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The Night Shift (season 3)
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The Night Shift (season 3)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
June 1 (2016-06-01) – August 31, 2016 (2016-08-31)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
Next →
Season 4
List of The Night Shift episodes
The third season of the Medical drama series The Night Shift debuted on June 1, 2016 and concluded on August 31, 2016, on NBC in the United States.[1][2] It is produced by Sachs/Judah Productions, and Sony Pictures Television with series creators Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah serving as executive producers. This season contained 13 episodes.[3][4]
The series follows the overnight shift at San Antonio Medical Center, where three of the surgeons have a connection to the U.S. military. Dr. Thomas Charles "T.C." Callahan (Eoin Macken), an ex-army medic who often butts heads with his former girlfriend, Dr. Jordan Alexander (Jill Flint) and the hospital administrator, Dr. Topher Zia (Ken Leung), also an ex-army medic. Meanwhile, Dr. Alexander hires a new intern, Dr. Shannon Rivera (Tanaya Beatty), while Dr. Drew Alister (Brendan Fehr) has returned stateside after an incident overseas. Other doctors that are on the shift include surgeons Dr. Paul Cummings (Robert Bailey Jr.), who struggles to come out of his father's shadow while developing possible romantic feelings for Dr. Rivera, and Dr. Scott Clemmens, a recovering alcoholic and head of the surgery department.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
1.3 Guest cast
2 Production
2.1 Casting
3 Episodes
4 Broadcast
5 References
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Eoin Macken as Dr. TC Callahan
Jill Flint as Dr. Jordan Alexander[5]
Ken Leung as Dr. Topher Zia
Brendan Fehr as Dr. Drew Alister[5]
Robert Bailey Jr. as Dr. Paul Cummings[5]
JR Lemon as ER Nurse Kenny Fournette
Scott Wolf as Dr. Scott Clemmens[6]
Tanaya Beatty as Dr. Shannon Rivera[7]
Recurring cast[edit]
Esodie Geiger as Nurse Molly Ramos
Alma Sisneros as Nurse Jocelyn Diaz
Catharine Pilafas as Nurse Bardocz
Luke MacFarlane as Rick Lincoln
Merle Dandridge as Gwen Gaskin[8]
Jennifer Beals as Dr. Syd Jennings[9]
Sarah Jane Morris as Annie Callahan[10]
AnnaLynne McCord as Jessica Sanders[11]
Michael Cassidy as Sam
Kyla Kenedy as Brianna
Briana Marin as Nina Alvarez
Mac Brandt as Mac Reily
Guest cast[edit]
Lindsey Morgan as Kryztal[12]
Elizabeth Sung as Sumei Zia
Lance Henriksen as Clive
China Anne McClain as Lauren
Carla Gallo[13] as Hannah
Production[edit]
"We went [to San Antonio] to scout so we could expand the look of the show; get more of [the] city in it ... Had the honor of a return visit to the Center For The Intrepid. Also amazing food. … Great locations here."
—Gabe Sachs to My San Antonio[14]
Gabe Sachs revealed on Twitter that the first day of the writer's room for season 3 of The Night Shift was on November 17, 2015.[15] Sachs said that shooting for the third season would commence in February, and later Jill Flint announced that filming would start on February 1, 2016.[16][17] The sets began going up on December 15, 2015.[18][19] Actors Robert Bailey Jr., Brendan Fehr, and Jill Flint arrived in Albuquerque, NM to begin filming on January 24, 2016.[5] The first production meeting took place on January 27, 2016, and location scouting took place the day before.[20][21] Production on the third season began on February 1, 2016 in Albuquerque, NM.[22]
For the third consecutive season, the show will be filmed at Albuquerque Studios, and filming is expected to take place from February to June 2016. The tax incentives offered were cited as the main reason for filming in New Mexico, rather than in San Antonio.[14] The show will employ about 130 New Mexico-based crew members, and approximately 500 New Mexico background talent.[23] The first scene of the season filmed on February 2, 2016.[24] The show filmed in a casino for part of one episode.[25] Creator Gabe Sachs has said that this season would be more San Antonio-centric than either of the previous seasons. The Pearl Brewery, a local brewery, would be where the characters hang out after work, as well as "little taco places." Also, the costume department purchased T-shirts from local San Antonio locales such as, "Hogwild Records" and "Tapes on Main Avenue," because Sachs thought that "it would be cool if characters wore them" on screen.[14]
Casting[edit]
Jennifer Beals was cast as Doctor Syd Jennings.
On July 15, 2015, it was revealed that Scott Wolf who portrays Dr. Scott Clemmens had been promoted to series regular for the third season.[6] On January 21, 2016, Deadline reported that Jennifer Beals had been cast as a recurring character named Doctor Syd Jennings. She will be introduced in the season 3 premiere as a Major in the Army who "has worked with the Culture Support Teams (CST) in conjunction with Ranger and Special Forces."[9] On February 2, 2016, actress Tanaya Beatty was cast as a new series regular named Dr. Shannon Rivera, a recent med school graduate who impresses Dr. Alexander enough to recruit her as her intern.[7] Melissa Gilbert and Sarah Jane Morris will both be returning for the third season.[10]
Freddy Rodriguez, who portrays hospital administrator Michael Ragosa, revealed on Twitter that he would not be returning for the third season of The Night Shift, as he is starring in a new CBS drama pilot Bull.[26] Jeananne Goossen who portrayed Krista Bell-Heart, is also not returning for the third season; she says that she split "amicably" from the show.[27] On March 21, 2016, it was revealed that 90210 alum AnnaLynne McCord had been cast as a recurring character named Jessica Sanders, "a striking and driven pharamaceutical rep who's always looking for a way to make a deal." She will first appear in the fifth episode of the season, and in at least 3 additional episodes.[11] Lindsey Morgan will appear in a guest role as Kryztal, "a high-strung bride whose injury in a wedding-day accident reveals a deeper and more complicated medical problem."[12]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Night Shift episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
23
1 "The Times They Are A-Changin'" Timothy Busfield Gabe Sachs & Jeff Judah June 1, 2016 (2016-06-01) 4.81[28]
Following Jordan's loss of her baby, she and TC have broken up but are still working together. Jordan recruits one of her colleagues, Shannon Rivera (Tanaya Beatty), to join the night shift, and Shannon makes an unusual first impression with the staff. Meanwhile, Drew is sent overseas to Afghanistan along with colleague Syd Jennings (guest star Jennifer Beals), where they are forced to tend to a 15-year old patient who is pregnant and whose husband is a high-ranking member of the Afghani army. Elsewhere, TC, Topher, and Scott tend to a female car accident victim, only to realize when the woman's husband arrives that they left her young son behind at the scene. Also, Gwen updates Kenny on her law school applications, and later learns the closest she got to acceptance was being put on a wait list at Georgetown.
24
2 "The Thing with Feathers" Timothy Busfield Tom Garrigus June 8, 2016 (2016-06-08) 4.18[29]
Following a fight between Drew and the Afghani leader, the leader is accidentally shot in the shoulder by Drew, putting him in a tough spot. Despite the problem, Drew and Syd are able to help the young mom, her baby, and her brother get away from the leader. The consequences to this causes Drew to get sent home early while Syd, who was looking forward to her daughter's 13th birthday in two weeks, has to stay on tour an additional three months, due to a shortage of personal working there. TC and Scott deal with the car accident victim from the previous episode while simultaneously trying to save her son. They later determine the boy needs a bone marrow transfusion, but he is adopted and the parents claim they don't know the birth mother, which sounds fishy to TC. His suspicions are soon confirmed, as the boy was actually kidnapped by the couple. Desperate to have a child, they stole him from his birth parents at a mall. Elsewhere, Shannon helps Jordan move on from TC, Topher tries to renew his commitment to get fit again, and Gwen learns she moved off the wait list at Georgetown when another candidate drops out. To Kenny's dismay, she has to leave the next morning.
25
3 "The Way Back" Tara Nicole Weyr Janet Lin June 15, 2016 (2016-06-15) 4.47[30]
Drew returns from Afghanistan and deals with the aftermath. Meanwhile, Jordan and the team deal with a newly-married couple whose wedding is ruined by the bride's alcoholic father. Drew treats the father, an Iraq War veteran who served multiple tours, and tries to get the daughter, Kryztal (Lindsey Morgan), to understand the root of her dad's problems. Topher and TC invite Topher's overbearing mother Sumei (Elizabeth Sung) to a casino. After they treat an elderly man named Clive (Lance Henriksen) who collapses while playing craps, Topher works to understand why his mother is so critical of him. Meanwhile, Paul comes up with a diagnosis for Kryztal that helps him finally earn the respect of both his subordinates and his fellow doctors.
26
4 "Three-Two-One" Oz Scott Zachary Lutsky June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22) 4.30[31]
Amid protests over a court case involving a white police officer who shot an African American, riots erupt causing TC and Paul to be sent to the scene to treat any wounded. They arrive to find an officer and an African American perp named Shawn both shot and in critical condition. They can only put one on the first helicopter, and TC makes a call to send the officer, angering Paul who has to try and keep Shawn alive at the scene. At the hospital, Jordan treats Officer Benedict, the policeman at the center of the court case. Kenny has already made up his mind about Benedict's guilt, while Jordan hears the man out when he says he only shot because his own life was threatened. Shannon and Drew deal with the contaminated people (after officers are forced to use tear gas); after Drew leaves, Shannon is stuck with a 10-year-old separated from his mother. Jordan also finds a tumor in Benedict that she has to treat immediately to save his life. Drew and TC treat the officer brought back from the riot scene, but cannot save him. The bullet TC removes from the man's body, however, shows the fatal shot came from the gun of the man's partner, not Shawn's gun. Soon after, Benedict is being escorted out of the hospital when a protestor on the street shoots him in the head, killing him.
27
5 "Get Busy Livin'" Dailyn Rodriguez Gabe Fonseca June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29) 4.46[32]
As TC and Paul treat an injured person at a college party, a young co-ed falls from a fourth floor balcony to the pavement. Critically injured, the young woman tells her roommate as she is being wheeled into surgery that she was trying to kill herself. Scott learns that the hospital is on the short list to receive cutting-edge heart valve technology, but pharmaceutical rep Jessica Sanders (AnnaLynne McCord) holds the keys to their winning the program. TC angrily confronts Sanders when he learns an acne medication her company makes, and which the co-ed was taking, has "suicidal thoughts" as one of its side effects. The two later reconcile, with Jessica admitting the hospital was going to get the heart valve program anyway, and she was trying to use the situation to make a big sale. Elsewhere, Annie and Scott bond over their issues with substance abuse, while Jordan decides to finally spend the night with Sam.
28
6 "Hot in the City" Darnell Martin Nicole Rubio June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29) 4.46[32]
The opening reveals TC sleeping with Jessica, Jordan waking up with Sam, Kenny sleeping with Nurse Jocelyn (Alma Sisneros), and Scott and Annie making out in a car. At the hospital, the air conditioning goes out on one of the hottest days of the year. Shannon and Jordan attend a local wrestling event, only to wind up bringing patrons back to the hospital after a fight breaks out. A young man who befriended Jordan at the event is injured, but his treatment reveals something worse. The ring girl has an injury to her spine that may cause paralysis, but Drew performs a successful surgery using a technique he learned on the battlefield. TC treats a competitive runner who collapsed from the heat. Her tests reveal possible meningitis, but it turns out she has an entirely different condition. Jordan later confronts Scott, saying it's not a good idea for him to date Annie, while Jordan herself decides to break up with Sam when he starts to get too serious.
29
7 "By Dawn's Early Light" Louis Shaw Milito Brian Anthony July 6, 2016 (2016-07-06) 5.74[33]
Syd returns stateside, and is attending an outdoor concert with Drew and her daughter Riley (Jillian Estell), when banks of fireworks ignite early, causing chaos. A mother (Jessica Tuck) and her daughter Darika (Jackie R. Jacobson) are badly burned. TC and Topher arrive on the scene, and Topher authorizes Syd to assist in treating the mother and daughter back at the hospital. Soon after, Topher approaches a burning truck that contains fireworks and it explodes. Topher is badly hurt, but he refuses tests and insists on continuing to treat the wounded, over TC's and Jordan's objections. It is later discovered that Topher suffered a concussion. At the hospital, Scott and Syd treat the mother's burns. Impressed with Syd's techniques, Scott offers her a job, and Syd says she'll think about it. Paul and Shannon treat a street artist with a mysterious ailment, and in doing so, the two doctors finally find some common ground. Scott explains his attraction to Annie in a conversation with Jordan, asking that Jordan stay out of it. Kenny and Nurse Jocelyn consider going on a real date instead of just sleeping together. Syd learns that her ex-husband is moving to Washington, D.C. with his new wife and, to avoid a custody battle and stay close to Riley, Syd decides she will also move to D.C.
30
8 "All In" Tara Nicole Weyr Milla Bell-Hart July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13) 6.28[34]
Drew and Shannon rescue a woman and her foster daughter, Brianna (Kyla Kenedy), from a car crash. As she is wheeled into surgery, the woman reveals she wants to adopt Brianna. While Drew tries to calm the scared Brianna, the team can't save the mom. At Shannon's request, Paul pretends the mom is "dying" but still alive, so Brianna can say goodbye. Shannon reveals to Nina (Briana Marin), the social worker assigned to Brianna's case, that she herself was a foster child. Topher and TC treat Topher's mother Sumei when she arrives with a life-threatening condition. Coincidentally, Clive, the man who collapsed at the casino (S3, Ep3), is also back in the hospital. TC finds that Clive's nitro patch is missing and, following a hunch, he finds it stuck to Sumei's back, revealing she and Clive were engaged in sexual activity. Jordan and Scott treat Dylan (Josh Fadem), who is having a rare reaction to a kidney stone. Scott wants to break up the stone with an ultrasound device, but the software malfunctions. Jordan notices the machine is made by Jessica Sanders' company, causing her to have to call TC's girlfriend to fix the problem and save Dylan. Meanwhile, throughout the night, everyone keeps congratulating Kenny, but he doesn't know why. Jocelyn finally reveals Kenny was elected head of the nurses' union at the hospital, a job he doesn't want. As the shift ends, Nina asks Kenny out "for coffee sometime", and hands him a card in full view of Jocelyn. Kenny doesn't accept, but he doesn't refuse, either. In the parking lot, Shannon thanks Paul for helping with the Brianna situation, then kisses him hard, and the two fall into the back seat of a car.
31
9 "Unexpected" Marisol Adler Janet Lin July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27) 5.32[35]
This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A female patient is wheeled in to the ER as the shift begins, and she complains about leaving her backpack behind. TC is tasked with her. The woman comes back out moments later to look for her backpack, which a fill-in nurse does not realize is right under his foot. The nurse goes after the woman and walks the backpack outside. Meanwhile, the nurses are on strike for not getting raises promised to them years ago. Kenny and Jocelyn get in a fight when he incites his intern. Kenny's young soccer-playing friend Lauren (China Anne McClain) gets treated for possible pneumonia. Lauren steps outside, and a bomb goes off right outside the front doors. She is critically injured by the blast, and the fill-in nurse is killed. As the SWAT team clears the perimeter, TC's patient is no where to be found. He assists the SWAT team in finding her in her pickup truck. Just before they seduce her to bring her back to surgery, TC asks why she brought the bomb, and she answers with "you deserve it." Shannon confesses to Jordan that she slept with Paul; however, the two get awkward around each other. Drew continues to help Brianna, his young patient with cystic fibrosis, only to find out she needs a lung transplant. Shannon and Paul are tasked with removing glass from Jordan's patient, and find out the man has anthrax. Realizing the anthrax was in the bomb, the hospital is shut down, and everyone decontaminates. The nurses come back in to help, despite the strike. While reopening blood flow to Lauren's foot that was damaged in the explosion, Kenny and Scott find out she has lung cancer. Jordan and TC remove bullets from the patient who brought the bomb, and Jordan remembers she was a former patient. As the two talk, the woman says Jordan saved her life after her husband and child were killed by a drunk driver. Claiming Jordan should have just let her die, she pulls her chest tube out, killing herself. In the end, Drew tells Brianna she needs the transplant, the nurses get their raise and end the strike, while Lauren confesses she actually doesn't like soccer. Topher gets a phone call and finds out the hospital was sold to an insurance company, which plans to sell off the ER.
32
10 "Between a Rock and a Hard Place" Jeff Judah Tom Garrigus & Zachary Lutsky August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03) 5.00[36]
TC and Paul arrive at the site of a quarry accident, where they pronounce one of the workers, a seventeen year old male, brain dead. Another teenager asks TC for help with his friend, who is falling down a sinkhole. TC saves him, using unconventional methods to get rock out of the kid's throat. Paul sends a blood sample to the hospital to see if the deceased man can give his lungs to Brianna. Drew tells Brianna that he and Rick want to adopt her, and she is thrilled. Meanwhile, Scott and Jordan have to run dialysis for Malik, whom Scott paralyzed in a car accident last season, but Malik's dad refuses to let Scott work on the boy. The dad goes into cardiac arrest and the two have to operate on him immediately. Drew gets the labs back on the lungs and finds five of the six requirements match, however Paul informs him that the victim's mom refused the transplant. Paul later gets the mom to accept; however, because Brianna is not a perfect match, her transplant is aborted and the lungs are given to another candidate who has a better chance of survival. Scott and Malik's dad make up, after Jordan talks with all three and Malik just wants the fighting to stop. Topher finds out that Jessica Sanders is actually heading the transition team for Hobart, the insurance company that bought the hospital. She volunteers to help with the insurance papers and tries to get Topher interested in another job offer, knowing Hobart will want their own Chief of Surgery and that Topher will be the first one fired. TC realizes Jessica knew about the sale to Hobart and kept it from him, so he angrily ends his romance with her.
33
11 "Trust Issues" Oz Scott Dailyn Rodriguez August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03) 5.00[36]
TC and Drew land in jail after a bar fight. Jordan and Shannon's double date ends in disaster when Jordan's date falls through a glass door, and is unconscious. While Jordan tends to her date, his wife shows up and a deeper secret is revealed. Topher enlists Shannon to help him with a patient whose condition is claimed to be psychological. Annie begins to work at the hospital, and later confronts Scott when Jordan reveals she and Scott recently kissed. Kenny and Jocelyn break up, and Kenny begins to see Nina, Brianna's social worker. The hospital attempts to contact Drew after Brianna gets another chance at a lung transplant. With time running out to get Brianna into surgery, Paul has to ease her fears. The hospital finally contacts Drew, and Kenny sends Jessica to bail out Drew and TC. Nina is totally blown away by Drew being in jail, and considers not accepting the adoption. Syd returns to sign her release papers and meet Brianna. Topher and Shannon find out their patient's condition is due to a kissing bug reaction, and is therefore physiological. Jessica attempts to regain TC's trust, while Drew arrives at the hospital late. Brianna wakes up to Drew, Syd, and Rick, with her new lungs working great. Topher tells the hospital staff what is really going on with the sale of the hospital and the future of the ER. Syd tries to recruit people to go with her on an assignment at the Turkish border. TC decides some time away might do him some good, so he accepts.
34
12 "Emergent" Timothy Busfield Brian Anthony & Gabe Fonseca August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24) 5.52[37]
Kenny reveals to Topher that some pain medication has been stolen, and everyone except Scott points fingers at Annie. Paul and Shannon butt heads over how to treat a patient who comes in with internal burns. Jordan and Scott deal with a man who caught his hand in a bear trap, and a piece of the trap ends up in his lung. Topher's old Army friend Mac comes in and asks Topher to sign off on a physical exam requirement so he can return to active duty, but Topher insists on doing the exam. TC and Syd get caught in a typhus outbreak at the Syria-Turkey border when more people flood into their refugee camp. Nina informs Drew that his adoption plans for Brianna are put on hold when Brianna's birth father, who didn't even know he had a daughter until a few months ago, comes back into the picture. Kenny reveals the gym he owns has flooded and he asks Paul for a loan. Kenny then makes a phone call to a mysterious person who may be a loan shark. Mac returns later and asks if anyone would help him at the site of a fire, and Jordan and Scott volunteer. Annie checks TC's locker and finds his field jacket gone; it is later revealed Jordan is wearing TC's jacket and finds the missing pain pills in a pocket. Syd catches typhus after giving her pills to an older Kurdish woman. Mac, Jordan, and Scott get trapped after the fire quickly changes direction. Topher learns that the buyer he'd hoped would purchase the E.R. from Hobart has backed out, only to have Paul reveal his father is part of an organization that buys hospitals. A package containing needed typhus medication for TC and Syd is dropped by parachute, but it floats to the Turkey side of the border fence and the Turkish guards refuse to let TC retrieve it.
35
13 "Burned" Tara Nicole Weyr Tom Garrigus August 31, 2016 (2016-08-31) 5.43[38]
Scott and Jordan get trapped in a rapidly intensifying wildfire and are forced to do surgery in a farm. Topher's friend Mac is with them and goes back into the blaze to save them. TC gets arrested at the Syria-Turkey border when he tries to get the crate of Cipro which floated to the Turkish side. Syd's typhus symptoms get worse. TC later makes a promise with a Turkish guard; in exchange for the supply, he says Syd can perform surgery on the man's lame child. Kenny waits on a loan from Paul, and tells a loan shark he should have his $5,000 soon. Jordan tells Scott that Annie stole the missing pain pills. Paul's father arrives, and the two get into a disagreement over treatment for a patient. Drew and Rick do a background check on Brianna's father, which reveals his ulterior motive. The two later get the father to drop the custody suit, allowing Drew and Rick take Brianna home. Scott escorts Annie to rehab over her initial protests. Paul's father buys the E.R. but fires Topher, saying Topher is too willing to give high-priced treatment to people who can't pay. This causes Paul and most of the remaining staff (except for Shannon) to resign in protest. Shannon says she cannot risk quitting at this stage of her career, and Paul says he understands. The two then confess their love for each other. Paul's father cuts off his son's financial support, causing Paul to ask Kenny to give back the $5,000 check. Kenny does so, then walks toward his loan shark and two other large, intimidating men. As TC and Syd prepare to go their separate ways, missiles strike their camp, leaving the two unconscious.
Broadcast[edit]
The Night Shift airs on Global TV in Canada, and on Universal Channel in Australia.[39][40] On September 23, 2015, Season 1 premiered in India on Colors Infinity, and in Korea, season 3 episodes will premiere right after their U.S. airing on Olleh TV.[41][42] The show premiered in the United Kingdom on January 12, 2016, on Sky UK.[43]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Friedlander, Whitney (July 15, 2015). "NBC's 'Night Shift' Ups Scott Wolf to Series Regular (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Knox, David (May 13, 2014). "Airdate: The Night Shift". TV Tonight. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ @Gabestuff (September 18, 2015). "THIS IS AWESOME INDIA!!! We are so excited! Hope you are too :) Catch @NBCNightShift S01 onwards on Sep 23 only on @colors_infinity" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ @Gabestuff (September 23, 2015). "Korea, we're so excited! Catch @NBCNightShift right after U.S. air only on Korea's No.1 IPTV, olleh tv! @olleh" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ @GwainesWorld (December 22, 2015). "@NBCNightShift UK premiere is on 12 Jan 2016 on @SkyUK @virginmedia ..!💃" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
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In many versions of the story, Weaver's Needle is a prominent landmark for locating the lost mine.
Entrance to Lost Dutchman State Park
The Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine (also known by similar names) is, according to legend, a rich gold mine hidden in the southwestern United States. The location is generally believed to be in the Superstition Mountains, near Apache Junction, east of Phoenix, Arizona. There have been many stories about how to find the mine, and each year people search for the mine. Some have died on the search.
The mine is named after German immigrant Jacob Waltz (c. 1810–1891), who purportedly discovered it in the 19th century and kept its location a secret. "Dutchman" was a common American term for a "German" ("Dutch" being the English cognate to the German demonym "Deutsch").
The Lost Dutchman's is perhaps the most famous lost mine in American history. Arizona place-name expert Byrd Granger wrote, as of 1977, the Lost Dutchman's story had been printed or cited at least six times more often than two other fairly well-known tales, the story of Captain Kidd's lost treasure, and the story of the Lost Pegleg mine in California. People have been seeking the Lost Dutchman's mine since at least 1892,[1] while according to one estimate, 8,000 people annually made some effort to locate the Lost Dutchman's mine.[2] Former Arizona Attorney General Bob Corbin is among those who have looked for the mine.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Other Lost Dutchman's mines
2 Stories about the mine
2.1 Lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne's story
2.1.1 The truth about the Peralta Mine
2.1.2 The truth about Dr. Thorne
2.2 The Lost Dutchman's story
2.3 Stories of the soldiers' lost gold vein
3 The historical Jacob Waltz
4 The death of Adolph Ruth
5 Other searches for the mine
6 Other deaths and disappearances
7 Lost Dutchman State Park
8 In popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Other Lost Dutchman's mines[edit]
Robert Blair wrote "[t]here have been at least four legendary Lost Dutchman's gold mines in the American West, including the famed Superstition mine of Jacob Waltz".[4] One Lost Dutchman's mine is said to be in Colorado, another in California; two are said to be located in Arizona. Tales of these other Lost Dutchman's mines can be traced to at least the 1870s. The earliest Lost Dutchman's mine in Arizona was said to have been near Wickenburg, about 180 km (110 mi) north-west of the Superstition Mountains: a "Dutchman" was allegedly discovered dead in the desert near Wickenburg in the 1870s alongside saddlebags filled with gold. Blair suggested that "fragments of this legend have perhaps become attached to the mythical mine of Jacob Waltz".[5]
Stories about the mine[edit]
Granger wrote that "fact and fiction blend in the tales",[2] but that there are three main elements to the story:
"They are, first, tales of the lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne's mine; second, tales about the Lost Dutchman's; and, third, stories of the soldiers' lost gold vein ... [t]he most complete version of the Lost Dutchman's story incorporates all three legends".[2] Blair argued that there are kernels of truth at the heart of each of these three main stories, though the popular story is often badly garbled from the actual account. Other theories have materialized that speculate the mine is buried at the bottom of Apache or Roosevelt Lake.
In 1977, Granger identified 62 variants of the Lost Dutchman's story – some of the variations are minor, but others are substantial, casting the story in a very different light from the other versions.
Lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne's story[edit]
In this story (actually two interconnected stories), members of the Apache tribe are said to have a very rich gold mine located in the Superstition Mountains. Famed Apache Geronimo is sometimes mentioned in relation to this story. In most variants of the story, the family of a man called Miguel Peralta discovered the mine and began mining the gold there, only to be attacked or massacred by Apaches in about 1850 in the supposed Peralta massacre. Years later, a man called Dr. Thorne treats an ailing or wounded Apache (often alleged to be a chieftain) and is rewarded with a trip to a rich gold mine. He is blindfolded and taken there by a circuitous route, and is allowed to take as much gold ore as he can carry before again being escorted blindfolded from the site by the Apaches. Thorne is said to be either unwilling or unable to relocate the mine.
The truth about the Peralta Mine[edit]
Most likely because Pedro de Peralta had been the Spanish Governor of New Mexico (in the 1600s) his family name of “Peralta” was the inspiration for a number of legends in the American Southwest. James Reavis tried to assert that the Peralta family had a Spanish land grant and a barony granted by the King of Spain, which included a huge swath of Arizona and New Mexico, including the Superstition Mountains. The Peralta Massacre is a legend that Apaches supposedly ambushed a mining expedition the Peralta family sent into the mountains. Some carved stones in the area are referred to as “Peralta Stones” and Spanish text and crude maps on them are considered by some to be clues to the location of a Peralta family gold mine in the Superstition Mountains, although others believe the stones to be modern fakes. A lack of historical records leaves uncertainty as to whether a Peralta family ever had possession of land, or mines, in or near the Superstition Mountains.
Blair insisted that the Peralta portion of the story is unreliable, writing: "The operation of a gold mine in the Superstitions by a Peralta family is a contrivance of 20th century writers".[6] A man named Miguel Peralta and his family did operate a successful mine in the 1860s – but near Valencia, California, not in Arizona.[7] The mine was quite profitable, earning about $35,000 in less than one year; Blair described this as "an unusually good return" for such a small gold mine to earn in such a relatively brief period.[8] As of 1975, ruins of the Peralta mine were standing.[8]
However, the Peralta Mine eventually became unprofitable and after the money was gone Miguel Peralta turned to fraud. Dr. George M. Willing Jr. paid Peralta $20,000 for the mining rights for an enormous swath of land – about 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) in southern Arizona and New Mexico – based on a deed originally granted by the Spanish Empire in the 18th century.[9] Trouble came after Willing learned that the deed was entirely bogus. Despite his efforts, Willing was never able to recover the money he gave to Peralta. This land grant was the basis of the James Reavis Arizona land swindle (Reavis became Willing's partner and continued to try to prove the authenticity of the land grant for years after Willing's death).
Blair argued that this Peralta story (well known to Arizona residents) was eventually incorporated in the Lost Dutchman's story, in a severely distorted version, following the renewed interest in the Lost Dutchman's mine in the 1930s.
Since James Reavis, "the Baron of Arizona", was convicted of fraud when the Peralta family genealogy and other documents to support the land grant (and a barony associated with that land) were determined to be forgeries it also raises questions about the original purchase of the land grant by Dr. George M. Willing Jr. (the transaction had supposedly occurred at a primitive campsite to the southeast of Prescott without the benefit of the typical documentation; instead of a notarized deed, the conveyance was recorded on a piece of greasy camp paper bearing signature of several witnesses). Willing died in 1874 before there had been a thorough investigation of the documents or opportunity to cross examine him on the stand as was later done with Reavis.
The truth about Dr. Thorne[edit]
Another detail which casts doubt on the story is the fact that, according to Blair, there was never any Dr. Thorne in the employ of the Army or indeed of the Federal Government in the 1860s.[10] According to Blair, the origin of this story can be traced to a doctor named Thorne who was in private practice in New Mexico in the 1860s. Thorne claimed that he was taken captive by Navajos in 1854, and that during his captivity he had discovered a rich gold vein.[11] Thorne related his claims to three U.S. soldiers in about 1858.[11] The three soldiers set out to find the gold, but without success. Over the decades, this tale was gradually absorbed into the Lost Dutchman's story.
The Lost Dutchman's story[edit]
This tale involves two German men, Jacob Waltz (or Weitz, Weitzer, Walls, Welz, Walz, et cetera) and Jacob Weiser. However, Blair argued that there is a strong likelihood that there never was a second man named Weiser, but rather that a single person named Waltz (or a variant thereof) was, over the years, turned into two men as the legend of the Dutchman's mine evolved. Blair contended that this story can be divided into "hawk" and "dove" versions, depending on whether the German(s) are said to behave violently or peacefully.[12] In most versions of the tale, Waltz and/or Weiser located a rich gold mine in the Superstition Mountains (in many versions of the story, they rescue or help a member of the Peralta family and are rewarded by being told the location of the mine). Weiser is attacked and wounded (whether by marauding Apaches or by a greedy Waltz), but survives at least long enough to tell a man called Dr. Walker about the mine. Waltz is also said to make a deathbed confession to Julia Thomas, and draws or describes a crude map to the gold mine.
John D. Wilburn in his book Dutchman's Lost Ledge of Gold (1990), wrote that the Bulldog Gold Mine near Goldfield, Arizona, fits very well the description Jacob Waltz gave as the location of his 'lost mine'. Furthermore, Wilburn stated that geology indicates that there is no gold in the Superstition Mountains, which are igneous in origin. (However, in some versions,[13] the 'mine' is actually a cache put there by the Peraltas.)
Stories of the soldiers' lost gold vein[edit]
In yet another version of the tale, two (or more) U.S. Army soldiers are said to have discovered a vein of almost pure gold in or near the Superstition Mountains. The soldiers are alleged to have presented some of the gold, but to have been killed or to have vanished soon after.
This account is usually dated to about 1870. According to Blair, the story may have its roots in the efforts of three U.S. soldiers to locate gold in an area of New Mexico, based on an allegedly true story related to them by Dr. Thorne of New Mexico; see above.
The historical Jacob Waltz[edit]
A view of Superstition Mountains in Lost Dutchman State Park
Grave of Jacob Waltz, Pioneer and Military Cemetery, west of downtown Phoenix
Blair cited evidence of the historical Jacob Waltz and suggested that additional evidence supports the core elements of the story – that Waltz claimed to have discovered (or at least heard the story of) a rich gold vein or cache. But Blair suggested that this core story was distorted in subsequent retellings, comparing the many variants of the Lost Dutchman's story to the game of Chinese whispers, where the original account is distorted in multiple retellings of the tale.[14]
There was indeed a Jacob Waltz who emigrated to the U.S. from Germany. The earliest documentation of him in the U.S. is an 1848 affidavit in which Waltz declared himself to be "about 38 years old".[15] A man called Jacob Walz was born in September 1810 in Württemberg. Blair suggested that this Waltz could be the same Waltz who later came to be regarded as the legendary Dutchman, and that he Americanized the spelling of his family name.[16] Note that tombstone pictured shows birth year as 1808.
Waltz relocated to Arizona in the 1860s, and stayed in the territory for most of the rest of his life. He pursued mining and prospecting, but seems to have had little luck with either. An alternate view which better fits the lost mine legend is that he periodically appeared with large amounts of gold, The Sterling Legend by Estee Conatser reports that a Jacob Walzer sold $250,000 in gold to the U.S.Mint during the 1880s and had $1500 when he died in 1891. In 1870, Waltz had a homestead of about 160 acres (0.65 km2) near Phoenix where he operated a farm.[17]
There was a catastrophic flood in Phoenix in 1891, and Waltz's farm was one of many that was devastated. Afterwards, Waltz fell ill (he was rumored to have contracted pneumonia during the flooding). He died on October 25, 1891, after having been nursed by an acquaintance named Julia Thomas (she was usually described as a quadroon). Waltz was buried in Phoenix at what is now called the Pioneer and Military Memorial Park.
Blair had little doubt that Waltz related to Thomas the location of an alleged gold mine. As early as September 1, 1892, The Arizona Enterprise was reporting on the efforts of Thomas and several others to locate the lost mine whose location was told to her by Waltz.[18][19] After this was unsuccessful, Thomas and her partners were reported to be selling maps to the mine for $7 each.[20]
The death of Adolph Ruth[edit]
Were it not for the death of amateur explorer and treasure hunter Adolph Ruth, the story of the Lost Dutchman's mine would probably have been little more than a footnote in Arizona history as one of hundreds of "lost mines" rumored to be in the American West. Ruth disappeared while searching for the mine in the summer of 1931. His skull – with two holes in it identified as bullet holes – was recovered about six months after he vanished, and the story made national news, thus sparking widespread interest in the Lost Dutchman's mine.[21]
In a story that echoes some of the earlier tales, Ruth's son Erwin C. Ruth was said to have learned of the Peralta mine from a man called Pedro Gonzales (or Gonzalez). According to the story, in about 1912 Erwin C. Ruth gave some legal aid to Gonzales, saving him from almost certain imprisonment. In gratitude, Gonzales told Erwin about the Peralta mine in the Superstition Mountains, and gave him some antique maps of the site (Gonzales claimed to be descended from the Peralta family on his mother's side). Erwin passed the information to his father Adolph, who had a long-standing interest in lost mines and amateur exploration. The elder Ruth had fallen and badly broken several bones while seeking the lost Pegleg mine in California. He had metal pins in his leg, and used a cane to help him walk.
In June 1931, Ruth set out to locate the lost Peralta mine. After traveling to the region, Ruth stayed several days at the ranch of Tex Barkely to outfit his expedition. Barkely repeatedly urged Ruth to abandon his search for the mine, because the terrain of the Superstition Mountains was treacherous even for experienced outdoorsmen, let alone for the 66-year-old Ruth in the heat of the Arizona summer.
However, Ruth ignored Barkely's advice, and set out for a two-week stint in the mountains. Ruth did not return as scheduled, and no trace of him could be found after a brief search. In December, 1931, The Arizona Republic reported on the recent discovery of a human skull in the Superstition Mountains. To determine if the skull was Ruth's, it was examined by Dr. Aleš Hrdlička, a well-respected anthropologist who was given several photos of Ruth, along with Ruth's dental records. As Curt Gentry wrote, "Dr. Hrdlicka positively identified the skull as that of Adolph Ruth. He further stated, after examining the two holes [in the skull], that it appeared that a shotgun or high-powered rifle had been fired through the head at almost point-blank range, making the small hole when the bullet entered and the large hole when it exited".[22]
In January 1932, human remains were discovered about three-quarters of a mile (1.21 km) from where the skull had been found. Though the remains had been scattered by scavengers, they were undoubtedly Ruth's. Many of Ruth's personal effects were found at the scene, including a pistol (not missing any shells) and the metal pins used to mend his broken bones. But the map to the Peralta mine was said to be missing.
Tantalizingly, Ruth's checkbook was also recovered, and proved to contain a note written by Ruth wherein he claimed to have discovered the mine and gave detailed directions. Ruth ended his note with the phrase "Veni, vidi, vici."[23]
Authorities in Arizona did not convene a criminal inquest regarding Ruth's death. They argued that Ruth had probably succumbed to thirst or heart disease (though, as Gentry wrote, "[o]ne official went so far as to suggest that [Adolph Ruth] might have committed suicide ... While this theory did not ignore the two holes in the skull, it did fail to explain how Ruth had managed to remove and bury the empty shell, then reload his gun, after shooting himself through the head".[24] Blair noted that the conclusion of the Arizona authorities was rejected by many, including Ruth's family, and "those who held onto the more romantic murdered-for-the-map story".[25]
Blair wrote that "the national wire services picked up the story [of Ruth's death] and ran it for more than it was worth", possibly seeing the mysterious story as a welcome reprieve from the bleak news that was otherwise typical of the Great Depression.[26]
Other searches for the mine[edit]
Throughout the 20th century, various expeditions and individuals continued to search the Superstitions for the Lost Dutchman Mine. One of the most professional and serious-minded efforts was led by Oklahoma City private detective Glen Magill, who organized multiple expeditions in the late 60's and early 70's, and claimed on at least two occasions to have identified the location of the mine, later to concede he was either mistaken or the locations were "played out," or bereft of gold. Magill's adventures were chronicled in the popular book "The Killer Mountains," by Curt Gentry.[27]
Other deaths and disappearances[edit]
Since Ruth's death, there have been several other deaths or disappearances in the Superstition Mountains. Some searchers for the mine have disappeared in likely wilderness accidents.
In the mid-1940s, the headless remains of prospector James A. Cravey were reportedly discovered in the Superstition Mountains. He'd allegedly disappeared after setting out to find the Lost Dutchman's mine.[28]
In his 1945 book about the Lost Dutchman's mine, Thunder God's Gold, Barry Storm (pen name of John Griffith Climenson) claimed to have narrowly escaped from a mysterious sniper he dubbed "Mr. X". Storm further speculated that Adolph Ruth might have been a victim of the same sniper.[29]
In late 1961 George Conrad "Shorty" Mueller exalted to friends in the Phoenix area that he'd found the mine. He claimed he needed help removing the gold from the cache, and asked two friends to accompany him back into the area around Weaver's Needle. However, less than two weeks later on January 1, 1962, Shorty Mueller died of a heart attack.
In late November or early December 2009, Denver, Colorado resident Jesse Capen (35) went missing in the Tonto National Forest. His campsite and car were found abandoned shortly afterward. He was known to have been obsessed with finding the mine for several years and had made previous trips to the area.[30][31][32] Capen's body was found in November 2012 by a local search and rescue organization, wedged into a crevice.[33] The program Disappeared covered the case (mentioning others) in the episode "The Dutchman's Curse".
On July 11, 2010, Utah hikers Curtis Merworth (49), Ardean Charles (66), and Malcolm Meeks (41) went missing in the Superstition Mountains looking for the mine. Merworth had become lost in the same area in 2009, requiring a rescue.[34] On July 19, the Maricopa County Sheriff's Department called off the search for the lost men. They presumably died in the summer heat.[35] In January 2011, three sets of remains believed to be those of the lost men were recovered.[36]
Lost Dutchman State Park[edit]
Main article: Lost Dutchman State Park
In 1977, 292 acres (118 ha) abutting the Tonto National Forest were set aside as the Lost Dutchman State Park.[37] The park was expanded to 320 acres (130 ha) in 1983. It is easily accessible about 40 miles east of Phoenix via U.S. Highway 60, the Superstition Freeway. Hiking and camping are popular activities. There are several paths that go through the brush and cacti. The short "Discovery Trail" is a clear route with several placards giving the natural history of the area. Serious gold prospecting is not allowed.
In popular culture[edit]
Legend of the Superstition Mountains premiered on the History Channel on February 8, 2015. The first season of the entertainment program comprised six episodes.
The Haunted Treasure of the Espectros, a 1962 juvenile adventure novel by Gordon D. Shirreffs, is a pastiche of the Lost Dutchman legend.
French comic book authors, Jean-Michel Charlier and Jean Giraud had their western hero Lieutenant Blueberry explore for the Lost Dutchman's mine in the 1972 albums La mine de l'Allemand perdu and Le Spectre aux balles d'or (English title was Marshall Blueberry: The Lost Dutchman's Mine, Epic 1991).
Lost Dutchman's Mine is a text adventure game by the Programmer's Guild written in Applesoft BASIC. The source code appeared as a type-in program in BYTE in 1980 and 1981.[38][39]
Al Emmo and the Lost Dutchman's Mine is a 2006 adventure game based loosely around the myth of the Lost Dutchman's Gold; the protagonist, Al Emmo, sets out to locate the mine and recover its riches for Rita Peralto.
The mine features in the 1948 RKO Western Guns of Hate.
Lust for Gold is a 1949 western film about the mine based on Storm's book.[13]
A 13-episode serial of the Ruff and Reddy television cartoon series, originally broadcast in 1960, has the titular heroes searching for – and finding – the Lost Dutchman's gold mine, as well as the ghost of the Lost Dutchman.
"The Lost Dutchman" episode of the NBC Laramie television series aired on February 14, 1961.[40]
The Death's-Head Mine is a 2001 novel inspired by the Peralta legend.
Dutchman's Gold was a chart hit in 1960 for Walter Brennan.[41]
Comic book writer/illustrator Don Rosa has written a Scrooge McDuck comic about the mine, called The Dutchman's Secret.[42]
Lost Dutchman Mine, a 1989 video game for various platforms.
Elise Broach's novel Missing on Superstition Mountain (2011) uses the Lost Dutchman's Mine as a focal point of the plot.
The Lost Dutchman Mine ride was a popular attraction at Legend City amusement park (Tempe, AZ 1963–1983)[43]
The Lost Dutchman's Mine ride was a popular attraction at Frontier Village amusement park (San Jose, CA 1961–1980)
The Lost Dutchman's Mine ride was a popular attraction at Opryland U.S.A. amusement park (Nashville, TN 1972–1997)
The Lost Dutchman's Mine story was featured in an episode of Monsters and Mysteries in America entitled "Badlands".
The Lost Dutchman's Mine and Jacob Waltz are featured key aspects of the novel Vengeance Road by Erin Bowman.
The Lost Dutchman's Mine is the central key around which revolves the plot of the 2013 film Dark Mountain.
The plot of a Tex Willer (an Italian comic) story entitled La Miniera del Fantasma ("The Ghost's Mine") is based on the Lost Dutchman's Mine legend.
The Lost Dutchman's Goldmine is mentioned in the song "Diggin' For Gold" by Black Oak Arkansas. (Album: Ain't Life Grand. 1975. Atco).
The radio play "Superstitions" from the podcast "Twelve Chimes, It's Midnight" features treasure hunters searching the Superstition Mountains for the Lost Dutchman's Mine.[44]
See also[edit]
Beale ciphers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Blair, Robert (1975). Tales of the Superstitions: The Origins of the Lost Dutchman's Legend. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Historical Foundation. p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b c Granger, Byrd Howell (1977). A Motif Index For Lost Mines and Treasures Applied to Redaction of Arizona Legends, and to Lost Mine and Treasure Legends Exterior to Arizona. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-8165-0646-9.
Jump up ^ Tom Kollenborn (2009-03-08). "Robert K. Corbin's Legacy". Kollenborn Chronicles. Retrieved 2009-09-03. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Blair, 21
Jump up ^ Blair, 22
Jump up ^ Blair, 87
Jump up ^ Blair, 98
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, 108
Jump up ^ Blair, 110
Jump up ^ Blair, 132
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, 133
Jump up ^ Blair, 11
^ Jump up to: a b Lust for Gold on IMDb
Jump up ^ Blair, 75
Jump up ^ Blair, 25
Jump up ^ Blair, 29
Jump up ^ Blair, 59
Jump up ^ Blair, 73
Jump up ^ A contemporary account of Thomas trying to find the lost mine is in the St. Johns Herald., September 8, 1892, Image 2 Col 5 quoting the Phonix Gazette Library of Congress Chronicling America
Jump up ^ Blair, 74
Jump up ^ Gentry, Curt (1968). The Killer Mountains: A Search for the Legendary Lost Dutchman Mine. New York City: New American Library. ISBN 0-233-96169-0.
Jump up ^ Gentry, 101
Jump up ^ Gentry, 102
Jump up ^ Gentry, 102–103
Jump up ^ Blair, 97
Jump up ^ Blair, 96
Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1142170.The_Killer_Mountains
Jump up ^ Kollenborn, Tom. "One Man's Dream: Air Rescue" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-07. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Storm, Barry (1945). Thunder God's Gold. Tortilla Flat, Arizona: The Southwest Publishing Company.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Kirk (January 17, 2010). "Arizona desert searched for missing Denver man seeking gold mine". The Denver Post. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cizmar, Martin (April 22, 2010). "Fool's Gold". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Preheim, Cheryl (January 2010). "Mother of missing treasure hunter holds onto hope". 9News.com. KUSA TV. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Joshua Rhett Miller (2012-11-29). "Body of man who hunted legendary 'Lost Dutchman's' gold mine believed found in Arizona mountains". FOX News. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ "3 Utah men still missing on Arizona treasure hunt". Associated Press. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Alicia E. Barrón (19 July 2010). "3 Search for men looking for Lost Dutchman's gold suspended". Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 1 Aug 2010.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Nathan (January 17, 2011). "More remains found in Superstitions; may be hiker's". Arizona Republic. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ History of Lost Dutchman State Park Archived 2014-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 March 2015
Jump up ^ Liddill, Bob; Li, Teri (December 1980). "Lost Dutchman's Mine". BYTE. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Adventurous Bugs". BYTE. April 1984. p. 302. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Laramie: "The Lost Dutchman", February 14, 1961". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved October 5, 2012. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Dutchman's Gold at MTV.com[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Don Rosa". Donrosa.wikispaces.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
Jump up ^ "The Lost Dutchman Mine". JPB Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
Jump up ^ S2E1 Superstitions, retrieved 2017-10-25
External links[edit]
Paul, Lee. "The Dutchman's Lost Gold Mine". Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
"The Lost Dutchman's Mine – History and Bibliography". Apache Junction Library. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
"Lost Dutchman State Park". Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Donaldson, W. Scott (December 2002). Arizona Mining Scams and Unassayable Ore Projects of the Late 20th Century (PDF) (Report). Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
"Jacob "Lost Dutchman" Waltz". Find A Grave.com. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #347: The Lost Dutchman Gold Mine". Skeptoid. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Stewart, Doug. "Tales of the Lost Dutchman". Retrieved 28 February 2013.
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Palilalia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Palilalia (from the Greek πάλιν (pálin) meaning "again" and λαλιά (laliá) meaning "speech" or "to talk"),[1] a complex tic, is a language disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of syllables, words, or phrases. It has features resembling other complex tics such as echolalia or coprolalia, but, unlike other aphasias, palilalia is based upon contextually correct speech.[2]
It was originally described by Alexandre-Achille Souques in a patient with stroke that resulted in left-side hemiplegia,[3] although a condition described as auto-echolalia in 1899 by Édouard Brissaud may have been the same condition.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 Characteristics
3 Causes
4 References
Classification[edit]
Palilalia is considered an aphasia, a disorder of language, and is not to be confused with speech disorders, as there is no difficulty in the formation of internal speech.[1] Palilalia is similar to speech disorders such as stuttering or cluttering, as it tends to only express itself in spontaneous speech, such as answering basic questions, and not in automatic speech such as reading or singing; however, it distinctively affects words and phrases rather than syllables and sounds.[1]
Palilalia may occur in conditions affecting the pre-frontal cortex or basal ganglia regions, either from physical trauma, neurodegenerative disorders, genetic disorders, or a loss of dopamine in these brain regions.[4] Palilalia occurs most commonly in Tourette syndrome and may be present in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.[4][5]
Characteristics[edit]
Palilalia is defined as the repetition of the speaker's words or phrases, often for a varying number of repeats. Repeated units are generally whole sections of words and are larger than a syllable, with words being repeated the most often, followed by phrases, and then syllables or sounds.[2] [3] Palilalic repetitions are often spoken with decreasing volume and speed up over time.[6]
A 2007 case study by Van Borsel et al. examined the acoustic features in palilalia.[5] AB, a 60-year-old male was diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and had noticed changes in gait, posture, writing, and speech.[5] Observation of his perceptual speech characteristics and Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment results suggested AB suffered from hypokinetic dysarthria with a marked palilalia. It was determined to start speech therapy with passive (metronome) and active (pacing boards) pacing techniques to reduce the number of palilalic repetitions. Unfortunately AB was not able to enunciate despite extensive training.[5]
Analysis of AB's speech therapy showed that his repetitions lasted from 1 minute 33 seconds to 2 minutes 28 seconds, ranging from 1 to 32 repetitions on some words, and differed from trial to trial. Pauses were present between each repetition, ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 seconds. Van Borsel et al. concluded that AB's palilalic repetitions followed no pattern: the duration of each repetition train did not decrease over time, the number of repetitions per train did not increase, and the duration of each individual word did not decrease in duration. Such results indicated not all palilalic repetitions show an increasing rate with decreasing volume, and defied the two distinct subtypes of palilalia as suggested by Sterling.[7] Sterling's Type A, sometimes called palilalie spasmodique, is characterized by fast repetitions and decreasing volume, while Sterling's Type B, sometimes called palilalie atonique, is characterized by repetitions at a constant rate with interspersed periods of silence.[8] AB showed neither a systematic increase (Sterling's Type A) or a constant duration (Sterling's Type B) and instead fell between the two.
Palilalia has been theorized to occur in writing and sign language.[5][9] A case study by Tyrone and Moll examined a 79-year-old right-handed deaf man named PSP who showed anomalies in his signing.[9] PSP had learned British sign language (BSL) at the age of seven and had developed left-sided weakness and dysphagia at age 77. PSP showed involuntary movements and repetitions in his signing.[9] Tyrone and Moll reported his movements were palilalic in nature, as entire signs were repeated and the repetitional movements became smaller and smaller in amplitude.[9]
Causes[edit]
The exact cause of palilalia is unknown.
Palilalia also occurs in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, occurring most commonly in Tourette syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy.[5] Such degradation can occur in the substantia nigra where decreased dopamine production results in a loss of function.[4] It can also occur in a variety of genetic disorders including Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Asperger's syndrome, autism,[10] and logoclonia. In contrast to stuttering or logoclonia, palilalic repetitions tend to consist of complete sections of words or phrases,[5] are often repeated many times,[11] and the speaker has no difficulty initiating speech.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Critchley M (July 1927). "On palilalia". J Neurol Psychopathol. 8 (29): 23–32. doi:10.1136/jnnp.s1-8.29.23. PMC 1068500  . PMID 21611242.
^ Jump up to: a b Maassen B, Kent R, Peters H, et al. Speech motor control: In normal and disordered speech. Oxford University Press. pp. 342–345. ISBN 978-0-19-852627-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Mantie-Kozlowski A (2008). Repetitive verbal behaviors in free conversation with a person with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. ProQuest. pp. 5, 8. ISBN 978-0-549-62729-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Van Borsel J, Tetnowski JA (2007). "Fluency disorders in genetic syndromes". J Fluency Disord. 32 (4): 279–96. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.07.002. PMID 17963937.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Van Borsel J, Bontinck C, Coryn M, Paemeleire F, Vandemaele P (April 2007). "Acoustic features of palilalia: a case study". Brain Lang. 101 (1): 90–6. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.06.118. PMID 16890278.
Jump up ^ Benson DF, Ardila A (1996). Aphasia: a clinical perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-19-508934-9. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Sterling W (1924). "Palilalie et le symptome 'linguosalivaire' dans le Parkinsonisme encéphalitique". Revue Neurologique (in French). 32: 205–20.
Jump up ^ Benke T, Butterworth B (July 2001). "Palilalia and repetitive speech: two case studies". Brain Lang. 78 (1): 62–81. doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2445. PMID 11412016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tyrone ME, Woll B (January 2008). "Palilalia in sign language". Neurology. 70 (2): 155–6. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000279378.09844.89. PMID 18180445.
Jump up ^ Lundgren K, Helm-Estabrooks N, Klein R (September 2010). "Stuttering Following Acquired Brain Damage: A Review of the Literature". J Neurolinguistics. 23 (5): 447–454. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.08.008. PMC 2901556  . PMID 20628582.
Jump up ^ Blanken G, Dittman J, Grimm H, Marshall J, Wallesh C.-W. (Eds.), "Repetitive phenomena in aphasia" in Linguistic disorders and pathologies. An international handbook, Waltger de Gruyter, Berlin/New York (1993), pp. 225–238
[hide]
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//doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.s1-8.29.23

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value: ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders

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