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The Sims 4
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The Sims 4
Developer(s)
Maxis
The Sims Studio[a]
Publisher(s)
Electronic Arts
Producer(s)
Kevin Gibson
Grant Rodiek
Ryan Michael Vaughan
Designer(s)
Eric Holmberg-Weidler
Matt Yang
Artist(s)
Magnus Hollmo
Samantha Miceli
Steven Ross
Writer(s)
Danielle von Mayrhauser
Composer(s)
Ilan Eshkeri
Series
The Sims
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
macOS
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
Microsoft Windows
NA: September 2, 2014
AU: September 4, 2014
EU: September 4, 2014
UK: September 5, 2014
macOS
WW: February 17, 2015
PlayStation 4, Xbox One
WW: November 17, 2017
Genre(s)
Simulation
Mode(s)
Single-player
The Sims 4 is the fourth major title in life simulation video game series The Sims, developed by Maxis and The Sims Studio and published by Electronic Arts. The Sims 4 was originally announced on May 6, 2013, and was released in North America on September 2, 2014 for Microsoft Windows.[1] A Mac compatible version of the game was made available for digital download on February 17, 2015.[2] The Sims 4 is the first PC game to top all-format charts in two years.[3] The game has received mixed reviews since its release, with the majority of criticism directed towards its lack of content.[4] Since its launch, it became the best selling PC game of 2014 and 2015. As of October 2016, The Sims 4 has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.[5] Versions of the game for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles were released on November 17, 2017.
The game has the same concept as its predecessor, The Sims 3; players control their Sims in various activities and can form relationships. The game, like most of the series, does not have a defined final goal; gameplay is nonlinear. The Create-a-Sim and Build Mode tools have been redesigned to allow more versatility when creating game content. Emotional state plays a larger role in game play than in previous games in the series, with effects on social interaction, user interface, and personality.[6][7] To date EA has released four expansion packs, with the most recent (Cats & Dogs) being released in November 2017. There have also been several "game packs" released, including Parenthood which allows the players to shape the characters' children and teenagers as they go through life, as well as free updates that include major changes such as the addition of a toddler life stage.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Create a Sim (CAS)
1.2 Buy/build mode
1.3 The Gallery
1.4 Worlds
2 Development
2.1 Mac development
2.2 Features controversy
3 Marketing and release
3.1 Ratings
4 Expansions, add-ons and editions
4.1 Expansion packs
4.2 Game packs
4.3 Stuff packs
4.4 Additional downloadable content (DLC)
4.5 Editions
4.6 Expansion-only compilations
5 Reception
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Gameplay[edit]
The Sims 4 is a life simulation game, similar to its predecessors. Players create a Sim character and control their life to explore different personalities which change the way the game plays out. Sims can multitask such as talk while doing a task. Sims' moodlets also change the gameplay. For example, a Sim can do a task while being either angry or totally excited.[6][7][8]
Similar to previous Sims games, player-created challenges abound. One of the most prevalent is the Legacy Challenge, in which players create a single Sim and try to make its family line last for ten generations.[9]
Create a Sim (CAS)[edit]
One major change to the Sims 4 Create A Sim functionality is that sliders have been replaced by direct mouse click, drag and pull. Through mouse click, drag and pull players may directly manipulate the facial features of a Sim. Players can also directly manipulate any body part including the abdomen, chest, legs, arms and feet. In previous Sims games only the fitness and fatness can be manipulated on a Sims body. However, fitness and fatness levels may still be adjusted in The Sims 4 with sliders as in previous games. The base games comes with over 40 hairstyles for both men and women. There are up to 18 hair colour options per hairstyle. Selections of premade designs of Sims are available to choose from, ranging from different body shapes to ethnicities.
Seven life stages are available including baby, toddler, child, teenager, young adult, adult and elder. The baby life stage is accessible only through the birth of a Sim and not available in Create A Sim. Toddlers were initially absent from the original game release, but were added in the January 2017 patch.[10][11]
Traits have returned with each Sim having three traits and an aspiration containing its own hidden trait.
Compared to previous Sims games where everyday, formal, sleepwear, athletic, party and swimwear wardrobes were restricted to having their own clothing options, all clothing options are now available across all forms of wardrobe and players are allowed up to 5 outfits per category. There is also a filter panel where clothing options can be sorted by color, material, outfit category, fashion choice, style, content and packs.
In a Summer 2016 update, gender options were expanded in the game, allowing any gender expression. Now all the haircuts and outfits can be worn by any Sim of any gender, and pregnancy can become a possibility regardless of the gender.[12][13]
Buy/build mode[edit]
In The Sims 4, build and buy modes have been combined and is now treated as a single feature.[14]
A detailed build-and-buy system is present along with neighborhoods and landscaping. Some locked buy mode items may be unlocked through the progression of career levels. Entire buildings and rooms can now be moved across the lot. There is now a search option to search for build and buy mode options. When building a house for your sim you can buy already made rooms which can help but costs a lot of money depending on the style of the room. Wall heights can also now be adjusted. There is also a pool tool feature with a custom version and triangular, square and octagonal pool tools. There are build mode cheats such as "motherlode", which enables the player to automatically gain §50,000 (simoleons) to buy things with.[15]
The Gallery[edit]
The Sims 4 includes social features, such as importing Sims and houses other people have made from The Gallery into the player's game. This impacts the world around the player's Sims. Players may publish their creations into the Gallery for other players to download into their game instantly.[16]
On January 9, 2015, EA released a version of The Gallery for iOS and Android devices.[17]
Worlds[edit]
The Sims 4 base game originally shipped with two worlds: Willow Creek and Oasis Springs. Both worlds contain five neighborhoods and a total of 21 lots. With the release of Outdoor Retreat, the world Granite Falls was available for visiting on outdoor vacations. Newcrest became available with a free update, having three neighborhoods with five empty lots in each, for a total of 15 lots.[18] Magnolia Promenade came with the Get to Work Expansion Pack, and Windenburg was introduced in the Get Together Expansion Pack.[19] The City Living Expansion Pack, released in November 2016, introduced the new bustling city of San Myshuno.[20] The Vampires Game Pack added the neighborhood Forgotten Hollow.[21] In November 2017, the seaside town of Brindleton Bay was added in the Cats and Dogs Expansion Pack.[22][23]
Development[edit]
The Sims 4 was developed by The Sims Studio, a division of the Electronic Arts subsidiary Maxis, and was distributed by Electronic Arts.[24] This is similar yet different to the development of The Sims 3, which was developed by The Sims Studio standalone from the (at the time) diminished Maxis.
The Sims 4 is a single-player game,[25] and does not require a constant Internet connection to play. Players will however need an Origin account and Internet access during the initial installation process for game activation.[26] Ilan Eshkeri serves as the composer for the game's orchestral soundtrack, which was recorded at Abbey Road Studios and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra.[27][28]
On April 25, 2013, several screenshots from mock-up flash videos of the user interface were leaked online.[29] On May 3, 2013, Electronic Arts sent out an e-mail to several fansites stating that there would be a big announcement on May 6, 2013, which many speculated would be The Sims 4.[30]
On August 20, 2013, The Sims 4 was revealed via gameplay demo and release trailer at Gamescom. Previews of the building and character creation systems debuted earlier in 2014. Additional game footage and the release date were revealed at the Electronic Entertainment Expo on June 9, 2014.[1]
Gameplay was unveiled during Gamescom 2013, held at the Koelnmesse in Cologne, Germany. Unveiled features focused on the improved Create-a-Sim with an all-new click-and-drag feature omitting the use of sliders and the addition of emotion-based gameplay.[31] Select players called Yibsims who mostly manage fan sites and YouTube videos were invited to Sims Camp to see the game before the public and press, consequently the game received minimal coverage outside fansites. Maxis stated the game would run better on lower-end PCs than The Sims 3, which was plagued with performance issues on low-end and high-end PCs.[32]
It was suspected that The Sims 4 was scheduled to be released in early 2014, but it was later revealed it would in fact be released September 2, 2014.[1][33]
On May 14, 2014, producer Ryan Vaughan unveiled another Create-a-Sim trailer on the official The Sims YouTube channel. This included a preview of what the premade Sims Bella Goth and Mortimer Goth would look like in The Sims 4.[34] The development team unveiled another trailer on May 28, 2014 that showcased the new Build Mode features. Players will now be able to choose between three different wall heights and adjust the location of a window on a wall, as well as be able to move an entire room from one position to another.[35]
EA unveiled another gameplay trailer including more gameplay footage and announced the release date of the game, September 2, 2014, during a press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo on June 9, 2014. The Sims 4 was released on September 2 for North America and September 4 for EU, Australia and Brazil.[1]
On June 28, 2014, a video was released showing the "originality" of each sim and their emotions.[36]
In January 2015, Maxis announced Outdoor Retreat, the first paid DLC for The Sims 4.[37] The DLC focuses on outdoor activities in the national park.
Until mid-2017, there were no plans for a console release.[38][39] However, versions of the game for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were officially confirmed for release on November 17, 2017.[40]
Mac development[edit]
Upon first announcement, EA stated that The Sims 4 was in development for both for Mac and Windows, both to be released in 2014.[41] However, closer to release date, the company stated that they were "focused [on] Windows"[42] and had "no updates on the Mac at this time".[43] In October 2014 further information was disclosed suggesting the future release of a Mac version. Vaughn told International Business Times that the team was "working on a Mac version right now."[44] On January 13, 2015, EA confirmed the release of the Mac version as being February 2015.[45] On February 2, they announced via the official The Sims Twitter feed that the Mac version of The Sims 4 would be released on February 17.[2]
Features controversy[edit]
On June 25, 2014, EA and Maxis announced the omission of several gameplay features in The Sims 4 that had been included in previous games. These omitted features include swimming pools, swimming wear, and the "toddler" life stage; this announcement also noted the lack of an open-world found in The Sims 3, stating neighborhood gameplay would be separated by loading screens.[46][47] Earlier in the development process, a fan-site interview with a producer had revealed Create-a-Style (CAS), a customization feature introduced in the previous Sims game, would not be added to The Sims 4 in lieu of other features.[48] The developers then announced through a series of tweets that the game would ship with a 'stripped-down' version of story-progression (a gameplay mechanic controlling neighborhood autonomy), and that basements, grocery stores, and school and work locations would not be featured in the game. While careers and schools would still be featured, they would be represented differently from The Sims 3, more akin to the way they were featured in The Sims 2.[49][50][51]
These announcements sparked unrest among many fans who speculated that the exclusion of arguably core features were intended by the developers or parent company to be left out for later paid content, or in order to make rushed deadlines.[52][53] A petition was launched by some fans to have the features restored for the initial release, even if the release date were to be pushed back.[54]
Maxis contended that it was not possible to include every feature in the new game that had been added over time in the six years The Sims 3 was in development, and that these could always be added at a later date, although they did not confirm exactly how this would be done, or whether it would be free or at a cost.[53] Some have speculated that many new features would be released through paid expansion packs, but others speculated that some of the more "basic, core" content (i.e. pools, toddlers) may be released as free patch updates, similar to how some new features were patched free into The Sims 3, such as basement features.[55]
Questioned as to why some features, such as a cupcake machine, were implemented over what many viewed as key gameplay, Maxis and The Sims producer Graham Nardone attributed the sacrifice to time constraints, the workload and distribution of developers (and the comparative lack of available developers to some areas of production to other areas), as well as risk factors:[56]
You can't weigh features by how much you want them in the game, you have to consider how many development resources it takes to create them. The tram? A couple of days from one of our FX guys and it's finished... very low risk, very low complexity (using entirely existing tech), and adds a nice visual punch to the neighborhood. I can’t recall ever scoping against FX... they always have time to be adding more stuff.
Our FX folks submitted their own long list of things they wanted to work on because there wasn’t enough for them to do. Now, you can’t take the FX team and ask them to add pools to the game. They don’t have the work skills to do it; neither do I. Pools, toddlers... they’re extremely complex features that require months of man hours of work across multiple disciplines and introduce significant risk.
If we were to have added one of those to the game, there would have been two choices for us... cut many small features, or cut one other significantly large feature.
Maxis and The Sims producer Rachel Rubin Franklin later elaborated in an official blog post, acknowledging the concerns of fans, and explained the issue on the developer's focus on The Sims 4's new core game engine technologies, and that the sacrifices the team had to make were a "hard pill to swallow":
It begins with new technology and systems that we built for this new base game for The Sims... the vision for The Sims 4 is a new experience... to do that, our technology base needed a major upgrade.
...when we sat down and looked at everything we wanted to do for this game, all the new tech we wanted to build into it, the fact was that there would be trade-offs, and these would disappoint some of our fans. Hard pill to swallow, believe me, but delivering on the vision set out for The Sims 4 required focus.
Franklin stated new features such as Sim emotions, advanced Sim animation, interaction and behaviours, as well as the new Create-a-Sim and build mode tools as a large part of the reason that detracted focus from features such as swimming pools and the toddler life stage.[57]
However, on October 1, 2014, Maxis confirmed that one of its missing features, swimming pools, along with other new updates and features, would be added into the game for free in November, and this happened in the form of a game patch.[58][59][60] Other features like basements have later been added in subsequent patches, and the missing "toddler" life stage was eventually added for free in a patch released on January 12, 2017.[10][11]
Significant features added via game patches
Patch release date
Significant features added[61]
October 1, 2014 Ghost, a new type of sim that is an optional addition to the game, the Deathflower plant, and the "Ambrosia" cooking recipe; Star Wars costumes: Yoda, Princess Leia, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader.
November 4, 2014 Swimming pools; various swimwear.
December 16, 2014 Two new active careers: Business and Athletic; Paid Time Off and Family Leave options.
February 3, 2015 Genealogy panel, displaying a Sim's family tree.
March 26, 2015 Basements, down to two levels down, and an additional above ground floor, bringing the total floors available to six; the Notebook feature on the phone, which catalogs a Sim's gardening or fishing discoveries; Paint by Reference option on the easel.
May 4, 2015 New Star Wars costumes: Boba Fett, Darth Maul, and Aayla Secura; Revamped the loading screen.
June 11, 2015 Newcrest, a new world containing fifteen empty lots within three new neighborhoods; the Welcome Wagon from new neighbors; the Custom Room Tool.
July 9, 2015 Half walls; locked doors; King’s and Queen’s Door, which allow only just the men or women to pass through it, respectively; towel full body outfits.
August 6, 2015 A dishwasher is added to the appliances, which needs to be slotted into an existing non-island counter.
September 24, 2015 New Trait: Jealous; Limited Interaction Trick or Treat; Claiming beds; Resizeable rugs; Underground Saunas.
November 3, 2015 New Hire Service: Repair Man.
December 4, 2015 64-bit executable; Automatically disable mods after patch; Change in Sims groups; New NPC Interaction; Fire and Death Reaction Systems; New Venue Type: Pool and New Option to color water; World maps updated; Put grills in inventory.
February 4, 2016 New Trait: Kleptomaniac; New Hire Service: Gardener; New Aspiration; New Content in Build Mode.
April 21, 2016 Returning NPC: Tragic Clown.
June 3, 2016 All Create-a-Sim content is available to both sexes, as well as gender customization.[62]
June 23, 2016 Child Sims can now experience a 'Monster-Under-The-Bed', appearing as tentacles which children can either befriend or ask Adults to Spray. Adults cannot see this Monster, however. A light for warding away the Monster has also been added, which features an image of the new character 'Coolala'. This character appears in the new Kids Room Stuff as well, released June 28, 2016.
July 14, 2016 Nannies have been added, and the ability to adjust all lights in a room in one go has been introduced.
August 18, 2016 Sim Cell Phone covers can be customised.
September 27, 2016 Mexican 'Day of the Dead' CAS Items are added; A Mexican dish, Pan De Muerto, is added to the cooking recipes.
October 27, 2016 Eight new lot traits have been added to the base game; A copy paste function for build mode has been added.[63]
January 12, 2017 The Toddler age group, along with unique Toddler traits, skills, outfits, objects and the ability to customize your sims teeth (includes the other life stages), have been added with a free game update.[11]
February 2, 2017 Redesigned the Main Menu.
May 25, 2017 Updated the Load / Save menu.
November 11, 2017 Four new roofs are added in Build Mode: Pentagonal, Hexagonal, Octagonal, and Round Roofs; Advanced roof curvature mode and additional manipulation points to Gabled and Hipped roofs; Photography is made available to all players; A new Maximum Sim Count option in Gameplay Options; Objects can be shrunk using the Size Down cheat.
February 6, 2018 New female hairstyle and ten new skin tones were added in addition to an anniversary T-shirt.[64]
Marketing and release[edit]
SteelSeries and Electronic Arts announced a series of themed peripherals to promote The Sims 4, including a pair of headphones, a computer mouse that lights up in accordance with Sims' in-game emotional states, and a mousepad featuring a render of various Sim groups.[65]
A demo was released to the public displaying the new Create a Sim partition of the game in which is supplied, free of charge to anyone.[34][66][67][68] TV spots were also produced narrated by actor Charlie Day.
Ratings[edit]
On May 9, 2014, it was reported that The Sims 4 has been rated "18+ (Prohibited for children)" by Russia. This decision was based on the game's portrayal of same-sex relationships contravening the Russian LGBT propaganda law that prohibits portrayal "of non-traditional sexual relationships" to children (see also LGBT rights in Russia).[69][70] Previous entries in The Sims series have routinely been rated as suitable for lower ages; for instance, The Sims 3 was considered suitable for ages 6 and up in Germany, The Sims 4 is suitable for ages 6 and up in Germany as well.[71]
Expansions, add-ons and editions[edit]
Expansion packs[edit]
Code
Name
Release date
Description
EP01 Get to Work
NA: March 31, 2015
EU: April 2, 2015
The first expansion pack adds three new playable, active careers: Doctor, Detective and Scientist. Get to Work also gives the opportunity to build your own retail store and start your own retail business. The expansion pack also adds a new neighborhood called Magnolia Promenade, and planet Sixam, an alien home world, as well as playable alien Sims. It also adds two new skills (Baking and Photography), new objects and clothing.[72]
EP02 Get Together
NA: December 8, 2015
EU: December 10, 2015
[73] The second expansion pack was announced on August 5, 2015 at Gamescom. Get Together adds many features that Sims can do with their friends, such as clubs, DJ booth, dancing and DJ skills, and natural pools. The expansion pack also adds a new neighborhood called Windenburg.
EP03 City Living
NA: November 1, 2016
EU: November 3, 2016
The third expansion pack features a new city called San Myshuno with four unique neighborhoods. City Living introduces new careers reflective of our time including the returning politician career and two new brand new fields never seen in the franchise: social media and critic. The expansion pack focuses on city life and reintroduces apartments into the city, ranging from fixer-uppers to penthouses. There are many new lots and activities for Sims to explore such the Spice Market, Karaoke Bar, Geek Con with video game competitions, the Spice Festival with curry eating contests and a Romance Festival for love-seeking Sims. Apartments will feature lot traits which can be assigned to any lot. The new lot traits will also be available to players who do not purchase the expansion via patch.[20][74][75]
EP04 Cats & Dogs
WW: November 10, 2017
The fourth expansion pack introduces creation of pets such as cats, dogs, and items catered to Sims' furry friends. (Similar to The Sims 3: Pets, The Sims 2: Pets, and The Sims: Unleashed) This also allows players to pursue a veterinary career and create their own veterinary practice.[76][77]
Game packs[edit]
Code
Name
Release date
Description
GP01 Outdoor Retreat
WW: January 13, 2015
Adds a new world called Granite Falls. Within the new world Sims can vacation outdoors in a national park. This pack also adds a new skill (Herbalism); a new collectable (insects); and several new Sims traits, achievements, aspirations, outfits, objects, and game interactions related to outdoor activities.
GP02 Spa Day
WW: July 14, 2015
Adds a new building type, the spa. This pack also includes a new skill (Wellness) as well as several new outfits, objects and game interactions related to the typical features in a spa like massages, meditation, mud baths, saunas and yoga.
GP03 Dine Out
WW: June 7, 2016
Allows Sims to visit restaurants, as well as build and run their own restaurant. Those that own restaurants can experiment with new foods, employ staff and succeed in cooking. This pack also comes with a variety of items in Create a Sim.
GP04 Vampires
WW: January 24, 2017
Allows Sims to create Vampires with different powers and weaknesses. A new residential world with five lots, Forgotten Hollow, is also introduced. The pack also comes with a new aspiration, new lot traits and numerous CAS and Build mode items that fit the darker Vampire theme.
GP05 Parenthood
WW: May 30, 2017
Allows adult Sims to control and shape their child or teen's life. New features like cursing, acne, school related projects, and many more. Toddlers, children, and teens can now be rebellious to their parents and other siblings. Parents can treat this new behavior by being strict, or they could be nurturing and hope that good things will come.
GP06 Jungle Adventure
WW: Feb 27, 2018
Adds a new destination called Selvadorada. New food, dance moves and music are added. Ancient artifacts and mysterious relics can be excavated and examined.
Stuff packs[edit]
Code
Name
Release date
Description
SP01 Luxury Party Stuff[78]
WW: May 19, 2015
Includes several luxury party outfits and items, including buffet tables and a table-top cheese/chocolate/drinking fountain.
SP02 Perfect Patio Stuff[79]
WW: June 16, 2015
Includes patio furniture, including hot tubs, as well as new outfits.
SP03 Cool Kitchen Stuff[80]
WW: August 11, 2015
Includes kitchen counters, cabinets and appliances, such as an Ice Cream Maker with over 30 different flavors.
SP04 Spooky Stuff[81]
WW: September 29, 2015
Includes Halloween-related costumes, items including spider webs and a pumpkin carving station, and a new spooky-themed party that Sims can throw.
SP05 Movie Hangout Stuff[82]
WW: January 12, 2016
Includes Bohemian-styled clothing, home theaters, and items such as the Popcorn Maker.
SP06 Romantic Garden Stuff[83]
WW: February 9, 2016
Includes garden objects, new outfits, and new gameplay modes.
SP07 Kids Room Stuff
WW: June 28, 2016
Includes items for children's rooms, including new beds, a puppetry, a new game, and new hair and clothes for children.
SP08 Backyard Stuff
WW: July 19, 2016
Includes items for the backyard such as slip 'n' slide and bird feeders, and new hair and clothes.
SP09 Vintage Glamour Stuff
WW: December 6, 2016
Includes vintage style items such as a vanity table, new Old Hollywood inspired clothes and hair and the ability to hire a butler.
SP10 Bowling Night Stuff
WW: March 29, 2017
Includes items such as bowling lanes allowing players to build their own bowling hangout(s) for their Sims to visit. A new five level bowling skill, new themed clothing items, furniture, wallpapers and floorings are also included.
SP11 Fitness Stuff
WW: June 20, 2017
Includes new items such as the rock climbing treadmill, workout videos and earbuds. Also included are more fitness apparel.[84]
SP12 Toddler Stuff
WW: August 24, 2017
Includes new playground equipments for toddlers to use.[85]
SP13 Laundry Day Stuff[86]
WW: January 16, 2018
Includes new home technologies to help your Sim with domestic responsibilities and live an eco-friendly life. Marks of the return of laundry, washing machines and other laundry related items.
SP14 My First Pet Stuff
WW: March 13, 2018
Includes hamster, rat, pygmy hedgehog, or miniature bubalus as new pets.
Additional downloadable content (DLC)[edit]
Code
Name
Release date
Description
Rewards
NA: September 2, 2014
EU: September 4, 2014
Bonus content for the owners of The Sims 3 Expansion Packs.
Digital Deluxe Upgrade Life of the Party
NA: September 2, 2014
EU: September 4, 2014
Included in the Limited Edition and up. Adds the Flaming Tiki Bar and additional outfits.
Awesome Animal Hats Included in the Digital Deluxe Edition and up. Adds a collection of animal hats.
Up All Night Included in the Digital Deluxe Edition and up. Adds the Laser Light show, face paint, additional party decorations and outfits, two new party types, and new cooking recipes.
FP01 Holiday Celebration Pack
WW: December 16, 2014
A free downloadable content pack. Adds winter holiday decorations and outfits. New content was added in 2015 and 2016.
Grim's Ghoulish Guitar
WW: August 17, 2016
Bonus content for signing up for emails
Editions[edit]
Features
Standard
Limited Edition
Digital Deluxe
Premium Edition
hideCollector's Edition
In-store or Origin download Origin download only In store only Int. Release
Core game
Additional downloadable content
(DLC) Life of the Party
Awesome Animal Hats
Up All Night
Digital soundtrack
Creators' guide book
USB interactive Plumbob by SteelSeries
Expansion-only compilations[edit]
Compilations of expansion packs, game packs and stuff packs without the core game have also been released.
Name
Release date
Includes
The Sims 4 Bundle: Get To Work
WW: November 15, 2016
Get to Work, Outdoor Retreat, and Luxury Party Stuff.
The Sims 4 Bundle: Get Together
WW: December 13, 2016
Get Together, Spa Day, and Movie Hangout Stuff.
The Sims 4 Bundle: City Living
WW: August 15, 2017
City Living, Dine Out, and Bowling Night Stuff.
Reception[edit]
Reviews
Aggregate scores
Aggregator
Score
GameRankings 69%[87]
Metacritic 70/100[4]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Eurogamer 7/10[88]
Game Informer 6.75/10[89]
Game Revolution [91]
GameSpot 6/10[96]
GamesRadar+ [90]
GameTrailers 6.5/10[92]
IGN 7.5/10[93]
Joystiq [94]
Maximum PC 8/10
PC Gamer (US) 79/100[95]
Polygon 6.5/10[97]
Hardcore Gamer 2.5/5[98]
EA did not provide review copies of the game until September 1, meaning that critics were unable to review the game before release.[99] In the absence of initial reviews it was indicated that players were generally dissatisfied with the game, especially the ones who were familiar with the previous games in the franchise.[100]
At the aggregator site Metacritic, The Sims 4 received a score of 70 based on 74 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reception.[4]
Hardcore Gamer gave The Sims 4 a 2.5 score out of 5 and commented "it’s a half-hearted experience wrapped in a neat and pretty package that beams a potential to both fulfill and crush your inner-Sims’ dreams." They criticized the game for the lack of content and having many bugs.[101]
Jim Sterling of The Escapist, in a mixed review of the game, found there to be an "overall lack of engagement." Although noting some positive changes he was critical of the game in comparison to previous entries in the series, declaring that "The Sims 4 is basically The Sims 3, but shrunken and sterile," and recommending that game be played instead. He also complained of being "harassed" by tutorial messages. His final score for the game was 2.5 out of 5 stars.[102]
ABCNews.com's reviewer Derrik J. Lang praised the game for being "remarkably more intuitive at the start," stating that the Sims are now smarter than before, have emotions that affect their moods, and are able to multi-task. Despite the praise, Lang awarded the game with two stars stating that he encountered annoying glitches and that he misses content from previous games, like dishwashers.[103]
Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot gave this game a 6 out of 10. Despite praising the visuals, audio, and the new multi-tasking and moods system, he states that he misses the two main features of The Sims 3: "Create-a-Style" and the open world. His conclusion is: "The Sims 4's biggest problem is that The Sims 3 exists".[104]
Other reviews were more favorable. CraveOnline.co.uk mentioned in an article that "the awful user reviews indicate a strong backlash." However, the website added that "Sims fans who haven’t paid much attention to the ongoing controversy surrounding the game may look at those Amazon review scores and, without knowing that many are immediately dismissing the game due to its cut content, decide that they won’t purchase it."[105]
Kallie Plagge of IGN gave The Sims 4 a 7.5 out of 10. She was disappointed by the lack of content from previous games, and the lack of "cool" objects that could adequately replace them; and the too frequent, albeit short, loading screens. The score she gave is relatively high, though, because "The Sims 4 does succeed in being a deep and complex game when it comes to Sim interactions, with lots of entertaining emotional potential [...] Plus, excellent building tools make architecture more fun than ever". Her conclusion is that "it’s a good start to what may eventually be expanded into a great Sims game, but it’s not there yet".[106]
The Independent's Jack Fleming praised the game for "The Gallery" feature that allows users to showcase their creations easily, the new multitasking system, the visual design, the personalities and emotions, the unusual careers (that, for example, allow the sim to travel into space), and the new build mode. On the other hand, he voiced his frustration with the loading screens, the new camera controls (while noting they can be reverted to The Sims 3 style), and noted the lack of content from previous installments (such as swimming pools and toddlers) made many fans upset. In conclusion he writes: "The Sims 4 is an easy game to get into (though the constant tutorial-ising at the start can actually get a bit frustrating) and the reasons that people love this series are still present. The game’s creators have tried to make the appeal as diverse as possible and have in most ways succeeded. However, I couldn’t help but wish I could actually go to space and drive that spaceship around..."[107]
Nick Tan of Game Revolution states that the game is a case study for loss aversion. He explains that the reason for Sims fans expressing so much anger and dissatisfaction with it is because people "strongly prefer avoiding losses than acquiring gains". That, combined with the hatred for Electronic Arts that greatly intensified after the release of the latest SimCity game, resulted in such a backlash. Tan gave The Sims 4 a 3.5/5, calling it "woefully incomplete, despite being unexpectedly solid and entertaining in its current state".[108]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Blind Squirrel Entertainment co-developed the PS4 and Xbox One versions
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b The Sims (January 2, 2015). "The Sims 4 coming to Mac Feb. 17, 2015". Twitter. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 becomes first PC game to top all-format chart in two years". Digital Spy.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Sims 4". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ Constine, Josh (October 11, 2016). "Facebook hires The Sims' Rachel Rubin Franklin to lead Social VR team". Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Associated Press (August 27, 2013). "'The Sims 4' adds emotional, multi-tasking Sims". Daily Herald. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Rose, Mike (June 9, 2014). "The art of injecting emotion into The Sims 4". Gamasutra. UBM plc. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kato, Matthew (June 9, 2014). "Simplifying The Sims 4". Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Patricia (September 5, 2014). "How To Make The Sims 4 More Difficult". Kotaku. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Official EA UK - YouTube (January 10, 2017). "The Sims 4: Toddlers Are Here!".
^ Jump up to: a b c thesims.com (January 12, 2017). "The Biggest Little Update: Toddlers Are Now In The Sims 4!".
Jump up ^ "Life simulation video game, The Sims, removes gender barriers in virtual world". BBC News. June 2, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Conditt, Jessica (June 2, 2016). "'Sims 4' removes gender barriers in Create a Sim". Engadget. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Langshaw, Mark (July 12, 2014). "The Sims retrospective: Simpler times for the iconic series". Digital Spy. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Stonecipher, David (October 17, 2017). "Animals In 'The Sims 4' Will Have Hidden Quirks In Addition To Their Chosen Traits". Inquisitr. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Greening, Chris (May 25, 2014). "Ilan Eshkeri scores The Sims 4 with the London Metropolitan". Game Music Online. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Greening, Chris. "Electronic Arts releases The Sims 4 soundtrack". Game Music Online. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Maxis Unveils The Sims 4". Electronic Arts. May 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pitcher, Jenna (August 20, 2013). "The Sims 4 levels up the emotion with new SmartSim (update: can play offline)". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (August 23, 2013). "Maxis: Sims 4 will run better on lower-end machines than Sims 3". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 will be released in the fall of 2014!". Platinum Simmers. October 22, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Leah B. (May 14, 2014). "The Sims 4 Create a Sim Trailer Shows How to Make Your Perfect Sim". IGN. j2 Global. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke (May 28, 2014). "The Sims 4 Makes Building a Home Quicker and Easier". IGN. j2 Global. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4: Smarter and Weirder Official Gameplay Trailer". Sims Globe. June 28, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 Outdoor Retreat releases with wilderness action". PC Invasion.
Jump up ^ Gaston, Martin (October 22, 2013). "EA: The Sims 4 Coming Fall 2014". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sinha, Ravi (August 21, 2013). "The Sims 4 Confirmed as Offline, May Not Come to Consoles". GamingBolt.com. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-sims-4-officially-confirmed-for-ps4xbox-one-re/1100-6452027/
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 In Development for PC and Mac".
Jump up ^ "Will Sims 4 Be Mac Compatible?". Cinema Blend. June 1, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 General Information". EA Help. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Sims 4' On Consoles? Producer Says Maybe, Confirms Mac Release". International Business Times. October 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jovan (January 13, 2015). "The Sims 4 is releasing for Mac in February!". Sims Community. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Vaughn, Ryan (June 25, 2014). "Neighborhoods, Weird Moments and More!". The Sims Official Website. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cheong, Ian Miles (June 26, 2014). "The Sims 4: Emotions and Neighborhoods Detailed; No Toddlers or Pools". Gameranx. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Jill (August 26, 2013). "The Sims 4 Interview with SimGuru Jill" (Interview). Interview with EdenStyle.it. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4: Gurus Talk Story Progression". SimsVIP. July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4: Thursday's Guru Tweets". SimsVIP. July 4, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4: No Grocery Story, Work, or School Lots". SimsVIP. July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Spino, Dustin (July 1, 2014). "The Sims 4 Has Become a True Test for EA/Gamers". Cinelinx. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sarkar, Samit (June 26, 2014). "The Sims 4 will launch without pools or toddlers, and Sims fans are very upset". Polygon. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Younger, Paul. "The Sims 4 pools and toddlers petition gathers pace". IncGaming.com. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "To Fans' Chagrin, The Sims 4 Doesn't Include Pools or Toddlers in Base Game". June 26, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ponce, Tony (July 4, 2014). "The Sims 4: Producer Explains Why Toddlers and Pools Were Cut". Gameranx. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "What's Out and What's In". July 7, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rachel Franklin (October 1, 2014). "Free Content Updates in The Sims 4 Starting…Now! Also, Gnomes". The Sims Blog. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Connor Sheridan (October 1, 2014). "Sims 4 getting ghosts, pools, more careers for free". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matulef, Jeffrey (November 4, 2014). "The Sims 4 now lets you make pools". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 Patch Notes - Update: 11/15/2017". Electronic Arts. November 15, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sims 4 introduces gender customization options". Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Sims 4' Update: 8 New Lot Traits, Build Mode Shortcut Added For 'City Living'". iDigitalTimes.com. October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sims 4 Update: February 2018 Adds 10 New Skin Tones & Curly Hairstyle". Player.One. 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
Jump up ^ Williams, Katie (June 1, 2014). "Sims 4 Steelseries Peripherals Revealed". IGN. j2 Global. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 Demo Incoming, Pool and Toddler Omission Explained". IGN.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 Digital Deluxe for PC Download - Origin Games". Origin. January 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh, Megan. "Creation in The Sims 4 will be 'more intuitive, more powerful'". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Banks, Cory. "The Sims 4 rated Adults Only in Russia". PC Gamer. Future plc. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chalk, Andy. "The Sims 4 Rated Adults-Only In Russia Over Same-Sex Relationships". The Escapist. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Orland, Kyle (May 9, 2014). "Russia hangs adults-only rating on The Sims 4". Ars Technica. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4: Get To Work Expansion Pack Trailer Released".
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4's Next Expansion Delayed". GameSpot.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 City Living Expansion Features a Geek Convention, Penthouses". Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Sims 4: City Living' Expansion Pack: No Apartments From Scratch, Limited Loading Screens & More San Myshuno Details". September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Biery, Thomas. "The Sims 4 is getting customizable dogs and cats, at long last This expansion pack gives players exclusive access to the map Brindleton Bay". Polygon. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hood, Vic. "The Sims 4 Cats and Dogs expansion pack coming November". Eurogamer. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 Luxury Party Stuff: New Details". Sims VIP. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 Perfect Patio Stuff: Details". Sims VIP. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Sims - Foodies Rejoice! The Sims 4 Cool Kitchen Stuff is Coming Soon - Official Site".
Jump up ^ "The Sims - Scare Up Some Fun in The Sims 4 Spooky Stuff, Coming Soon. Your Sims are in for a scream - Official Site".
Jump up ^ "It's Movie Time! The Sims 4 Movie Hangout Stuff is Coming Next Week". The Sims. Electronic Arts, Inc. January 6, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 Romantic Garden Stuff Game Guide". SimsVIP. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Get Fit with The Sims Fitness Stuff Pack!". The Sims. Electronic Arts. June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Sims - It's About To Get More Adorable With The Sims 4 Toddler Stuff, Coming Soon!". The Sims. Electronic Arts. August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4: "Laundry Day Stuff" Wins Community Title Vote". August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4". GameRankings.com. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Sterling, Jim. "The Sims 4 Review — More BooHoo Than WooHoo". The Escapist. The Escapist. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 review: want more from life? Create a sim". The Independent.
Jump up ^ "The Sims 4 Review".
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Geothermal gradient
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"Geothermal" redirects here. For other uses, see Geothermal (disambiguation).
Temperature profile of the inner Earth, schematic view (estimated). (In this diagram, the geothermal gradient in the mantle appears steeper than in the lithosphere. This is, however, an artificial effect caused by the non-linear scale of the diagram. The geothermal gradient in the lithosphere is actually steeper than in the mantle.)
Geothermal gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth's interior. Away from tectonic plate boundaries, it is about 25–30 °C/km (28–34 °F/mi) of depth near the surface in most of the world.[1] Strictly speaking, geo-thermal necessarily refers to the Earth but the concept may be applied to other planets.
The Earth's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion, heat produced through radioactive decay, and possibly heat from other sources. The major heat-producing isotopes in the Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232.[2] At the center of the planet, the temperature may be up to 7,000 K and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (3.6 million atm).[3] Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists believe that early in Earth history, before isotopes with short half-lives had been depleted, Earth's heat production would have been much higher. Heat production was twice that of present-day at approximately 3 billion years ago,[4] resulting in larger temperature gradients within the Earth, larger rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics, allowing the production of igneous rocks such as komatiites that are no longer formed.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Heat sources
2 Heat flow
3 Direct application
4 Variations
5 See also
6 References
Heat sources[edit]
Earth cutaway from core to exosphere
Geothermal drill machine in Wisconsin, USA
Temperature within the Earth increases with depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 650 to 1,200 °C (1,200 to 2,200 °F) are found at the margins of tectonic plates, increasing the geothermal gradient in the vicinity, but only the outer core is postulated to exist in a molten or fluid state, and the temperature at the Earth's inner core/outer core boundary, around 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi) deep, is estimated to be 5650 ± 600 kelvins.[6][7] The heat content of the Earth is 1031 joules.[1]
Much of the heat is created by decay of naturally radioactive elements. An estimated 45 to 90 percent of the heat escaping from the Earth originates from radioactive decay of elements mainly located in the mantle.[4][8][9]
Heat of impact and compression released during the original formation of the Earth by accretion of in-falling meteorites.
Heat released as abundant heavy metals (iron, nickel, copper) descended to the Earth's core.
Latent heat released as the liquid outer core crystallizes at the inner core boundary.
Heat may be generated by tidal force on the Earth as it rotates; since rock cannot flow as readily as water it compresses and distorts, generating heat.
There is no reputable science to suggest that any significant heat may be created by electromagnetic effects of the magnetic fields involved in Earth's magnetic field, as suggested by some contemporary folk theories.
The radiogenic heat from the decay of 238U and 232Th are now the major contributors to the earth's internal heat budget.
In Earth's continental crust, the decay of natural radioactive isotopes has had significant involvement in the origin of geothermal heat. The continental crust is abundant in lower density minerals but also contains significant concentrations of heavier lithophilic minerals such as uranium. Because of this, it holds the largest global reservoir of radioactive elements found in the Earth.[10] Especially in layers closer to Earth's surface, naturally occurring isotopes are enriched in the granite and basaltic rocks.[11] These high levels of radioactive elements are largely excluded from the Earth's mantle due to their inability to substitute in mantle minerals and consequent enrichment in partial melts. The mantle is mostly made up of high density minerals with high contents of atoms that have relatively small atomic radii such as magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), and calcium (Ca).[10]
Present-day major heat-producing isotopes[12]
Isotope
Heat release
[W/kg isotope]
Half-life
[years]
Mean mantle concentration
[kg isotope/kg mantle]
Heat release
[W/kg mantle]
238U 9.46 × 10−5 4.47 × 109 30.8 × 10−9 2.91 × 10−12
235U 5.69 × 10−4 7.04 × 108 0.22 × 10−9 1.25 × 10−13
232Th 2.64 × 10−5 1.40 × 1010 124 × 10−9 3.27 × 10−12
40K 2.92 × 10−5 1.25 × 109 36.9 × 10−9 1.08 × 10−12
The geothermal gradient is steeper in the lithosphere than in the mantle because (a) crustal minerals have lower thermal conductivity than mantle minerals, (b) the crust produces more radiogenic heat than the mantle and (c) the crust contains numerous fractures.[13]
Heat flow[edit]
Main article: Earth's internal heat budget
Heat flows constantly from its sources within the Earth to the surface. Total heat loss from the Earth is estimated at 44.2 TW (4.42 × 1013 watts).[14] Mean heat flow is 65 mW/m2 over continental crust and 101 mW/m2 over oceanic crust.[14] This is 0.087 watt/square meter on average (0.03 percent of solar power absorbed by the Earth[15] ), but is much more concentrated in areas where thermal energy is transported toward the crust by convection such as along mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes.[16] The Earth's crust effectively acts as a thick insulating blanket which must be pierced by fluid conduits (of magma, water or other) in order to release the heat underneath. More of the heat in the Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges. The final major mode of heat loss is by conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs in the oceans due to the crust there being much thinner and younger than under the continents.[14][17]
The heat of the Earth is replenished by radioactive decay at a rate of 30 TW.[18] The global geothermal flow rates are more than twice the rate of human energy consumption from all primary sources.
Direct application[edit]
Heat from Earth's interior can be used as an energy source, known as geothermal energy. The geothermal gradient has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient Roman times, and more recently for generating electricity. As the human population continues to grow, so does energy use and the correlating environmental impacts that are consistent with global primary sources of energy. This has caused a growing interest in finding sources of energy that are renewable and have reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In areas of high geothermal energy density, current technology allows for the generation of electrical power because of the corresponding high temperatures. Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%.[10] In order to extract geothermal energy, it is necessary to efficiently transfer heat from a geothermal reservoir to a power plant, where electrical energy is converted from heat.[10] On a worldwide scale, the heat stored in Earth's interior provides an energy that is still seen as an exotic source. About 10 GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0.3% of global electricity demand. An additional 28 GW of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications.[1] Because heat is flowing through every square meter of land, it can be used for a source of energy for heating, air conditioning (HVAC) and ventilating systems using ground source heat pumps. In areas where modest heat flow is present, geothermal energy can be used for industrial applications that presently rely on fossil fuels.[10]
Variations[edit]
The geothermal gradient varies with location and is typically measured by determining the bottom open-hole temperature after borehole drilling. To achieve accuracy the drilling fluid needs time to reach the ambient temperature. This is not always achievable for practical reasons.
In stable tectonic areas in the tropics a temperature-depth plot will converge to the annual average surface temperature. However, in areas where deep permafrost developed during the Pleistocene a low temperature anomaly can be observed that persists down to several hundred metres.[19] The Suwałki cold anomaly in Poland has led to the recognition that similar thermal disturbances related to Pleistocene-Holocene climatic changes are recorded in boreholes throughout Poland, as well as in Alaska, northern Canada, and Siberia.
In areas of Holocene uplift and erosion (Fig. 1) the initial gradient will be higher than the average until it reaches an inflection point where it reaches the stabilized heat-flow regime. If the gradient of the stabilized regime is projected above the inflection point to its intersect with present-day annual average temperature, the height of this intersect above present-day surface level gives a measure of the extent of Holocene uplift and erosion. In areas of Holocene subsidence and deposition (Fig. 2) the initial gradient will be lower than the average until it reaches an inflection point where it joins the stabilized heat-flow regime.
In deep boreholes[citation needed], the temperature of the rock below the inflection point generally increases with depth at rates of the order of 20 K/km or more.[citation needed] Fourier's law of heat flow applied to the Earth gives q = Mg where q is the heat flux at a point on the Earth's surface, M the thermal conductivity of the rocks there, and g the measured geothermal gradient. A representative value for the thermal conductivity of granitic rocks is M = 3.0 W/mK.[citation needed] Hence, using the global average geothermal conducting gradient of 0.02 K/m we get that q = 0.06 W/m². This estimate, corroborated by thousands of observations of heat flow in boreholes all over the world, gives a global average of 6×10−2 W/m².[citation needed] Thus, if the geothermal heat flow rising through an acre of granite terrain could be efficiently captured, it would light four 60 watt light bulbs.
A variation in surface temperature induced by climate changes and the Milankovitch cycle can penetrate below the Earth's surface and produce an oscillation in the geothermal gradient with periods varying from daily to tens of thousands of years and an amplitude which decreases with depth and having a scale depth of several kilometers.[20][21] Melt water from the polar ice caps flowing along ocean bottoms tends to maintain a constant geothermal gradient throughout the Earth's surface.[20]
If that rate of temperature change were constant, temperatures deep in the Earth would soon reach the point where all known rocks would eventually melt. We know, however, that the Earth's mantle is solid because of the transmission of S-waves. The temperature gradient dramatically decreases with depth for two reasons. First, radioactive heat production is concentrated within the crust of the Earth, and particularly within the upper part of the crust, as concentrations of uranium, thorium, and potassium are highest there: these three elements are the main producers of radioactive heat within the Earth. Second, the mechanism of thermal transport changes from conduction, as within the rigid tectonic plates, to convection, in the portion of Earth's mantle that convects. Despite its solidity, most of the Earth's mantle behaves over long time-scales as a fluid, and heat is transported by advection, or material transport. Thus, the geothermal gradient within the bulk of Earth's mantle is of the order of 0.5 kelvin per kilometer, and is determined by the adiabatic gradient associated with mantle material (peridotite in the upper mantle).[22]
This heating up can be both beneficial or detrimental in terms of engineering: Geothermal energy can be used as a means for generating electricity, by using the heat of the surrounding layers of rock underground to heat water and then routing the steam from this process through a turbine connected to a generator.
On the other hand, drill bits have to be cooled not only because of the friction created by the process of drilling itself but also because of the heat of the surrounding rock at great depth. Very deep mines, like some gold mines in South Africa, need the air inside to be cooled and circulated to allow miners to work at such great depth.
See also[edit]
Sustainable development portal
Earth's internal heat budget
Geothermal power
Hydrothermal circulation
TauTona Mine The world's deepest mining operation at 3.9 km (2.4 mi), where the rock face temperature reaches 60 °C (140 °F).
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Fridleifsson,, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (2008-02-11). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin, ed. "The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change" (pdf). Luebeck, Germany: 59–80. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
Jump up ^ Sanders, Robert (2003-12-10). "Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core". UC Berkeley News. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
Jump up ^ Alfè, D.; Gillan, M. J.; Vocadlo, L.; Brodholt, J.; Price, G. D. (2002). "The ab initio simulation of the Earth's core" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 360 (1795): 1227–44. Bibcode:2002RSPTA.360.1227A. doi:10.1098/rsta.2002.0992. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Turcotte, DL; Schubert, G (2002). "4". Geodynamics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–7. ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4.
Jump up ^ Vlaar, N; Vankeken, P; Vandenberg, A (1994). "Cooling of the earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 121 (1–2): 1. Bibcode:1994E&PSL.121....1V. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0.
Jump up ^ Alfe, D.; M. J. Gillan; G. D. Price (2003-02-01). "Thermodynamics from first principles: temperature and composition of the Earth's core" (PDF). Mineralogical Magazine. 67 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1180/0026461026610089. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-16. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
Jump up ^ Steinle-Neumann, Gerd; Lars Stixrude; Ronald Cohen (2001-09-05). "New Understanding of Earth's Inner Core". Carnegie Institution of Washington. Archived from the original on 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
Jump up ^ Anuta, Joe (2006-03-30). "Probing Question: What heats the earth's core?". physorg.com. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Hamish (19 July 2011). "Radioactive decay accounts for half of Earth's heat". PhysicsWorld.com. Institute of Physics. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e William, G. E. (2010). Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment (pp. 1-176). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Jump up ^ Wengenmayr, R., & Buhrke, T. (Eds.). (2008). Renewable Energy: Sustainable Energy Concepts for the future (pp. 54-60). Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Jump up ^ Turcotte, D. L.; Schubert, G. (2002). "4". Geodynamics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Don L. (1989). Theory of the Earth. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 130. ISBN 0-86542-335-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pollack, Henry N., et.al.,Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set, Reviews of Geophysics, 31, 3 / August 1993, p. 273 Archived 2011-08-11 at the Wayback Machine. doi:10.1029/93RG01249
Jump up ^ "Climate and Earth's Energy Budget". NASA.
Jump up ^ Richards, M. A.; Duncan, R. A.; Courtillot, V. E. (1989). "Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails". Science. 246 (4926): 103–107. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..103R. doi:10.1126/science.246.4926.103. PMID 17837768.
Jump up ^ Sclater, John G; Parsons, Barry; Jaupart, Claude (1981). "Oceans and Continents: Similarities and Differences in the Mechanisms of Heat Loss". Journal of Geophysical Research. 86 (B12): 11535. Bibcode:1981JGR....8611535S. doi:10.1029/JB086iB12p11535.
Jump up ^ Rybach, Ladislaus (September 2007). "Geothermal Sustainability" (PDF). Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin. 28 (3). Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 2–7. ISSN 0276-1084. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
Jump up ^ The Frozen Time, from the Polish Geological Institute Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Stacey, Frank D. (1977). Physics of the Earth (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-81956-5. pp. 183-4
Jump up ^ Sleep, Norman H.; Kazuya Fujita (1997). Principles of Geophysics. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-076-9. pp. 187-9
Jump up ^ Turcotte, D. L.; Schubert, G. (2002). "4". Geodynamics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4.
"Geothermal Resources". DOE/EIA-0603(95) Background Information and 1990 Baseline Data Initially Published in the Renewable Energy Annual 1995. Retrieved May 4, 2005.
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Means to an end
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For the Biohazard album, see Means to an End.
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In philosophy, the term "means to an end" refers to any action (the means) carried out for the sole purpose of achieving something else (an end). It can be thought of as a metaphysical distinction as no empirical information differentiates actions that are means to ends from those that are not—that are "ends in themselves". It has been incurred that all actions are means to other ends—this is relevant when considering the meaning of life.
Immanuel Kant's theory of morality, the categorical imperative, states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people must—under all circumstances—be treated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the many.
In economics[edit]
Economics is ultimately a societal system which distinguishes means from ends. Modern economists, such as ecological economists, point out that our ultimate means are not labor or artifacts created through human production, but instead are ecological services provided by nature in the form of energy, low-entropy matter, chemical and biological composition as well as habitat stability.
Further, ecological economists and many others discuss the notion of ultimate ends. For instance, does non-human life have intrinsic value? Most argue that the answer is yes, but processes for maximizing this value are perplexing.
Idiom[edit]
A means to an end is also an idiom. It often refers to an activity (such as an undesirable job) that is not as important as the goal you hope to achieve (monetary gains for example). For example, Sam does not have any professional ambitions. For her, work is just a means to an end. One starts something and finishes it, without that something leading into something else, thus it is an end in itself.
This article about ethics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 14:29.
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