text:
C (musical note)
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Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see C (disambiguation), Hi-C (disambiguation) and Middle C (novel)
Middle C Play (help·info).
C (Italian: Do, French: Do, German: C) is the first note of the C major scale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (F, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch.
In English the term Do is used interchangeably with C only by adherents of fixed-Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.
Contents
[hide]
1 Frequency
2 Octave nomenclature
3 Designation by octave
4 Graphic presentation
5 Scales
5.1 Common scales beginning on C
5.2 Diatonic scales
5.3 Jazz melodic minor
6 B sharp
7 See also
8 References
Frequency[edit]
Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch notation was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch.
Octave nomenclature[edit]
Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C4 in scientific pitch notation, the most commonly recognized in auditory science[citation needed], while both C4 and the Helmholtz designation c' are used in musical studies. Other note-octave systems, including those used by some makers of digital music keyboards, may refer to Middle C differently. In MIDI, Middle C is note number 60.
While the expression Middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C4 may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C5 (523.251 Hz) would be Middle C. This technically inaccurate practice has led some pedagogues to encourage standardizing on C4 as the definitive Middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.[1]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In vocal music, the term Soprano C, sometimes called High C[2] or Top C[by whom?], is the C two octaves above Middle C. It is so named because it is considered the defining note of the soprano voice type. It is C6 in scientific pitch notation (1046.502 Hz) and c''' in Helmholtz notation. The term Tenor C is sometimes used[by whom?] in vocal music to refer to C5, as it is the highest required note in the standard tenor repertoire. The term Low C is sometimes used in vocal music to refer to C2 because this is considered the divide between true basses and bass-baritones: a basso can sing this note easily while other male voices, including bass-baritones, cannot.
Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C3 (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below Middle C. In stoplists it usually means that a rank is not full compass, omitting the bottom octave.[3]
Designation by octave[edit]
Scientific designation
Helmholtz designation
Bilinear music notation
Octave name
Frequency (Hz)
Other names
Audio
C−1 C͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵C or CCCC (-uC) Infracontra 8.176 Play (help·info)
C0 C͵͵ or ͵͵C or CCC (-vC) Subcontra 16.352 Play (help·info)
C1 C͵ or ͵C or CC (-wC) Contra 32.703 Play (help·info)
C2 C (-xC) Great 65.406 Low C Play (help·info)
C3 c (-yC) Small 130.813 Bass C, Tenor C (organ) Play (help·info)
C4 c′ (zC) One-lined 261.626 Middle C Play (help·info)
C5 c′′ (yC) Two-lined 523.251 Tenor C (vocal), Tenor High C[4] (vocal), Treble C Play (help·info)
C6 c′′′ (xC) Three-lined 1046.502 Soprano C (vocal), High C (vocal), Top C (vocal) Play (help·info)
C7 c′′′′ (wC) Four-lined 2093.005 Play (help·info)
C8 c′′′′′ (vC) Five-lined 4186.009 Eighth octave C Play (help·info)
C9 c′′′′′′ (uC) Six-lined 8372.018 Play (help·info)
C10 c′′′′′′′ (tC) Seven-lined 16744.036 Play (help·info)
(20000 hertz is the start of the ultrasound in healthy young adults.)
Graphic presentation[edit]
Middle C in four clefs
Position of Middle C on a standard 88-key keyboard
Scales[edit]
Common scales beginning on C[edit]
C Major: C D E F G A B C
C Natural Minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
C Harmonic Minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B C
C Melodic Minor Ascending: C D E♭ F G A B C
C Melodic Minor Descending: C B♭ A♭ G F E♭ D C
Diatonic scales[edit]
C Ionian: C D E F G A B C
C Dorian: C D E♭ F G A B♭ C
C Phrygian: C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
C Lydian: C D E F♯ G A B C
C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B♭ C
C Aeolian: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
C Locrian: C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C
Jazz melodic minor[edit]
C Ascending Melodic Minor: C D E♭ F G A B C
C Dorian ♭2: C D♭ E♭ F G A B♭ C
C Lydian Augmented: C D E F♯ G♯ A B C
C Lydian Dominant: C D E F♯ G A B♭ C
C Mixolydian ♭6: C D E F G A♭ B♭ C
C Locrian ♮2: C D E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C
C Altered: C D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C
B sharp[edit]
Comparison of notes derived from, or near, twelve perfect fifths (B♯).
Twelve just perfect fifths (B♯) and seven octaves do not align as in equal temperament.
Pythagorean: 701.955 × 12 = 8423.46 = 23.46 = B♯+++
ET: 700 × 12 = 8400 = 0 = B♯ = C
1200 × 7 = 8400 = 0 = C
This difference, 23.46 cents (531441/524288), is known as the Pythagorean comma.
See also[edit]
Piano key frequencies
A440 (pitch standard)
C major
C minor
Root (chord)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Large, John (February 1981). "Theory in Practice: Building a Firm Foundation". Music Educators Journal. 32: 30–35.
Jump up ^ "At the Met Opera, a Note So High, It’s Never Been Sung Before", The New York Times, Nov. 7, 2017
Jump up ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (2007-09-09). "The Note That Makes Us Weep". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Luciano Pavarotti - King of the High C’s", The New York Times", Sept. 9, 2007
[hide]
v
t
e
Notes of the chromatic scale
B♯ / C
C♯ / D♭
D
D♯ / E♭
E / F♭
E♯ / F
F♯ / G♭
G
G♯ / A♭
A
A♯ / B♭
B / C♭
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List of Curious George characters
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This is a list of characters from the children's television series Curious George.
Contents
[hide]
1 Major
1.1 Animals
1.2 People
2 Minor
2.1 Animals
2.2 People
3 References
Major[edit]
Animals[edit]
Curious George: A tailless monkey who is the protagonist of the show. He is excessively curious and often causes unintentional problems. He is used as the "teachable" character in the show, and he is the one to whom new concepts are explained in detail by the other characters. He is written as having the mind of a young child.
(He is voiced by Frank Welker)
Hundley: An orange male dachshund. Hundley is very proper and gentlemanly; he keeps vigil on the lobby of George's apartment building when his owner, the Doorman, is absent. George's behavior is not enjoyed by Hundley but despite this, he enjoys George's company. However, Hundley is very practical minded, and does not shy away from scolding George for reckless antics. Hundley is allergic to some cats, including Professor Wiseman's kitten Lucky, but not to Chef Pisghetti's cat Gnocchi.
(He is voiced by Bill Chott in the first season and Lex Lang in seasons thereafter)
Compass: A blue male homing pigeon, also cared for by the doorman. His sense of direction is substandard, he is therefore often referred to as an "Almost-Homing Pigeon". In the early seasons he is shown attempting mentally to discover what George was.
(Rob Paulsen provides Compass' cooing, Willard Scott)
Jumpy Squirrel: A male squirrel who lives in the country, although he primarily stays in the trees, he will often end up involved with George. A recurring joke in the series is when Jumpy gets caught in a situation with George and the narrator says "At that moment Jumpy remembered why he always stayed in trees."
(He is voiced by Jim Cummings)
Gnocchi: A beige female cat, who is owned by Chef Pisghetti. She is very sedate and contemplative, frequently disregarding the surrounding people.
(She is voiced by Debi Derryberry)
Charkie: A female black cocker spaniel owned by Steve and Betsy. Charkie is very hyperactive, loves doing backflips, and frequently runs away from her caretakers. She is very skilled in opening and unlocking things.
(She is voiced by Rob Paulsen)
Bill's Bunnies: Seven baby bunnies owned by Bill. Their names are Fuzzy, Whitey, Brownie, Spotty, Black Ears, Cotton Tail, and Herbert Nenninger. He also owns their mother (Ma Rabbit), whose burrowing abilities are highlighted in several episodes. In several episodes, most notably the perfect carrot, Fuzzy and Black Ears are omitted from the group, with George expecting only five to be present.
(They are all voiced by Frank Welker. (In Curious George's Bunny Hunt, Herbert Nenninger is a brownish-tannish color. In Bee is for Bear, he is white. However, in Curious George's Bunny Hunt, the only white bunny is Whitey.))
People[edit]
Narrator:
(First season narrated by William H. Macy. Rino Romano has been the narrator since that time)
The Man with the Yellow Hat:
The man who first befriended George and also acts as his primary teacher and mentor. He does not wear his hat at home but wears it when going in public. the Man often has bad luck and makes mistakes (such as constantly losing his hat, being in the wrong place at the wrong time, tasting something terrible with a sour reaction, etc.). He is also absent-minded and a bit awkward. His catchphrase when leaving George alone is often "Be a good little monkey." Or sometimes his catchphrase is "Come on. Can't be late." when the Man leaves with George.
He never gets angry with George, no matter what George does. It is unclear what his occupation is, but in Curious George and the Invisible Sound he has been asked to survey animals around the country house, and in The Fully Automatic Monkey Fun Hat, Dr. Wiseman has asked him to give a speech about the scientific method. Which may imply that he has the same occupation he held in the 2006 film.
He also is the leader of a troop of the Sprouts, to which George and Bill belong. The man makes a couple of references to "going to work"; however, we never discover what this pertains to. He owns a country house that has been in his family since his childhood; and also lives in a spacious, high-income apartment building in the city. The man primarily drives a yellow convertible car as his main transportation to the country; however, he typically walks when staying in the apartment. The Man's hobbies include playing the tuba, bowling, sketching and painting pictures, and long-distance running. He also paints in the style of the H.A. Rey drawings.
He won an award for being the first to climb and map what became known as Yellow Hat Mountain and placed seventeenth in a marathon. No mention of his parents is made, other than an occasional reference to his mother in a few episodes.
(He is voiced by Jeff Bennett)
The Doorman: The doorman for the apartment building in which George and the Man with the Yellow Hat live. He is Hundley's owner. When on duty, he wears red clothes similar to a British Sentry Guard; different only by a red cap. When he went camping with George and Hundley, he wore an outfit somewhat similar to that of a Canadian Mountie. He is friendly and always loves to see George. He keeps a coop of homing pigeons on the roof of the building. Like the Man with the Yellow Hat, the Doorman's name is never mentioned. The doorman has a noticeable Brooklyn accent
(He is voiced by Bill Chott in the first season and Lex Lang in seasons thereafter)
Professor Wiseman: A scientist friend of George and the Man. In different episodes she is seen to be an rocket scientist, and working at a local museum. Her name is a play on the words wise man. She seems to have an occupation directly related to the man with the yellow hat. She is frequently invited to spend time with the man with the yellow hat and George.
(She is voiced by Rolonda Watts)
Chef Pisghetti and Netti: An Italian chef in the City who owns a restaurant with his wife. George frequently visits him and often helps him by doing errands and chores around the restaurant. The Chef often uses the fresh vegetables he grows in a rooftop garden. His name is a reference to the way some toddlers pronounce the word "spaghetti." Often, when things seem to go wrong, the Chef's catchphrase is "I'm Ruined!" He often threatens to never cook again if there is any problem with his food. He often refers to George as the Italian equivalent "Giorgio".
(Chef Pisghetti is voiced by Jim Cummings and Netti is voiced by Susan Silo)
The Renkins: A couple who own a farm near the country house. They have horses, cows, pigs, chickens, and bees. George also sometimes borrows materials from them, including a water pump and scrap lumber.
(Mr. Renkins is voiced by Jeff Bennett and Mrs. Renkins is voiced by Kath Soucie)
Marco: A Mexican boy who lives in The Puerto Del Sol district, a Mexican neighborhood in the city, he and his family play Spanish music anywhere. He is Curious George's best friend. He often claims that he's always thinking, saying "I'm always thinking," referring to the fact that he is always thinking about ways to solve a problem and he is always analyzing a situation.
Sometimes Marco is the experience of fun with Curious George and Friends, includes the Man in the Yellow Hat. When visiting Marco wants to play with Curious George all the time forever as partners.
(He is voiced by Grey DeLisle in season 1 Elizabeth Daily in season 2)
Allie: The five-year-old granddaughter of the Renkins, who is first introduced in George Meets Allie-Whoops! where she and George become fast friends. Allie is a very perky and spunky little girl who is about George's height and is as adventurous and curious as he. Mrs. Renkins refers to her as a “spark plug.” When she first meets George she is excited and eager to learn the ways of a monkey.
(Voiced by Lara Jill Miller)
Bill: George's neighbor from across the street in the country. He owns a hutch of bunnies and has a paper route. He also enjoys flying kites, but seems to be an acrophobic. His catchphrases are, "There's a proper way to ...." And "why didn't I think of that". Bill has a copious knowledge of many subjects, but apparently does not realize that George is a monkey and often refers to him as a "city kid" to explain the odd things George does.
(He is voiced by Annie Mumolo)
Steve and Betsy: Siblings from George's neighborhood in the city. They live with their Aunt Margaret and their dog, Charkie. Steve likes video games and is always "going for a record" of some kind. He is the older child of the pair, and is always getting ideas about how to solve a problem. He often tells George, "I'm in fifth grade. This has to work." In the episode Piñata Vision, their Aunt called him by his full name, Steven. Betsy is more responsible and caring, and is often pulling a red wagon. She is frequently annoyed at Steve, and has to fix his mistakes. She is in third grade. Bill is seemingly the country counterpart to Steve and Betsy. They do not appear in the same episode until Season 3, in "Chasing Rainbows." In that episode Bill's ignorance of George being a monkey is elucidated by them. However, he still does not understand the fact.
(Steve is voiced by Elizabeth Daily and Betsy is voiced by Grey DeLisle)
Mr. Glass: A man who owns a building known as "The Glass Palace" and hires window washers in the City. George uncovers a catastrophic flaw in a building which Mr. Glass was constructing. He likes things to be unique ever since George painted a jungle-themed room in The Glass Palace. He almost scolds George for doing something wrong when he painted a painting which looks like its damaged counterpart. Mr. Glass is very wealthy.
(Voiced by Rob Paulsen)
Dinwoodie
(Voiced by Jess Harnell)
Mr. Zoobel: George's upstairs neighbor in the City. Mr. Zoobel is a painter in a modern (non-representational) style who sometimes uses stamps shaped like animal feet. He has a de-scented pet skunk named Geoffrey, a gopher snake named Bruno, and two mice named Benjy and Willy. When he first moved in, he used the stamps so much it made a loud stomping noise in George's apartment downstairs making George think he lived with an elephant.
(He is voiced by Carlos Alazraqui)
Mr. and Mrs. Quint: Mr. Quint is one of George's country friends, Clint Quint is an avid fisherman and one of a set of quintuplets. His siblings are a sister who is a track runner (Sprint), a brother who is a train-station master (Flint), a brother who is a police officer (Wint), and a sister who prints money (Mint).
(All male Quints are voiced by Jim Cummings. All female Quints are voiced by Candi Milo)
Minor[edit]
Animals[edit]
Benjy & Willy: Mr. Zoobel's pet mice who are respectively black & white. They feel cooped up in their small terrarium and long for freedom. They are afraid of Zoobel's gopher snake Bruno because snakes eat mice.
(Their squeaks are voiced by Frank Welker)
Bruno: Mr. Zoobel's pet gopher snake who only eats once a day. He sheds his skin 3 times a year. Like many snakes, he likes sunshine.
(Bruno was voiced by Frank Welker)
Doxie: Doxie is another dachshund who was introduced in Season 2. She is almost identical to Hundley in appearance, except that she wears a red collar; however, unlike Hundley, Doxie is bouncy and playful.
(Doxie is voiced by Frank Welker)
Fluffy: In the episode Monkey Fever, Fluffy was a cat who belonged to Betsy's friend and had six kittens.
Betsy brought one of the kittens over to George's apartment to show him.
(Fluffy is voiced by Frank Welker)
Geoffrey: Mr. Zoobel's pet skunk. He is de-scented and domesticated.
Leslie: Leslie is a cow, owned by the Renkins. She's a great friend of George.
(Leslie is voiced by Rob Paulsen)
Little Mike: Mike is a pig owned by the Renkins. He first appears in Ski Monkey, when he is stranded in the snow. He also appears in Old McGeorgie had a Farm.
Lucky: Lucky is Professor Wiseman's kitten, introduced in season 2. She likes Hundley, although Hundley is allergic to her.
(Lucky is voiced by Debi Derryberry)
Oscar: A white pig owned by the Renkins who won the "prettiest pig" contest in (Old McGeorgie had a Farm).
Sue Berm: An elephant who works at the zoo as a painter. Every one of her paintings is unique. She signs a painting by marking it with her trunk with green paint when she is done.
Tracy: Tracy is a hen, owned by the Renkins. She has five (Up the River) or six (Old McGeorgie had a Farm and A Bridge to Farm) chicks who follow her around everywhere. The chicks also like George and often follow him around too. The chicks are curious just like George and are often wandering away from Tracy. The youngest of her chicks is named Al. Voiced by Rob Paulsen in the first season and Frank Welker in the second.
People[edit]
Ada & Luke: A couple who own a general store in the country. The store gives a free pickle to anyone who comes and visits.
(Ada is voiced by Kath Soucie and Luke by Rob Paulsen)
Andie, Stig, & Stew: Firefighter members of Rescue Squad 86 who play in a band with the Man with the Yellow Hat. They are confused as to why they never get "normal" calls.
(Andie is voiced by Elizabeth Daily, Stig by Rob Paulsen in season 1 and Jim Cummings in season 2, and Stew is voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson)
Calhoun the Gopher Getter: A gopher exterminator in the country who is nerdy and has buck teeth. He was hired by Mr. Renkins to eliminate a gopher family that was taking his grapes. After Calhoun resorted to bulldoze the Renkins' garden at a last attempt to catch the gophers, he was fired by Mr. Renkins. Oddly enough, he looks similar to a gopher himself.
(He is voiced by Rob Paulsen)
Vicky and Vinny: Vicky and Vinny are African American siblings who live in the country near George and the Man with the Yellow Hat. They were introduced in 2007 in the episode Ski Monkey, where they help George get back home after a heavy snowfall. They are later seen in the episode Sprout Outing (2009) as Sprouts (a parody of a junior scouting organisation) with Bill and George. The siblings are friendly and playful.[1]
(They are voiced by Rosslynn Taylor Jordan and Indigo respectively)[2]
Cayley: Cayley owns a candy counter in Mabel's department store (a parody of Macy's, and likely a portmanteau name referencing both Macy's and its erstwhile competitor Gimbel's) in New York City.
(She is voiced by Kari Wahlgren)
Dorothy: The Doorman's sister.
(Voiced by Grey DeLisle)
Dr. Alvin Einstein: A rocket scientist who works with Professor Wiseman and Professor Anthony Pizza. He is not related to the famous scientist Albert Einstein. He often bickers with Professor Pizza.
(He is voiced by Jim Cummings)
Dr. Baker: Dr. Baker is The Man with the Yellow Hat's doctor. He also goes to a hospital to help people who are sick and hurt. He sometimes uses bandage straps to help someone who has a sprain or if someone put their hands in thorns.
(He is voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson)
Dr. Ghesund: Another doctor who works in the same office as Dr. Baker. His name is similar to the German word for "bless you", "Gesundheit."
(He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker)
Dr. Raj Desai: A scientist that dug up all of the city Museum's dinosaur skeletons. He is very protective of his discoveries and only lets other scientists handle them. He is very forgetful though and his wife often tells him he'd forget his head if it weren't attached. His newest donated project to the museum had the incorrect skull; the correct one was placed on the older skeleton next to it.
Grocer: He owns the grocery store near George's apartment building in the city, and has an adult son who helps him run the store.
(He is voiced by Jim Cummings)
Gwen & Sisly: The respectively White & Black women who work at the city animal pound.
Mr. (Ken) Auger: A plumber always hired by the Man in the Yellow Hat to fix household plumbing problems. He always lets George watch him do his job. He is distressed at the fact that people never just call him over for a friendly visit.
Mrs. Dulson: The eccentric owner of Dulson's Toy Store in the city. Her husband appears in Roller Monkey and Fun Ball Tally.
Mr. Reloj: Mr. Reloj owns a clock store and knows everything all about them. He walks very fast, but is forever late. His name is the Spanish word for clock.
(He is voiced by Rob Paulsen)
Mrs. D.: Mrs. D. is an owner of a donut store in the city.
(Voiced by Candi Milo)
Mr. Ruffweek: A blimp pilot who flies the Ruffweek Blimp. The blimp flies over 7 N. Avenue once in the morning, and again at sunset. His name is a play on the words "Rough Week", perhaps referring to his tight schedule or a play on the Goodyear Blimp.
(He is voiced by Rob Paulsen)
Professor Anthony Pizza: One of the scientists who works with Dr. Alvin Einstein and Professor Wiseman. He often bickers with Dr. Einstein.
(He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker)
Rodney: An employee of a market in the city. (This market is not the grocery store which George normally visits; it is on a nearby street, and serves as that store's main competitor.) Rodney lost the annual Bag-A-Lympics competition due to his overconfidence And The Rival Of George.
(He is voiced by Jim Cummings)
Uncle Tam: The Man with the Yellow Hat's uncle, who dresses in green clothes with a white shirt and lives in a castle in Scotland with a golf course. In the episode Castle Keep, he was going to be evicted from his castle because he could no longer find the castle's deed, which meant he would have to pay 400 years of back taxes.
(He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker)
The Zucchinis: A family of three acrobats renowned for their balance. They are friends of Chef Pisghetti.
(They are voiced by James Arnold Taylor, Tara Strong, and Grey DeLisle)
Dog Trainer Man A man that is involved with dog shows and competitions. Mainly seen in Curious George Dog Counter and Charkie Goes To School.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Vinny (Character) from "Curious George" (2006)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Curious George (2006–) : Curious George, Personal Trainer/Sprout Outing". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
[hide]
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Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Satellite photography
Show map of Kentucky Show map of Tennessee Show map of the US Show all
Location
Lyon and Trigg counties in Kentucky and Stewart County in Tennessee, USA
Nearest city
Paducah, Kentucky
Coordinates
36°51′25″N 88°04′29″W / 36.85694°N 88.07472°W / 36.85694; -88.07472Coordinates: 36°51′25″N 88°04′29″W / 36.85694°N 88.07472°W / 36.85694; -88.07472
Area
roughly 170,000 acres (688 km2)
Established
1963
Governing body
United States Forest Service
Website
Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area
Some of the structures of "The Homeplace".
Aerial view of Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley, with the Land Between the Lakes at the lower left
The Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area is a United States National Recreation Area located in Kentucky and Tennessee between Lake Barkley and Kentucky Lake. The area was designated a national recreation area by President John F. Kennedy in 1963. The recreation area was originally managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority but jurisdiction has since been transferred to the United States Forest Service. It was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere reserve in 1991,[1] but was withdrawn from the program as of June 14, 2017.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 History
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Geography[edit]
The Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers flow very close to each other in the northwestern corner of Middle Tennessee and Western Kentucky, separated by a rather narrow and mostly low ridge. The area of land that separates the two bodies of water by only a few miles became known as "Between the Rivers" since at least the 1830s or 1840s.[citation needed] After the Cumberland River was impounded in the 1960s and a canal was constructed between the two lakes, Land Between the Lakes became the largest inland peninsula in the United States.[citation needed] Downstream from this area, the courses of the two rivers diverge again, with the mouth of the Cumberland emptying into the Ohio River approximately 4 mi (7 km) from that of the Tennessee.
History[edit]
Government first began to have a major impact on the area[citation needed] when the Confederate government built Fort Henry on the banks of the Tennessee, ostensibly to protect the upper reaches of that river from Union gunboats;[citation needed] initially, Kentucky had declared its neutrality in the American Civil War. When Fort Henry fell in early 1862, there was little more Civil War action in the area, which was judged to be too devoid of valuable war resources to deserve much attention from either side,[citation needed] and it went back to its somewhat isolated ways. The next major event in the area, other than calls for men to fight in the Spanish–American War and World War I, was the formation of the Tennessee Valley Authority as part of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal.[citation needed] The site of the last dam downstream on the Tennessee was to be Gilbertsville, Kentucky. The resulting impoundment, completed in the early 1940s, Kentucky Lake, flooded some of the low-lying land on the western side of the area, resulting in the condemnation of land and the forced removal of some area farmers.[citation needed] This was very unpopular with some of those affected, while others seemed happy to get an opportunity to sell their land and start a new life in a less remote area.[3]
A plan was developed shortly after this to use the United States Army Corps of Engineers to dam the Cumberland in such a way that the two lakes would be at the same elevation, and the two streams could then be connected by a canal without the need for any locks.[citation needed] This would considerably lessen the shipping distances for goods going to ports on the Gulf of Mexico for products leaving the Cumberland Valley. This was completed in the 1960s and the resulting impoundment was referred to as Lake Barkley, after Alben W. Barkley, a Kentuckian who had served as Vice President under President Harry S. Truman. The plan called for a new dam and the evacuation of the entire former "Between the Rivers" area, not all of which was to be flooded. The area was to become Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area – a TVA experiment designed to show a multiple-use approach to recreational lands.[citation needed] Unlike a national park, there were to be areas where hunting would be allowed. Over time, many other attractions were to be developed, such as a bison range, and a recreated 1850-style farm called "The Homeplace", complete with an on-site staff simulating life on the farm in period costume and working it using period agricultural techniques. (Both of these attractions were added in the 1970s.) The road through the Tennessee portion was renamed from State Route 49 to "The Trace", which is what many roads and paths were called in pioneer times (it is short for "Buffalo Trace" that many winding roads have been called since they seem to follow the winding path of buffalo or bison).
Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area
Many area residents resented the condemnation of their lands, especially when it was explained to them that most of the area was not to be flooded but rather to become a park.[citation needed] The former settlements of Tharpe, Tennessee; Model, Tennessee; and Golden Pond, Kentucky, were forcibly abandoned.[citation needed] The remains of a former iron furnace, manned in the 1850s by slave labor, are about all that remains of Model.[citation needed] Golden Pond was replaced by the headquarters of the area and retained as the postal address for it. There is a museum, a planetarium, and an environmental education area there.
The area has many miles of hiking trails, many boat ramps, an off-road vehicle area, many campgrounds, and group lodges and a few cabins; most attractions require a user fee.
The 700-acre (280 ha) "Elk & Bison Prairie" enclosure was developed beginning in the 1970s with prescribed burns to encourage the expansion of the remnant patches of native prairie which had been crowded out by oak and hickory forests over the previous 150 years due to a lack of fire or grazing animals. The area was regularly burned and reseeded with grasses, and then elk (from Elk Island National Park of Canada) and bison were added to the landscape.[4][5] In 1996 the "Elk & Bison Prairie" was officially inaugurated and is now open to driving tours where visitors see a typical 18th century landscape.[6]
In the 1990s, the directors of the TVA decided to get out of most activities requiring direct taxpayer funding.[citation needed] In 1998, the TVA transferred operation of the area to the U.S. Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture.[citation needed]
Bison photographed at LBL Elk and Bison Prairie
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Biosphere Reserve Information: Land Between The Lakes". UNESCO. March 30, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "23 new sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves". UNESCO. June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nickell, David (May–August 2007). "Between the Rivers: A Socio-historical Account of Hegemony and Heritage". Humanity & Society. 31: 164–209. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Elk & Bison Prairie". Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area.
Jump up ^ "Elk and Bison Prairie - Grand Rivers Blog". Archived from the original on 2015-05-24.
Jump up ^ "The Elk & Bison Prairie Story". Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area.
Further reading[edit]
Ronald A. Foresta. The Land Between the Lakes: A Geography of the Forgotten Future (University of Tennessee Press; 2013) 308 pages; scholarly study
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area.
Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area travel guide from Wikivoyage
www.LandBetweenTheLakes.US - U.S. Forest Service official site
[show]
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[show]
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Elsie Quarterman Cedar Glade
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Honey Creek
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Hubbard’s Cave
John & Hester Lane Cedar Glades
John Noel at Bon Aqua
Langford Branch
Laurel-Snow
Lost Creek
Lucius Burch Jr. Forest
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May Prairie
North Chickamauga Creek Gorge
Overbridge
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Sunnybell Cedar Glade
Taylor Hollow
Twin Arches
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Virgin Falls
Walker Branch
Walls of Jericho
Walterhill Floodplain
Washmorgan Hollow
Watauga River Bluffs
William B. Clark
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Wilson School Road
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Other
Catoosa Wildlife Management Area
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (web) - Tennessee Department of Agriculture (web)
[show]
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Protected areas of Kentucky
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Between_the_Lakes_National_Recreation_Area&oldid=815700063"
Categories:
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Marina Sirtis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Marina Sirtis
Sirtis at the 2012 Phoenix Comicon.
Born
(1955-03-29) 29 March 1955 (age 62)
London, England, United Kingdom
Nationality
British
United States[1]
Alma mater
Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1977–present
Known for
Star Trek: The Next Generation
Spouse(s)
Michael Lamper (m. 1992)
Website
marinasirtis.tv
Marina Sirtis (/ˈsɜːrtɪs/; born 29 March 1955) is a British-American actress. She is best known for her role as Counselor Deanna Troi on the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and the four feature films that followed, as well as other appearances in the Star Trek franchise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Star Trek: The Next Generation
2.2 Other work
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Films
4.2 Television
5 Voice acting
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Marina Sirtis was born in London, the daughter of working-class Greek parents Despina, a tailor's assistant, and John Sirtis.[1][2] She was brought up in Harringay, north London.[1][3]
While still in secondary school, Sirtis secretly auditioned for drama school, against her parents' wishes, ultimately being accepted to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.[4]
In 1976, at the age of 21, Sirtis graduated from Guildhall and began her career by joining the Connaught Theatre.[5]
In 1986, at the age of 31, Sirtis emigrated to the United States, settling in Los Angeles, to boost her career. She later became a naturalised US citizen.[6]
Career[edit]
Marina Sirtis in 2012, showing her tattoo of the logo of English football team Tottenham Hotspur
Sirtis started her career as a member of the repertory company at the Connaught Theatre, Worthing, West Sussex, in 1976. Directed by Nic Young, she appeared in Joe Orton's What the Butler Saw and as Ophelia in Hamlet.[7]
Before her role in Star Trek, Sirtis was featured in supporting roles in several films. In the 1983 Faye Dunaway film The Wicked Lady, she engaged in a whip fight with Dunaway. In the Charles Bronson sequel Death Wish 3, Sirtis' character is a rape victim. In the film Blind Date, she appears as a prostitute who is murdered by a madman.
Other early works include numerous guest-starring roles on British television series. Sirtis appeared in Raffles (1977), Who Pays the Ferryman (1977), Hazell (1978), Minder (1979), the Jim Davidson sitcom Up the Elephant and Round the Castle (1985), and The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1986). She also played the stewardess in a 1979 Cinzano Bianco television commercial starring Leonard Rossiter and Joan Collins, in which Collins was splattered with drink.
Star Trek: The Next Generation[edit]
In 1986, Sirtis relocated to the United States. When casting Star Trek: The Next Generation, Gene Roddenberry was inspired to ask the exotic-looking Sirtis to audition for a role after seeing the film Aliens with Bob Justman, which featured the prominent Latina character Vasquez, played by Jenette Goldstein.[8] Sirtis and Denise Crosby initially tried out for each other's eventual roles on The Next Generation. Sirtis' character was going to be named Lt. Macha Hernandez, the Security Chief. Gene Roddenberry decided to switch them, and Macha Hernandez became Tasha Yar. Sirtis recalls that on the day she received the call offering her the role of Troi, she was actually packing to return to Britain, because her six-month visa had expired.
Deanna Troi is a half-human, half-Betazoid. Her Betazoid abilities allow her to read the emotions of others. Her position on the Enterprise-D is ship's counselor, looking after the crew's well-being and serving as trusted advisor to Captain Picard, with a position next to him on the bridge. Initially, the writers found it difficult to write for Troi and even left her out of four first-season episodes. Sirtis felt her job was in jeopardy after the first season, but was overjoyed when Roddenberry took her aside at Jonathan Frakes' wedding and told her that the season-two premiere episode, "The Child", would centre on Troi.[9]
Sirtis appeared in all seven seasons of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and her character was developed from a more passive therapist to a tougher Starfleet officer. She has stated her favourite episode is season six's "Face of the Enemy", in which she is kidnapped and surgically altered to pose as a Romulan. Troi's switching to a standard Starfleet uniform in the same season in "Chain of Command" elevated the character's dignity in Sirtis' eyes, and her enthusiasm in playing her, with Sirtis commenting, "It covered up my cleavage and, consequently, I got all my brains back, because when you have a cleavage you can't have brains in Hollywood. So I got all my brains back and I was allowed to do things that I hadn't been allowed to do for five or six years. I went on away teams, I was in charge of staff, I had my pips back, I had phasers, I had all the equipment again, and it was fabulous. I was absolutely thrilled."[10]
During her time on the show, she became close friends with her co-stars Jonathan Frakes (who played her on-again/off-again lover Commander Riker), Michael Dorn (Lieutenant Worf, also an on-screen love interest), and Brent Spiner (who played Lieutenant Commander Data). Cast members Spiner and Dorn were groomsmen at her wedding.[11]
She wore black-coloured contact lenses during Star Trek: The Next Generation's seven-year run and the subsequent films because her character had black eyes. Her own eyes are light brown.[citation needed]
She usually wore hairpieces for her role as Troi. Sirtis' real hair was slightly shorter, and although curly, was not as bouffant as her character's. However, Sirtis' real hair was used in the pilot episode, and also in the first six episodes of season six, in which Troi sported a more natural looking pony-tailed style. She was also asked to create an accent (described as a mixture of Eastern European and Israeli)[citation needed] for her character, although her natural accent is Cockney. Over time, the accent was adjusted and became more Americanized.[citation needed]
Sirtis has also reprised her character of Troi in the feature films, Star Trek Generations (1994), Star Trek First Contact (1996), Star Trek Insurrection (1998), and Star Trek Nemesis (2002). She also appeared in Star Trek: Voyager for three episodes toward the end of the series (1999 and 2000) and also in the series finale of Star Trek: Enterprise (2005).
Sirtis was delighted to get the chance to do some comedy in Star Trek: First Contact and said, "I loved it because it opened the door to a different side of Troi we'd never seen before. That door has stayed open and that whole kind of wacky, zany Troi thing has continued into the next movie, which is great for me because I like to do things that are different."[12] Sirtis stated of her role in Star Trek: Nemesis, "I sort of had an inkling that I was going to have a good part in this film because John Logan was such a big fan of the character. So I knew that he would do her some justice."[13]
Other work[edit]
While filming Star Trek: The Next Generation, Sirtis returned to the UK during the hiatus between seasons three and four in 1990 to film a drama special entitled One Last Chance for the BBC. In 1992, she appeared in an episode of the short-lived series The Fifth Corner and had a cameo in the horror/fantasy movie Waxwork II: Lost in Time. After the end of Star Trek: The Next Generation in 1994, Sirtis continued to work regularly. Her first role was a departure from previous work, an abused wife in the series Heaven Help Us.
She provided the voice of Demona in the Disney animated television series, Gargoyles, for two seasons starting in 1994. Her Next Generation co-stars, Frakes (as the voice of David Xanatos), Spiner, and Dorn, also lent their voices to the show. She voiced the character again for an episode of the unmade animated series, Team Atlantis.
Marina Sirtis at Star Trek Convention, 2005
In 1996, Sirtis starred as a villainous police detective in the British made-for-television movie, Gadgetman. She played a villainess once again when she guest-starred as a race-track owner under investigation following the death of a driver in Diagnosis: Murder in 1998. The independent movie Paradise Lost, with Sirtis in a starring role, was released in 1999.
Beginning in 1999, Sirtis returned to science-fiction television in a number of roles starting with The Outer Limits. The same year, she appeared in Earth: Final Conflict, originally created by Gene Roddenberry. In 2000, she played a Russian scientist in Stargate SG-1. Sirtis was interviewed in the October 2000 issue of SFX magazine in the UK; the cover stated, "Marina Sirtis is Everywhere", also referring to her reprisal of her character Deanna Troi on Star Trek: Voyager.
In 2001, Sirtis made a highly publicised appearance on the long-running British hospital drama Casualty. She played a politician with controversial views on the NHS. When she meets with a man with whom she is having an affair at a hotel, she is caught in an explosion. She appeared in the made-for-television movies Terminal Error in 2002 and Net Games in 2003. Also in 2003, she guest-starred in the ABC series Threat Matrix playing a biological-weapons scientist from Iraq.
Sirtis starred in the movie Spectres in 2004, and at ShockerFest International Film Festival, she won the best actress award.[14]
Sirtis had a minor role in the Academy Award-winning ensemble film Crash as the wife of the Persian shopkeeper. Following this, she played another Middle Eastern role on the series The Closer in 2005. In 2006, she had a three-episode recurring role as a love match-maker on Girlfriends, and she guest-starred in Without a Trace. In 2007, Sirtis starred in the SyFy channel production of Grendel, where she played Queen Onela. Independent movies Trade Routes, The Deep Below, and Lesser of Three Evils were released. She provided the voice for Matriarch Benezia in the critically acclaimed video game Mass Effect on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PC.[15]
In 2008, she made a guest appearance in an episode of Casualty's spin-off show, Holby City. The same year, the sci-fi/drama movie Inalienable, written by Star Trek alumnus Walter Koenig, was released. Sirtis said of her role, "I actually play the Deputy Attorney General of the United States, so I'm a bad guy, a mean lawyer, which was fantastic."[16]
The direct-to-DVD sequels Green Street 2 and The Grudge 3, featuring Sirtis, were released in 2009. She co-starred in the British movie 31 North 62 East as the prime minister's top aide; it had a limited theatrical release in the UK. Sirtis guest-starred in the first episode of the short-lived hospital drama Three Rivers. She returned to SyFy in December 2009 in the disaster movie Annihilation Earth.[15]
In 2010, Sirtis guest-starred as a Swiss doctor in two episodes of ABC Family's Make It or Break It. In May 2010, Sirtis announced that she would be providing the voice for comic-book villainess Queen Bee in Young Justice animated series.[17] She provided her voice for a number of episodes from 2011 until its cancellation in 2013. In March 2011, Sirtis guest-starred on an episode of Grey's Anatomy. She played an Iranian mother who was at the hospital to participate in a medical trial for Alzheimer's disease.[18]
In September 2011, fans started a group to lobby for Sirtis to appear on Doctor Who. A few weeks later at the Montreal Comiccon, she acknowledged the group and her desire to be on the show.[19]
In 2012, the vampire movie Speed Demons, in which Sirtis co-starred, was released to pay-per-view services. The same year, she played a fortune teller in the Castlevania fan-made series posted on YouTube. She accepted a recurring role as Director of Mossad on NCIS.[20] Her character, Orli Elbaz, succeeds Eli David (portrayed by Michael Nouri) and was introduced in the season-10 episode "Berlin", which aired in April 2013. She subsequently appeared in the second episode of season 11, which aired in early October 2013 and in the season-13 finale, "Family First."[21]
Sirtis voiced the Enterprise's computer in the first episode in the web series Star Trek Continues, "Pilgrim of Eternity" (2013).[22][23]
In 2014, she co-starred in the SyFy channel horror movie Finders Keepers. The following year she appeared in the British film A Dark Reflection. 2016 saw Sirtis star in the Hallmark channel movie My Summer Prince.[citation needed]
Personal life[edit]
Sirtis married rock guitarist Michael Lamper in 1992. Her younger brother, Steve, played football in Greece[citation needed] and played for Columbia University in the early 1980s. She is an avowed supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C.[24] Her cousin is jazz pianist Jason Rebello.[citation needed]
Sirtis is a vegetarian and a supporter of animal-rights causes. Sirtis speaks Greek fluently.
Filmography[edit]
Films[edit]
Year
Title
Role
1983 The Wicked Lady Jackson's Girl
1984 Blind Date Hooker
1985 Death Wish 3 Maria
1992 Waxwork II: Lost in Time Gloria
1994 Star Trek Generations Counselor Deanna Troi
1996 Star Trek: First Contact Counselor Deanna Troi
1998 Star Trek: Insurrection Counselor Deanna Troi
2002 Star Trek: Nemesis Counselor Deanna Troi
2002 Terminal Error Alex
2004 Spectres Laura Lee
2004 Crash Shereen
2007 Fist of the Warrior Mary
2007 The Deep Below Sarah
2007 Game of Life Mrs. Rafiki
2008 InAlienable Attorney Barry
2009 The Grudge 3 Gretchen
2009 31 North 62 East Sarah Webber
2014 Finders Keepers Janine
2014 Electric Boogaloo: The Wild, Untold Story of Cannon Films Herself
2015 A Dark Reflection Maggie Jaspar
2016 Little Dead Rotting Hood Esmerelda Winfield / Grandmother
2017 The Assassin's Apprentice Miranda
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Note
1977 Raffles Faustina
1977 Who Pays the Ferryman? Ariadne
1978 Hazell Melina Stassinopolus
1978 The Thief of Baghdad Harem Girl TV film
1979 Cinzano Commercial Stewardess TV commercial
1979 Minder Stella
1982 Kelly Monteith Uncredited
1985 Up the Elephant and Round the Castle Lisa
1986 Room at the Bottom Carla
1986 Call Me Mister Sally
1986 The Return of Sherlock Holmes Lucrezia Episode: "The Six Napoleons"
1987 Hunter Kate Scanlon
1987–1994 Star Trek: The Next Generation Counselor Deanna Troi
1988 Reading Rainbow Herself Episode: "The Bionic Bunny Show"
1990 One Last Chance Maria TV film
1994 Heaven Help Us Carolyn Paris
1994–1996, 1998 Gargoyles Demona Animated series
1996 Gadgetman Detective Inspector Walker TV film
1997 Duckman Aurora Abromowitz Animated series
1998 Diagnosis: Murder Mary Ann Eagin
1999 Earth: Final Conflict Sister Margarette
1999 The Outer Limits Olivia 'Liv' Kohler Episode: "The Grell"
1999–2000 Star Trek: Voyager Counselor Deanna Troi Episodes: "Pathfinder"; "Life Line"; "Inside Man"
2000 Stargate SG-1 Dr. Svetlana Markova Episode: Watergate
2001 Casualty Jane Taylor, MP
2003 Threat Matrix Dr. Nabila Hassan
2005 Family Guy Marina Sirtis Animated series
2005 The Closer Layla Moktari Episode: "L.A. Woman"
2005 Star Trek: Enterprise Counselor Deanna Troi Episode: "These Are the Voyages..."
2006 Without a Trace Alexas Soros
2006 Girlfriends Gina Richards
2007 Grendel Queen Wealtheow TV film
2008 Holby City Lucy Simmonds
2009 Annihilation Earth Paxton TV film
2009 The Cleveland Show Greek Prostitute Animated series
2009 Green Street 2 Veronica Mavis
2009 Three Rivers Layla Rahimi
2010 Make It or Break It Dr. Anna Kleister
2010–2012, 2018 Young Justice L-4 / Queen Bee / Scientist No. 2
2011 Grey's Anatomy Sonya Amin
2013 Star Trek Continues Computer voice
2013 Adventure Time Samantha Episode: "The Pit"
2013–2016 NCIS Mossad Director Orli Elbaz Episodes: "Berlin", "Past, Present, and Future", "Family First"
2017 Scandal General Fletcher Episode: "The Box"
2017–present OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes Cosma (voice) Voice role
Voice acting[edit]
Demona voice actress Sirtis with Demona cosplayer "Ezmeralda Von Katz" at Wizard World Des Moines 2017
Griffin and Sabine audio series (1993) ... Sabine
Gargoyles (1994–97) ... Demona
Mass Effect (Video game) (2007) ... Matriarch Benezia
Young Justice (2010–12, 2018) ... Queen Bee
Pilgrim of Eternity (2013) ... Computer (recreation of the Computer from Star Trek: The Original Series)
Adventure Time (2013) ... Samantha (Episode "The Pit")
XCOM 2: War of the Chosen (Video Game) (2017) ... Reaper Voice
OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes (2017) ... Cosma
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Marina Sirtis biography". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jolly Good Shows". Oddsagainstyou.net. 4 November 1990. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Folsom, Robert (18 April 1997). "Counselor Troi remains the accent of actress' career Marina Sirtis to join other 'Star Trek' stars at weekend convention". The Kansas City Star. p. 16. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Sirtis, Marina". startrek.com. Retrieved 29 March 2014 from http://www.startrek.com/database_article/sirtis.
Jump up ^ Clark, Mark (1 June 2013). Star Trek FAQ 2.0 (Unofficial and Unauthorized): Everything Left to Know About the Next Generation, the Movies, and Beyond. Hal Leonard Corporation, 1 June 2013. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=dWBfAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT76&ots=oDkUK3pkzz&pg=PT76#v=onepage&f=false.
Jump up ^ "Marina Sirtis Biography (1959?-)". Film Reference. Retrieved 29 March 2014 from http://www.filmreference.com/film/90/Marina-Sirtis.html.
Jump up ^ Full Circle by John Willmer, pub. Optimus Books 1999
Jump up ^ Nemeck, Larry (2003). Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-5798-6.
Jump up ^ "Empathetic Marina Sirtis". Littlereview.com. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "BBC Online – Cult – Star Trek – Marina Sirtis – Cleavage or Brains?". BBC. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "24". Marinasirtis.tv. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Scifi and TV Talk". Sci-fi and TV Talk. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review". Sfrevu.com. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "ShockerFest 2004". ShockerFest 2004. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Marina Sirtis on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Interview with Star Trek actress Marina Sirtis". Paula Hammond. 9 October 2008. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Marina Sirtis will be playing Queen Bee in Young Justice for Cartoon Network on YouTube
Jump up ^ "INTERVIEW: GREY'S welcomes STAR TREK actress Marina Sirtis in tonight's episode!!". Jim Halterman. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "VIDEO: Marina Sirtis at Montreal Comiccon Discusses Doctor Who". Citynet Magazine. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "SIRTIS LANDS NCIS ROLE". T'Bonz. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "NCIS 'Family First' Full Cast and Crew". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ "Cast and Crew – Star Trek Continues". Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Star Treak Continues Webseries on Kickstarter". Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Star Trek – Interviews – Marina Sirtis". BBC. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Dillard, JM (1994). "Star Trek: A History in Pictures". New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-51149-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marina Sirtis.
Official website
Marina Sirtis on IMDb
Marina Sirtis at the TCM Movie Database
Marina Sirtis at AllMovie
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Marina Sirtis at TVGuide.com
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VIAF: 23848669
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_Sirtis&oldid=815319561"
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