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Left–right political spectrum
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The left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies and parties. Left-wing politics and right-wing politics are often presented as opposed, although a particular individual or group may take a left-wing stance on one matter and a right-wing stance on another; and some stances may overlap and be considered either left- or right-wing depending on the ideology.[1] In France, where the terms originated, the Left has been called "the party of movement" and the Right "the party of order".[2][3][4][5] The intermediate stance is called centrism and a person with such a position is a moderate or centrist.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the terms
2 Ideological groupings across the spectrum
3 Political parties in the political spectrum
4 Usage in Western Europe
5 Contemporary usage in the United States
6 Relevance of the terms today
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
History of the terms[edit]
The terms "left" and "right" appeared during the French Revolution of 1789 when members of the National Assembly divided into supporters of the king to the president's right and supporters of the revolution to his left. One deputy, the Baron de Gauville, explained: "We began to recognize each other: those who were loyal to religion and the king took up positions to the right of the chair so as to avoid the shouts, oaths, and indecencies that enjoyed free rein in the opposing camp". However, the Right opposed the seating arrangement because they believed that deputies should support private or general interests but should not form factions or political parties. The contemporary press occasionally used the terms "left" and "right" to refer to the opposing sides.[citation needed]
When the National Assembly was replaced in 1791 by a Legislative Assembly comprising entirely new members, the divisions continued. "Innovators" sat on the left, "moderates" gathered in the centre, while the "conscientious defenders of the constitution" found themselves sitting on the right, where the defenders of the Ancien Régime had previously gathered.[clarification needed] When the succeeding National Convention met in 1792, the seating arrangement continued, but following the coup d'état of 2 June 1793 and the arrest of the Girondins the right side of the assembly was deserted and any remaining members who had sat there moved to the centre. However, following the Thermidorian Reaction of 1794 the members of the far-left were excluded and the method of seating was abolished. The new constitution included rules for the assembly that would "break up the party groups".[6] However, following the Restoration in 1814–1815 political clubs were again formed. The majority ultraroyalists chose to sit on the right. The "constitutionals" sat in the centre while independents sat on the left. The terms extreme right and extreme left as well as centre-right and centre-left came to be used to describe the nuances of ideology of different sections of the assembly.[7]
The terms "left" and "right" were not used to refer to political ideology per se, but only to seating in the legislature. After 1848, the main opposing camps were the "democratic socialists" and the "reactionaries" who used red and white flags to identify their party affiliation.[8] With the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871, the terms were adopted by political parties: the Republican Left, the Centre Right and the Centre Left (1871) and the Extreme Left (1876) and Radical Left (1881). The beliefs of the group called the Radical Left were actually closer to the Centre Left than the beliefs of those called the Extreme Left.[9] Beginning in the early twentieth century, the terms "left" and "right" came to be associated with specific political ideologies and were used to describe citizens' political beliefs, gradually replacing the terms "reds" and "the reaction". Those on the Left often called themselves "republicans", while those on the Right often called themselves "conservatives". The words Left and Right were at first used by their opponents as slurs.
By 1914, the Left half of the legislature in France was composed of Unified Socialists, Republican Socialists and Socialist Radicals, while the parties that were called "Left" now sat on the right side. The use of the words Left and Right spread from France to other countries and came to be applied to a large number of political parties worldwide, which often differed in their political beliefs.[10] There was asymmetry in the use of the terms Left and Right by the opposing sides. The Right mostly denied that the left–right spectrum was meaningful because they saw it as artificial and damaging to unity. However, the Left, seeking to change society, promoted the distinction. As Alain observed in 1931: "When people ask me if the division between parties of the Right and parties of the Left, men of the Right and men of the Left, still makes sense, the first thing that comes to mind is that the person asking the question is certainly not a man of the Left".[11] In British politics, the terms "right" and "left" came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War.[12] The Scottish sociologist Robert M. MacIver noted in The Web of Government (1947):
The right is always the party sector associated with the interests of the upper or dominant classes, the left the sector expressive of the lower economic or social classes, and the centre that of the middle classes. Historically this criterion seems acceptable. The conservative right has defended entrenched prerogatives, privileges and powers; the left has attacked them. The right has been more favorable to the aristocratic position, to the hierarchy of birth or of wealth; the left has fought for the equalization of advantage or of opportunity, for the claims of the less advantaged. Defense and attack have met, under democratic conditions, not in the name of class but in the name of principle; but the opposing principles have broadly corresponded to the interests of the different classes.[13]
Ideological groupings across the spectrum[edit]
Generally, the left-wing is characterized by an emphasis on "ideas such as freedom, equality, fraternity, rights, progress, reform and internationalism", while the right-wing is characterized by an emphasis on "notions such as authority, hierarchy, order, duty, tradition, reaction and nationalism".[14]
Political scientists and other analysts regard the Left as including anarchists,[15][16] communists, socialists, democratic socialists, social democrats,[17] left-libertarians, progressives and social liberals.[18][19] Movements for racial equality[20] and trade unionism have also been associated with the left.[21]
Political scientists and other analysts regard the Right as including Christian democrats, conservatives, right-libertarians,[22] neoconservatives, imperialists, monarchists,[23] fascists,[24] reactionaries and traditionalists.
A number of significant political movements—including feminism and regionalism—do not fit precisely into the left-right spectrum.[25] Though nationalism is often regarded as a right-wing doctrine, many nationalists favor egalitarian distributions of resources. There are also "liberal nationalists"[26] Populism is regarded as having both left-wing and right-wing manifestations (see left-wing populism and right-wing populism).[27] Green politics is often regarded as a movement of the left, but in some ways the green movement is difficult to definitively categorize as left or right.[28]
Political parties in the political spectrum[edit]
Seating in the 2009 European Parliament
European United Left–Nordic Green Left (35)
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (184)
European Greens–European Free Alliance (55)
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (84)
European People's Party (265)
European Conservatives and Reformists (54)
Europe of Freedom and Democracy (32)
Non-Inscrits (27)
Political scientists have observed that the ideologies of political parties can be mapped along a single left–right axis.[29] Klaus von Beyme categorized European parties into nine families, which described most parties. Beyme was able to arrange seven of them from left to right: communist, socialist, green, liberal, Christian democratic, conservative and right-wing extremist. The position of agrarian and regional/ethnic parties varied.[30] A study conducted in the late 1980s on two bases, positions on ownership of the means of production and positions on social issues, confirmed this arrangement.[31]
There has been a tendency for party ideologies to persist and values and views that were present at a party's founding have survived. However, they have also adapted for pragmatic reasons, making them appear more similar.[32] Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan observed that modern party systems are the product of social conflicts played out in the last few centuries.[33] They said that lines of cleavage had become "frozen".[34]
The first modern political parties were liberals, organized by the middle class in the 19th century to protect them against the aristocracy. They were major political parties in that century, but declined in the twentieth century as first the working class came to support socialist parties and economic and social change eroded their middle class base.[35] Conservative parties arose in opposition to liberals in order to defend aristocratic privilege, but in order to attract voters they became less doctrinaire than liberals. However, they were unsuccessful in most countries and generally have been able to achieve power only through cooperation with other parties.[36]
Socialist parties were organized in order to achieve political rights for workers and were originally allied with liberals. However, they broke with the liberals when they sought worker control of the means of production.[37] Christian democratic parties were organized by Catholics who saw liberalism as a threat to traditional values. Although established in the 19th century, they became a major political force following the Second World War.[38] Communist parties emerged following a division within socialism first on support of the First World War and then support of the Bolshevik Revolution.[39]
Right-wing extremist parties are harder to define other than being more right-wing than other parties, but include fascists and some extreme conservative and nationalist parties.[40]
Green parties were the most recent of the major party groups to develop. They have mostly rejected socialism and are very liberal on social issues.[41]
These categories can be applied to many parties outside Europe.[42] Ware (1996) asserted that in the United States both major parties were liberal,[clarification needed] even though there are left–right policy differences between them.[43]
Usage in Western Europe[edit]
In the 2001 book The Government and Politics of France, Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright say that the main factor dividing the left and right wings in Western Europe is class. The Left seeks social justice through redistributive social and economic policies, while the Right defends private property and capitalism. The nature of the conflict depends on existing social and political cleavages and on the level of economic development.[44] Left-wing values include the belief in the power of human reason to achieve progress for the benefit of the human race, secularism, sovereignty exercised through the legislature, social justice and mistrust of strong personal political leadership. To the Right, this is regularly seen as anti-clericalism, unrealistic social reform, doctrinaire socialism and class hatred. The Right are skeptical about the capacity for radical reforms to achieve human well-being while maintaining workplace competition. They believe in the established church both in itself and as an instrument of social cohesion; and believe in the need for strong political leadership to minimize social and political divisions. To the Left, this is seen as a selfish and reactionary opposition to social justice, a wish to impose doctrinaire religion on the population and a tendency to authoritarianism and repression.[45][46]
The differences between left and right have altered over time. The initial cleavage at the time of the French Revolution was between supporters of absolute monarchy (the Right) and those who wished to limit the king's authority (the Left). During the 19th century, the cleavage was between monarchists and republicans. Following the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871, the cleavage was between supporters of a strong executive on the Right and supporters of the primacy of the legislature on the Left.[47]
Contemporary usage in the United States[edit]
The terms left-wing and right-wing are widely used in the United States, but as on the global level there is no firm consensus about their meaning. The only aspect that is generally agreed upon is that they are the defining opposites of the United States political spectrum. Left and right in the U.S. are generally associated with liberal and conservative respectively, although the meanings of the two sets of terms do not entirely coincide. Depending on the political affiliation of the individual using them, these terms can be spoken with varying implications. A 2005 poll of 2,209 American adults showed that "respondents generally viewed the paired concepts liberals and left-wingers and conservatives and right-wingers as possessing, respectively, generally similar political beliefs", but also showed that around ten percent fewer respondents understood the terms left and right than understood the terms liberal and conservative.[48]
The contemporary Left in the United States is usually understood as a category that includes New Deal social-liberals (in contrast to traditions of social democracy more common to Western Europe), Rawlsian liberals and civil libertarians, who are often identified with the Democratic Party. In general, the term left-wing is understood to imply a commitment to egalitarianism, support for social policies that appeal to the working class and multiculturalism. The contemporary center-left usually defines itself as promoting government regulation of business, commerce and industry; protection of fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion (separation of church and state); and government intervention on behalf of racial, ethnic and sexual minorities and the working class.[49]
Relevance of the terms today[edit]
Some political scientists have suggested that the classifications of "left" and "right" are no longer meaningful in the modern complex world. Although these terms continue to be used, they advocate a more complex spectrum that attempts to combine political, economic and social dimensions.[50]
A survey conducted between 1983 and 1994 by Bob Altemeyer of Canadian legislative caucuses showed an 82% correlation between party affiliation and score on a scale for right-wing authoritarianism when comparing right-wing and social democratic caucuses. There was a wide gap between the scores of the two groups, which was filled by liberal caucuses. His survey of American legislative caucuses showed scores by American Republicans and Democrats were similar to the Canadian Right and liberals, with a 44% correlation between party affiliation and score.[51]
Norberto Bobbio saw the polarization of the Italian Chamber of Deputies in the 1990s as evidence that the linear left–right axis remained valid. Bobbio thought that the argument that the spectrum had disappeared occurred when either the Left or Right were weak. The dominant side would claim that its ideology was the only possible one, while the weaker side would minimize its differences. He saw the Left and Right not in absolute terms, but as relative concepts that would vary over time. In his view, the left–right axis could be applied to any time period.[52]
Libertarian writer David Boaz argued that terms left and right are used to spin a particular point of view rather than as simple descriptors, with those on the "left" typically emphasizing their support for working people and accusing the right of supporting the interests of the upper class; and those on the "right" usually emphasizing their support for individualism and accusing the Left of supporting collectivism. Boaz asserts that arguments about the way the words should be used often displaces arguments about policy by raising emotional prejudice against a preconceived notion of what the terms mean.[53]
In 2006, British Prime Minister Tony Blair described the main cleavage in politics as not left versus right, but open versus closed.[54] In this model, attitudes towards social issues and globalism are more important than the conventional economic left–right issues: "open" voters tend to be socially liberal, multicultural and in favour of globalism, while "closed" voters are culturally conservative, opposed to immigration and in favour of protectionism. This model has seen increased support following the rise of populist and centrist parties in the 2010s.[55][56]
See also[edit]
Politics portal
Nolan chart
Political spectrum
Sinistrisme
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Milner, Helen (2004). "Partisanship, Trade Policy, and Globalization: Is There a Left–Right Divide on Trade Policy" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00293.x.
Jump up ^ Knapp & Wright, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Adam Garfinkle, Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement (1997). Palgrave Macmillan: p. 303.
Jump up ^ "Left (adjective)" and "Left (noun)" (2011), Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Roger Broad, Labour's European Dilemmas: From Bevin to Blair (2001). Palgrave Macmillan: p. xxvi.
Jump up ^ Gauchet, p. 245–47
Jump up ^ Gauchet, pp. 247–49
Jump up ^ Gauchet, p. 253.
Jump up ^ Marc Crapez, "De quand date le clivage gauche/droite en France?", Revue française de science politique, 48 (1), février 1998, pp. 70–72.
Jump up ^ Gauchet, pp. 255–259.
Jump up ^ Gauchet, p. 266
Jump up ^ Charles Loch Mowat, Britain Between the Wars: 1918–1940 (1955) p. 577.
Jump up ^ Lipset, p. 222
Jump up ^ Andrew Heywood, Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations (2d ed.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), p. 119.
Jump up ^ Clay Risen, "The Bill of the Century", passim, e.g. "Southern Democrats faced three choices: they could ditch their party for the Republicans; move to the left and hope to ride a wave of an expanding post-Jim Crow black electorate; or double down on segregation and white supremacy ..." p. 168, Bloomsbury Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1608198269
Jump up ^ Brooks, Frank H. (1994). The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908). Transaction Publishers. p. xi. "Usually considered to be an extreme left-wing ideology, anarchism has always included a significant strain of radical individualism ..."
Jump up ^
Euclid Tsakalotis, "European Employment Policies: A New Social Democratic Model for Europe" in The Economics of the Third Way: Experiences from Around the World (eds. Philip Arestis & Malcolm C. Sawyer: Edward Elgar Publishing 2001), p. 26: "most left-wing approaches (social democratic, democratic socialist, and so on) to how the market economy works...").
"Introduction" in The Nordic Model of Social Democracy (eds. Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg & Dag Einar Thorsen: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013): "In Scandinavia, as in the rest of the world, 'social democracy' and 'democratic socialism' have often been used interchangeably to define the part of the left pursuing gradual reform through democratic means."
Jump up ^ JoAnne C. Reuss, American Folk Music and Left-Wing Politics, The Scarecrow Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8108-3684-6
Jump up ^ Van Gosse, The Movements of the New Left, 1950–1975: A Brief History with Documents, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, ISBN 978-1-4039-6804-3
Jump up ^ Michael J. Klarman, "From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality", "... many of the white Americans who were most sympathetic to racial equality belonged to left-wing organizations...", p. 375, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0195310184
Jump up ^
Heikki Paloheimo, "Between Liberalism and Corporatism: The Effect of Trade Unions and Governments on Economic Performance in Eighteen OECD Countries" in Labour Relations and Economic Performance: Proceedings of a Conference Held By the International Economic Association in Venice, Italy (eds. Renator Brunetta & Carlo Dell'Aringa: International Economic Association/Palgrave Macmillan, 1990), p. 119: "It is easier for trade unions to have mutual understanding with left-wing governments than with right-wing governments. In the same way, it is easier for left-wing governments to have mutual understanding with trade unions."
Thomas Poguntke, "Living in Separate Worlds? Left-wing Parties and Trade Uions in European Democracies" in Citizenship and Democracy in an Era of Crisis (eds. Thomas Poguntke et al.: Routledge: 2015), p. 173 ("So far we have argued that parties of the left are the natural allies of the trade union movement ... it goes almost without saying that this a simplification."), p. 181: "When it comes to overlapping memberships, left-wing parties have always been, by and large, strongly connected to the trade union movement.").
Jump up ^ Feser, Edward C. (2008). "Conservative Critique of Libertarianism". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 95–97. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n62. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Libertarianism and conservatism are frequently classified together as right-wing political philosophies, which is understandable given the content and history of these views.
Jump up ^
Politics in Europe, 6th ed. (eds. M. Donald Hancock et al.: SAGE/CQ Press, 2015), p. 139: "Historically, the political right was characterized by its identification with the status quo. It favored monarchism and deplored the Revolutions of 1789 and 1848."
Thomas M. Magstadt, Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues, 12th ed. (Centgage Learning, 2015), p. 28: "Ideologies of the right: Monarchism is at the opposite end of the political spectrum .... After World War I, fascism supplanted monarchism as the principle ideology of the extreme Right."
Jump up ^
Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism, passim, e.g. "The Communist International was certain that the German swing to the Right under Hitler would produce a counterswing to the Left ...", p. 128, Vintage, 2005, ISBN 978-1400033911;
Hans-Georg Betz, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (Macmillian, 1994), p. 23: "One of the central arguments in the literature on fascism was that fascism, and by extension all radical right-wing movements..."
The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-05678-8 "Fascism, philosophy of government that glorifies nationalism at the expense of the individual. ... The term was first used by the party started by MUSSOLINI, ... and has also been applied to other right-wing movements such as NATIONAL SOCIALISM, in Germany, and the FRANCO regime, in Spain."
Jump up ^ * Siep Stuurman, "Citizenship and Cultural Difference in France and the Netherlands" in Lineages of European Citizenship: Rights, Belonging and Participation in Eleven Nation-States (eds. Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione & Emilio Santoro: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 178: "Regionalism and feminism, to take two major examples, were significantly different, but both cut across the old left-right cleavages, presenting a challenge to the traditional political cultures."* Andrew C. Gould, "Conclusions: Regional, National, and Religious Challenges to European Identity" in Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism (eds. Andrew C. Gould & Anthony M. Messina: Cambridge University Press, 2014): "Regionalist parties in the center of the left-right spectrum generally favored integration. Regionalist parties on the extremes of left and right generally opposed integration, albeit for different reasons..."
Jack Hayward, "Governing the New Europe" in Governing the New Europe (eds. Jack Ernest, Shalom Hayward & Edward Page: Duke University Press, 1995): "...the rebirth of a repressed civil society has led to a proliferation of social movements which cannot be subsumed under a left-right dichotomy. ... The emergency of a variety of new social movements, particularly green and feminist movements, as well as revived regionalist movements, has prompted the major parties to compete with one another in seeking to incorporate their demands ... * Will Kymlicka, ""Contemporary Political Philosophy"", OUP, Oxford, UK, (2004); https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/
Jump up ^ *David Miller, ""Strangers in Our Midst", HUP, Harvard, Cambridge: MA, 2016
Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies Without Boundaries: on Telecommunications in a Global Age (ed. Eli M. Noam: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 124: "Nationalism is not a monopoly of either the right or the left. Rather, nationalism is the doctrine of the right-wing that most easily co-opts the left. Historically, liberals and radicals have been internationalists ... Liberal intellectuals have fought for freedom of movement, freedom from censorship, and world cultural exchange, and have condemned ethnocentrism and prejudice. Right-wing nationalists, on the other hand, have glorified the unique heritage of their own ethnic group. The right has fought foreign influences that would undermine their historic religion, language, customs, or politics. But the description of the left as open and internationalist and the right as closed and nationalist is misleadingly simple. Nationalism has always been the most popularly appealing element in right-wing doctrine. As such it has been seduced and been adopted by the left." *
Anne Sa'adah, Contemporary France: A Democratic Education (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003): "The importance of nationalism as an opposition ideology is particularly clear in the record of the nineteenth century. For most of that century, nationalism was associated with the revolutionary rhetoric of popular sovereignty and used most effectively by the left, which was out of power. In the 1880s, however, after the creation of the Third Republic, nationalism became the preferred weapon the new regime's right-wing critics."
Jump up ^
Javier Corrales & Michael Penfold, Dragon in the Tropics: Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chavez (2d ed.: Brookings Institution Press, 2015), p. 150 (discussing difference and similarities between left- and right-wing populism).
Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, The End of the World as We Know it: Social Science for the Twenty-first Century (University of Minnesota Press, 1999), p. 95 (same).
Jump up ^
Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought (3d ed.: Routledge, 1995: 2000 printing), pp. 27-28; "If ... we take equality and hierarchy as characteristics held to be praiseworthy within left-wing and right-wing thought respectively, then ecologism is clearly left-wing, arguing as it does for forms of equality among human beings and between human beings and other species. However, to argue that ecologism is unequivocal left-wing is not so easy. For instance, green politics is in principle adverse to anything but the most timid engineering of the social and natural world by human beings."
Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach (SUNY Press, 1992), p. 120: "The growing influence of ecosocialist ideas within the Green movement (most notably in Europe and Australia rather than in North America) has rendered the popular Green slogan "neither left nor right" somewhat problematic. While this slogan originally served to publicize the Green movement's efforts to find a distinct, third alternative to the growth consensus of capitalism and communism, it has since served to generate a lively and sometimes acrimonious debate within the Green movement concerning the proper political characterization of Green politics .... In particular, ecosocialists have mounted a challenge to the presumed left-right ideology neutrality of Green politics by pointing out the various egalitarian and redistributional (and hence 'leftist') measures that are needed to ensure an equitable transition toward a conserver society."
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 18–20
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 22
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 27–29
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 47
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 186
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 202
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 29–31
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 31–33
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 33–35
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 36–37
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 34
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 41–42
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 43
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 44–47
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 60
Jump up ^ Knapp & Wright, p. 7
Jump up ^ Knapp & Wright, p. 9
Jump up ^ Anthony Giddens, Beyond Left and Right, the Future of Radical Politics, "In many continental European countries, for example, 'conservatism' suggests the political influence of Catholicism." p. 22. "American conservatism, in some of its major forms at least, has almost from its beginnings been aggressively procapitalist in ways that its European counterparts have not." p. 23. "(However) the basic delemmas now faced by conservative and socialist thought are everywhere similar." p. 23. "Conservatism, it is often said, opposes rationalism." p. 24., Stanford University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-8047-2451-7.
Jump up ^ Knapp & Wright, pp. 2–5
Jump up ^ Right Wing, Left Wing, Chicken Wing | MediaCulture | AlterNet
Jump up ^ Michael Kazin, "American Dreamers: How the Left Changed a Nation", Knopf, 2011, ISBN 978-0-307-26628-6
Jump up ^ Ruypers, p. 56
Jump up ^ The authoritarian specter, Bob Altemeyer (1996), pp. 258–98
Jump up ^ Left and right: the significance of a political distinction (1996) Norberto Bobbio, Allan Cameron, pp. vi–xiv
Jump up ^ David Boaz, The Politics of Freedom: Taking on The Left, the Right, and Threats to our Liberties, Cato Institute, 2008, ISBN 978-1-933995-14-4
Jump up ^ Cowley, Jason (24 November 2016). "Tony Blair's unfinished business". New Statesman. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Drawbridges up". The Economist. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Dutch election suggests a new kind of identity politics". The Economist. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
References[edit]
Gauchet, Marcel. "Right and Left". In Pierre Nora, Lawrence D. Kritzman (Eds.), Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997 ISBN 0-231-10634-3
Lipset, Seymour Martin. Political man: the social bases of politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960. ISBN 0-8018-2522-9
Knapp, Andrew. Wright, Vincent. The government and politics of France. New York: Routledge, 2001 ISBN 0-415-21526-9
Ruypers, John. Canadian and world politics. Canada: Emond Montgomery Publications Limited, 2005. ISBN 1-55239-097-7
Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-878076-1
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Crowne Plaza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts
Type
Upscale Hotels & Resorts
Industry
Hotel
Founded
1983
Headquarters
Denham, United Kingdom
Number of locations
410
Area served
Worldwide
Parent
InterContinental Hotels Group
Website
Crown Plaza
Crowne Plaza is a multinational chain of full service, upscale hotels catering to business travelers and to the meetings and conventions market. It forms part of the InterContinental Hotels Group family of brands, which include InterContinental Hotels & Resorts and Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts, and operates in 52 countries with more than 400 hotels, usually located in city centers, resorts, coastal towns or near major airports.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Notable properties
3 Sponsorship
4 Gallery
5 References
History[edit]
Crowne Plaza in Kochi, India
A room at Crowne Plaza London Docklands
Originally branded as "Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza", the first United States Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza Hotel was opened in Rockville, Maryland, in 1983. Within a couple of years the brand was spun off as an independent chain (still owned at the time by Holiday Inn). The first Crowne Plaza Resort opened in Madeira, Portugal, in 1999.
Today, the brand represents 410 hotels globally in 52 countries with 112,317 rooms (as of March 2016) and an expanding 81 hotels in the pipeline. [1] In 1990, the InterContinental Hotels Group purchased the Holiday Inn family; today its portfolio includes the luxury brand InterContinental Hotels & Resorts, the upscale boutique brand Hotel Indigo, the upscale extended stay brand Staybridge Suites, the midscale extended stay brand Candlewood Suites, the midscale, full service brand Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts, Holiday Inn Club Vacations, EVEN Hotels, HUALUXE Hotels & Resorts, and the midscale limited service brand Holiday Inn Express.
Notable properties[edit]
The Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport is the former terminal building of Liverpool Speke Airport, constructed in the 1930s and used until 1986. Its notable art deco features led to its listing as a heritage building, and subsequent conversion to a hotel.
The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers is the first hotel in Denmark to generate all of its power from renewable sources, including solar panels and geothermal heating and cooling pumps. Its stationary bicycles are connected to generators, which provide electricity to the hotel.
Crowne Plaza Belgrade, renovated 2012–13, is the biggest Crowne Plaza hotel in Europe.
Crowne Plaza Hong Kong Causeway Bay opened in 2009 and is the first Crowne Plaza in Hong Kong.[2]
Sponsorship[edit]
Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts is the title sponsor of the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial - a PGA Tour golf tournament held annually in Fort Worth, Texas. Starting in 2012, they are also officially sponsoring PGA Tour's 2010's Rookie of the Year, Rickie Fowler.[3]
Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts have been the sponsor of the British FIA World Touring Car Championship driver Andy Priaulx, a multiple touring car champion, since 2006. They now continue to support him in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM), a popular European touring car championship, as an official sponsor of BMW Motorsport along with the American LeMans Series (ALMS) where Californian Joey Hand represents the brand for both series.[4]
Gallery[edit]
Crowne Plaza Bangkok Lumpini Park, Bangkok, Thailand.
Hamilton Crowne Plaza, Washington, D.C.
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Shanghai, Jiading, China
Prague, Czech Republic
Nuevo Laredo, Mexico
Torreón, Mexico
İzmir, Turkey
Bratislava, Slovakia
Kansas City, Missouri, USA
New York City, New York, USA
Huizhou, China
Kochi, India
Crowne Plaza Belgrade, Serbia
Newton, Massachusetts, USA
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "InterContinental Hotels Group - About our brands - Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts". InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG). 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
Jump up ^ http://www.businesstraveller.asia/asia-pacific/news/crowne-plaza-arrives-in-hongkong-via-causeway-bay
Jump up ^ "Nomination of Rickie Fowler as Rookie of the Year 2010 on". Pgatour.com. 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Official partnerships of Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts". Ichotelsgroup.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crowne Plaza.
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2016–17 Ranji Trophy Group B
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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2016-17 Ranji Trophy Group B
The Ranji Trophy, awarded to the winners
Dates
6 October 2016 (2016-10-06) – 18 December 2016 (2016-12-18)
Administrator(s)
BCCI
Cricket format
First-class cricket
Tournament format(s)
Round-robin
Host(s)
India
Participants
9
← 2015–16
2017–18 →
2016–17 Indian domestic cricket season
v
t
e
Men
2016–17 Duleep Trophy
2016–17 Ranji Trophy (Group A, Group B, Group C)
2016–17 Irani Cup
2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament
2016–17 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy (Group A, Group B, Group C, Group D)
2016–17 Deodhar Trophy
Women
2016–17 Senior women's one day league
2016–17 Senior women's challenger trophy
2016–17 Senior women's T20 league
2016–17 Senior women's cricket inter zonal three day game
The 2016–17 Ranji Trophy is the 83rd season of the Ranji Trophy, the first-class cricket tournament in India. It is being contested by 28 teams divided into three groups. Groups A and B comprise nine teams and Group C comprises ten teams.[1] The round 1 fixture between Rajasthan and Saurashtra was moved from Chennai to Vizianagaram because of the senior women's one-day league.[2] The round 2 fixture between Jharkhand and Karnataka was moved from Tamil Nadu to Greater Noida because of the Kaveri River water dispute.[2]
Karnataka, Jharkhand and Odisha all qualified for the knockout stage of the tournament, with Odisha qualifying for the knockout stage for the first time since the 2000–01 tournament.[3] Jharkhand finished top of the table after winning their final match by an innings and 93 runs.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Points table
2 Fixtures
2.1 Round 1
2.2 Round 2
2.3 Round 3
2.4 Round 4
2.5 Round 5
2.6 Round 6
2.7 Round 7
2.8 Round 8
2.9 Round 9
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Points table[edit]
Team[5]
Pld
W
L
D
A
Pts
NRR
Jharkhand 8 5 0 3 0 39 +0.399
Karnataka 8 5 1 2 0 37 +0.273
Odisha 8 2 1 5 0 22 +0.054
Delhi 8 2 2 4 0 21 +0.579
Maharashtra 8 2 3 3 0 21 –0.059
Vidarbha 8 2 2 4 0 20 –0.025
Saurashtra 8 2 4 2 0 18 +0.101
Rajasthan 8 1 4 3 0 12 –0.637
Assam 8 1 5 2 0 8 –0.620
Top three teams advanced to knockout stage.
Fixtures[edit]
Round 1[edit]
6–9 October
Scorecard
Saurashtra
v
Rajasthan
430 (97.3 overs)
Jaydev Shah 193 (228)
Mahipal Lomror 2/16 (5 overs)
105 (38.4 overs)
Manender Singh 44 (59)
Shaurya Sanandia 6/14 (9.4 overs)
30/4 (14 overs) (f/o)
Rajat Bhatia 14 (11)
Jaydev Unadkat 2/4 (6 overs)
Match drawn
Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex, Vizianagaram
Umpires: Jayaraman Madanagopal and Ravi Subramanian
Player of the match: Jaydev Shah (Saurashtra)
Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field.
Mahipal Lomror (Rajasthan) made his first-class debut.
6–9 October
Scorecard
Odisha
v
Vidarbha
150 (78.1 overs)
Biplab Samantray 53 (133)
Shrikant Wagh 3/13 (13 overs)
272/6d (102 overs)
Faiz Fazal 99 (246)
Deepak Behera 3/35 (19 overs)
274/9d (102.1 overs)
Govinda Poddar 58 (98)
Akshay Wakhare 3/61 (20 overs)
Match drawn
Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam
Umpires: S. Shankar and R. Sundar
Player of the match: Faiz Fazal (Vidarbha)
Odisha won the toss and elected to bat.
Sandeep Pattnaik, Subhranshu Senapati (Odisha); and Lalit Yadav (Vidarbha) all made their first-class debuts.
6–9 October
Scorecard
Assam
v
Delhi
193 (76.3 overs)
Tarjinder Singh 61* (100)
Pradeep Sangwan 3/47 (16.3 overs)
589/8d (128.1 overs)
Nitish Rana 146 (124)
Abu Nechim 5/106 (25 overs)
313 (96.3 overs)
Jamaluddin Syed Mohammad 82 (154)
Manan Sharma 5/108 (26.3 overs)
Delhi won by an innings and 83 runs
Moti Bagh Stadium, Vadodara
Umpires: Abhijit Deshmukh and Sadashiv Iyer
Player of the match: Pradeep Sangwan (Delhi)
Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
6–9 October
Scorecard
Maharashtra
v
Jharkhand
210 (71.1 overs)
Ankit Bawne 78 (160)
Varun Aaron 4/47 (15 overs)
306 (105.2 overs)
Kaushal Singh 130 (200)
Anupam Sanklecha 5/71 (32.2 overs)
188 (61.4 overs)
Kedar Jadhav 56 (77)
Shahbaz Nadeem 3/43 (12.4 overs)
93/4 (19.5 overs)
Virat Singh 33* (73)
Anupam Sanklecha 2/29 (10 overs)
Jharkhand won by 6 wickets
Karnail Singh Stadium, Delhi
Umpires: Balwant Sharma and Chirra Ravikanthreddy
Player of the match: Kaushal Singh (Jharkhand)
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
Ruturaj Gaikwad (Maharashtra) made his first-class debut.
Kaushal Singh (Jharkhand) scored his maiden first-class century.[6]
Round 2[edit]
13–16 October
Scorecard
Odisha
v
Saurashtra
228 (80.5 overs)
Sandeep Pattnaik 123 (213)
Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 4/67 (23.5 overs)
186 (67.3 overs)
Jaydev Shah 64 (98)
Basant Mohanty 4/58 (20 overs)
169 (64.4 overs)
Subhranshu Senapati 57 (101)
Deepak Punia 5/39 (11.4 overs)
179 (101 overs)
Sagar Jogiyani 68 (295)
Suryakant Pradhan 5/69 (22 overs)
Odisha won by 32 runs
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
Umpires: S. Shankar and R. Sundar
Player of the match: Suryakant Pradhan (Odisha)
Saurashtra won the toss and elected to field.
Saurabh Rawat (Odisha) made his first-class debut.
13–16 October
Scorecard
Maharashtra
v
Delhi
635/2d (173 overs)
Swapnil Gugale 351* (521)
Navdeep Saini 2/44 (14.1 overs)
590 (155 overs)
Rishabh Pant 308 (326)
Mohsin Sayyed 3/121 (27)
58/0 (15 overs)
Harshad Khadiwale 38* (40)
Match drawn
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
Umpires: Krishnaraj Srinath and Shavir Tarapore
Player of the match: Swapnil Gugale (Maharashtra)
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
Mohsin Sayyed and Naushad Shaikh (Maharashtra) both made their first-class debuts.
Swapnil Gugale and Ankit Bawne (Maharashtra) made the second-highest partnership in first-class cricket with 594 runs.[7]
Their partnership was also the highest in all matches in the history of the Ranji Trophy.[7]
Swapnil Gugale became the seventh captain to score a triple century in the Ranji Trophy.[7]
Rishabh Pant (Delhi) became the fourth-youngest player to score a triple century in first-class cricket.[8]
13–16 October
Scorecard
Karnataka
v
Jharkhand
577/6d (172 overs)
Ravikumar Samarth 235 (462)
Ashish Kumar 3/78 (33 overs)
374 (115.1 overs)
Ishan Kishan 159* (211)
Krishnappa Gowtham 3/97 (32.1 overs)
162/3 (53.4 overs)
Karun Nair 54* (86)
Samar Quadri 3/62 (20 overs)
Match drawn
Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground, Greater Noida
Umpires: Abhijit Deshmukh and Nitin Pandit
Player of the match: Ravikumar Samarth (Karnataka)
Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
Kaunain Abbas (Karnataka) made his first-class debut.
13–16 October
Scorecard
Assam
v
Rajasthan
195 (84.1 overs)
Rishav Das 93 (221)
Pankaj Singh 5/39 (21.3 overs)
272 (105.4 overs)
Mahipal Lomror 89 (242)
Arup Das 4/53 (26 overs)
69 (20.2 overs)
Rishav Das 16 (43)
Aniket Choudhary 5/35 (10 overs)
Rajasthan won by an innings and 8 runs
Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam
Umpires: K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Nand Kishore
Player of the match: Mahipal Lomror (Rajasthan)
Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field.
Round 3[edit]
20–23 October
Scorecard
Jharkhand
v
Rajasthan
209 (73.5 overs)
Kaushal Singh 56 (114)
Pankaj Singh 5/60 (21 overs)
207 (83.2 overs)
Manender Singh 50 (103)
Shahbaz Nadeem 7/74 (25 overs)
277 (76.5 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 100 (141)
Mahipal Lomror 5/51 (16.5 overs)
237 (90.5 overs)
Chetan Bist 77 (136)
Shahbaz Nadeem 5/94 (37 overs)
Jharkhand won by 42 runs
Moti Bagh Stadium, Vadodara
Umpires: Rajesh Deshpande and Virender Sharma
Player of the match: Shahbaz Nadeem (Jharkhand)
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat.
Pratyush Singh (Jharkhand) made his first-class debut.
20–23 October
Scorecard
Saurashtra
v
Maharashtra
657/8d (170.5 overs)
Jaydev Shah 217 (270)
Mohsin Sayyed 4/90 (24.5 overs)
182 (56.2 overs)
Murtaza Trunkwala 64 (139)
Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 5/41 (15.2 overs)
345/8 (130 overs) (f/o)
Murtaza Trunkwala 117 (227)
Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 4/64 (48 overs)
Match drawn
Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex, Vizianagaram
Umpires: K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Nand Kishore
Player of the match: Jaydev Shah (Saurashtra)
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
Murtaza Trunkwala (Maharashtra) made his first-class debut.
Jaydev Shah became the first captain of Saurashtra to score a double century.[9]
20–23 October
Scorecard
Delhi
v
Karnataka
90 (35.5 overs)
Rishabh Pant 24 (20)
Sreenath Aravind 4/12 (11 overs)
414 (141.3 overs)
C. M. Gautam 63* (143)
Varun Sood 4/80 (30.3 overs)
164 (43 overs)
Unmukt Chand 38 (72)
Krishnappa Gowtham 5/35 (9 overs)
Karnataka won by an innings and 160 runs
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
Umpires: Pashchim Pathak and Nikhil Patwardhan
Player of the match: Krishnappa Gowtham (Karnataka)
Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
20–23 October
Scorecard
Vidarbha
v
Assam
416 (142.2 overs)
Ganesh Satish 105 (199)
Swarupam Purkayastha 5/133 (35.2 overs)
227 (90.1 overs)
Swarupam Purkayastha 44* (56)
Aditya Sarwate 5/72 (20 overs)
73/2 (39 overs) (f/o)
Rahul Hazarika 33* (121)
Aditya Sarwate 1/11 (6 overs)
Match drawn
St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba
Umpires: Navdeep Singh and Krishnaraj Srinath
Player of the match: Aditya Sarwate (Vidarbha)
Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
Round 4[edit]
27–30 October
Scorecard
Odisha
v
Delhi
237 (77.4 overs)
Subhranshu Senapati 76 (153)
Varun Sood 3/23 (12.4 overs)
495/8d (144.5 overs)
Gautam Gambhir 147 (232)
Dhiraj Singh 4/84 (29.5 overs)
274/8 (133 overs)
Biplab Samantray 88 (221)
Ishant Sharma 3/51 (27 overs)
Match drawn
Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Chandigarh
Umpires: Sivasubramaniyan Shankar and Ravi Subramanian
Player of the match: Gautam Gambhir (Delhi)
Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
27–30 October
Scorecard
Maharashtra
v
Rajasthan
461 (147.4 overs)
Naushad Shaikh 143 (305)
Pankaj Singh 4/62 (32.4 overs)
330 (123.4 overs)
Manender Singh 63 (185)
Mohsin Sayyed 3/71 (26 overs)
145 (61 overs)
Chirag Khurana 36 (64)
Nathu Singh 3/32 (15 overs)
4/0 (6 overs)
Vineet Saxena 4* (18)
Match drawn
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
Umpires: Yeshwant Barde and Nand Kishore
Player of the match: Naushad Shaikh (Maharashtra)
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
27–30 October
Scorecard
Assam
v
Karnataka
325 (108.5 overs)
Amit Verma 166* (316)
Sreenath Aravind 5/70 (27 overs)
570/9d (138.4 overs)
Stuart Binny 156 (158)
Arup Das 4/86 (31.4 overs)
264 (85 overs)
Amit Verma 74 (120)
Krishnappa Gowtham 7/108 (34 overs)
21/0 (3 overs)
Mayank Agarwal 17* (10)
Karnataka won by 10 wickets
Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai
Umpires: Navdeep Singh and Pashchim Pathak
Player of the match: Amit Verma (Assam)
Assam won the toss and elected to bat.
27–30 October
Scorecard
Vidarbha
v
Jharkhand
105 (42 overs)
Jitesh Sharma 21 (16)
Vikash Singh 4/24 (11 overs)
362/8d (122.5 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 112* (213)
Akshay Karnewar 2/45 (18 overs)
444 (152.2 overs)
Sanjay Ramaswamy 102 (203)
Ashish Kumar 4/89 (33 overs)
75/4 (24.5 overs)
Saurabh Tiwary 35* (49)
Shrikant Wagh 3/36 (9.5 overs)
Match drawn
Krishnagiri Stadium, Wayanad
Umpires: Puttarangaiah Jayapal and Krishnaraj Srinath
Player of the match: Ishank Jaggi (Jharkhand)
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
Vikash Singh (Jharkhand); Rajneesh Gurbani and Akshay Karnewar (Vidarbha) all made their first-class debuts.
Round 5[edit]
5–8 November
Scorecard
Jharkhand
v
Delhi
493 (119.4 overs)
Ishan Kishan 273 (336)
Suboth Bhati 3/80 (23.4 overs)
334 (96.2 overs)
Rishabh Pant 117 (106)
Sunny Gupta 3/62 (20.2 overs)
480/6 (126 overs) (f/o)
Rishabh Pant 135 (67)
Shahbaz Nadeem 3/185 (46 overs)
Match drawn
St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba
Umpires: Anil Dandekar and Nitin Pandit
Player of the match: Ishan Kishan (Jharkhand)
Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
In the second innings of the match Rishabh Pant scored India's fastest first-class hundred.[10]
5–8 November
Scorecard
Karnataka
v
Vidarbha
267 (77 overs)
Krishnappa Gowtham 60* (59)
Lalit Yadav 5/46 (20.5 overs)
176 (66.4 overs)
Jitesh Sharma 61 (122)
Shreyas Gopal 3/22 (8 overs)
209 (58.4 overs)
Vinay Kumar 56 (86)
Shrikant Wagh 4/59 (20.4 overs)
111 (36.4 overs)
Jitesh Sharma 61 (78)
Vinay Kumar 5/28 (9.4 overs)
Karnataka won by 189 runs
Moti Bagh Stadium, Vadodara
Umpires: Navdeep Singh and Rohan Pandit
Player of the match: Vinay Kumar (Karnataka)
Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
5–8 November
Scorecard
Saurashtra
v
Assam
153 (52.4 overs)
Jaydev Unadkat 46* (68)
Arup Das 7/49 (15 overs)
171 (62.4 overs)
Arun Karthik 57 (120)
Jaydev Unadkat 6/48 (22.4 overs)
81 (39.5 overs)
Amitoze Singh 30 (48)
Arup Das 5/21 (13.5 overs)
66/1 (15.4 overs)
Rishav Das 30* (41)
Jaydev Unadkat 1/28 (6 overs)
Assam won by 9 wickets
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
Umpires: Yeshwant Barde and Nitin Menon
Player of the match: Arup Das (Assam)
Assam won the toss and elected to field.
5–8 November
Scorecard
Rajasthan
v
Odisha
323 (105.4 overs)
S. F. Khan 110 (203)
Govinda Poddar 3/59 (25.4 overs)
172 (49.1 overs)
Deepak Behera 67 (113)
Aniket Choudhary 4/42 (12 overs)
508/6d (156 overs) (f/o)
Subhranshu Senapati 137 (254)
S. F. Khan 2/42 (16 overs)
Match drawn
Dhruve Pandove Stadium, Patiala
Umpires: Saiyed Khalid and Krishnaraj Srinath
Player of the match: S. F. Khan (Rajasthan)
Odisha won the toss and elected to field.
Abhishek Yadav (Odisha); Rahul Chahar, Amitkumar Gautam and Salman Khan (Rajasthan) all made their first-class debuts.
Round 6[edit]
13–16 November
Scorecard
Saurashtra
v
Jharkhand
277 (78.3 overs)
Prerak Mankad 96 (137)
Ashish Kumar 4/52 (19 overs)
467 (101.5 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 173 (209)
Kushang Patel 5/95 (25 overs)
144 (48.3 overs)
Prerak Mankad 40* (63)
Samar Quadri 4/46 (13.3 overs)
Jharkhand won by an innings and 46 runs
Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium, Agartala
Umpires: Saiyed Khalid and Sadashiv Iyer
Player of the match: Ishank Jaggi (Jharkhand)
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
13–16 November
Scorecard
Assam
v
Odisha
301 (121.5 overs)
Kunal Saikia 135 (309)
Basant Mohanty 3/18 (24 overs)
459/7d (148 overs)
Govinda Poddar 225 (364)
Arup Das 3/60 (21 overs)
164/4 (75.0 overs)
Rishav Das 68 (222)
Dhiraj Singh 2/27 (20 overs)
Match drawn
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
Umpires: Umesh Dubey and Belur Ravi
Player of the match: Govinda Poddar (Odisha)
Assam won the toss and elected to bat.
This fixture was originally scheduled to be held in Delhi, but was moved due to concerns about smog pollution.[11]
Abinash Saha (Odisha) made his first-class debut.
13–16 November
Scorecard
Vidarbha
v
Maharashtra
59 (28 overs)
Shalabh Shrivastava 19 (24)
Anupam Sanklecha 7/25 (11 overs)
332 (86.1 overs)
Naushad Shaikh 127 (172)
Lalit Yadav 5/81 (23 overs)
270 (76.1 overs)
Shrikant Wagh 69* (73)
Anupam Sanklecha 7/69 (25.1 overs)
Maharashtra won by an innings and 3 runs
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
Umpires: Yeshwant Barde and David Millns
Player of the match: Anupam Sanklecha (Maharashtra)
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
Pradeep Dadhe (Maharashtra) made his first-class debut.
13–16 November
Scorecard
Karnataka
v
Rajasthan
374 (99.1 overs)
Mayank Agarwal 81 (127)
Tanveer-Ul-Haq 5/82 (24 overs)
148 (54 overs)
Siddharth Dobal 47 (61)
Vinay Kumar 4/28 (15 overs)
298/6d (62.1 overs)
Lokesh Rahul 106 (131)
Rajesh Bishnoi 4/87 (19.1 overs)
131 (37 overs)
S. F. Khan 39 (41)
Vinay Kumar 5/54 (11 overs)
Karnataka won by 393 runs
Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex, Vizianagaram
Umpires: Anil Dandekar and Vineet Kulkarni
Player of the match: Vinay Kumar (Karnataka)
Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
Rajesh Bishnoi (Rajasthan) made his first-class debut.
Round 7[edit]
21–24 November
Scorecard
Karnataka
v
Odisha
179 (66.2 overs)
Chidhambaram Gautam 54 (84)
Basant Mohanty 3/46 (19 overs)
342 (117.1 overs)
Saurabh Rawat 85 (124)
Shreyas Gopal 5/75 (27 overs)
393 (121.2 overs)
Chidhambaram Gautam 95 (240)
Dhiraj Singh 5/98 (29.2 overs)
63/0 (32 overs)
Ranjit Singh 35* (96)
Match drawn
Palam A Ground, Model Sports Complex, Delhi
Umpires: David Millns and Tapan Sharma
Player of the match: Saurabh Rawat (Odisha)
Odisha won the toss and elected to field.
21–24 November
Scorecard
Rajasthan
v
Delhi
238 (71.3 overs)
Amitkumar Gautam 106 (182)
Navdeep Saini 3/28 (15 overs)
307 (91.4 overs)
Rishabh Pant 75 (59)
Tanveer-Ul-Haq 3/55 (16 overs)
221 (85.4 overs)
Rajesh Bishnoi 89 (162)
Pradeep Sangwan 3/31 (16 overs)
156/8 (41.4 overs)
Shikhar Dhawan 49 (70)
Tanveer-Ul-Haq 2/28 (8 overs)
Delhi won by 2 wickets
Krishnagiri Stadium, Wayanad
Umpires: Yeshwant Barde and Sadashiv Iyer
Player of the match: Amitkumar Gautam (Rajasthan)
Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
21–24 November
Scorecard
Maharashtra
v
Assam
542 (144 overs)
Kedar Jadhav 115 (106)
Abu Nechim 3/83 (22 overs)
256 (77 overs)
Rishav Das 86 (201)
Anupam Sanklecha 8/73 (22 overs)
234 (73.0 overs) (f/o)
Arun Karthik 87 (177)
Mohsin Sayyed 4/47 (18 overs)
Maharashtra won by an innings and 52 runs
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
Umpires: Lubabalo Gcuma and Nand Kishore
Player of the match: Anupam Sanklecha (Maharashtra)
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
Mrinmoy Dutta (Assam) made his first-class debut.
21–24 November
Scorecard
Saurashtra
v
Vidarbha
301 (86.1 overs)
Sheldon Jackson 116 (149)
Rajneesh Gurbani 4/85 (21 overs)
347 (147.5 overs)
Faiz Fazal 94 (204)
Vandit Jivrajani 4/93 (42 overs)
189 (80 overs)
Snell Patel 62 (104)
Azhar Sheikh 4/31 (16 overs)
146/2 (35 overs)
Ganesh Satish 56* (70)
Deepak Punia 1/13 (4 overs)
Vidarbha won by 8 wickets
Karnail Singh Stadium, Delhi
Umpires: Belur Ravi and Chirra Ravikanthreddy
Player of the match: Sanjay Ramaswamy (Vidarbha)
Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
Round 8[edit]
29 November–2 December
Scorecard
Karnataka
v
Saurashtra
200 (64.1 overs)
Manish Pandey 75 (122)
Jay Chauhan 3/52 (18.1 overs)
359 (115 overs)
Prerak Mankad 126 (165)
Vinay Kumar 4/54 (24 overs)
216 (92.4 overs)
Kaunain Abbas 74 (200)
Jay Chauhan 4/71 (36.4 overs)
58/6 (18.4 overs)
Prerak Mankad 14* (22)
Krishnappa Gowtham 4/14 (7.4 overs)
Saurashtra won by 4 wickets
Dhruve Pandove Stadium, Patiala
Umpires: Ulhas Gandhe and Nikhil Patwardhan
Player of the match: Prerak Mankad (Saurashtra)
Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
Jay Chauhan and Kishan Parmar (Saurashtra) both made their first-class debuts.
29 November–2 December
Scorecard
Odisha
v
Maharashtra
319 (84.5 overs)
Biplab Samantray 89 (192)
Anupam Sanklecha 5/75 (23.5 overs)
94 (26 overs)
Anupam Sanklecha 18 (33)
Suryakant Pradhan 4/34 (10 overs)
107 (36.4 overs) (f/o)
Anupam Sanklecha 22 (23)
Biplab Samantray 4/34 (7.4 overs)
Odisha won by an innings and 118 runs
Krishnagiri Stadium, Wayanad
Umpires: Chirra Ravikanthreddy and Ravi Subramanian
Player of the match: Biplab Samantray (Odisha)
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
29 November–2 December
Scorecard
Vidarbha
v
Delhi
183 (62.3 overs)
Shalabh Srivastava 62 (93)
Sumit Narwal 4/38 (18 overs)
250/8d (81 overs)
Manan Sharma 82* (119)
Rajneesh Gurbani 4/76 (26 overs)
37/3 (19.0 overs)
Faiz Fazal 14 (37)
Vikas Tokas 1/7 (3 overs)
Match drawn
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
Umpires: Chirra Ravikanthreddy and Ravi Subramanian
Player of the match: Manan Sharma (Delhi)
Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
No play was possible on day 3 due to rain.
Siddhesh Wath (Vidarbha) made his first-class debut.
29 November–2 December
Scorecard
Jharkhand
v
Assam
316 (118 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 93 (179)
Krishna Das 4/65 (36 overs)
126 (52.2 overs)
Pallavkumar Das 30 (68)
Rahul Shukla 4/48 (12.2 overs)
111/5 (20.2 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 34* (15)
Arup Das 3/49 (10.2 overs)
299 (104.4 overs) (f/o)
Rishav Das 113 (256)
Rahul Shukla 3/74 (22 overs)
Jharkhand won by 5 wickets
Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex, Vizianagaram
Umpires: P. Jayapal and R. Sundar
Player of the match: Rahul Shukla (Jharkhand)
Assam won the toss and elected to field.
Round 9[edit]
7–10 December
Scorecard
Saurashtra
v
Delhi
92 (33.2 overs)
Prerak Mankad 33 (35)
Pradeep Sangwan 4/25 (10.2 overs)
237 (58.3 overs)
Pradeep Sangwan 75 (100)
Kushang Patel 5/72 (17.3 overs)
420 (127.4 overs)
Kishan Parmar 149 (250)
Navdeep Saini 3/122 (29 overs)
271 (78.1 overs)
Milind Kumar 55 (165)
Saurya Sanandiya 5/93 (25 overs)
Saurashtra won by 4 runs
IPCL Sports Complex Ground, Vadodara
Umpires: K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Krishnaraj Srinath
Player of the match: Kishan Parmar (Saurashtra)
Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
7–10 December
Scorecard
Maharashtra
v
Karnataka
163 (56 overs)
Rohit Motwani 32 (120)
Vinay Kumar 5/46 (17 overs)
327 (110 overs)
Pavan Deshpande 70 (139)
Anupam Sanklecha 3/78 (32 overs)
218 (47.3 overs)
Kedar Jadhav 86 (59)
David Mathias 3/37 (10 overs)
39/0 (10 overs)
Ravikumar Samarth 25* (34)
Karnataka won by 10 wickets
Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Chandigarh
Umpires: Nitin Pandit and Anil Chaudhary
Player of the match: Vinay Kumar (Karnataka)
Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
Arjun Hoysala and Pavan Deshpande (Karnataka) both made their first-class debuts.
7–10 December
Scorecard
Rajasthan
v
Vidarbha
140 (41.1 overs)
Manender Singh 27 (49)
Aditya Sarwate 3/22 (9 overs)
116 (41.3 overs)
Siddhesh Wath 50 (80)
Tanveer-Ul-Haq 6/21 (10.3 overs)
163 (54.5 overs)
Amitkumar Gautam 51 (138)
Lalit Yadav 6/60 (15.5 overs)
191/4 (31.2 overs)
Siddhesh Wath 64 (65)
Pankaj Singh 2/96 (12 overs)
Vidarbha won by 6 wickets
Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground, Greater Noida
Umpires: Jayaraman Madanagopal and C. K. Nandan
Player of the match: Siddhesh Wath (Vidarbha)
Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
15–18 December
Scorecard
Odisha
v
Jharkhand
152 (84 overs)
Sandeep Pattnaik 43 (174)
Shahbaz Nadeem 4/31 (26 overs)
348 (121 overs)
Kaushal Singh 86* (125)
Basant Mohanty 3/56 (24 overs)
103 (46.3 overs)
Sandeep Pattnaik 16 (69)
Kaushal Singh 3/17 (10 overs)
Jharkhand won by an innings and 93 runs
St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba
Umpires: Shavir Tarapore and Sadashiv Iyer
Player of the match: Kaushal Singh (Jharkhand)
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
The date of this fixture was scheduled to take place a few days later than originally planned following the death of J Jayalalithaa.[12]
See also[edit]
2016–17 Ranji Trophy
2016–17 Ranji Trophy Group A
2016–17 Ranji Trophy Group C
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ranji Trophy to have its earliest final". ESPN Cricinfo. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Iyer, Lad to miss opener; Unmukt to lead Delhi". ESPN Cricinfo. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Saurashtra knock Delhi out; Odisha through". ESPN Cricinfo. 10 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nadeem, Kaushal inflict innings-defeat on Odisha". ESPN Cricinfo. 17 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ranji Trophy, 2016-17 Points table". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pant, Chand and Rana dominate Assam". ESPN Cricinfo. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The second-highest partnership in first-class cricket". ESPN Cricinfo. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rishabh Pant: fourth-youngest triple-centurion in first-class cricket". ESPN Cricinfo. 16 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Karnataka 324 ahead; Nadeem helps Jharkhand snatch two-run lead". ESPN Cricinfo. 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rishabh Pant hits India's fastest first-class hundred". ESPN Cricinfo. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ranji Trophy matches shifted out of smog-hit Delhi". ESPN Cricinfo. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Odisha-Jharkhand Ranji game rescheduled". ESPN Cricinfo. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Series home at ESPN Cricinfo
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Air gap (plumbing)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Water cannot flow from the sink to the tap in normal circumstances, even if the water supply loses pressure.
An air gap, as it relates to the plumbing trade, is the unobstructed vertical space between the water outlet and the flood level of a fixture.[1]
A simple example is the space between a wall mounted faucet and the sink rim (this space is the air gap). Water can easily flow from the faucet into the sink, but there is no way that water can flow from the sink into the faucet without modifying the system. This arrangement will prevent any contaminants in the sink from flowing into the potable water system by siphonage and is the least expensive form of backflow prevention.
A common use of the term "air gap" in home plumbing refers to a fixture that provides back-flow prevention for an installed dishwasher. This "air gap" is seen above the countertop as a small cylindrical fixture mounted parallel with the faucet. Below the countertop, the drain pipe of the dishwasher feeds the "top" of the air gap, and the "bottom" of the air gap is plumbed into the sink drain below the basket, or into a garbage disposal unit. When installed and maintained properly, the air gap works as described above, and prevents drain water from the sink from backing up into the dishwasher, possibly contaminating dishes.[2] Water flowing from the fixture into the sink indicates a need for maintenance or repair.[3]
To further illustrate the air gap, consider what could happen if the air gap were eliminated by attaching a hose to the faucet and lowering the hose into a sink full of contaminated water. Under the right conditions (if the water supply loses pressure and the sink is higher than the point at which the water supply enters the house, for instance), the dirty water in the sink will be siphoned into the water pipes through the hose and faucet. The dirty water then will be dispersed throughout the drinking water system.
Standards and codes[edit]
All plumbing codes require backflow prevention in several ways. The plumbing fixture manufacturers build the fixtures to meet these codes. Plumbers must not build cross-connections in their daily work practices, and plumbing inspectors look for improper designs or connections of piping and plumbing fixtures. A common misconception[citation needed] is that a "high loop" (routing a drain line above a sink's flood level, for instance) will provide the same function as an air gap; this is not true, because the continuous connection in such a case still will allow backflow through siphoning.
According to the International Residential Code 2003, an air gap must meet the requirements of being two times the effective inner diameter of the pipe (2*D) in order to be sufficient.[4]
A standard widely use in the United States is:
A112.1.2 Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems (For Plumbing Fixtures and Water-Connected Receptors)
See also[edit]
Hydrostatic loop
Pressure vacuum breaker
Double check valve
Chemigation valve
Reduced pressure zone device
Atmospheric vacuum breaker
References[edit]
Jump up ^ International Residential Code 2003 (1st ed.). Definition: AIR GAP, WATER–DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: International Code Council. 2003. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-892395-58-0.
Jump up ^ http://www.plumbingsupply.com/airgap.html
Jump up ^ http://www.justanswer.com/plumbing/1zdw3-kitchenaide-dishwasher-vent-next-faucet.html
Jump up ^ International Residential Code 2003 (1st ed.). Paragraph P2902.2.1 Air gaps: International Code Council. 2003. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-892395-58-0.
[hide]
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Backflow and prevention
Backflow prevention methods
Atmospheric vacuum breaker
Air gap
Check valve
Chemigation valve
Double check valve
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Reduced pressure zone device
Vacuum breaker
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_gap_(plumbing)&oldid=797909719"
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