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Look What You Made Me Do
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"Look What You Made Me Do"
Single by Taylor Swift
from the album Reputation
Released
August 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)
Format
CD single
digital download
Genre
Dance-pop
electroclash
electropop
Length
3:31
Label
Big Machine
Songwriter(s)
Taylor Swift
Jack Antonoff
Fred Fairbrass
Richard Fairbrass
Rob Manzoli
Producer(s)
Jack Antonoff[1]
Taylor Swift singles chronology
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
(2016) "Look What You Made Me Do"
(2017) "...Ready for It?"
(2017)
Music video
"Look What You Made Me Do" on YouTube
"Look What You Made Me Do" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift from her sixth studio album Reputation (2017). It was first released on August 24, 2017 as the lead single from the album. Swift wrote it with producer Jack Antonoff. It samples the melody of the 1991 song "I'm Too Sexy" by the band Right Said Fred; therefore, Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairbrass, and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters.
The song received a mixed response from music critics, with division over Swift's stylistic change. The music video was directed by Joseph Kahn and became the most-watched music video within 24 hours. The song broke a string of records, including the record for the most plays in a single day on Spotify. Commercially, "Look What You Made Me Do" has topped the charts in Australia, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Malaysia, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Slovakia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It has received a Double Platinum certification in Canada and Platinum certifications in the United States and Australia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Release and promotion
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
5 Music video
5.1 Production and release
5.2 Synopsis
5.3 Analysis
6 Usage in media
7 Charts
8 Certifications
9 Release history
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Release and promotion[edit]
On August 23, 2017, Swift announced that the first single of her upcoming sixth album, titled Reputation, would come out the following night.[2] The song was released to streaming services on August 24,[3] and earned over eight million streams within twenty-four hours of its Spotify release, breaking the record for the highest first-day streaming for a single track.[4] "Look What You Made Me Do" was then released the next day onto iTunes for digital download[5] and onto Italian contemporary hit radio[6] before a United Kingdom radio release on August 26, 2017.[7] It impacted American contemporary hit radio three days afterwards through Big Machine Records.[8] A CD single release will follow in Germany on October 27, 2017.[9]
A lyric video heavily based on the Saul Bass imagery used in the film Vertigo was released through Swift's official Vevo account on August 25, 2017.[10] The video was produced by Swift and Joseph Kahn.[11] It gained more than 19 million views during its first 24 hours on YouTube, surpassing "Something Just like This" by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay as the most viewed lyric video within that time period.[12] As of October 2017, the lyric video on YouTube has amassed over 83 million views.
Composition[edit]
Jack Antonoff (pictured in 2012) produced and co-wrote "Look What You Made Me Do".
"Look What You Made Me Do" runs for 3 minutes and 31 seconds.[5] Music critics have described the track as a hybrid of electroclash and pop,[13] as well as a dance-pop[14] and an electro-pop song.[10] It emphasizes the blame that is placed on an enemy,[citation needed] in special in the line, "I've got a list of names, and yours is in red, underlined". The middle eight of the song features Swift saying, "I'm sorry, the old Taylor can't come to the phone right now / Why? / Oh, 'cause she's dead!"
"Look What You Made Me Do" is performed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 128 beats per minute.[15] Swift's vocals span from G3 to F5.[15]
Critic Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone noted a "nightmarish aesthetic" present in the song, and believed it to be a continuation of the "antagonistic persona" from "Bad Blood".[14]
Richard Fairbrass, Fred Fairbrass and Rob Manzoli, the members of the British dance-pop group Right Said Fred, are credited as songwriters because the song interpolates the melody of their song "I'm Too Sexy".[16][17] According to Fred Fairbrass, he and his brother were contacted one week before the release of "Look What You Made Me Do" and were asked whether a "big, contemporary female artist who hasn't released anything for a while" – whose identity they were not told – would be able to use a portion of their song for her latest single.[18] Although the brothers agreed to a deal, they did not officially find out that the artist in question was Swift until the morning after the song was released, but had deduced that it was her based on the description they were given.[18] Both of the Fairbrass brothers said that they enjoyed "Look What You Made Me Do"; Fred Fairbrass told Rolling Stone, "I like the cynical aspect of the lyric, because 'I'm Too Sexy' is a cynical song, and I think she channeled that quite well."[18] A representative for Swift confirmed that the song interpolated the melody from "I'm Too Sexy", but did not include sampled audio from the earlier song.[19]
Critical reception[edit]
"Look What You Made Me Do" received polarized reviews from critics.[20][21][22] USA Today said that the polarizing reaction to the song illustrated Swift's position as a "ubiquitous cultural force".[23] The Telegraph Randy Lewis praised the song, deeming Swift and Antonoff's work as "blow[ing] past the production clichés of clap tracks and hiccuped syllabic hooks that have proliferated across Top 40 fare in recent years with boldly inventive textures and fresh melodic, rhythmic and sonic accents". He also added how the track musically and sonically shifted alongside the lyrics.[24] Sarah Carson of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review of the song, saying: "The reverberating crescendo builds and ever more delicious is the wickedness of Swift's menacing protagonist", praising Swift for her successful embrace of the villain character the media has portrayed her as previous to the song's release.[25] Variety's Chris Willman also praised Swift's embrace of a darker-styled pop music and the stylistic conflict between the song's pre-chorus and chorus.[26] Mark Harris, in New York magazine's pop culture blog, thought of Swift's song as a pop art anthem for the Trump era in how she reappropriates her public feuds as empowering badges of honor without acknowledging her own responsibility or blame.[27]
However, Maura Johnston of The Guardian wrote a negative review of the song, faulting the "sloppy" lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics.[10] Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West; the latter had previously name-dropped Swift in his song "Famous" by using the line, "I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why? / I made that bitch famous". The single was noted as being a darker, angrier work than what Swift had done before.[14][28] Hugh McIntye of Forbes was critical of the change in style, saying that it "didn't sound like [Swift]" and that it "may have some kinks to work out".[13] Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork referred to it in a review as "a hardcore self-own" track.[29]
Chart performance[edit]
In the United States, "Look What You Made Me Do" debuted at number seventy-seven on the Billboard Hot 100, powered by its first three days of airplay.[30] It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country, where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You".[31] One week later, the song ascended from 77 to one on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking, becoming the fifth largest rise to the top position and Swift's fifth number-one single in the United States. It also topped the nation's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams, becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer's "Harlem Shake" gained in 2013. The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017. With 353,000 copies sold in its first week, "Look What You Made Me Do" opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake's "Can't Stop the Feeling!" in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele's "Hello" in 2015. The track also became the country's first number-one song with a female artist since Halsey was featured on "Closer" by The Chainsmokers and the first song with a female lead artist since Sia's "Cheap Thrills" with Sean Paul (both in 2016). It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since Adele's "Hello".[32] It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams, though descended to number two on the Digital Songs chart when another Reputation track titled "...Ready for It?" debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold and opened at number four on the Hot 100. As a result, Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran with "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill". It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift's previous tracks "Shake It Off" and "Blank Space" respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart.[33] The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart, becoming Swift's eighth single to do so.[34]
In the United Kingdom, "Look What You Made Me Do" sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week.[35] The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1, 2017 - for the week ending date September 7, 2017 - with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift's first chart-topping song in Britain.[36] After two weeks at the top spot, it was displaced by Sam Smith's "Too Good at Goodbyes".[37]
"Look What You Made Me Do" also debuted at number one in the Republic of Ireland on September 1, 2017 and became Swift's first song to top the Irish Singles Chart. In doing so, it surpassed the number three peaks of her singles "Love Story" (in 2009) and "Shake It Off" (in 2014).
"Look What You Made Me Do" opened at number one in Australia on September 2, 2017, becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts.[38] It spent another week at the nation's summit[39] before "Too Good at Goodbyes" took the top position there as well.[40] The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 70,000 units.[41] After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100,[42] "Look What You Made Me Do" was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14, 2017.[43]
In New Zealand, "Look What You Made Me Do" entered at the number one spot on September 1, 2017, becoming Swift's fourth chart-topping single there.
In the Philippines, "Look What You Made Me Do" debuted at number 7 spot on the BillboardPH Hot 100 on its first week. A week later, it soared to the number 1 spot, ending the 10-week reign of "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber. It descended to the runner-up position the following week, as the latter song reclaimed the top spot for an 11th week.
Music video[edit]
Production and release[edit]
The official music video premiered on August 27, 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards.[44] The song's music video broke the record for most-watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day. It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele's "Hello" attracted in that timeframe, as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy's "Gentleman" video.[45][46][47] It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours, with views reaching over 3 million views per hour.[48]
Preparation for the music video began in January, while the shooting took place in May.[49][50] The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio, who had worked with Swift on "Shake It Off" before.[49] Swift's make-up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso.[50] Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release.[50] A 20-second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25.[51] The teaser, upon release, was criticized on Twitter due to similarities to Beyoncé's "Formation" video.[52] Kahn turned to Twitter to dismiss the claims, stated that he had "worked with Beyoncé a few times", and that the music video is not in the way of her "art space".[53] Kahn also remarked that the video is derived from "[an] obscene K Pop video made in [a] North Korean prison in 2006", referencing to when he was accused for plagiarizing 2NE1's "Come Back Home" video with "Bad Blood" in 2015.[54][55]
It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic. The diamonds, loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane, were said to be worth over $10 million, hence triggering tight security measures.[56] As of October 26, 2017, the video has over 626 million views and broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200, 300 and 400 million views on YouTube.[57] It is the 24th most liked video on YouTube with over 6.22 million likes.
Synopsis[edit]
The bathtub scene in the music video, where the diamonds were authentic and worth over $10 million.
The video begins with a zombie Swift crawling out of a grave, where the headstone reads "Here Lies Taylor Swift's reputation", and digging another grave for her Met Gala 2014 self. The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds. She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea. Swift later crashes her car on a post and sings the song's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos. She is also seen swinging inside a cage, robbing a streaming company in a cat mask, and leading a motorcycle gang. Afterwards, she gathers a group of women at "Squad U" and dances with a group of men in another room. At the end of the video, various iterations of Swift's public image bicker with one another, describing each other as "so fake" and "playing the victim", ending with one saying "I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative" after which the other iterations yell at her to "shut up!" in unison, while the version of Swift in the background watches in silence.[54][58]
Analysis[edit]
The video contains numerous hidden meanings and references. In the opening scene, there is a subtle "Nils Sjöberg" tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave, referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris' 2016 single "This Is What You Came For".[59] Similarly, Swift—masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the "Out of the Woods" music video—was shown digging a grave for herself in a 2014 Met Gala gown, an event that characterized her first public appearance with short hair. A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial.[59] Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting. Some believe that it is a response to media statement teasing that she "cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls", while others viewed it as a mockery to Kim Kardashian's 2016 gunpoint robbery.[60]
In a separate scene, Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne, where a carving of a phrase "Et tu, Brute?" could be seen on the armrest, a reference to Shakespeare's drama Julius Caesar.[59] Swift's infamous title as a "snake" during her hiatus[61] was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea. When Swift's car crashes, some speculated that it may be a jab at Katy Perry as Swift's hairdo is similar to Perry's in the scene. The sports car is also reminiscent of a car in Perry's "Waking Up in Vegas" video. She is also holding a Grammy Award in the scene, a possible reference to the fact that Perry has never won any Grammys despite multiple nominations.[62] Swift's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services were hinted when Swift and her crew walked out of a streaming company in the video.[63][64]
Swift gathering at "Squad U" was also said to be a reply to the media dubbing her close friends as a "squad".[59] During the second chorus, Swift can be seen with eight men, each of which revealed an "I Heart TS" crop top after unbuttoning a jacket. This scene is an apparent tribute to her ex-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston, who was seen wearing an "I Heart TS" tank top when they were a couple. The eight backup dancers may also have been a possible reference to the idea that Swift has had eight ex-boyfriends during her career. Swift was also seen standing on a pile of her other iterations, reiterating the idea that she is leaving her past self behind. The shirt that an iteration of Swift wore in the "You Belong with Me" video was also different, with her close friends' names scribbled on it this time.[63][64]
In June 2016, discussing the relationship between her and Kanye West after West's song "Famous", Swift wrote on Instagram, "I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative."[65] The same line is spoken by one of Swift's iterations at the end of the video.[66][67] She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, when West interrupted her award-winning speech for Best Female Video.[68]
Usage in media[edit]
ABC used the song in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes' Thursday line-up an hour after its release.[69] Sister network ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State, which was aired on ABC on September 2.[70]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Argentina Anglo (Monitor Latino)[71]
4
Australia (ARIA)[72]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[73]
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[74]
8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[75]
39
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[76]
1
Canada AC (Billboard)[77]
33
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[78]
10
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[79]
10
Croatia (HRT)[80]
1
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[81]
39
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[82]
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[83]
12
Euro Digital Songs (Billboard)[84]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[85]
8
France (SNEP)[86]
4
Germany (Official German Charts)[87]
3
Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)[88]
1
Hungary (Single Top 40)[89]
3
Ireland (IRMA)[90]
1
Israel (Media Forest)[91]
1
Italy (FIMI)[92]
10
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[93]
7
Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard)[94]
1
Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[95]
2
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[96]
1
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[97]
7
Malaysia (RIM)[98]
1
Mexico Anglo (Monitor Latino)[99]
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[100]
7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[101]
13
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[102]
1
Norway (VG-lista)[103]
6
Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[104]
1
Portugal (AFP)[105]
4
Russia Airplay (Tophit)[106]
46
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[107]
1
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[108]
1
South Korea International Chart (Gaon)[109]
6
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[110]
1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[111]
7
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[112]
6
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[113]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[114]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[115]
19
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[116]
7
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[117]
9
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[118]
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[119]
20
Venezuela Anglo (Monitor Latino)[120]
5
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[41]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[43]
2× Platinum 160,000^
Italy (FIMI)[121]
Gold 25,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)[122]
Gold 15,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[123]
Gold 20,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[124]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[125]
Platinum 707,626[126]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Worldwide
August 24, 2017 Streaming Big Machine [3]
August 25, 2017 Digital download [5]
Italy
Contemporary hit radio Universal Music [6]
United Kingdom
August 26, 2017 Virgin EMI [7]
United States
August 29, 2017 Big Machine [8]
Germany
October 27, 2017 CD single Universal Music [9]
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 2017 (Australia)
List of number-one digital tracks of 2017 (Australia)
List of number-one streaming tracks of 2017 (Australia)
List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2017
List of number-one digital songs of 2017 (Canada)
List of number-one singles of 2017 (Ireland)
List of number-one singles from the 2010s (New Zealand)
List of Philippine Hot 100 number-one singles of 2017
List of Scottish number-one singles of 2017
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2017
List of number-one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017
List of number-one digital songs of 2017 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2017
List of number-one songs of 2017 (Malaysia)
List of most liked YouTube videos
List of most disliked YouTube videos
List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours
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^ Jump up to: a b Spanos, Brittany (August 27, 2017). "Watch Taylor Swift Mock Herself in Dark 'Look What You Made Me Do' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift's MV Director Throws Shade At 2NE1 After Being Accused Of Plagiarism Again". Koreaboo. August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Julie (August 29, 2017). "Taylor Swift's diamond bath cost more than $10M". Page Six. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fastest to 200 million". Kworb. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yahr, Emily (August 28, 2017). "Taylor Swift knows you've been making fun of her. Here's how her new video responds". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Whitehead, Mat (August 28, 2017). "8 Things You Might Have Missed In Taylor's 'Look What You Made Me Do' Video". HuffPost. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jones, Marcus (August 28, 2017). "Here's Why Some People Are Mad At Taylor Swift's New Video". BuzzFeed. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ France, Lisa Respers (August 23, 2017). "Taylor Swift and snakes: The backstory". CNN. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift's Look What You Made Me Do video: all the references explained". The Telegraph. August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chen, Joyce (August 28, 2017). "Taylor Swift's 'Look What You Made Me Do' Video Decoded: 13 Things You Missed". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Wood, Lucy (August 28, 2017). "Each and every single dig that Taylor Swift makes in the Look What You Made Me Do music video". Metro. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tanzer, Myles (July 18, 2016). "Taylor Swift: "I Would Very Much Like To Be Excluded From This Narrative"". The Fader. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "It's Taylor Swift vs. Taylor Swift in "Look What You Made Me Do" video". ABC. August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schonfeld, Zach (August 27, 2017). "Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" Music Video Is Finally Here". Newsweek. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Sally (August 28, 2017). "All the Old Taylors in Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do"". Elle. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Jason (August 25, 2017). "ABC Is Already Using Taylor Swift's New Song 'Look What You Made Me Do' to Promote TGIT". Adweek. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joseph, Andrew (August 28, 2017). "ESPN using Taylor Swift's song for college football ads". USA Today. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Anglo Argentina – Del 9 al 15 de Octubre, 2017" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Canadian Hot 100 for Taylor Swift. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Canada AC for Taylor Swift. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Canada CHR/Top 40 for Taylor Swift. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Canada Hot AC for Taylor Swift. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Croatia ARC TOP 40". HRT. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201739 into search. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201735 into search. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". Tracklisten. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Euro Digital Song Sales". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift: Look What You Made Me Do" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Greece Digital Song Sales". Billboard. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do Media Forest". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". Top Digital Download. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Japan Hot 100 for Taylor Swift. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Japan Hot Overseas — September 11, 2017" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Latvijas Top 40". Latvijas Radio. October 9, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift". The Official Lebanese Top 20. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Luxemburg Digital Song Sales". Billboard. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 35 (25/8/2017 - 31/8/2017)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Malaysia. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Anglo del 28 de Agosto al 2 de October, 2017" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 37, 2017" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved September 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Taylor Swift / Look What You Made Me Do". VG-lista. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "BillboardPH Hot 100". Billboard Philippines. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart" (in Russian). Tophit. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201735 into search. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gaon Download Chart – Issue date: 2017.27.08 – 2017.02.09". Gaon Chart. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". Singles Top 100. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Taylor Swift. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Taylor Swift. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Taylor Swift. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Taylor Swift. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Pop Songs for Taylor Swift. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Taylor Swift. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Anglo Venezuela" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanish single certifications – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved September 22, 2017. Select single under "Chart", enter ' in the field "Year". Select ' in the field "Semana". Click on "Search Charts"
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved September 23, 2017. Enter Look What You Made Me Do in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved September 28, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Nielsen SoundScan charts – Digital Songs – Week Ending: 10/05/2017" (PDF). Nielsen SoundScan. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"Look What You Made Me Do" (Lyric video) on YouTube
[hide]
v
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Taylor Swift songs
Discography
Taylor Swift
"Tim McGraw"
"Picture to Burn"
"Teardrops on My Guitar"
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Fearless
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Speak Now
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"Everything Has Changed"
"Begin Again"
1989
"Welcome to New York"
"Blank Space"
"Style"
"Out of the Woods"
"Shake It Off"
"Bad Blood"
"Wildest Dreams"
"Wonderland"
"New Romantics"
Reputation
"...Ready for It?"
"Look What You Made Me Do"
"Gorgeous"
Collaborations
"Two Is Better Than One"
"Half of My Heart"
"Both of Us"
"Highway Don't Care"
Other songs
"Crazier"
"Today Was a Fairytale"
"Safe & Sound"
"Long Live"
"Eyes Open"
"Ronan"
"Sweeter Than Fiction"
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
"You'll Always Find Your Way Back Home"
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Peer group
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Peer (disambiguation).
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Copyediting needed Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Early childhood peers engaged in parallel play
In sociology, a peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests (homophily), age, background, or social status. The members of this group are likely to influence the person’s beliefs and behaviour.[1] Peer groups contain hierarchies and distinct patterns of behavior. Eighteen-year-olds are not in a peer group with 14 year olds even though they may be in school together, just as teachers do not share students as a peer group.
During adolescence, peer groups tend to face dramatic changes. Adolescents tend to spend more time with their peers and have less adult supervision. Adolescents’ communication shifts during this time as well. They prefer to talk about school and their careers with their parents, and they enjoy talking about sex and other interpersonal relationships with their peers.[2] Children look to join peer groups who accept them, even if the group is involved in negative activities. Children are less likely to accept those who are different from them.[2]
Cliques are small groups typically defined by common interests or by friendship. Cliques typically have 2-12 members and tend to be formed by age, gender, race, and social class. Clique members are usually the same in terms of academics and risk behaviors.[2] Cliques can serve as an agent of socialization and social control.[3] Being part of a clique can be advantageous since it may provide a sense of autonomy, a secure social environment, and overall well-being.
Crowds are larger, more vaguely defined groups that may not have a friendship base.[4] Crowds serve as peer groups, and they increase in importance during early adolescence, and decrease by late adolescents.[2] The level of involvement in adult institutions and peer culture describes crowds.
Contents
[hide]
1 Socialization
2 Developmental psychology
3 Positive (advantages) attributes of peer groups
3.1 Serve as a source of information
3.2 Teach gender roles
3.3 Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood
3.4 Teach unity & collective behaviour in life
3.5 Identity formation
4 Negative attributes (disadvantages) of peer groups influence
4.1 Peer pressure
4.2 Future problems
4.3 Risk behaviors
4.4 Aggression and prosocial behavior
4.5 Sexual promiscuity
5 Adolescents and their peer groups
5.1 Gavin's study
5.2 Tarrant's study
5.3 Same race peer groups
5.4 Cross race peer groups
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Socialization[edit]
At an early age, the peer group becomes an important part of socialization [5] as supported by a 2002 study titled "Adolescents' Peer Groups and Social Identity" published in the journal Social Development.[6] Unlike other agents of socialization, such as family and school, peer groups allow children to escape the direct supervision of adults. Among peers, children learn to form relationships on their own, and have the chance to discuss interests that adults may not share with children, such as clothing and popular music, or may not permit, such as drugs and sex.[7]
Developmental psychology[edit]
Developmental psychologists, Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and social learning theorists have all argued that peer relationships provide a unique context for cognitive, social, and emotional development. Modern research echoes these sentiments, showing that social and emotional gains are indeed provided by peer interaction.[8]
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory[9] focuses on the importance of a child's culture and notes that a child is continually acting in social interactions with others. He also focuses on language development and identifies the zone of proximal development. The Zone of Proximal development is defined as the gap between what a student can do alone and what the student can achieve through teacher assistance.[10] The values and attitudes of the peer group are essential elements in learning. Those who surround themselves with academically focused peers will be more likely to internalize this type of behavior.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development identifies four stages of cognitive development.[11] He believes that children actively construct their understanding of the world based on their own experiences. In addition Piaget identified with aspects of development, occurring from middle childhood onwards, for which peer groups are essential. He suggested that children’s speech to peers is less egocentric than their speech to adults. Egocentric speech is referring to the speech that is not adapted to what the listener just said.[12]
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development include eight stages ranging from birth to old age. He has emphasized the idea that the society, not just the family, influences one's ego and identity through developmental stages.[13] Erikson went on to describe how peer pressure is a key event during the adolescences stage of psychosocial development. In his Latency stage, which includes children from 6–12 years old and this is when the adolescents begin to develop relationships among their peers.[14]
Harry Stack Sullivan has developed the Theory of Interpersonal Relations.[15] Sullivan described friendships as providing the following functions: (a) offering consensual validation, (b) bolstering feelings of self-worth, (c) providing affection and a context for intimate disclosure, (d) promoting interpersonal sensitivity, and (e) setting the foundation for romantic and parental relationships.[12] Sullivan believed these functions developed during childhood and that true friendships were formed around the age of 9 or 10.
Social learning theorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura, all argue for the influences of the social group in learning and development. Behaviourism, Operant Learning Theory, and Cognitive Social Learning Theory all consider the role the social world plays on development.[16]
In The Nurture Assumption, JR Harris suggests that an individual's peer group significantly influences their intellectual and personal development. Several longitudinal studies support the conjecture that peer groups significantly affect scholastic achievement,[17][18][19] but relatively few studies have examined the effect peer groups have on tests of cognitive ability. However, there is some evidence that peer groups influence tests of cognitive ability.[20]
Positive (advantages) attributes of peer groups[edit]
A group of children playing together in Bolivia
Serve as a source of information[edit]
Peer groups provide perspective outside of the individual’s viewpoints. Members inside peer groups also learn to develop relationships with others in the social system. Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents for[21][22] teaching other members customs, social norms, and different ideologies.[23]
Teach gender roles[edit]
Peer groups can also serve as a venue for teaching members gender roles. Through gender-role socialization, group members learn about sex differences, and social and cultural expectations.[24] While boys and girls differ greatly, there is not a one-to-one link between sex and gender roles with males always being masculine and females always being feminine.[24] Both genders can contain different levels of masculinity and femininity.[25][26] Peer groups can consist of all males, all females, or both males and females. Studies show that the majority of peer groups are unisex.[6] Peer groups can have great influence or peer pressure on each other’s gender role behavior, depending on the amount of pressure.
Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood[edit]
Adolescent peer groups provide support as teens assimilate into adulthood. Major changes include: decreasing dependence on parents, increasing feelings of self-sufficiency, and connecting with a much larger social network.[27][28][29] Adolescents are expanding their perspective beyond the family and learning how to negotiate relationships with others in different parts of the social system. Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents.[21] Peer groups also influence individual members' attitudes and behaviours on many cultural and social issues, such as: drug use, violence, and academic achievement.[30][31][32] and even the development and expression of prejudice.[33][34][35]
Teach unity & collective behaviour in life[edit]
Peer groups provide an influential social setting in which group norms are developed and enforced through socialization processes that promote in-group similarity.[36] Peer groups' cohesion is determined and maintained by such factors as group communication, group consensus, and group conformity concerning attitude and behavior. As members of peer groups interconnect and agree on what defines them as a group, a normative code arises. This normative code can become very rigid, such as when deciding on group behavior and clothing attire.[21] Member deviation from the strict normative code can lead to rejection from the group.[37]
Identity formation[edit]
Peer groups (friends group) can help individuals form their own identity. Identity formation is a developmental process where a person acquires a sense of self. One of the major factors that influence the formation of a person’s identity is his or her peers. Studies have shown that peers provide normative regulation, and that they provide a staging ground for the practice of social behaviors. This allows individuals to experiment with roles and discover their identities.[38] The identity formation process is an important role in an individual’s development. Erik Erikson emphasized the importance of identity formation, and he illustrated the steps one takes in developing his or her sense of self. He believed this process occurs throughout one's entire life.[39]
Negative attributes (disadvantages) of peer groups influence[edit]
Peer pressure[edit]
The term peer pressure is often used to describe instances where an individual feels indirectly pressured into changing his/her behavior to match that of his/her peers. Taking up smoking and underage drinking are two of the best known examples. In spite of the often negative connotations of the term, peer pressure can be used positively, for example, to encourage other peers to study, or not to engage in activities such as the ones discussed above. Although peer pressure is not isolated to one age group, it is usually most common during the adolescent stage. Adolescence is a period characterized by experimentation, and adolescents typically spend a lot of time with their peers in social contexts. Teenagers compel each other to go along with certain beliefs or behaviors, and studies have shown that boys are more likely to give in to it than girls. There has been much research done to gain a better understanding about the effects of peer pressure, and this research will allow parents to handle and understand their children’s behaviors and obstacles they will face due to their peer groups. Learning how peer pressure impacts individuals is a step to minimizing the negative effects it leads to.
Future problems[edit]
Success of peer relationships is linked to later psychological development and to academic achievement. Therefore, if one does not have successful peer relationships it may lead to developmental delays and poor academic achievement — perhaps even in-completion of a high school degree. Children with poor peer relationships may also experience job related and marital problems later in life.[5]
Risk behaviors[edit]
Several studies have shown that peer groups are powerful agents of risk behaviors in adolescence. Adolescents typically replace family with peers regarding social and leisure activities, and many problematic behaviors occur in the context of these groups. A study done in 2012 focused on adolescents’ engagement in risk behaviors. Participants completed a self-report measure of identity commitment, which explores values, beliefs, and aspirations, as well as a self-report that measures perceived peer group pressure and control. Both peer group pressure and control were positively related to risky behaviors. However, adolescents who were more committed to a personal identity had lower rates of risk behaviors. Overall, this study shows us that adolescent identity development may help prevent negative effects of peer pressure in high-risk adolescents.[40]
Aggression and prosocial behavior[edit]
Social behaviors can be promoted or discouraged by social groups, and several studies have shown that aggression and prosociality are susceptible to peer influence. A longitudinal study done in 2011 focused on these two behaviors. A sample of adolescents was followed over a one-year period, and results showed that adolescents who joined an aggressive group were more likely to increase their aggression levels. Also, adolescents were likely to display prosocial behaviors that were similar to the consistent behaviors of the group they were in. An adolescent's peer group plays a role in shaping him or her into an adult, and the lack of positive behavior can lead to consequences in the future.
Sexual promiscuity[edit]
Adolescence is also characterized by physical changes, new emotions, and sexual urges, and teenagers are likely to participate in sexual activity. A longitudinal study done in 2012 followed a group of adolescents for thirteen years. Self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, counselor ratings, and parent reports were collected, and results showed a strong correlation between deviant peer groups and sexual promiscuity. Many teens claimed that the reasons for having sex at a young age include peer pressure or pressure from their partner. The effects of sexual activity at a young age are of great concern. Pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are only a few of the consequences that can occur.[41]
Adolescents and their peer groups[edit]
Gavin's study[edit]
In one cross-sectional, correlational study,[42] four different developmental stages were examined: preadolescence (Grades 5 and 6), early adolescence (Grades 7 and 8), middle adolescence (Grades 9 and 10) and late adolescence (Grades 11 and 12). Self-report measures were used in which adolescents completed questionnaires. First, the students rated the importance of being in a popular group. Next, positive and negative behaviour were assessed. The extent to which students were bothered by negative behaviour targeted at them by others in their groups was also assessed. Structural group properties were also examined, including: group leadership or status hierarchy, group permeability, and group conformity.[42]
Researchers found that middle adolescents reported placing more importance on being in a popular group and perceived more group conformity and leadership within their groups than pre- and late adolescents. Early and middle adolescents also reported more negative interactions and fewer positive interactions with group members and more negative interactions with those not part of their peer groups. Girls reported having more positive group interactions, being more bothered by negative interactions, and having more permeable group boundaries. Boys reported more negative interactions with those outside their groups and are more likely to have leaders in their peer groups.Researchers believe that the decrease in conformity throughout adolescence relates to the decrease in importance of leadership in late adolescence because having a group leader provides a person to model oneself after. They also note the relationship between the importance of being in a popular peer group and conformity. Both become less important in late adolescence, showing that it is less important to conform when the value of group membership decreases. It is believed that positive interactions outside of peer groups increase and negative interactions outside of peer groups decrease by late adolescence because older adolescents feel more comfortable and have less need to control the behaviours of others. Findings that boys have more leaders are consistent with research showing that boys partake in more dominance struggles.[42]
Tarrant's study[edit]
A questionnaire was handed out to 58 males and 57 females, aged 14–15 in the Midlands region of the UK. The first section dealt with group structure and activities of participants' peer groups. Participants were asked how many people were in their group, the gender composition of the group, frequency of group meetings, and the group's usual meeting places. The second section addressed the participants' levels of identification with their peer groups. The next section of the questionnaire was an intergroup comparison task in which participants compared their peer group to an outgroup. The comparison referred to how sixteen different adjectives "fit" or "described" both their ingroup and outgroup. The final part of the questionnaire was designed to check the manipulation of the adjective valence. In this section, participants rated the desirability of the above sixteen adjectives in their own opinions.[6]
Findings supported social identity theory as participants consistently favoured the ingroup in two ways: the ingroup was always associated with a greater number of positive characteristics compared to the outgroup, and the more a participant identified with the ingroup, the higher their evaluations were for it.[6]
Same race peer groups[edit]
Consistent with the dictionary definition of peer groups, youth tend to form groups based on similarities. It has been found that one of these similarities is by race.[43] Preference for same race grows stronger as youth develop.[44] When Latino and Caucasian youth were given surveys asking them to indicate who in their school they had the highest preference to spend time with, they both nominated peers of their same race over peers of different races.[45] This is especially prevalent in classrooms and schools that have a clear cut majority and minority racial groups. Though benefits of homophily are met, preference for one’s own racial group can lead to rejection of the racial out group, which can cause stress for both groups particularly in females.[46]
Cross race peer groups[edit]
For classrooms and schools that have a more equal distribution of racial groups, there can be more socialization across peer groups. Cross racial peers groups can be very beneficial, lowering prejudice and increasing prosocial behaviors.[47][48][49] Having a cross racial friend has also been shown to give youth a higher status and feel more socially satisfied.[50] Diverse peer groups also lower the feelings of victimization felt by youth.[51]
See also[edit]
Group dynamics
Social relation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peer group . (n.d.). Dictionary.com. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/peer+group
^ Jump up to: a b c d Steinberg, Laurence (2010). Adolescence. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 1–434. ISBN 978-0-07-353203-5.
Jump up ^ Adler & Adler, 1995
Jump up ^ Brown, 1990
^ Jump up to: a b Curtis, J. E., Tepperman, L., & Albanese, P. (2008). Socialization. Sociology: a Canadian perspective (2nd ed., p. 112). Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tarrant, M (2002). "Adolescent peer groups and social identity". Social Development. 11: 110–123. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00189.
Jump up ^ Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc. p. 113.
Jump up ^ Siegler, Robert (2006). How Children Develop, Exploring Child Develop Student Media Tool Kit & Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-6113-0
Jump up ^ An introduction to Vygotsky (2nd edition). (2005). New York, NY: Routledge. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/620967172
Jump up ^ McLeod, Saul. "Zone of Proximal Development". Simply Psychology. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Beins, B.C. (2012). Jean Piaget: Theorist of the child's mind. (pp. 89-107). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/928983292
^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Laurence (2010). Adolecence. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 1–434.
Jump up ^ Morris, E (1997). "Contributions of Erik Erikson". Psychoanalytic Review. 84 (3): 337–347.
Jump up ^ "Erikson's stages of psychosocial development". Retrieved 21 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Ford, D.H., & Urban, H. B. (1963). Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. (pp. 518-590). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/620783690
Jump up ^ Shaffer, David R.. "Theories of Human Development." Developmental psychology: childhood and adolescence. 5th ed. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Pub., 1999. 40-74. Print.
Jump up ^ Kindermann, Thomas A (1993). "Natural peer groups as contexts for individual development: The case of children's motivation in school". Developmental Psychology. 29 (6): 970–977. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.6.970.
Jump up ^ Sacerdote, Bruce (2001). "Peer Effects With Random Assignment: Results For Dartmouth Roommates".
Jump up ^ Robertson, Donald; Symons, James (2003). "Do Peer Groups Matter? Peer Group versus Schooling Effects on Academic Attainment". Economica. 70: 31–53. doi:10.1111/1468-0335.d01-46. SSRN 388214  .
Jump up ^ "Peer Effects in Academic Outcomes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment".
^ Jump up to: a b c Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. (1964). Reference groups. Chicago: Regnery
Jump up ^ Youniss, J., & Smollar, J. (1985). Adolescents' relations with mothers, fathers, and friends.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialization and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company. p5
^ Jump up to: a b Maslach, C. "Individuation, gender role, and dissent: Personality mediators of situational forces". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 53 (6): 1088–1093. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1088.
Jump up ^ Bem, S. L. (1975). "Sex role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 31: 634–643. doi:10.1037/h0077098.
Jump up ^ Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. (1978). Masculinity and femininity. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Jump up ^ Blos, P (1967). "The second individuation process of adolescence". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 22: 162–186.
Jump up ^ Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Jump up ^ Newman, B. M.; Newman, P. R. (1976). "Early adolescence and its conflict: Group identity versus alienation". Adolescence. 11: 261–274.
Jump up ^ Ennett, S. T.; Bauman, K. E. (1994). "The contribution of influence and selection to adolescent peer group homogeneity: The case of adolescent cigarette smoking". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67: 653–663. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.653.
Jump up ^ Espelage, D. L.; Holt, M. K.; Henkel, R. R. (2003). "Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescence". Child Development. 74: 205–220. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00531.
Jump up ^ Ryan, A. M. (2001). "The peer group as a context for the development of young adolescent motivation and achievement". Child Development. 72: 1135–1150. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00338.
Jump up ^ Aboud, F. E. (2005). The development of prejudice in childhood and adolescence. In J. F.Dovidio, P.Glick, & L. A.Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after
Jump up ^ Allport (pp. 310–326). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Jump up ^ Fishbein, H. D. (1996). Peer prejudice and discrimination: Evolutionary, cultural, and developmental dynamics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Jump up ^ Eder, D., & Nenga, S. K. (2003). Socialization in adolescence. In J.Delamater (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 157–182). New York: Kluwer Academic
Jump up ^ Gavin, Leslie A.; Furman, Wyndol (1989). "Age differences in adolescents' perceptions of their peer groups". Developmental Psychology. 25 (5): 827–834. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.827.
Jump up ^ Gonzales, Nancy (2010). "Family and Peer Influences on Adolescent Behavior and Risk-Taking" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Howard (2011). Personality: Classic theories and modern research. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. pp. 131–135.
Jump up ^ Dishion, Tommy; Henry Veronneau (2012). "An ecological analysis of the effects of deviant peer clustering on sexual promiscuity, problem behavior, and childbearing from early adolescence to adulthood: An enhancement of the life history framework". Developmental Psychology. 48: 703–717. doi:10.1037/a0027304. PMC 3523735  . PMID 22409765.
Jump up ^ Dumas, T; D. Wolfe (2012). "Identity development as a buffer of adolescent risk behaviors in the context of peer group pressure and control". Journal of Adolescence. 35: 917–927. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.12.012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gavin, L. A.; Furman, W. (1989). "Age differences in adolescents' perceptions of their peer groups". Journal of Developmental Psychology. 25 (5): 827–834. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.827.
Jump up ^ Graham, S., Taylor, A. Z., & Ho, A. Y. (2009). Race and ethnicity in peer relations research. Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups, 394-413.
Jump up ^ Singleton, L. C.; Asher, S. R. (1979). "Racial integration and children's peer preferences: An investigation of developmental and cohort differences". Child Development. 50: 936–941. doi:10.2307/1129317.
Jump up ^ Bellmore, A. D.; Nishinia, A.; Witkow, M. R.; Graham, S.; Juvonen, J. (2007). "The influence of classroom ethnic composition on same- and other- ethnicity peer nominations in middle school". Social Development. 16 (4): 720–740. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00404.x.
Jump up ^ Sunwolf & Leets, 2004
Jump up ^ Kawabata, Y.; Crick, N. R. (2011). "The significance of cross-racial/ethnic friendships: Associations with peer victimization, peer support, sociometric status, and classroom diversity". Developmental Psychology. 47 (6): 1763–1775. doi:10.1037/a0025399. PMID 21910536.
Jump up ^ Verkuyten, M.; Thijs, J. (2002). "School satisfaction of elementary school children: The role of performance, peer relations, ethnicity and gender". Social Indicators Research. 59 (2): 203–228. doi:10.1023/a:1016279602893.
Jump up ^ Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2000) Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice: Recent meta-analytic findings.
Jump up ^ Lease & Blake, 2005
Jump up ^ Graham, J. A.; Cohen, R. (2006). "Race and sex as factors in children's sociometric ratings and friendship choices". Social Development. 6 (3): 355–372. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00111.x.
Dishion, T.; Veronneau, H. (2012). "An ecological analysis of the effects of deviant peer clustering on sexual promiscuity, problem behavior, and childbearing from early adolescence to adulthood: An enhancement of the life history framework". Developmental Psychology. 48: 703–717. doi:10.1037/a0027304. PMC 3523735  . PMID 22409765.
Further reading[edit]
An evolutionary perspective on children's motivation in the peer group. International Journal of Behavioral Development 19(1): 53-73. Full text
Insko (2009). "Reducing intergroup conflict through the consideration of future consequences". European journal of social psychology. 39 (5): 831–841. doi:10.1002/ejsp.592.
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text:
List of the largest fast food restaurant chains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is the list of the largest fast food restaurant chains by their number of locations in the world.
Name
Number of locations
Revenue
1
Subway 44,229[1] US$69.99 billion (2015)[2]
2
McDonald's 36,900[3] US$25.413 billion (2015)[4]
3
Starbucks 25,085[5] US$ 5.24 billion[6][7]
4
KFC 20,404[8] US$23 billion (2013)
5
Burger King 15,000+[9]
6
Domino's Pizza 14,200[10]
7
Pizza Hut 13,728[11]
8
Dunkin' Donuts 11,300[12]
9
Baskin-Robbins 7300[13]
10
Hunt Brothers Pizza 7300[14]
11
Taco Bell 6500[15]
12
Wendy's 6490[16]
13
Hardee's 5812[17]
14
Orange Julius 5700[18]
15
Sibylla 5000+[19]
16
Dairy Queen 4800[20]
17
Little Caesars 4800[21]
18
Papa John's Pizza 4700+[22]
19
Tim Hortons 4590[23]
20
CNHLS 4000[24]
21
Sonic Drive-In 3526[25]
22
Costa 3407
23
Arby's 3342[26]
24
Jollibee 3000+[27] US$2.185 billion (FY 2016)[28]
25
Jimmy John's 2522[29]
26
Jack in the Box 2267[30]
27
Ting Hsin International Group 2160[31]
28
Chick-fil-A 2100+[32]
29
Applebee's 2033[33]
30
Panera Bread 2024
31
Chipotle Mexican Grill 2010[34]
32
Dicos 2000+[35]
33
Pelicana Chicken 2000+[36]
34
Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen 2000[37]
35
Shanghai Shihao 2000[38]
36
Panda Express 1900[39]
37
Sukiya 1856[40]
38
Pala Hamburger 1850[41]
39
Chester's International 1800+[42]
40
MOS Burger 1730[43]
41
Denny's 1700[44]
42
Church's Chicken 1700[45]
43
IHOP 1650[46]
44
WingStreet 1600~[47]
45
Chili's 1580[48]
46
Café Coffee Day 1556[49] US$ 230 million (2015)
47
Auntie Anne's 1500+[50] US$230 million (2015)
48
Carl's Jr. 1500+[51]
49
Five Guys 1500+[52]
50
Quiznos 1500[53]
51
Papa Murphy's 1425[54]
52
LEM hamburger 1401[55]
53
Ichibanya 1268[56]
54
Long John Silver's 1200+[57]
55
Buffalo Wild Wings 1175[58]
56
Firehouse Subs 1030[59]
57
Kebab Turki Baba Rafi 1030[60]
58
Telepizza 1025[61]
59
Krispy Kreme 1003[62]
60
Bob's 1000+[63]
61
Jersey Mike's Subs 1000[64]
62
Nando's 1000[65]
63
Chooks-to-Go 1000~[66]
64
Kennedy Fried Chicken 1000[67]
65
Häagen-Dazs 900[68]
66
Jamba Juice 849[69]
67
BreadTalk 836[70]
68
85C Bakery Cafe 800+[71]
69
Sbarro 800+[72]
70
Zaxby's 800+[73]
71
A&W 800[74]
72
Blimpie 790[75]
73
Checkers and Rally's 784[76]
74
Cinnabon 750+[77]
75
Whataburger 735[78]
76
Southern Fried Chicken 700+[79]
77
Wingstop 650[80]
78
Einstein Bros. Bagels 649[81]
79
Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits 600+[82]
80
Moe's Southwest Grill 600+[83]
81
Pizza Pizza 600+[84]
82
Qdoba Mexican Eats 600+[85]
83
Rita's Italian Ice 600+[86]
84
Smoothie King 600+[87]
85
Chuck E. Cheese's 590[88]
86
Pita Pit 588[89]
87
Kungfu 566[90]
88
Del Taco 547[91]
89
Steak 'n Shake 544[92]
90
Culver's 527[93]
91
Steers 525[94]
92
Captain D's 520[95]
93
Da Niang Dumpling 514[96]
94
Brioche Dorée 500+[97]
95
Charley's Grilled Subs 500+[98]
96
Round Table Pizza 500+[99]
97
Shakey's 500+[100]
98
CiCi's Pizza 500[101]
99
Country Style 490[102]
100
Habib's 475+[103]
See also[edit]
List of fast food restaurant chains
Companies portal
Food portal
Lists portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Subway's publication. "Explore Our World". Subway's Corporation. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ "The 20 fast food chains that rake in the most money". Business Inside UK. March 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ McDonald's publication. "McDonald's Corporation 2016 Annual Report Form (10-K)" (PDF). McDonald's Corporation. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ "McDonald's Corporation 2015 Annual Report Form (10-K)" (XBRL). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. March 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 2, 2016" (PDF). Starbucks Corporation. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Starbucks Corporation 2013 Fiscal Report, Form 10-K, Filing Date Sept 30,2016". Retrieved September 30, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "SEC Filings". Starbucks Corporation. March 25, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2016" (PDF). Yum! Brands. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Number of Burger King restaurants worldwide from 2009 to 2015". Statista. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
Jump up ^ Domino's 101: Basic Facts
Jump up ^ "Pizza Hut". Yum. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
Jump up ^ Company Snapshot
Jump up ^ SEC filing
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "OC-Based Restaurant Chains". Orange County Business Journal. 33 (37): 24. July 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Investor Dashboard
Jump up ^ CKE Restaurants, Inc. Announces Preliminary, Unaudited Fourth Quarter and Full Year Fiscal 2013 Results
Jump up ^ Orange Julius Application: Jobs, Career Opportunities & Employment
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Dairy Queen CEO: Paying Workers A ‘Fair Wage’ Helps Us
Jump up ^ Little Caesars is back!
Jump up ^ Our Story
Jump up ^ Investor
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Sonic barrier broken
Jump up ^ Arby's locations
Jump up ^ Acquired tastes
Jump up ^ "Jollibee Foods Corporation 2015 annual report ( FORM 17-A)" (Press release). December 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Jimmy John's Story
Jump up ^ Number of Jack in the Box restaurants from 2011 to 2015
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Company Fact Sheet
Jump up ^ Applebee's Locations
Jump up ^ Investor Relations
Jump up ^ In China, Local Dining Chains Bite Into West
Jump up ^ Pelicana Chicken outlet business set to expand Archived 2014-08-21 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Company Overview
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Panda Express Launched With A Small Business Loan. Today Its Founders Are Multi-Billionaires…
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Chester’s International Expansion Plans Come Home to Roost
Jump up ^ Corporation Profile
Jump up ^ Denny's Corporation to Present at the Oppenheimer 11th Annual Consumer Conference
Jump up ^ Church's Chicken
Jump up ^ About IHOP®
Jump up ^ [4][permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ The Almanac of American Employers
Jump up ^ A lot can happen over coffee | Cafe Coffee Day
Jump up ^ Auntie Anne’s Prices
Jump up ^ Description
Jump up ^ About Us
Jump up ^ Comparing the sub shops Subway, Jimmy Johns, and Quiznos Alee Tjugum
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Company Profile
Jump up ^ Long John Silver’s Prices
Jump up ^ GOP Debate: Buffalo Wild Wings Fans Bite Back at Marco Rubio on Social Media - See more at: https://www.thewrap.com/gop-debate-buffalo-wild-wings-fans-bite-back-at-marco-rubio-on-social-media/#sthash.q8oGBuYD.dpuf
Jump up ^ Our Story
Jump up ^ Baba Rafi
Jump up ^ Loeda, Roberto C. (June 1, 2010). Telepizza entra en Colombia con la adquisición de Jeno's Pizza Alimarket
Jump up ^ Krispy Creme - Corporate Fact Sheet
Jump up ^ AmBev quer desbancar Bob's e McDonald's em número de franquias no país
Jump up ^ Jersey Mike's Subs Opens 1000th Location
Jump up ^ Nando's Worldwide Archived 2013-04-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Richard Yap endorses Chooks-to-Go
Jump up ^ Yelp
Jump up ^ 18 biggest fast-food chains in the world
Jump up ^ Value Investors Club
Jump up ^ Financial Statement and Dividend Announcement For The Year Ended 31 December 2013
Jump up ^ Some Salt with Your Coffee? Taiwan's Hot Drink
Jump up ^ About - Sbarro
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ A&W Canada opens its 800th restaurant, downtown Montréal
Jump up ^ Blimpie - Hours, Locations[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Checkers and Rally's Restaurants Inc.
Jump up ^ About Us
Jump up ^ Whataburger Press Room - Press Kit
Jump up ^ Arthur’s Story
Jump up ^ Employment - Wingstop
Jump up ^ America's Top 10 Healthiest Fast Food Restaurants
Jump up ^ It's Bo Time Again in Greenwood As Bojangles' Opens Its Second Restaurant in the Area
Jump up ^ Moe’s Southwest Grill Continues Fast-Paced Growth with Opening of 600th Restaurant
Jump up ^ 17 Best Pizza Chains Around the World (Slideshow)
Jump up ^ Jack in the Box and Qdoba Look Set to Take Down Chipotle
Jump up ^ Rita’s Italian Ice Celebrates “Ice, Custard, Happiness” with Custard’s Exciting Return
Jump up ^ The Story of Smoothie King — Smoothie King
Jump up ^ Press Release
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Del Taco Distinguishes Top Franchisees
Jump up ^ "Biglari Holdings 2014 Annual Report" (PDF). Biglari Holdings. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
Jump up ^ Culver’s plans Port Orange restaurant
Jump up ^ STEERS Kimberley CBD in Kimberley
Jump up ^ Captain D’s Kicks off Corporate-Store Development Program
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Groupe Le Duff Archived 2011-09-11 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ About Charley's Grilled Subs
Jump up ^ Round Table Pizza franchising
Jump up ^ About Us
Jump up ^ Grab a plate: Chain will offer pizza 'buffet'
Jump up ^ Food court king buys Country Style
Jump up ^ Sobre a Empresa - Sobre o grupo
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