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The Time Machine
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This article is about the book by H.G. Wells. For other uses, see The Time Machine (disambiguation).
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The Time Machine
First edition cover
Author
H. G. Wells
Cover artist
Ben Hardy
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Science fiction
Published
1895 (William Heinemann)
Media type
Print (hardback and paperback)
Text
The Time Machine at Wikisource
The Time Machine is a science fiction novel by H. G. Wells, published in 1895 and written as a frame narrative. The work is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel by using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposely and selectively forwards or backwards in time. The term "time machine", coined by Wells, is now almost universally used to refer to such a vehicle.[1]
The Time Machine has been adapted into three feature films of the same name, as well as two television versions, and a large number of comic book adaptations. It has also indirectly inspired many more works of fiction in many media productions.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Plot
3 Deleted text
4 Scholarship
5 Symbols
6 The Time Traveller
7 Adaptations
7.1 Radio and audio
7.1.1 Escape radio broadcasts
7.1.2 1994 Alien Voices audio drama
7.1.3 7th Voyage
7.1.4 2009 BBC Radio 3 broadcast
7.1.5 Big Finish Productions
7.2 Film adaptations
7.2.1 1949 BBC teleplay
7.2.2 1960 film
7.2.3 1978 television film
7.2.4 2002 film
7.3 Derivative works
7.3.1 The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal
7.3.2 Time After Time (1979 film)
7.3.3 Sliders
7.3.4 Wishbone episode
7.3.5 Time Kid (2003)
7.3.6 Morlocks
7.3.7 Warehouse 13
7.3.8 Futurama
7.3.9 Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race
7.4 Comics
8 Sequels by other authors
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Wells had considered the notion of time travel before, in a short story titled "The Chronic Argonauts" (1888). This work, published in his college newspaper, was the foundation for The Time Machine.
Wells frequently stated that he had thought of using some of this material in a series of articles in the Pall Mall Gazette until the publisher asked him if he could instead write a serial novel on the same theme. Wells readily agreed and was paid £100 (equal to about £10,000 today) on its publication by Heinemann in 1895, which first published the story in serial form in the January to May numbers of The New Review (newly under the nominal editorship of W. E. Henley).[2] Henry Holt and Company published the first book edition (possibly prepared from a different manuscript)[3] on 7 May 1895; Heinemann published an English edition on 29 May.[2] These two editions are different textually and are commonly referred to as the "Holt text" and "Heinemann text", respectively. Nearly all modern reprints reproduce the Heinemann text.[citation needed]
The story reflects Wells's own socialist political views, his view on life and abundance, and the contemporary angst about industrial relations. It is also influenced by Ray Lankester's theories about social degeneration[4] and shares many elements with Edward Bulwer-Lytton's novel Vril, the Power of the Coming Race (1871).[5] Other science fiction works of the period, including Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward: 2000-1887 (1888) and the later film Metropolis (1927), dealt with similar themes.[citation needed]
This work is an early example of the Dying Earth subgenre. The portion of the novella that sees the Time Traveller in a distant future where the sun is huge and red also places The Time Machine within the realm of eschatology, i.e. the study of the end times, the end of the world, and the ultimate destiny of humankind.[citation needed]
Plot[edit]
The Time Machine was reprinted in Two Complete Science-Adventure Books in 1951
The book's protagonist is an English scientist and gentleman inventor living in Richmond, Surrey, in Victorian England, and identified by a narrator simply as the Time Traveller. The narrator recounts the Traveller's lecture to his weekly dinner guests that time is simply a fourth dimension and his demonstration of a tabletop model machine for travelling through it. He reveals that he has built a machine capable of carrying a person through time, and returns at dinner the following week to recount a remarkable tale, becoming the new narrator.
In the new narrative, the Time Traveller tests his device with a journey that takes him to A.D. 802,701, where he meets the Eloi, a society of small, elegant, childlike adults. They live in small communities within large and futuristic yet slowly deteriorating buildings, doing no work and having a frugivorous diet. His efforts to communicate with them are hampered by their lack of curiosity or discipline, and he speculates that they are a peaceful, communist society, the result of humanity conquering nature with technology, and subsequently evolving to adapt to an environment in which strength and intellect are no longer advantageous to survival.
Returning to the site where he arrived, the Time Traveller is shocked to find his time machine missing and eventually concludes that it has been dragged by some unknown party into a nearby structure with heavy doors, locked from the inside, which resembles a Sphinx. Luckily, he had removed the machine's levers before leaving it (the time machine being unable to travel through time without them). Later in the dark, he is approached menacingly by the Morlocks, ape-like troglodytes who live in darkness underground and surface only at night. Within their dwellings, he discovers the machinery and industry that makes the above-ground paradise possible. He alters his theory, speculating that the human race has evolved into two species: the leisured classes have become the ineffectual Eloi, and the downtrodden working classes have become the brutal light-fearing Morlocks. Deducing that the Morlocks have taken his time machine, he explores the Morlock tunnels, learning that due to a lack of any other means of sustenance, they feed on the Eloi. His revised analysis is that their relationship is not one of lords and servants but of livestock and ranchers. The Time Traveller theorizes that intelligence is the result of and response to danger; with no real challenges facing the Eloi, they have lost the spirit, intelligence, and physical fitness of humanity at its peak.
Meanwhile, he saves an Eloi named Weena from drowning as none of the other Eloi take any notice of her plight, and they develop an innocently affectionate relationship over the course of several days. He takes Weena with him on an expedition to a distant structure that turns out to be the remains of a museum, where he finds a fresh supply of matches and fashions a crude weapon against Morlocks, whom he must fight to get back his machine. He plans to take Weena back to his own time. Because the long and tiring journey back to Weena's home is too much for them, they stop in the forest, and they are then overcome by Morlocks in the night, and Weena faints. The Traveller escapes when a small fire he had left behind them to distract the Morlocks catches up to them as a forest fire; Weena and the pursuing Morlocks are lost in the fire, and the Time Traveler is devastated over his loss.
The Morlocks open the Sphinx and use the time machine as bait to capture the Traveller, not understanding that he will use it to escape. He reattaches the levers before he travels further ahead to roughly 30 million years from his own time. There he sees some of the last living things on a dying Earth: menacing reddish crab-like creatures slowly wandering the blood-red beaches chasing enormous butterflies in a world covered in simple lichenous vegetation. He continues to make short jumps through time, seeing Earth's rotation gradually cease and the sun grow larger, redder, and dimmer, and the world falling silent and freezing as the last degenerate living things die out.
Overwhelmed, he goes back to the machine and returns to Victorian time, arriving at his laboratory just three hours after he originally left. Interrupting dinner, he relates his adventures to his disbelieving visitors, producing as evidence two strange white flowers Weena had put in his pocket. The original narrator then takes over and relates that he returned to the Time Traveller's house the next day, finding him preparing for another journey. After promising to return in a short period of time, the narrator reveals that after three years of waiting, the Time Traveller has never returned.
Deleted text[edit]
A section from the eleventh chapter of the serial published in New Review (May 1895) was deleted from the book. It was drafted at the suggestion of Wells's editor, William Ernest Henley, who wanted Wells to "oblige your editor" by lengthening the text with, among other things, an illustration of "the ultimate degeneracy" of humanity. "There was a slight struggle," Wells later recalled, "between the writer and W. E. Henley who wanted, he said, to put a little 'writing' into the tale. But the writer was in reaction from that sort of thing, the Henley interpolations were cut out again, and he had his own way with his text."[6] This portion of the story was published elsewhere as "The Grey Man".[7] The deleted text was also published by Forrest J Ackerman in an issue of the American edition of Perry Rhodan.[citation needed]
The deleted text recounts an incident immediately after the Traveller's escape from the Morlocks. He finds himself in the distant future of an unrecognisable Earth, populated with furry, hopping herbivores resembling kangaroos. He stuns or kills one with a rock, and upon closer examination realises they are probably the descendants of humans/Eloi/Morlocks. A gigantic, centipede-like arthropod approaches and the Traveller flees into the next day, finding that the creature has apparently eaten the tiny humanoid. The Dover Press[8] and Easton Press editions of the novella restore this deleted segment.[citation needed]
Scholarship[edit]
Significant scholarly commentary on The Time Machine began from the early 1960s, initially contained in various broad studies of Wells's early novels (such as Bernard Bergonzi's The Early H.G. Wells: A Study of the Scientific Romances) and studies of utopias/dystopias in science fiction (such as Mark R. Hillegas's The Future as Nightmare: H.G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians). Much critical and textual work was done in the 1970s, including the tracing of the very complex publication history of the text, its drafts and unpublished fragments. A further resurgence in scholarship came around the time of the novella's centenary in 1995, and a major outcome of this was the 1995 conference and substantial anthology of academic papers, which is collected in print as H.G. Wells’s Perennial Time Machine: Selected Essays from the Centenary Conference, "The Time Machine: Past, Present, and Future" (University of Georgia Press, 2001). This publication then allowed the development of a study guide book (meant for advanced academics at Master's and PhD level), H.G. Wells's The Time Machine: A Reference Guide (Praeger, 2004). The scholarly journal The Wellsian has published around twenty articles on The Time Machine, and the new US academic journal devoted to H.G. Wells, The Undying Fire has published three since its inception in 2002.
The name Eloi is the Hebrew plural for Elohim, or lesser gods, in the Old Testament.[9] The name Morlock may be a play on mollocks—what a miner might call themself, or a Scots word for rubbish[9]—or a reference to the Morlacchi community in Dalmatia.[10] Regarding the latter hypothesis, it might be noted that the Balkan Morlachs had attracted the attention of West and Central European travelers and writers, including famous ones such as Johann Gottfried Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and were often described and depicted in various writings as an archetype of "primitive people", "backwardness", "barbarism" and the like. Morlock may also refer to the pagan god Moloch associated with child sacrifice.
Symbols[edit]
The Time Machine can be read as a symbolic novel. There are several symbols, including the Sphinx, flowers, and fire. The time machine itself can also be viewed as a symbol. The Sphinx appeared on the cover of the first London edition as requested by Wells and would have been familiar to his readers.[9] The statue of the Sphinx is the place where the Morlocks hide the time machine and references the Sphinx in the story of Oedipus who gives a riddle that he must first solve before he can pass.[11] The white flowers can symbolize Weena's devotion and innocence and contrast with the machinery of the time machine.[11] They are the only proof that the Time Traveller's story is true. Fire symbolizes civilization, as the Time Traveller uses it to ward off the Morlocks, but it escapes his control and turns into a forest fire.[11]
The Time Traveller[edit]
Although the Time Traveller's real name is never given in the original novella, other sources have named him:
The 1960 film named him H. George Wells, although he was only called George in dialogue.
In the 1978 telefilm version of the story, the Time Traveler (this time a modern-day American) is named Dr. Neil Perry.
H.G. Wells' great-grandson, Simon Wells, directed a 2002 remake where the Time Traveller's name is Alexander Hartdegen.
In The Time Ships, Stephen Baxter's sequel to The Time Machine, the Time Traveller encounters his younger self via time travel. His younger self reacts with embarrassment to his older self's knowledge of his real names: "I held up my hand; I had an inspiration. "No. I will use—if you will permit—Moses." He took a deep pull on his brandy, and gazed at me with genuine anger in his grey eyes. "How do you know about that?" Moses—my hated first name, for which I had been endlessly tormented at school—and which I had kept a secret since leaving home!"[12] This is a reference to H.G. Wells's story "The Chronic Argonauts", the story which grew into The Time Machine, in which the inventor of the Time Machine is named Dr. Moses Nebogipfel; the surname of Wells's first inventor graces another character in Baxter's book (see above).
Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life by Philip José Farmer gives the Time Traveller's name as Bruce Clarke Wildman.
The Rook comic book series gives the Time Traveller's name as Adam Dane.
In the Doctor Who comic strip story "The Eternal Present", the character of Theophilus Tolliver is implied to be the Time Traveller of Wells's novella. Also featured in Doctor Who is Wells, himself, appearing in the television serial Timelash. The events of this story are portrayed as having inspired Wells to write The Time Machine.
In Episode 11, Season 1, of US television series Legends of Tomorrow the team travels back in time to the Old West in hopes to hide from the Time Masters. During their stay there the character Martin Stein saves a boy's life with modern medicine. After a fighting scene that reveals their whole team to be from the future, Martin Stein learns that the name of the boy he saved is Herbert George Wells. "You're H.G. Wells?" he asks him, the boy replies "H.G.Wells, I like that name", implying that they inspired the stories that he wrote and also the name he goes by.[13]
The Hertford Manuscript by Richard Cowper names the Time Traveller as Dr. Robert James Pensley, born to James and Martha Pensley in 1850 and disappearing without trace on 18 June 1894, and who was part of the same social and political circle as Wells – in particular, the Fabian Society.
The Space Machine by Christopher Priest gives the Time Traveller's name as William Reynolds.
Sherlock Holmes & The Coils of Time by Ralph E. Vaughan gives the Time Traveller's name as Moesen Maddoc.
The I.C.E. role-playing game supplement Time Riders suggests that the Time Traveller's name is Ashleigh Holmes. It suggests that the Time Traveller is actually a woman who disguised herself as a man during the male chauvinistic Victorian era. She is said to be the sister of Sherlock Holmes.
It has also been suggested that the Time Traveller was based on Thomas Edison.[14]
Adaptations[edit]
Radio and audio[edit]
Escape radio broadcasts[edit]
The CBS radio anthology Escape adapted The Time Machine twice, in 1948 starring Jeff Corey, and again in 1950 starring John Dehner. In both episodes, a script adapted by Irving Ravetch was used. The Time Traveller was named Dudley and was accompanied by his sceptical friend Fowler as they travelled to the year 100,080.
1994 Alien Voices audio drama[edit]
In 1994, an audio drama was released on cassette and CD by Alien Voices, starring Leonard Nimoy as the Time Traveller (named John in this adaptation) and John de Lancie as David Filby. John de Lancie's children, Owen de Lancie and Keegan de Lancie, played the parts of the Eloi. The drama is approximately two hours long and is more faithful to the story than several of the film adaptations. Some changes are made to reflect modern language and knowledge of science.
7th Voyage[edit]
In 2000, Alan Young read The Time Machine for 7th Voyage Productions, Inc., in 2016 to celebrate the 120th Anniversary of H.G. Wells' novella.[15]
2009 BBC Radio 3 broadcast[edit]
Robert Glenister starred as the Time Traveller, with William Gaunt as H. G. Wells in a new 100-minute radio dramatisation by Philip Osment, directed by Jeremy Mortimer as part of a BBC Radio Science Fiction season. This was the first adaptation of the novella for British radio. It was first broadcast on 22 February 2009 on BBC Radio 3[16] and later published as a 2-CD BBC audio book.
The other cast members were:
Donnla Hughes as Martha
Gunnar Cauthery as Young H. G. Wells
Stephen Critchlow as Filby, friend of the young Wells
Chris Pavlo as Bennett, friend of the young Wells
Manjeet Mann as Mrs. Watchett, the Traveller's housemaid
Jill Crado as Weena, one of the Eloi and the Traveller's partner
Robert Lonsdale, Inam Mirza, and Dan Starkey as other characters
The adaptation retained the nameless status of the Time Traveller and set it as a true story told to the young Wells by the time traveller, which Wells then re-tells as an older man to the American journalist Martha whilst firewatching on the roof of Broadcasting House during the Blitz. It also retained the deleted ending from the novella as a recorded message sent back to Wells from the future by the traveller using a prototype of his machine, with the traveller escaping the anthropoid creatures to 30 million AD at the end of the universe before disappearing or dying there.
Big Finish Productions[edit]
On September 5th, 2017, Big Finish released an adaptation of The Time Machine. This adaptation was written by Marc Platt, and starred Ben Miles as the Time Traveller.
Platt explained in an interview that adapting The Time Machine to audio was not much different to writing Doctor Who, and that he can see where some of the roots of early Doctor Who came from[17].
Film adaptations[edit]
1949 BBC teleplay[edit]
The first visual adaptation of the book was a live teleplay broadcast from Alexandra Palace on 25 January 1949 by the BBC, which starred Russell Napier as the Time Traveller and Mary Donn as Weena. No recording of this live broadcast was made; the only record of the production is the script and a few black and white still photographs. A reading of the script, however, suggests that this teleplay remained fairly faithful to the book.[18]
1960 film[edit]
Main article: The Time Machine (1960 film)
In 1960, the novella was made into an American science fiction film, also known promotionally as H.G. Wells' The Time Machine. The film starred Rod Taylor, Alan Young, and Yvette Mimieux.
The film was produced and directed by George Pal, who also filmed a 1953 version of Wells' The War of the Worlds. The film won an Academy Award for time-lapse photographic effects showing the world changing rapidly.
In 1993, Rod Taylor hosted Time Machine: The Journey Back reuniting him with Alan Young and Whit Bissell, featuring the only sequel to Mr. Pal's classic film, written by the original screenwriter, David Duncan. In the special were Academy Award-winners special effect artists Wah Chang and Gene Warren.
1978 television film[edit]
Main article: The Time Machine (1978 film)
Sunn Classic Pictures produced a television film version of The Time Machine as a part of their "Classics Illustrated" series in 1978. It was a modernization of the Wells' story, making the Time Traveller a 1970s scientist working for a fictional US defence contractor, "the Mega Corporation". Dr. Neil Perry (John Beck), the Time Traveller, is described as one of Mega's most reliable contributors by his senior co-worker Branly (Whit Bissell, an alumnus of the 1960 adaptation). Perry's skill is demonstrated by his rapid reprogramming of an off-course missile, averting a disaster that could destroy Los Angeles. His reputation secures a grant of $20 million for his time machine project. Although nearing completion, the corporation wants Perry to put the project on hold so that he can head a military weapon development project. Perry accelerates work on the time machine, permitting him to test it before being forced to work on the new project.
2002 film[edit]
Main article: The Time Machine (2002 film)
The 1960 film was remade in 2002, starring Guy Pearce as the Time Traveller, a mechanical engineering professor named Alexander Hartdegen, Mark Addy as his colleague David Filby, Sienna Guillory as Alex's ill-fated fiancée Emma, Phyllida Law as Mrs. Watchit, and Jeremy Irons as the Uber-Morlock. Playing a quick cameo as a shopkeeper was Alan Young, who featured in the 1960 film. (H.G. Wells himself can also be said to have a "cameo" appearance, in the form of a photograph on the wall of Alex's home, near the front door.)
The film was directed by Wells's great-grandson Simon Wells, with an even more revised plot that incorporated the ideas of paradoxes and changing the past. The place is changed from Richmond, Surrey, to downtown New York City, where the Time Traveller moves forward in time to find answers to his questions on 'Practical Application of Time Travel;' first in 2030 New York, to witness an orbital lunar catastrophe in 2037, before moving on to 802,701 for the main plot. He later briefly finds himself in 635,427,810 with toxic clouds and a world laid waste (presumably by the Morlocks) with devastation and Morlock artifacts stretching out to the horizon.
It was met with generally mixed reviews and earned $56 million before VHS/DVD sales. The Time Machine used a design that was very reminiscent of the one in the Pal film but was much larger and employed polished turned brass construction, along with rotating glass reminiscent of the Fresnel lenses common to lighthouses. (In Wells's original book, the Time Traveller mentioned his 'scientific papers on optics'). Hartdegen becomes involved with a female Eloi named Mara, played by Samantha Mumba, who essentially takes the place of Weena, from the earlier versions of the story. In this film, the Eloi have, as a tradition, preserved a "stone language" that is identical to English. The Morlocks are much more barbaric and agile, and the Time Traveller has a direct impact on the plot.
Derivative works[edit]
The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal[edit]
Main article: The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal
This film, produced and directed by Arnold Leibovit, is a biopic of George Pal. It contains a number of filmed elements from Pal's 1960 film version of The Time Machine.
Time After Time (1979 film)[edit]
Main article: Time After Time (1979 film)
In Time After Time, H.G. Wells invents a time machine and shows it to some friends in a manner similar to the first part of the novella. He does not know that one of his friends is Jack The Ripper. The Ripper, fleeing police, escapes to the future (1979), but without a key which prevents the machine from remaining in the future. When it does return home, Wells follows him in order to protect the future (which he imagines to be a utopia) from the Ripper. In turn, the film inspired a 2017 TV series of the same name.
Sliders[edit]
In the Sliders season 3 episode, "The Last of Eden", the Sliders land on a world reminiscent of the book The Time Machine, in which there are two distinct species of humanoids: one group lives above ground and the others live below the surface in the "forbidden zone". Shortly after arriving, there is an earthquake and Wade falls below the surface. When the others seek help from the locals to rescue her, they learn their two chief laws: "Do not dig in the earth" and "Do not go into the forbidden zone". When Quinn finds a local willing to help, they travel below the surface and find a group of mutated people who were trapped below ground when the "gineers" set up a gimbal device to keep the surface elevated.
Wishbone episode[edit]
The Time Machine was featured in an episode of the PBS children's show Wishbone, entitled "Bark to the Future". Wishbone plays the role of the Time Traveller, where he meets Weena, takes her to an ancient library, and confronts the Morlocks. The parallel story has Wishbone's owner, Joe, relying on a calculator to solve percentage problems rather than his own intellect, recalling the mindset that created the lazy Eloi.
Time Kid (2003)[edit]
The Time Machine was loosely adapted for a Nickelodeon animated television film for 2003. In this version, the main protagonist is the inventor's son, Tom, who must go to the future in search for his father.
Morlocks[edit]
The 2011 Syfy made-for-television film, Morlocks, is extremely loosely based on The Time Machine. In this film, a failed scientist, Dr. James Radnor (David Hewlett), has invented a time portal that goes into the future. There, a race of monsters known as Morlocks has destroyed humanity. There are no Eloi in this film, but the military time travel project is known as "Project E.L.O.I."
Warehouse 13[edit]
The Syfy Channel TV series follows the adventures of government agents tasked with finding artifacts from around the world which have special powers, often having negative supernatural effects. They are stored in Warehouse 13, which is the latest in a series of 'warehouses' that have existed throughout history. Along with countless artifacts, the warehouse contains various famous and infamous historical figures that have been stored in a suspended form called 'bronzing'. This includes H.G Wells who turns out to be a female named Helena G. Wells. When she is 'unbronzed', it is then known that she had been an agent for Warehouse 12 during the 1800s. The character becomes a series regular guest who assists the warehouse agents but has occasionally become an antagonist. The H.G. Wells Time Machine is also stored in the warehouse but functions somewhat differently than what is written in the original book.
Futurama[edit]
The seventh episode of the seventh season of Futurama, titled The Late Philip J. Fry, features several allusions and references to the novella although often departs from the original plot.
Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race[edit]
TV Cartoon. Series 1 Episode 22: In this episode, the cartoon characters are lowered into a cave to recover red tennis balls. When Kitty is alone in the cave, Morlocks can be seen hiding in the background.
Comics[edit]
Classics Illustrated was the first to adapt The Time Machine into a comic book format, issuing an American edition in July 1956.
The Classics Illustrated version was published in French by Classiques Illustres in Dec 1957, and Classics Illustrated Strato Publications (Australian) in 1957, and Kuvitettuja Klassikkoja (a Finnish edition) in November 1957. There were also Classics Illustrated Greek editions in 1976, Swedish in 1987, German in 1992 and 2001, and a Canadian reprint of the English edition in 2008.
In 1976, Marvel Comics published a new version of The Time Machine, as #2 in their Marvel Classics Comics series, with art by Alex Niño. (This adaptation was originally published in 1973 by Pendulum Press as part of their Pendulum Now Age Classics series; it was colorized and reprinted by Marvel in 1976.) From April 1990, Eternity Comics published a three-issue miniseries adaptation of The Time Machine, written by Bill Spangler and illustrated by John Ross — this was collected as a trade paperback graphic novel in 1991.
Sequels by other authors[edit]
Wells's novella has become one of the cornerstones of science-fiction literature. As a result, it has spawned many offspring. Works expanding on Wells's story include:
La Belle Valence by Théo Varlet and André Blandin (1923) in which a squadron of World War I soldiers find the Time Machine and are transported back to the Spanish town of Valencia in the 14th century. Translated by Brian Stableford as Timeslip Troopers (2012).
Die Rückkehr der Zeitmaschine (1946) by Egon Friedell was the first direct sequel. It dwells heavily on the technical details of the machine and the time-paradoxes it might cause when the time machine was used to visit the past.This culminates in Westminster Abbey being used as a butcher shop of human beings by the Morlocks in the 20th century, and a total disruption and collapse of the time stream. There the hero and Merlin must find — and destroy — the Time Machine, to restore the time stream and history. The 24,000-word German original was translated into English by Eddy C. Bertin in the 1940s and eventually published in paperback as The Return of the Time Machine (1972, DAW).
The Hertford Manuscript by Richard Cowper, first published in 1976. It features a "manuscript", which reports the Time Traveller's activities after the end of the original story. According to this manuscript, the Time Traveller disappeared, because his Time Machine had been damaged by the Morlocks without him knowing it. He only found out when it stopped operating during his next attempted time travel. He found himself on 27 August 1665, in London during the outbreak of the Great Plague of London. The rest of the novel is devoted to his efforts to repair the Time Machine and leave this time period before getting infected with the disease. He also has an encounter with Robert Hooke. He eventually dies of the disease on 20 September 1665. The story gives a list of subsequent owners of the manuscript until 1976. It also gives the name of the Time Traveller as Robert James Pensley, born to James and Martha Pensley in 1850 and disappearing without trace on 18 June 1894.
The Space Machine by Christopher Priest, first published in 1976. Because of the movement of planets, stars, and galaxies, for a time machine to stay in one spot on Earth as it travels through time, it must also follow the Earth's trajectory through space. In Priest's book, a travelling salesman damages a Time Machine similar to the original, and arrives on Mars, just before the start of the invasion described in The War of the Worlds. H.G. Wells appears as a minor character.
Morlock Night by K. W. Jeter, first published in 1979. A steampunk fantasy novel in which the Morlocks, having studied the Traveller's machine, duplicate it and invade Victorian London.
Time Machine II by George Pal and Joe Morhaim, published in 1981. The Time Traveller, named George, and the pregnant Weena try to return to his time, but instead land in the London Blitz, dying during a bombing raid. Their newborn son is rescued by an American ambulance driver and grows up in the United States under the name Christopher Jones. Sought out by the lookalike son of James Filby, Jones goes to England to collect his inheritance, leading ultimately to George's journals, and the Time Machine's original plans. He builds his own machine with 1970s upgrades and seeks his parents in the future. Pal also worked on a detailed synopsis for a third sequel, which was partly filmed for a 1980s U.S. TV special on the making of Pal's film version of The Time Machine, using the original actors. This third sequel, the plot of which does not seem to fit with Pal's second, opens with the Time Traveller enjoying a happy life with Weena, in a future world in which the Morlocks have died out. He and his son return to save Filby in World War I. This act changes the future, causing the nuclear war not to happen. He and his son are thus cut off from Weena in the far future. The Time Traveller thus has to solve a dilemma — allow his friend to die, and cause the later death of millions, or give up Weena forever.
The Man Who Loved Morlocks (1981) and The Truth about Weena (1998) are two different sequels, the former a novel and the latter a short story, by David J. Lake. Each of them concerns the Time Traveller's return to the future. In the former, he discovers that he cannot enter any period in time he has already visited, forcing him to travel into the further future, where he finds love with a woman whose race evolved from Morlock stock. In the latter, he is accompanied by Wells and succeeds in rescuing Weena and bringing her back to the 1890s, where her political ideas cause a peaceful revolution.
The Time Ships, by Stephen Baxter, first published in 1995. This sequel was officially authorised by the Wells estate to mark the centenary of the original's publication. In its wide-ranging narrative, the Traveller's desire to return and rescue Weena is thwarted by the fact that he has changed history (by telling his tale to his friends, one of whom published the account). With a Morlock (in the new history, the Morlocks are intelligent and cultured), he travels through the multiverse as increasingly complicated timelines unravel around him, eventually meeting mankind's far future descendants, whose ambition is to travel back to the birth of the universe, and modify the way the multiverse will unfold. This sequel includes many nods to the prehistory of Wells's story in the names of characters and chapters.
The Steam Man of the Prairie and the Dark Rider Get Down: A Dime Novel by Joe R. Lansdale, first published in The Long Ones (1999). In this story, the Time Traveller accidentally damages the space-time continuum and is transformed into the vampire-like Dark Rider.
The 2003 short story "On the Surface" by Robert J. Sawyer begins with this quote from the Wells original: "I have suspected since that the Morlocks had even partially taken it [the time machine] to pieces while trying in their dim way to grasp its purpose." In the Sawyer story, the Morlocks develop a fleet of time machines and use them to conquer the same far future Wells depicted at the end of the original, by which time, because the sun has grown red and dim and thus no longer blinds them, they can reclaim the surface of the world.
Burt Libe wrote two sequels: Beyond the Time Machine (2005) and Tangles in Time (2005), telling of the Time Traveller finally settling down with Weena in the 33rd century. They have a few children, the youngest of whom is the main character in the second book.
The Time Traveller and his machine appear in the story Allan and the Sundered Veil by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill, which acts as a prequel to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One. The Time Traveller shares an adventure with fellow literary icons Allan Quatermain, John Carter, and Randolph Carter.
David Haden's novelette The Time Machine: A Sequel (2010) is a direct sequel, picking up where the original finished. The Time Traveller goes back to rescue Weena but finds the Eloi less simple than he first imagined, and time travel far more complicated.
Simon Baxter's novel The British Empire: Psychic Battalions Against The Morlocks (2010) imagines a steampunk/cyberpunk future in which the British Empire has remained the dominant world force until the Morlocks arrive from the future.
Hal Colebatch's Time-Machine Troopers (2011) (Acashic Publishers) is twice the length of the original. In it, the Time Traveller returns to the future world about 18 years after the time he escaped from the Morlocks, taking with him Robert Baden-Powell, the real-world founder of the Boy Scout movement. They set out to teach the Eloi self-reliance and self-defence against the Morlocks, but the Morlocks capture them. H. G. Wells and Winston Churchill are also featured as characters.
Paul Schullery's The Time Traveller's Tale: Chronicle of a Morlock Captivity (2012) continues the story in the voice and manner of the original Wells book. After many years' absence, the Time Traveller returns and describes his further adventures. His attempts to mobilize the Eloi in their own defense against the Morlocks failed when he was captured by the Morlocks. Much of the book is occupied with his deeply unsettling discoveries about the Morlock/Eloi symbiosis, his gradual assimilation into Morlock society, and his ultimately successful attempt to discover the true cause of humanity's catastrophic transformation into two such tragic races.
Pablo Gómez's Año 802701 (2014) continues the George Pal film with the manner of the original Wells book. The Time Traveller will help to create a new Eloi world with many adventures but also with problems.
The Great Illustrated Classics adaptation of Wells' novella (published in 1992) adds one destination to the Time Traveller's adventure. Stopping in 2200 AD on his way home, he becomes caught up in a civil war between factions of a technocratic society that was established to avert ecological catastrophe.
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Time travel in fiction
Soft science fiction
Human extinction
List of time travel science fiction
The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two, an anthology of the greatest science fiction novels prior to 1965, as judged by the Science Fiction Writers of America
1895 in science fiction
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pilkington, Ace G. (2017). Science Fiction and Futurism: Their Terms and Ideas. McFarland. p. 137.
^ Jump up to: a b Hammond, John R. (2004). H. G. Wells's The Time Machine: A Reference Guide. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 0313330077.
Jump up ^ "UCR Newsroom: Rare Edition of "The Time Machine" Acquired". Newsroom.ucr.edu. 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Man Of The Year Million". Mikejay.net. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
Jump up ^ The Coming Race – Edward Bulwer Lytton Lytton, Baron, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, David Seed – Google Books. Books.google.no. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
Jump up ^ Hammond, John R. (2004). H. G. Wells's The Time Machine: A Reference Guide. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 50. ISBN 0313330077.
Jump up ^ Evan V. Symon. "10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books". Listverse. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
Jump up ^ Everett Franklin Bleiler, Richard Bleiler (1990). Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930 : with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. Kent State University Press. p. 796. ISBN 9780873384162.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stover, Leon (1996). The Time Machine: An Invention – A Critical Text of the 1895 London First Edition. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 9. ISBN 0786401249.
Jump up ^ Wolff, Larry (2003). Naimark, Norman; Case, Holly, eds. The Rise and Fall of 'Morlacchismo': South Slavic Identity in the Mountains of Dalmatia. Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. Stanford UP. p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b c Alkon, Paul K. (1994). Science Fiction Before 1900: Imagination Discovers Technology. New York: Twayne Publishers. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0805709525.
Jump up ^ Baxter, Stephen. The Time Ships (HarperPrism, 1995), p. 137.
Jump up ^ "Legends Of Tomorrow episode 11 review: The Magnificent Eight". Den of Geek. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
Jump up ^ Edison as Time Traveler: H.G. Wells’s Inspiration for his First Scientific Character
Jump up ^ Lucas, Clyde (28 October 2015). "The Time Machine Alan Young".
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 3 – Drama on 3, The Time Machine". Bbc.co.uk. 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
Jump up ^ https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/out-now-hg-wells-the-time-machine
Jump up ^ Cornell, Paul; Day, Martin; Topping, Keith (30 July 2015). The Classic British Telefantasy Guide. Orion Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-575-13352-5.
External links[edit]
Media related to The Time Machine at Wikimedia Commons
The full text of The Time Machine at Wikisource
Quotations related to The Time Machine at Wikiquote
The Time Machine at Project Gutenberg
"Selected Bibliography of Scholarship on H.G. Wells's The Time Machine"
The Time Machine public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[show]
v
t
e
Works by H. G. Wells
Novels
The Time Machine (1895)
The Wonderful Visit (1895)
The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)
The Wheels of Chance (1896)
The Invisible Man (1897)
The War of the Worlds (1898)
When the Sleeper Wakes (1899)
Love and Mr Lewisham (1900)
The First Men in the Moon (1901)
The Sea Lady (1902)
The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth (1904)
Kipps (1905)
A Modern Utopia (1905)
In the Days of the Comet (1906)
The War in the Air (1908)
Tono-Bungay (1909)
Ann Veronica (1909)
The History of Mr Polly (1910)
The Sleeper Awakes (1910)
The New Machiavelli (1911)
Marriage (1912)
The Passionate Friends (1913)
The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman (1914)
The World Set Free (1914)
Bealby: A Holiday (1915)
Boon (1915)
The Research Magnificent (1915)
Mr Britling Sees It Through (1916)
The Soul of a Bishop (1917)
Joan and Peter: The Story of an Education (1918)
The Undying Fire (1919)
The Secret Places of the Heart (1922)
Men Like Gods (1923)
The Dream (1924)
Christina Alberta's Father (1925)
The World of William Clissold (1926)
Meanwhile (1927)
Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island (1928)
The Autocracy of Mr. Parham (1930)
The Bulpington of Blup (1932)
The Shape of Things to Come (1933)
The Croquet Player (1936)
Brynhild (1937)
Star Begotten (1937)
The Camford Visitation (1937)
Apropos of Dolores (1938)
The Brothers (1938)
The Holy Terror (1939)
Babes in the Darkling Wood (1940)
All Aboard for Ararat (1940)
You Can't Be Too Careful (1941)
Nonfiction
Anticipations
Certain Personal Matters
Crux Ansata
The Discovery of the Future
An Englishman Looks at the World (U.S. title: Social Forces in England and America)
Experiment in Autobiography
The Fate of Man
First and Last Things
Floor Games
The Future in America: A Search After Realities
God the Invisible King
Great Ghost Stories (1998)
In the Fourth Year
Little Wars
Mankind in the Making
Mind at the End of Its Tether
Mr. Belloc Objects to "The Outline of History"
The New America: The New World
The New World Order
New Worlds for Old
The Open Conspiracy
The Outline of History
Russia in the Shadows
The Science of Life
A Short History of the World
The Story of a Great Schoolmaster
This Misery of Boots
Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water
War and the Future (North America: Italy, France and Britain at War)
The Way the World is Going
The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind
World Brain
A Year of Prophesying
Collections
The Country of the Blind and Other Stories
The Plattner Story and Others
Select Conversations with an Uncle
The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents
Tales of Space and Time
Twelve Stories and a Dream
Short stories
"Æpyornis Island"
"The Argonauts of the Air"
"The Beautiful Suit"
"The Chronic Argonauts"
"The Cone"
"The Country of the Blind"
"The Crystal Egg"
"A Deal in Ostriches"
"The Diamond Maker"
"A Dream of Armageddon"
"The Empire of the Ants"
"In the Abyss"
"The Land Ironclads"
"Mr. Ledbetter's Vacation"
"The Lord of the Dynamos"
"The Man Who Could Work Miracles"
"The New Accelerator"
"The Pearl of Love"
"The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper"
"The Red Room"
"The Sea Raiders"
"The Star"
"The Stolen Body"
"A Story of the Days to Come"
"A Story of the Stone Age"
"Triumphs of a Taxidermist"
"The Truth About Pyecraft"
"A Vision of Judgment"
Screenplays
Things to Come
The Man Who Could Work Miracles
[show]
v
t
e
H. G. Wells' The Time Machine (1895)
Characters
Weena
Film
The Time Machine (1960)
The Time Machine (1978)
Time After Time (1979)
The Time Machine (2002)
Other media
Escape (radio program)
The Rook (comic book series)
Time After Time (TV series)
Sequels by others
The Space Machine (1976)
Morlock Night (1979)
Time After Time (1979)
The Time Ships (1995)
Related works
"The Grey Man"
"The Chronic Argonauts"
Related articles
Eloi
Morlock
Time Machine: The Journey Back
"Allan and the Sundered Veil"
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 306075793
LCCN: n86117134
GND: 4435384-4
SUDOC: 027750809
BNF: cb11972664p (data)
NLA: 35256839
BNE: XX2230807
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Time_Machine&oldid=806483779"
Categories:
The Time Machine
1890s science fiction novels
1895 British novels
Apocalyptic novels
British novellas
British novels adapted into films
British science fiction novels
Debut novels
Dying Earth subgenre
Dystopian novels
Evolution in popular culture
Heinemann (publisher) books
Novels by H. G. Wells
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in Surrey
Science fantasy novels
Social science fiction
Time travel novels
Works originally published in British magazines
Works originally published in literary magazines
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from October 2012
All articles needing additional references
Articles with too many examples
Articles that may contain original research from August 2015
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Articles that link to Wikisource
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015
Articles with Project Gutenberg links
Articles with LibriVox links
Use dmy dates from May 2011
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Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
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The Island of Doctor Moreau
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see The Island of Doctor Moreau (disambiguation).
This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (October 2017)
The Island of Doctor Moreau
First edition cover of The Island of Doctor Moreau.
Author
H. G. Wells
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Science fiction
Published
1896 (Heinemann, Stone & Kimball[1])
Preceded by
The Wonderful Visit
Followed by
The Wheels of Chance
The Island of Doctor Moreau is an 1896 science fiction novel by English author H. G. Wells. The text of the novel is the narration of Edward Prendick, a shipwrecked man rescued by a passing boat who is left on the island home of Doctor Moreau, a mad scientist who creates human-like hybrid beings from animals via vivisection. The novel deals with a number of philosophical themes, including pain and cruelty, moral responsibility, human identity, and human interference with nature.[2] Wells described it as "an exercise in youthful blasphemy".[3]
The Island of Doctor Moreau is a classic of early science fiction[4] and remains one of Wells's best-known books. The novel is the earliest depiction of the science fiction motif "uplift" in which a more advanced race intervenes in the evolution of an animal species in order to bring the latter to a higher level of intelligence.[5] It has been adapted to film and other media on many occasions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Main characters
3 Historical context
4 Adaptations
5 Inspirations and popular culture
5.1 In literature
5.2 In comics
5.3 In music
5.4 In television
5.5 In gaming
6 Scientific plausibility
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The Island of Doctor Moreau is the account of Edward Prendick, an Englishman with a scientific education who survives a shipwreck in the southern Pacific Ocean. A passing ship takes him aboard, and a man named Montgomery revives him. Prendick also meets a grotesque bestial native named M'ling, who appears to be Montgomery's manservant. The ship is transporting a number of animals which belong to Montgomery. As they approach the island, Montgomery's destination, the captain demands Prendick leave the ship with Montgomery. Montgomery explains that he will not be able to host Prendick on the island. Despite this, the captain leaves Prendick in a dinghy and sails away. Seeing that the captain has abandoned Prendick, Montgomery takes pity and rescues him. As ships rarely pass the island, Prendick will be housed in an outer room of an enclosed compound.
The island belongs to Dr. Moreau. Prendick remembers that he has heard of Moreau, formerly an eminent physiologist in London whose gruesome experiments in vivisection had been publicly exposed and has fled England as a result of his exposure.
The next day, Moreau begins working on a puma. Prendick gathers that Moreau is performing a painful experiment on the animal, and its anguished cries drive Prendick out into the jungle. While he wanders, he comes upon a group of people who seem human but have an unmistakable resemblance to swine. As he walks back to the enclosure, he suddenly realises he is being followed by a figure in the jungle. He panics and flees, and the figure gives chase. As his pursuer bears down on him, Prendick manages to stun him with a stone and observes the pursuer is a monstrous hybrid of animal and man. When Prendrick returns to the enclosure and questions Montgomery, Montgomery refuses to be open with him. After failing to get an explanation, Prendick finally gives in and takes a sleeping draught.
Prendick awakes the next morning with the previous night's activities fresh in his mind. Seeing that the door to Moreau's operating room has been left unlocked, he walks in to find a humanoid form lying in bandages on the table before he is ejected by a shocked and angry Moreau. He believes that Moreau has been vivisecting humans and that he is the next test subject. He flees into the jungle where he meets an Ape-Man who takes him to a colony of similarly half-human/half-animal creatures. Their leader is a large grey thing named the Sayer of the Law who has him recite a strange litany called the Law that involves prohibitions against bestial behavior and praise for Moreau.
Suddenly, Dr. Moreau bursts into the colony looking for Prendick, but Prendick escapes to the jungle. He makes for the ocean, where he plans to drown himself rather than allow Moreau to experiment on him. Moreau explains that the creatures called the Beast Folk were not formerly men, but rather animals. Prendick returns to the enclosure, where Moreau explains that he has been on the island for eleven years and has been striving to make a complete transformation of an animal to a human. He explains that while he is getting closer to perfection, his subjects have a habit of reverting to their animal form and behaviour. Moreau regards the pain he inflicts as insignificant and an unavoidable side effect in the name of his scientific experiments.
One day, Prendick and Montgomery encounter a half-eaten rabbit. Since eating flesh and tasting blood are strong prohibitions, Dr. Moreau calls an assembly of the Beast Folk and identifies the Leopard-Man (the same one that chased Prendick the first time he wandered into the jungle) as the transgressor. Knowing that he will be sent back to Dr. Moreau's compound for more painful sessions of vivisection, the Leopard-Man flees. Eventually, the group corners him in some undergrowth, but Prendick takes pity and shoots him to spare him from further suffering. Prendick also believes that although the Leopard-Man was seen breaking several laws, such as drinking water bent down like an animal, chasing men (Prendick), and running on all fours, the Leopard-Man was not solely responsible for the deaths of the rabbits. It was also the Hyena-Swine, the next most dangerous Beast Man on the island. Dr. Moreau is furious that Prendick killed the Leopard-Man but can do nothing about the situation.
As time passes, Prendick becomes inured to the grotesqueness of the Beast Folk. However one day, the half-finished puma woman rips free of her restraints and escapes from the lab. Dr. Moreau pursues her, but the two end up fighting each other which ends in a mutual kill. Montgomery breaks down and decides to share his alcohol with the Beast Folk. Prendick resolves to leave the island, but later hears a commotion outside in which Montgomery, his servant M'ling, and the Sayer of the Law die after a scuffle with the Beast Folk. At the same time, the compound burns down because Prendick has knocked over a lamp. With no chance of saving any of the provisions stored in the enclosure, Prendick realizes that during the night Montgomery has also destroyed the only boats on the island.
Prendick lives with the Beast Folk on the island for months after the deaths of Moreau and Montgomery. As the time goes by, the Beast Folk increasingly revert to their original animal instincts, beginning to hunt the island's rabbits, returning to walking on all fours, and leaving their shared living areas for the wild. They cease to follow Prendick's instructions and eventually the Hyena-Swine kills his faithful companion, a Dog-Man created from a St. Bernard. Prendick then shoots the Hyena-Swine in self-defence with the help of the Sloth Creature. Luckily for Prendick ever since his efforts to build a raft have been unsuccessful, a boat that carries two corpses drifts onto the beach (perhaps the captain of the ship that picked Prendick up and a sailor).[6] Prendick uses the boat to leave the island and is picked up three days later. But when he tells his story he is thought to be mad, so he feigns amnesia.
Back in England, Prendick is no longer comfortable in the presence of humans who seem to him to be about to revert to the animal state. He leaves London and lives in near-solitude in the countryside, devoting himself to chemistry as well as astronomy in the studies of which he finds some peace.
Main characters[edit]
Edward Prendick – The narrator and protagonist.
Dr. Moreau – A vivisectionist who has fled upon his experiments being exposed and has moved to a remote island in the Pacific to pursue his research of perfecting his Beast Folk.
Montgomery – Dr. Moreau's assistant and Prendick's rescuer. A medical doctor who enjoyed a measure of happiness in England. An alcoholic who feels some sympathy for the Beast Folk.
Beast Folk – Animals which Moreau has experimented upon, giving them human traits via vivisection for which the surgery is extremely painful. They include:
M'ling – Montgomery's servant who does the cooking and cleaning. Moreau combined a bear, a dog, and an ox to create him. As Prendick describes M'ling, he states that M'ling is a "complex trophy of Moreau's skill, a bear, tainted with dog and ox, and one of the most elaborately made of all the creatures". He also sports glow-in-the-dark eyes and furry ears. M'ling later dies protecting Montgomery from the other Beast Folk on the beach.
Sayer of the Law – A large, grey animal of unspecified combinations that recites Dr. Moreau's teachings about being men to the other Beast Folk. The Sayer of the Law serves as a governor and a priest to the Beast Folk. He is later killed in an unseen scuffle between Montgomery, M'ling, and the Beast Folk.
Hyena-Swine – A carnivorous hybrid of hyena and pig who becomes Prendick's enemy in the wake of Dr. Moreau's death. He is later killed by Prendick in self-defence.
Leopard-Man – A leopard-based rebel who breaks the Law by running on all fours, drinking from the stream, and chasing Prendick. The Leopard-Man is later killed by Prendick to spare him further pain, much to the dismay of Dr. Moreau.
Dog-Man – A Beast Man created from a St. Bernard who, near the end of the book, becomes Prendick's faithful companion. He is so like a domestic dog in character that Prendick is barely surprised when he reverts to a more animalistic form. Dog-Man is later killed by the Hyena-Swine.
Satyr-Man – A goat creature. Prendrick describes him as unsettling and "Satanic" in form.
Fox-Bear Witch – A female hybrid of a fox and a bear who passionately supports the Law. Prendick quickly takes a dislike to her.
Sloth Creature – A small, pink sloth-based creation described by Prendick as resembling a flayed child. He helped Prendick kill the Hyena-Swine before fully regressing.
Ape-Man – A monkey or ape creature that considers himself equal to Prendick and refers to himself and Prendick as "Five Men", because they both have five fingers on each hand, which is uncommon among the Beast Folk. He is the first Beast Man other than M'ling whom Prendick speaks to. He has what he refers to as "Big Thinks" which on his return to England, Prendick likens to a priest's sermon at the pulpit.
Half-Finished Puma-Woman – The last beast-person created by Moreau. She is halfway through her process of being turned into one of the Beast Folk, but is in so much pain from the surgery that she uses her strength to break free of his restraints and escape. Moreau then chases after her with a revolver. He and the creature fight each other which ends in a mutual kill.
Mare-Rhinoceros Man – A hybrid between a horse and a Javan rhinoceros who appeared during Prendrick's introduction to the Beast Folk.
Ox-Boar – A hybrid of an ox and a boar who appears after Montgomery's death.
Swine-Men and Swine-Woman – A group of pig-based Beast Folk who appear during Prendrick's introduction to the Beast Folk.
Wolf-Bear – A hybrid of a gray wolf and a grizzly bear who is briefly mentioned during the hunt for the Leopard-Man.
Historical context[edit]
At the time of the novel's publication in 1896, there was growing discussion in Europe regarding degeneration and animal vivisection. Several interest groups were formed to oppose vivisection, the two largest being the National Anti-Vivisection Society in 1875 and the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection in 1898.[7] The Island of Dr. Moreau reflects these themes, along with ideas of Darwinian evolution which were gaining popularity and controversy in the late 1800s.
Adaptations[edit]
The novel has been adapted into films and other works, on multiple occasions:
Ile d'Epouvante (1913, The Island of Terror), a French silent film[8] (also spelled L'Ile d'Epouvante and Isle d'epouvante). The 23-minute two-reeler film was directed by Joe Hamman in 1911 and then released in 1913. By late 1913, the film had been picked up by US distributor George Kleine and renamed The Island of Terror for its release in Chicago.[9]
Die Insel der Veschollenen (1921), German silent adaption
Island of Lost Souls (1932), with Charles Laughton and Bela Lugosi.
Terror Is a Man (1959), with Francis Lederer, Greta Thyssen, and Richard Derr. This Filipino film, directed by Gerardo de Leon, was reissued in the United States as Blood Creature (1964). Leon partnered with Eddie Romero to direct and release two follow-up films in 1968: Brides of Blood and Mad Doctor of Blood Island. All three were produced by Lynn-Romero Productions.
At the age of 13, Tim Burton made an amateur adaptation of Wells' novel, The Island of Doctor Agor (1971).[10]
The Twilight People (1972), starring John Ashley and with an early role for Pam Grier, was Eddie Romero's version of the original story.
Joseph Silva turned The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977), with Burt Lancaster and Michael York, into a derivative published by Ace.
In The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996), with Marlon Brando, Val Kilmer, David Thewlis, Fairuza Balk, and Ron Perlman, Dr. Moreau introduced human DNA into the animals in his possession in order to make them more human.
Seattle, Washington's Taproot Theatre Company performed Sean Gaffney's theatrical adaptation of the novel in 1999.
The Simpsons annual Halloween special adapted the novel as a segment in their "Treehouse of Horror XIII" episode called "The Island of Dr. Hibbert", in which the doctor invites unsuspecting Springfield residents to his island resort, and turns them into human-animal hybrids.[11]
The film Dr. Moreau's House of Pain (2004), made by cult horror studio Full Moon Pictures, is billed as a sequel to the novel.[12]
In the third season of science fiction thriller TV series, Orphan Black, the book plays an important role containing Professor Duncan's key to human cloning.
"The Madman's Daughter" tells the story from the point of view of Juliet Moreau, Dr. Moreau's deer-hybrid daughter.
Big Finish Productions released the Audio Adaptation of this Novel titled as The Island of Dr Moreau
Inspirations and popular culture[edit]
The story, as well as the Litany of the Law, have inspired multiple derivative works and popular culture references.
In literature[edit]
Moreau's Other Island (1980), by Brian Aldiss, is an updating of the original to a near-future setting. US Under-Secretary of State Calvert Madle Roberts is cast ashore on the eponymous island where he discovers the cyborgised Thalidomide victim Mortimer Dart carrying on Moreau's work. It transpires that Dart's work is intended to produce a 'replacement' race that can survive a post-nuclear environment, and that Roberts approved Dart's funding.
The Madman's Daughter trilogy, written by Megan Shepherd, tells the story of Dr. Moreau's daughter Juliet. However, each book is based on a different classic novel: the first book is based on this novel by H.G. Wells, the second one on Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), and the final book is based on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818).[13]
In chapter 1 of Daniel Pinkwater's novel Lizard Music, Victor watches a late-night film on TV which is identified in chapter 2 as The Island of Dr. Morbo.
In chapter 61 of The Fallen (2013), book five of Charlie Higson's post-apocalyptic horror series, The Enemy, the expedition party from the museum encounters a strange set of malformed children at the biomedical company Promithios, who recite the Litany of the Law.[14]
The Isles of Dr. Moreau (2015), by Heather O'Neill in her short story collection Daydreams of Angels tells of a grandfather who, when he was young, meets an eccentric, albeit humane named Dr. Moreau on "the Isle of Noble and Important and Respectable Betterment of Homo sapiens and Their Consorts". Moreau's experiments involve combining animal DNA with human DNA and the story unfolds as the grandfather meets (and dates) several of these humanoid creatures.[15]
Dr. Franklin's Island (2002), by Ann Halam, is a loose adaptation of the story, in which the eponymous scientist performs transgenic experiments upon the narrator and two other survivors of a plane crash, transforming them into mostly-animal hybrids.
The Army of Dr Moreau (2012), by Guy Adams, puts Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson on the trail of several of the hybrids on the loose in London.
The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter (2017) by Theodora Goss features the half-finished puma woman from The Island of Dr. Moreau as one of its main characters, Catherine.
In comics[edit]
The Only Living Boy the young-adult graphic novel by David Gallaher and Steve Ellis comics is described by the author as a hybrid of The Jungle Book and The Island of Doctor Moreau. The character, Doctor Once, is based on the Moreau.
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen volume 2, a graphic novel by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill, uses Dr. Alphonse Moreau as a secondary character who has been moved to England by the British Government to develop hybrids. He was given the first name of Alphonse by Alan Moore. Teddy Prendick is featured (although he is named 'Prendrick' in the comic and seems to have gone mad) and recounts his time on the island with Dr. Moreau. The storyline also ties in with aspects of Wells's other novels, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine.
Van Helsing: From Beneath the Rue Morgue, a one-shot comic book by Joshua Dysart and Jason Shawn Alexander which is set after Gabriel Van Helsing kills Mr. Hyde and meets Dr. Moreau.
Legenderry: A Steampunk Adventure, a steampunk comic series published by Dynamite Entertainment. The Island of Doctor Moreau was included in issue 3 and three beast-men hybrids bordered The Victory (Captain Victory's ship) while it was docked there.
Deadpool Killustrated. Deadpool in his mission to slaughter the "Ideaverse" stops by the island and kills everyone on it.
In music[edit]
Are We Not Men? We Are Devo!
Are We Not Men? We Are Diva!, titled in response to the DEVO album
Are We Not Horses
No Spill Blood, from Oingo Boingo's Good For Your Soul album
House of Pain is an American hip hop group whose name is a reference to the novel- a reference carried further by the naming of their 2011 tour "He Who Breaks the Law". Dialogue samples from the 1977 movie are used as snippets within the album
The Song Toes by the alternative band Glass Animals is based on the book's story[16]
In television[edit]
The story has been used as a plot device in the BBC America series Orphan Black.
The 1987-1996 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series season 4 episode "What's Michelangelo Good For?" is based on the work.
The Island of Doctor Moreau was parodied in The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror XIII."
The cartoon series Spliced is a lighthearted take on the concept.
In gaming[edit]
Vivisector: Beast Within is a Ukrainian developed first-person shooter game released in the CIS in 2005 and later in the rest of Europe in 2006. The game is heavily inspired by the novel, originally developed as a Duke Nukem title.
The video game Champions Online features Dr. Phillippe Moreau, the grandson of Dr. Henry Moreau and member of the terrorist organization VIPER (short for Venomous Imperial Party of the Eternal Reptile). Phillippe used his technology to perfect his father's work where he created the Manimals.
Doctor Merlot, the main villain of the 2016 game RWBY: Grimm Eclipse, is heavily inspired by Doctor Moreau.
One of the locations in the Ravenloft campaign setting for Dungeons & Dragons is an island called Markovia which is ruled by a Moreau-analogue named Dr. Markov.
Scientific plausibility[edit]
In the short essay "The Limits of Individual Plasticity" (1895), H.G. Wells expounded upon his firm belief that the events depicted in The Island of Doctor Moreau are entirely possible should such vivisective experiments ever be tested outside the confines of science fiction. However, modern medicine has shown that animals lack the necessary brain structure to emulate human faculties like speech. In addition, immune responses to foreign tissues means that transplantation within one species is very complicated, let alone cross species, and is a problem that has not yet been solved by medical science.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "HGWells".
Jump up ^ Barnes & Noble. "The Island of Doctor Moreau: Original and Unabridged". Barnes & Noble.
Jump up ^ Wells's description of The Island of Dr. Moreau as youthful blasphemy comes from his introduction to The Scientific Romances of H. G. Wells (1933; published in the United States as Seven Famous Novels by H. G. Wells, 1934). This Preface to the Scientific Romances is reprinted as a chapter of editors Patrick Parrinder and Robert M. Philmus's H. G. Wells's Literary Criticism (Sussex: The Harvester Press Limited, and New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980), see p. 243 for the line quoted.
Jump up ^ See Mason Harris's introduction and notes for the 2009 Broadview Books edition of The Island of Dr. Moreau
Jump up ^ Booker, Keith M. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction in Literature. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 311.
Jump up ^ abbott (2011) 463. The Island of Dr. Moreau – H.G. Wells Retrieved on February 11, 2015
Jump up ^ "Welcome". politics.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Island of Lost Souls". Turner Classic Movies.
Jump up ^ "L'ile d'Epouvante (1913) in Silent Horror Forum". Yuku.
Jump up ^ "The Island of Doctor Agor". imdb.com.
Jump up ^ Curran, Kevin. (2002). Commentary for "Treehouse of Horror XIII", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fourteenth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox
Jump up ^ "DR. MOREAU'S HOUSE OF PAIN (DVD)". FullMoonDirect.com.
Jump up ^ "'The Madman's Daughter' author Megan Shepherd on her 'Lost' inspiration and plans for a movie -- EXCLUSIVE".
Jump up ^ Higson, Charlie (2013). The Fallen. US: Hyperion.
Jump up ^ "The Isles of Dr. Moreau".
Jump up ^ Billboard (12 April 2015). "Glass Animals Coachella Interview: Inspirations for New Record, "Black Mambo" & "Hazey"" – via YouTube.
Further reading[edit]
Canadas, Ivan. "Going Wilde: Prendick, Montgomery and Late-Victorian Homosexuality in The Island of Doctor Moreau." JELL: Journal of the English Language and Literature Association of Korea, 56.3 (June 2010): 461–485.
Hoad, Neville. “Cosmetic Surgeons of the Social: Darwin, Freud, and Wells and the Limits of Sympathy on The Island of Dr. Moreau”, in: Compassion: The Culture and Politics of an Emotion, Ed. Lauren Berlant. London & New York: Routledge, 2004. 187–217.
Reed, John R., “The Vanity of Law in The Island of Doctor Moreau”, in: H. G. Wells under Revision: Proceedings of the International H. G. Wells Symposium: London, July 1986, Ed. Patrick Parrinder & Christopher Rolfe. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna UP / London and Toronto: Associated UPs, 1990. 134-44.
Wells, H. G. The Island of Dr. Moreau, Ed. Steven Palmé. Dover Thrift Editions. New York: Dover Publications, 1996.
Wells, H. G. The Island of Doctor Moreau: A Critical Text of the 1896 London First Edition, with Introduction and Appendices, Ed. Leon Stover. The Annotated H.G. Wells, 2. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland, 1996.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Island of Doctor Moreau
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Island of Doctor Moreau.
The Island of Doctor Moreau at Project Gutenberg
The Island of Doctor Moreau at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions)
The Island of Doctor Moreau public domain audiobook at LibriVox
A draft of the 1996 films screenplay, dated 26 April 1994
The Island of Lost Souls (1932) on IMDb
The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977) on IMDb
The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996) on IMDb
Jörg, Daniele (2003). "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly—Dr. Moreau Goes to Hollywood". Public Understanding of Science. 12 (3): 297–305. doi:10.1177/0963662503123008. Compares the three adaptations of the novel, focuses on the scientists and the science in the film, considering the year of the production and what was known about genes and cells at the time.
Analysis of The Island of Dr. Moreau on Lit React
[show]
v
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Works by H. G. Wells
Novels
The Time Machine (1895)
The Wonderful Visit (1895)
The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)
The Wheels of Chance (1896)
The Invisible Man (1897)
The War of the Worlds (1898)
When the Sleeper Wakes (1899)
Love and Mr Lewisham (1900)
The First Men in the Moon (1901)
The Sea Lady (1902)
The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth (1904)
Kipps (1905)
A Modern Utopia (1905)
In the Days of the Comet (1906)
The War in the Air (1908)
Tono-Bungay (1909)
Ann Veronica (1909)
The History of Mr Polly (1910)
The Sleeper Awakes (1910)
The New Machiavelli (1911)
Marriage (1912)
The Passionate Friends (1913)
The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman (1914)
The World Set Free (1914)
Bealby: A Holiday (1915)
Boon (1915)
The Research Magnificent (1915)
Mr Britling Sees It Through (1916)
The Soul of a Bishop (1917)
Joan and Peter: The Story of an Education (1918)
The Undying Fire (1919)
The Secret Places of the Heart (1922)
Men Like Gods (1923)
The Dream (1924)
Christina Alberta's Father (1925)
The World of William Clissold (1926)
Meanwhile (1927)
Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island (1928)
The Autocracy of Mr. Parham (1930)
The Bulpington of Blup (1932)
The Shape of Things to Come (1933)
The Croquet Player (1936)
Brynhild (1937)
Star Begotten (1937)
The Camford Visitation (1937)
Apropos of Dolores (1938)
The Brothers (1938)
The Holy Terror (1939)
Babes in the Darkling Wood (1940)
All Aboard for Ararat (1940)
You Can't Be Too Careful (1941)
Nonfiction
Anticipations
Certain Personal Matters
Crux Ansata
The Discovery of the Future
An Englishman Looks at the World (U.S. title: Social Forces in England and America)
Experiment in Autobiography
The Fate of Man
First and Last Things
Floor Games
The Future in America: A Search After Realities
God the Invisible King
Great Ghost Stories (1998)
In the Fourth Year
Little Wars
Mankind in the Making
Mind at the End of Its Tether
Mr. Belloc Objects to "The Outline of History"
The New America: The New World
The New World Order
New Worlds for Old
The Open Conspiracy
The Outline of History
Russia in the Shadows
The Science of Life
A Short History of the World
The Story of a Great Schoolmaster
This Misery of Boots
Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water
War and the Future (North America: Italy, France and Britain at War)
The Way the World is Going
The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind
World Brain
A Year of Prophesying
Collections
The Country of the Blind and Other Stories
The Plattner Story and Others
Select Conversations with an Uncle
The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents
Tales of Space and Time
Twelve Stories and a Dream
Short stories
"Æpyornis Island"
"The Argonauts of the Air"
"The Beautiful Suit"
"The Chronic Argonauts"
"The Cone"
"The Country of the Blind"
"The Crystal Egg"
"A Deal in Ostriches"
"The Diamond Maker"
"A Dream of Armageddon"
"The Empire of the Ants"
"In the Abyss"
"The Land Ironclads"
"Mr. Ledbetter's Vacation"
"The Lord of the Dynamos"
"The Man Who Could Work Miracles"
"The New Accelerator"
"The Pearl of Love"
"The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper"
"The Red Room"
"The Sea Raiders"
"The Star"
"The Stolen Body"
"A Story of the Days to Come"
"A Story of the Stone Age"
"Triumphs of a Taxidermist"
"The Truth About Pyecraft"
"A Vision of Judgment"
Screenplays
Things to Come
The Man Who Could Work Miracles
[show]
v
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H. G. Wells' The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)
Film
Island of Lost Souls
The Island of Doctor Agor
The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977)
The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996)
Dr. Moreau's House of Pain
Adaptation
Dr. Franklin's Island
"The Island of Dr. Hibbert"
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