kingdom of Solomon, if it ever existed, has been hugely exaggerated." Philip R. Davies (18 December 2014). "Why do we Know about Amos?". In Diana Vikander Edelman; Ehud Ben Zvi. The Production of Prophecy: Constructing Prophecy and Prophets in Yehud. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-317-49031-9.
Jump up ^ Ezekiel 47:13
Jump up ^ Barnes' Notes on the Bible on Ezekiel 47, accessed 14 October 2016
Jump up ^ Matthew 19:28
Jump up ^ Luke 22:30
Jump up ^ Revelation 7:1-8
Jump up ^ Revelation 21:12-13
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twelve Tribes of Israel.
The Twelve Tribes at the Jewish Encyclopedia
The Twelve Tribes of Israel at the Jewish Virtual Library
[hide]
v
t
e
The Biblical and Historical Israelites
Children of Israel / Twelve Tribes of Israel
Ten Lost Tribes
History of ancient Israel and Judah
Land of Israel
United Monarchy (Kingdom of Israel)
Northern Kingdom
Southern Kingdom (Kingdom of Judah)
Tanakh
Bible
Hebrew Bible
Old Testament
Historicity of the Bible
Authority control
LCCN: sh85139018
SUDOC: 027736229
BNF: cb11971544j (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel&oldid=832825456"
Categories:
Cultural lists
Tribes of Israel
Judaism-related lists
Tribes of Asia
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Беларуская
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Kiswahili
Magyar
مصرى
مازِرونی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Tagalog
Українська
ייִדיש
中文
20 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 05:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Twelve Tribes (disambiguation)

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

value: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#ccf; font-size:100%

value: 1695 Eretz Israel map in Amsterdam Haggada by Abraham Bar-Jacob.jpg

value: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;background:#f7f8ff

value:
/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan
mw-redirect
Conquest of Canaan

value:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_God
mw-redirect
Kingdom of God

value:
/wiki/144000_(number)
mw-redirect
144000 (number)

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: commons:Special:Search/Twelve Tribes of Israel

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027736229

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: Ізраільскія плямёны – Belarusian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value: Дванайсетте израилски племена – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value: Δώδεκα φυλές του Ισραήλ – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value: اسباط اسرائیل – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: שבטי ישראל – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

value: اسباط اسرائیل – Mazanderani

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Колена Израилевы – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value: Дванаест племена Израела – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

value: Дванадцять племен Ізраїля – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: שבטי ישראל – Yiddish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

value: 以色列十二支派 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel rootpage-Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel skin-vector action-view