text:
Statue of Freedom
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Not to be confused with Statue of Liberty.
Statue of Freedom (1857–62)
The Statue of Freedom, also known as Armed Freedom or simply Freedom, is a bronze statue designed by Thomas Crawford (1814–1857) that, since 1863, has crowned the dome of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C. Originally named Freedom Triumphant in War and Peace, a U.S. government publication now states that the statue "is officially known as the Statue of Freedom".[1] The statue depicts a female figure wearing a military helmet and holding a sheathed sword in her right hand and a laurel wreath and shield in her left.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 History
2.1 Design
2.2 Execution
2.3 Restoration
3 Use of Freedom's image
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Description[edit]
The Statue of Freedom is a colossal bronze standing figure 19 1⁄2 feet (5.9 m) tall and weighing approximately 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg). Her crest peaks at 288 feet (88 m) above the east front plaza of the U.S. Capitol.[3] She is a female, allegorical figure whose right hand holds the hilt of a sheathed sword, while a laurel wreath of victory and the Shield of the United States are clasped in her left hand. Her chiton is secured by a brooch inscribed "U.S." and is partially covered by a heavy, Native American–style fringed blanket thrown over her left shoulder. She faces east[4] towards the main entrance of the building and the rising Sun.[5] She wears a military helmet adorned with stars and an eagle's head which is itself crowned by an umbrella-like crest of feathers. Although not actually called "Columbia", she shares many of her iconic characteristics.[6][7] Freedom stands atop a cast-iron globe encircled with one of the national mottoes, E pluribus unum. The lower part of the base is decorated with fasces and wreaths. Ten bronze points tipped with platinum are attached to her headdress, shoulders, and shield for protection from lightning.
History[edit]
Design[edit]
A monumental statue for the top of the national Capitol appeared in architect Thomas U. Walter's original drawing for the new cast-iron dome, which was authorized in 1855. Walter's drawing showed the outline of a statue representing the Goddess of Liberty; Crawford proposed instead an allegorical figure of Freedom Triumphant in War and Peace.
Crawford was commissioned to design Freedom in 1854 and executed the plaster model for the statue in his studio in Rome. Mississippian U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis (who would later become President of the Confederacy) was in charge of the Capitol construction and its decorations. According to David Hackett Fischer in his book Liberty and Freedom, Crawford’s statue was…
…very close to Jefferson Davis’s ideas in every way but one…. Above the crown he [had] added a liberty cap, the old Roman symbol of an emancipated slave. It seemed a direct affront to a militant slaveholder, and Jefferson Davis exploded with rage. The northern sculptor and the southern slaveholder had already clashed over a liberty cap in the interior decoration of the Capitol.[8]
Davis sent his aide, Captain Montgomery Meigs, with orders to remove the cap, saying that "its history renders it inappropriate to a people who were born free and would not be enslaved".[9] A military helmet, with an American eagle head and crest of feathers, replaced the cap in the sculpture's final version. (Today many casual observers take the statue, with its eagle and feathers, to be a Native American.[10])
Execution[edit]
Crawford died in 1857 before the full-size plaster model left his studio. The model, packed into six crates, was shipped from Italy in a small sailing vessel in the spring of 1858. During the voyage, the ship began to leak and stopped in Gibraltar for repairs. After leaving Gibraltar, the ship began leaking again to the point that it could go no farther than Bermuda, where the model was stored until other transportation could be arranged. Half of the crates finally arrived in New York City in December, but all sections were not in Washington, D.C. until late March 1859.
Beginning in 1860, the statue was cast in five main sections by Clark Mills, whose bronze foundry was located on the outskirts of Washington. Work was halted in 1861 because of the Civil War, but by the end of 1862, the statue was finished and temporarily displayed on the Capitol grounds. The cost of the statue, exclusive of installation, was $23,796.82.
While Freedom was being cast at Mills' foundry, the foreman in charge of the casting went on strike. Instead of paying him the higher wages he demanded, Mills turned the project over to Philip Reid, one of the slaves working at the facility. Reid presided over the rest of the casting and assembly of the figure.[11] Late in 1863, construction of the dome was sufficiently advanced for the installation of the statue, which was hoisted by former slaves in sections and assembled atop the cast-iron pedestal. The final section, the figure's head and shoulders, was raised on December 2, 1863, to a salute of 35 guns answered by the guns of the 12 forts around Washington, D.C.[12]
Restoration[edit]
The Statue of Freedom was removed from the dome for five months in 1993.
President Bill Clinton during the ceremony for the returning of the Statue of Freedom to the top of the Capitol
On May 9, 1993, after being in place almost 130 years, the statue was brought down from its pedestal by helicopter for restoration, giving tourists a chance to see the statue up close. The work was needed because of extensive pitting and corrosion on the surface of the bronze and because of a crack and rusting on the cast-iron pedestal. The United States Capitol Preservation Commission provided the $780,000 in privately raised funds. The work was performed by New Arts Foundry of Baltimore, Maryland.
The cast-iron pedestal was restored in place atop the dome. The metal was stripped of paint, and the wreaths and fasces were removed to ensure that they were thoroughly cleaned and coated. The crack was permanently repaired, and the entire pedestal was primed and painted with a color specially mixed to match the statue.
Statue of Freedom's plaster model in the Capitol Visitor Center.
Restoration of the statue and the pedestal was completed in approximately four months. The Statue of Freedom was returned to its pedestal by helicopter on October 23, 1993, amid the celebration of the bicentennial of the U.S. Capitol. Since then, every 2–3 years, the statue undergoes two weeks of cleaning and recoating as necessary.
The plaster model of the statue, in storage for 25 years, was reassembled and restored in the basement rotunda of the Russell Senate Office Building, where it was returned to permanent public display in January 1993. The plaster model was relocated to the Emancipation Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center, which provides more visitors access to look at the statue’s details.[13]
Use of Freedom's image[edit]
The well-known Statue of Freedom has appeared on several official designs, akin to the Statue of Liberty. The head of the statue is depicted on a postage stamp (1923, USA Scott No. 573), which was re-issued in 2006. The entire statue is depicted on a stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of Washington, D.C. (1950, USA Scott No. 989).
It can also be found on the reverse side of the Iraq Campaign Medal decoration authorized to be awarded to members of the U.S. military who deploy to Iraq in direct support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Global War on Terrorism Civilian Service Medal also depicts the statue on the obverse (front face) of the medal.
USA $5 postage, 1923.
Iraq Campaign Medal, 2004.
Series 1862 $5-note
See also[edit]
List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 6
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Architect of the Capitol website http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/other-statues/statue-freedom.
Jump up ^ United States Architect of the Capitol (1965). Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 364.
Jump up ^ http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/other-statues/statue-freedom
Jump up ^ "Statue of Freedom". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Capitol Hill Facts | Architect of the Capitol | U.S. Capitol Building". Aoc.gov. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Architect of the Capitol Frequently Asked Questions". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
Jump up ^ "The Statue of Freedom".
Jump up ^ Literata (2011). "Columbia". The Order of the White Moon Goddess Gallery. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fischer, David Hackett (2005), Liberty and Freedom, Oxford University Press, p. 299.
Jump up ^ Meigs to Crawford, cited in Fryd, Vivien Green (1992), Art and Empire: The Politics of Ethnicity in the United States Capitol, 1815-1860, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Jump up ^ "PBS News Hour on Jan 16, 2009". 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
Jump up ^ http://www.aoc.gov/philip-reid-and-statue-freedom
Jump up ^ Gale, Robert L. Thomas Crawford: American Sculptor. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1964, p. 190.
Jump up ^ "AOC To Begin Move of Statue of Freedom Model into Capitol Visitor Center" (Press release). Architect of the Capitol. 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
External links[edit]
Aoc.gov: The Statue of Freedom webpage — by the Architect of the Capitol.
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Potter's wheel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the magazine named The Potter's Wheel, see The Potters (artists group).
Classic potter's kick-wheel in Erfurt, Germany
In pottery, a potter's wheel is a machine used in the shaping (known as throwing) of round ceramic ware. The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming the excess body from dried ware, and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour. Use of the potter's wheel became widespread throughout the Old World but was unknown in the Pre-Columbian New World, where pottery was handmade by methods that included coiling and beating.
A potter's wheel may occasionally be referred to as a "potter's lathe". However, that term is better used for another kind of machine that is used for a different shaping process, turning, similar to that used for shaping of metal and wooden articles.
The techniques of jiggering and jolleying can be seen as extensions of the potter's wheel: in jiggering, a shaped tool is slowly brought down onto the plastic clay body that has been placed on top of the rotating plaster mould. The jigger tool shapes one face, the mould the other. The term is specific to the shaping of flat ware, such as plates, whilst a similar technique, jolleying, refers to the production of hollow ware, such as cups.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Techniques of throwing
3 The potter's wheel in myth and legend
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
A graphic representation of a primitive rotating pottery wheel made of clay and positioned on the ground, based on archaeological finds in Romania
A graphic depiction of an ancient potter's wheel proposed by archaeologist Ștefan Cucoș, based on the findings in Valeni (ro), Feliceni and Ghelăiești in Romania
Much early ceramic ware was hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel. In the coiling method of construction, all the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied indirectly by the hands of the potter. Early ceramics built by coiling were often placed on mats or large leaves to allow them to be worked more conveniently. The evidence of this lies in mat or leaf impressions left in the clay of the base of the pot. This arrangement allowed the potter to rotate the vessel during construction, rather than walk around it to add coils of clay.
The earliest forms of the potter's wheel (called tourneys or slow wheels) were probably developed as an extension to this procedure. Tournettes, in use around 4500 BC in the Near East, were turned slowly by hand or by foot while coiling a pot. Only a small range of vessels were fashioned on the tournette, suggesting that it was used by a limited number of potters.[1] The introduction of the slow wheel increased the efficiency of hand-powered pottery production.
In the mid to late 3rd millennium BCE the fast wheel was developed, which operated on the flywheel principle. It utilised energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself to speed the process. This wheel was wound up and charged with energy by kicking, or pushing it around with a stick, providing a centrifugal force. The fast wheel enabled a new process of pottery-making to develop, called throwing, in which a lump of clay was placed centrally on the wheel and then squeezed, lifted and shaped as the wheel turned. The process tends to leave rings on the inside of the pot and can be used to create thinner-walled pieces and a wider variety of shapes, including stemmed vessels, so wheel-thrown pottery can be distinguished from handmade. Potters could now produce many more pots per hour, a first step towards industrialization.
Potter in Guatil, Costa Rica, using a hand-powered wheel, 2003
Many modern scholars suggest that the first potter's wheel was first developed by the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia.[2] A stone potter's wheel found at the Sumerian city of Ur in modern-day Iraq has been dated to about 3129 BC,[3] but fragments of wheel-thrown pottery of an even earlier date have been recovered in the same area.[3] However, southeastern Europe[4] and China[5] have also been claimed as possible places of origin. Furthermore, the wheel was also in popular use by potters starting around 3500 BC in major cities of the Indus Valley civilization in South Asia, namely Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (Kenoyer, 2005). Others consider Egypt as "being the place of origin of the potter's wheel. It was here that the turntable shaft was lengthened about 3000 BC and a flywheel added. The flywheel was kicked and later was moved by pulling the edge with the left hand while forming the clay with the right. This led to the counterclockwise motion for the potter's wheel which is almost universal."[6] Hence the exact origin of the wheel is not wholly clear yet.
A potter shapes pottery with his hands while operating a mechanical potter's wheel with his foot, 1902
In the Iron Age, the potter's wheel in common use had a turning platform about one metre (3 feet) above the floor, connected by a long axle to a heavy flywheel at ground level. This arrangement allowed the potter to keep the turning wheel rotating by kicking the flywheel with the foot, leaving both hands free for manipulating the vessel under construction. However, from an ergonomic standpoint, sweeping the foot from side to side against the spinning hub is rather awkward. At some point, an alternative solution was invented that involved a crankshaft with a lever that converted up-and-down motion into rotary motion.
The use of the motor-driven wheel has become common in modern times, particularly with craft potters and educational institutions, although human-powered ones are still in use and are preferred by some studio potters.
Techniques of throwing[edit]
Hand positions used during wheel-throwing
There are many techniques in use for throwing ceramic containers, although this is a typical procedure:
A round, moist lumpy clump of clay body is thrown at a wheelhead or a bat attached to it. (The term "bat" refers to a secondary disc or square, made of wood – or more recently plastic – to which the lump of clay is attached instead of the wheel head, thereby permitting the finished piece to be more easily lifted from the wheel.) The lump or clump is made even and forced to the centre of the wheel by applying pressure with the hands. The thrower finds the centre of the clay by moving a thumb across the lump until no more friction is felt. The thumb is pressed into the centre of the lump, stopping about 5 mm (1⁄4 inch) from the wheel head. The hole made is widened. The sides thus defined are pulled up and made thinner by pressure between the hands. The vessel is shaped, and the mouth is smoothed. The vessel is cut from the wheelhead or bat with a cheese wire and left to stiffen. Sometimes the stiffened vessel is inverted on the wheel and trimmed with a sharp tool.
The process of throwing a round pot
The clay is centred on the spinning wheel.
A depression is made in the centre, forming walls.
The walls are drawn up with the hands...
...and shaped into the desired form.
The finished pot.
1836 pottery wheel demonstration at Conner Prairie living historical museum
A skilled potter can quickly throw a vessel from up to 15 kg (30 lb) of clay.[7] Alternatively, by throwing and adding coils of clay then throwing again, pots up to four feet high may be made, the heat of a blowlamp being used to firm each thrown section before adding the next coil. In Chinese manufacture, very large pots are made by two throwers working simultaneously.
The potter's wheel in myth and legend[edit]
In Ancient Egyptian mythology, the deity Khnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter's wheel.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roux, Valentine; Miroschedji, Pierre (2009). "Revisiting the History of the Potter's Wheel in the Southern Levant". Levant. 41 (2): 155–173.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 290. ISBN 0-226-45238-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999) [1994]. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. p. 146. ISBN 9781575060422.
Jump up ^ Cucoș, Ștefan (1999). "Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei" [Cucuteni B period in the lower Carpathian region of Moldova]. Bibliotheca Memoriae antiquitatis (BMA) (Memorial Library antiquities) (in Romanian). Piatra Neamț, Romania: Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț (Historical Museum Piatra Neamț). 6. OCLC 223302267.
Jump up ^ "萧山日报-数字报纸".
Jump up ^ Hamer, Frank; Hamer, Janet (2004). The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques. p. 383.
Jump up ^ "Isaac Button – Country Potter (1965)". Film & TV Database. BFI.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potter's wheel.
Pottery (video on Internet Archive)
Earliest Depiction of a Kick-Wheel in Egypt
Isaac Button, Soil Hill Pottery near Halifax, England; Lakeside Pottery
The last Iranian woman potter using the ancient technique. Location: Pirtaj village in Chang-almas region in western Iran; Lakeside Pottery
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Shea butter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Seeds of a shea tree — raw materials for oil production
Shea butter (/ʃiː/, /ˈʃiːə/, or /ʃeɪ/) is a fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa). It is usually yellow in color when raw, with Unrefined, Refined, and Ultra-Refined Shea butter being ivory or white in color.[1] Shea butter is a triglyceride (fat) derived mainly from stearic acid and oleic acid. It is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer, salve or lotion. Shea butter is edible and is used in food preparation in some African countries.[2] Occasionally, the chocolate industry uses shea butter mixed with other oils as a substitute for cocoa butter, although the taste is noticeably different.[3][4]
The English word "shea" comes from s’í, the tree's name in the Bambara language of Mali.[5] It is known by many local names, e.g., Kpakahili in Dagbani, kaɗe or kaɗanya in Hausa language, karité in the Wolof language of Senegal,[6] ori in some parts of West Africa, and many others.[7][8]
Shea butter is a triglyceride (fat) derived mainly from stearic acid and oleic acid.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Composition and properties
3 Uses
3.1 Medicinal
3.2 Classification
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
The common name is shíyiri or shísu (lit. "shea tree") in the Bambara language of Mali. This is the origin of the English word, whose primary pronunciation is /ʃiː/ (rhyming with "tea"), although the pronunciation /ʃeɪ/ (rhyming with "day") is common and is listed second in major dictionaries. The tree is called ghariti in the Wolof language of Senegal, which is the origin of the French name of the tree and the butter, karité.
The shea tree grows naturally in the wild in the dry savannah belt of West Africa from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east, and onto the foothills of the Ethiopian highlands. It occurs in 21 countries across the African continent, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Guinea.
A testa found at the site of the medieval village of Saouga is evidence of shea butter production by the 14th century.[9]
Children transporting crushed shea nuts in Jisonaayili, Ghana
Wala women making shea butter in Ghana
Traditional preparation of shea butter in Mali
Composition and properties[edit]
Shea butter extract is a complex fat that in addition to many nonsaponifiable components (substances that cannot be fully converted into soap by treatment with alkali) contains the following fatty acids: oleic acid (40–60%), stearic acid (20–50%), linoleic acid (3–11%), palmitic acid (2–9%), linolenic acid (<1%) and arachidic acid (<1%).[10]
Shea butter melts at body temperature. Proponents of its use for skin care maintain that it absorbs rapidly into the skin, acts as a "refatting" agent, and has good water-binding properties.[11]
Uses[edit]
Shea butter soap.
Shea butter is mainly used in the cosmetics industry for skin- and hair-related products (lip gloss, skin moisturizer creams and emulsions, and hair conditioners for dry and brittle hair).[12] It is also used by soap makers, typically in small amounts (5–7% of the oils in the recipe), because it has plenty of unsaponifiables, and higher amounts result in softer soaps that have less cleaning abilities. Some artisan soap makers use shea butter in amounts to 25% – with the European Union regulating the maximum use around 28%, but it is rarely the case in commercially produced soap due to its high cost compared to oils like palm oil or pomace (olive oil). It is an excellent emollient for dry skin. No evidence shows it is a cure, but it alleviates the pain associated with tightness and itching.
In some African countries such as Benin, shea butter is used for cooking oil, as a waterproofing wax, for hairdressing, for candle-making, and as an ingredient in medicinal ointments. It is used by makers of traditional African percussion instruments to increase the durability of wood (such as carved djembe shells), dried calabash gourds, and leather tuning straps.[citation needed]
Shea butter can be an ingredient of organic broth.[13]
In the UK and other countries, it is incorporated into assorted tissue products, such as toilet paper.[14]
Medicinal[edit]
Shea butter is sometimes used as a base for medicinal ointments. Some of the isolated chemical constituents are reported to have anti-inflammatory,[15] emollient, and humectant properties.[citation needed] Shea butter has been used as a sunblocking lotion[citation needed] and some of its components "have limited capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation".[3]
In Ghana, shear butter locally known as Kpakahili (Eng. trans. raw cream) in Dagbani, nkuto (Akan) or nku (Ga), is either used as a food product or applied as lotion to protect the skin during the dry Harmattan season. The shear nut tree itself is called tááŋà (pl. táánsì) and the fruit is called táánì (pl. támá). The current northern regional capital Tamale, derives it names from a combination of the words "tama" and "yili", meaning "the town of shear fruits". :p.8
In Nigeria, shea butter is used for the management of sinusitis and relief of nasal congestion.[16] It is massaged into joints and other parts of the body where pain occurs.[citation needed]
Classification[edit]
The United States Agency for International Development and other companies[17] have suggested a classification system for shea butter separating it into five grades:
A (raw or unrefined, extracted using water)
B (refined)
C (highly refined and extracted with solvents such as hexane)
D (lowest uncontaminated grade)
E (with contaminants).
Commercial grades are A, B, and C. The color of raw (grade A) butter ranges from cream (like whipped butter) to grayish yellow. It has a nutty aroma which is removed in the other grades. Grade C is pure white.[citation needed][18] While the level of vitamin content can be affected by refining, up to 95% of vitamin content can be removed from refined grades (i.e., grade C) of shea butter while reducing contamination levels to undetectable levels.[citation needed][19]
See also[edit]
Shea nut and butter production in Burkina Faso
Shea Yeleen, a social enterprise that trains women-owned shea butter cooperatives.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shea butter.
Jump up ^ Alfred Thomas (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_173.
Jump up ^ National Research Council. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables (2006). ISBN 978-0-309-10333-6.
^ Jump up to: a b E. T. Masters, J. A. Yidana and P. N. Lovett (2004). "Reinforcing sound management through trade: shea tree products in Africa".
Jump up ^ Fold, N. 2000. "A matter of good taste? Quality and the construction of standards for chocolate in the European Union. Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, 55/56: 92–110" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Reference.com Dictionary Entry". Retrieved 25 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Goreja, W. G. (2004). "Chapter 2". Shea Butter: The Nourishing Properties of Africa's Best-Kept Natural Beauty Secret. TNC International. p. 5. ISBN 9780974296258.
Jump up ^ "Shea Butter". Retrieved March 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ori Shea Butter". Retrieved March 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ *Neumann, K., et al. 1998. Remains of woody plants from Saouga, a medieval west African village. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 7:57-77.
Jump up ^ Davrieux, F., Allal, F., Piombo, G., Kelly, B., Okulo, J. B., Thiam, M., Diallo, O. B. & Bouvet, J.-M. (2010). "Near Infrared Spectroscopy for High-Throughput Characterization of Shea Tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) Nut Fat Profiles. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 7811-7819". CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Hemat, R. A. S. (2003). Principles of Orthomolecularism. Urotext. p. 160. ISBN 9781903737057.
Jump up ^ "African Shea Butter Benefits". Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Natur Kompagnie
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Akihisa, T.; Kojima, N.; Kikuchi, T.; Yasukawa, K.; Tokuda, H.; Masters, E. T.; Manosroi, A.; Manosroi, J. (2010). "Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of triterpene cinnamates and acetates from shea fat". Journal of Oleo Science. 59 (6): 273–80. doi:10.5650/jos.59.273. PMID 20484832.
Jump up ^ Tella, A, Br (1979). "Preliminary studies on nasal decongestant activity from the seed of the shea butter tree, Butyrospermum parkii". J Clin Pharmacol. 7 (5): 495–497. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00992.x. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ United States Agency For International Development, October 2006. "Buying and Selling Shea Butter: A Marketing Manual for West Africa" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "CLASSIFICATION AND USES OF SHEA BUTTER | Belvyna Global Nigeria Limited". www.belvynaglobal.com. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
Jump up ^ "CLASSIFICATION AND USES OF SHEA BUTTER | Belvyna Global Nigeria Limited". www.belvynaglobal.com. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
Look up shea butter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Pineapple Express (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pineapple Express
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Gordon Green
Produced by
Judd Apatow
Shauna Robertson
Screenplay by
Seth Rogen
Evan Goldberg
Story by
Judd Apatow
Seth Rogen
Evan Goldberg
Starring
Seth Rogen
James Franco
Gary Cole
Rosie Perez
Danny McBride
Music by
Graeme Revell
Cinematography
Tim Orr
Edited by
Craig Alpert
Production
company
Relativity Media
Apatow Productions
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
August 6, 2008 (2008-08-06)
Running time
112 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$27 million[1]
Box office
$101.6 million[1]
Pineapple Express is a 2008 American action and comedy film directed by David Gordon Green, written by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and starring Rogen and James Franco. The plot concerns a process server and his friend who is a marijuana dealer as they are forced to flee from hitmen and a corrupt police officer who witnessed them commit a murder. Producer Judd Apatow, who previously worked with Rogen and Goldberg on Knocked Up and Superbad, assisted in developing the story. The cast makes a fake parody sequel in the 2013 comedy This Is the End.
Columbia Pictures released the film on August 6, 2008, and it grossed $101.6 million worldwide. Franco was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance in the film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Marketing
4 Release
5 Reception
6 Soundtrack
7 Possible sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1937, a military facility is on watch behind a two-way mirror as a soldier, smoking marijuana, begins to reveal very graphically what he hates about the army, but still remains euphoric. A high-ranking officer immediately closes the project and deems marijuana illegal.
Seventy years later, Dale Denton, a 25-year-old process server and habitual marijuana smoker, makes a visit to the home of his drug dealer, Saul Silver, to buy marijuana. Saul tells him that he may already know the identity of Dale's next customer, Ted Jones. Dale drives to Ted's house and witnesses Ted and a police officer, Officer Carol Brazier, shoot a man to death. Dale panics and flees the area, but leaves his roach at the scene, which contains a rare strain of marijuana called Pineapple Express. Ted is able to identify the strain and sends his two henchmen, Budlofsky and Matheson, to a dealer, Red, who tells them that he has only sold the pot to Saul.
Dale flees to Saul's apartment and learns that Ted is a dangerous drug lord and could trace the roach back to Saul. Dale and Saul flee into the nearby woods while Ted's henchmen persuade Red to arrange a meeting with Saul. They accidentally fall asleep in Dale's car and wake up to find that they missed their meeting with Red. They leave the woods and arrive at Red's house, hoping to determine whether Ted has linked them with the Pineapple Express. Red says Ted isn't after them, but Dale realizes that he's lying, and starts a fight that results in Red getting knocked out. They wake Red and question him until he reveals that Ted has discovered who they are and that he is going to kill them. Dale and Saul decide that they must leave the city.
In order to leave town, Dale and Saul sell some Pineapple Express to raise bus fare. However, a police officer named Barber sees Dale and arrests him for selling marijuana. In the back of the cruiser, Dale tries to convince Barber that Brazier is corrupt and tells her that he witnessed her and Ted murder a man. Barber recognizes Brazier and promises him that she will investigate her soon because Barber had been long suspicious of Brazier's corruption. However, Saul leaps in front of the police car and hijacks it, thinking that Brazier is the one who is driving. Brazier hears a police radio call of Dale's arrest and pursues Dale and Saul in a high-speed chase, but they manage to escape. After an argument with each other about the situation they are in, Dale and Saul go their separate ways. Saul visits his grandmother in an assisted living home, but he is kidnapped and held hostage in Ted's lair beneath a barn. Dale enlists Red to help him rescue Saul, but Red unexpectedly backs out at the last minute, and Dale is captured. While Dale and Saul are held hostage, they reconcile with each other and make plans to escape.
Suddenly, Asian mobsters attack the barn to avenge a fellow gangster's death at the hands of Ted and Officer Brazier (the same murder that Dale witnessed). Dale and Saul finally free themselves but are caught by Matheson. Matheson grazes Dale's ear with a gunshot, but he is disarmed and shot by Saul. Dale and Saul join the fight, and a brawl ensues between Dale and Ted. When Budlofsky refuses to kill Saul, Matheson emerges from the lair and shoots him in the chest, killing him. He turns around to kill Saul, but Red drives through the barn and saves Saul by hitting Matheson with his car. Red then seems to be shot to death by Brazier. One of the mobsters activates a bomb, resulting in Ted's death, and setting fire to the barn. When Red's car explodes, it flips over and lands on Brazier, killing her. The explosion incapacitates Saul, but Dale finds him and carries him from the burning barn. Red, wounded but still alive, also escapes and reconciles with them. Afterward, they eat breakfast at a diner and talk about their adventure before Saul's grandmother picks them up and takes them to the hospital.
Cast[edit]
Seth Rogen as Dale Denton
James Franco as Saul Silver
Danny McBride as Red
Kevin Corrigan as Budlofsky
Craig Robinson as Matheson
Gary Cole as Ted Jones
Rosie Perez as Carol Brazier
Ken Jeong as Ken
Amber Heard as Angie Anderson
Ed Begley, Jr. as Robert Anderson
Nora Dunn as Shannon Anderson
Joe Lo Truglio as Mr. Edwards
Cleo King as Police Liaison Officer Barber
Bill Hader as Private Miller
James Remar as General Bratt
David McDivitt as Cop with Mole
Bibek Adhikari as Angie's ex-boyfriend
Troy Gentile as Troy Jones, Ted's son
Connie Sawyer as Faye Belogus
Arthur Napiontek as Clark
Dana Lee as Cheung
Bobby Lee as Bobby
Justin Long as Justin
Production[edit]
The inspiration for making Pineapple Express, according to producer Judd Apatow, was Brad Pitt's character in True Romance, a stoner named Floyd. Apatow "thought it would be funny to make a movie in which you follow that character out of his apartment and watch him get chased by bad guys".[2] According to Rogen, the ideal production budget was $40 million, but due to the subject matter—"because it's a weed movie", as he described it—Sony Pictures allotted $25 million.[3] The movie is named after a real cannabis strain called Pineapple Express.[4]
Rogen originally was going to play Saul, but Apatow suggested that Franco should play the role instead. After a table read, Rogen agreed, thus casting himself in the role of Dale Denton.[5]
Seth Rogen spoke with musician Huey Lewis about writing and performing the film's theme song in November 2007.[6]
Marketing[edit]
A "red-band" trailer for the film, featuring the song "Paper Planes" by M.I.A.,[7] leaked in February 2008.[8] Sony Pictures had the video removed from YouTube within a few days of its posting.[9] Patrick Goldstein's Summer Movie Posse of the Los Angeles Times described its incorporation as "the most impressive use of M.I.A.'s 'Paper Planes' ever".[10] The film's makers had been keen on including the song in the film's main trailer and approached M.I.A.'s U.S. label Interscope Records for permission. She added "Interscope asked me and I was, like, well, since it’s just the trailer, that’s cool. I didn’t really think twice about it" stating she would have thought more carefully about permitting the song's use if it was in the main film, "scrutinizing what scene they were using it in and stuff like that".[11] Pineapple Express had an advance screening at the Just for Laughs Film Festival on July 19, 2008.[12] The film was released on August 6, 2008.[13] Cable network FX pre-bought exclusive rights to air the film after its theatrical run.[14] One particular aspect of the film that has been almost universally praised is the cinematography; Seth Rogen even joked on the commentary that "even people who hate the movie admit that it's shot well".
David Gordon Green met with Apatow, Rogen and Goldberg on the set of Knocked Up and later on the set of Superbad to discuss the project.[15] Green cited The Blues Brothers, Midnight Run, Running Scared, The Gravy Train and Stir Crazy as sources of inspiration and influence on directing the film.[15]
There was a sneak peek of the film attached to the Superbad DVD, released on December 4, 2007.
Release[edit]
Sony released the film on Wednesday August 6, 2008 and it grossed $12.1 million on its first day. Over the weekend, it opened at number two behind The Dark Knight with $23.2 million, a five-day total of $41.3 million. The film went on to gross $87.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $14.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $101.5 million.[1]
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 6, 2009. Both rated and unrated versions of the film are available. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia on December 31, 2008. Both the Blu-ray and 2-disc DVD versions of the film come with a digital copy of the unrated film.
Reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 68%, based on 193 reviews, with an average rating is 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "Both funny and scatter shot, this loose-knit action/buddy/stoner comedy bridges genres and keeps a steady tempo of low ball laughs."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 64 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17]
Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune praised the film's script, noting that it "recalls what made Superbad worth seeing: the sidewinding conversational riffs, the why-am-I-laughing? wordplay." However, he was critical of the second half of the film, and felt that the violence in contrast to the comedy of the first half was jarring and gratuitous.[18] Kelly Vance of East Bay Express enjoyed Franco's performance, stating that he "steals the movie easily", as well as the authenticity of the film's sets.[19]
Soundtrack[edit]
The original motion picture soundtrack to the film was released on August 5, 2008.[20] Although featured in the trailer for the film,[21] the song "Paper Planes" by M.I.A. is not used in the film or on its soundtrack. Following the trailer's release, "Paper Planes" gained massive airplay, entering the Top 5 on Billboard Hot 100. Also featured in the film but absent from the soundtrack album are Grace Jones' Sly and Robbie produced cover of Johnny Cash's "Ring of Fire", the former of which can be found on her 1998 compilation Private Life: The Compass Point Sessions.
"Pineapple Express" by Huey Lewis and the News (4:27)
"Electric Avenue" by Eddy Grant (3:48)
"Dr. Greenthumb" by Cypress Hill (3:08)
"Lost at Birth" by Public Enemy (3:33)
"Poison" by Bell Biv DeVoe (4:20)
"Wanted Dread and Alive" by Peter Tosh (4:22)
"Don't Look Around" by Mountain (3:44)
"Pineapple Chase (aka The Reprise of the Phoenix)" by Graeme Revell (3:03)
"Bird's Lament" by Moondog & The London Saxophonic (2:02)
"Coconut Girl" by Brother Noland (3:36)
"Hi'ilawe" by Arthur Lyman (1:09)
"Time Will Tell" by Bob Marley (3:31)
"Tha Crossroads" by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (3:45)
"Pineapple Fight (aka The Nemesis Proclaimed)" by Graeme Revell (3:08)
"I Didn't Mean to Hurt You" by Spiritualized (5:12)
"Woke Up Laughing" by Robert Palmer (3:35)
Possible sequel[edit]
Judd Apatow stated that there's a strong possibility for a sequel, but nothing has been announced offiially.[22][23] A supposed trailer for the sequel was released on April 1, 2013 with Rogen, Franco, McBride, and Robinson reprising their roles, and Jonah Hill appearing as Woody Harrelson, but this was revealed later to be an April Fools prank, promoting their upcoming film This Is the End.[24] According to Rogen and Goldberg, however, the homemade Pineapple Express 2 film in This Is the End depicts what they envision for the actual sequel.[25] After the Sony hack in 2014, there was an email leaked saying that Sony does not plan to do a sequel to the film.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Pineapple Express - Box Office Data, Movie News, Cast Information". The-Numbers.com. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
Jump up ^ Svetkey, Benjamin (April 18, 2008). "'Pineapple Express': High hopes for James Franco". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Halperin, Shirley (April 11, 2008). "Marijuana Movies: Riding High In Hollywood?". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Choi, Mary H.K. "Trail Blazing". The Awl. Retrieved 2016-08-20. I can only imagine Seth Rogen and crew were similarly smitten with the strain since it inspired an entire feature-length film.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (March 18, 2008). "Judd Apatow: From Freaks and Geeks to Sarah Marshall and Beyond". IGN. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ Halperin, Shirley (November 26, 2007). "Seth Rogen inviting Huey Lewis aboard 'Pineapple Express'?". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Foerster, Jonathan (June 12, 2008). "We've got the soundtrack to your summer". Naples Daily News. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Nicole (February 13, 2008). "And the red-band played on... or not". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Nicole (February 14, 2008). "Smoke up, Seth Rogen: 'Pineapple Express' red-band trailer is finally online". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Patrick (April 29, 2008). "Summer Movie Posse gives its thumbs up....and down". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ "M.I.A., 'Paper Planes,' and coasting to fame on 'Pineapple Express'". Entertainment Weekly. 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Brendan; Frankel, Daniel (June 17, 2008). "'Pineapple' opens comedy festival". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Mohr, Ian (June 5, 2007). "Apatow, Rogen set 'Pineapple' date". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Dempsey, John (June 24, 2008). "FX to 'Mess With the Zohan'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Douglas, Edward (August 4, 2008). "Exclusive: Pineapple Express' David Gordon Green". comingsoon.net. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ Metacritic.com
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (August 5, 2008). "'Pineapple Express' stars James Franco, Seth Rogen". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Vance, Kelly (August 6, 2008). "Nice Dreams". East Bay Express. Jody Colley. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pineapple Express Original Soundtrack". AllMusic. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Williams, Leslie (May 14, 2008). "Leslie Williams: Selecting summer music, films". The Orion Online. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Judd Apatow talks possible PINEAPPLE EXPRESS sequel". GordonandtheWhale.com. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Judd Apatow Says ‘Pineapple Express 2′ Likely, ‘Superbad 2′ Not So Much » MTV Movies Blog". MoviesBlog.MTV.com. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
Jump up ^ NME.com
Jump up ^ Rogen, Seth; Goldberg, Evan (2013-06-14). "We are Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg - Ask Us Anything". Reddit. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pineapple Express (film)
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