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De Beers
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The De Beers Group of Companies
Industry
Mining and trading of diamonds
Genre
Businesses
Founded
1888; 130 years ago (1888)
Founder
Cecil Rhodes
Headquarters
London, United Kingdom
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Mark Cutifani (Chairman)
Bruce Cleaver (CEO)
Products
Diamonds
Services
Diamond marketing and promotion. Community development.
Revenue
$6.1 billion (FY 2016)[1]
Owner
Anglo American
Number of employees
20,000+
Website
debeersgroup.com
The De Beers Group of Companies is an international corporation that specialises in diamond exploration, diamond mining, diamond retail, diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacturing sectors. The company is currently active in open-pit, large-scale alluvial, coastal and deep sea mining.[2] It operates in 35 countries and mining takes place in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Canada. Until the start of the 21st century, De Beers effectively had total control over the diamond market as a monopoly.[3] Competition has since dismantled the complete monopoly, though De Beers Group still sells approximately 35%[4] of the world's rough diamond production through its Global Sightholder Sales and Auction Sales businesses.[5]
The company was founded in 1888 by British businessman Cecil Rhodes, who was financed by the South African diamond magnate Alfred Beit and the London-based N M Rothschild & Sons bank.[6][7] In 1926, Ernest Oppenheimer, an immigrant to Britain and later South Africa who had earlier founded mining company Anglo American plc with American financier J.P. Morgan,[8] was elected to the board of De Beers.[9] He built and consolidated the company's global monopoly over the diamond industry until his death in 1957. During this time, he was involved in a number of controversies, including price fixing and trust behaviour, and was accused of not releasing industrial diamonds for the U.S. war effort during World War II.[10][11]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Foundation
1.2 Oppenheimer control
1.3 Marketing
1.4 Diamond monopoly
2 Operations
2.1 Business structure and brands
2.1.1 Forevermark
2.1.2 De Beers Diamond Jewellers
3 Legal issues
3.1 Sherman Antitrust Act
3.2 South Africa's missing billions
3.3 Diamond prices
3.4 Industrial diamonds
3.5 European Commission
3.6 Conflict diamonds and the Kimberley Process
3.7 Forceful relocation of indigenous San people in Botswana
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Foundation[edit]
Cecil Rhodes founded De Beers in 1888
Nathan Mayer Rothschild, Baron Rothschild, of the Rothschild family, funded the development of De Beers
The name 'De Beers' was derived from the two Dutch settlers and brothers Diederik Arnoldus De Beer (December 25, 1825 – 1878) and Johannes Nicolaas De Beer (December 6, 1830 – June 20, 1883), who owned a South African farm named Vooruitzicht (Dutch for "outlook") near Zandfontein in the Boshof District of Orange Free State. After they discovered diamonds on their land, the increasing demands of the British government forced them to sell their farm on July 31, 1871, to merchant Alfred Johnson Ebden (1820–1908) for £6,600. Vooruitzicht would become the site of the Big Hole and the De Beers mine, two successful diamond mines. Their name, which was given to one of the mines, subsequently became associated with the company.[12]
Cecil Rhodes, the founder of De Beers, got his start by renting water pumps to miners during the diamond rush that started in 1869,[13][14] when an 83.5 carat diamond called the 'Star of South Africa' was found at Hopetown near the Orange River in South Africa.[14][15][16] He invested the profits of this operation into buying up claims of small mining operators, with his operations soon expanding into a separate mining company.[17] He soon secured funding from the Rothschild family, who would finance his business expansion.[18][19] De Beers Consolidated Mines was formed in 1888 by the merger of the companies of Barney Barnato and Cecil Rhodes, by which time the company was the sole owner of all diamond mining operations in the country.[17][20][21] In 1889, Rhodes negotiated a strategic agreement with the London-based Diamond Syndicate, which agreed to purchase a fixed quantity of diamonds at an agreed price, thereby regulating output and maintaining prices.[19][22] The agreement soon proved to be very successful — for example, during the trade slump of 1891–1892, supply was simply curtailed to maintain the price.[23] Rhodes was concerned about the break-up of the new monopoly, stating to shareholders in 1896 that the company's "only risk is the sudden discovery of new mines, which human nature will work recklessly to the detriment of us all".[19]
The Second Boer War proved to be a challenging time for the company. Kimberley was besieged as soon as war broke out, thereby threatening the company's valuable mines. Rhodes personally moved into the city at the onset of the siege in order to put political pressure on the British government to divert military resources towards relieving the siege rather than more strategic war objectives. Despite being at odds with the military,[24] Rhodes placed the full resources of the company at the disposal of the defenders, manufacturing shells, defences, an armoured train and a gun named Long Cecil in the company workshops.[25]
Oppenheimer control[edit]
In 1898, diamonds were discovered on farms near Pretoria, Transvaal. One led to the discovery of the Premier Mine. The Premier Mine was registered in 1902 and the Cullinan Diamond, the largest rough diamond ever discovered, was found there in 1905.[26] (The Premier Mine was renamed the Cullinan Mine in 2003.) However, its owner refused to join the[27] De Beers cartel.[28] Instead, the mine started selling to a pair of independent dealers named Bernhard and Ernest Oppenheimer, thereby weakening the De Beers stronghold.[29] Francis Oats, who became Chairman of De Beers in 1908, was dismissive of the threats from the Premier mine and the finds in German South West Africa.[30] However, production soon equalled all of the De Beers mines combined. Ernest Oppenheimer was appointed the local agent for the powerful London Syndicate, rising to the position of mayor of Kimberley within 10 years. He understood the core principle that underpinned De Beers' success, stating in 1910 that "common sense tells us that the only way to increase the value of diamonds is to make them scarce, that is to reduce production".[28]
During World War I, the Premier mine was finally absorbed into De Beers. When Rhodes died in 1902, De Beers controlled 90% of the world's diamond production. Ernest Oppenheimer took over the chairmanship of the company in 1929,[31] after buying shares and being appointed to the board in 1926.[29][32][33] Oppenheimer was very concerned about the discovery of diamonds in 1908 in German South West Africa, fearing that the increased supply would swamp the market and force prices down.[10][11]
During the apartheid period De Beers (formerly headed by Nicky Oppenheimer) has been criticised for profiting initially from exploitation through colonialism and then from the system of apartheid.[34]
Former CIA chief Admiral Stansfield Turner claimed that De Beers restricted US access to industrial diamonds needed for the country's war effort during World War II.[35]
Marketing[edit]
See also: Diamonds as an investment
De Beers successfully advertised diamonds to manipulate consumer demand. One of the most effective marketing strategies has been the marketing of diamonds as a symbol of love and commitment.[36] A young copywriter working for N. W. Ayer & Son, Frances Gerety (1916–1999), coined the famous advertising slogan, 'A Diamond is Forever', in 1947.[37] In 2000, Advertising Age magazine named 'A Diamond is Forever' the best advertising slogan of the 20th century.[38]
Other successful campaigns include the 'eternity ring' (meant as a symbol of continuing affection and appreciation),[36] the 'trilogy ring' (meant to represent the past, present, and future of a relationship) and the 'right hand ring' (meant to be bought and worn by women as a symbol of independence).[39]
De Beers ran television advertisements featuring silhouettes of people wearing diamonds, set to the music of 'Palladio' by Karl Jenkins. The campaign, titled Shadows and Lights"' first ran in the spring of 1993. The song would later inspire a compilation album, 'Diamond Music,' released in 1996, which features the 'Palladio' suite. A 2010 commercial for Verizon Wireless parodied the De Beers spots.[40]
Diamond monopoly[edit]
Russian president Vladimir Putin meeting former De Beers chairman Nicky Oppenheimer in South Africa in 2006
De Beers used its dominant position through the 20th century to influence the international diamond market.[17][41] The company used several methods. Firstly, it convinced independent producers to join its single channel monopoly. When that did not work, it flooded the market with diamonds similar to those of producers who refused to join in. It purchased and stockpiled diamonds produced by other manufacturers as well as surplus diamonds in order to control prices by limiting supply.[42] Finally, it bought diamonds when prices fell considerably, such as during the Great Depression.[43]
In 2000, the De Beers business model changed[42] because of factors such as the decision by producers in Canada and Australia to distribute diamonds outside the De Beers channel,[17][41] as well as rising awareness of blood diamonds that forced De Beers to "avoid the risk of bad publicity" by limiting sales to its own mined products.[44] De Beers' market share of rough diamonds fell from as high as 90% in the 1980s to 33% in 2013,[45][46] because of a more fragmented diamond market bringing greater competition, as well as more transparency and greater liquidity.[47] In November 2011, the Oppenheimer family announced its intention to sell all its 40% stake in De Beers to Anglo American plc, thereby increasing Anglo American's ownership of the company to 85% (the other 15% is owned by the Government of the Republic of Botswana).[48] The transaction was worth £3.2 billion (US$5.1 billion) in cash and ended the Oppenheimer dynasty's 80-year ownership of De Beers.[49][50]
Operations[edit]
De Beers Mine shaft
Premier Mine shaft
The De Beers Snap Lake Mine in Canada
Mining in Botswana takes place through the mining company Debswana,[51] a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Botswana. It operates four mines—Jwaneng, Orapa, Letlhakane and Damtshaa, though Damtshaa was put on care and maintenance in 2015.[52]
In Namibia, mining is carried out through Namdeb Holdings,[53] a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Namibia. Namdeb Holdings is made up of Debmarine Namibia (covering offshore mining) and Namdeb Diamond Corporation (land-based coastal mining). For offshore mining, motor vessels are used, including the sixth and latest, the N$2.3 billion SS Nujoma, the world's most advanced diamond exploration and sampling vessel, which began full operations in June 2017.
De Beers Consolidated Mines is responsible for the De Beers mining in South Africa.[54] It is 74% owned by De Beers and 26% by a broad-based black economic empowerment partner, Ponahalo Investments. There are two mines—Venetia and Voorspoed.
In 2008, De Beers began production at the Snap Lake mine in Northwest Territories, Canada;[55] this was the first De Beers mine outside Africa and was Canada's first completely underground diamond mine.[56] However, production was suspended when the mine was put on care and maintenance in 2015.[57] De Beers opened the Victor mine in Ontario, Canada, the same year, a day after Snap Lake.[58] This was followed by the opening of the company's third mine in Canada, Gahcho Kué, in September 2016.[59]
Trading of rough diamonds takes place through two channels – De Beers Global Sightholder Sales[60] (GSS) and De Beers Auction Sales.[61] GSS sells about 90% of De Beers' rough diamonds, by value, and features wholly owned and joint venture operations in South Africa (De Beers Sightholder Sales South Africa), Botswana (DTCB), and Namibia (NDTC). They sort, value and sell 33% (2013) of the world's rough diamonds by value.[46]
There are two main types of customer for rough diamonds – Sightholders and Accredited Buyers. Sightholders have a term contract. Accredited Buyers (a customer type introduced in 2014–15) have a more ad hoc arrangement. De Beers also sells about 10% of its rough diamonds through online auction sales. The company pioneered the approach in 2008 when it broke with 44 years of direct sales to hold the diamond industry’s first online international auction sale. It is now the world's leader in this kind of auction sale.
De Beers employs more than 30,000 people around the globe on five continents, with more than 17,000 employees in Africa. Almost 8,000 people are employed in Botswana, around 6,200 in South Africa, nearly 2,900 in Namibia, some 1,260 in Canada and about 320 in exploration.
Business structure and brands[edit]
On 4 November 2011, Anglo American plc and CHL Holdings announced their agreement for Anglo American to acquire an incremental interest in De Beers, increasing Anglo American's 45% shareholding in the world's leading diamond company to 85%. De Beers plc was originally incorporated as De Beers Société Anonyme in 2000 in Luxembourg. Following the closure of this office, the company was reclassified as De Beers plc in 2017, with its head office now in Jersey. It is made up of two shareholdings: Anglo American plc has an 85% shareholding and the Government of the Republic of Botswana owns 15% directly. De Beers plc is the holding company of The De Beers Group of Companies.[62] It is involved in many parts of the diamond value chain, from mining to sales, and is made up of a series of joint ventures and wholly owned operations.
The joint ventures are:
Debmarine Namibia
Debswana[63]
DTCB[64]
Namdeb[65]
NDTC
The wholly owned operations are in southern Africa and Canada. Also wholly owned are Forevermark, De Beers Jewellers,[66] the International Institute of Diamond Valuation, De Beers Ventures, the International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research and Element Six (Umicore has a 40% stake in Element Six's abrasives division).
Forevermark[edit]
Forevermark was launched in 2008 as one of the two diamond brands from The De Beers Group of Companies. According to the company website, "Each Forevermark diamond is inscribed with a promise: that it is beautiful, rare and responsibly sourced." Forevermark diamonds are inscribed with an icon and unique identification number, albeit invisibly to the naked eye: the Forevermark inscription is 1/20th of a micron deep. This inscription helps keep Forevermark diamonds distinguishable from synthetic diamonds, which are otherwise similar to mined diamonds, and maintain scarcity: the Forevermark website boasts that only a tiny percentage of diamonds qualify for the Forevermark brand.[67]
De Beers Diamond Jewellers[edit]
De Beers Diamond Jewellers (DBDJ) was established in 2001 as a 50:50 joint venture between The De Beers Group of Companies and LVMH, the French luxury goods company.[67] The first De Beers boutique opened in 2002 on London's Old Bond Street as the brand's flagship store. Since then, stores have opened in various cities around the world. In March 2017, The De Beers Group of Companies acquired LVMH's 50% shareholding in DBDJ.[68]
De Beers Ventures
De Beers Ventures was established by De Beers Group in June 2017 to consider minority stake investments in start-ups and growth companies that could be of benefit to De Beers Group or the broader diamond sector.[69][70]
International Institute of Diamond Valuation
The International Institute of Diamond Valuation (IIDV) was launched by De Beers Group in March 2016. Operating in partnership with diamond jewellery retailers, it provides a reselling service for all diamonds, regardless of value.[71][72][73]
The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research
The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research (IIDGR) was set up by De Beers in 2008, with the aim of providing a range of services and equipment in the field of diamond verification. It is based in London, Antwerp and, from 2015, in Surat, India. The IIDGR works only on diamonds that meet the requirements of the United Nations’ World Diamond Council Kimberley Process.
Legal issues[edit]
Sherman Antitrust Act[edit]
During World War II, Ernest Oppenheimer attempted to negotiate a way around the Sherman Antitrust Act by proposing that De Beers register a US branch of the Diamond Syndicate Incorporated. In this way, his company could provide the US with the industrial diamonds it desperately sought for the war effort in return for immunity from prosecution after the war; however his proposal was rejected by the US Justice Department when it was discovered that De Beers had no intention of stockpiling any industrial diamonds in the US.[35] In 1945, the Justice Department finally filed an antitrust case against De Beers, but the case was dismissed as the company had no presence on US soil.[74]
South Africa's missing billions[edit]
In 2014, the Leverhulme Centre for the Study of Value, based at the University of Manchester, published a report authored by Sarah Bracking and Khadija Sharife, identifying over US$3 billion in price fixing of South African rough diamond trade, through transfer pricing manipulation from 2005 to 2012. The report found significant evidence of profit shifting through volume and value manipulation.[75] Sharife simultaneously published an article [76] disclosing the political system that cultivated revenue leakage, including the donation of De Beers staff to the State Diamond Trader (SDT). The report, like the article, utilised aggregated data produced by the Kimberley Process (KP) certificates of import-exports, relying on figures listed by the diamond companies themselves, in which De Beers was the dominant player. The South African Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) disclosed that De Beers did not authorise them to publish figures involving values, sales, pricing and other data, preventing transparency of the industry.
Diamond prices[edit]
From 2001 onwards several lawsuits were filed against De Beers in US State and Federal courts. These alleged that De Beers unlawfully monopolised the supply of diamonds and conspired to fix, raise and control diamond prices. Additionally, there were allegations of misleading advertising. While De Beers denied all allegations that it violated the law, in November 2005, it announced that an agreement had been reached to settle civil class action suits filed against the company in the United States and, in March 2006, three other civil class action suits were added to the November agreement. In April 2008, De Beers confirmed that Judge Chesler of the US Federal District Court in New Jersey had entered an order approving a settlement arrangement totalling US$295 million. De Beers does not admit liability. As part of the settlement, persons who purchased gem diamonds from 1 January 1994 to 31 March 2006, may be eligible for compensation.[77] However, claimants were generally not pleased with the amounts they received from the settlement.[78]
Industrial diamonds[edit]
In 2004, De Beers pleaded guilty and paid a US$10 million fine to the United States Department of Justice to settle a 1994 charge that De Beers had colluded with General Electric, which was acquitted of all charges, to fix the price of industrial diamonds.[79][80]
European Commission[edit]
In February 2006, De Beers entered into legally binding commitments with the European Commission to cease purchasing rough diamonds from Russian mining company Alrosa as of the end of 2008.[81] In January 2007, the European Commission announced it had closed the file due to lack of Community Interest. The commission decision is under appeal before the Court of First Instance in Luxembourg.[82]
Conflict diamonds and the Kimberley Process[edit]
Main articles: Blood diamond and Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
In 1999, a campaign by Global Witness to highlight the role of diamonds in international conflicts led to a review by the United Nations. The initial focus of the UN's investigation was on Jonas Savimbi's UNITA movement in Angola, which was found to have bartered uncut diamonds for weaponry despite international economic and diplomatic sanctions being in effect through United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173.[83][84]
In 1999, De Beers Group stopped all outside buying of diamonds in order to guarantee the conflict-free status of their diamonds effective from 26 March 2000.[85][86][87]
In December 2000, following the recommendations of the Fowler Report, the UN adopted the landmark General Assembly Resolution A/RES/55/56[88] supporting the creation of an international certification scheme for rough diamonds. By November 2002, negotiations between governments, the international diamond industry, led by De Beers, and civil society organisations resulted in the creation of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), which sets out the requirements for controlling rough diamond production and trade and became effective in 2003.
De Beers states that 100% of the diamonds it now sells are conflict-free and that all De Beers diamonds are purchased in compliance with national law, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme[89] and its own Diamond Best Practice Principles.[90] The Kimberley process has helped restore the reputation of the industry, as well as eliminating sources of excess supply.[91]
Forceful relocation of indigenous San people in Botswana[edit]
In Botswana, a long dispute has existed between the interests of the mining company, De Beers, and the relocation of the San (Bushman) tribe from the land, in order to exploit diamond resources - an allegation rejected by De Beers. The San have been facing threats from government policies since at least 1980, when the diamond resources were discovered.[92] A campaign is being fought in an attempt to bring an end to what the indigenous rights organisation, Survival International, considers to be a genocide of a tribe that has been living in those lands for tens of thousands of years.[93][94][95] On the grounds that their hunting and gathering have become obsolete and their presence is no longer compatible with preserving wildlife resources, the Gwi and Gana people were persecuted by the government of Botswana in order to make them leave the central Kalahari reserve. To get rid of them, they had their water supplies cut off and they have been "taxed, fined, beaten, and tortured".[96] Several international fashion models, including Iman, Lily Cole and Erin O'Connor, who were previously involved with advertising for the companies' diamonds, have backed down after realising the consequences raised by this scandal, and now support the campaign.[97]
See also[edit]
Anglo American plc
The Case of the Disappearing Diamonds
Peace in Africa (ship), diamond mining dredge
Blood diamonds
Canadian diamonds
Synthetic diamond
List of synthetic diamond manufacturers
Julian Ogilvie Thompson
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Jump up ^ Khadija Sharife, 100 Reporters http://100r.org/2014/05/rough-and-polished/
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Jump up ^ "Court Orders Settlement Distribution to De Beers Direct Purchaser Subclass; Consumer Subclass Members Unhappy With Their Awards". MySettlementClaims.com.
Jump up ^ "De Beers pleads guilty in price fixing case". Associated Press via MSNBC.com. 13 July 2004.
Jump up ^ Margaret Webb Pressler (14 July 2004). "DeBeers Pleads to Price-Fixing: Firm Pays $10 million, Can Fully Reenter U.S." Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Alrosa Purchasing Commitments – The De Beers Group Archived 21 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "CURIA - Documents". europa.eu.
Jump up ^ Michael Fleshman (January 2001). "Targeting 'conflict diamonds' in Africa: Security Council seeks to enforce sanctions against rebels, arms suppliers". UN.
Jump up ^ "Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")". Global Policy Forum. 10 March 2000. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "De Beers: Come Clean to Be Clean". Mail and Guardian via Global Policy Forum. 24 March 2000. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
Jump up ^ De Beers Group De Beers Report to Stakeholders 2005/6 – Ethics, "Conflict and Instability" De Beers Group. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "FAQs". The De Beers Group. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kimberley Process Certification Scheme". UN. 18 May 2004. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Kimberley Process (KP)". kimberleyprocess.com.
Jump up ^ Best Practice Principles – The De Beers Group Archived 25 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Joe Nocera (8 August 2008). "Diamonds are Forever in Botswana". New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bushmen". Survival International. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "De Beers battles with Survival". Telegraph. London. 17 July 2005. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Leithead, Alastair (24 February 2003). "Bushmen 'moved for diamonds'". BBC news. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Botswana diamonds lose their sparkle". Mail and Guardian. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Monbiot, George (5 August 2003). "Driven out of Eden". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kalahari Bushmen win ancestral land case". The Independent. London. 14 December 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
References[edit]
Edward Jay Epstein (February 1982). "Have you ever tried to sell a Diamond?". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
Edward J Epstein (1982). "18". The Rise and Fall of Diamonds (The Diamond Invention). Simon & Schuster.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to De Beers.
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List of McLeod's Daughters characters
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This is a list of characters from the Australian drama series McLeod's Daughters.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main characters
2 Recurring cast
3 Births and pregnancies
4 Deaths
5 Marriages and engagements
Main characters[edit]
Character Actor Occupation Duration Episodes
Claire Louise McLeod Lisa Chappell Drover's Run Owner August 2001 -> October 2003 001 -> 073
Claire is the oldest child of John 'Jack' McLeod. She was born on Drover's Run, in 1973, to Jack and his first wife, Prudence 'Prue' McLeod. Prue died while giving birth to a stillborn son, Adam John McLeod,in 1975. Jack would later marry Ruth Silverman, who gave birth to Tess Silverman McLeod. When their marriage ended, Ruth took Tess to live in Melbourne, leaving Jack to raise Claire alone. Claire and Tess would not see each other again until after their father died, almost twenty years later.
Claire spent her whole life on Drover's Run; she dropped out of school at age 15 to help her dad run the farm.
She attempts to start a horse breeding program on Drover's with Peter Johnson, the local representative of Australian Bloodlines. They begin a romantic relationship while working together, which ends when Claire finds out that Peter is married and has a family in Queensland. They reunite briefly, which results in Claire getting pregnant. She gives birth to a daughter, Charlotte Prudence McLeod, in a shed on Drover's Run. Before Claire decides on a name, the baby is affectionately called 'BOM', for Baby of McLeod.
Not long after the baby was born, Claire and Alex Ryan begin a relationship, with Alex planning to propose to her during a party. Claire, Tess, and baby Charlotte are returning from town with party supplies when their Ute hit a pothole and Claire loses control of the vehicle, and coming to a stop with its front wheels dangling off the edge of a cliff. Tess is able to get out and get Charlotte to safety, but cannot get Claire's door open before the Ute starts to slide. It goes over the cliff and into a canyon, killing Claire.
Teresa "Tess" Charlotte Silverman McLeod-Ryan Bridie Carter Drover's Run Owner August 2001 -> March 2006 001 -> 123, 135 - 146
Tess is the third child and second-oldest daughter of Jack McLeod. She was born on Drover's Run in 1976 to Jack and his second wife, Ruth Silverman. Tess left Drover's for Melbourne with her mother when she was five years old, after her parents marriage ended.
Tess never saw her father again, and only returns to Drover's after his death nearly twenty years later. Tess and Claire initially clash over the future of Drover's Run. Tess considers selling her share and remaining in the city, but later decides to stay on and help run the farm.
In season one, Tess has a brief romantic relationship with Alex Ryan, which ends amicably. She later discovers she has feelings for Alex's younger brother, Nick, though their initial attempts at a relationship fail due to Tess's fear of commitment. After that she becomes involved with local veterinarian Dave Brewer, leading to an engagement. They call off the engagement when Dave realizes he has not fully mourned the loss of his last wife.
After Claire dies, Tess becomes the sole owner of Drover's Run; she hires Stevie Hall as overseer to help her manage the property. When Peter Johnson files for custody of Charlotte, his daughter with Claire, Tess initially fights it but ultimately relents and lets Peter and his wife have full custody. Peter allows Charlotte to visit her aunt at Drover's often.
Tess and Nick eventually rekindle their relationship and get married. Not long after, Nick takes a job on a farm in Argentina, and they leave Drover's. Tess returns after a year, announcing that she's pregnant. While expecting Nick to follow her home shortly, Tess learns that his plane has gone missing and he is assumed dead. Tess begins to mourn him, but Nick is found alive and returns to Drover's. They decide to return to Argentina for another three years, and Tess is not seen on the show again, though she and Nick are referenced by other characters periodically.
Jodi Margaret Fountain McLeod-Bosnich Rachael Carpani Drover's Run Owner August 2001 -> April 2007, January 2009 001 -> 178, 224
Jodi is the youngest child of Jack McLeod. She was born on Drover's Run in 1982 to Jack and Meg Fountain. Jack and Meg were not married; their relationship and Jodi's paternity were kept secret for many years. It was assumed that Meg's first husband Kevin Fountain, was Jodi's father. After Meg and her husband separated, Meg became the housekeeper at Drover's and Jodi went to boarding school. After completing her finals, Jodi moves back to Drover's to await the results of her exams. Upon her weak test results she begins working alongside the other women on the farm.
Two years after returning to Drover's, Jodi marries Alberto Borelli, but decides immediately after the wedding that she is too young for marriage and children. Alberto returns to Italy and Jodi resumes her work on Drover's. When Meg is offered a job in Melbourne, Jodi initially decides to go with her, but changes her mind at the last minute and decides to stay on the farm.
She begins a relationship with mechanic Luke Morgan, which ends when Luke is sent to jail. She later has a relationship with Rob Shelton, the overseer of Killarney. It was during this time that she discovered her true parentage, which led to friction with Meg. Rob then reveals to Jodi that he is in the Witness Protection Program and living under an alias; a hitman soon finds him and he is forced to leave the area. He later returns as Matt Bosnich, and they rekindle their relationship. Another hitman finds him, and it appears that Jodi and Matt die in an explosion. Meg later tells a few select people that they faked their deaths so that Matt could be free of his pursuers, and after saying goodbye to her friends and family on Drover's, Jodi leaves with him. She is not seen again until the series finale with news that they are married and that Jodi is pregnant. They explain that the criminals who had been after them are in jail, and can safely return to Drover's to raise their baby.
Rebecca "Becky" Howard Jessica Napier Drover's lead station hand August 2001 -> October 2003 001 -> 70
Becky is a young local who starts out working for the Gungellan Pub & Hotel. After her boss, Brian, rapes her, Claire offers to put her up on Drover's and give her work. Becky is soon promoted to Lead Station Hand and begins a relationship with Brett 'Brick' Buchanon, a station hand at Killarney. Brett eventually leaves to help his ailing uncle in Queensland, and Becky doesn't see or hear from him after that. After searching for him for months, a dream leads her to a bridge where she finds his body. Becky mourns Brick's death while growing closer to Jake, another Killarney station hand. They break up and Jake leaves, but he later returns for a young farmer's competition and attempts to win her back. Becky decides to leave with Jake to live with him on his new property and to take advantage of a scholarship at an agricultural college. Becky doesn't return to Drover's for the remainder of the show.
Alexander Marion "Alex" Ryan Aaron Jeffery Killarney Owner August 2001 -> 2008 001 -> 208
Alex is the older son of Harry and Liz Ryan, the owners of Killarney, the property adjacent to Drover's Run. He is a childhood friend of Claire McLeod's. Shortly after Tess arrives at Drover's, he begins dating her, but they soon break up and decide to be just friends. After Claire gives birth to Charlotte, she and Alex develop romantic feelings for each other. Alex plans to propose to Claire, but she dies before he gets the chance.
In season 3, Alex discovers that Harry Ryan is not his biological father. His mother, Liz, had a brief relationship with Bryce Redstaff that resulted in pregnancy, but she married Harry Ryan and allowed him to believe that the baby was his. Alex's true paternity leads to the breakup of Harry and Liz's marriage, with Liz leaving Killarney.
Alex marries Fiona Webb, a city girl from a wealthy family. Their marriage ends badly, with Fiona believing that Alex is in love with Stevie. Though they don't immediately begin a relationship, Alex and Stevie eventually marry. After the wedding and honeymoon, Alex is only seen by videophone from Argentina until the last episode of season 7, when he returns to Killarney to surprise Stevie. Alex dies early in season 8, after being crushed by a large tree branch. Stevie gives birth shortly after, and names the baby Alexander 'Xander' Hall Ryan.
Nicholas Garry "Nick" Ryan Myles Pollard Killarney Owner August 2001 -> March 2006 001 -> 125, 145 - 146
Nick is the younger son of Harry and Liz Ryan. Due to a rodeo accident in his teens that left him with a limp, Nick works mostly on the business operations at Killarney. He and Tess have an on-off relationship throughout their time on the series, eventually culminating in marriage. Nick was declared dead after the plane thought to be carrying him back to Australia crashed in South America, but it was later revealed that he had been mugged before boarding the plane, and had spent months unconscious in a hospital. After returning to Drover's, he and Tess decide to return to Argentina, and like Tess, he is not seen on the series again. Nick has a son, Harrison Nicholas Ryan-Clements, with Sally Clements, his former physical therapist.
Margaret "Meg" Rivers Fountain-Dodge Sonia Todd Drover's Housekeeper August 2001 -> April 2007 001 -> 88, 109 - 134, 143 - 149, 177 - 178, 224
Meg is the longtime housekeeper on Drover's Run and the mother of Jodi Fountain-McLeod. Meg acts as a motherfigure to the women of Drover's, though she has occasional clashes with some of employees, notably Becky. Meg had an affair with Jack McLeod many years ago, resulting in her getting pregnant with Jodi. She keeps the affair secret; when Jodi receives a trust fund from Jack, she becomes suspicious and has a paternity test done, revealing that Jack is in fact her biological father. Around this time, Meg has a novel published that is a thinly-veiled account of her and Jodi's life on Drover's. The novel and the revelation of Jodi's true paternity causes a rift between Meg and Jodi. Meg leaves suddenly to promote her book, returning briefly to reconcile with her daughter and to marry Terry Dodge. The newlyweds then set off to explore Australia. She returns for Jodi's funeral and following that is not seen again until the final episode, when she returns to Drover's with a pregnant Jodi.
David "Dave" Enoch Brewer Brett Tucker Local Vet 2003 -> 2006 45 -> 170
Dave is a country veterinarian who tends to the animals on Drover's Run and other farms in the area. He is briefly engaged to Tess, though they break off the engagement when Dave realizes that he has not properly mourned his wife. He leaves in an effort to work out his feelings, but when he returns, Tess does not take him back as she and Nick are together. He moves into Wilgul with Alex and becomes a staple part of the social group. He later has a relationship with Tess's cousin, Regan McLeod, which ends when Regan leaves Drover's to take a job.
His friendship with Kate then develops into a romance, and the two leave for Africa, where Dave is going to run a vet clinic. Kate later returns to Drover's after Jodi's death, but Dave is not seen on the series again.
Stephanie "Stevie" Jane Hall-Ryan Simmone Jade Mackinnon Drover's Run Part Owner October 2003 -> 2008 71 -> 224
Stevie is an old friend of Claire's, and first appears in the series shortly before Claire's death. Though she initially clashes with Tess, they grow close and Tess asks Stevie to stay on Drover's as overseer and eventual part-owner. She has a daughter, Rose, who lives with Stevie's sister Michelle and believes that Stevie is her aunt. Much of Stevie's arc on the show revolves around her decision to tell Rose the truth about her parentage. She eventually does so, leading to a brief falling-out with her daughter. Rose later forgives Stevie and visits her on Drover's several times.
After Tess and Nick leave for Argentina, Stevie becomes the primary person in charge at Drover's until Jodi and the McLeod cousins receive their shares. She goes on to marry Alex Ryan, and discovers, that she is pregnant while Alex is in Argentina working with Nick. Alex returns to Killarney before Stevie is due to give birth; he dies from being crushed by a heavy tree branch. Stevie has the baby boy very shortly after, and after calling him "Wombat" for some time, she names him Alexander "Xander" Hall Ryan. She continues on as part-owner of both Drover's and Killarney, appearing until the series finale.
Kate Maria Due Manfredi Michala Banas Drover's Farm Hand 2004 -> 2008 88 -> 170, 179 -> 206
Kate is a former classmate of Jodi's. She first appears in the series when Jodi decides to go to Melbourne with Meg, leaving a job vacancy. Though Jodi changes her mind at the last minute and stays on the farm, Kate keeps her new position.
Kate is organized and goal-oriented, often referring to her "5-year plan". Her plans bring a great organization to Drover's but occasionally has the other farmhands rolling their eyes.
Kate has relationships with local boy Craig and Dave Brewer's younger brother Patrick, but she maintains her feelings for Dave until they eventually get together. Kate leaves with Dave for Africa, but returns when Jodi is thought to be dead. Devastated by Jodi's death her prodding ultimately causes Meg and the police to reveal that Jodi and Matt have joined witness protection and are using the accident as the perfect cover to hide. She decides to stay at Drover's for a while where she feels useful and good at what she does. Her anxiety about being out of place in Africa causes her to put off returning, but she later goes back to Africa and Dave after some sage advice from Moira.
Kate returns to Drover's for Stevie's wedding, having split from Dave and is in the beginning stages of a relationship with Riley when he is killed in a car accident. Though his body is never found, Riley is presumed dead and Kate leaves to run a farm for at-risk youth.
Regan McLeod Zoe Naylor Drover's Part Owner 2005–2008 119 -> 123, 149 -> 184, 209 -> 210, 223 ->224
Regan is the second child of Hugh McLeod, Jack McLeod's brother. She arrives at Drover's under suspicious circumstances, later revealing that she has come to conduct tests and surveys to determine if Drover's can be mined for gold. She begins digging, getting into several confrontations with Tess, Stevie, and the other Drover's women. After she is bitten by a venomous snake, Tess helps save her life and Regan decides to abandon her plans to mine Drover's, making peace with her cousin. Regan gets romantically involved with Dave Brewer, but the relationship ends when Regan leaves.
She appears again in season six, returning to Drover's looking for Tess, who is in Argentina at the time. She reveals that an accident at a mine she was supervising caused the death of two men. Though not criminally responsible, she feels enormous guilt over the incident. She sticks around Drovers for a while and redeems herself with the girls of Drover’s when she pitches in with the farm work. Shortly after she inherits a share of Drovers through Jodi’s faked death. She helps save Drover’s from a toxic waste dump planned for Drover’s. During this she temporarily resumes an adulterous relationship with a former colleague who is there on behalf of the government to assess Drover’s compatibility for the toxic dump. A pregnancy scare brings about the quick end of the affair and after saving Drover’s from the dump, she moves on.
In the last few episodes she comes back to Drover's, to stay on.
Patrick Michael Brewer Luke Jacobz Killarney Farm Hand 2005–2008 131, 147 -> 224
Patrick is the younger brother of Dave Brewer. He makes his first appearance in the series by parachuting onto the farm. Patrick is an adventurous world traveler. He has a relationship with Kate early on, but when he stops taking his medication for bipolar disorder, he has a manic episode, which initially frightens Kate off. He leaves Gungellan to stay with his mother and work on getting better at handling his bipolar disorder. He returns to Gungellan and rekindles a relationship with Kate that ends the night of the Young Farmer of the Year Award Ceremony, when he realizes that she and Dave are in love with each other. He works at Killarney as a farm hand and for the truck stop under Moira as a mechanic. Later in the series, he begins a relationship with Tayler Geddes, and they remain a couple until the series finale.
Riley Ward Dustin Clare Killarney Farm Hand 2006–2008 155 -> 203
Riley is a farrier and horse gentler who first appears in season 6, when Stevie discovers him squatting on Drover's. After some initial clashes with the people from Drover's and Killarney, Riley and Stevie start a program to capture and train brumbies. Riley also becomes the Overseer of Killarney.
Riley vies for Jodi's affections, but she chooses to be with Matt. He then develops feelings for Kate, and they are in the early stages of a relationship when he involved in a car accident in the season 7 finale. His body is never found, but he is presumed dead and does not appear on the series again.
Tayler Jane Geddes Gillian Alexy Drover's Farm Hand 2006–2008 170 -> 224
Tayler first appears in season 6, when she comes to Drover's looking to get revenge on Regan. Regan was supervising a mine when an accident killed two men, one of which was Tayler's father. Regan and the other women convince Tayler to stay on at Drover's as a farm hand, and she eventually decides to study to become a veterinarian. Tayler and Patrick start a relationship that lasts until the end of the series.
Marcus Turner Matt Passmore Killarney Owner 2007–2008 172 -> 224
Marcus first arrives at Killarney at the beginning of season 7, telling Alex that he works for Bryce Redstaff. His initial role is to go over the books and look for ways to increase profit, recovering Bryce's investment. He later reveals to Alex that he is also Bryce's son and therefore his brother (younger brother). Though he and Alex initially clash, they later grow close. After Alex dies, Marcus decides to stay on as part-owner of Killarney. He begins a relationship with Ingrid Marr, the new country vet. Their relationship ends when Ingrid's estranged husband shows up and begins to harass and threaten her, and she runs away. Marcus then becomes involved with Grace McLeod, but when Ingrid returns, Grace ends their relationship and urges Ingrid and Marcus to rekindle their romance.
Grace Kingston McLeod Abi Tucker Drover's Run Owner 2007–2008 179 - 224
Grace is the eldest of Hugh McLeod's daughters, sister to Regan and Jaz, cousin to Jodi, Tess and Claire. She is a Campdrafting champion under the name Grace Kingston (her mother's maiden name) and an old friend of Stevie Hall. She reluctantly joins Drover's after receiving her share in Jodi's will. Grace is a loose cannon and stuffs up a few times in her initial adjustment to being at Drover's. Her relationship with Regan is complicated and they are often at odds. She becomes engaged to neighboring farmer Heath Barrett, but ends the engagement when she finds out Heath is cheating on her. She eventually becomes briefly involved with Marcus Turner, for whom she has long had unrequited feelings. Their relationship ends in the series finale when Ingrid returns to town, and Grace realizes that Marcus is still in love with her.
Jasmine "Jaz" McLeod Anna Torv & Edwina Ritchard Drover's Part Owner 2004, 2008 103 -> 104, 210 -> 224
Jaz is the youngest of Hugh McLeod's daughters. She is the first McLeod cousin to appear in the series, showing up near the end of season 4 (played by Anna Torv) for two episodes. She comes to Drover's to spread her father's ashes, and has a brief flirtation with Alex before leaving to restart her career as a show jumper. She appears again in the last season (played by Edwina Ritchard) and appears until the series finale. After an awkward start as a farm hand, she comes to love Drover's and eventually starts a relationship with Ben Hall, Stevie's cousin.
Ben Hall John Schwartz Killarney Farm Hand 2008 210 -> 224
Ben is Stevie's cousin, and first appears in season 8, showing up to support Stevie after Alex's death. He finds work at Killarney and becomes involved with Jaz McLeod.
Ingrid Marr Rachael Coopes Local Vet 2007–2008 200 - 224
Ingrid is a country veterinarian who first appears at the end of season 7. Ingrid gets along well with the local farmers, but seems to have a mysterious past. She later reveals that she is on the run from her abusive husband, Paul. Ingrid and Marcus fall in love, but when Paul shows up at Drover's and begins stalking and threatening her, she fears for her safety and leaves. She appears again in the series finale, rekindling her romance with Marcus.
Recurring cast[edit]
Actor
Role
Status
Episodes
Marshall Napier Harry J. Ryan 2001–2006 Episodes 1 - 162
John Jarratt Terry Dodge 2001–2006 Episodes 1 - 148
Catherine Wilkin Elizabeth "Liz" M. Ryan 2001–2003, 2004, 2006 Episodes 1 - 53, 100, 154
Fletcher Humphrys Brett "Brick" Buchanon 2001–2003 Episodes 1 - 47
Ben Mortley Alberto Borelli 2001–2003 Episodes 19 - 50
Rodger Corser Peter Johnson 2001–2004 Episodes 15 - 44, 62, 83 - 84
Kathryn Hartman Sally Clemments 2002–2005 Episodes 43 - 54, 105 - 114, 136
Charlie Clausen Jake Harrison 2002–2003 35 - 70
Inge Hornstra Sandra Kinsella-Ryan 2002–2006 Episodes 42, 57 - 100, 110 - 162
Diarmid Heidenrich Toby Frye 2003 Episodes 63 - 64, 70, 73
Alisha and Sarah Hart and Brooke, Kaitlyn & Tahlia Stacey-Clark Charlotte McLeod 2003-2008 Episodes 75 - 146, 224
Craig McLachlan Kane Morgan 2004 Episodes 89 - 96, 105 - 106
Basia A'Hern Rose Hall-Smith 2004–2008 Episodes 90, 129 - 130, 163 - 166, 185 - 186, 190 - 192, 224
Dean O'Gorman Luke Morgan 2004–2005 Episodes 93 - 118
Peter Hardy Phill Rakich 2006–2008 Episodes 143, 157, 159, 163, 166, 169, 180-184, 186-189, 191-199, 202-211, 213-220, 222, 224
Michelle Langstone Fiona Webb-Ryan 2006 Episodes 139 - 170
Daniel Feuerriegel Leo Coombes 2006 Episodes 141, 143, 160, 164, 165
Sam Healy Ashleigh Redstaff 2007 Episodes 186 - 199
Births and pregnancies[edit]
Claire gives birth to a girl named Charlotte Prudence McLeod (nicknamed 'BOM' (= Baby of McLeod)). Peter Johnson is the father, but initially it is claimed that Alex is the father. Later Peter learns the truth through a letter of Claire, as she wants Charlotte to know her real father (and Peter's name on the birth certificate). Alex and Tess are Charlotte's godparents. Charlotte is named after Tess, whose 2nd name is Charlotte, and Claire's mother Prudence.
Sandra Kinsella-Ryan returns from her honeymoon and announces that she's pregnant, but miscarries soon after.
Nick's ex-girlfriend Sally returns unexpectedly to Drover's, 8 months pregnant with his child. She soon gives birth to a son named Harrison Nicholas Ryan-Clements.
Tess gives birth in Argentina to a daughter named Claire Ruth McLeod-Ryan.
Stevie gives birth to a son named Alexander 'Xander' Hall Ryan soon after Alex dies. A short time before deciding on the name(s) Xander is called 'wombat'.
Moira finds out she's pregnant with Phil Rakich's son in 2008, but miscarries early into the pregnancy.
Jodi returns to Drover's Run in the series finale with news that she's pregnant .
Deaths[edit]
Actual Deaths
Brett 'Brick' Buchanon died after falling off of a bridge. He had been missing for some time and was eventually found by Becky.
Claire McLeod died in a car accident when her Ute went over a cliff. Tess and Charlotte were also in the accident, but managed to escape the vehicle before it crashed.
Harry Ryan died from a heart attack. It was later revealed that Sandra had tampered with his heart medication.
Riley Ward was involved in a car accident with Grace, Tayler, and Patrick. Their car was submerged in a river and Riley was presumed dead, though his body was never found.
Alex Ryan died after a tree branch fell on him
Fake Deaths
Nick Ryan was thought to have died in a plane crash, but was later discovered alive in Argentina. He had been mugged and severely beaten, and had been unconscious in an Argentine hospital for several weeks.
Matt Bosnich and Jodi Fountain were thought to have died in a car explosion. The next episode revealed that the car had blown up without them in it, but they were allowing people to think they were dead in order to evade the hitmen after them.
Marriages and engagements[edit]
Claire McLeod and Peter Johnson were engaged, but Claire ended the relationship when she found out Peter was already married and had children.
After being best mates for about 15 years (and shortly after the birth of Charlotte McLeod) Claire McLeod and Alex Ryan were in a relationship. Claire died the day Alex intended to propose to her, after a previous failed attempt (the ring was lost during the move of Alex to Drovers Run).
Jodi Fountain and Alberto Borelli had a wedding ceremony, but Jodi called off the marriage before the final paperwork was signed.
Tess McLeod and Dave Brewer were engaged, but broke up when they realized that Dave was still grieving for his late wife.
Harry Ryan and Sandra Kinsella were married after Harry divorced his first wife Liz.
Nick Ryan and Tess McLeod married after several years of an on-off relationship. They remained married through the end of the series.
Meg Fountain and Terry Dodge were married and set off for a trip around Australia.
Fiona Webb and Alex Ryan married and quickly divorced.
Jodi Fountain (Bosnich) and Meg Fountain (Doge) return to Drover's Run in the final episode with news that Matt and Jodi are married and expecting a baby.
Stevie Hall and Alex Ryan were married for a short time before Alex's death.
Grace McLeod and Heath Barret were engaged, but Grace called it off when she found out Heath was having an affair.
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