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Hedera helix
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Hedera helix
Adult leaves and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Genus: Hedera
Species: H. helix
Binomial name
Hedera helix
L.
Hedera helix, the common ivy, English ivy, European ivy, or just ivy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, native to most of Europe and western Asia. A rampant, clinging evergreen vine, it is a familiar sight in gardens, waste spaces, on house walls, tree trunks and in wild areas across its native habitat.
It is labeled as an invasive species in a number of areas where it has been introduced, particularly Washington (state), where it is labeled as a noxious weed, many parts of the eastern United States, and Oregon, where its sale or cultivation are banned.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Synonyms
3 Description
4 Range
5 Cultivation and uses
5.1 Ethnomedical uses
6 Invasive species
6.1 Australia
6.2 New Zealand
6.3 United States
7 Control and eradication
8 Damage to trees
9 Use as building facade green
10 Mechanism of Attachment
11 References
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
Hedera is the generic term for ivy. The specific epithet helix derives from Ancient Greek "twist, turn" (see: Helix).[1]
Synonyms[edit]
Synonyms include Hedera acuta, Hedera arborea ("tree ivy"),[2] Hedera baccifera, Hedera grandifolia,[3] bindwood, and lovestone.
Description[edit]
Ivy growing on a granite crag, Czech Republic.
Stems showing the rootlets used to cling to walls and tree trunks.
Hedera helix is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 20–30 m (66–98 ft) high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, walls) are available, and also growing as groundcover where no vertical surfaces occur. It climbs by means of aerial rootlets with matted pads which cling strongly to the substrate. The ability to climb on surfaces varies with the plants variety and other factors: Hedera helix prefers non-reflective, darker and rough surfaces with near-neutral pH. It generally thrives in a wide range of soil pH with 6.5 being ideal, prefers moist, shady locations and avoids exposure to direct sunlight, the latter promoting drying out in winter.[4]
The leaves are alternate, 50–100 mm (2–4 in) long, with a 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) petiole; they are of two types, with palmately five-lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces.
The flowers are produced from late summer until late autumn, individually small, in 3-to-5 cm-diameter (1.2-to-2.0 in) umbels, greenish-yellow, and very rich in nectar, an important late autumn food source for bees and other insects.
The fruit are purple-black to orange-yellow berries 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) in diameter, ripening in late winter,[5] and are an important food for many birds, though somewhat poisonous to humans.
One to five seeds are in each berry, which are dispersed after being eaten by birds.[6][7][8]
The three subspecies are:[6][9]
H. h. helix
central, northern and western Europe, plants without rhizomes, purple-black ripe fruit
H. h. poetarum Nyman (syn. Hedera chrysocarpa Walsh)
southeast Europe and southwest Asia (Italy, Balkans, Turkey), plants without rhizomes, orange-yellow ripe fruit
H. h. rhizomatifera McAllister
southeast Spain, plants rhizomatous, purple-black ripe fruit
The closely related species Hedera canariensis and Hedera hibernica are also often treated as subspecies of H. helix,[8][10] though they differ in chromosome number so do not hybridise readily.[7] H. helix can be best distinguished by the shape and colour of its leaf trichomes, usually smaller and slightly more deeply lobed leaves and somewhat less vigorous growth, though identification is often not easy.[8][11]
Range[edit]
Common ivy clinging on a London plane tree in Agde.
It ranges from Ireland northeast to southern Scandinavia, south to Portugal, and east to Ukraine and Iran and northern Turkey.
The northern and eastern limits are at about the −2 °C (28 °F) winter isotherm, while to the west and southwest, it is replaced by other species of ivy.[6][7][8][9][10][12] Hedera helix itself is much more winter-hardy and survives temperatures of −23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) (USDA Zone 6a) and above.[13]
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Ivy-covered entrance to Malbork Castle.
The ivy is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Within its native range, the species is greatly valued for attracting wildlife. The flowers are visited by over 70 species of nectar-feeding insects, and the berries eaten by at least 16 species of birds. The foliage provides dense evergreen shelter, and is also browsed by deer.[6][14]
In Europe, it is frequently planted to cover walls[15] and the government recommends growing it on buildings for its ability to cool the interior in summer, while providing insulation in winter, as well as protecting the covered building from soil moisture, temperature fluctuations and direct exposure to heavy weather.[16] Further uses include weed suppression in plantings, beautifying unsightly facades and providing additional green by growing on tree trunks.
However, ivy can be problematic. It is a fast-growing, self-clinging climber that is capable of causing damage to brickwork, guttering, etc., and hiding potentially serious structural faults, as well as harbouring unwelcome pests. Careful planning and placement are essential.[17]
Over 30 cultivars have been selected for such traits as yellow, white, variegated (e.g. 'Glacier'), and/or deeply lobed leaves (e.g. 'Sagittifolia'), purple stems, and slow, dwarfed growth.[18]
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[19]
'Angularis Aurea'[20]
’Buttercup’[21]
'Caecilia'[22]
’Ceridwen’[23]
'Congesta'[24]
'Duckfoot'[25]
'Glacier'[26]
'Goldchild'[27]
’Golden Ingot’[28]
'Manda's Crested'[29]
'Midas Touch'[30]
'Parsley Crested'[31]
’Shamrock’[32]
'Spetchley'[33]
Ethnomedical uses[edit]
Ivy extracts are part of current cough medicines.[34] In the past, the leaves and berries were taken orally as an expectorant to treat cough and bronchitis.[35] In 1597, the British herbalist John Gerard recommended water infused with ivy leaves as a wash for sore or watering eyes.[36] The leaves can cause severe contact dermatitis in some people.[37][38] People who have this allergy (strictly a type IV hypersensitivity) are also likely to react to carrots and other members of the Apiaceae as they contain the same allergen, falcarinol.
Invasive species[edit]
Like other exotic species, ivy has predominantly been spread to areas by human action. H. helix is labeled as an invasive species in many parts of the United States, and its sale or import is banned in the state of Oregon.[39]
Having disappeared during the glaciation, Ivy is believed to have been spread back across the continent by birds once the continent warmed up again.[40] With a great capacity for adaptation, Ivy will grow wherever development conditions and habitat similar to that of its European origins exist, occurring as opportunistic species across a wide distribution with close vicariant relatives and few species, indicating recent speciation.
Australia[edit]
Hedera in Hyde Park, Sydney used decoratively as underplanting
It is considered a noxious weed across southern, particularly south-eastern, Australia and local councils provide free information and limited services for removal. In some councils it is illegal to sell the plant. It is a weed in the Australian state of Victoria.[41]
New Zealand[edit]
H. helix has been listed as an "environmental weed" by the Department of Conservation since 1990.[42]
United States[edit]
In the United States, H. helix is considered weedy or invasive in a number of regions and is on the official noxious weed lists in Oregon and Washington.[43] Like other invasive vines such as kudzu, H. helix can grow to choke out other plants and create "ivy deserts". State- and county-sponsored efforts are encouraging the destruction of ivy in forests of the Pacific Northwest and the Southern United States.[44][45] Its sale or import is banned in Oregon.[46] Ivy can easily escape from cultivated gardens and invade nearby parks, forests and other natural areas.
Control and eradication[edit]
Ivy should not be planted or encouraged in areas where it is invasive. Where it is established, it is very difficult to control or eradicate. In the absence of active and ongoing measures to control its growth, it tends to crowd out all other plants, including shrubs and trees.
Damage to trees[edit]
Ivy can climb into the canopy of young or small trees in such density that the trees fall over from the weight,[45] a problem which does not normally occur in its native range.[6] In its mature form, dense ivy can destroy habitat for native wildlife and creates large sections of solid ivy where no other plants can develop.[45]
Use as building facade green[edit]
As with any self-climbing facade green, some care is required to make best use of the positive effects: Ivy covering the walls of an old building is a familiar and often attractive sight. It has insulating as well as weather protection benefits, dries the soil and prevents wet walls, but can be problematic if not managed correctly.
Ivy, and especially European ivy (H. helix) grows vigorously and clings by means of fibrous roots, which develop along the entire length of the stems. These are difficult to remove, leaving an unsightly "footprint" on walls, and possibly resulting in expensive resurfacing work. Additionally, ivy can quickly invade gutters and roofspaces, lifting tiles and causing blockages. It also harbors mice and other unwelcome creatures. The plants have to be cut off at the base, and the stumps dug out or killed to prevent regrowth.[47]
Therefore, if a green facade is desired, this decision has to be made consciously, since later removal would be tedious.
Mechanism of Attachment[edit]
Hedera helix is able to climb relatively smooth vertical surfaces, creating a strong, long lasting adhesion with a force of around 300 nN.[48] This is accomplished through a complex method of attachment starting as adventitious roots growing along the stem make contact with the surface and extend root hairs that range from 20-400 μm in length. These tiny hairs grow into any small crevices available, secrete glue-like nanoparticles, and lignify. As they dry out, the hairs shrink and curl, effectively pulling the root closer to the surface.[49] The glue-like substance is a nano composite adhesive that consists of uniform spherical nanoparticles 50-80 nm in diameter in a liquid polymer matrix. Chemical analyses of the nanoparticles detected only trace amounts of metals, once thought be responsible for their high strength, indicating that they are largely organic. Recent work has shown that the nanoparticles are likely composed in large part of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which exist in other plant adhesives as well.[50][51] The matrix portion of the composite is made of pectic polysaccharides. Calcium ions present in the matrix induce interactions between carboxyl groups of these components, causing a cross linking that hardens the adhesive.[50]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-84533-731-5.
Jump up ^ Bean, W. J. (1978) Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles Volume 2.
Jump up ^ International Plant Names Index
Jump up ^ "Plants & Flowers—Hedera helix Jubilee". Retrieved 2015-08-20.
Jump up ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1-4053-3296-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Metcalfe, D. J. (2005). "Biological Flora of the British Isles no. 268 Hedera helix L" (PDF). Journal of Ecology. 93: 632–648. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01021.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c McAllister, H (1982). "New work on ivies". Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook. 1981: 106–109.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Flora of NW Europe[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Ackerfield, J. & Wen, J. (2002). A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications. Archived 2011-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. Adansonia sér. 3, 24 (2): 197-212.
^ Jump up to: a b Flora Europaea: Hedera helix
Jump up ^ The Holly and the Ivy. Shropshire Botanical Society Newsletter Autumn 2000: page 14
Jump up ^ Stace, C. A. & Thompson, H. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-58935-5
Jump up ^ "Beliebte immergrüne winterharte Kletterpflanzen" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-20.
Jump up ^ Plant for Wildlife: Common Ivy (Hedera helix) Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Efeu Hedera - ein Alleskönner" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Bauwerksbegrünung - Hinweise zum Energiesparen" (PDF) (in German). Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie. September 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Ivy on buildings". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Jump up ^ NCCPG Plant Heritage: The common ivy[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 45. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Angularis aurea'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hedera helix 'Buttercup'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Caecilia'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hedera helix 'Ceridwen'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Congesta'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Duckfoot'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Glacier'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Goldchild'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hedera helix 'Golden Ingot'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Manda's Crested'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Midas Touch'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Parsley Crested'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hedera helix 'Shamrock'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Spetchley'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "BRONCHOSTAD© Hustenlöser-Tropfen - STADA" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-20. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Bown. D. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. ISBN 0-7513-0203-1
Jump up ^ Gerard, John; Woodward, Marcus (ed.) (1985). Gerard's Herbal: The History of Plants. New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-46470-5 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Jøhnke, H; Bjarnason, B (1994). "Contact dermatitis allergy to common ivy (Hedera helix L.)". Ugeskr. Laeger. 156 (25): 3778–3779. PMID 8059459.
Jump up ^ Boyle, J.; Harman, R. M. H. (2006). "Contact dermatitis to Hedera helix (Common Ivy)". Contact Dermatitis. 12 (2): 111–112. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01067.x.
Jump up ^ Oregon bans sale of English ivy, butterfly bushes
Jump up ^ University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. "English ivy, Hedera helix (Apiales: Araliaceae)". invasive.org.
Jump up ^ "English Ivy (Hedera helix)". The State of Victoria. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Howell, Clayson (May 2008). Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand (PDF). DRDS292. Wellington: Department of Conservation. ISBN 978-0-478-14413-0. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ USDA Plants Profile: Hedera helix
Jump up ^ "Ivy chasers in a league of their own". Pamplin Media Group.
^ Jump up to: a b c Controlling English Ivy Arlington County, Virginia Department of Parks, Recreation and Community Resources.
Jump up ^ Controlling English Ivy Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine.. Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides.
Jump up ^ "Ivy on buildings". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Xia, Lijin; Lenaghan, Scott C.; Zhang, Mingjun; Wu, Yu; Zhao, Xiaopeng; Burris, Jason N.; Stewart, C. Neal (2011-03-01). "Characterization of English ivy (Hedera helix) adhesion force and imaging using atomic force microscopy". Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 13 (3): 1029–1037. doi:10.1007/s11051-010-0091-3. ISSN 1388-0764.
Jump up ^ Melzer, Bjorn (September 2010). "The attachment strategy of English Ivy: a complex mechanism acting on several hierarchical levels". The Journal of The Royal Society.
^ Jump up to: a b Huang, Yujian (April 2016). "Nanospherical arabinogalactan proteins are a key component of the high-strength adhesive secreted by English ivy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. doi:10.1073/pnas.1600406113.
Jump up ^ Lenaghan, Scott (October 2013). "Isolation and chemical analysis of nanoparticles from English ivy". The Journal of the Royal Society.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hedera helix.
Hedera helix at Weedbusters (New Zealand)
The Know Ivy League at the City of Portland, Park & Recreation Bureau website
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q26354
APDB: 5420
BioLib: 40210
Calflora: 4023
EoL: 1143004
EPPO: HEEHE
FloraBase: 18297
GBIF: 3036074
GRIN: 300252
iNaturalist: 55882
IPNI: 90723-1
ITIS: 29393
NCBI: 4052
NZOR: 73c3d861-8693-42e7-9c16-03aa22586dd5
PalDat: Hedera_helix
PfaF: helix Hedera helix
Plant List: kew-96659
PLANTS: HEHE
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:90723-1
Tropicos: 2200015
VASCAN: 2688
WCSP: 96659
WoRMS: 594778
Authority control
GND: 4151061-6
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text:
List of dates for Easter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dates for Easter in the past and coming 20 years
(1998–2038 in Gregorian dates)
Year
Western
Eastern
1998
April 12 April 19
1999
April 4 April 11
2000
April 23 April 30
2001
April 15
2002
March 31 May 5
2003
April 20 April 27
2004
April 11
2005
March 27 May 1
2006
April 16 April 23
2007
April 8
2008
March 23 April 27
2009
April 12 April 19
2010
April 4
2011
April 24
2012
April 8 April 15
2013
March 31 May 5
2014
April 20
2015
April 5 April 12
2016
March 27 May 1
2017
April 16
2018
April 1 April 8
2019
April 21 April 28
2020
April 12 April 19
2021
April 4 May 2
2022
April 17 April 24
2023
April 9 April 16
2024
March 31 May 5
2025
April 20
2026
April 5 April 12
2027
March 28 May 2
2028
April 16
2029
April 1 April 8
2030
April 21 April 28
2031
April 13
2032
March 28 May 2
2033
April 17 April 24
2034
April 9
2035
March 25 April 29
2036
April 13 April 20
2037
April 5
2038
April 25
This is a list of dates for Easter. The Easter dates also affect when Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, Maundy Thursday, the Ascension of the Lord and Pentecost occur. Easter may occur on different dates in the Gregorian Calendar and the Julian Calendar. The accompanying table provides both sets of dates, for recent decades and forthcoming years — see the computus article for more details on the calculation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earliest Easter
1.1 Western (Gregorian)
1.2 Orthodox (Julian)
2 Latest Easter
2.1 Western (Gregorian)
2.2 Orthodox (Julian)
3 Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date
4 Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter
5 Public holidays
6 References
7 External links
Earliest Easter[edit]
Western (Gregorian)[edit]
In 1818 the Paschal Full Moon fell on Saturday, March 21 (the equinox). Therefore, the following day, March 22, was Easter. It will not fall as early again until 2285, a span of 467 years. The next earliest Easter between 1818 and 2285 (March 23) occurred in 1845, 1856, 1913 and 2008, and will occur again in 2160—a 11, 57, 95 and 152-year gap, respectively.
Orthodox (Julian)[edit]
The earliest dates for Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church between 1875 and 2099 are April 4, 1915 and April 4, 2010 (Gregorian). Both dates are equivalent to March 22 in the Julian Calendar.
Latest Easter[edit]
Western (Gregorian)[edit]
In 1943 Easter fell on Sunday, April 25. The ecclesiastical full moon did not occur until Saturday, March 20; because it came before the vernal equinox, the paschal full moon did not happen until Sunday, April 18. Consequently, Easter was the following Sunday (April 25). Easter will not fall as late again until 2038—a span of 95 years. The second latest date for Easter, April 24, occurred in 2011. The latter occurred in 1859 and will not happen again until 2095—152 and 84 years, respectively. However between years 5121 and 6482, Easter will be no later than April 24.
Orthodox (Julian)[edit]
The latest dates for Orthodox Easter between 1875 and 2099 are May 8, 1983, and May 8, 2078 (Gregorian). Both dates are equivalent to April 25 in the Julian Calendar. Orthodox Easter has never fallen on Gregorian May 7 yet; it will happen in 2051 unless these churches change to another calendar.
Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date[edit]
Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days, Easter 2014 fell on the same date. According to the Western (Gregorian) calendar, the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox (March 20) fell on Monday, April 14, 2014. The following Sunday, April 20, was, therefore, Easter Day.
According to the Orthodox (Julian) calendar (which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar), the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21. However, in the Gregorian Calendar, this is April 3. The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on (Julian) Tuesday, April 2, 2014 (Gregorian April 15). The following Sunday, (Julian) April 7, is, therefore, Easter Day (Gregorian April 20).
Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter[edit]
Both calendars (Gregorian and Julian) calculate Easter as falling on dates between March 22 and April 25 on their calendars. However, because of the 13-day difference, any member of an Orthodox church would observe that the Western Easter falls between March 10 and April 12 on the Julian calendar. Conversely, any member of a Western church would observe that Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8 on the Gregorian calendar.
Beginning March 14, 2100 (February 29, 2100, in the Julian Calendar), the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will increase to 14 days.
Public holidays[edit]
This section needs expansion with: details of Easter holidays in other countries; this section currently only mentions those with a four-day weekend. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
In Hungary, the United Kingdom except Scotland, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Germany, Switzerland and New Zealand, Easter comprises two public holidays, Good Friday and Easter Monday, making a four-day weekend. The moveable date of Easter sometimes brings it into conflict with other, fixed, public holidays.
In the United Kingdom in 2000 and 2011, the May Day bank holiday was one week after Easter Monday, causing there to be three consecutive weeks with a bank holiday. (In Scotland this did not occur as Easter Monday is not a bank holiday.) In 2011, a bank holiday was declared on Friday 29 April for the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton;[1] consequently there were four bank holidays within three consecutive calendar weeks (including two in one week), creating two consecutive four-day weekends (Friday 22 — Monday 25 April and Friday 29 April — Monday 2 May), with a three-day working week in between (Tuesday 26 — Thursday 28 April).
In Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 2008, Saint Patrick's Day (Monday 17 March) fell six days before Easter (Sunday 23 March), creating a three-day week (Tuesday 18 — Thursday 20 March). This will next happen in 2035, when Saint Patrick's day falls on Saturday, so the public holiday is moved forward to the following Monday 19 March, again six days before Easter.
Note that in the Catholic liturgical calendar, saints' feasts are not observed when they fall during Holy Week; this caused Saint Patrick not to appear in the liturgical calendar for 2008; 17 March was simply celebrated as Holy Monday. In Ireland, the Church chose to celebrate Saint Patrick on Saturday 15 March instead.[2]
In Australia, ANZAC Day is a public holiday on 25 April. In 2000 and 2011, this created a five-day weekend over Easter: in 2000, Easter Monday fell on 24 April, with Easter Tuesday, 25 April, then being ANZAC Day; in 2011, ANZAC Day and Easter Monday coincided on Monday 25 April, which led to a substitute public holiday being declared for Tuesday 26 April.[3] In 2003 and 2014, ANZAC Day fell on Easter Friday, and in 2019 it will fall on Easter Thursday, and in 2038 it will fall on Easter Sunday; the consequence is three-day working weeks immediately following the Easter weekend.
Easter is not a federal holiday in the United States. In North Carolina, however, it was a public holiday from 1935 to 1987.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Royal Wedding Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom".
Jump up ^ "Irish bishops move St. Patrick's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week". Catholic News Agency. July 19, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/australia/2011.php
Jump up ^ "Easter Monday in the United States". TimeandDate.com. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
http://tlarsen2.tripod.com/thomaslarsen/easterdates.html – has a much larger list of dates
A chronology since Council Nicaea "Date of Easter Sunday" Father Kevin Michael Laughery, as observed by Western Christians since A.D. 326 (last updated Tuesday, November 4, 2008)
Interactive calculator generates historical feast dates in Julian calendar prior to 1582 Gregorian reforms
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dates_for_Easter&oldid=835274731"
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text:
Unit-linked insurance plan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Unit Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP) is a product offered by insurance companies that, unlike a pure insurance policy, gives investors both insurance and investment under a single integrated plan.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Working Principle
3 Features
4 Types
5 Charges
6 Risks
7 Providers
8 Tax Benefits
9 References
History[edit]
The first ULIP was launched by Unit Trust of India (UTI).[1] With the Government of India opening up the insurance sector to foreign investors in 2001[2] and the subsequent issue of major guidelines for ULIPs by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), now Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), in 2005,[3] several insurance companies forayed into the ULIP business leading to an over abundance of ULIP schemes being launched to serve the investment needs of those looking to invest in an investment cum insurance product.
Working Principle[edit]
A Unit-Linked Insurance Plan is essentially a combination of insurance and an investment vehicle. A portion of the premium paid by the policyholder is utilized to provide insurance coverage to the policyholder and the remaining portion is invested in equity and debt instruments. The aggregate premiums collected by the insurance company providing such plans is pooled and invested in varying proportions of debt and equity securities in a similar manner to mutual funds. Each policyholder has the option to select a personalized investment mix based on his/her investment needs and risk appetite. Like mutual funds, each policyholder's Unit-Linked Insurance Plan holds a certain number of fund units, each of which has a net asset value (NAV) that is declared on a daily basis. The NAV is the value upon which net rates of return on ULIPs are determined. The NAV varies from one ULIP to another based on market conditions and fund performance.
Features[edit]
A portion of premium goes towards mortality charges i.e. providing life cover. The remaining portion gets invested funds of policyholder's choice. Invested funds continue to earn market linked returns.
ULIP policy holders can make use of features such as top-up facilities, switching between various funds during the tenure of the policy, reduce or increase the level of protection, options to surrender, additional riders to enhance coverage and returns as well as tax benefits.
Types[edit]
Depending upon the death benefit, there are broadly two types of ULIPs. Under Type-I ULIP, the nominee gets the higher of Sum Assured and Fund Value while under Type-II ULIPs, the nominee of the policy holder gets the Sum of Sum Assured and Fund Value in the event of demise of the policy holder.
There are a variety of ULIP plans to choose from based on the investment objectives of the investor, his risk appetite as well as the investment horizon. Some ULIPs play it safe by allocating a larger portion of the invested capital in debt instruments while others purely invest in equity. Again, all this is totally based on the type of ULIP chosen for investment and the investor preference and risk appetite. 1
Charges[edit]
Unlike traditional insurance policies, ULIP schemes have a list of applicable charges that are deducted from the payable premium.[4] The notable ones include policy administration charges, premium allocation charges, fund switching charges, mortality charges, and a policy surrender or withdrawal charge.[5] Some Insurer also charge "Guarantee Charge" as a percentage of Fund Value for built in minimum guarantee under the policy.
Risks[edit]
Since ULIP (Unit Linked Insurance Plan) returns are directly linked to market performance and the investment risk in investment portfolio is borne entirely by the policy holder, one needs to thoroughly understand the risks involved and one’s own risk absorption capacity before deciding to invest in ULIPs.
Providers[edit]
There are several public and private sector insurance providers that either operate solo or have partnered with foreign insurance companies to sell unit linked insurance plans in India. The public insurance providers include LIC of India, SBI Life and Canara while and some of the private insurance providers include Aegon Life, Edelweiss Tokio Life Insurance, Reliance Life, ICICI Prudential, HDFC Life, Bajaj Allianz, Aviva Life Insurance,Max life insurance , Kotak Mahindra Life, and DHFL Pramerica Life Insurance.
Tax Benefits[edit]
Investment in ULIPs is eligible for tax benefit up to a maximum of Rs 1.5 lacs under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
Maturity proceeds are also exempt from income tax. There is a caveat. The Sum Assured or the minimum death benefit must be at least 10 times the annual premium. If this condition is not met, the benefit under Section 80C shall be capped at 10% of Sum Assured while the maturity proceeds will not be exempt from income tax.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MFs and ULIPs are different in their basics and purpose". The Financial Express. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Govt may hike FDI cap in insurance, pension next week". Zee News. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Life Insurance Products in India". Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ JATINDER LOOMBA (30 August 2013). Risk Management and Insurance Planning. PHI Learning. pp. 263–. ISBN 978-81-203-4831-8.
Jump up ^ "All About ULIP: FAQs and Charges". Policy Online. Retrieved 15 Feb 2013.
Jump up ^ Raghaw, Deepesh (2015-05-28). "All you need to know about life insurance and its tax implications". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit-linked_insurance_plan&oldid=820902470"
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text:
Rough Riders Memorial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Rough Riders Memorial
United States
Rough Riders Memorial in 2011
For members of the Rough Riders who died in the Spanish–American War
Unveiled
April 12, 1907; 111 years ago (1907-04-12)
Location
38°52′32″N 77°04′34″W / 38.875429°N 77.075989°W / 38.875429; -77.075989Coordinates: 38°52′32″N 77°04′34″W / 38.875429°N 77.075989°W / 38.875429; -77.075989
near Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
The Rough Riders Memorial is a memorial in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, in the United States that commemorates those members of the "Rough Riders" who died in the Spanish–American War in 1898. The grey granite shaft was erected by surviving members of the Rough Riders and their friends and supporters. Although Arlington National Cemetery, a number of secondary sources, and even the bronze plaque on the memorial say the monument was dedicated in 1906[1][2] and one source says 1905,[3] contemporary newspaper accounts show the memorial was dedicated on April 12, 1907.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 The Rough Riders
1.1 The first Rough Rider memorials
2 Creating the Rough Rider Memorial
2.1 Construction
2.2 Dedication
3 About the memorial
3.1 Dedication date
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
The Rough Riders[edit]
The Spanish–American War was a ten-week conflict during the spring and summer of 1898. Cuba had been waging a war of independence against Spain since 1895, an effort largely supported by the United States, which had extensive economic interests on the island. To ensure the safety of American citizens and property in Cuba, the United States sent the battleship USS Maine (ACR-1) to Havana in late January 1898. The Maine exploded and was destroyed with large loss of life on February 15, and Spain and the U.S. declared war on each other on April 25.[6]
With only 25,000 men in the United States Army but more than 100,000 needed to prosecute the war, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt convinced Secretary of War Russell A. Alger that he could raise an all-volunteer force of 1,000 men and form a cavalry regiment. Alger offered Roosevelt a commission in the Army as a full colonel in command of a regular regiment, but Roosevelt declined.[7] Alger agreed to Roosevelt's volunteer scheme, and Roosevelt resigned his post on May 6, 1898.[8] Roosevelt was commissioned a lieutenant colonel of volunteers and declined command of the regiment (due to his military inexperience) in favor of his friend, Colonel Leonard Wood. Although formally named the "1st United States Volunteer Cavalry", the press nicknamed the regiment the "Rough Riders" because most of the men were cowboys, frontiersmen, railroad workers, Native Americans, and similar "rough" people from the West.[7]
The 1,060 Rough Riders departed their training camp in San Antonio, Texas, on May 29, and arrived in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, on June 19.[9] They participated in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24, during which they successfully turned the right flank of a retreating Spanish Army force with superior weapons and more men.[10] On July 1, the regiment participated in the Battle of San Juan Hill, during which it successfully charged Kettle Hill (the famous "charge up San Juan Hill") and dislodged another Spanish force with superior firepower.[11]
The first Rough Rider memorials[edit]
The memorial to the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill near the old Spanish Army blockhouse in 1910.
Two memorials to the Rough Riders were erected in Cuba shortly after the Spanish–American War ended. One, erected by Brigadier General Wood out of general funds provided for Cuba's military occupation,[12] was erected next to the Spanish Army blockhouse atop San Juan Hill.[13] This memorial stood on a square concrete base, on the four corners of which were placed artillery shells. A square plinth with sunk, blank panels on all four sides stood on the base. On the plinth rose a tapered square column with a flat top. Sunk into the face of this column was a bronze plaque, which read: "In memory of the officers and men of the United States army, who were killed in the assault and capture of this ridge, July 1, 1898, and in the siege of Santiago, July 1 to July 16, 1898. War between Spain and the United States."[14]
A second memorial, specific to the Rough Riders, was erected at Las Guasimas.[14] The provenance of this memorial is not clear. It was shaped much like the one at San Juan Hill although the building materials were much different. This monument was set on a flagstone base. Rough-hewn pieces of dark grey granite were cemented together to form a rectangular plinth (square in cross-section) atop the flagstones. A tapered square column, made of the same rough-hewn, cemented granite, rose to a flat top. An artillery shell was placed atop the column, and a bronze plaque affixed to its face. The plaque read: "In Memory / Of the men of /The First and Tenth United States Cavalry, / Young's Brigade / Wheeler's Division, / Who Were Killed in the / Battle of Las Guásimas / June 24th 1898."
Creating the Rough Rider Memorial[edit]
It is not clear who first proposed a Rough Rider Memorial, or when the idea was first raised. A Rough Riders National Monument Society was organized on June 15, 1906.[15] Lillian Capron, wife of Captain Allyn K. Capron, Jr. (the Rough Riders' first officer to be killed in action), was elected president and treasurer.[16] Eldridge E. Jordan, a prominent businessman, was elected vice president. The other members of the board of directors included Charles E. Hunter, an Oklahoma Republican politician and clerk of the Oklahoma Federal District Court; William Henry Harrison Llewellyn, a New Mexico Territory Republican politician and United States Attorney; Captain James R. Church, M.D., U.S. Army;[17] and the Reverend Henry A. Brown, U.S. Army.[15] All the men were former Rough Riders. Rev. Brown had served as the regimental chaplain.
The society also established a memorial committee. Its members included Capron, Jordan, and the rest of the society's board of directors.[4] Additional members included Maude Wildrey Towne, wife of former Representative Charles A. Towne, and John Doyle Carmody, a prominent D.C. attorney.[18]
It is unclear exactly when approval to erect the Rough Rider Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery was given. The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps had control of Arlington National Cemetery at the time. The erection of a monument would have required the permission of either Brigadier General Charles F. Humphrey, Sr., the Quartermaster General, or Secretary of War William Howard Taft. But no record of such permission exists. Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United States on September 14, 1901, after the death of President William McKinley. Taft was one of Roosevelt's closest friends. Approval was very unlikely to be denied, and was probably given some time in May or early June 1906. The first fundraiser for the memorial was announced June 10, 1906[19]—five days before the society was formally organized.
The Rough Rider Memorial was designed by Mrs. Capron,[4] who decided to model the monument on the Rough Riders shaft erected by General Wood in Cuba.[19] The bronze tablet on the memorial's face was designed by Major J.T. Knight and Major S.L. Fairson, Army officers assigned to the Quartermaster General's office in Washington, D.C.[4][15]
A fundraising campaign was undertaken to pay for the memorial. On June 10, 1906. Mrs. Capron had organized a party to raise money for a monument.[19][20] During the event, a saber was raffled off, various donated items sold, and the United States Marine Band gave a two-hour concert. President Theodore Roosevelt donated a large number of American Beauty roses from the White House Rose Garden.[21] Another fund-raiser was held on February 8, 1907, when members of the 13th Cavalry and the 4th Battery, U.S. Light Field Artillery, put on a display of horsemanship at Fort Myer, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery.[16][22] President Roosevelt and most of Washington society were expected to attend.[23] The event drew a large crowd and raised a significant amount of money.[22]
Construction[edit]
The Rough Riders Memorial was created from grey granite quarried in Barre, Vermont.[4][15] The stone arrived at Arlington National Cemetery by February 6, 1907. The tablet included the Rough Riders insignia at the top and the plaque's tentative language read: "In memory of the deceased members of the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, Spanish–American War. Erected by the members and friends of the regiment."[23]
The foundation for the memorial was laid on March 27, 1907. Present for this event were Mrs. Capron, Mrs. Towne, and Mr. Carmody.[18] A time capsule in the form of a bronze box was placed beneath the monument. Included in the capsule were copies of each daily newspaper in Washington, D.C.; an American flag; and one of each American silver coin in circulation, and a copy of Theodore Roosevelt's book, The Rough Riders in Cuba, autographed by President Roosevelt, the Reverend Doctor Denis J. Stafford, rector of St. Patrick's Catholic Church of Washington, D.C., Presidential Secretary William Loeb, Jr., and members of the memorial committee.[18]
Dedication[edit]
North panel of the memorial, showing names of the dead.
The unveiling and dedication ceremony for the Rough Riders Memorial was at 4:30 P.M. on April 12, 1907. The Rough Riders Monument Society formed a committee to plan the event, and Major General George H. Harries assisted with the planning and acted as master of ceremonies. In attendance were three batteries from the U.S. Light Field Artillery, a squad of mounted soldiers from the 13th Cavalry, three companies of the District of Columbia Army National Guard, and part of a company of the D.C. Naval National Guard. Music was provided by the 13th Cavalry Band; the Engineers' Band from the Washington Navy Yard; and the Brigade Band of the District of Columbia National Guard. At the time, seven Rough Riders were buried in the far western edge of what is now Section 22 (along McPherson Avenue). These graves were strewn with yellow and white flowers, the colors of the regiment.[4]
A 21-gun salute by the artillery welcomed President Roosevelt, who was accompanied by Lieutenant General S. B. M. Young (the recently retired Chief of Staff of the United States Army) and Major General Frank McCoy (his military aide).[5] Each band played a musical selection, and Rev. Henry A. Brown provided the invocation. The crowd sang Nearer, My God, to Thee and then Mrs. Capron unveiled the memorial as the bands played The Star Spangled Banner.[4] President Roosevelt spoke at length about patriotism and duty, and then the Rev. Dr. Stafford provided an oration on virtue.[5] After several more musical pieces by the bands, Rev. Brown gave the benediction.[5] Taps was played by a bugler, and another 21-gun salute closed the ceremony.[4]
Those attending included all Cabinet officers; Lieutenant General Adna Chaffee, the incumbent Army Chief of Staff; Secretary of the Navy Victor H. Metcalf; Major General George F. Elliott, Commandant of the Marine Corps;[15] Rear Admiral William S. Cowles; Presidential secretary Loeb; Brigadier General J. Franklin Bell; Assistant Secretary of War Robert Shaw Oliver; Assistant Secretary of the Navy Truman Newberry;[5] the Commissioners of the District of Columbia; and the commanding general of the D.C. National Guard.[4] Many former Rough Riders were also present, as well as representatives of the Spanish War Veterans, Army and Navy Union, Grand Army of the Republic, Society of the Army of the Tennessee, Oldest Inhabitants of the District of Columbia, United Confederate Veterans, Daughters of the American Revolution, George Washington Memorial Association, Sons of the Revolution, Union Veteran Legion, Loyal Legion, and Washington National Monument Society.[4] Foreign dignitaries present included Jean Jules Jusserand, French ambassador to the United States; Baron Rosen, Imperial Russian ambassador to the United States;[5] ambassadors from Brazil, Denmark, Japan, Norway, Panama, Thailand, and the United Kingdom;[4] and the military attachés from the Embassy of Germany and Embassy of Japan.[5]
About the memorial[edit]
The Rough Riders Memorial is constructed of a grey granite block 14 feet (4.3 m) tall and quarried near Barre, Vermont.[4][24] In design, it is very similar to the Rough Rider monument erected at Las Guasimas in Cuba.[18] The obelisk-like memorial is rough-hewn everywhere, except for the panels on the north, south, and east faces where the names of the dead are carved.[4]
Near the top of the front (western face) of the memorial is a smooth bar of granite, on which the words "ROUGH RIDERS'" is carved in bas-relief.[5] Below this is a rectangular dark bronze plaque whose edges are ornamented with laurel leaves (a symbol of victory). At the top of the plaque is a bar which bears the name of the regiment ("1st. U.S. Vol. Cav."). Below that are outspread wings, over which two sabres are crossed. Appearing to hang from the sabres is the regimental insignia. An "RR" (for Rough Riders") is inscribed on the insignia, and the name of the three major battles in which the unit fought (Las Guasimas, San Juan Hill, Santiago) ring the emblem.[15]
The text on tablet reads:[5][18]
In memory of
The deceased members
of the 1st U.S.
Volunteer Cavalry,
Spanish–American War
Erected by the members and
friends of the regiment.
1906.
At the time of its unveiling, the names of more than 100 men had been cut into it.[4]
The total cost of the Rough Riders Memorial was $2,500 ($65,661 in 2017 dollars).[15]
The Rough Rider Monument Society planned to have the names of members of the regiment inscribed on the monument as they died,[18] and established a self-sustaining fund to pay for this.[15] The raising of money for the inscription fund continued long after the memorial's dedication. The monument society owed more than $1,000 ($26,264 in 2017 dollars) for construction of the memorial.[25] Another display of military horsemanship by the 13th Cavalry and 4th Field Artillery Battery occurred in December 1907.[26] President Roosevelt donated $100 ($2,724 in 2017 dollars) at the event to help dissipate the debt.[25] Another memorial fund-raiser, also attended by President Roosevelt, was held in April 1908.[27]
At the funeral of General Leonard Wood in August 1927, the approximately 400 living Rough Riders gathered for an informal reunion at Arlington National Cemetery. For many, it was the first time they had seen the Rough Riders Memorial.[28]
The memorial's bronze tablet and inscriptions were cleaned and conserved in the early 2000s by Gordon Ponsford, a restorer who also worked on the cemetery's McClellan Gate and Confederate Memorial.[29]
Dedication date[edit]
The Rough Riders Memorial in 1912.
Incorrect information about the date of the Rough Rider Memorial's dedication is common. This may be because the bronze plaque on the front of the memorial says 1906. Arlington National Cemetery and a number of secondary sources (largely written by historians of the cemetery) claim the monument was dedicated in 1906.[1][2] One source even claims it was erected in 1905.[3]
Contemporary newspaper accounts are clear that the memorial was dedicated on April 12, 1907.[4][5] President Roosevelt's own published collection of major speeches notes that the date of dedication was April 12, 1907.[30] Other historians note that the Rough Rider Memorial in Prescott, Arizona, was dedicated the same year (1907) as the Rough Riders Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery.[31]
The Washington Post reported on March 28, 1907, that the memorial's bronze tablet said "1906".[18]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Rough Riders Memorial." Monuments and Memorials. Exploring the Cemetery. Visitor Information. Arlington National Cemetery. No date. Accessed June 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Peters, p. 258; Dodge, p. 60; Atkinson, p. 29.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews and Davidson, p. 27, 60.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Unveil Monument." Washington Post. April 13, 1907.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Roosevelt Tells The Joy of Battle." New York Times. April 13, 1907.
Jump up ^ Trask, p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Lansford, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, p. 104.
Jump up ^ Hutton, p. 286-287.
Jump up ^ Hutton, p. 288-290.
Jump up ^ Hutton, p. 291-294.
Jump up ^ Summers, p. 441-442. Accessed June 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Davis, Moments in Hell, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, "The Passing of San Juan Hill", p. 146, 151. Accessed June 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Will Honor Rough Riders." Washington Post. April 7, 1907.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drill for Monument Fund." Washington Post. January 31, 1907.
Jump up ^ Church received the Medal of Honor on January 10, 1906. "Medal for Capt. Church." Washington Post. January 10, 1906.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Rough Riders' Shaft." Washington Post. March 28, 1907.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Society." Washington Post. June 10, 1906.
Jump up ^ "Social and Personal." Washington Post. June 14, 1906.
Jump up ^ "Social and Personal." Washington Post. June 16, 1906.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fort Myer Riders Cheered." Washington Post. February 9, 1907.
^ Jump up to: a b "President May See Drill." Washington Post. February 7, 1907.
Jump up ^ One source gives the height as 15 feet (4.6 m). See: "Rough Riders' Shaft." Washington Post. March 28, 1907.
^ Jump up to: a b "President Donates $100." Washington Post. December 12, 1907.
Jump up ^ "For Rough Rider Monument." Washington Post. December 8, 1907.
Jump up ^ "For Rough Rider Monument." Washington Post. April 27, 1908.
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Patrick. "Only 400 Survive of 1,360 Who Fought With Rough Riders." Washington Post. August 14, 1927.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Ed. "Memorable Words Becoming More Visible." Washington Post. October 29, 2010. Accessed June 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ p. 339. Accessed June 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Quesadas, p. 69.
Bibliography[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rough Riders Memorial.
Atkinson, Rick. Where Valor Rests: Arlington National Cemetery. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2007.
Andrews, Owen and Davidson, Cameron. A Moment of Silence: Arlington National Cemetery. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
Davis, Richard Hardin. Moments in Hell: Notes of a War Correspondent. Reprint ed. New York: Anthem Press, 2007. (First ed. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910.)
Davis, Richard Harding. "The Passing of San Juan Hill." Scribner's Magazine. 38:2 (August 1905), 142-153.
Dodge, George W. Arlington National Cemetery. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2006.
Hendrickson, Kenneth Elton. The Spanish–American War. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2003.
Hutton, Paul Andrew. "TR Takes Charge." In Western Heritage: A Selection of Wrangler Award-Winning Articles. Paul Andrew Hutton, ed. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.
Lansford, Tom. Theodore Roosevelt in Perspective. New York: Novinka Books, 2005.
Peters, Edward James. Arlington National Cemetery: Shrine to America's Heroes. 2d ed. Bethesda, Md.: Woodbine House, 2000.
Quesadas, Alejandro. Roosevelt's Rough Riders. Westminster, Md.: Osprey Publishing, 2013.
Roosevelt, Theodore. The Rough Riders and Men of Action. Reprint ed. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing, 2005. (Third rev. and updated ed., originally published by G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1905.)
Summers, J.C. "A Cruise in Southern Seas." The Metropolitan Magazine. 24:4 (July 1906), 436-443.
Trask, David F. The War With Spain in 1898. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
[show]
Rough Riders
Officers
Leonard Wood
Theodore Roosevelt
Alexander Oswald Brodie
James H. McClintock
Buckey O'Neill
Seth Bullock
John Campbell Greenway
John Avery McIlhenny
Allyn K. Capron Jr.
Allyn K. Capron Sr.
George Curry
Woodbury Kane
Thomas H. Rynning
Enlisted men
George G. McMurtry
Chris Madsen
Hamilton Fish
Thomas Grindell
Henry Barrett
Billy McGinty
Juan Alamia
Frank Frantz
Craig Wadsworth
Henry Nash
Ben Daniels
Frank Knox
Robert Wrenn
Engagements
Spanish–American War
Battle of Las Guasimas
Battle of San Juan Hill
Siege of Santiago
Memorials
Rough Riders Memorial
Buckey O'Neill Cabin
Bucky O'Neill Monument
Bronco Buster
Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage
Film
The Rough Riders (1927 film)
Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940 film)
Rough Riders (1997 mini-series)
See also
Buckhorn Saloon
Arizona Rangers
Three Guardsmen
Canyon Diablo Train Robbery
Tiburón Island Tragedy
Roosevelt's World War I volunteers
The Lost Battalion
External links[edit]
Rough Riders Memorial official Web site at Arlington National Cemetery
Images of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry and the 10th U.S. Cavalry Memorial at the Las Guasimas battlefield, via the Web site "Cuban Battlefields of the Spanish–American War." Center for Digital Research in the Humanities. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rough_Riders_Memorial&oldid=830123110"
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