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Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
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"Prince of Thieves" redirects here. For other uses, see Prince of Thieves (disambiguation).
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Kevin Reynolds
Produced by
Pen Densham
Richard Barton Lewis
John Watson
Screenplay by
Pen Densham
John Watson
Story by
Pen Densham
Starring
Kevin Costner
Morgan Freeman
Christian Slater
Alan Rickman
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio
Music by
Michael Kamen
Cinematography
Douglas Milsome
Edited by
Peter Boyle
Production
company
Morgan Creek[1]
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
June 14, 1991 (1991-06-14) (United States)
Running time
143 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$48 million[3]
Box office
$390.5 million[4]
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film, based on the English folk tale of Robin Hood which originated in the 15th century. The film was directed by Kevin Reynolds. The film's principal cast includes Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlet, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, and Alan Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham.
The film grossed over $390 million worldwide, ranking as the second-highest-grossing film of 1991. For his role as George, Sheriff of Nottingham, Rickman received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The film's theme song, "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You", by Bryan Adams, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song and won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Reception
5.2 Box office
6 Adaptations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Robin of Locksley — an English nobleman who joined Richard the Lionheart, King of England in the Third Crusade — is imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade, Peter Dubois. Facing the amputation of Peter's hand by the Ayyubid prison guards, Robin escapes with Peter, saving the life of a Moor named Azeem in the process. Robin, Peter, and Azeem escape through a sewer and into an alley, but Peter is shot and mortally wounded by an archer. Before making his last stand against the approaching guards, Peter has Robin swear to protect his sister, Marian. Robin returns to England with Azeem, who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem's life-debt to Robin is repaid.
In England, with King Richard away in France, the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land, aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne, the witch Mortianna, and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford. At Locksley Castle, Robin's father, who is loyal to King Richard, is killed by the Sheriff's men after refusing to join them.
Robin returns to England to find his father dead, his home in ruins, and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people. After telling Marian of Peter's demise, and while fleeing the Sheriff's forces afterwards, Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest, led by Little John. Among the band is Will Scarlet, who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin. Robin assumes command of the group, training them to defend themselves and fight against Nottingham. They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest, then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor. One of their early targets is Friar Tuck, who subsequently joins these Merry Men. Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster. Robin's successes infuriate the Sheriff, who increases the mistreatment of the people, resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood.
The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys, and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout. The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws' hideout and launches an attack, destroying the refuge and capturing most of the outlaws. With the Bishop's help, the Sherrif has Marian confined when she tries to summon help from France. To consolidate his claim to the throne, the Sheriff proposes to Marian (who is Richard's cousin), claiming that if she accepts, he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws. Nevertheless, several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration. Among the captured is Will Scarlet, who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom.
Will meets up with Robin and a handful of his aides who survived the Celt's assault. Will informs Robin of the Sheriff's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin's men. Will continues to display anger against Robin, which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much. Will then reveals himself to be Robin's younger illegitimate half-brother; Will's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin's father took comfort after Robin's mother died. Robin's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless. Despite his anger, Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother, and reconciles with Will.
On the day of the wedding and hangings, Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle, freeing the prisoners. Although Robin's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat, Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff, inciting the peasants to revolt. After a fierce fight, Robin kills the Sheriff, but is attacked by Mortianna with a spear. Azeem slays Mortianna, fulfilling his life-debt to Robin. Tuck kills the Bishop by burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window.
Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and are married in the forest. Their wedding is briefly interrupted by King Richard, who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Costner as Robin Hood (Robin of Locksley)[6]
Morgan Freeman as Azeem
Christian Slater as Will Scarlet
Alan Rickman as George, Sheriff of Nottingham[7]
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian Dubois
Geraldine McEwan as Mortianna
Mike McShane as Friar Tuck
Brian Blessed as Lord Locksley
Michael Wincott as Guy of Gisborne
Nick Brimble as Little John
Harold Innocent as the Bishop of Hereford
Walter Sparrow as Duncan
Daniel Newman as Wulf
Sean Connery (uncredited) as King Richard
Jack Wild as Much the miller's son
Daniel Peacock as Bull
Production[edit]
Sycamore Gap at Hadrian's Wall, today known as the "Robin Hood Tree"[8]
Rickman turned down the role of the sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character.
On the DVD commentary for ITV's Robin of Sherwood television series, which ran from 1983 to 1986, writer and creator Richard Carpenter explains that the stunt coordinator from the Robin of Sherwood series, Terry Walsh, was hired to do stunt work for Prince of Thieves. While on set, Walsh noticed a Saracen assassin character named Nasir was in the film. That character was a creation of Carpenter and is exclusive to the Robin of Sherwood series. Once the creators of Prince of Thieves realized a potential for copyright infringement, they changed the character's name from Nasir to Azeem. Carpenter also explains that Costner and others involved in Prince of Thieves have admitted to watching Robin of Sherwood as inspiration for their film.[citation needed]
Filming[edit]
Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom. A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude, France, for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle. Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire – restored in an early shot using a matte painting. Marian's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland. Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England: Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws' encampment, Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John, and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing.[9] Sycamore Gap on Hadrian's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff's men.[10] Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters, Sussex were used as the locale for Robin's return to England from the Crusades.[11]
Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey.[9]
Soundtrack[edit]
The original music score was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen. An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek,[12] and has been used by Walt Disney Home Video in intros for trailers on DVD/Blu-ray.[13]
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (Original Soundtrack)
Film score by Michael Kamen
Released
July 2, 1991
Length
60:22
Label
Morgan Creek Productions
"Overture/A Prisoner of the Crusades" (8:27)
"Sir Guy of Gisborne/The Escape to Sherwood" (7:27)
"Little John/The Band in the Forest" (4:52)
"The Sheriff and His Witch" (6:03)
"Maid Marian" (2:57)
"Training/Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves" (5:15)
"Marian at the Waterfall" (5:34)
"The Abduction/The Final Battle at the Gallows" (9:53)
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams (6:33)
"Wild Times" – Jeff Lynne (3:12)
Release[edit]
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification and required 14 seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating.[2]
Reception[edit]
Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman's performance as well as Rickman's, but ultimately decried the film as a whole, giving it two stars and stating, "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a murky, unfocused, violent, and depressing version of the classic story... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time."[14] The New York Times gave the film a negative review, with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is "a mess, a big, long, joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights, feminism, religious freedom, and economic opportunity for all."[15] The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory, as well.[16] Costner was criticised for not attempting an English accent.[17]
Lanre Bakare, writing in The Guardian, calls Rickman's Sheriff, for which he won a BAFTA, a "genuinely great performance".[18] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 53 critics to give the film a score of 49%.[19]
Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood, while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters, but lost to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble.[20]
In 2005, the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores.[21]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second. The film eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office, making it the second-highest grossing film of 1991, immediately behind Terminator 2: Judgment Day. It enjoyed the second-best opening for a nonsequel, at the time.[22][23][24][25]
Adaptations[edit]
A tie-in video game of the same name was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy. Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc., it was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine.[26]
A toy line was released by Kenner, consisting of action figures and playsets. Notably, all but one of the figures were slightly modified from Kenner's well known Super Powers line, while Friar Tuck, as well as the vehicles and playset, were modified from Star Wars: Return of the Jedi toys.[27]
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
1990s portal
Princess of Thieves – 2001 television movie
Robin Hood – English folk tale
Robin Hood: Men in Tights – 1993 parody film
Robin Hood – 1991 British film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. (1990-07-24). "Costner May Put Morgan Creek Ahead of Robin Hood Pack". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "ROBIN HOOD - PRINCE OF THIEVES (PG) (CUT)". British Board of Film Classification. July 4, 1991. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Billington, Michael (March 18, 1991). "Robin Hood Freshens Up A Film Legend". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)". Box Office Mojo. 1991-10-17. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
Jump up ^ "1992 Grammy Awards". metrolyrics.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dowd, Maureen (1991-06-09). "FILM; Hollywood's Superhunk Heads for Nottingham". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ Leydon, Joe (1991-06-09). "Robin Hood' and the uncertain science of hype". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ Sycamore Gap, a section of the wall between two crests just east of Milecastle 39, is locally known as the "Robin Hood Tree" for its use in the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991).
^ Jump up to: a b Pearce, Garth; Green, Simon (1991). Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. Bdd Promotional Book Co. pp. 22–34. ISBN 9780792456339.
Jump up ^ Else, David & Sandra Bardwell, Belinda Dixon, Peter Dragicevich (2007). Lonely Planet: Walking in Britain. Lonely Planet. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-7410-4202-3.
Jump up ^ Pirani, Adam (May 1991). "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves". Starlog. p. 40.
Jump up ^ David Victor (August 30, 2012). "Studio Logo Music". Retrieved November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Film Score Monthly". July 10, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (1991-06-14). "A Polite Robin Hood In a Legend Recast". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth (1991-06-14). "'Robin': Medieval Dash, New Age Muddle". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. (1991-06-23). "A look inside Hollywood and the movies". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ Bakare, Lanre. "My guilty pleasure – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves", The Guardian, March 26, 2014
Jump up ^ "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John (2005). The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69334-0.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Robin Hood prince of summer flicks with $18.3 million weekend". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ Fox, David J. (1991-06-25). "Robin Hood Still Riding Ahead of Box Office Pack". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ Fox, David J. (1991-06-18). "'Robin' Hits Impressive Box Office Bull's-Eye". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Can 'Robin Hood' Keep Up Its Box-office Momentum?". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ Tilden, Gail, ed. (July 1991). Nintendo Power. Vol 26. ISSN 1041-9551.
Jump up ^ Salvatore, Ron. "The recycling of the Force - Starwars". The Star Wars Collectors Archive. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves on IMDb
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves at the TCM Movie Database
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves at Box Office Mojo
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves at Rotten Tomatoes
"The Battle of Sherwood Forest", a 1991 Entertainment Weekly cover story about the film's tumultuous production.
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Transcript
[show]
v
t
e
Robin Hood
Characters
Robin Hood
Maid Marian
Merry Men
Much the Miller's Son
Little John
Friar Tuck
Alan-a-Dale
Will Scarlet
Will Stutely
Gilbert Whitehand
Arthur a Bland
David of Doncaster
The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
Sheriff of Nottingham
Guy of Gisbourne
Prince John
Bishop of Hereford
Richard at the Lee
King Richard
Settings
Sherwood Forest
Nottingham
Loxley
Barnsdale
Wentbridge
Screen
Film
Robin Hood (1912)
Robin Hood (1922)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
The Bandit of Sherwood Forest (1946)
The Prince of Thieves (1948)
The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952)
The Men of Sherwood Forest (1954)
Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960)
A Challenge for Robin Hood (1967)
The Scalawag Bunch (1971)
Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood (1973)
The Arrows of Robin Hood (1975)
Robin and Marian (1976)
Aaj Ka Robin Hood (1988)
O Mistério de Robin Hood (1990)
Robin Hood (1991)
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)
Robin Hood (2010)
Robin Hood (2018)
TV
Robin Hood (1953)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955)
The Legend of Robin Hood (1968)
The Legend of Robin Hood (1975)
Robin of Sherwood (1984)
The New Adventures of Robin Hood (1997)
Robin Hood (2006)
Animated
Robin Hood Makes Good (1939)
Rabbit Hood (1949)
Robin Hood Daffy (1958)
Robin Hoodwinked (1958)
Robin Hood (1973)
Robin Hood (1990)
Young Robin Hood (1991)
Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (2012)
Parody
When Things Were Rotten (1975)
The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood (1984)
Maid Marian and Her Merry Men (1989)
Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993)
Alternate
settings
Mexicali Rose (1939 film)
Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964 film)
Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 Tamil film)
Nyayam Meere Cheppali (1985 Telugu film)
Catch Me Now (2008 Chinese TV series)
Alyas Robin Hood (2016 Philippines TV Series)
Popular culture
Robin Hood (Once Upon a Time character)
Robin Hood (DC Comics character)
Child ballads
8: Erlinton
102: Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter
103: Rose the Red and White Lily
115: Robyn and Gandeleyn
117: A Gest of Robyn Hode
118: Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne
119: Robin Hood and the Monk
120: Robin Hood's Death
121: Robin Hood and the Potter
123: Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar
124: The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
126: Robin Hood and the Tanner
127: Robin Hood and the Tinker
128: Robin Hood Newly Revived
129: Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon
130: Robin Hood and the Scotchman
131: Robin Hood and the Ranger
132: The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood
136: Robin Hood's Delight
138: Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale
139: Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham
140: Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires
141: Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly
142: Little John a Begging
143: Robin Hood and the Bishop
144: Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
145: Robin Hood and Queen Katherine
146: Robin Hood's Chase
147: Robin Hood's Golden Prize
148: The Noble Fisherman
149: The Noble Fisherman
151: The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood
152: Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow
153: Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight
154: A True Tale of Robin Hood
Stage / Theatre
The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598 and 1601 plays)
The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest (1871 operetta)
Robin Hood (1890 opera)
The Foresters (1892 play)
Twang!! (1965 musical parody)
Robin Hood (1934 opera)
Robin Hood (1998 ballet)
Robin des Bois (2013 musical)
Video games
Robin of the Wood (1985)
The Curse of Sherwood (1987)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1991)
Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood (1991)
Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood (2002)
Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown (2003)
Volume (2015)
Literature
Ivanhoe (1819)
Maid Marian (1822)
The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883)
Bows against the Barons (1934)
The Once and Future King (1958)
The Outlaws of Sherwood (1988)
Through a Dark Mist (1991)
Lady of the Forest (1992)
In the Shadow of Midnight (1994)
The Last Arrow (1997)
Lady of Sherwood (1999)
Ronin Hood of the 47 Samurai (2005)
King Raven Trilogy (2006)
Music
Legend (1984 soundtrack)
Robin Hood (2006 soundtrack)
Robin Hood – czwarta strzała (1997)
"Love" (song)
"Not in Nottingham" (song)
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" (song)
The Tale of Gamelyn
Alan Dale
Outlaw (2009)
Holy Warrior (2010)
King's Man (2011)
Warlord (2012)
Grail Knight (2013)
The Iron Castle (2014)
The King's Assassin (2015)
The Death of Robin Hood (2016)
Related
Miss Robin Hood
Son of the Guardsman
The Son of Robin Hood
The Bandit of Sherwood Forest
Princess of Thieves
Robin Hood Morality Test
"Robot of Sherwood"
"Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men"
Once Upon a Time
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Kevin Reynolds
Fandango (1985)
The Beast (1988)
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)
Rapa-Nui (1994)
Waterworld (1995)
One Eight Seven (1997)
The Count of Monte Cristo (2002)
Tristan & Isolde (2006)
Hatfields & McCoys (2012)
Risen (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves&oldid=830862296"
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West Area Computers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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West Area Computing Unit
Nationality
American
Other names
West Area Computers
Occupation
NASA Mathematicians
Years active
1943–1958
The West Area Computing Unit (West Area Computers) was an all-African American all-female group of mathematicians who worked as human computers at the Langley Research Center of NACA (predecessor of NASA) from 1943 through 1958. The group, a subset of the hundreds of female mathematicians who began careers in aeronautical research during World War II, was originally subject to Virginia's Jim Crow laws, requiring them to use segregated bathrooms and cafeterias.[1]
The Langley Research Center of NACA began recruiting African-American women with college degrees, to work as computers, during the 1940s. The West Area Computers's responsibilities included processing data, as well as joining other teams at NACA on a temporary basis as needed.[1]
According to an unpublished study by Beverly E. Golemba of Langley's early computers, a number of other women did not know about the West Computers.[2] That said, both the black and white women Golemba interviewed recalled that when computers from both groups were assigned to a project together, “everyone worked well together.”[3][1][4]
Originally supervised by white women, in 1949 Dorothy Vaughan was put in charge, becoming NASA's first African-American manager. Vaughan was a mathematician who worked at Langley from 1943 through her retirement in 1971.[5]
In 1958, when the NACA made the transition to NASA, segregated facilities, including the West Computing office, were abolished.[5]
Notable members[edit]
Mathematician Katherine Johnson, who in 2015 was named a Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient, joined the West Area Computing group in 1953. She was subsequently reassigned to Langley's Flight Research Division, where she performed notable work including providing the trajectory analysis for astronaut John Glenn's MA-6 Project Mercury orbital spaceflight.[6] Mary Jackson also worked in the West Area Computing Unit,[7] and the work of all three women (Vaughan, Johnson, and Jackson) is featured in the 2016 film Hidden Figures.
See also[edit]
Melba Roy Mouton
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c McLennan, Sarah (2011). "Human Computers". NASA Cultural Resources. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Beverly E. Golemba Papers, MS 307, Archives of Women in Science and Engineering, Special Collections Department". Iowa State University Library. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Panel Discussion with Women Computers" NASA Langley videotape". December 13, 1990.
Jump up ^ Beverly Golemba, Human Computers: The Women in Aeronautical Research, unpublished manuscript 1994, NASA Langley Archives
^ Jump up to: a b Loff, Sarah (22 November 2016). "Dorothy Vaughan Biography". NASA. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "West Area Computers - Trailblazers in American Space History" (PDF). Center for the History of Physics at AIP. Summer 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Shetterly, Margot Lee (2016-09-06). Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race. William Morrow. ISBN 9780062363596.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Area_Computers&oldid=826619533"
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