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Succession to the British throne
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The Sovereign's Throne in the House of Lords, from which the speech is delivered at State Openings of Parliament
Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, gender (for people born before October 2011), legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in "communion with the Church of England".[1] Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible.[2]
Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the son of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, Princess Charlotte. Fifth in line is Prince Henry of Wales, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Sixth in line is Prince Andrew, Duke of York, the Queen's second-eldest son. Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign's consent would be disqualified from succession.
The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21, and the sovereign's consort, may be appointed Counsellors of State. Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated. Otherwise, individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles.
The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms. Each of those countries has the same person as monarch and the same order of succession. In 2011, the prime ministers of the realms agreed unanimously to adopt a common approach to amending the rules on the succession to their respective Crowns so that absolute primogeniture would apply for persons born after the date of the agreement, instead of male-preference primogeniture, and the ban on marriages to Roman Catholics would be lifted, but the monarch would still need to be in communion with the Church of England. After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm's constitution, the changes took effect on 26 March 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current line of succession
2 History
2.1 England
2.2 Scotland
2.3 After the union of the crowns
2.3.1 Stuarts
2.3.2 Hanoverians and Windsors
2.4 Commonwealth realms, 20c. and after
3 Current rules
3.1 Marriages
3.2 Religion
3.3 Treason
4 Accession
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links
Current line of succession[edit]
First six in line[n 1] from 2 May 2015
1. The Prince of Wales
2. The Duke of Cambridge
3. Prince George of Cambridge
4. Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
5. Prince Henry of Wales
6. The Duke of York
No official, complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained. The exact number, in remoter collateral lines, of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain. In 2001 genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession, but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status.[3] When updated in January 2011, the number was more than five thousand.[4]
The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to descendants of the sons of George V (the present Queen's grandfather). Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession. The order of the first sixteen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy;[1] other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations ("Notes and sources" below) and footnotes.
King George V (1865–1936)
King Edward VIII (1894–1972)
King George VI (1895–1952)
Queen Elizabeth II (born 1926)
(1) Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 1948) B D W
(2) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1982) B D W
(3) Prince George of Cambridge (b. 2013) B D W
(4) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (b. 2015) B D W
(5) Prince Henry of Wales (Prince Harry) (b. 1984) B D W
(6) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960) B D W
(7) Princess Beatrice of York (b. 1988) B D W
(8) Princess Eugenie of York (b. 1990) B D W
(9) Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (b. 1964) B D W
(10) James, Viscount Severn (b. 2007) B D W
(11) Lady Louise Windsor (b. 2003) B D W
(12) Anne, Princess Royal (b. 1950) B D W
(13) Peter Phillips (b. 1977) B D W
(14) Savannah Phillips (b. 2010) B D W
(15) Isla Phillips (b. 2012) B D W
(16) Zara Tindall (née Phillips; b. 1981) B D W
(17) Mia Tindall (b. 2014) W
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (1930–2002) 1952
(18) David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon (b. 1961) D W
(19) Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (b. 1999) D W
(20) Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (b. 2002) D W
(21) Lady Sarah Chatto (née Armstrong-Jones; b. 1964) D W
(22) Samuel Chatto (b. 1996) D W
(23) Arthur Chatto (b. 1999) D W
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974) 1952
(24) Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1944) D W
(25) Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (b. 1974) D W
(26) Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (b. 2007) D W
(27) Lady Cosima Windsor (b. 2010) D W
(28) Lady Davina Lewis (née Windsor; b. 1977) D W
(29) Senna Lewis (b. 2010) D W
(30) Tāne Lewis (b. 2012) W
(31) Lady Rose Gilman (née Windsor; b. 1980) D W
(32) Lyla Gilman (b. 2010) D W
(33) Rufus Gilman (b. 2012) W
Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942)
(34) Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b. 1935) D W
(35) George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (b. 1962) MC / D W
Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick (b. 1988) XC / D W
Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor (b. 1992) XC / W[n 2]
(36) Lady Amelia Windsor (b. 1995) D W
Lord Nicholas Windsor (b. 1970) XC / D W
(37) Albert Windsor (b. 2007) D W[n 3]
(38) Leopold Windsor (b. 2009) D W
(39) Louis Windsor (b. 2014) D W
(40) Lady Helen Taylor (née Windsor; b. 1964) D W
(41) Columbus Taylor (b. 1994) D W
(42) Cassius Taylor (b. 1996) D W
(43) Eloise Taylor (b. 2003) D W
(44) Estella Taylor (b. 2004) D W
(45) Prince Michael of Kent (b. 1942) MC / W
(46) Lord Frederick Windsor (b. 1979) W
(47) Maud Windsor (b. 2013) W
(48) Isabella Windsor (b. 2016)
(49) Lady Gabriella Windsor (b. 1981) W
(50) Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (b. 1936) W
(51) James Ogilvy (b. 1964) W
(52) Alexander Ogilvy (b. 1996) W
(53) Flora Ogilvy (b. 1994) W
(54) Marina Mowatt (née Ogilvy; b. 1966) W
(55) Christian Mowatt (b. 1993) W
(56) Zenouska Mowatt (b. 1990) W
Notes and sources:
XC Excluded as Roman Catholics. This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement.
MC These people were excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic. This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015, restoring them to the line of succession, when the Perth Agreement came into effect.
B Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy, "Succession", retrieved 13 May 2015.
D Listed on Debrett's website (as of 20 June 2015): "The Line of Succession"
W Listed by Whitaker's Almanack 2015, London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-4729-0929-9, p. 22
1952 Succession as published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952[5]
History[edit]
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The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland. Originally in both countries, there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne. The individual could have relied on inheritance, statute, election (by Parliament or by another body), nomination (by a reigning sovereign in his or her will), conquest or prescription (de facto possession of the Crown). It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence; often, the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims, but on the political or military power of the claimants.
However, over time, the default rule became male primogeniture: later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules, and to prove their rivals illegitimate. Eventually, Parliament asserted control of succession.
England[edit]
The Coronation Chair constructed in 1296, with the Stone of Scone visible beneath the seat, has been used at the coronation of English and British monarchs for 700 years.
In 1485, Henry Tudor, a female-line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster, the House of Beaufort, assumed the English crown as Henry VII, after defeating Richard III, who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry's standard. Richard was the last king of the House of York, and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field,[6] and caused Richard's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament.[7] After Henry's coronation in London in October that year, his first parliament, summoned to meet at Westminster in November, enacted that "the inheritance of the crown should be, rest, remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord, King Henry VII, and the heirs of his body lawfully coming."[8]
Henry VII was followed by his son, Henry VIII. Though his father descended from the Lancastrians, Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line, as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland; this would pass down with the monarchs of England, and later Great Britain, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom.
Henry VIII's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession. Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon, by whom he had a daughter named Mary. His second marriage, to Anne Boleyn, resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth. Henry VIII had a son, Edward, by his third wife, Jane Seymour. An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth. Though the two remained illegitimate, an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them, providing further "that the King should and might give, will, limit, assign, appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises … by letters patent or last will in writing." Mary and Elizabeth, under Henry VIII's will, were to be followed by descendants of the King's deceased sister Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk (he however excluded his niece Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk). This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry's eldest sister Margaret Tudor, who were the rulers of Scotland.
Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament
When Henry VIII died in 1547, the young Edward succeeded him, becoming Edward VI. Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England. He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half-sister, Mary, from inheriting the throne. He excluded Mary and Elizabeth, settling on the Duchess of Suffolk's daughter, Lady Jane Grey. Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England. Nonetheless, the will, which originally referred to Jane's heirs-male, was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs-male. Upon Edward VI's death in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England. She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary. As Henry VIII's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544, Edward's contravening will was unlawful and ignored.
Mary was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors, and refused to name an heir. Whilst previous monarchs (including Henry VIII) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills, the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes, and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority. Wary of threats from other possible heirs, Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584, which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding. (The Act was repealed in 1863.)
Scotland[edit]
The House of Stewart (later Stuart) had ruled in Scotland since 1371. It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567; even then she was succeeded by her son, James VI.
After the union of the crowns[edit]
Stuarts[edit]
Elizabeth I of England was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland, her first cousin twice removed, even though his succession violated Henry VIII's will, under which Lady Anne Stanley, heiress of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk, was supposed to succeed. James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision, and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival. He reigned as James I of England, thus effecting the Union of the Crowns, although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707. His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament.[9]
center
James's eldest surviving son and successor, Charles I, was overthrown and beheaded in 1649. The monarchy itself was abolished. A few years later, it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King. Cromwell had the right to name his own successor, which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son, Richard Cromwell. Richard was ineffective, and was quickly forced from office. Shortly afterwards, the monarchy was restored, with Charles I's son Charles II as King.
After the death of her last child in 1700, Princess Anne became the last individual left in the line of succession determined by the Bill of Rights.
James II and VII, a Roman Catholic, followed his brother Charles II, despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles's illegitimate Protestant son, the Duke of Monmouth. James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688. Parliament then deemed that James had, by fleeing the realms, abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William, who as James's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him. The two became joint Sovereigns (a unique circumstance in British history) as William III of England and Ireland (and II of Scotland) and Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland. William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James.
The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones. First in the line were the descendants of Mary II. Next came Mary's sister Princess Anne and her descendants. Finally, the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession. Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones, and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.
After Mary II died in 1694, her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702. The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end; William and Mary never had any children, and Princess Anne's children had all died. Therefore, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement. The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants, and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages. The Act, however, declared that they would be followed by James I & VI's granddaughter Sophia, Electress and Dowager Duchess of Hanover (the daughter of James's daughter Elizabeth Stuart), and her heirs. As under the Bill of Rights, non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.
Electress Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714)
Upon William's death, Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia, Electress of Hanover as Anne's heir-presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders, the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security. The Act provided that, upon the death of Anne, the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland, who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met. Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent, but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen's army. England's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705, which threatened to cripple Scotland's economy by cutting off trade with them. Thus, Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707; the Crown of the new nation (along with the Crown of Ireland) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement.
Hanoverians and Windsors[edit]
Benjamin Harris's Protestant Tutor, a primer popular for decades and the source for the New England Primer. Edition of 1713. Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children's education.
Anne was predeceased by Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and was therefore succeeded by the latter's son, who became George I in 1714.
Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne, supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession. The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed, and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules. In 1801, following the Acts of Union 1800, the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Between 1811 and 1820, when George III was deemed unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales (later George IV) acted as his regent. Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death, but this event did not come about.
George VI receiving homage at his coronation in 1937
The succession was next called into doubt in 1936, when Edward VIII abdicated in the same year as he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father's death. Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936,[10] and mounted the throne in the House of Lords for the first and last time at the opening of Parliament in November 1936, but he had not yet been crowned when he renounced the throne in December. Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson, a divorcee, but the Church of England, of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor, would not authorise the marriage of divorcees. Consequently, Parliament passed His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign "immediately upon" his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December. The Act provided that he and his descendants, if any, were not to have any "right, title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne". (In fact Edward died childless in 1972.)
Edward's abdication was "a demise of the Crown" (in the words of the Act), and the Duke of York, his brother who was then next in the line, immediately succeeded to the throne and to its "rights, privileges, and dignities", taking the regnal name George VI. He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter, Elizabeth II. By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland (which had become a republic in 1949), but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states (Commonwealth realms).
Commonwealth realms, 20c. and after[edit]
Further information: Perth Agreement
Queen Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953
Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and, to maintain that arrangement, they have agreed to continue the same line of succession; some realms do so through domestic succession laws, while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm. In February 1952, on her accession, Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms. In October 2011, the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth, Australia, to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture—wherein succession passes to an individual's children according to birth order, regardless of gender—instead of male-preference primogeniture. They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics. The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England.[11] The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015, after legislation was made according to each realm's constitution.[12][13]
Following the changes coming into effect, the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged, including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren, until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015. The first to be affected by the changes, on the day they came into effect in March, were the children of Lady Davina Lewis—her son Tāne (born 2012) and her daughter Senna (born 2010)—who were reversed in the order of succession, becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively.[14]
Current rules[edit]
The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement (restated by the Acts of Union) still govern succession to the throne. They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, which was passed mainly "to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender" and "to make provision about Royal Marriages" (according to its long title), thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that, by their laws, have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK. Other realms passed their own legislation.
Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were "dead". That individual's descendants are not also disqualified, unless they are personally ineligible.
Marriages[edit]
The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant "heirs of the body" (that is, legitimate descendants) of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, are eligible to succeed to the throne, unless otherwise disqualified. The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture (the "male-preference" criterion is no longer applicable, in respect of succession to the throne, to persons born after 28 October 2011), whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children, and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling.[15] Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed. Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated, but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown.[n 4]
The Royal Marriages Act 1772 (repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry. (The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families, as well as, from 1936, any descendants of Edward VIII,[n 5] of which there are none.) The Act provided, however, that if a dynast older than twenty-five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign, then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year, unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage. A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void, and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed, though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected. This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void, so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic. Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course.[2] A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void "for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown" under the 2013 act.[16]
The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne.[17] The Act is no longer applicable, because Edward died in 1972 without issue.
Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act, the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign's approval before marrying.[16] Marriage without the Sovereign's consent disqualifies the person and the person's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown,[16] but the marriage is still legally valid.
Religion[edit]
Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement. The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides "that all and every person and persons that then [at the time of the Bill of Right's passage] were, or afterwards should be reconciled to, or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or should profess the popish religion, or marry a papist, should be excluded."[18] The Act of Settlement continues, providing "that all and every Person and Persons who shall … is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities"[19] as the Bill of Rights established.
The precise meaning of the aforementioned clauses is subject to contention. Under one interpretation, the religion of an individual at the precise moment of succession is relevant. Under another interpretation, anyone who has been a Roman Catholic at any time since 1689 ("then … or afterwards") is forever ineligible to succeed. The former interpretation allows a Roman Catholic to convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne just before a vacancy on the throne occurs devolving the crown on the first dynast in the line of succession; the latter does not. In either case, however, other denominations of faith are not affected; it is clear that any non-Catholic may convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne. It is a requirement that the monarch must be a Protestant.[1]
The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed. The Act did not require that the spouse be Protestant; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics. Since the passage of the Act it has been determined (in the case of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics, though not on Roman Catholics themselves.
Treason[edit]
Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason (Ireland) Act 1703, it is treason to "endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm". Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment.
Accession[edit]
The Accession Council normally meets in St James's Palace to proclaim the new sovereign.
In the Commonwealth realms, upon the death of a sovereign, the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately, with no need for confirmation or further ceremony.[20][n 6] Nevertheless, the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation, which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places, in London, York, Edinburgh and other cities. The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign's reign as Accession Day, including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom.[22]
Formerly, a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession. But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England. James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland. This precedent has been followed since. Now, the Accession Council normally meets in St James's Palace. Proclamations since James I's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, the Privy Council, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and "other principal Gentlemen of quality", though there have been variations in some proclamations. The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth.
Upon his or her accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths. The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism.[n 7] This declaration, known as the Accession Declaration, is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign (i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament) or at his or her coronation, whichever occurs first. The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic. Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism, the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will "uphold and maintain" the Protestant succession.[23] In addition to the Accession Declaration, the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland.[24] This oath is normally made at the sovereign's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession. According to the Regency Act 1937, should the sovereign be under the age of 18, such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age.[25]
After a period of mourning,[26] the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates, though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet during his short reign was the undoubted king.
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Royalty portal
United Kingdom portal
Accession Declaration Act 1910
Alternative successions of the English crown
British prince
British princess
Family tree of the British royal family
Jacobite succession
List of descendants of George V
List of heirs to the British throne
List of heirs to the English throne
List of heirs of Scotland
List of monarchs in the British Isles
Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II
Posthumous birth
Royal Succession Act 2013 (New Zealand)
Royal Succession Bills and Acts
Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (United Kingdom)
Succession to the Crown Act 2015 (Australia)
Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 (Canada)
Perth Agreement 2011 and other articles, linked directly or indirectly – Wikipedia book
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013, s. 3: "A person who (when the person marries) is one of the 6 persons next in the line of succession to the Crown must obtain the consent of Her Majesty before marrying."
Jump up ^ Most sources, including Whitaker's Almanack, exclude her as a confirmed Catholic, but Debrett's includes her in line.
Jump up ^ Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on The Official Website of the British Monarchy until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of Whitaker's Almanack as following Estella Taylor (b 2004) and eligible to succeed; MSN News, Debrett's and Whitaker's Almanack 2015 lists them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor. They were baptised as Catholics, and are not listed in line in editions of Whitaker's earlier than 2012.
Jump up ^ Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 changed the Law of Succession.
Jump up ^ Per the His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936.
Jump up ^ A letter from Tony Newton as Lord President of the Council to Tony Benn indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council.[21]
Jump up ^ This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts. Eventually, by the time it was changed in 1910, the monarch was the only one left required to make the declaration.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Succession". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Bogdanor (1995), p. 55.
Jump up ^ Reitwiesner, W. A. "Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001". wargs.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Lewis, David. "Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011". wargs.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Line of succession to the throne". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 February 1952. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Chrimes, S. B. (1999). Henry VII. Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780300078831.
Jump up ^ "Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII".
Jump up ^ Smith, G. Barnett (1892). History of the English Parliament. Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. p. 298.
Jump up ^ "Succession to the Crown Act 1603".
Jump up ^ UPI, London, 21 January 1936http://www.upi.com/Archives/1936/01/21/Prince-of-Wales-proclaimed-King-Edward-VIII/7807693511214/]
Jump up ^ "Girls equal in British throne succession". BBC News. 28 October 2011.
Jump up ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (Commencement) Order 2015 legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ Clegg, Nick (26 March 2015). "Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013: Written statement". UK Parliament.
Jump up ^ "What do the new royal succession changes mean?". Royal Central. 26 March 2015.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Blackstone (1765).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Succession to the Crown Act 2013". UK Parliament. Section 3.
Jump up ^ His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, section 2
Jump up ^ Act of Settlement, preamble
Jump up ^ Act of Settlement, section 2
Jump up ^ "Accession". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Bogdanor (1995), p. 45.
Jump up ^ "Gun Salutes". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Accession Declaration Act 1910, schedule
Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706, article XXV. "...And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty (whom God long preserve) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right..."
Jump up ^ Regency Act 1937, section 1(2)
Jump up ^ "Coronation". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Sources[edit]
Blackstone, William (1765). "Chapter 3: Of The King, and His Title". Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bogdanor, Vernon (1995). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829334-7.
Bryant, A. (1975). A Thousand Years of British Monarchy. London: Collins.
Cox, Noel (1999). "The Law of Succession to the Crown in New Zealand". Waikato Law Review. 7: 49–72.
External links[edit]
Text of the Bill of Rights 1689
Text of the Act of Settlement 1701
Full text of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013.
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Shift plan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The shift plan, rota or roster (esp. British) is the central component of a shift schedule in shift work.[1] The schedule includes considerations of shift overlap, shift change times and alignment with the clock, vacation, training, shift differentials, holidays, etc. The shift plan determines the sequence of work (W) and free (F) days within a shift system.
Contents
[hide]
1 Notation
2 3-day shift plans
3 4-day shift plans
4 5-day shift plans
5 6-day shift plans
6 Week shift plans
6.1 Three-shifts
6.2 Four on, three off
6.3 Continental plan
6.4 24*7 shifts
6.5 Split shift
6.6 Earlies and lates
6.7 28-hour day
6.8 21-hour day
7 8-day shift plans
8 12-day shift plans
9 Fortnight shift plans
9.1 Panama Schedule
9.2 7-day fortnight plan
9.3 10-day fortnight plan
9.4 Five and two
9.5 5/4/9s
10 Long-term shift plans
10.1 DuPont 12-hour rotating plan
10.2 Seven-day eight-hour rotating plan
11 Graveyard shift
12 On-call
13 Firefighting schedules
13.1 Three-platoon schedules
13.2 Four-platoon schedules
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
Notation[edit]
A notation used often identifies day (D), swing (S) and night (N) shifts for the W days and O (off) for rest days.
W
work days
D
day shift, 1st shift
This shift often occurs from either 06:00 or 07:00 to either 14:00 or 15:00 for eight-hour shifts, and from 06:00 to 18:00 for twelve-hour shifts.
S
swing shift, 2nd shift
This shift often occurs from either 14:00 or 15:00 to either 22:00 or 23:00 for eight-hour shifts, and is not used with twelve-hour shifts.
N
night shift, 3rd shift, graveyard shift
This shift often occurs from either 22:00 or 23:00 to either 06:00 or 07:00 for eight-hour shifts, and from 18:00 to 06:00 for twelve-hour shifts.
F
free days
O
days off
This is defined as a day on which a shift does not begin.
Note that a worker transitioning from N to O works for the first six or seven hours of the first day "off". Thus, when days off follow night shifts, the first one or more days "off" are, in fact, days of recovery from lack of nighttime sleep. Note also that this daily notation refers to the start of a shift. If a shift starts at 23:00, then this is a W day even though only one hour is worked. The day after this shift is an F day if no shift starts on this day, though many hours have been worked from midnight on.
One shift system may allow many shift plans. For example, the twelve-hour, 2nW:2nF system with n = 1 allows twelve different plans in three serially-identical sets. Within a set, DONO has the same sequence as NODO. DNOO is the preferred sequence because days off follow night work and there are two consecutive days off.
3-day shift plans[edit]
The US Navy uses a three shift system with an 18-hour day instead of a 24-hour day. The 24-hour period is divided into four shifts: 00:00-06:00, 06:00-12:00, 12:00-18:00, and 18:00-00:00. A sailor stands watch on their shift. During the off shift there is time to perform maintenance, study for qualifications and handle collateral duties. During off time the sailor has time to sleep, relax, and perform personal tasks, such as laundry.
This does not apply to the attached air wing, which will work a 12 on, 12 off schedule 7 days a week.
Navy three-shift example
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
06:00–12:00
C A B D B C A D A B C D C A B D B C A D A B C D C A B D
12:00–18:00
B C A E A B C E C A B E B C A E A B C E C A B E B C A E
18:00–24:00
A B C E C A B E B C A E A B C E C A B E B C A E A B C E
Plan
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
Submarine sailors in the US Navy use a plan known as sixes while underway. The ship operates on an 18-hour schedule. An individual is scheduled to stand watch for 6 hours, perform any other duties and engage in leisure time for 6 hours, then sleep for 6 hours. With sufficient personnel, a given watchstation may benefit from a fourth man (the midnight cowboy). He will stand the same 6-hour watch in a given 24-hour period, usually from midnight to 06:00 (hence themidnight portion of the name, often shortened to cowboy) and the normal watchstander is free. This gives rise to a schedule of six on, twelve off, six on, thirty off, six on, twelve off.
4-day shift plans[edit]
In the 12/24/12/48 or 12/24 plan, employees work in shifts of 12 hours; first a "daily shift" (e.g. 06:00 to 18:00), followed by 24 hours rest, then a "nightly shift" (18:00 to 06:00), finishing with 48 hours rest. This plan needs four teams for full coverage, and makes an average 42-hour workweek. The pattern repeats in a 4-week cycle, i.e. over 28 days, and has 14 shifts per employee therein.
12/24/12/48 shift example
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Daily
06:00–18:00
a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B
Nightly
18:00–06:00
B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D
Plan
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Run 7
5-day shift plans[edit]
In four on, one off the employee only gets one day off. There are 28 shifts per employee in a five-week cycle (i.e. 35 days), this adds up to an average of 48 hours worked per week with 8-hour shifts. This plan is mainly adopted by industries in which companies prefers to work for all days of the week with four shifts and where laws do not let employees work for 12 hours a day for several days.
Four on, two off example with 8-hour shift
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
08:30–17:00
A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off
B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B
C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C
D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D
off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E
Plan
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Run 7
6-day shift plans[edit]
In four on, two off the employee gets two days off. There are 28 shifts per employee in a six-week cycle (i.e. 42 days), this adds up to an average of 56 hours worked per week with 12-hour shifts, or 37 1⁄3 hours per week with 8-hour shifts. Three groups are needed for each time span, i.e. to cover the whole day and week a company needs 6 groups for 12-hour shifts or 9 groups for 8-hour shifts. This plan is mainly adopted by industries in which employees do not engage in much physical activity.
Four on, two off example with one 8-hour shift per day
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
07:00–19:00
A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off
B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B
off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C
Plan
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Run 7
Week shift plans[edit]
Three-shifts[edit]
The three-shift system is the most common plan for five 24-hour days per week. The "first shift" often runs from 06:00 to 14:00, "second shift" or "swing shift" from 14:00 to 22:00 and a "third shift" or "night shift" from 22:00 to 06:00, but shifts may also have different length to accommodate for workload, e.g. 7, 8 and 9 or 6, 8 and 10 hours. To provide coverage 24/7, employees have their days off ("weekends") on different days.
All of the shifts have desirable and less desirable qualities. First shift has very early starts, so time in the evening before is heavily cut short. The second shift occupies the times during which many people finish work and socialize. The third shift creates a situation in which the employee must sleep during the day.
Generally, employees stay with the same shift for a period of time, as opposed to cycling through them; this is seen as healthier.[citation needed]
Three-shift example
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
06:00–14:00
A A A A A off off
14:00–22:00
B B B B B off off
22:00–06:00
C C C C C off off
To provide an overlap in shifts, some employers may require one of the shifts to work four 10-hour shifts per week (as opposed to five 8 hour shifts, both are 40 hours per week). In that scenario, the night shift might extend from 21:00 to 07:00, but the night-shift would have nearly four days off (86 hours) between work weeks. This change, along with first shift moving a half-hour later, or second moving a half-hour earlier, ensures at least a half-hour overlap between shifts, which might be desirable if the business is open to the public to ensure that customers continue to be served during a shift change.[2]
Some states, such as California,[2] accommodate this arrangement by allowing the employee to be paid at their regular rate (as opposed to time-and-a-half, or an overtime rate, that would normally be required for any time past 8 hours) for the 10-hour shift, calling this an "alternative workweek".
Four on, three off[edit]
In four on, three off, each employee works four days and gets a three-day weekend. For some types of manufacturing, this is a win-win arrangement. For example, a paint company had been making 3 batches of paint per day, Monday through Friday (3 × 5 = 15). They changed to making 4 batches of paint, Monday through Thursday (4 × 4 = 16). Total worker hours remained the same, but profits increased. In exchange for two additional hours of work per day, over 4 days, workers got an additional day off every week. See also the book, 4 Days, 40 Hours.
Four on, three off example with 10-hour shifts (in comparison to five-day week schemes)
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
4-day week
08:00–18:00
10 h 10 h 10 h 10 h off off off
4½-day week
08:00–17:00
9 h 9 h 9 h 9 h 4 h off off
5-day week
09:00–17:00
8 h 8 h 8 h 8 h 8 h off off
Continental plan[edit]
Continental plan, adopted primarily in central Europe, is a rapidly changing three-shift system that is usually worked for seven days straight, after which employees are given time off, e.g. 3 mornings, 2 afternoons and then 2 nights.
Continental shift example
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
06:00–14:00
A A A C C B B
14:00–22:00
B B B A A C C
22:00–06:00
C C C B B A A
24*7 shifts[edit]
In the 24*7 plan there are 24 consecutive shifts of 7 hours per week, hence covering 24/7. With 4 groups and 6 shifts per group, the work time is 42 hours per week. Several sub-patterns are possible, but usually each group is responsible for one of four time slots per day. Each of these is 6 hours long and if a shift begins in their time slot, a group has to work it. This way there are 14, 21 or 42 hours of rest between shifts, every group gets one whole day off. Shifts can be swapped to make double-shifts and increase the minimum time of rest.
24*7 example with double shifts and long rests around them
Shift/Group
Work time window
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Night
21:00–09:00
21:00–04:00 01:00–08:00 22:00–05:00 off 23:00–13:00 off 00:00–07:00
Morning
03:00–15:00
04:00–11:00 08:00–15:00 05:00–12:00 02:00–09:00 off 03:00–17:00 off
Day
09:00–21:00
off 15:00–22:00 12:00–19:00 09:00–16:00 13:00–20:00 off 07:00–21:00
Evening
15:00–03:00
11:00–01:00 off 19:00–02:00 16:00–23:00 20:00–03:00 17:00–24:00 off
Split shift[edit]
Main article: Split shift
Split shift is used primarily in the catering, transport, hotel, and hospitality industry. Waiters and chefs work for four hours in the morning (to prepare and serve Lunch), then four hours in the evening (for an Evening meal). The average working day of a chef on split shifts could be 10:00 to 14:00 and then 17:00 to 21:00
Split shift example
Shift
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Lunch
10:00–14:00
on on on on on off off
Break
14:00–17:00
off off off off off off off
Dinner
17:00–21:00
on on on on on off off
Earlies and lates[edit]
Earlies and lates is used primarily in industries such as customer service (help desk, phone-support), convenience stores, child care (day nurseries), and other businesses that require coverage greater than the average 09:00 to 17:00 working day in the UK, but no 24/7 coverage either. Employees work in two shifts that largely overlap, such as early shift from 08:00 to 16:00 and late shift from 10:00 to 18:00
Earlies and lates shift example
Shift
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Earlies
08:00–16:00
A A A A A Off Off
Lates
10:00–18:00
B B B B B Off Off
In businesses where two shifts are necessary to cover the day, earlies and lates may be combined with one double shift per week per worker. Six 7-hour shifts in five days and seven 6-hour shifts in six days both result in 42 hours per week.
Earlies and lates with double shift example, six 7-hour shifts in five days, ten groups
Shift
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Earlies
08:00–15:00
ABCDE F ABCDE G ABCDE H ABCDE I ABCDE J Off Off
Lates
15:00–22:00
A FGHIJ B FGHIJ C FGHIJ D FGHIJ E FGHIJ Off Off
Earlies and lates with double shift example, seven 6-hour shifts in six days, twelve groups
Shift
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Earlies
08:00–14:00
ABCDEF G ABCDEF H ABCDEF I ABCDEF J ABCDEF K ABCDEF L Off
Lates
14:00–20:00
A GHIJKL B GHIJKL C GHIJKL D GHIJKL E GHIJKL F GHIJKL Off
28-hour day[edit]
The 6-day week with 28 hours per "day" is a general concept for full week coverage where the 168 hours of the week are grouped differently. It can be used as a base for several shift plans, e.g. four 7-hour shifts per day where every employee works six shifts for a total of 42 hours per week.
28-hour day example
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
Start
Mon 00:00
Tue 04:00
Wed 08:00
Thu 12:00
Fri 16:00
Sat 20:00
1st shift
A E C A E C
2nd shift
B F D B F D
3rd shift
C A E C A E
4th shift
D B F D B F
21-hour day[edit]
The 8-day week with 21 hours per "day" is a general concept for full week coverage where the 168 hours of the week are grouped differently. It can be used as a base for several shift plans, e.g. three 7-hour shifts per day where every employee works six shifts for a total of 42 hours per week, but to get whole days off groups work alternating double shifts.
21-hour day example
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Start
Mon 00:00
Mon 21:00
Tue 18:00
Wed 15:00
Thu 12:00
Fri 09:00
Sat 06:00
Sun 03:00
1st shift
A D C B A D C B
2nd shift
B A D C B A D C
3rd shift
C B A D C B A D
8-day shift plans[edit]
Main article: Four-day week
Four on, four off is a shift plan that is being heavily adopted in the United Kingdom and in some parts of the United States.[citation needed] An employee works for four days, usually in 12-hour shifts (7:00 to 7:00) then has four days off. While this creates a "48-hour week" (42-hour average over the year) with long shifts, it may be preferred because it shrinks the work week down to four days, and then gives the employee four days rest—double the time of a usual weekend. Due to the plan, employees effectively work an eight-day week, and the days they work vary by "week". As with three-shift systems, most employees stay with the same shift rather than cycling through them.
Four on, four off example for two different schedules
four on, four off
ten-fourteen
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
…
07:00–19:00
08:00–18:00
A A A A C C C C …
19:00–07:00
18:00–08:00
B B B B D D D D …
Such shifts are popular within the Australian ambulance and fire sector, see 2-2-4. However it is often referred to as a ten-fourteen roster, as the day shift lasts for ten hours, with the night shift lasting fourteen. Extended night shifts such as these are often a double edged sword; on one hand crews on slower weeknight shifts, or those in areas of low demand will receive excellent levels of rest (when there are no calls for emergency services, crews are encouraged to rest if required). Conversely, those employed on high demand days such as weekend nights, or in particularly high demand areas, will often be required to be awake or working for their entire rostered shift. However, due to the scheduled nature, most ambulance and fire employees can attempt to obtain sufficient rest before or after a particularly busy 14-hour night shift.
A variation of the four on, four off plan is the two days, two nights, four off plan of working. In this shift schedule, employees work 12-hour shifts from 06:00 to 18:00 on day shifts and from 18:00 to 06:00 on nights. This plan is currently in use by HM Coastguard in the UK, and employs four separate teams to maintain 24/7 coverage.
Two days, two nights, four off example
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
…
06:00–18:00
A A B B C C D D …
18:00–06:00
D D A A B B C C …
12-day shift plans[edit]
The '"6 on, 6 off plan consists of 3 days and 3 nights of work, then 6 days off. These will alternate between other crews, also known as teams, for a full 24/7 operation. The 12-day pattern repeats in a cycle of twelve weeks, i.e. 84 days.
6 on, 6 off example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
…
06:00 to 18:00
A A A B B B C C C D D D …
18:00 to 06:00
D D D A A A B B B C C C …
Fortnight shift plans[edit]
Panama Schedule[edit]
The Panama plan follows a 2-2-3 pattern throughout a fortnight, in which shift workers generally are allowed every other Friday, Saturday, and Sunday off, with two additional days off during the week, although this may differ depending on organization and industry. The most common form utilizes four shifts, each working twelve hours, with two shifts generally paired together: A working days and B working nights while C and D are off, and vice versa. It is not uncommon for shifts to rotate between days and nights, most often with six months spent on nights and six on days. This shift is sometimes known as 2-2-3 or "two, two and three".
Panama schedule example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
06:00 to 18:00
A A C C A A A C C A A C C C
18:00 to 06:00
B B D D B B B D D B B D D D
7-day fortnight plan[edit]
In the 7-day fortnight plan or 2-3-2 plan, employees work their allotted hours within 7 days rather than 10 in a fortnight, i.e. fourteen days and nights. Therefore, 41 hours per week equate to 82 hours per fortnight, which is worked in seven days, at 11–12 hours per shift. This shift structure is used in the broadcast television industry, as well as many law enforcement agencies, as well as health care fields such as nursing and clinical laboratories in the US.
7-day fortnight shift example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
08:00–20:00
A A C C C A A C C A A A C C
20:00–08:00
B B D D D B B D D B B B D D
One of the advantages of using this plan is each shift pair, for example A and B, will get time off on weekends alternatively, because the schedule is fixed and does not drift.
10-day fortnight plan[edit]
A 10-day fortnight plan uses six shifts. Each shift works for seven days straight for their first week. On their "off week", they can choose three days to come in, to support other non-shifted departments, fill gaps in coverage, or participate in training.
10-day fortnight shift example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
00:00–08:00
A A A A A A A D D D D D D D
08:00–16:00
B B B B B B B E E E E E E E
16:00–00:00
C C C C C C C F F F F F F F
Five and two[edit]
The five and two or 3-2-2 plan provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts over a fortnight. Average hours is 42 per week but contains a 60-hour week which can be challenging.
7-day fortnight shift example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
08:00–20:00
D D D B B D D B B B A A B B A A A C C A A C C C B B C C
20:00–08:00
A A A C C A A C C C D D C C B B B D D B B D D D A A D D
5/4/9s[edit]
5/4/9s or Five/Four Nines is a mix of 5-day and 4-day work weeks. Employees work in two-week cycles. Week 1, the employee works 4 days of 9 hours followed by 1 day of 8 hours with 2 days off (i.e. 44 hours). Week 2, the employee works 4 days of 9 hours with 3 days off (i.e. 36 hours).
Like 8 hours a day for 5 days a week, this plan works to 80-hours in a two-week pay-period. Since employees work on nine days per cycle, this plan is also referred to as 9/80. The benefit to working an extra hour a day gives you a normal 2-day weekend followed by a long 3-day weekend the next. Typical working hours for this type of shift would be 06:00 to 15:30 (9 hours with 30 minutes lunch) and 06:00 to 14:30 (8 hours with 30 minutes lunch) on the 8-hour work day. Often the employer will alter the starting times (e.g., start at 07:00 or 08:00).
5/4/9s shift example
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
9 h 9 h 9 h 9 h 8 h off off
Week 2
9 h 9 h 9 h 9 h off off off
A variation, early weekend or 4½-day week, has the employees work every Friday, but only for 4 hours each. Their weekend thus starts with the Friday lunch break.
Long-term shift plans[edit]
DuPont 12-hour rotating plan[edit]
The DuPont 12-hour rotating plan provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts while providing a week off. Average hours is 42 per week but contains a 72-hour week which can be challenging. It is used in several manufacturing industries in the US. Companies that have gone to this schedule have noticed a decrease in accidents plus more rest for employees, less call ins, and more coverage when crews are short handed. In all the schedule is designed to improve safety. A particular advantage of this plan is that it can readily be slewed to fit business requirements. For example, if less coverage is required on a Sunday, stand-alone shifts are avoided by scheduling the fourth night and first day of four on that day. This also has the additional benefit of the quick turnaround day between three shift days and nights also falling on a Sunday.
DuPont 12-hour rotating shift example
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
07:00–19:00
D D D C C C C A A A D D D D B B B A A A A C C C B B B B
19:00–07:00
A A A A D D D B B B B A A A C C C C B B B D D D D C C C
To balance pay into 36 and 48 hour weeks, many US companies shift the Dupont Schedule so the seven-day rest period ends on Friday Night.
DuPont 12-hour rotating shift example 2
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
07:00–19:00
B B B B D D D C C C C A A A D D D D B B B A A A A C C C
19:00–07:00
D C C C A A A A D D D B B B B A A A C C C C B B B D D D
To allow 3 full days off following a shift of nights, the day off between three days and three nights is removed. This example allows for a recover day after 3 nights before a weekend off and for some workers more appropriately balances work/life.
DuPont 12-hour rotating shift example 3
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
07:00–19:00
B B B B D D D C C C C A A A D D D D B B B A A A A C C C
19:00–07:00
C C C A A A A D D D B B B B A A A C C C C B B B D D D D
Seven-day eight-hour rotating plan[edit]
The seven-day eight-hour rotating plan provides 24/7 coverage using 8-hour shifts with 5 crews. It consists of a "morning shift" from 07:00 to 15:00, a "swing shift" from 15:00 to 22:30 and a "night shift" from 22:30 to 07:30. Each shift works for five days straight. The 8-hour shifts allow vacations and absences to be covered by splitting shifts or working double shifts. The run of day shifts is 56 hours, but the 8-hour shift provides time for some socializing after work.
This plan was once common in the pulp and paper industry in the Western United States but has been largely replaced by an 8 days, 8 swing, 5 nights, 9 off, 8-hour rotation.
7-day 8-hour rotating shift example
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
1
Day Day Day Day Day off off
2
Swing off off Swing Swing Swing Swing
3
Night Night off off Night Night Night
4
Day Day Day Day off off Day
5
Swing Swing Swing Swing Swing off off
6
off Night Night Night Night Night off
7
off off Day Day Day Day Day
8
Swing Swing Swing Swing Swing off off
9
Night off off Night Night Night Night
10
Day Day off off Day Day Day
11
Swing Swing Swing off off Swing Swing
12
Night Night Night Night off off Night
13
Day Day Day Day Day off off
14
off Swing Swing Swing Swing Swing off
15
off off Night Night Night Night Night
Graveyard shift[edit]
"Graveyard shift" redirects here. For other uses, see Graveyard Shift (disambiguation).
Graveyard shift, night shift, or third shift means a shift of work running through the early hours of the morning, especially shifts starting around midnight. The origin of this phrase is uncertain. According to Michael Quinion it is an "evocative term for the night shift … when … your skin is clammy, there's sand behind your eyeballs, and the world is creepily silent, like the graveyard."[3]
In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that working the graveyard shift would be listed as a "probable" cause of cancer.[4][5][6]
On-call[edit]
Employees who work on an on-call basis have no regular schedule. They agree as a condition of employment to report to work when they are called, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This is particularly common in American railroad employment, especially for train crews.
Firefighting schedules[edit]
In many departments, firefighters work 24-hour shifts. They are authorized to sleep in the fire station at night but are still subject to calls for service the entire shift. Most departments split the 168-hour-long week between 3 or 4 work groups (sometimes referred to as 'shifts' or 'platoon groups'), resulting in a 56- or 42-hour workweek, respectively. Some departments reduce the average workweek by scheduling an extra day off for each firefighter in the work group, frequently reducing a 56-hour workweek to a 48-hour workweek by scheduling a 24-hour "Kelly Day" every three weeks. Departments have many options for scheduling firefighters for coverage. One option is 24 on/48 off, where a firefighter will work 24 hours and have 48 hours off, regardless of the day of the week or the holidays. Often they will be scheduled in an A–B–C pattern. Thus, a firefighter will be assigned to A, B or C shift and work whenever that letter is on the calendar.
Most departments have found that a 24-hour work shift, with opportunistic sleeping between calls for service, is a valid means of avoiding some of the health and cognitive problems associated with shift work.
Three-platoon schedules[edit]
The most basic three-platoon schedule is a straight rotation of 24-hour shifts among three platoon groups. This rotation limits time off to 48 hours in a row, less than 66 hours off in a row most workers get each weekend. Workers on this schedule only get one short weekend off every three weeks. Twenty-four hours off-duty is also the minimum required to completely recover from a period of acute sleep deficit.[7]
24/48 pattern
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
A B C A B C A
Week 2
B C A B C A B
Week 3
C A B C A B C
Another option is known as a California roll, where some shifts will be close together but allow for several days off. This option gives a 96-hour break every 9th day, which is contiguous to the conventional weekend on two of nine weekends, with a third weekend providing a break that starts on Saturday morning. There is an opportunity to accumulate sleep debt over the three days of work, however this debt should be completely cleared over the four-day break. The nine-day rota that is repeated to fill the calendar.
California roll shift schedule
Week
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
07:00–07:00
A B A C A C B
Week 2
07:00–07:00
C B
A firefighter will work 24 hours on, 24 off, 24 on, 24 off, 24 on, 96 hours (4 days) off.
This rotation reduces the chronic sleep deficit accrued over the first two work days at the expense of a shorter long break. This schedule's long break coincides with a standard weekend exactly once every nine weeks. The four-day break could be retained by working a fourth day in the rotation - XOXOOXOXOOOO.
Modified California Roll
Week
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
07:00–07:00
A B A B C A C
Week 2
07:00–07:00
A B C B C
A firefighter will work one day, off one, work one, off two, work one, off four days.
A number of departments have investigated further work consolidation by allowing for a 48-hour work shift. Careful demand management would be required to avoid acute sleep deficit, however, firefighters should return to work fully recovered from the previous shift.[8]
Kenneth B. Ellerbe chief of the District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department has proposed a schedule where firefighters work three-day shifts, followed by three night shifts, followed by three days off.[9] It is likely that such a schedule would impact all four alertness factors associated with shift work, and result in a threat to public safety. It would result in exactly one break coinciding with the standard weekend every nine weeks. DDDNNNOOODDDNNNOOO
Four-platoon schedules[edit]
The most basic four-platoon schedule is a straight rotation of 24-hour work shifts between four work groups or platoons. This schedule works 48 hours per week for three weeks and 24 hours the fourth week, averaging 42 hours per week.
24/72 pattern
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
A B C D A B C
Week 2
D A B C D A B
Week 3
C D A B C D A
Week 4
B C D A B C D
Another variation of the 24-hour shift schedule is a 4-platoon system, averaging 42 hours/week. Thus, the schedule is 24 on, 48 off, 24 on, 96 off, on a 4-day rotation.
24/48/24/96 pattern
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
A D B A C B D
Week 2
C A D B A C B
Week 3
D C A D B A C
Week 4
B D C A D B A
Week 5
C B D C A D B
Week 6
A C B D C A D
Week 7
B A C B D C A
Although the performance benefits of shorter shifts may not outweigh the performance costs of consecutive nights of work, some departments with four platoon groups work shorter shifts. Most such departments work a 10-hour day and a 14-hour night tour.[7] This enables the firefighter to get relieved from work in the afternoon, commute home, spend time with family, and get a good night's sleep before returning to work in the morning. Schedules that only allow 12 hours, or less, between work shifts do not allow enough time to incorporate a healthy night of sleep, and therefore begin to accumulate sleep deficit even when the employee is working days.
On the 2-2-4 schedule, firefighters work two 10-hour days, two 14-hour nights, and then have four days off. In the Canadian Firefighter study, consecutive nights were shown to be more deleterious to performance than a single, long shift. After two consecutive nights, performance effectiveness was reduced to 75%, vs. 78% on a 24-hour shift. If the schedule induces sleep deficit during the day shift, this performance would be worse. This schedule's long break aligns with the conventional weekend for exactly two weeks out of eight.
The rota is: DDNNOOOO.
The 2-2-3 schedule is also known as the Panama Schedule, however, when firefighters work it, the shifts rotate from day to night between every break. Since the firefighters have a two-day break before any nights worked, they do not start the series of nights with an employment-related sleep deficit. They do work three nights in a row, which would result in chronic sleep deficit if alarms are received on each night, however, the third night is always a Sunday night, which is often less busy than other nights of the week. This schedule allows for a long break every other weekend.
The rota is: DDOONNN OODDOOO NNOODDD OONNOOO
See also[edit]
Organized labour portal
Eight-hour day
Soviet calendar, which first used 5-day and later 6-day plans
Split shift
Gantt chart
On call shift
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Miller, JC (2013). "Fundamentals of Shiftwork Scheduling, 3rd Edition: Fixing Stupid". Smashwords.
^ Jump up to: a b "Order No. 4-2001 Regulating Wages, Hours and Working Conditions in the Professional, Technical, Clerical, Mechanical and Similar Occupations" (PDF). Industrial Welfare Commission. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Saved by the Bell", Worldwidewords.org, March 27, 2000
Jump up ^ [1] An estimated 20% of the American labour force works the night shift.
Jump up ^ Overnight shift to be classified as 'probable' cancer cause", CNN, November 29, 2007
Jump up ^ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS147020450770373X/fulltext
^ Jump up to: a b Paul MA, Miller JC (October 2005). "Consideration of 5 Canadian Forces Firefighter Shift Schedules" (Technical Report) (in English and French). Toronto: Defense R&D Canada.
Jump up ^ "Departments on 48-96". 48-96.com. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ed (2011-12-30). "A shift toward sleep deprived firefighters". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Burr, Douglas Scott (2009) 'The Schedule Book', 'ISBN 978-1-4392-2674-2'.
Miller, James C. (2013) 'Fundamentals of Shiftwork Scheduling, 3rd Edition: Fixing Stupid', Smashwords, .
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value:
/wiki/Shift_plan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Shift_plan rootpage-Shift_plan skin-vector action-view