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Baseball field
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The baseball diamond of the San Diego Padres' Petco Park, seen from the left-field stands.
A baseball field, also called a ball field or a baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park.
Contents
[hide]
1 Specifications
2 First base
3 Second base
4 Third base
5 Home plate
6 Batter's box and catcher's box
7 Foul poles
8 Pitcher's mound
9 Baseline
9.1 Running baseline
9.2 Running lane
10 Grass line
11 Outfield
12 Warning track
13 Outfield wall
14 Bullpen
15 On-deck circles
16 Coach's boxes
17 History
18 Maintenance
19 Honors and awards
20 See also
21 References
22 External links
Specifications[edit]
This section appears to contradict itself on what "the infield" means. Please see the talk page for more information. (January 2017)
Unless otherwise noted, the specifications discussed in this section refer to those described within the Official Baseball Rules, under which Major League Baseball is played.[1]
Diagram of a baseball field.
The starting point for much of the action on the field is home plate, which is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber, 17 inches (43.2 cm) square with two of the corners removed so that one edge is 17 inches (43.2 cm) long, two adjacent sides are 8.5 inches (21.6 cm) and the remaining two sides are 12 inches (30.5 cm) and set at an angle to make a point. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8.5-inch (21.6 cm) sides is a batter's box. The point of home plate where the two 12-inch (30.5 cm) sides meet at right angles is at one corner of a ninety-foot (27.5 m) square. The other three corners of the square, in counterclockwise order from home plate, are called first base, second base, and third base. Three canvas bags fifteen inches (38 cm) square mark the three bases. These three bags along with home plate form the four points at the corners of the infield.
All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory. Thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. While the first and third base bags are placed so that they lie inside the 90-foot (27.5 m) square formed by the bases, the second base bag is placed so that its center (unlike first, third and home) coincides exactly with the "point" of the ninety-foot (27.5 m) infield square. Thus, although the "points" of the bases are 90 feet (27.5 m) apart, the physical distance between each successive pair of base markers is closer to 88 feet (26.8 m).[2]
The lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the playing field between (and including) the foul lines is fair territory; the rest is "foul territory." The area in the vicinity of the square formed by the bases is called the infield; fair territory outside the infield is known as the outfield. Most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is usually set at a distance ranging from 300 to 420 feet (91 to 128 m) from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole. These poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a batted ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball and the batter is awarded a home run.
First base[edit]
Main article: First baseman
Left field foul pole at Citi Field in Flushing, Queens.
First base is the first of four bases that must be touched by a player on the batting team in order to score a run. Unlike when an offensive player reaches second or third base, it is permissible for a batter-runner to overrun first base without being in jeopardy of being put out. After contact is made with the base, the batter-runner may slow down and return to first base at his leisure, so long as he makes no move or attempt to advance to second base. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.
The first baseman is the defensive player responsible for the area near first base. A professional first baseman is often a slow runner and tall.[citation needed] A tall first baseman presents a large target to which other fielders can throw, and his height gives him a larger range in reaching and catching errant throws. Players who are left-handed are marginally preferable for first base because: first, it is easier for a left-handed fielder to catch a pick-off throw from the pitcher and tag the baserunner; and, second, it is easier for a left handed thrower to make the throw to second base to start a 3-6-3, 3-6-4, or a 3-6-1 double play.[citation needed] Also, a right-handed first baseman must, when setting himself up to receive a throw from an infielder, execute a half-pivot near the base; this is a move that a left-hander need not make (this advantage is very marginal, however). There are three infield positions that can only effectively be occupied by right-handed players: 2nd base, 3rd base, and shortstop. This is because of the time it takes to pivot and set to throw. It takes a left-handed thrower more time to make that pivot and in the fast-paced major league game, that time is critical. As a result, there are fewer positions a left-handed player can occupy, and if that player is not fast, the outfield may not be a good fit.
In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the first baseman is assigned the number '3'.
Second base[edit]
Main article: Second baseman
Second base is the second of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a base runner in order to score a run for that player's team. Second base is typically defended by the second baseman and the shortstop. Second base is also known as the keystone sack. A runner on second base is said to be in "scoring position", owing to the high likelihood of reaching home plate and scoring a run from second base on most base hits. Since second is the farthest base from home plate, it is the most common target of base stealing. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.
Ideally, the second baseman and shortstop possess quick hands and feet and the ability to release the ball rapidly and with accuracy. One will usually cover second base when the other attempts to field the ball. Both players must communicate well to be able to make a double play. Particular agility is required of the second baseman in double play situations, which usually forces the player to throw towards first while his momentum carries him in the opposite direction. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the second baseman is assigned the number 4, and the shortstop 6.
Third base[edit]
Andy Wilkins rounds third base following a home run for the 2010 Arkansas Razorbacks baseball team.
Main article: Third baseman
Third base is the third of four bases a base runner must touch in a counterclockwise succession in order to score a run. Many batted balls that result in the batter being put out (such as a sacrifice fly) may nevertheless allow a runner to reach home plate and score a run from third base, provided that the third and final out is not recorded before he can do so. A runner on third base is therefore particularly valuable to the batting team when fewer than two outs have been recorded. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.
The third baseman is the defensive player whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base. A third baseman ideally possesses quick reaction to batted balls and a strong arm to make the long throw to first base. The distance from 3rd to 1st is about 127 feet. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the third baseman is assigned the number 5.
Home plate[edit]
"Home plate" redirects here. For other uses, see Home plate (disambiguation).
Home plate of a baseball field
Home plate, formally designated home base in the rules, is the final base that a player must touch to score. Unlike the other bases, home plate is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber that is set at ground level. The use of rubber was developed by Robert Keating, who pitched one game for the 1887 Baltimore Orioles. Previously—and more dangerously—the plate was made of stone, iron, or wood.[3]
The dimensions of home plate are 17 inches (43.2 cm) across the front, 8.5 inches (21.6 cm) down each side, with a triangular rear of two sides of 12 inches (30.5 cm). The rear edges are at 45 degrees to the sides, making a point at the back.[1] The plate is white and surrounded by a black strip 3/4 inches (1.9 cm) in width. The plate sits entirely in "fair" territory, with the two rear edges aligned with the right and left field foul lines. The length and angle requirements for home plate mandate that it is not a regular pentagon; it is a 17 inches by 8.5 inches (43.2 x 21.6 cm) rectangle with an isosceles triangle of base 17 inches (43.2 cm) and equal sides of 12 inches (30.5 cm) attached to the back.
Both the Major League Baseball Official Rules and the Little League rulebook say the angle between the two 12 inch sides should be 90 degrees. However, the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle with two sides of 12 inches is 288 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {288}}} inches, which is slightly less than the 17 inches required. The home plate as specified is therefore not physically realizable.[4]
50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 meters) behind home plate is the backstop, which is a wall/fence that will stop wild pitches, passed balls, and foul balls. In enclosed stadiums, the backstop is often composed of a lower part, which is like any other part of the wall, and an upper netting to protect spectators seated behind it; in recreational baseball fields, there is usually a tall chain-link fence, including an angled top section, composing the entire backstop.
Batter's box and catcher's box[edit]
David Ortiz (in gray) of the Boston Red Sox stands in the left-handed hitters' batter's box at U.S. Cellular Field against the Chicago White Sox on July 7, 2006.
The batter's box is the place where the batter stands when ready to receive a pitch from the pitcher. It is usually drawn in chalk on the dirt surrounding home plate, and the insides of the boxes are watered down before each game.
The chalk lines delineating the two Foul Lines are rarely extended through the batter's boxes. However, those lines exist conceptually for the purpose of judging a batted ball fair or foul. In addition, inside edges of the Batter's Boxes are often not laid-in with chalk. Similarly, though not marked, those lines continue to exist for the purpose of the rules pertaining to the batter's box and the batter's position relative thereto.
There are two batter's boxes, one on each side of home plate. The batter's boxes are 4 feet wide (1.2 m) and 6 feet long (1.8 m). The batter's boxes are centered lengthwise at the center of home plate with the inside line of each batter's box 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the near edge of home plate. A right-handed batter would stand in the batter's box on the left side of home plate from the perspective of the catcher and umpire. A left-handed batter would stand in the batter's box to their right. A batter may only occupy one batter's box at a time and may not legally leave the batter's box after the pitcher has come set or has started his windup. Should the batter wish to leave the batter's box once the pitcher has engaged the rubber, he must first ask the umpire for time-out. Time will not be granted if the pitcher has already started his pitching motion. For playing rules relating to the batter's box, see Rules 6.05 and 6.06 of the Official Baseball Rules.
Foul poles[edit]
One of two foul poles at Citizens Bank Park, Philadelphia.
Foul poles, if present, help umpires judge whether a fly ball hit above the fence line is foul (out of play) or fair (a home run). The poles are a vertical extension of the foul lines at the edge of the field of play. The outer edge of the foul lines and foul poles define foul territory. Both the lines and the poles are in fair territory, in contrast to football and basketball, where the lines marking the playing boundaries are out of bounds. The minimum distance to hit a home run (along either foul line) is set by baseball rules, generally at 325 feet (99 m).[5]
Before 1920,[citation needed] the foul lines extended indefinitely; a batter was awarded a home run only if a fly ball out of the field was fair where it landed, or "when last seen" by the umpire. Now, a batted ball that leaves the field in flight is judged fair or foul at the point it leaves the field. Thus, such a fly ball passing on the fair side of a foul pole, or hitting a foul pole, is a home run regardless of where the ball goes thereafter.
Foul poles are typically much higher than the top of the outfield fence or wall, and often have a narrow screen running along the fair side of the pole. This further aids the umpires' judgment, as a ball that bounces off this screen is a home run. It can still be a difficult call, especially in ballparks with no outfield stands behind the poles to provide perspective. Wrigley Field is notorious for arguments over long, curving flies down a foul line (most notably in left field) that sail higher than the foul pole.
At Major League Baseball fields, foul poles are usually yellow. Those at Citi Field are orange. At the Rogers Centre, there are no foul poles, but large nets suspended from the roof that serve the same purpose. At Petco Park, there is no foul pole in left field; the pole's function is served by a yellow metal strip along the corner of the Western Metal Supply Co. building.
Pitcher's mound[edit]
The pitcher moves forward off the rubber as the pitch is released.
In roughly the middle of the square, equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base, is a low artificial hill called the pitcher's mound. This is where the pitcher stands when throwing the pitch. Atop the mound is a white rubber slab, called the pitcher's plate or pitcher's rubber. It measures 6 inches (15 cm) front-to-back and 2 feet (61 cm) across, the front of which is exactly 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from the rear point of home plate. This peculiar distance was set by the rule makers in 1893, not due to a clerical or surveying error as popular myth has it, but intentionally (further details in History section).
In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter, with the center 59 feet (18 m) from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the pitcher's plate or rubber is 18 inches (46 cm) behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15.2 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The top of the rubber is to be no higher than ten inches (25.4 cm) above home plate. From 1903 through 1968, this height limit was set at 15 inches (38.1 cm), but was often slightly higher, sometimes as high as 20 inches (51 cm), especially for teams that emphasized pitching, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were reputed to have the highest mound in the majors.
A pitcher will push off the rubber with his foot in order to gain velocity toward home plate when pitching. In addition, a higher mound generally favors the pitcher. With the height advantage, the pitcher gains more leverage and can put more downward velocity on the ball, making it more difficult for the batter to strike the ball squarely with the bat. The lowering of the mound in 1969 was intended to "increase the batting" once again, as pitching had become increasingly dominant, reaching its peak the prior year; 1968 is known among baseball historians as "The Year of the Pitcher". This restrictive rule apparently did its job, contributing to the hitting surge of modern baseball.
A pitcher's mound is difficult for groundskeepers to maintain. Usually before every game it is watered down to keep the dust from spreading. On youth and amateur baseball fields, the mound may be much different from the rule book definition due to erosion and repair attempts. Even in the major leagues, each mound gains its own character, as pitchers are allowed to kick away pieces of dirt in their way, thereby sculpting the mound a bit to their preference.
The pitcher may keep a rosin bag on the rear of the mound to dry off his hands. Major League Baseball teams are also permitted cleat cleaners on the back of the mound. This may be a flat grate-style plate, or simply a hand tool such as a piece of wood used to remove mud and dirt from cleats. These items are allowed to remain on the backside of the mound at the discretion of the umpire, thus reducing the probability that they will affect a live play.[6]
Baseline[edit]
A baseline is the straight line between two adjacent bases. Baselines are not drawn on the field, although the foul lines serve to mark the baseline between home plate and first base, and between third base and home.
Running baseline[edit]
Generally, base runners are not required to follow the baseline. A base runner seeking to advance more than one base typically "rounds" the base, following a more circular path. However, a base runner's left-right motion is constrained when the defense tries to tag him. At the moment the defense begins the attempt, the baserunner's running baseline is established as a direct line from his current position to the base he is trying for. A runner straying more than three feet (1 m) away from this baseline to avoid a tag may be called out.
Running lane[edit]
Beginning halfway between home and first base, and ending at first base, there is a second chalk line to the right of the foul line. This second line and the part of the foul line it runs parallel to, form the running lane that defines the path in which a batter-runner must run as he is advancing to first base. Rule 6.05(k) of the Official Baseball Rules states that, if a batter-runner running to first base runs outside the running lane, and "in doing so" interferes with the fielder taking the throw at first, then the batter-runner is automatically out. First base itself is not located in the running lane, but Rule 6.05 lets the batter-runner leave the running lane "by means of a step, stride or slide in the immediate vicinity of first base" to step on first base.[7]
Grass line[edit]
The H.H.H. Metrodome, showing a white "grass" line.
The grass line, where the dirt of the infield ends and the grass of the outfield begins, has no special significance to the rules of the game, but it can influence the outcome of a game. Dirt running paths between the bases (and, at one time and still in some parks, between the pitcher and the catcher) have existed since the beginning of the game, although they were not mentioned in the rule books until around 1950, and their specifications are flexible. In addition to providing a running path, the grass lines act as a visual aid so that players, umpires and fans may better judge distance from the center of the diamond. Occasionally the ball may take a tricky bounce off the dirt area or the edge between the dirt and the grass. Multiple World Series championships (including 1924, 1960 and 1986) have been decided or heavily influenced by erratic hops of ground balls.
In artificial turf stadiums, infield dirt was originally only placed around the bases and around the pitcher's and batting areas, which are referred to as "sliding pits." In this configuration, the "grass line" is usually designated with a white arc. Among Major League Baseball fields, Rogers Centre was the last stadium to maintain this type of configuration and is reconfigured with a full dirt infield starting in the 2016 MLB season.[8]
In some college baseball parks with artificial turf fields, the entire field (along with possibly the pitcher's mound) is made up of turf, with parts of the field mainly containing dirt instead merely being clay-colored turf.
Outfield[edit]
The outfield is made from thick grass or artificial turf. It is where the outfielders play. The positions to play in the outfield are right, center, and left field (named in relation to the batter's position; thus left field is beyond third base and right field is beyond first base). Outfields vary in size and shape depending on the overall size and shape of the playing field. The outfield stretches from the infield to the outfield wall and it contains the warning track. Outfields especially vary from Little League to Major League fields. Little League outfields vary more in size than Major League outfields. Outfields often differ from infields in the specific type of grass used, but most Major League outfields are grass.[9]
Warning track[edit]
The bottom of the picture shows part of the orange-colored clay warning track at Fenway Park.
The warning track is the strip of dirt at the edges of the baseball field (especially in front of the home run fence and along the left and right sides of a field). Because the warning track's color and feel differ from the grass field, a fielder can remain focused on a fly ball near the fence and measure his proximity to the fence while attempting to catch the ball safely.
A warning track's width is not specified in the rules. It is generally designed to give about three steps of warning to the highest-level players using the field. Typical widths run from about six feet for Little League fields to about 10–15 feet (3 - 4.5 m) for college- or professional-level play. A warning track this wide also lets groundskeepers avoid driving maintenance vehicles on the grass.
The track can be composed of finely ground rock particles such as cinders, which is why announcer Bob Wolff called it the "cinder path" rather than the "warning track".
The idea of a warning track originated in Yankee Stadium, where an actual running track was built for use in track and field events. When ballpark designers saw how the track helped fielders, it soon became a feature of every ballpark.
Single-minded fielders often crash into a wall trying to make a catch despite the warning track. For this reason, outfield walls are typically padded for extra safety. Wrigley Field's brick wall is covered only by ivy, which is not especially soft. However, there are pads on the walls of the tight left and right field corners in foul ground.
Warning-track power is a derogatory term for a batter who seems to have just enough power to hit the ball to the warning track for an out, but not enough to hit a home run. The term more generally refers to someone or something that is almost but not quite good enough for something.
Outfield wall[edit]
The Green Monster in 2006, showing the manual scoreboard and Green Monster seating, and more recent additions, including charity advertisements along the top, billboards above the Green Monster seating, and the American League East standings.
Pitchers warming up in the bullpen
The outfield wall or outfield fence is the wall or fence that marks the outer boundary of the outfield. A ball passing over the wall is dead; if it passes over the wall in fair territory while in flight, it is a home run. The official rules do not specify the shape, height, or composition of the wall, or a specific mandatory distance from home plate (though Major League Baseball mandates a minimum distance of 250 feet (76 m) and recommends a minimum distance of 320 feet (98 m) at the foul poles and 400 feet (120 m) at center field). As a result, baseball fields can vary greatly along those lines. The wall has numbers affixed or painted on it that denote the distance in feet from that point on the wall to home plate. In most modern major league ballparks, the wall is made of some hard material (e.g., concrete, plywood, sheet metal) with padding on the field side to protect players who may collide with the wall at high speed while trying to make a play. Chain link fencing may also be incorporated into the wall in areas where the wall needs to be transparent, e.g., an outfield bullpen, a spectator area behind the wall, or to protect a scoreboard incorporated into the wall. Many ballparks feature a yellow line denoting the top of the wall to aid umpires in judging whether the ball passed over the wall or if the ball is fair or foul.
Bullpen[edit]
Main article: Bullpen
The bullpen (sometimes referred to as simply "the pen") is the area where pitchers warm up before entering a game. Depending on the ballpark, it may be situated in foul territory along the baselines or just beyond the outfield fence. Relief pitchers usually wait in the bullpen when they have yet to play in a game, rather than in the dugout with the rest of the team. The starting pitcher also makes his final pregame warmups in the bullpen. Managers can call coaches in the bullpen on an in-house telephone from the dugout to tell a certain pitcher to begin his warmup tosses. "Bullpen" is also used metonymically to describe a team's collection of relief pitchers.
On-deck circles[edit]
Main article: On-deck
There are two on-deck circles in the field, one for each team, positioned in foul ground between home plate and the respective teams' benches. They are technically known as next-batter's boxes. The on-deck circle is where the next scheduled batter, or "on-deck" batter, warms up while waiting for the current batter to finish his turn. The on-deck circle is either an area composed of bare dirt; a plain circle painted onto artificial turf; or often, especially at the professional level, a mat made from artificial material, with the team or league logo painted onto it.
Coach's boxes[edit]
The coach's boxes, located behind first and third base, are where the first and third base coaches are supposed to stand, although coaches often stand outside the box. This is permissible as long as the coach does not interfere with play and the opposing team does not object (in which case the umpire shall ensure that all coaches on both teams must abide by the boundaries of the coach's boxes). The coach's boxes are marked with chalk or paint. In the early days of baseball, the term "coacher's box" was used, as "coach" was taken to be a verb. As the term "coach" evolved into a noun, the name of the box also changed.
History[edit]
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The basic layout of the diamond has been little changed since the original Knickerbocker Rules of the 1840s. The distance between bases was already established as 90 feet (27.5 m), which it remains to this day. Through trial and error, 90 feet (27.5 m) had been settled upon as the optimal distance. 100 feet (30.5 m) would have given too much advantage to the defense, and 80 feet too much to the offense.
The original Knickerbocker Rules did not specify the pitching distance explicitly. By the time major league baseball began in the 1870s, the pitcher was compelled to pitch from within a "box" whose front edge was 45 feet (13.7 m)from the "point" of home plate. Although he had to release the ball before crossing the line, as with bowlers in cricket, he also had to start his delivery from within the box; he could not run in from the field as bowlers do. Furthermore, the pitcher had to throw underhand. By the 1880s, pitchers had mastered the underhand delivery—in fact, in 1880, there were two perfect games within a week of each other.[10]
In an attempt to "increase the batting", the front edge of the pitcher's box was moved back 5 feet (1.5 m) in 1881, to 50 feet (15 m) from home plate. The size of the box was altered over the following few years. Pitchers were allowed to throw overhand starting in 1884, and that tilted the balance of power again. In 1887, the box was set at 4 feet (1.2 m) wide and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) deep, with the front edge still 50 feet (15 m) from the plate. However, the pitcher was compelled to deliver the ball with his back foot at the 55.5 foot (16.9 m) line of the box, thus somewhat restricting his ability to "power" the ball with his overhand delivery.[11]:96
In 1893, the box was replaced by the pitcher's plate, although "the box" is still used today as a slang term for the pitcher's location on the field. Exactly 5 feet (1.5 m) was added to the point the pitcher had to toe, again "to increase the batting" (and hopefully to increase attendance, as fan interest had flagged somewhat), resulting in the seemingly peculiar pitching distance of 60.5 feet (18.4 m).[11]:230
Many sources suggest that the pitching distance evolved from 45 to 50 to 60.5 feet. However, the first two were the "release point" and the third is the "pushoff point", so the 1893 increase was not quite as dramatic as is often implied; that is, the 1893 rule change added only 5 feet to the release point, not 10.5 feet (3.2 m).
Originally the pitcher threw from flat ground, but over time the raised mound was developed, somewhat returning the advantage to the pitchers. Before the mid-20th century, it was common for baseball fields to include a dirt pathway between the pitcher's mound and home plate. This feature is sometimes known as the "keyhole" due to the shape that it makes together with the mound. The keyhole was once as wide as the pitcher's box and resembled the "pitch" area used in the game of cricket. Sometimes this path extended through the batting area and all the way to the backstop. Once the rounded pitcher's mound was developed, the path became more ornamental than practical, and was gradually thinned before being largely abandoned by the 1950s. In recent years some ballparks, such as Comerica Park and Chase Field in the major leagues, have revived the feature for nostalgic reasons.
Maintenance[edit]
See: Turf management, Sports turf, Groundskeeping#Groundskeeping equipment, Equipment manager, and Sand-based athletic fields
Honors and awards[edit]
See also: ABCA/Turface Athletics Field Maintenance Awards
The Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) presents various awards each year. Starting in 2001, its Sports Turf Manager of the Year Awards have been presented annually in the Triple-A, Double-A, Class A, and Short-Season/Rookie divisions of Minor League Baseball and are chosen from the 16 league winners.[12] STMA also presents the Baseball Field of the Year Award, which includes Schools and Parks, College/University and Professional categories.[13]
See also[edit]
Official Rules of Major League Baseball
The Baseball Encyclopedia, published by Macmillan Publishers
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Rules: 1.00 Objectives of the Game". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "DIAGRAM NO 2". Official Rules of Major League Baseball, 2013 Edition (PDF). Triumph Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-60078-797-3.
Jump up ^ James, B. New Historical Baseball Abstract.
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Home Plate". MathWorld.
Jump up ^ "Field Dimensions". MLB.com. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Mahony, Phillip (2014). Baseball Explained. McFarland Books.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Blue Jays' new dirt infield under construction at Rogers Centre". CBC.ca. February 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Major League Baseball Ballpark Grass and Turf". www.baseballpilgrimages.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Lee Richmond Perfect Game Box Score by Baseball Almanac". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lansch, Jerry. Glory Fades Away.
Jump up ^ "Turf award winners named: Stevenson, Parrott, Tanis, Hall are classification winners". Florida State League official website. Minor League Baseball. November 21, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-01. [T]he STMA [Sports Turf Managers Association] began recognizing sports turf managers in 2001.
Jump up ^ "Baseball: Hawks Field at Haymarket Park". Nebraska Huskers. Retrieved 2012-01-01. Hawks Field at Haymarket Park ... won the Baseball Field of the Year Award in the College/University division by the Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) for the second time.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baseball fields.
Baseball portal
Baseball field Almanac
PONY Baseball
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text:
List of Guns N' Roses members
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Guns N' Roses in 2016. From left to right, Richard Fortus, Dizzy Reed, Duff McKagan, Axl Rose, Slash, Melissa Reese & Frank Ferrer
Guns N' Roses is an American hard rock band from Los Angeles, California. Formed in 1985, the group originally featured vocalist Axl Rose, guitarists Tracii Guns and Izzy Stradlin, bassist Ole Beich and drummer Rob Gardner, although Guns, Beich and Gardner were quickly replaced by Slash, Duff McKagan and Steven Adler, respectively.[1] This lineup released the band's most critically and commercially successful album, Appetite for Destruction, in 1987, followed by the acoustic album G N' R Lies in 1988.[2] On July 11, 1990, Adler was fired due to drug addiction.[3]
Also in 1990, keyboardist Dizzy Reed was added to the group.[4] Adler was replaced by former The Cult drummer Matt Sorum, who was initially only brought in to perform on new studio recordings (it was planned that Adler would continue to perform at live shows).[3] The new lineup with Sorum and Reed recorded two albums for release in 1991: Use Your Illusion I and II.[2] However, just a few dates into the Use Your Illusion Tour in November 1991, Stradlin left the group and was replaced by Gilby Clarke, formerly of Kill for Thrills.[5]
The band's show on July 17, 1993 was the last at which all members except Rose and Reed would perform as members of Guns N' Roses.[6] After not being involved in the recording of the cover version of "Sympathy for the Devil" in 1994, Clarke's involvement with the band ended.[7] He was replaced by Paul "Huge" Tobias.[8] Slash left the band in October 1996, reportedly due to disagreements with Rose and issues with lineup changes.[9] He was followed in 1997 by McKagan, who left, and Sorum, who was fired, leaving only Rose, Reed and Tobias.[10]
In 1997, Slash was replaced by Robin Finck and Sorum was replaced by Josh Freese,[11][12] while Tommy Stinson was brought in as McKagan's replacement the following year.[13] Chris Pitman also joined as second keyboardist.[14] In early 1998, the new lineup of the band began recording Chinese Democracy.[15] Finck left in 1999 to return to Nine Inch Nails.[11] His replacement was Buckethead, who joined the following year,[16] while Freese was also replaced by Bryan "Brain" Mantia.[17] Finck later returned to the band alongside Buckethead,[18] while third guitarist Tobias was replaced in 2002 by Richard Fortus.[19] In 2004, Buckethead left the band.[20]
Buckethead was replaced in 2006 with Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal,[21] while in the same year Frank Ferrer was brought in to replace Mantia.[22] 15 years after the last studio album, Chinese Democracy was released in November 2008, featuring contributions from most band members since 1997.[23] Shortly before its release, Finck left to rejoin Nine Inch Nails again;[24] almost a year later, he was replaced by DJ Ashba.[25] This lineup remained stable until after the Appetite for Democracy tour, when Thal, Ashba, Stinson and Pitman left the group.[26] Both Slash and Duff McKagan returned to the band in 2016.[27] Keyboardist Melissa Reese joined the band in 2016, replacing Chris Pitman.[28] Rose has been the only constant member of the band since its formation in 1985.[29]
Contents
[hide]
1 Members
1.1 Current members
1.2 Former members
2 Additional
2.1 Touring members
2.2 Session members
3 Timeline
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 External links
Members[edit]
Current members[edit]
Image
Name
Years active
Instruments
Release contributions
Axl Rose 1985–present
vocals
piano
keyboards
synthesizers
percussion
all Guns N' Roses releases
Duff McKagan
1985–1997
2016–present[A]
bass
backing vocals
all Guns N' Roses releases from Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide (1986) to Sympathy For The Devil (1994)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)
Slash
1985–1996
2016–present
lead and rhythm guitar
Dizzy Reed 1990–present
keyboards
synthesizers
piano
backing vocals
percussion
all Guns N' Roses releases from Civil War (1990) and Knockin' On Heavens Door (Days of Thunder version) (1990) to present[B]
Richard Fortus 2002–present
rhythm and lead guitar
backing vocals
Chinese Democracy (2008)
Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)
Frank Ferrer 2006–present
drums
percussion
Melissa Reese 2016–present
keyboards
synthesizers
backing vocals
percussion
sub-bass
programming
none
Former members[edit]
Image
Name
Years active
Instruments
Release contributions
Izzy Stradlin 1985–1991[C]
rhythm guitar
vocals
percussion
all Guns N' Roses releases from Live?!*@ Like a Suicide (1986) to Use Your Illusion II (1991)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)
Tracii Guns 1985 lead guitar none
Ole Beich bass
Rob Gardner
drums
percussion
Steven Adler 1985–1990 [D]
drums
percussion
backing vocals
all Guns N' Roses releases from Live?!*@ Like a Suicide (1986) to Civil War (1990)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)
Matt Sorum 1990–1997
drums
percussion
backing vocals
all Guns N' Roses releases from Knockin' On Heavens Door (Days of Thunder version) (1990) to Sympathy for the Devil (1994)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)
Gilby Clarke 1991–1994
rhythm guitar
backing vocals
Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo I (1992)
Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo II (1992)
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)
Paul "Huge" Tobias[E] 1994–2002
rhythm guitar
piano
Sympathy for the Devil (1994)
Oh My God (1999)
Chinese Democracy (2008)
Robin Finck
1997–1999
2000–2008
lead guitar
keyboards
Oh My God (1999)
Chinese Democracy (2008)
Josh Freese 1997–2000 drums Oh My God (1999)[F]
Tommy Stinson 1998–2016
bass
backing vocals
Oh My God (1999)
Chinese Democracy (2008)
Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)
Chris Pitman[G]
keyboards
synthesizers
sub-bass
percussion
backing vocals
programming
Buckethead 2000–2004 guitars Chinese Democracy (2008)
Bryan "Brain" Mantia 2000–2006 drums
Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal 2006–2014
guitars
backing vocals
Chinese Democracy (2008)
Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)
DJ Ashba 2009–2015
lead guitar
Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)
Additional[edit]
Touring members[edit]
Image
Name
Years active
Instruments
Release contributions
Fred Coury 1987–1988[H] drums none
Kid "Haggis" Chaos 1988[I] bass
Don Henley 1989[J] drums
Teddy Andreadis 1991–1993
keyboards
harmonica
percussion
backing vocals
Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo I (1992) | Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo II (1992) | Live Era '87–'93 (1999)
Roberta Freeman backing vocals
Tracey Amos
Diane Jones
Cece Worrall horns
Anne King
Lisa Maxwell
Session members[edit]
Image
Name
Years active
Instruments
Release contributions
West Arkeen
1988
1990–1991
percussion
acoustic guitar
G N' R Lies (1988) – "Patience", "Used to Love Her", "You're Crazy" and "One in a Million"
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "The Garden"
Howard Teman
percussion
piano
G N' R Lies (1988) – "Patience", "Used to Love Her", "You're Crazy" and "One in a Million"
Use Your Illusion II (1991) – "So Fine"
Rick Richards 1988 percussion G N' R Lies (1988) – "Patience", "Used to Love Her", "You're Crazy" and "One in a Million"
Ray Grden
Michael Monroe
1990–1991
1992–1993
harmonica
saxophone
vocals
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Bad Obsession"
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "Ain't It Fun"
Stuart Bailey backing vocals
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "November Rain"
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "I Don't Care About You"
Shannon Hoon 1990–1991 vocals
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Live and Let Die", "Don't Cry", "You Ain't the First", "November Rain" and "The Garden"
Use Your Illusion II (1991) – "Don't Cry" (alt. lyrics)
Johann Langlie
keyboards
drums
programming
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Live And Let Die", "November Rain", "Garden Of Eden", "Coma"
Use Your Illusion II (1991) – "My World"
Alice Cooper vocals Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "The Garden"
Jon Thautwein horns Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Live and Let Die"
Matthew McKagan
Rachel West
Robert Clark
Tim Doyle tambourine Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "You Ain't the First"
Reba Shaw backing vocals Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "November Rain"
Mike Clink nutcracker Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Dead Horse"
Bruce Foster programming Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Coma"
Diane Mitchell spoken word vocals
Michelle Loiselle
Monica Zierhut-Soto
Patricia Fuenzalida
Rose Mann
Susanne Filkins
The Waters backing vocals Use Your Illusion II (1991) – "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Mike Staggs 1992–1993 guitar "The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "Ain't It Fun"
Mike Fasano percussion "The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "Hair of the Dog"
Richard Duguay guitars "The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory"
Eddie Huletz backing vocals
Blake Stanton "The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "I Don't Care About You"
Eric Mills
Riki Rachtman
Carlos Booy acoustic guitar "The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "Look at Your Game, Girl"
Dave Navarro 1999 guitar "Oh My God" (1999)
Gary Sunshine
Stuart White programming
Eric Caudieux 1997–2007
drum machine
sub drums
Chinese Democracy (2008) – "If the World" and "This I Love"
Sebastian Bach vocals Chinese Democracy (2008) – "Sorry"
Pete Scaturro keyboards
Suzy Katayama French horn Chinese Democracy (2008) – "Madagascar"
Patti Hood harp Chinese Democracy (2008) – "This I Love"
Caram Costanzo sub drums
Timeline[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Duff McKagan also performed with the band as a live guest at a show on October 14, 2010, and as a touring substitute for Tommy Stinson in 2014.[30]
Jump up ^ Civil War was recorded before Knockin' On Heavens Door but Knockin' On Heavens Door was released before Civil War.
Jump up ^ Izzy Stradlin also performed with the band as a touring substitute for Gilby Clarke in 1993, and as a live guest at several shows in 2006 and 2012.[30]
Jump up ^ Adler appeared as a live guest during the band's Not in This Lifetime... Tour, on July 6th, July 9th, and August 19th.[31]
Jump up ^ Credited as either Paul Huge or Paul Tobias.
Jump up ^ Josh Freese's drum recordings were not included on Chinese Democracy, being re-recorded by Bryan Mantia after Freese left the band, but Freese was credited for arrangements on four tracks.[32]
Jump up ^ Pitman filled in on bass guitar in a 2007 show that Tommy Stinson was unable to attend.
Jump up ^ Fred Coury replaced regular drummer Steven Adler between December 1987 and January 1988 due to an injury.[33][34][35]
Jump up ^ Kid "Haggis" Chaos replaced regular bassist Duff McKagan for a show on May 27, 1988 as McKagan was getting married.[34]
Jump up ^ Don Henley replaced regular drummer Steven Adler for the 1989 American Music Awards show on January 30, 1989.[36]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "12 Hedonistic Early Pictures Of Guns N' Roses". NME. Time Inc. UK. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Guns N' Roses: Biography & History". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview: Steven Adler & Matt Sorum, the Guns N' Roses story". MusicRadar. Future plc. June 18, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses Keyboardist Hopes It Won't Take Another 10 Years For New Studio Album To Come Out". Blabbermouth.net. December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Former Guns N' Roses Members Slash, Duff McKagan, Gilby Clarke Reunite On Stage In Argentina (Video)". Blabbermouth.net. March 8, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gallucci, Michael (July 17, 2015). "22 Years Ago: Slash and Duff McKagan Play Their Last Guns N' Roses Show". Ultimate Classic Rock. Diffuser Network. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gilby Clarke: The Moment I Knew I Was Not Going To Play With Guns N' Roses Anymore". Blabbermouth.net. October 10, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Didn't You Used to Be Axl Rose?". Q. Bauer Media Group. May 2001. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilkening, Matthew (July 18, 2012). "Slash Quits – 25 Most Destructive Guns N' Roses Moments". Ultimate Classic Rock. Diffuser Network. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lealos, Shawn S. (June 9, 2014). "Velvet Revolver rises from the ashes of Guns N Roses". AXS. Anschutz Entertainment Group. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Guitarist Robin Finck Leaves GN'R To Return To NIN". MTV. August 4, 1999. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Greats: Josh Freese". Modern Drummer. February 1, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Payne, Chris (September 4, 2015). "Tommy Stinson on Guns N' Roses' Future: 'I Really Have No Idea What's Going On'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses Keyboardist Chris Pitman Interviewed By 'Noise Up Thursdays'; Audio Available". Blabbermouth.net. October 24, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leeds, Jeff (March 6, 2005). "The Most Expensive Album Never Made". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Dan; Harris, Keith; Hudak, Joseph; Johnston, Maura; Love, Katherine; Morgan, Wallace (November 24, 2015). "March 2000: The Ballad of Buckethead: 50 Wildest Guns N' Roses Moments". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Drummer Bryan 'Brain' Mantia Discusses Recording Processes For Guns N' Roses' 'Chinese Democracy'". Blabbermouth.net. October 15, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Borzillo-Vrenna, Carrie (October 30, 2000). "Guns N' Roses Make Buckethead, Robin Finck, & Bob Ezrin Official". allstarmag.com. Here Today... Gone to Hell!. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses: Paul Huge Out, Psychedelic Furs Axeman In". Blabbermouth.net. July 17, 2002. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (March 17, 2004). "Buckethead's Hand Puppet Says Goodbye To Guns N' Roses". MTV. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moore, Brian (November 20, 2008). "Axl's arsenal". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses: New Audio Interview With Frank Ferrer Posted Online". Blabbermouth.net. August 4, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Yates, Henry (November 19, 2008). "33 insane facts about Chinese Democracy". MusicRadar. Future plc. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses Caught 'Off Guard' By Finck's Decision To Rejoin Nine Inch Nails". Blabbermouth.net. April 21, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bosso, Joe (March 23, 2009). "Guns N' Roses hire DJ Ashba as new guitarist". MusicRadar. Future plc. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ex-Guns N' Roses Guitarist Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal: Me And My Guitar (Video)". Blabbermouth.net. August 4, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Guns N' Roses confirm return of Slash and Duff McKagan for Coachella reunion
Jump up ^ "Official Guns N' Roses Live Lineup Includes Axl, Slash, Duff, Melissa Reese, Richard Fortus and Frank Ferrer". Retrieved 2 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses Reunion Won't Include Izzy Stradlin". Pitchfork. March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Reiff, Corbin (March 9, 2015). "Guns N' Roses Mini-Reunions: A Video History". Ultimate Classic Rock. Diffuser Network. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "STEVEN ADLER Performs With GUNS N' ROSES At Second Dodger Stadium Concert (Video)". Blabbermouth.net. August 20, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chinese Democracy (Media notes). Guns N' Roses. Geffen Records. 2008.
Jump up ^ "GN'R Setlist Almanac 1987". GNRontour.com. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "GN'R Setlist Almanac 1988". GNRontour.com. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses History: 1987". Here Today... Gone to Hell!. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "GN'R Setlist Almanac 1989". GNRontour.com. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
External links[edit]
Guns N' Roses official website
[show]
v
t
e
Guns N' Roses
Axl Rose
Slash
Duff McKagan
Dizzy Reed
Richard Fortus
Frank Ferrer
Melissa Reese
Izzy Stradlin
Tracii Guns
Ole Beich
Rob Gardner
Steven Adler
Matt Sorum
Gilby Clarke
Paul Tobias
Robin Finck
Josh Freese
Tommy Stinson
Chris Pitman
Buckethead
Bryan "Brain" Mantia
Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal
DJ Ashba
Studio albums
Appetite for Destruction
G N' R Lies
Use Your Illusion I
Use Your Illusion II
"The Spaghetti Incident?"
Chinese Democracy
Live albums
Live Era '87–'93
Extended plays
Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide
Guns N' Roses
The "Civil War" EP
Compilation albums
Use Your Illusion
Greatest Hits
Singles
"It's So Easy"
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"Paradise City"
"Patience"
"Nightrain"
"You Could Be Mine"
"Don't Cry"
"Live and Let Die"
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
"November Rain"
"Yesterdays"
"Civil War"
"Ain't It Fun"
"Estranged"
"Since I Don't Have You"
"Sympathy for the Devil"
"Chinese Democracy"
Promo singles
"Mr. Brownstone"
"My Michelle"
"14 Years"
"Pretty Tied Up"
"Dead Horse"
"Hair of the Dog"
"Oh My God"
"Better"
"Street of Dreams"
Other songs
"Think About You"
"Rocket Queen"
"Used to Love Her"
"One in a Million"
"Coma"
"Get in the Ring"
"The Garden"
"Madagascar"
"Prostitute"
Videos and DVDs
Use Your Illusion I
Use Your Illusion II
Garden of Eden: Strictly Limited Edition
Welcome to the Videos
Appetite for Democracy 3D
Tours
The Early Days of Guns N' Roses
Appetite for Destruction Tour
Use Your Illusion Tour
Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour
Chinese Democracy Tour
Up Close and Personal Tour
Appetite for Democracy
Not in This Lifetime... Tour
Related
Articles
Discography
Members
Songs
Awards and nominations
Del James
West Arkeen
Guns N' Roses Pinball
Riverport Riot
Watch You Bleed: The Saga of Guns N' Roses
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Gun laws in Florida
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Location of Florida in the United States
Gun laws in Florida regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Florida in the United States.
Florida is a "shall issue" state, and issues concealed carry licenses to both residents and non-residents. Florida recognizes licenses from any other state which recognizes Florida's license, provided the non-resident individual is a resident of the other state and is at least 21 years old[1] or may be under 21 if the applicant is a member or veteran of the United States Armed Forces.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 Preemption
3 Concealed carry
4 Open carry
5 Vehicle carry
6 Castle doctrine and "stand your ground"
7 Firearm sales
8 Other laws
9 See also
10 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State license to Purchase? No No None
Firearm registration? No No Chapter 790.335 It is a felony under Florida law to create, maintain or publish any list, record or registry of legally owned firearms or law-abiding firearm owners.
Owner license required? No No None
Assault weapon law? No No None
Magazine Capacity Restriction? No No None
Concealed Carry license required? N/A Yes Chapter 790.06 Allows concealed possession of handguns, electronic weapons or devices, tear gas guns, knives, or billies, but not long guns or machine guns per Chapter 790.06(1).
Open Carry? No No Chapter 790.053, Open carry of firearms is generally banned except open or concealed carry is allowed for without a license under 790.25 for certain protected places and activities. Exceptions include in the home, place of work, hunting, fishing, camping, or while practice shooting and while traveling to and from those activities.
State Preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes Chapter 790.33
NFA weapons restricted? No No Chapter 790.161 Making, possessing, throwing, projecting, or discharging any destructive device, or any attempt to do so is a felony in Florida.
Peaceable Journey laws? No No None Federal rules observed.
Duty to inform? No No None Florida law does not require one to disclose one's possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement.
Background checks required for private sales? No No None
Red flag law? Yes Yes SB 7026 The police can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others.
Preemption[edit]
Florida law prohibits localities from regulating firearms, other than with regards to zoning laws (i.e., for restricting where gun sellers may locate their businesses). The Florida Legislature has since 1987 occupied the whole field of regulation of firearms and ammunition, including the purchase, sale, transfer, taxation, manufacture, ownership, possession, and transportation. Due to a lack of penalties associated with violating the preemption statute, it was almost universally ignored by city and county authorities until, on December 7, 2010, Representative Matt Gaetz introduced a bill to the Florida Legislature adding penalties for violating the existing preemption statute. It was signed into law by Governor Rick Scott on June 2, 2011.[3] Penalties may include fines, removal from public office, termination of employment and other punishments.[4]
Concealed carry[edit]
Firearms regulations are uniform throughout Florida, and a carry license is valid everywhere other than in a few specially-defined areas. These prohibited places include any police station, prison, courthouse, polling place, government meeting place, airport, seaport, or tavern.[5] Concealed carry is also prohibited in any school, except for authorized security personnel or armed marshals.[6][7]
Anyone lawfully carrying a firearm in a concealed manner, may briefly and openly display the firearm to the ordinary sight of another person, unless the firearm is intentionally displayed in an angry or threatening manner, not in necessary self-defense.[8]
Currently, Florida's Concealed Weapon License is one of the most widely recognized, state-issued concealed weapon license. The resident Florida Concealed Weapon License is recognized in thirty-five different states, while the non-resident Florida Concealed Weapon License is recognized in thirty states.[9]
"Concealed firearm" is defined in F.S.S.790.001(2) as "any firearm, as defined in subsection (6), which is carried on or about a person in such a manner as to conceal the firearm from the ordinary sight of another person."[10]
Unlicensed concealed carry is allowed during a mandatory evacuation as a result of a state of emergency.[11]
As of 2018, some school employees may choose to receive special training in order to carry a firearm at school.[12]
Open carry[edit]
Open carry when on foot in a public area is generally illegal, but is permitted in certain circumstances, as defined by Florida statute 790.25(3). For example, open carry is permitted while hunting, fishing, camping, gun shows, or while shooting, and while going to and from such activities.[13] The open carry ban statute was challenged in court[14] but the ban was upheld.[15]
Vehicle carry[edit]
Vehicle carry without a license when the weapon is not immediately accessible/available for use is permitted.
Handguns must be either "securely encased" -F.S.S.790.25(3)(l) Some cite this as a grey area or risky- or not immediately available for use.[16] "Securely encased" means in a glove compartment, whether or not locked; snapped in a holster; in a gun case, whether or not locked; in a zippered gun case; or in a closed box or container which requires a lid or cover to be opened for access.[17] Carry of a Handgun on one's person inside a vehicle without a license is not permitted (except in the case of open carry in accordance with the law outlined above). Once a handgun is securely encased, it can be stored anywhere inside the vehicle and is not limited to just the glove compartment/center console.
Long guns may be anywhere in a private conveyance when such firearm is being carried for a lawful use.[18]
As of July 1, 2008, Florida became a "Take your gun to work" state (F.S. 790.251). This law prohibits most businesses from firing any employee for keeping a legal firearm locked in his or her vehicle in the company parking lot. The purpose of the new law is to allow citizens to exercise their Second Amendment rights during their commutes to and from work. Exceptions listed in F.S. 790.251(7) include school property, correctional institutions, nuclear power plants, national defense facilities, facilities for explosives or combustible materials, or a motor vehicle owned, rented, or leased by a person's employer.
A case was filed against Walt Disney World Resort by a former Disney security guard who was fired, despite having a CWL, for having a firearm locked in his car on July 1, in violation of Disney's pre-existing no weapons allowed policy. The case was later dropped by the plaintiff citing personal and financial reasons. Disney claims that they are exempt from the new state law, on the basis of their having a fireworks license for conducting nightly fireworks shows at Disney World.[19][20]
Castle doctrine and "stand your ground"[edit]
"Castle doctrine" refers to the generally accepted common-law principle that one is not required to retreat when in one's own dwelling. Eliminating the requirement to retreat outside the home (i.e. in public) is generally referred to as a "stand your ground" law. As of October 1, 2005, Florida became a "No Duty to Retreat" (i.e. Stand Your Ground) state. Florida Castle Doctrine law establishes that law-abiding residents and visitors may legally presume the threat of bodily harm or death from anyone who breaks into a residence or occupied vehicle and may use defensive force, including deadly force, against the intruder. With the passage of Florida's Stand Your Ground law, this principle now also applies in any other place where a person "has a right to be." Essentially, that person has "no duty to retreat" if attacked and may "meet force with force, including deadly force if he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony". Note that all of the generally accepted common-law principles of self-defense must still be followed.[21]
A person who uses force within the parameters of the law is immune from criminal prosecution or civil action and cannot be arrested unless a law enforcement agency determines there is probable cause that the force used was unlawful. If a civil action is brought and the court finds the defendant to be immune under the law, the defendant will be awarded all costs of defense.
Firearm sales[edit]
As of 2018, one must be at least 21 years old to purchase any firearm in Florida.[12] Florida law does not restrict private firearms transfers between Florida residents.
The Florida Constitution, Art VIII Sec. 5(b), permits counties to enact ordinances that require a criminal history records check and a 3 to 5-day waiting period when any part of a firearm sale is conducted on property to which the public has the "right of access",[22] such as at a gun show conducted on public property. These local option ordinances may not be applied to holders of a concealed weapons license.[23] As of 2018, this waiting period applies to all counties, with exceptions for concealed weapons licensees, hunters, military, and law enforcement.[12] Prior, only Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Hillsborough, and Volusia counties had enacted such ordinances.
Other laws[edit]
Under Florida's red flag law, the police can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others.[12][24]
The possession of a bump stock is illegal. This is a gun stock that can be used to increase the rate of fire of a semi-automatic rifle.[25][24]
See also[edit]
Gun law in the United States
Law of Florida
Marion Hammer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Florida Statutes, Chapter 790: Weapons and Firearms
Jump up ^ Florida Statute 790.062 Members and veterans of United States Armed Forces; exceptions from licensure provisions
Jump up ^ http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=44848&
Jump up ^ http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2013/790.33
Jump up ^ "Other Location Restrictions in Florida". Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. November 16, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Guns in Schools in Florida". Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. November 16, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://opinions.1dca.org/written/opinions2013/12-10-2013/12-2174.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2013/790.053
Jump up ^ Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services – Division of Licensing
Jump up ^ "Florida Statutes, Title XLVI, Chapter 790". Florida Legislature. 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Statutes & Constitution: View Statutes: Online Sunshine". www.leg.state.fl.us. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Astor, Maggie (March 8, 2018). "Florida Gun Bill: What's In It, and What Isn't". The New York Times. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Section 790.25 Florida Statutes
Jump up ^ Dale Lee Norman v. State of Florida
Jump up ^ "U.S. Supreme Court Rejects Assault Rifle, Open-Carry Appeals". Bloomberg.com. 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
Jump up ^ [1] Florida Statutes, Chapter 790.25(5): Weapons and Firearms
Jump up ^ [2] Florida Statutes, Chapter 790.001(17): Weapons and Firearms]
Jump up ^ [3] "Nothing herein contained prohibits the carrying of a legal firearm other than a handgun anywhere in a private conveyance when such firearm is being carried for a lawful use." Source: Florida Statutes, Chapter 790.25(5)]
Jump up ^ Powers, Scott; Garcia, Jason (3 July 2008). "Walt Disney World fires back on guns at work". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Powers, Scott (8 July 2008). "After protesting gun rule, Disney guard is fired". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2013/776.012
Jump up ^ Open letter to federal firearms licensees from ATF Miami Field Division, November 28, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2014 via archive.org.
Jump up ^ http://flsenate.gov/Laws/Constitution
^ Jump up to: a b Scherer, Michael (March 7, 2018). "Florida Legislature Backs New Gun Restrictions After Parkland School Shooting". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dearen, Jason; Lush, Tamara; et al. (March 10, 2018). "Florida Governor Signs Gun Restrictions 3 Weeks After Attack". Tampa Bay Times. Associated Press. Retrieved March 11, 2018. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
[hide]
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Gun laws in the United States by state
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
District of Columbia
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Florida&oldid=838327106"
Categories:
Florida law
United States gun laws by state
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text:
Argentina at the FIFA World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a record of Argentina's results at the FIFA World Cup. Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world, having won 2 World Cups in 1978 and 1986. Argentina has been runners up three times in the 1930, 1990 and 2014. The team was present in all but four of the World Cups, being behind only Brazil, Italy and Germany in number of appearances. Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times, one less than Uruguay. Moreover, Argentina has also won the Confederations Cup and the gold medal at the Olympic football tournament in 2004 and 2008. Prior to that occasion Argentina had obtained two silver medals in the 1928 and 1996 editions. On other levels of international competition Argentina has won the FIFA U-20 World Cup a record six times. The FIFA U-17 World Cup is the only FIFA international competition yet to be obtained.
Contents
[hide]
1 World Cup Record
2 Record Players
3 Top Goalscorers
4 Goalscoring By Tournament
5 External links
World Cup Record[edit]
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GS
GA
1986 Champions 1 7 6 1 0 14 5
1990 Runners-up 2 7 2 3 2 5 4
1994 Round of 16 5 4 2 0 2 8 6
1998 Quarter-finals 6 5 3 1 1 10 4
2002 Group stage 18 3 1 1 1 2 2
2006 Quarter-finals 6 5 3 2 0 11 3
2010 Quarter-finals 5 5 4 0 1 10 6
2014 Runners-up 2 7 5 1* 1 9 4
Total
2 titles
16/20
99
42
14
21
132
84
*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
**Gold background color indicates that the tournament was won. Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.
Record Players[edit]
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups
1 Diego Maradona 21 1982, 1986, 1990 and 1994
2 Mario Kempes 18 1974, 1978 and 1982
3 Oscar Ruggeri 16 1986, 1990 and 1994
Javier Mascherano 16 2006, 2010 and 2014
3 Lionel Messi 12 2006, 2010 and 2014
6 Jorge Burruchaga 14 1986 and 1990
7 Ubaldo Fillol 13 1974, 1978 and 1982
8 Nine players 12
Top Goalscorers[edit]
Rank
Name
Goals
1 Gabriel Batistuta 10
2 Guillermo Stábile 8
Diego Maradona 8
4 Mario Kempes 6
5 Lionel Messi 5
Gonzalo Higuaín 5
7 Seven players 4
Goalscoring By Tournament[edit]
World Cup
Goalscorer(s)
1930 Guillermo Stábile(8), Carlos Peucelle(3), Luis Monti(2), Adolfo Zumelzú(2), Mario Evaristo, Alejandro Scopelli, Francisco Varallo
1934 Ernesto Belis, Alberto Galateo
1958 Omar Oreste Corbatta(3), Ludovico Avio, Norberto Menéndez
1962 Héctor Facundo, José Sanfilippo
1966 Luis Artime(3), Ermindo Onega
1974 René Houseman(3), Héctor Yazalde(2), Rubén Ayala, Carlos Babington, Miguel Ángel Brindisi, Ramón Heredia
1978 Mario Kempes(6), Leopoldo Luque(4), Daniel Bertoni(2), René Houseman, Daniel Passarella, Alberto Tarantini
1982 Daniel Bertoni(2), Diego Maradona(2), Daniel Passarella(2), Osvaldo Ardiles, Ramón Díaz
1986 Diego Maradona(5), Jorge Valdano(4), Jorge Burruchaga(2), José Luis Brown, Pedro Pasculli, Oscar Ruggeri
1990 Claudio Caniggia(2), Jorge Burruchaga, Pedro Monzón, Pedro Troglio
1994 Gabriel Batistuta(4), Claudio Caniggia(2), Abel Balbo, Diego Maradona
1998 Gabriel Batistuta(5), Ariel Ortega(2), Claudio López, Mauricio Pineda, Javier Zanetti
2002 Gabriel Batistuta, Hernán Crespo
2006 Hernán Crespo(3), Maxi Rodríguez(3), Roberto Ayala, Esteban Cambiasso, Lionel Messi, Javier Saviola, Carlos Tevez
2010 Gonzalo Higuaín(4), Carlos Tevez(2), Martin Demichelis, Gabriel Heinze, Martin Palermo, Own Goal
2014 Lionel Messi(4), Ángel Di María, Gonzalo Higuaín, Marcos Rojo, Own Goal
External links[edit]
Official website, at the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino's website
FIFA Official Ranking of all Participants at Finals 1930–2002. FIFA Match Results for all Stages 1930–2002
[show]
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Argentina national football team squads
[show]
v
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Argentina squad – 1930 FIFA World Cup runners-up
GK Bossio
GK Botasso
FW Cherro
MF Chividini
FW Demaría
DF Della Torre
MF J. Evaristo
FW M. Evaristo
FW Ferreira (c)
MF Monti
DF Muttis
MF Orlandini
DF Paternoster
FW Perinetti
FW Peucelle
DF Piaggio
FW Scopelli
FW Spadaro
FW Stábile
MF Suárez
FW Varallo
MF Zumelzú
Coach: Olazar & Tramutola
[show]
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Argentina squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup
MF Albarracín
DF Astudillo
DF Belis
DF Chimento
FW Devincenzi
GK Freschi
FW Galateo
GK Grippa
FW Irañeta
FW Izzeta
MF López
MF Lorenzo
MF Nehin
DF Pedevilla
FW Pérez
FW Rúa
MF Urbieta Sosa
FW Wilde
Coach: Pascucci
[show]
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Argentina squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup
1 Carrizo
2 Dellacha (c)
3 Vairo
4 Lombardo
5 Rossi
6 Varacka
7 Corbatta
8 Prado
9 Menéndez
10 Rojas
11 Labruna
12 Musimessi
13 Pérez
14 Edwards
15 Acevedo
16 Mouriño
17 Ramos Delgado
18 Boggio
19 Avio
20 Infante
21 Sanfilippo
22 Cruz
Coach: Stábile
[show]
v
t
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Argentina squad – 1962 FIFA World Cup
1 Roma
2 Ramos Delgado
3 Marzolini
4 Sainz
5 Sacchi
6 Páez
7 Facundo
8 Pando
9 Pagani
10 Sanfilippo
11 Belén
12 Domínguez
13 Rossi
14 Mariotti
15 Navarro (c)
16 Rattín
17 Albrecht
18 Cap
19 Sosa
20 Oleniak
21 Abeledo
22 González
Coach: Lorenzo
[show]
v
t
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Argentina squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup
1 Roma
2 Irusta
3 Gatti
4 Perfumo
5 Varacka
6 Calics
7 Marzolini
8 Ferreiro
9 Simeone
10 Rattín (c)
11 Pastoriza
12 Albrecht
13 López
14 Chaldú
15 Solari
16 González
17 Sarnari
18 Rojas
19 Artime
20 Onega
21 Más
22 Tarabini
Coach: Lorenzo
[show]
v
t
e
Argentina squad – 1974 FIFA World Cup
1 Carnevali
2 Ayala
3 Babington
4 Balbuena
5 Bargas
6 Brindisi
7 Carrascosa
8 Chazarreta
9 Glaria
10 Heredia
11 Houseman
12 Fillol
13 Kempes
14 Perfumo (c)
15 Poy
16 Sá
17 Squeo
18 Telch
19 Togneri
20 Wolff
21 Santoro
22 Yazalde
Coach: Cap
[show]
v
t
e
Argentina squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup winners (1st title)
1 Alonso
2 Ardiles
3 Baley
4 Bertoni
5 Fillol
6 Gallego
7 L. Galván
8 R. Galván
9 Houseman
10 Kempes
11 Killer
12 Larrosa
13 La Volpe
14 Luque
15 Olguín
16 Ortiz
17 Oviedo
18 Pagnanini
19 Passarella (c)
20 Tarantini
21 Valencia
22 Villa
Coach: Menotti
[show]
v
t
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Argentina squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup
1 Ardiles
2 Baley
3 Barbas
4 Bertoni
5 Calderón
6 Díaz
7 Fillol
8 Galván
9 Gallego
10 Maradona
11 Kempes
12 Hernández
13 Olarticoechea
14 Olguín
15 Passarella (c)
16 Pumpido
17 Santamaría
18 Tarantini
19 Trossero
20 Valdano
21 Valencia
22 Van Tuyne
Coach: Menotti
[show]
v
t
e
Argentina squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup winners (2nd title)
1 Almirón
2 Batista
3 Bochini
4 Borghi
5 Brown
6 Passarella
7 Burruchaga
8 Clausen
9 Cuciuffo
10 Maradona (c)
11 Valdano
12 Enrique
13 Garré
14 Giusti
15 Islas
16 Olarticoechea
17 Pasculli
18 Pumpido
19 Ruggeri
20 Tapia
21 Trobbiani
22 Zelada
Coach: Bilardo
[show]
v
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Argentina squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Pumpido (Comizzo)
2 Batista
3 Balbo
4 Basualdo
5 Bauza
6 Calderón
7 Burruchaga
8 Caniggia
9 Dezotti
10 Maradona (c)
11 Fabbri
12 Goycochea
13 Lorenzo
14 Giusti
15 Monzón
16 Olarticoechea
17 Sensini
18 Serrizuela
19 Ruggeri
20 Simón
21 Troglio
22 Cancelarich
Coach: Bilardo
[show]
v
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Argentina squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Goycochea
2 Vázquez
3 Chamot
4 Sensini
5 Redondo
6 Ruggeri
7 Caniggia
8 Basualdo
9 Batistuta
10 Maradona (c)
11 Medina Bello
12 Islas
13 Cáceres
14 Simeone
15 Borelli
16 Díaz
17 Ortega
18 Pérez
19 Balbo
20 Rodríguez
21 Mancuso
22 Scoponi
Coach: Basile
[show]
v
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Argentina squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Roa
2 Ayala
3 Chamot
4 Pineda
5 Almeyda
6 Sensini
7 C. López
8 Simeone (c)
9 Batistuta
10 Ortega
11 Verón
12 Burgos
13 Paz
14 Vivas
15 Astrada
16 Berti
17 Cavallero
18 Balbo
19 Crespo
20 Gallardo
21 Delgado
22 Zanetti
Coach: Passarella
[show]
v
t
e
Argentina squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Burgos
2 Ayala
3 Sorín
4 Pochettino
5 Almeyda
6 Samuel
7 C. López
8 Zanetti
9 Batistuta
10 Ortega
11 Verón (c)
12 Cavallero
13 Placente
14 Simeone
15 Husaín
16 Aimar
17 G. López
18 K. González
19 Crespo
20 Gallardo
21 Caniggia
22 Chamot
23 Bonano
Coach: Bielsa
[show]
v
t
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Argentina squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup
1 Abbondanzieri
2 Ayala
3 Sorín (c)
4 Coloccini
5 Cambiasso
6 Heinze
7 Saviola
8 Mascherano
9 Crespo
10 Riquelme
11 Tevez
12 Franco
13 Scaloni
14 Palacio
15 Milito
16 Aimar
17 Cufré
18 Rodríguez
19 Messi
20 Cruz
21 Burdisso
22 González
23 Ustari
Coach: Pékerman
[show]
v
t
e
Argentina squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup
1 Pozo
2 Demichelis
3 C. Rodríguez
4 Burdisso
5 Bolatti
6 Heinze
7 Di María
8 Verón
9 Higuaín
10 Messi
11 Tevez
12 Garcé
13 Samuel
14 Mascherano (c)
15 Otamendi
16 Agüero
17 Gutiérrez
18 Palermo
19 Milito
20 M. Rodríguez
21 Andújar
22 Romero
23 Pastore
Coach: Maradona
[show]
v
t
e
Argentina squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Romero
2 Garay
3 Campagnaro
4 Zabaleta
5 Gago
6 Biglia
7 Di María
8 Pérez
9 Higuaín
10 Messi (c)
11 M. Rodríguez
12 Orión
13 A. Fernández
14 Mascherano
15 Demichelis
16 Rojo
17 F. Fernández
18 Palacio
19 Álvarez
20 Agüero
21 Andújar
22 Lavezzi
23 Basanta
Coach: Sabella
[show]
v
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Countries at the FIFA World Cup
Team appearances
Teams with no appearances
All-time table
AFC
Australia2
China
Indonesia1
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Kuwait
North Korea
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
United Arab Emirates
CAF
Algeria
Angola
Cameroon
DR Congo1
Egypt
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Morocco
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Tunisia
CONCACAF
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
El Salvador
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
CONMEBOL
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
OFC
New Zealand
UEFA
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic1
Denmark
East Germany3
England
France
Germany1
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel2
Italy
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia1
Scotland
Serbia1
Slovakia1
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
1 Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). 2 Have been member of multiple confederations. 3 Team and national federation no longer exist.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=837917305"
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