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The Jungle Book
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The Jungle Book
Embossed cover of first edition with artwork by John Lockwood Kipling
Author
Rudyard Kipling
Illustrator
John Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father)
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
The Jungle Books
Genre
Children's book
Publisher
Macmillan
Publication date
1894
Preceded by
"In the Rukh"
Followed by
The Second Jungle Book
The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or "man-cub" Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves. The stories are set in a forest in India; one place mentioned repeatedly is "Seonee" (Seoni), in the central state of Madhya Pradesh.
A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering, as in the life of Mowgli, echoing Kipling's own childhood. The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies, as well as Mowgli's. Another important theme is of law and freedom; the stories are not about animal behaviour, still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival, but about human archetypes in animal form. They teach respect for authority, obedience, and knowing one's place in society with "the law of the jungle", but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds, such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village. Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories, reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature.
The Jungle Book has remained popular, partly through its many adaptations for film and other media. Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism[1] have admired the power of his storytelling.[1] The book has been influential in the scout movement, whose founder, Robert Baden-Powell, was a friend of Kipling's.[2] Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book.
Contents
[hide]
1 Context
2 Book
2.1 Description
2.2 Origins
2.3 Setting
2.4 Chapters
2.5 Characters
2.6 Illustrations
2.7 Editions and translations
3 Themes
3.1 Abandonment and fostering
3.2 Law and freedom
4 Reception
5 Adaptations
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Context
The stories were first published in magazines in 1893–94. The original publications contain illustrations, some by the author's father, John Lockwood Kipling. Rudyard Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there. After about ten years in England, he went back to India and worked there for about six-and-a-half years. These stories were written when Kipling lived in Naulakha, the home he built in Dummerston, Vermont, in the United States.[3] There is evidence that Kipling wrote the collection of stories for his daughter Josephine, who died from pneumonia in 1899, aged 6; a first edition of the book with a handwritten note by the author to his young daughter was discovered at the National Trust's Wimpole Hall in Cambridgeshire, England, in 2010.[4]
Book
Description
The tales in the book (as well as those in The Second Jungle Book, which followed in 1895 and includes five further stories about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to teach moral lessons. The verses of "The Law of the Jungle", for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families, and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or "heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle".[5] Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time.[6]
Origins
Places in India named by Kipling in versions of the stories
In a letter written and signed by Kipling in 1895, Kipling confesses to borrowing ideas and stories in the Jungle Book: "I am afraid that all that code in its outlines has been manufactured to meet 'the necessities of the case': though a little of it is bodily taken from (Southern) Esquimaux rules for the division of spoils," Kipling wrote in the letter. "In fact, it is extremely possible that I have helped myself promiscuously but at present cannot remember from whose stories I have stolen."[7]
Setting
Kipling lived in India as a child, and most of the stories[a] are evidently set there, though it is not entirely clear where. The Kipling Society notes that "Seonee" (Seoni, in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh) is mentioned several times, and that the first Mowgli story, "In the Rukh", is set in a forest reserve somewhere in northern India. "Mowgli's Brothers" was positioned in the Aravalli hills of Rajasthan (northwestern India) in an early manuscript, later changed to Seonee, and Bagheera treks from "Oodeypore" (Udaipur), a journey of reasonable length to Aravalli but a long way from Seoni.[8] Seoni has a tropical savanna climate, with a dry and a rainy season. This is drier than a monsoon climate and does not support tropical rainforest.[9] Forested parks and reserves that claim to be associated with the stories include Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh,[10] and Pench National Park, near Seoni.[11] However, Kipling never visited the area.[8]
Chapters
The book is arranged with a story in each chapter. Each story is followed by a poem that serves as an epigram.
Story title
Summary
Epigrammatic poem
Notes
Image
Mowgli's Brothers A boy is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle with the help of Baloo the bear and Bagheera the black panther, who teach him the "Law of the Jungle". Some years later, the wolfpack and Mowgli are threatened by the tiger Shere Khan. Mowgli brings fire, driving off Shere Khan but showing that he is a man and must leave the jungle. "Hunting-Song of the Seeonee Pack" The story has been published as a short book: Night-Song in the Jungle.
"The tiger's roar filled the cave with thunder." 1894
Kaa's Hunting During the time Mowgli was with the wolf pack, he is abducted by the Bandar-log monkeys to the ruined city. Baloo and Bagheera set out to rescue him with Kaa the python. Kaa defeats the Bandar-log, frees Mowgli, and hypnotises the monkeys and the other animals with his dance. Mowgli rescues Baloo and Bagheera from the spell. "Road Song of the Bandar-Log"
Mowgli made leader of the Bandar-log by John Charles Dollman, 1903
Tiger! Tiger! Mowgli returns to the human village and is adopted by Messua and her husband, who believe him to be their long-lost son. Mowgli leads the village boys who herd the village's buffaloes. Shere Khan comes to hunt Mowgli, but he is warned by Gray Brother wolf, and with Akela they find Shere Khan asleep, and stampede the buffaloes to trample Shere Khan to death. "Mowgli's Song" The story's title is taken from William Blake's 1794 poem "The Tyger".
Tiger! Tiger! by W. H. Drake, 1894
The White Seal Kotick, a rare white-furred seal, sees seals being killed by islanders in the Bering Sea. He decides to find a safe home for his people, and after long searching finds a suitable place. He comes home and persuades the other seals to follow him. "Lukannon" Many names in the story are Russian,[b] as the Pribilof Islands had been bought (with Alaska) by the United States in 1867, and Kipling had access to books about the islands.[12]
The White Seal, 1894
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi An English family have just moved to a house in India. They find Rikki-Tikki-Tavi the mongoose flooded out of his burrow. A pair of large cobras, Nag and Nagaina, attempt unsuccessfully to kill him. He hears the cobras plotting to kill the father in the house, and attacks Nag in the bathroom. The sound of the fight attracts the father, who shoots Nag. Rikki-Tikki-Tavi destroys Nagaina's eggs and chases her into her "rat-hole" where he kills her too. "Darzee's Chaunt" This story has been published as a short book.
Nag and Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, 1894
Toomai of the Elephants Toomai's father rides Kala Nag the elephant to catch wild elephants in the hills. Toomai comes to help and risks his life throwing a role up to one of the drivers. His father forbids him to enter the elephant enclosure again. One night he follows the elephant hunters, and is picked up by Kala Nag; he rides into the elephants' meeting place in the jungle, where they dance. On his return he is welcomed by both hunters and elephants. "Shiv and the Grasshopper" This story has been published as a short book, and was the basis of the 1937 film Elephant Boy.[13]
Toomai at the elephant camp, 1894
Her Majesty's Servants[c] On the night before a British military parade for the Amir of Afghanistan, the army's working animals—mule, camel, horse, bullock, elephant—discuss what they do in battle and how they feel about their work. It is explained to the Afghans that men and animals obey the orders carried down from the Queen. "Parade-Song of the Camp Animals" is set to the tunes of several well-known songs.[d]
"'Anybody can be forgiven for being scared in the night,' said the Troop-Horse." 1894
Characters
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi pursuing Nagaina by W. H. Drake. First edition, 1894
Main article: List of The Jungle Book characters
Many of the characters (marked *) are named simply for the Hindi names of their species: for example, Baloo is a transliteration of Hindi भालू Bhālū, "bear".
Akela * – A wolf
Bagheera * – A black panther
Baloo * — A bear
Bandar-log – A tribe of monkeys
Chil * – A kite, in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, "battle")
Chuchundra * – A muskrat
Darzee * – A tailorbird[e]
Father Wolf – The father wolf who raised Mowgli as his own cub
Grey brother – One of Mother and Father Wolf's cubs
Hathi * – An Indian elephant
Ikki * – A porcupine
Kaa * – A python
Karait * – A krait
Kotick – A white seal
Mang * – A bat
Mor – An Indian peafowl
Mowgli – Main character, the young jungle boy
Nag * – A male cobra
Nagaina * – A female cobra, Nag's mate
Raksha – The Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi – A mongoose
Sea Catch – A seal and Kotick's father
Sea Cow – A (Steller's) sea cow
Sea Vitch – A walrus
Shere Khan * — A tiger
Tabaqui* – A jackal
Illustrations
The early editions were illustrated with drawings in the text by John Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father), and the American artists W. H. Drake and Paul Frenzeny.[15]
Editions and translations
The book has appeared in over 500 print editions,[16] and over 100 audiobooks.[17] It has been translated into at least 36 languages.[18]
Themes
Mowgli, Bagheera, and the wolf pack with Shere Khan's skin. Illustration by W. H. Drake. First edition, 1894
Abandonment and fostering
Critics such as Harry Ricketts have observed that Kipling returns repeatedly to the theme of the abandoned and fostered child, recalling his own childhood feelings of abandonment. In his view, the enemy, Shere Khan, represents the "malevolent would-be foster-parent" who Mowgli in the end outwits and destroys, just as Kipling as a boy had to face Mrs Holloway in place of his parents. Ricketts writes that in "Mowgli's Brothers", the hero loses his human parents at the outset, and his wolf fosterers at the conclusion; and Mowgli is again rejected at the end of "Tiger! Tiger!", but each time is compensated by "a queue of would-be foster-parents" including the wolves, Baloo, Bagheera and Kaa. In Ricketts's view, the power that Mowgli has over all these characters who compete for his affection is part of the book's appeal to children.[19] The historian of India Philip Mason similarly emphasises the Mowgli myth, where the fostered hero, "the odd man out among wolves and men alike", eventually triumphs over his enemies. Mason notes that both Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal do much the same.[20]
Law and freedom
The novelist Marghanita Laski argued that the purpose of the stories was not to teach about animals but to create human archetypes through the animal characters, with lessons of respect for authority. She noted that Kipling was a friend of the founder of the Scout Movement, Robert Baden-Powell, who based the junior scout "Wolf Cubs" on the stories, and that Kipling admired the movement.[19][21] Ricketts wrote that Kipling was obsessed by rules, a theme running throughout the stories and named explicitly as "the law of the jungle". Part of this, Ricketts supposed, was Mrs Holloway's evangelicalism, suitably transformed. The rules required obedience and "knowing your place", but also provided social relationships and "freedom to move between different worlds".[19] Sandra Kemp observed that the law may be highly codified, but that the energies are also lawless, embodying the part of human nature which is "floating, irresponsible and self-absorbed".[19][22] There is a duality between the two worlds of the village and the jungle, but Mowgli, like Mang the bat, can travel between the two.[19]
The novelist and critic Angus Wilson noted that Kipling's law of the jungle was "far from Darwinian", since no attacks were allowed at the water-hole, even in drought. In Wilson's view, the popularity of the Mowgli stories is thus not literary but moral: the animals can follow the law easily, but Mowgli has human joys and sorrows, and the burden of making decisions.[19][23] Kipling's biographer, Charles Carrington, argued that the "fables" about Mowgli illustrate truths directly, as successful fables do, through the character of Mowgli himself; through his "kindly mentors", Bagheera and Baloo; through the repeated failure of the "bully" Shere Khan; through the endless but useless talk of the Bandar-log; and through the law, which makes the jungle "an integrated whole" while enabling Mowgli's brothers to live as the "Free People".[24]
The academic Jan Montefiore commented on the book's balance of law and freedom that "You don't need to invoke Jacqueline Rose on the adult's dream of the child's innocence or Perry Nodelman's theory of children's literature colonising its readers' minds with a double fantasy of the child as both noble savage and embryo good citizen, to see that the Jungle Books .. give their readers a vicarious experience of adventure both as freedom and as service to a just State".[25]
Reception
Sayan Mukherjee, writing for the Book Review Circle, calls The Jungle Book "One of the most enjoyable books of my childhood and even in adulthood, highly informative as to the outlook of the British on their 'native population'."[26]
The academic Jopi Nyman argued in 2001 that the book formed part of the construction of "colonial English national identity"[27] within Kipling's "imperial project".[27] In Nyman's view, nation, race and class are mapped out in the stories, contributing to "an imagining of Englishness as a site of power and racial superiority."[27] Nyman suggested that The Jungle Book's monkeys and snakes represent "colonial animals"[27] and "racialized Others"[27] within the Indian jungle, whereas the White Seal promotes "'truly English' identities in the nationalist allegory"[27] of that story.[27]
Swati Singh, in his Secret History of the Jungle Book, notes that the tone is like that of Indian folklore, fable-like, and that critics have speculated that the Kipling may have heard similar stories from his Hindu bearer and his Portuguese ayah (nanny) during his childhood in India. Singh observes, too, that Kipling wove "magic and fantasy" into the stories for his daughter Josephine, and that even critics reading Kipling for signs of imperialism] could not help admiring the power of his storytelling.[1]
The Jungle Book came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling at the request of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement; the name is traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.[2]
Adaptations
Heroes of the Soviet animation film on a Russian postage stamp
Further information: The Jungle Book (disambiguation)
The Jungle Book has been adapted many times in a wide variety of media. In literature, Robert Heinlein wrote the Hugo Award-winning science fiction novel, Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), when his wife, Virginia, suggested a new version of The Jungle Book, but with a child raised by Martians instead of wolves.[28][29] Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book (2008) is inspired by The Jungle Book. It follows a baby boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery. It has many scenes that can be traced to Kipling, but with Gaiman's dark twist.[30]
In music, the Jungle Book cycle (1958) was written by the Australian composer Percy Grainger, an avid Kipling reader. It consists of quotations from the book, set as choral pieces and solos for soprano, tenor or baritone.[31] BBC Radio broadcast an adaptation on 14 February 1994 and released it as a BBC audiobook in 2008.[32] It was directed by Chris Wallis with Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Eartha Kitt as Kaa, Freddie Jones as Baloo, and Jonathan Hyde as Bagheera. The music was by John Mayer.[33]
The book's text has been adapted for younger readers with comic book adaptations such as DC Comics Elseworlds' story, "Superman: The Feral Man of Steel", in which an infant Supermanis raised by wolves, while Bagheera, Akela, and Shere Khan make appearances.[34] Marvel Comics published several adaptations by Mary Jo Duffy and Gil Kane in the pages of Marvel Fanfare (vol. 1). These were collected in the one-shot Marvel Illustrated: The Jungle Book (2007).[35] Bill Willingham's comic book series, Fables, features The Jungle Book's Mowgli, Bagheera, and Shere Khan.[36]
Many films have been based on one or another of Kipling's stories, including Elephant Boy (1937),[37] the Russian: Маугли (Mowgli) published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US, an animation released between 1967 and 1971, and combined into a single 96-minute feature film in 1973;[38] Chuck Jones's made for-TV cartoons Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1975),[39] The White Seal (1975),[40] and Mowgli's Brothers (1976).[41] Many films, too, have been made of the book as a whole, such as Zoltán Korda's 1942 film,[42] Disney's 1967 animation[43] and its 2016 remake,[44] and the 1989 Japanese anime Jungle Book Shonen Mowgli.[45]
Stuart Paterson wrote a stage adaptation in 2004, first produced by the Birmingham Old Rep in 2004 and published in 2007 by Nick Hern Books.[46]
See also
Children's literature portal
Feral children in mythology and fiction
Notes
Jump up ^ "The White Seal" is set in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.
Jump up ^ Many of the 'animal language' words and names in this story are a phonetic spelling of Russian (probably as spoken with an Aleut accent), for example 'Stareek!' (Старик!) 'old man!'; 'Ochen scoochnie' (said by Kotick) 'I am very lonesome' Очень скучный (correctly means 'very boring'); holluschick (plural -ie) 'bachelor male seal' (холощик) from холостой ('unmarried'); Matkah (Kotick's mother, матка, 'dam', 'mother of an animal', or 'womb')
Jump up ^ Originally titled "Servants of the Queen"
Jump up ^ "Cavalry Horses" is set to "Bonnie Dundee". "Elephants of the Gun-Teams" fits the tune and has a similar first line to the marching song "The British Grenadiers", as does "Gun-Bullocks". "Screw-Gun Mules" is set to the tune of the English folk song "The Lincolnshire Poacher" and echoes some of its lines.[14]
Jump up ^ Darzee is the Hindi for tailor.
References
^ Jump up to: a b c Singh, Swati (2016). Secret History of the Jungle Book. The Real Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9935239-2-2.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of Cub Scouting". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 30 October 2016. A strong influence from Kipling's Jungle Book remains today. The terms "Law of the Pack," "Akela," "Wolf Cub," "grand howl," "den," and "pack" all come from the Jungle Book.
Jump up ^ Rao, K. Bhaskara (1967). Rudyard Kipling's India. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
Jump up ^ "Kipling first edition with author's poignant note found". BBC New. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Gilmour, David (2003). The Long Recessional: the Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6518-8.
Jump up ^ Hjejle, Benedicte (1983). Fddbek, Ole; Thomson, Niels, eds. "Kipling, Britisk Indien og Mowglihistorieine" [Kipling, British India and the Story of Mowgli]. Feitskrifi til Kristof Glamann (in Danish). Odense, Denmark: Odense Universitetsforlag. pp. 87–114.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (31 May 2013). "Rudyard Kipling 'admitted to plagiarism in Jungle Book'". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Slater, John (23 March 2007). "Seeonee: The Site of Mowgli's Jungle?". The Kipling Society. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Climate: Sivani (Madhya Pradesh)". Climate-Date.org. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "On 'The Jungle Book' trail at Kanha National Park". DNA India. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Andres, Trisha (15 April 2016). "The Jungle Book: 5 best tours to Rudyard Kipling's India". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The White Seal". The Kipling Society. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Elephant Boy (1937) - Robert Flaherty, Zoltan Korda - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie". AllMovie.
Jump up ^ "The Musical Settings of Kipling's Verse" (PDF). The Kipling Society. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Jungle Book - With Illustrations by John Lockwood Kipling & Others". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "ti:The Jungle Book au:Rudyard Kipling". WorldCat. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "ti:The Jungle Book au:Rudyard Kipling". WorldCat. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Jungle Book, Rudyard Kipling". WorldCat. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Underwood, F. A.; Radcliffe, John (30 July 2008). ""Mowgli's Brothers"". Kipling Society. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1975). Kipling - The Glass, the Shadow and the Fire. Jonathan Cape. p. 171. ISBN 978-0224011280.
Jump up ^ Laski, Marghanita (1987). From Palm to Pine, Rudyard Kipling at Home and Abroad. Sidgwick and Jackson. p. 124. ISBN 978-0283994227.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Sandra (1988). Kipling's Hidden Narratives. Basil Blackwell. p. 12. ISBN 978-0631155775.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Angus (1977). The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling. Secker & Warburg. p. 122. ISBN 978-0712659277.
Jump up ^ Carrington, Charles (1955). Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work. Macmillan. p. 208.
Jump up ^ Montefiore, Jan (2011). Booth, Howard J., ed. Kipling as a children's writer and the Jungle Books. The Cambridge Companion to Rudyard Kipling. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–109. ISBN 978-1-107-49363-6.
Jump up ^ Mukherjee, Sayan. "Book: The Jungle Book". Book Review Circle. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Nyman, Jopi (2001). "Re-Reading Rudyard Kipling's 'English' Heroism: Narrating Nation in The Jungle Book". Orbis Litterarum. 56 (3): 205–220. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0730.2001.d01-44.x.
Jump up ^ "Biography: Robert A. Heinlein". Heinlein Society.
Jump up ^ "1962 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Journal: The Graveyard Book". Neil Gaiman's Journal. 13 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "CD Review. Percy Grainger. Jungle Book". Classical Net. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "BBC Press Office - new releases". bbc.co.uk. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Diversity Website - Radio Plays - The Jungle Book". suttoelm.org.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Superman Annual. DC Comics. 1994.
Jump up ^ "The Jungle Book". Fanfare #8–11, 64 pages,. Marvel. April 2007.
Jump up ^ SPH Magazines (2007). GameAxis Unwired. SPH Magazines. p. 78. ISSN 0219-872X.
Jump up ^ "Elephant Boy (1937) - Robert Flaherty, Zoltan Korda - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie". AllMovie. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Patrick (15 April 2016). "We don't wanna be like you: how Soviet Russia made its own, darker Jungle Book". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (TV 1975)". IMDb. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "The White Seal (TV 1975)". IMDb. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mowgli's Brothers (TV 1976)". IMDb. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jungle Book (1942)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Jungle Book". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Jungle Book" (PDF). Disney. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mondo tv S.P.A - LIBRARY The jungle book". Retrieved 2017-03-18.
Jump up ^ "Stuart Paterson – complete guide to the Playwright and Plays". Retrieved 16 December 2017.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Jungle Book
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Jungle Book.
1910 edition at Archive.org
The Jungle Book at Project Gutenberg
The Jungle Book public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[show]
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t
e
Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book
Books
The Jungle Book (1894)
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
All the Mowgli Stories (1933)
Mowgli stories
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
Other stories
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
Characters
Mowgli
Baloo
Bagheera
Akela
Raksha
Kaa
Hathi
Shere Khan
Bandar-log
King Louie
Disney franchise
Film
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Jungle Book (1994)
The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Television
TaleSpin (1990–91)
Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)
Soundtrack
"Colonel Hathi's March"
"The Bare Necessities"
"I Wan'na Be like You"
"Trust in Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"My Own Home"
"Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai"
Video games
The Jungle Book (1993)
The Jungle Book Groove Party (2000)
Other
The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic
Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost
Other adaptations
Film
Elephant Boy (1937)
Jungle Book (1942)
Adventures of Mowgli (1973)
The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo (1997)
Mowgli's First Adventure: In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond (1998)
Mowgli (2018)
Television
Elephant Boy (1973)
Mowgli's Brothers (1976)
Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli (1989–90)
episodes
Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998)
The Jungle Book (2010–)
Other
The Third Jungle Book (1992)
A dzsungel könyve
Djungelboken
Related
Law of the jungle
Mowgli syndrome
The Graveyard Book (2008)
[show]
v
t
e
Rudyard Kipling
Novels
The Light that Failed (1891)
Captains Courageous (1896)
Kim (1901)
Collections
Plain Tales from the Hills (1888)
Soldiers Three (1888)
The Story of the Gadsbys (1888)
In Black and White (1888)
The Phantom 'Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales (1888)
Under the Deodars (1888)
Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1888)
From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel (1889)
Barrack-Room Ballads (1892, poetry)
Many Inventions (1893)
The Jungle Book (1894)
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
All the Mowgli Stories (c. 1895)
The Seven Seas (1896, poetry)
The Day's Work (1898)
Stalky & Co. (1899)
Just So Stories (1902)
The Five Nations (1903, poetry)
Puck of Pook's Hill (1906)
Rewards and Fairies (1910)
The Fringes of the Fleet (1915, non-fiction)
Debits and Credits (1926)
Limits and Renewals (1932)
Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition (1940)
A Choice of Kipling's Verse (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)
Poems
"The Absent-Minded Beggar"
"The Ballad of the "Clampherdown""
"The Ballad of East and West"
"The Beginnings"
"The Bell Buoy"
"The Betrothed"
"Big Steamers"
"Boots"
"Cold Iron"
"Dane-geld"
"Danny Deever"
"A Death-Bed"
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Related
Bibliography
Bateman's (house)
Indian Railway Library
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer
Iron Ring
Law of the jungle
Aerial Board of Control
My Boy Jack (1997 play)
Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale (2006 documentary)
My Boy Jack (2007 film)
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Elsie Bambridge (daughter)
John Kipling (son)
John Lockwood Kipling (father)
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Edward Burne-Jones (uncle)
Philip Burne-Jones (cousin)
Edward Poynter (uncle)
Alfred Baldwin (uncle)
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VIAF: 72145857800523020097
LCCN: n79129910
GND: 4326028-7
BNF: cb121621071 (data)
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Serous membrane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Serous Membrane
Stomach. (Serosa is labeled at far right, and is colored yellow.)
Details
Precursor
mesoderm
Identifiers
Latin
tunica serosa
MeSH
D012704
FMA
9581
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
This article is one of a series on the
Gastrointestinal wall
General structure[hide]
Epithelium
Mucosa
Submucosa
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Serosa
Adventitia
Specific[show]
Meissner's plexus
Auerbach's plexus
Organs[show]
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
v
t
e
In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid. The inner layer that covers organs (viscera) in body cavities is called the visceral membrane. A second layer of epithelial cells of the serous membrane, called the parietal layer, lines the body wall. Between the two layers is a potential space, mostly empty except for a few milliliters of lubricating serous fluid that is secreted by the two serous membranes.[1]
The Latin anatomical name is tunica serosa. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is entirely different from the adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. The serous membrane covering the heart and lining the mediastinum is referred to as the pericardium, the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs is referred to as the pleura, and that lining the abdominopelvic cavity and the viscera is referred to as the peritoneum.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Visceral and parietal layers
1.2 Examples
1.3 Development
2 Additional images
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Structure[edit]
A serous membrane (also referred to as a serosa) is one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and some organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Serous membranes have two layers. The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity (pariet- refers to a cavity wall). The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs (the viscera). Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity.[2]
Visceral and parietal layers[edit]
Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath.
The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (simple squamous epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue.
The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.
For the heart, the layers of the serous membrane are called the parietal pericardium, and the visceral pericardium (sometimes called the epicardium). Other parts of the body may also have specific names for these structures. For example, the serosa of the uterus is called the perimetrium.
Schematic diagram of an organ invaginating into a serous cavity
The pericardial cavity (surrounding the heart), pleural cavity (surrounding the lungs) and peritoneal cavity (surrounding most organs of the abdomen) are the three serous cavities within the human body. While serous membranes have a lubricative role to play in all three cavities, in the pleural cavity it has a greater role to play in the function of breathing.
The serous cavities are formed from the intraembryonic coelom and are basically an empty space within the body surrounded by serous membrane. Early in embryonic life visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag-like coelom. Therefore, each organ becomes surrounded by serous membrane - they do not lie within the serous cavity. The layer in contact with the organ is known as the visceral layer, while the parietal layer is in contact with the body wall.
Examples[edit]
There are three serous cavities and their associated membranes.
Serous membrane lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart—much the same way that an underinflated balloon would form two layers surrounding a fist. The pericardium is a two-layered sac that surrounds the entire heart except where the blood vessels emerge on the heart’s superior side.[2]
The pleura is the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity; the pericardium is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity
The peritoneum is the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
The serous fluid produced by the serous membranes reduces friction between the walls of the cavities and the internal organs when they move, such as when the lungs inflate or the heart beats, that could otherwise lead to inflammation of the organs.[2]
The serous membranes have two layers, parietal and visceral, surrounding a fluid filled space.[2]
Development[edit]
All serous membranes found in the human body formed ultimately from the mesoderm of the trilaminar embryo. The trilaminar embryo consists of three relatively flat layers of ectoderm, endoderm (also known as "entoderm") and mesoderm.
As the embryo develops, the mesoderm starts to segment into three main regions: the paraxial mesoderm, the intermediate mesoderm and the lateral plate mesoderm.
The lateral plate mesoderm later splits in half to form two layers bounding a cavity known as the intraembryonic coelom. Individually, each layer is known as splanchnopleure and somatopleure.
The splanchnopleure is associated with the underlying endoderm with which it is in contact, and later becomes the serous membrane in contact with visceral organs within the body.
The somatopleure is associated with the overlying ectoderm and later becomes the serous membrane in contact with the body wall.
The intraembryonic coelom can now be seen as a cavity within the body which is covered with serous membrane derived from the splanchnopleure. This cavity is divided and demarcated by the folding and development of the embryo, ultimately forming the serous cavities which house many different organs within the thorax and abdomen.
Additional images[edit]
Layers of stomach wall
Section of duodenum of cat
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Adventitia
References[edit]
This Wikipedia entry incorporates text from the freely licensed Connexions [1] edition of Anatomy & Physiology [2] text-book by OpenStax College
Jump up ^ "The Anatomy of Lining and Covering Tissues-Membranes!". McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Anatomy & Physiology". Openstax college at Connexions. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
External links[edit]
UIUC Histology Subject 844
Parsons, Frederick Gymer (1911). "Coelom and Serous Membranes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 642–644.
[hide]
v
t
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Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth
Upper
Pharynx
Muscles
Spaces
peripharyngeal
retropharyngeal
parapharyngeal
retrovisceral
danger
prevertebral
Pterygomandibular raphe
Pharyngeal raphe
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Piriform sinus
Esophagus
Sphincters
upper
lower
glands
Stomach
Curvatures
greater
lesser
Angular incisure
Cardia
Body
Fundus
Pylorus
antrum
canal
sphincter
Gastric mucosa
Gastric folds
Microanatomy
Gastric pits
Gastric glands
Cardiac glands
Fundic glands
Pyloric glands
Foveolar cell
Parietal cell
Gastric chief cell
Enterochromaffin-like cell
Lower
Small intestine
Microanatomy
Intestinal villus
Intestinal gland
Enterocyte
Enteroendocrine cell
Goblet cell
Paneth cell
Duodenum
Suspensory muscle
Major duodenal papilla
Minor duodenal papilla
Duodenojejunal flexure
Brunner's glands
Jejunum
No substructures
Ileum
Ileocecal valve
Peyer's patches
Microfold cell
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Cecum
Appendix
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Sigmoid colon
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taenia coli
haustra
epiploic appendix
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Transverse folds
Ampulla
Anal canal
Anus
Anal columns
Anal valves
Anal sinuses
Pectinate line
Internal anal sphincter
Intersphincteric groove
External anal sphincter
Wall
Serosa / Adventitia
Subserosa
Muscular layer
Submucosa
Circular folds
Mucosa
Muscularis mucosa
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the lower respiratory tract
Respiratory tree
Trachea
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Annular ligaments
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Bronchi
Main
left
right
Secondary
eparterial
Tertiary
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Alveolar duct
Alveolus
Blood-air barrier)
Cells
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Type I
Type II
Club cell
Goblet cell
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentery
General
Peritoneum
cavity
Mesentery
Abdominal
From
ventral mesentery
Lesser omentum
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Liver
Coronary ligament
(Left triangular ligament
Right triangular ligament
Hepatorenal ligament)
Falciform ligament
Round ligament of liver
Ligamentum venosum
From
dorsal mesentery
Greater omentum
Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Mesentery
Splenorenal ligament
Phrenicocolic ligament
Folds
Umbilical folds
Supravesical fossa
Medial inguinal fossa
Lateral umbilical fold
Lateral inguinal fossa
Ileocecal fold
Abdominal cavity
Greater sac
Lesser sac
Omental foramen
General
Cystohepatic triangle
Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space
Abdominal wall
Inguinal triangle
Peritoneal recesses
Paracolic gutters
Paramesenteric gutters
Pelvic
Uterus/ovaries
Broad ligament of the uterus
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium)
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Recesses
Male
Recto-vesical pouch
Pararectal fossa
Female
Recto-uterine pouch
Recto-uterine fold (Uterosacral ligament)
Vesico-uterine pouch
Ovarian fossa
Paravesical fossa
Retroperitonium
Spaces
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text:
Garcelle Beauvais
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Garcelle Beauvais
Beauvais at Race to Witch Mountain premiere in March 2009
Born
(1966-11-26) November 26, 1966 (age 51)
Saint-Marc, Haiti
Occupation
Actress, model
Years active
1984–present
Spouse(s)
Daniel Saunders (1991–2000)
Mike Nilon (2001–2011)
Children
3
Garcelle Beauvais (French pronunciation: [gaʁsɛl bovɛ]: born November 26, 1966)[1] is a Haitian-American actress and former fashion model. She is best known for her roles as Francesca "Fancy" Monroe on The WB television sitcom, The Jamie Foxx Show, which ran from 1996 to 2001, and as Valerie Heywood on the ABC crime drama, NYPD Blue.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Awards
4 Other ventures
5 Personal life
6 Filmography
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Beauvais was born in Saint-Marc, Haiti,[1] to Marie-Claire Beauvais, a nurse, and Axel Jean Pierre, a lawyer. After her parents divorced, Garcelle and her six elder siblings moved with their mother to the United States, first to Massachusetts and later to Miami.[2][3][4]
Career[edit]
At age seventeen, Beauvais went to New York City to pursue a career as a fashion model, after she was signed with Ford Models and Irene Marie Models in Miami. She modeled print ads for Avon, Mary Kay, and Clairol. Beauvais also modeled in catalogs for Lerner New York Clothing Line, Neiman Marcus, and Nordstrom; and walked the catwalk for Calvin Klein and Isaac Mizrahi, as well as shooting TV commercials for Burdines. She has appeared in Essence and Ebony, and is the cover model for the Jet June 6, 2011 issue.[5] She also posed for Playboy's August 2007 issue.[6]
In 1994, Beauvais first gained national attention as an actress playing the role of Cynthia Nichols in the primetime Aaron Spelling soap opera Models Inc.. From 1996 to 2001, she co-starred in The Jamie Foxx Show as hotel employee Francesca "Fancy" Monroe and the love interest of Jamie Foxx's character, Jamie King. From 2001 to 2004, she played Assistant District Attorney Valerie Heywood and the love interest of Detective Baldwin Jones (Henry Simmons) on NYPD Blue. In 2011 and 2012, Beauvais played a character on the TNT law drama Franklin & Bash. In 2013 Beauvais once again played the love interest to Jamie Foxx, playing the First Lady while he played the President in White House Down.
She starred in R. Kelly's music video for "Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)", as the wife of Ronald Isley and the lover of R. Kelly, delivering the title line as inducement for an affair. In 2001, after the Jamie Foxx Show ended its run, Beauvais appeared in Luther Vandross' music video, "Take You Out," playing Vandross' girlfriend.[4]
She also appeared on some episodes of Grimm as Henrietta.
In 2016, Beauvais was named as one of the co-hosts of the syndicated infotainment discussion series Hollywood Today Live after a month-long period of guest hosting the show.[7]
Awards[edit]
2013 MPAH Haiti Movie Awards - Honorary Award from the Motion Picture Association of Haiti
Other ventures[edit]
In 2008, Garcelle launched her children's jewelry line called Petit Bijou.[6] In 2013, she published a children's book, I Am Mixed, which was about diversity and race.
Personal life[edit]
She was married to producer Daniel Saunders, their marriage ended in divorce. They had a son, Oliver Saunders, born in 1991.[5]
Beauvais married Mike Nilon, an Agent for the Creative Artists Agency, on May 12, 2001. Their twin sons, Jax Joseph and Jaid Thomas Nilon, were born on October 18, 2007. They had dealt with treatment over five years for infertility.[8][9] In April 2010, it was reported that Beauvais had discovered that Nilon was having a five-year extramarital affair.[10] Beauvais issued a statement on April 9, 2010, explaining that her "focus at this time is on my kids and healing the pain."[11] Beauvais filed for divorce from Nilon on May 10, 2010, seeking joint custody of their sons.[12] The couple's divorce was finalized on April 1, 2011.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1986 Manhunter Young woman housebuyer
1988 Coming to America Rose bearer
1999 Wild Wild West Belle
2001 Double Take Chloe
2002 Bad Company Nicole
2004 Barbershop 2: Back in Business Loretta
2005 American Gun Sarah
2007 I Know Who Killed Me Agent Julie Bascome
2009 Women in Trouble Maggie
2010 Eyes to See Marie Short film
2012 Flight Deana Coleman
2013 White House Down Alison Sawyer
2013 And Then There Was You Natalie Gilbert
2014 Small Time Linda
2015 A Girl Like Grace Lisa
2017 Spider-Man: Homecoming Doris Toomes
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984–1985 Miami Vice Gabriella/Waitress Episodes: "The Maze", "Give a Little, Take a Little"
1991 Family Matters Lulu Episode: "Old and Alone"
1992 Down the Shore Liat Episode: "Schwing Time"
1992 Dream On Danica Episode: "Red All Over"
1992 Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, TheThe Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Veronica Episode: "That's No Lady, That's My Cousin"
1993 Hangin' with Mr. Cooper Keeler Episode: "Boy Don't Leave"
1993 Where I Live Terry Episode: "Married... with Children"
1993 Family Matters Garcelle Episode: "Scenes from a Mall"
1994 Family Matters Young Mother Winslow Episode: "To Be or Not to Be; Part 2"
1994–1995 Models Inc. Cynthia Nichols Main role (25 episodes)
1995 Wayans Bros., TheThe Wayans Bros. Rachel Episode: "Fatal Subtraction"
1995 Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, TheThe Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Herself Episode: "For Whom the Wedding Bells Toll"
1995 Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, TheThe Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Sandra Episode: "Not, I Barbeque"
1996 Family Matters Nicole Moses Episode: "A Ham Is Born"
1996–2001 Jamie Foxx Show, TheThe Jamie Foxx Show Francesca "Fancy" Monroe Main role (100 episodes)
2000 Opposite Sex Ms. Maya Bradley Regular role (6 episodes)
2001 Titans Tina Episode: "She Stoops to Conquer"
2001–2004 NYPD Blue A.D.A. Valerie Heywood Regular role (81 episodes)
2002 Second String Larissa Fullerton TV film
2003 Bernie Mac Show, TheThe Bernie Mac Show Vicki Episode: "Bernie Mac Rope-a-Dope"
2004 Curb Your Enthusiasm Renee Episode: "The Surrogate"
2004 Life with Bonnie Dr. Gamz Episode: "Therabeautic"
2005–2007 Eyes Nora Gage Main role (12 episodes)
2006 10.5: Apocalypse Natalie Warner TV miniseries
2006 CSI: Miami Katrina Iverson Episode: "Death Pool 100"
2007 Cure, TheThe Cure Trudie Ericson TV film
2009 Maneater Suzee Saunders TV miniseries
2009 Crash Connie Episode: "Johnny Hit and Run Pauline"
2010 Human Target Vivian Cox Episode: "Lockdown"
2011 State of Georgia Gwen Dressel Episode: "Foot in the Door"
2012 Exes, TheThe Exes Kendra Episode: "Shall We Dance"
2011–2012 Franklin & Bash Hanna Linden Main role (20 episodes)
2013 Psych Miranda Sherrod Episode: "Dead Air"
2013 Arrested Development Ophelia Love Episode: "Off the Hook"
2013 Necessary Roughness Lana Langer Episode: "Swimming with Sharks"
2013 Playing House Dr. Jay Episode: "Let's Have a Baby"
2015 Grimm Henrietta 3 episodes
2016 Hell's Kitchen Herself Episode "10 Chef's Compete"
2016 Hollywood Today Live Co-host
2016 The Magicians Our Lady Underground 3 episodes
2018 RuPaul’s Drag Race All Stars (season 3) Herself Episode "A Jury of Their Queers"
See also[edit]
List of people from Miami
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Garcelle Beauvais". TVGuide.com. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dream Builders, Dream Killers". Retrieved 22 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Actress Garcelle Beauvais signs deal for children's books". Retrieved 22 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Garcelle Beauvais pics Archived 2007-01-28 at the Wayback Machine., AskMen.com
^ Jump up to: a b Imarenezor, Christine. (2011-06-04) Mag Cover: Garcelle Beauvais Talks Divorce & Life Renewal In Jet Magazine – Concreteloop.Com | Quality Not Quantity Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine.. Concreteloop.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Garcelle Beauvais Nilon and Her Petit Bijoux", blackcelebkids.com, 17 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (2 February 2016). "TV News Roundup: 'Hollywood Today Live' Renewed, Garcelle Beauvais Named Co-Host". Variety. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Garcelle Beauvais-Nilon Welcomes Twins". People. 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "A Double Blessing". People. 2008-01-21. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Garcelle Beauvais makes hubby's cheating accusations public". New York Post. 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "NYPD Blue's Garcelle Beauvais-Nilon: "My Focus Is on My Kids & Healing the Pain"". E Online. 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Garcelle Beauvais-Nilon Files for Divorce". People. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garcelle Beauvais.
Garcelle Beauvais on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 56446198
LCCN: no2009012328
SUDOC: 160674549
SNAC: w6rv56xr
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garcelle_Beauvais&oldid=836793852"
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1966 births
Living people
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses of Haitian descent
Haitian female models
Haitian emigrants to the United States
Actresses from Miami
Actresses from Massachusetts
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century Haitian people
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