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Virtual 8086 mode
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Microprocessor modes for the x86 architecture
Real mode (Intel 8086)
8080 emulation mode (NEC V20/V30 only)
Protected mode (Intel 80286)
Unreal mode (Intel 80286)
Virtual 8086 mode (Intel 80386)
System Management Mode (Intel 386SL)
Long mode (AMD Opteron)
x86 virtualization (Intel Pentium 4, models 6x2)
First supported platform shown in parentheses
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In the 80386 microprocessor and later, virtual 8086 mode (also called virtual real mode, V86-mode or VM86) allows the execution of real mode applications that are incapable of running directly in protected mode while the processor is running a protected mode operating system. It is a hardware virtualization technique that allowed multiple 8086 processors to be emulated by the 386 chip; it emerged from the painful experiences with the 80286 protected mode, which by itself was not suitable to run concurrent real mode applications well.[1]
VM86 mode uses a segmentation scheme identical to that of real mode (for compatibility reasons) which creates 20-bit linear addresses in the same manner as 20-bit physical addresses are created in real mode, but are subject to protected mode's memory paging mechanism.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Usage
3 Memory addressing and interrupts
4 Virtual 8086 mode enhancements (VME)
5 64-bit and VMX support
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Overview[edit]
The virtual 8086 mode is a mode for a protected-mode task. Consequently, the processor can switch between VM86 and non-VM86 tasks, enabling multitasking legacy (MS-DOS) applications.
To use virtual 8086 mode, an operating system sets up a virtual 8086 mode monitor, which is a program that manages the real-mode program and emulates or filters access to system hardware and software resources. The monitor must run at privilege level 0 and in protected mode. Only the 8086 program runs in VM86 mode and at privilege level 3. When the real-mode program attempts to do things like access certain I/O ports to use hardware devices or access certain regions in its memory space, the CPU traps these events and calls the V86 monitor, which examines what the real mode program is trying to do and either acts as a proxy to interface with the hardware, emulates the intended function the real-mode program was trying to access, or terminates the real-mode program if it is trying to do something that cannot either be allowed or be adequately supported (such as reboot the machine, set a video display into a mode that is not supported by the hardware and is not emulated, or write over operating system code).
The V86 monitor can also deny permission gently by emulating the failure of a requested operation—for example, it can make a disk drive always appear not ready when in fact it has not even checked the drive but simply will not permit the real-mode program to access it. Also, the V86 monitor can do things like map memory pages, intercept calls and interrupts, and preempt the real-mode program, allowing real-mode programs to be multitasked like protected-mode programs. By intercepting the hardware and software I/O of the real-mode program and tracking the state that the V86 program expects, it can allow multiple programs to share the same hardware without interfering with each other.[a] So V86 mode provides a way for real-mode programs designed for a single-tasking environment (like MS-DOS[b]) to run concurrently in a multitasking environment.
Usage[edit]
It is used to execute certain DOS programs in Windows/386, Windows 3.x, Windows 9x/Me, and OS/2 2.x and later through virtual DOS machines, in SCO UNIX through Merge, and in Linux through DOSEMU. (Other DOS programs which use protected mode execute using user mode under the emulator.) NTVDM in x86 Windows NT based operating systems also use VM86 mode,[2] but with very limited direct hardware access.
Memory addressing and interrupts[edit]
The most common problem by running 8086 code from protected mode is memory addressing which is totally different between protected mode and real mode. As mentioned, by working under VM86 mode the segmentation mechanism is reconfigured to work just like under real mode, but the paging mechanism is still active, and it is transparent to the real mode code; thus, memory protection is still applicable, and so is the isolation of the address space.
When interrupts (hardware, software and int instruction) occur, the processor switches off the VM86 mode and returns to work in full protected mode to handle the interrupt. Also, before servicing the interrupt, the DS, ES, FS, and GS registers are pushed on the new stack and zeroed.
Virtual 8086 mode enhancements (VME)[edit]
The Pentium architecture added a number of enhancements to the virtual 8086 mode. These were however documented by Intel only starting with the subsequent P6 (microarchitecture);[3] their more recent formal name is Virtual 8086 Mode Enhancements, abbreviated VME;[4] (Older documentation may use "Extensions" as the last word in the VME acronym expansion.[3] Some later Intel 486 chips also support it.[5][6]) The enhancements address mainly the 8086 virtualization overhead, with a particular focus on (virtual) interrupts.[3][7] Before the extensions were publicly documented in the P6 documentation, the official documentation referred to the famed Appendix H, which was omitted from the public documentation and shared only with selected partners under NDA.
Activating VME is done by setting bit number 0 (0x1 in value) of CR4. Because the VME interrupt speed-up enhancements were found useful for non-VM86 protected tasks, they can also be enabled separately by setting only bit number 1 (0x2 in value), which is called PVI (Protected Mode Virtual Interrupts).[3][6] Detecting whether a processor supports VME (including PVI) is done using the cpuid instruction, by testing the value of second bit (bit number 1, 0x2 in value) in EDX register, which is set if VME is supported by the processor.[4][3] In Linux, this latter bit is reported as the vme flag in the /proc/cpuinfo file, under the "flags" section.
In virtual 8086 mode, the basic idea is that when IOPL is less than 3, PUSHF/POPF/STI/CLI/INT/IRET instructions will treat the value of VIF in the real 32-bit EFLAGS register as the value of IF in the simulated 16-bit FLAGS register (32-bit PUSHFD/POPFD continues to GP fault). VIP will cause a GP fault on the setting of simulated IF, directing the OS to process any pending interrupts. PVI is the same idea but only affects CLI/STI instructions.
64-bit and VMX support[edit]
Support for virtual 8086 mode is not available in x86-64 long mode, although it is still present on 64-bit capable processors running in legacy mode.
The addition of VT-x has added back the ability to run virtual 8086 mode from x86-64 long mode, but it has to be done by transitioning the (physical) processor to VMX root mode and launching a logical (virtual) processor itself running in virtual 8086 mode.[8]
Westmere and later Intel processors usually[9] can start the logical processor directly in real mode using the "unrestricted guest" feature (which itself requires Extended Page Tables); this method removes the need to resort to the nested virtual 8086 mode simply to run the legacy BIOS for booting.[10][11]
See also[edit]
IA-32
x86 assembly language
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, if one program writes to a display, then another program gets control and writes to the same display, and then the first program gets control back, it will try to use the display as if the second program had not changed it. The V86 monitor can intercept the display writes, keep track of the display state for each program, and switch the real display between them according to which program the user has selected to interact with presently. The V86 monitor emulates independent displays for each program using only one real display.
Jump up ^ MS-DOS is mentioned because it was especially the extensive library of existing MS-DOS programs that Intel had in mind when they designed V86 mode.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Yager, Tom (November 5, 2004). "Sending software to do hardware's job". Infoworld. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Architecture".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e T. Shanley (1998). Pentium Pro and Pentium II System Architecture. Addison-Wesley. pp. 427, 465–480. ISBN 978-0-201-30973-7.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developer-vol-2a-manual.pdf: "Virtual 8086 Mode Enhancements. Virtual 8086 mode enhancements, including CR4.VME for controlling the feature, CR4.PVI for protected mode virtual interrupts, software interrupt indirection, expansion of the TSS with the software indirection bitmap, and EFLAGS.VIF and EFLAGS.VIP flags."
Jump up ^ "Mailing List Archive: Re: 2.6.14: CR4 not needed to be inspected on the 486 anymore?". Gossamer-threads.com. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pentium Protected Mode Virtual Interrupts (PVI)". Rcollins.org. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Virtual Mode Extensions on the Pentium Processor". Rcollins.org. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.intel.com/Assets/en_US/PDF/manual/253669.pdf: "a VM entry is allowed only to guests with paging enabled that are in protected mode or in virtual-8086 mode. Guest execution in other processor operating modes need to be specially handled by the VMM"; see also lesson 24 how to do this from Linux (not that the code is pretty dated, so might not work as-is with current kernels) more up-to-date code can be found here. Also beware that this sample code is more complicated than strictly booting the logical processor in virtual 8086 mode; its ultimate goal is make some real-mode BIOS calls.
Jump up ^ "Intel Virtualization Technology List". Ark.intel.com. Retrieved 2014-02-20. A list of Intel processors that support VT-x but not EPT
Jump up ^ "Intel added unrestricted guest mode on Westmere micro-architecture and later Intel CPUs, it uses EPT to translate guest physical address access to host physical address. With this mode, VMEnter without enable paging is allowed."
Jump up ^ "If the “unrestricted guest” VM-execution control is 1, the “enable EPT” VM-execution control must also be 1"
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Equality (mathematics)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In mathematics, equality is a relationship between two quantities or, more generally two mathematical expressions, asserting that the quantities have the same value, or that the expressions represent the same mathematical object. The equality between A and B is written A = B, and pronounced A equals B. The symbol "=" is called an "equals sign". Thus there are three kinds of equality, which are formalized in different ways.
Two symbols refer to the same object.[1]
Two sets have the same elements.[2]
Two expressions evaluate to the same value, such as a number, vector, function or set.
These may be thought of as the logical, set-theoretic and algebraic concepts of equality respectively.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Equality in mathematical logic
2.1 Logical formulations
2.2 Some basic logical properties of equality
2.3 Equalities as predicates
3 Equality in set theory
3.1 Set equality based on first-order logic with equality
3.2 Set equality based on first-order logic without equality
4 Equality in algebra and analysis
4.1 Identities
4.2 Equations
4.3 Congruences
4.4 Approximate equality
5 Relation with equivalence and isomorphism
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The etymology of the word is from the Latin aequālis (“equal”, “like”, “comparable”, “similar”) from aequus (“equal”, “level”, “fair”, “just”).
Equality in mathematical logic[edit]
Logical formulations[edit]
See also: First-order logic § Equality and its axioms
Leibniz characterized the notion of equality as follows:
Given any x and y, x = y if and only if, given any predicate P, P(x) if and only if P(y).
In this law, "P(x) if and only if P(y)" can be weakened to "P(x) if P(y)"; the modified law is equivalent to the original, since a statement that applies to "any x and y" applies just as well to "any y and x".
Instead of considering Leibniz's law as a true statement that can be proven from the usual laws of logic (including axioms about equality such as symmetry, reflexivity and substitution), it can also be taken as the definition of equality. The property of being an equivalence relation, as well as the properties given below, can then be proved: they become theorems.
Some basic logical properties of equality[edit]
The substitution property states:
For any quantities a and b and any expression F(x), if a = b, then F(a) = F(b) (if both sides make sense, i.e. are well-formed).
In first-order logic, this is a schema, since we can't quantify over expressions like F (which would be a functional predicate).
Some specific examples of this are:
For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a + c = b + c (here F(x) is x + c);
For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a − c = b − c (here F(x) is x − c);
For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then ac = bc (here F(x) is xc);
For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b and c is not zero, then a/c = b/c (here F(x) is x/c).
The reflexive property states:
For any quantity a, a = a.
This property is generally used in mathematical proofs as an intermediate step.
The symmetric property states:
For any quantities a and b, if a = b, then b = a.
The transitive property states:
For any quantities a, b, and c, if a = b and b = c, then a = c.
These three properties were originally included among the Peano axioms for natural numbers. Although the symmetric and transitive properties are often seen as fundamental, they can be proved if the substitution and reflexive properties are assumed instead.
Equalities as predicates[edit]
When A and B are not fully specified or depend on some variables, equality is a proposition, which may be true for some values and false for some other values. Equality is a binary relation, or, in other words, a two-arguments predicate, which may produce a truth value (false or true) from its arguments. In computer programming, its computation from two expressions is known as comparison.
Equality in set theory[edit]
Main article: Axiom of extensionality
Equality of sets is axiomatized in set theory in two different ways, depending on whether the axioms are based on a first-order language with or without equality.
Set equality based on first-order logic with equality[edit]
In first-order logic with equality, the axiom of extensionality states that two sets which contain the same elements are the same set.[3]
Logic axiom: x = y ⇒ ∀z, (z ∈ x ⇔ z ∈ y)
Logic axiom: x = y ⇒ ∀z, (x ∈ z ⇔ y ∈ z)
Set theory axiom: (∀z, (z ∈ x ⇔ z ∈ y)) ⇒ x = y
Incorporating half of the work into the first-order logic may be regarded as a mere matter of convenience, as noted by Lévy.
"The reason why we take up first-order predicate calculus with equality is a matter of convenience; by this we save the labor of defining equality and proving all its properties; this burden is now assumed by the logic."[4]
Set equality based on first-order logic without equality[edit]
In first-order logic without equality, two sets are defined to be equal if they contain the same elements. Then the axiom of extensionality states that two equal sets are contained in the same sets.[5]
Set theory definition: "x = y" means ∀z, (z ∈ x ⇔ z ∈ y)
Set theory axiom: x = y ⇒ ∀z, (x ∈ z ⇔ y ∈ z)
Equality in algebra and analysis[edit]
Identities[edit]
Main article: Identity (mathematics)
When A and B may be viewed as functions of some variables, then A = B means that A and B define the same function. Such an equality of functions is sometimes called an identity. An example is (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1. Sometimes, but not always, an identity is written with a triple bar: (x + 1)2 ≡ x2 + 2x + 1.
Equations[edit]
An equation is the problem of finding values of some variables, called unknowns, for which the specified equality is true. Equation may also refer to an equality relation that is satisfied only for the values of the variables that one is interested in. For example, x2 + y2 = 1 is the equation of the unit circle.
There is no standard notation that distinguishes an equation from an identity or other use of the equality relation: a reader has to guess an appropriate interpretation from the semantics of expressions and the context. An identity is asserted to be true for all values of variables in a given domain. An "equation" may sometimes mean an identity, but more often it specifies a subset of the variable space to be the subset where the equation is true.
Congruences[edit]
Main articles: Congruence relation and Congruence (geometry)
In some cases, one may consider as equal two mathematical objects that are only equivalent for the properties that are considered. This is, in particular the case in geometry, where two geometric shapes are said equal when one may be moved to coincide with the other. The word congruence is also used for this kind of equality.
Approximate equality[edit]
There are some logic systems that do not have any notion of equality. This reflects the undecidability of the equality of two real numbers defined by formulas involving the integers, the basic arithmetic operations, the logarithm and the exponential function. In other words, there cannot exist any algorithm for deciding such an equality.
The binary relation "is approximately equal" between real numbers or other things, even if more precisely defined, is not transitive (it may seem so at first sight, but many small differences can add up to something big). However, equality almost everywhere is transitive.
Relation with equivalence and isomorphism[edit]
Main articles: Equivalence relation and Isomorphism
Viewed as a relation, equality is the archetype of the more general concept of an equivalence relation on a set: those binary relations that are reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. The identity relation is an equivalence relation. Conversely, let R be an equivalence relation, and let us denote by xR the equivalence class of x, consisting of all elements z such that x R z. Then the relation x R y is equivalent with the equality xR = yR. It follows that equality is the finest equivalence relation on any set S, in the sense that it is the relation that has the smallest equivalence classes (every class is reduced to a single element).
In some contexts, equality is sharply distinguished from equivalence or isomorphism.[6] For example, one may distinguish fractions from rational numbers, the latter being equivalence classes of fractions: the fractions 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 1/2} and 2 / 4 {\displaystyle 2/4} are distinct as fractions, as different strings of symbols, but they "represent" the same rational number, the same point on a number line. This distinction gives rise to the notion of a quotient set.
Similarly, the sets
{ A , B , C } {\displaystyle \{{\text{A}},{\text{B}},{\text{C}}\}} and { 1 , 2 , 3 } {\displaystyle \{1,2,3\}}
are not equal sets – the first consists of letters, while the second consists of numbers – but they are both sets of three elements, and thus isomorphic, meaning that there is a bijection between them, for example
A ↦ 1 , B ↦ 2 , C ↦ 3. {\displaystyle {\text{A}}\mapsto 1,{\text{B}}\mapsto 2,{\text{C}}\mapsto 3.}
However, there are other choices of isomorphism, such as
A ↦ 3 , B ↦ 2 , C ↦ 1 , {\displaystyle {\text{A}}\mapsto 3,{\text{B}}\mapsto 2,{\text{C}}\mapsto 1,}
and these sets cannot be identified without making such a choice – any statement that identifies them "depends on choice of identification". This distinction, between equality and isomorphism, is of fundamental importance in category theory, and is one motivation for the development of category theory.
See also[edit]
Equals sign
Inequality
Logical equality
Extensionality
Homotopy type theory
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Rosser 2008, p. 163.
Jump up ^ Lévy 2002, pp. 13, 358. Mac Lane & Birkhoff 1999, p. 2. Mendelson 1964, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Kleene 2002, p. 189. Lévy 2002, p. 13. Shoenfield 2001, p. 239.
Jump up ^ Lévy 2002, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Mendelson 1964, pp. 159–161. Rosser 2008, pp. 211–213
Jump up ^ (Mazur 2007)
References[edit]
Kleene, Stephen Cole (2002) [1967]. Mathematical Logic. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-42533-7.
Lévy, Azriel (2002) [1979]. Basic set theory. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-42079-0.
Mac Lane, Saunders; Birkhoff, Garrett (1999) [1967]. Algebra (Third ed.). Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society.
Mazur, Barry (12 June 2007), When is one thing equal to some other thing? (PDF)
Mendelson, Elliott (1964). Introduction to Mathematical Logic. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Rosser, John Barkley (2008) [1953]. Logic for mathematicians. Mineola, New York: Dover Publication. ISBN 978-0-486-46898-3.
Shoenfield, Joseph Robert (2001) [1967]. Mathematical Logic (2nd ed.). A K Peters. ISBN 978-1-56881-135-2.
External links[edit]
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001) [1994], "Equality axioms", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equality_(mathematics)&oldid=836514659"
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Birth certificate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mary Elizabeth Winblad (1895-1987) birth certificate
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and contemporary times
2 Australia
3 Canada
3.1 Types of certified copies issued
4 China
5 England and Wales
5.1 Pre-1837 birth and baptism records
5.2 Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales
6 India
7 Russia
7.1 Filling
7.2 The procedure for obtaining
8 United States
8.1 Types of certified copies issued
8.1.1 Acceptance of short forms
8.1.2 Other forms
8.1.3 Birth certificates in cases of adoptions
9 See also
10 References
History and contemporary times[edit]
A Soviet birth certificate from 1972.
The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization, especially in China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Persia. The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military manpower. In England, births were initially registered with churches, who maintained registers of births. This practice continued into the 19th century.[1] The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853.[2] The entire United States did not get a standardized system until 1902.[3]
Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In all countries, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, hospital administrator, or the parents of the child to see that the birth is properly registered with the appropriate government agency.
The actual record of birth is stored with a government agency. That agency will issue certified copies or representations of the original birth record upon request, which can be used to apply for government benefits, such as passports. The certification is signed and/or sealed by the registrar or other custodian of birth records, who is commissioned by the government.
The right of every child to a name and nationality, and the responsibility of national governments to achieve this are contained in Articles 7 and 8 in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: "The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality..." (CRC Article 7) and "States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations..." (CRC Article 8).[4]
...it's a small paper but it actually establishes who you are and gives access to the rights and the privileges, and the obligations, of citizenship.
—  Archbishop Desmond Tutu, February 2005[5]
Despite 191 countries ratifying the Convention, the births of millions of children worldwide go unregistered. By their very nature, data concerning unregistered children are approximate. About 29% of countries don't have available or sufficient data to assess global progress towards the SDG goal of universal coverage. [6] However, from the data that is available, UNICEF estimates that more than a quarter of children under 5 worldwide are unregistered.[7] The lowest levels of birth registration are found in sub-Saharan Africa (43 per cent). This phenomenon disproportionately impacts poor households and indigenous populations. Even in many developed countries, it contributes to difficulties in fully accessing civic rights.[8]
Birth registration opens the door to rights to children and adults which many other human beings take for granted: to prove their age; to prove their nationality; to receive healthcare; to go to school; to take exams; to be adopted; to protection from under-age military service or conscription; to marry; to open a bank account; to hold a driving licence; to obtain a passport; to inherit money or property; and to vote or stand for elected office.[9]
There are many reasons why births go unregistered, including social and cultural beliefs and attitudes; alternative documents and naming ceremonies; remote areas, poor infrastructure; economic barriers; lack of office staff, equipment and training; legal and political restrictions; fear of discrimination and persecution; war, conflict and unrest or simply the fact that there is no system in place.[9][10][11][12][13][14]
Retrospective registration may be necessary where there is a backlog of children whose births have gone unregistered. In Senegal, the government is facilitating retrospective registration through free local court hearings and the number of unregistered children has fallen considerably as a result. In Sierra Leone, the government gave the National Office of Births and Deaths special permission to issue birth certificates to children over seven. In Bolivia, there was a successful three-year amnesty for the free registration of young people aged between 12 and 18.[15]
Statelessness, or the lack of effective nationality, impacts the daily lives of some 11-12 million people around the world. Perhaps those who suffer most are stateless infants, children, and youth. Though born and raised in their parents’ country of habitual residence, they lack formal recognition of their existence.[16]
Australia[edit]
Specimen birth certificate issued by the Australian Capital Territory
States and territories of Australia are responsible for the issuance of birth certificates, through agencies generally titled "Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages" or similar.[17]
Initially registering a birth is done by a hospital through a "Birth Registration Statement" or similar, signed by appropriately licensed and authorised health professionals, and provided to the state or territory registry. Home births are permitted, but a statement is required from a registered midwife, doctor or 2 other witnesses other than the parents. Unplanned births require in some states that the baby be taken to a hospital within 24 hours.[18] Once registered, a separate application (sometimes it can be done along with the Birth Registration Statement) can be made for a birth certificate, generally at a cost. The person named or a parent can apply for a certificate at any time.[19] Generally, there is no restriction on re-applying for a certificate at a later date, so it could be possible to legally hold multiple original copies.
The Federal government requires that births be also registered through a "Proof of Birth Declaration" similarly signed as above by a doctor or midwife. This ensures the appropriate benefits can be paid, and the child is enrolled for Medicare.[20]
The state or territory issued birth certificate is a secure A4 paper document, generally listing: Full name at birth, sex at birth, parents and occupation, older siblings, addresses, date and place of birth, name of the registrar, date of registration, date of issue of certificate, a registration number, with the signature of the registrar and seal of the registry printed and or embossed. Most states allow for still births to be issued a birth certificate. Some states issue early pregnancy loss certificates (without legal significance if before 20 weeks).[21] Depending on the state, amendments are allowed to correct the certificate, add parents, recognising same sex relationships,[22] changing the sex of the holder is also permitted in some states.[23]
The full birth certificate in Australia is an officially recognised identity document generally in the highest category.[24] The birth certificate assists in establishing citizenship. Shorter and/or commemorative birth certificates are available, however are not generally acceptable for identification purposes.[25]
Birth certificates in Australia can be verified online by approved agencies through the Attorney-General's Department Document Verification Service[26] and can be used to validate identity digitally, e.g. online.
[show]
v
t
e
Australian Identity Documents
Federal Government
Passport
Citizenship certificate
Certificate of Identity
Document of Identity
Convention Travel Document
Medicare card
State and Territory Governments
Birth certificate
AusPost Keypass ID
Seniors card
Photo card
Drivers licence
Marriage certificate
Change of name certificate
International
Passport
Indigenous (not recognized)
Aboriginal passport
Non physical/digital
Digital identity in Australia
Tax File Number
Canada[edit]
In Canada, the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the provinces or territories.[27]
Agencies or various ministers are in charge of issuing birth certificates:[28]
Alberta - Department of Vital Statistics (Service Alberta)
British Columbia - Vital Statistics Agency (Ministry of Health)
Manitoba - Vital Statistics Agency (Ministry of Healthy Living, Seniors and Consumer Affairs/Consumer and Corporate Affairs)
New Brunswick - Vital Statistics (Service New Brunswick)
Newfoundland and Labrador - Vital Statistics Government Services (Service NL)
Northwest Territories - Vital Statistics (Department of Health and Social Services - Health Services Administration Division)
Nova Scotia - Registrar General Division of Vital Statistics (Service Nova Scotia and Municipal Relations)
Nunavut - Registrar General of Vital Statistics (Nunavut Health and Social Services)
Ontario - Office of Registrar General-Service Ontario (Ministry of Government Services)
Prince Edward Island - Vital Statistics (Health and Social Services)
Quebec - Director of Civil State (Minister of Justice)
Saskatchewan - Vital Statistics-Information Service Corporation (Department of Health)
Yukon - Vital Statistics (Ministry of Health and Social Services - Health Services)
Types of certified copies issued[edit]
There are three types of birth certificates issued:
Copy of an act - Contains all information available on the birth of a person.
Long form - legal size or two page form with details of the person, their parents', place of birth, certification by the parents, signature and stamp of the issuing agency or department. Recent forms are in English and French.
Short form or card - provides name, birth date, place of birth, date of registration, date of issue, registration number, certificate number, and signature of registrar general
[show]
v
t
e
Canadian Identity Documents
Federal Government
Passport
Citizenship certificate
Social Insurance Card
Permanent resident Card
Certificate of Indian Status
Refugee travel document
Canadian Certificate of Identity
Firearms Possession and Acquisition Licence
Old Age Security Identification Card
Seafarer’s Identity Document
Parolee Identification Card
Armed Forces Identification Card
Provincial and Territorial
Birth certificate
Driver's licence
Health card
Provincial Photo ID Card
Provincial Liquor Card
International
Nexus Card
British emergency passport
International Driving Permit
China[edit]
The People’s Republic of China issued its first birth certificate on January 1, 1996. Birth certificate used currently is the fifth edition, which was adopted since January 1, 2014.[29] Still, China, the world’s most populous country, is among those with no globally comparable data, presenting challenges to researchers who wish to assess global and regional progress towards universal birth registration. [30]
England and Wales[edit]
Specimen England and Wales Long Birth Certificate
In England and Wales, the description "birth certificate" is used to describe a certified copy of an entry in the birth register.[31]
Civil registration of births, marriages and deaths in England and Wales started on 1 July 1837.[32] Registration was not compulsory until 1875, following the Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1874, which made registration of a birth the responsibility of those present at the birth.[33]
When a birth is registered, the details are entered into the register book at the local register office for the district in which the birth took place and is retained permanently in the local register office. A copy of each entry in the birth register is sent to the General Register Office (GRO).[34]
Pre-1837 birth and baptism records[edit]
Before the government's registration system was created, evidence of births and/or baptisms (and also marriages and death or burials) was dependent on the events being recorded in the records of the Church of England or in those of other various churches – not all of which maintained such records or all types of those records. Copies of such records are not issued by the General Register Office; but can be obtained from these churches, or from the local or national archive, which usually now keeps the records in original or copy form.
Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales[edit]
There are two types of birth certificates:
A full certificate, titled 'CERTIFIED COPY OF AN ENTRY' is a copy of the original entry in the birth register, giving all the recorded details.[35] Information includes; name, sex, date and place of birth of the child, father's name, place of birth and occupation, mother's name, place of birth, maiden name and occupation. Certificates for births before 1911 do not show the mothers maiden name, before 1969 do not show the details of the parents' place of birth and registration and before 1984 do not show mothers occupation.[36]
The short certificate, titled 'CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH', shows the child’s full name, sex, date and place of birth. It does not give any particulars of the parents; therefore it is not proof of parentage. A short birth certificate is issued, free of charge, at the time of registration.[35]
Both versions of certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation provided. Where proof of parentage is required only a full certificate will be accepted.[37]
The original registrations are required by law[38] to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee. They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars. If the birth was registered within the past 50 years detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued.[39]
India[edit]
Traditionally Births were poorly recorded in India.[40]
For official purposes, other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the Birth certificate, such as Matriculation certificates.[41] Facilities are available to produce a Birth certificate from a passport.[42]
By law since 1969, Registration of Births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act.[43] Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned. Specific rules vary by state, region and municipality.
In Delhi, for example, births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution, or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home. After registration, a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority. Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children, and undocumented orphans. Overseas births can also be registered.[43]
Some municipalities, such as Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital Birth certificates to be applied for printed, and verified online.[44]
Russia[edit]
A Russian birth certificate issued on April 2011
Earlier testimony was a small book format-bound, now it's just a page format B5, provided with watermarks. The certificate has a series and number.
Blank insert is made in Russian. In the case of being issued in one of the country's republics, its national language form liner can be made in Russian and in the official language of the republic on the model, approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Filling[edit]
A birth certificate can be filled with a handwritten way and with the use of technical equipment (typewriters, computers). When filling in the form is carried handwritten way, all records are made legibly in ink or paste blue or black. If you are using a computer or typewriter dye must be black. The quality of paste, ink, dye, used in completing the documents should ensure the preservation of text documents for a set retention period. When filling out the birth certificate is not allowed to have it in patches, blots and erasures, cuts.
Birth certificate is signed by the head of the registrar or other public authority issuing the certificate (e.g., the consulate). Signature of the registrar should have a transcript (initials and surname) and sealed with the official seal.
Currently, information about the nationality of the parents is mentioned in the certificate on request. By default, this column is empty
When making a citizenship, a special insert is issued to the birth certificate. In testimony Stamp.
February 6, 2007 ear of citizenship were canceled, on the reverse side of the Certificate began to put a stamp on the child's citizenship. This rule applies to newborns or those who change or restores documents.
Old shells are valid for achieving a child 14 years old and to change them is not necessary.
The procedure for obtaining[edit]
The birth certificate of the child's parents can get (not deprived of parental rights), itself a child of full age, guardian or caregiver. Issuance of the document is made in the offices of the registrar, ZAGS (Russian: ЗАГС).
With the loss of the certificate, a new document is issued by the registry office (ZAGS) in the place of the original receipt on the basis of a written application.
United States[edit]
See also: United States nationality law, Citizenship in the United States, and Birthright citizenship in the United States
In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories[45] and former territories.[46] Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport.[47][48] However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory.[49]
The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics. From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates, collected vital statistics on a national basis, and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics. In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service. Unlike the British system of recording all births in "registers", the states file an individual document for each and every birth.[50]
The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births. However, states are free to create their own forms.[51] As a result, neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states. These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator, which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar, who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request.[1]
In 2017, the state of Illinois began an effort to digitize birth certificates using blockchain technology.[52]
Types of certified copies issued[edit]
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, as of 2000 there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates. The Inspector General report states that according to staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000.[53]
Acceptance of short forms[edit]
In the case of applying for a U.S. passport, not all legitimate government-issued birth certificates are acceptable:
A certified birth certificate has a registrar's raised, embossed, impressed or multicolored seal, registrar's signature, and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar's office, which must be within 1 year of your birth. Please note, some short (abstract) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes.
Beginning April 1, 2011, all birth certificates must also include the full names of the applicant's parent(s).[54]
The U.S. State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California. There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico,[55][56] and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant. The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal, was no longer considered a secure document, and have not been issued in California since 2001.[57]
Other forms[edit]
Most hospitals in the U.S. issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn. However, these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship, and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications. Many Americans believe[citation needed] the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates, when in reality they hold little legal value.[58]
Birth certificates in cases of adoptions[edit]
In the United States, when an adoption is finalized, the government seals the original birth certificate and will issue a replacement birth certificate substituting the individual's birth name with the name selected by the adoptive parents, and replacing the birth parents' names with the adoptive parents. In those cases, adopted individuals are not granted access to their own original birth certificates upon request. Laws vary depending on the state where the birth was originally registered and the adoption was finalized. Some states allow adopted people unrestricted access to their own original birth certificates, while in others the certificate is available only if the biological parents have given their permission or a petition has been granted by the court of jurisdiction. Other jurisdictions do not allow adopted people access to their own original birth certificates under any circumstances.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Birth registration in Ancient Rome
Birth registration campaign in Liberia
Closed adoption
Death certificate
Identity card
Marriage license
Passport
Vital record
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Vital Records Registration Handbook Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. (Jacksonville, FL: Florida Office of Vital Statistics, 2007) 7.
Jump up ^ "About Us" Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. (UK General Registry Office), accessed August 2009, .
Jump up ^ Brumberg, H.L.; Dozor, D.; Golombek, S.G. (June 2012). "History of the birth certificate: from inception to the future of electronic data". Journal of Perinatology. 32: 407–411. doi:10.1038/jp.2012.3. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1989), accessed 17 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Universal Birth Registration — A Universal Responsibility (Woking: Plan International, 2005)
Jump up ^ "Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era". UNICEF.
Jump up ^ "UNICEF Data – Birth Registration" (data.unicef.org) accessed 18 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Paula Gerba, "Making Indigenous Australians 'disappear': Problems arising from our birth registration systems," Alternative Law Journal 34, no. 3 (2009): |157–162,[dead link].
^ Jump up to: a b Count Every Child (Plan, 2009).
Jump up ^ The 'Rights' Start to Life, (New York: UNICEF).
Jump up ^ "Fact sheets," (International Council of Nurses, 21 May 2010).
Jump up ^ UNICEF (2007) Birth Registration and Armed Conflict, Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (Florence: Innocenti Research Centre, 2007).
Jump up ^ Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT) on Children and HIV and AIDS Working Group on Civil Registration, Birth and Death Registration in the Context of HIV and AIDS in Eastern and Southern Africa: Human's First and Last Right (Plan, 2008).
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