text:
Henry Classification System
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The Henry Classification System is a long-standing method by which fingerprints are sorted by physiological characteristics for one-to-many searching. Developed by Hem Chandra Bose, Azizul Haque and Sir Edward Henry in the late 19th century for criminal investigations in British India, it was the basis of modern-day AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) classification methods up until the 1990s. In recent years, the Henry Classification System has generally been replaced by ridge flow classification approaches.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and development
2 Explanation
3 Impact on current biometric systems
4 References
5 External links
History and development[edit]
Although fingerprint characteristics were studied as far back as the mid-1600s, the use of fingerprints as a means of identification did not occur until the mid-19th century. In roughly 1859, Sir William James Herschel discovered that fingerprints remain stable over time and are unique across individuals; as Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, in 1877 he was the first to institute the use of fingerprints and handprints as a means of identification, signing legal documents, and authenticating transactions. The fingerprint records collected at this time were used for one-to-one verification only; as a means in which records would be logically filed and searched had not yet been invented.
In 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin, explaining a system for classifying fingerprints, asking for his assistance in their development. Darwin was unable to assist Dr. Faulds, but agreed to forward the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton. Dr. Henry Faulds and Sir Francis Galton did not engage in much correspondence, but in the following decade, they devised very similar fingerprint classification systems. It is unclear whom to credit for the classification system. However, we do know that Dr. Henry Faulds was the first European to publish the notion of scientific use of fingerprints in the identification of criminals. In 1892, Sir Francis Galton published his highly influential book, Finger Prints in which he described his classification system that include three main fingerprint patterns - loops, whorls and arches.
At the time, the alternative to fingerprints was Bertillonage, also known as Anthropometry. Developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1879, Bertillonage consists of a meticulous method of measuring body parts for the use of identifying criminals. In 1892, the British Indian police force adopted Anthropometry. Two years later, Sir Edward Henry, Inspector General of the Bengal Police in India became interested in the use of fingerprints for the use of criminal identification.
Influenced by Galton's Finger Prints, the men corresponded regularly in 1894; and in January 1896, Sir Henry ordered the Bengali Police to collect prisoners’ fingerprints in addition to their anthropometric measurements. Expanding on Galton's classification system, Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification System between the years 1896 and 1925. He was primarily assisted by Azizul Haque who developed a mathematical formula to supplement Henry's idea of sorting in 1024 pigeon holes based on fingerprint patterns, and Hem Chandra Bose, another Henry's assistant also helped refine the system, and both, on the recommendation of Henry received recognition years later by the British Government for their contribution.[1][2][3] The Henry Classification System was to find worldwide acceptance in 1899. In 1897 a commission was established to compare Anthropometry to the Henry Classification System. As the results were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints, fingerprinting was introduced to British India by the Governor General, and in 1900, replaced Anthropometry. Also in 1900, Henry was sent to Natal, South Africa to assist in the reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprint bureau. His efforts in South Africa were highly successful; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned to Britain and was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard, head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). In the same year, the first UK fingerprint bureau was established at Scotland Yard. (Harling 1996) (Met) (Early)
Explanation[edit]
The Henry Classification System allows for logical categorization of ten-print fingerprint records into primary groupings based on fingerprint pattern types. This system reduces the effort necessary to search large numbers of fingerprint records by classifying fingerprint records according to gross physiological characteristics. Subsequent searches (manual or automated) utilizing granular characteristics such as minutiae are greatly simplified. The Henry Classification System is a method to classify fingerprints and exclude potential candidates. This system should NEVER be used for individualization.
The Henry Classification System assigns each finger a number according to the order in which it is located in the hand, beginning with the right thumb as number 1 and ending with the left pinky as number 10. The system also assigns a numerical value to fingers that contain a whorl pattern; fingers 1 and 2 each have a value of 16, fingers 3 and 4 have a value of 8, fingers 5 and 6 have a value of 4, fingers 7 and 8 have a value of 2, and the final two fingers having a value of 1. Fingers with a non-whorl pattern, such as an arch or loop pattern, have a value of zero.[4] The sum of the even finger value is then calculated and placed in the numerator of a fraction. The sum of the odd finger values is placed in the denominator. The value of 1 is added to each sum of the whorls with the maximum obtainable on either side of the fraction being 32. Thus, the primary classification is a fraction between 1/1 to 32/32, where 1/1 would indicate no whorl patterns and 32/32 would mean that all fingers had whorl patterns.[5]
Example of a Henry Classification:
Key
Major
Primary
Secondary
Sub-Secondary
Final
16 M 9 R IIO 15
M 2 U OOI
Key- Ridge count first loop
Major- Value of the ridge counts or the tracings of fingers #1, #6
Primary- Summation of the value of: Whorl type patterns fingers (#2, #4, #6, #8, #10 for Numerator), (#1, #3, #5, #7, #9 for Denominator); Value of fingers as whorls: #1 & #2 (16), #3 & #4 (8), #5 & #6 (4), #7 & #8 (2), #9 & #10 (1); Plus 1 in both Numerator and Denominator.
Secondary- Pattern types in fingers #2 and #7, (U) Ulna Loop, (R) Radial Loop, (W) Whorl, and (A) Arch
Sub-Secondary- Value of ridge counts or tracing- fingers #2, #3, #4 in Numerator; #7, #8, #9 in Denominator.
Final- is the ridge count of the loops or whorls in both little fingers expressed in numbers. The right little is used as the numerator and the left little as the denominator. If a loop appears in one finger and a whorl in the other, enumerate both their ridge counts by treating the whorl as an ulnar loop.[6]
Impact on current biometric systems[edit]
The Henry Classification System has been a highly influential force in the formation of current AFIS technology (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System). When AFIS technology was first introduced, it was primarily envisioned to be used as a tool to expedite the manual searching of fingerprint records, eventually reducing matching time requirements from months to hours. At that time, most forensic hardcopy fingerprint files were sorted according to the Henry Classification System and the first AFIS solutions attempted to emulate the Henry process.
Up until the mid-1990s, it was not unusual for a state or city to continue to maintain its physical file of Henry-sorted fingerprint cards just in case a disaster occurred in the AFIS. As processing speeds, network throughput capacities, and system reliability increased, it was no longer necessary for automated fingerprint matching to mirror what had been the manual processes. AFIS began to classify fingerprints according to the distance between the core and delta, minutiae locations, and pattern type; the later being based on the Henry Classification System. Presently, there are some forensic AFIS solutions (e.g. state and local) that still employ a Henry Classification System based manual fingerprint filing. However, other than for legacy systems, the Henry Classification System is not essential for automated systems. (Carlton)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Tewari RK, Ravikumar KV. History and development of forensic science in India. J. Postgrad Med 2000,46:303-308.
Jump up ^ J.S. Sodhi & Jasjeed Kaur The forgotten Indian pioneers of fingerprint science, Current Science 2005, 88(1):185-191.
Jump up ^ Colin Beavan: Fingerprints: The Origins of Crime Detection and Murder Case that Launched Forensic Science, Hyperion, NY, USA, 2001.
Jump up ^ Harling 1996
Jump up ^ Roberts 2008
Jump up ^ Stewart (2014)
External links[edit]
The Henry Classification System
Javascript implementation of Henry Classification
http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com
http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/dcjs/html/nyidbur2.html
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Classification_System&oldid=808333578"
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text:
List of highest-income counties in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is part of a series on
Income in the
United States of America
Topics[hide]
Household
Personal
Affluence
Social class
Income inequality
gender pay gap
ethnic wage gap
Lists by income[show]
States (by equality (Gini))
Counties (highest / lowest)
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Per capita income by county
There are 3,144 counties and county-equivalents in the United States. The source of the data is the U.S. Census Bureau and the data is current as of the indicated year. Independent cities are considered county-equivalent by the Census Bureau.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Median household income
2.1 American Community Survey
2.2 2010 Census
2.3 2000 Census
3 Per capita income
3.1 2010 Census
3.2 2000 Census
4 Highest-income counties and places by state
5 See also
6 Notes and references
Summary[edit]
Before the American Civil War, the wealthiest counties were primarily located in Louisiana and Mississippi.[1]
The Loudoun County, Virginia suburb of Washington, D.C. is the highest-income county by median household income. Another Washington suburb, Arlington County, Virginia, ranks as the highest-income county by median family income.[2]
Many of the top counties in the following lists are found in the Northeast Megalopolis, particularly in the Washington metropolitan area[3] and the New York metropolitan area.
Median household income[edit]
American Community Survey[edit]
Presented below are the 25 highest-income counties (with populations of 65,000 or greater) in the United States by median household income according to the 2016 American Community Survey[4] prepared by the US Census Bureau. Five of the counties are located in the state of Maryland, five are in Virginia, four in California, three in New Jersey, two in New York, and one each in: Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas.
Rank
County
State
Median Household Income
1 Loudoun County Virginia $134,464
2 Howard County Maryland $120,941
3 Fairfax County Virginia $115,717
4 Hunterdon County New Jersey $113,684
5 Santa Clara County California $111,069
6 Arlington County Virginia $110,388
7 Douglas County Colorado $109,292
8 San Mateo County California $108,627
9 Morris County New Jersey $106,985
10 Williamson County Tennessee $106,054
11 Nassau County New York $105,870
12 Somerset County New Jersey $104,478
13 Marin County California $103,845
14 San Francisco County California $103,801
15 Delaware County Ohio $101,693
16 Forsyth County Georgia $100,909
17 Montgomery County Maryland $99,763
18 Calvert County Maryland $98,732
19 Prince William County Virginia $97,986
20 Stafford County Virginia $97,484
21 Putnam County New York $96,992
22 Anne Arundel County Maryland $96,483
23 Charles County Maryland $95,735
24 Rockwall County Texas $95,731
25 Middlesex County Massachusetts $95,249
[show]2011
Rank
County
State
Median Household Income[5]
Population[6]
1 Loudoun County Virginia $119,134 325,405
2 Fairfax County Virginia $105,797 1,100,692
3 Arlington County Virginia $100,735 216,004
4 Hunterdon County New Jersey $99,099 128,038
5 Howard County Maryland $98,953 293,142
6 Somerset County New Jersey $96,360 324,893
7 Prince William County Virginia $95,146 419,096
8 Fauquier County Virginia $93,762 66,320
9 Douglas County Colorado $93,573 292,167
10 Montgomery County Maryland $92,909 989,794
11 Charles County Maryland $91,733 149,130
12 Nassau County New York $91,414 1,344,436
13 Stafford County Virginia $91,348 132,133
14 Morris County New Jersey $91,332 494,976
15 Putnam County New York $90,735 99,933
16 Calvert County Maryland $89,393 89,256
17 Williamson County Tennessee $86,962 188,560
18 Delaware County Ohio $85,365 178,341
19 Santa Clara County California $84,895 1,809,378
20 Oldham County Kentucky $84,447 64,800
21 York County Virginia $84,167 66,134
22 Anne Arundel Maryland $84,138 544,403
23 Carroll County Maryland $84,117 167,288
24 Suffolk County New York $84,106 1,498,816
25 Sussex County New Jersey $83,839 148,517
26 Carver County Minnesota $83,348 92,638
27 Alexandria City Virginia $82,748 144,301
28 Fort Bend County Texas $82,271 606,953
29 Collin County Texas $82,237 812,226
30 Rockland County New York $82,217 315,158
31 Forsyth County Georgia $82,209 181,840
32 Rockwall County Texas $82,061 81,290
33 Norfolk County Massachusetts $81,889 675,436
34 San Mateo County California $81,657 727,209
35 St. Mary's County Maryland $81,657 107,484
36 Hamilton County Indiana $80,999 282,810
37 Scott County Minnesota $80,864 132,556
38 Kendall County Illinois $80,655 116,631
39 Monmouth County New Jersey $79,334 631,020
40 Bergen County New Jersey $79,272 911,004
41 Chester County Pennsylvania $79,160 503,897
42 Tolland County Connecticut $78,210 152,507
43 Harford County Maryland $78,123 246,489
44 Frederick County Maryland $77,791 236,745
45 Fairfield County Connecticut $77,289 925,899
46 Middlesex County Connecticut $77,193 166,043
47 Marin County California $77,168 255,031
48 Westchester County New York $77,006 955,899
49 Middlesex County Massachusetts $76,978 1,518,171
50 Washington County Minnesota $76,491 241,280
51 Spotsylvania County Virginia $76,475 124,327
52 Montgomery County Pennsylvania $76,220 804,210
53 Rockingham County New Hampshire $75,982 296,207
54 Ventura County California $74,623 831,771
55 Middlesex County New Jersey $74,522 814,217
56 Contra Costa County California $74,353 1,066,096
57 Lake County Illinois $74,266 706,222
58 DuPage County Illinois $74,072 923,222
59 Mercer County New Jersey $73,890 367,063
60 Ozaukee County Wisconsin $73,703 86,568
60 Fayette County Georgia $72,962 107,784
61 Burlington County New Jersey $72,896 449,576
62 Anchorage City Alaska $72,813 295,570
63 Waukesha County Wisconsin $72,562 390,730
64 Orange County California $72,293 3,055,745
65 Will County Illinois $71,882 681,545
66 Gloucester County New Jersey $71,850 289,104
67 James City County Virginia $71,667 68,200
68 Chesterfield County Virginia $71,110 320,277
69 Prince George's County Maryland $70,715 871,233
70 Bucks County Pennsylvania $70,617 626,854
71 Richmond County New York $70,578 470,467
72 McHenry County Illinois $70,117 308,944
73 Dakota County Minnesota $69,902 402,006
74 San Francisco County California $69,894 812,826
75 Johnson County Kansas $69,856 552,991
76 Dallas County Iowa $69,831 69,444
77 Parker County Texas $69,703 118,376
78 Denton County Texas $69,644 686,406
79 Washington County Rhode Island $69,528 126,563
80 Warren County Ohio $69,201 214,910
81 Frederick County Virginia $69,155 79,666
82 Newport County Rhode Island $69,119 82,695
83 Litchfield County Connecticut $69,097 188,789
84 Davis County Utah $69,021 311,811
85 Placer County California $68,959 357,138
86 King County Washington $68,775 1,969,722
87 Matanuska-Susitna Borough Alaska $68,672 91,946
88 Boulder County Colorado $68,637 299,378
89 Plymouth County Massachusetts $68,253 497,579
90 Wright County Minnesota $68,242 126,437
91 Dutchess County New York $67,727 297,999
92 Olmsted County Minnesota $67,618 145,769
93 Alameda County California $67,558 1,529,875
93 Hanover County Virginia $67,505 100,342
94 Livingston County Michigan $67,441 181,722
95 Williamson County Texas $67,246 442,782
96 Washington County Texas $67,232 33,791
97 Sherburne County Minnesota $67,198 89,319
98 Hillsborough County New Hampshire $66,609 401,696
2010 Census[edit]
[7]
Rank
County
Median Household Income
1 Loudoun County, Virginia $115,574
2 City of Falls Church, Virginia $114,409
3 Fairfax County, Virginia $105,416
4 Los Alamos County, New Mexico $103,643
5 Howard County, Maryland $103,273
6 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $100,980
7 Oakland County, Michigan $99,198
8 City of Fairfax, Virginia $97,900
9 Somerset County, New Jersey $97,440
10 Morris County, New Jersey $96,747
11 Arlington County, Virginia $94,880
12 Nassau County, New York $93,613
13 Montgomery County, Maryland $93,373
14 Stafford County, Virginia $93,065
15 Prince William County, Virginia $91,098
16 Calvert County, Maryland $90,838
17 Marin County, California $89,268
18 Putnam County, New York $89,218
19 Charles County, Maryland $88,825
20 Delaware County, Ohio $87,908
21 Williamson County, Tennessee $87,832
22 Forsyth County, Georgia $87,605
23 Santa Clara County, California $86,850
24 San Mateo County, California $85,648
25 Chester County, Pennsylvania $84,741
26 Suffolk County, New York $84,506
27 City of Poquoson, Virginia $84,315
28 Fauquier County, Virginia $83,877
29 Anne Arundel County, Maryland $83,456
30 Sussex County, New Jersey $83,089
31 Rockland County, New York $82,534
32 Monmouth County, New Jersey $82,265
33 Fayette County, Georgia $82,216
34 Scott County, Minnesota $82,190
35 Hamilton County, Indiana $81,947
36 Bergen County, New Jersey $81,708
37 Frederick County, Maryland $81,686
38 Carroll County, Maryland $81,621
39 Fairfield County, Connecticut $81,268
40 Queen Anne's County, Maryland $81,096
41 York County, Virginia $81,055
42 Norfolk County, Massachusetts $81,027
43 City of Alexandria, Virginia $80,847
44 Collin County, Texas $80,504
45 Carver County, Minnesota $80,280
46 St. Mary's County, Maryland $80,053
47 Kendall County, Illinois $79,897
48 Fort Bend County, Texas $79,845
49 Westchester County, New York $79,619
50 Goochland County, Virginia $79,547
51 Summit County, Utah $79,461
52 Oldham County, Kentucky $79,417
53 Washington County, Minnesota $79,109
54 Elbert County, Colorado $78,958
55 Lake County, Illinois $78,948
56 Contra Costa County, California $78,385
57 Rockwall County, Texas $78,032
58 Middlesex County, New Jersey $77,615
59 Middlesex County, Massachusetts $77,377
60 Tolland County, Connecticut $77,175
61 Harford County, Maryland $77,010
62 DuPage County, Illinois $76,581
63 Spotsylvania County, Virginia $76,574
64 McHenry County, Illinois $76,482
65 Hanover County, Virginia $76,425
66 Montgomery County, Pennsylvania $76,380
67 Burlington County, New Jersey $76,258
68 King George County, Virginia $76,241
69 Will County, Illinois $75,906
70 Rockingham County, New Hampshire $75,825
71 City and County of Broomfield, Colorado $75,590
72 Ventura County, California $75,348
73 City of Manassas, Virginia $75,173
74 Waukesha County, Wisconsin $75,064
75 Ozaukee County, Wisconsin $74,996
76 Middlesex County, Connecticut $74,906
77 Bucks County, Pennsylvania $74,828
78 Placer County, California $74,447
79 Orange County, California $74,344
80 James City County, Virginia $73,903
81 Johnson County, Kansas $73,733
82 Powhatan County, Virginia $73,593
83 Clarke County, Virginia $73,244
84 Plymouth County, Massachusetts $73,131
85 Dakota County, Minnesota $72,850
86 Gloucester County, New Jersey $72,664
87 Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska $72,219
88 Livingston County, Michigan $72,129
89 Eagle County, Colorado $71,337
90 Chesterfield County, Virginia $71,321
91 Warren County, Ohio $71,274
92 Prince George's County, Maryland $71,260
93 Mercer County, New Jersey $71,217
94 Richmond County, New York $71,084
95 Denton County, Texas $70,622
96 New Kent County, Virginia $70,590
97 St. Charles County, Missouri $70,331
98 Honolulu County, Hawaii $70,093
99 El Dorado County, California $70,000
100 Alameda County, California $69,384
show
2009
The rankings are based on the median annual household income estimates from 2005 to 2009 in each county in the nation, provided by the United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey, in 2009 inflation-adjusted dollars.[8] Since cities in Virginia are independent of surrounding counties they are included in the Census Bureau's ranking.
Number of counties by state in following list: Virginia 5 plus 3 independent cities, Maryland 4, New Jersey 3, New York 3, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, New Mexico 1, Ohio 1, Tennessee 1. Of the top 25 counties, 10 are part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 14 counties are located in the South, 6 in the Northeast, 4 in the West, and 1 located in the Midwest. 17 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis.
[show]2009
Rank
County
2005–09 ACS
Median
household
income
2005–09 ACS
Margin
of
error
2000 Census
Median
household
income
2000 Census
Margin
of
error
Change from
2000 Census
to 2005–09 ACS
1 City of Falls Church, Virginia $113,313 3,595 96,449 5,613 16,864
2 Loudoun County, Virginia $112,021 1,833 103,817 1,477 8,204
3 Fairfax County, Virginia $104,259 955 104,335 709 −76
4 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $102,500 2,533 102,839 1,717 −339
5 Howard County, Maryland $101,003 1,325 95,474 1,128 5,529
6 Los Alamos County, New Mexico $100,423 5,635 101,687 4,364 −1,264
7 Douglas County, Colorado $99,522 1,394 106,754 1,402 −7,232
8 Morris County, New Jersey $96,316 1,374 99,559 1,085 −3,243
9 Somerset County, New Jersey $96,233 1,782 99,035 1,399 −2,802
10 City of Fairfax, Virginia $96,232 5,204 87,075 3,616 9,157
11 Arlington County, Virginia $93,806 1,652 81,101 1,183 12,705
12 Nassau County, New York $92,450 800 92,724 463 −274
13 Montgomery County, Maryland $92,213 962 92,107 635 106
14 Calvert County, Maryland $90,621 2,753 84,890 1,868 5,731
15 Stafford County, Virginia $90,586 1,895 86,003 1,555 4,583
16 Prince William County, Virginia $88,850 1,545 84,910 959 3,940
17 Williamson County, Tennessee $88,358 1,787 88,957 1,769 −599
18 Forsyth County, Georgia $88,040 1,808 88,681 1,803 −641
19 Putnam County, New York $88,036 2,574 93,044 1,503 −5,008
20 Marin County, California $87,728 1,569 91,792 1,314 −4,064
21 Charles County, Maryland $86,141 2,341 80,068 1,460 6,073
22 Santa Clara County, California $85,569 864 95,691 507 −10,122
23 Delaware County, Ohio $85,054 2,214 86,581 1,697 −1,527
24 City of Poquoson, Virginia $84,688 5,283 78,422 3,527 6,266
25 Suffolk County, New York $84,530 803 84,045 403 485
show
2008
[9] This data is average 2006–2008 from the American Community Survey of the United States Bureau of the Census. Number of counties by state in following lists: Virginia 6 plus 2 independent cities, Maryland 4, New Jersey 3, New York 3, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, Pennsylvania 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1.
Of the top 25 counties, 11 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area, 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 14 counties are located in the South, 7 in the Northeast, 4 in the West, with none located in the Midwest. 18 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis. Educational attainment is based on bachelor's degree attainment (and above) for people 25 and older in the county.
[show]2008
Rank
County
Median Household Income
Population
Educational Attainment
1 Loudoun County, Virginia $110,643 277,433 58%
2 Fairfax County, Virginia $106,785 1,005,980 60%
3 Howard County, Maryland $101,710 272,412 60%
4 Somerset County, New Jersey $103,227 321,589 53%
5 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $100,947 129,000 52%
6 City of Fairfax, Virginia $98,133 23,281 52%
7 Morris County, New Jersey $97,565 486,459 52%
8 Douglas County, Colorado $97,480 270,286 54%
9 Arlington County, Virginia $96,390 204,889 71%
10 Montgomery County, Maryland $93,999 942,747 59%
11 Nassau County, New York $93,579 1,352,817 45%
12 Stafford County, Virginia $89,536 120,219 36%
13 Calvert County, Maryland $89,049 88,126 30%
14 Prince William County, Virginia $88,675 358,719 38%
15 Putnam County, New York $88,580 99,195 40%
16 Goochland County, Virginia $88,552 20,494 32%
17 Williamson County, Tennessee $88,316 165,336 53%
18 Marin County, California $88,101 246,985 55%
19 Santa Clara County, California $87,287 1,734,756 46%
20 Forsyth County, Georgia $86,938 158,009 46%
21 Charles County, Maryland $86,586 140,032 28%
22 Summit County, Utah $85,258 35,448 53%
23 City of Alexandria, Virginia $85,135 140,657 63%
24 Chester County, Pennsylvania $84,844 485,083 51%
25 Suffolk County, New York $84,767 1,510,716 34%
United States $52,175 304,374,846 27%
show
2007
[10]
Number of counties by state in following lists: Virginia 6, Maryland 5, New Jersey 3, New York 2, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1.
10 of the 20 counties are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area and 5 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area. By Census region, 12 counties are located in the South, 5 in the Northeast, and 3 in the West. 16 of the 20 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis.
[show]2007 – Counties with populations of 250,000 or more
Rank
County
Median Household Income
1 Loudoun County, Virginia $107,207
2 Fairfax County, Virginia $105,241
3 Howard County, Maryland $101,672
4 Somerset County, New Jersey $97,658
5 Morris County, New Jersey $94,684
6 Douglas County, Colorado $92,824
7 Montgomery County, Maryland $91,835
8 Suffolk County, New York $89,782
9 Prince William County, Virginia $87,243
10 Santa Clara County, California $84,360
[show]2007 – Counties with populations 65,000–250,000
Rank
County
Median Household Income
1 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $100,327
2 Calvert County, Maryland $95,134
3 Arlington County, Virginia $94,876
4 Stafford County, Virginia $87,629
5 Fauquier County, Virginia $84,888
6 Forsyth County, Georgia $84,872
7 Putnam County, New York $84,624
8 Marin County, California $83,870
9 Charles County, Maryland $83,412
10 Carroll County, Maryland $82,492
show
2006
[11]
Source: US Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey, via Forbes
Number of counties by state in the top 20: Virginia 5 plus 1 independent city, California 3, Maryland 3, New Jersey 3, New York 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, Tennessee 1. Forty-two states do not have any counties in the top 20.
[show]2006
Rank
County
Median Household Income
1 Fairfax County, Virginia $100,318
2 Loudoun County, Virginia $99,371
3 Howard County, Maryland $94,260
4 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $93,297
5 Douglas County, Colorado $92,125
6 Somerset County, New Jersey $91,688
7 Morris County, New Jersey $89,587
8 Montgomery County, Maryland $87,624
9 Arlington County, Virginia $87,350
10 Suffolk County, New York $85,994
11 Marin County, California $85,892
12 Stafford County, Virginia $85,014
13 Calvert County, Maryland $84,891
14 Santa Clara County, California $84,838
15 Forsyth County, Georgia $83,682
16 San Mateo County, California $82,123
17 Putnam County, New York $81,907
18 Williamson County, Tennessee $81,449
19 Prince William County, Virginia $80,783
20 City of Alexandria, Virginia $80,449
2000 Census[edit]
[12]
Number of counties by state in the top 100
100 highest counties by median household income
Source: US Census Bureau: 2000 Census
Number of counties by state in the top 100: Virginia 10 plus 5 independent cities, Maryland 9, California 8, New Jersey 8, Georgia 7, Colorado 6, Illinois 6, Minnesota 5, New York 5, Texas 5, Alaska 3, Connecticut 3, Ohio 3, Pennsylvania 3, Wisconsin 2, Massachusetts 2, Michigan 2, Indiana 1, Kansas 1, Kentucky 1, Missouri 1, New Hampshire 1, New Mexico 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1. Twenty-five states do not have any counties in the top 100.
United States of America: $41,994
Rank
County
Median
Household
Income
1 Douglas County, Colorado $82,929
2 Fairfax County, Virginia $81,050
3 Loudoun County, Virginia $80,648
4 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $79,888
5 Los Alamos County, New Mexico $78,993
6 Morris County, New Jersey $77,340
7 Somerset County, New Jersey $76,933
8 City of Falls Church, Virginia $74,924
9 Santa Clara County, California $74,335
10 Howard County, Maryland $74,167
11 Suffolk County, New York $73,979
12 Nassau County, New York $72,030
13 Montgomery County, Maryland $71,551
14 Marin County, California $71,306
15 Fayette County, Georgia $71,227
16 Hamilton County, Indiana $71,026
17 Collin County, Texas $70,835
18 San Mateo County, California $70,819
19 Johnson County, Kansas $69,817
20 Williamson County, Tennessee $69,104
21 Forsyth County, Georgia $68,890
22 Rockland County, New York $67,971
23 DuPage County, Illinois $67,887
24 City of Fairfax, Virginia $67,642
25 Livingston County, Michigan $67,400
26 Delaware County, Ohio $67,258
27 Lake County, Illinois $66,973
28 Stafford County, Virginia $66,809
29 Scott County, Minnesota $66,612
30 Washington County, Minnesota $66,305
31 Prince William County, Virginia $65,960
32 Calvert County, Maryland $65,945
33 Carver County, Minnesota $65,540
34 Columbia County, Georgia $65,507
35 Chester County, Pennsylvania $65,295
36 Putnam County, New York $65,288
37 Sussex County, New Jersey $65,266
38 Fairfield County, Connecticut $65,249
39 Bergen County, New Jersey $65,241
40 Rockwall County, Texas $65,164
41 Summit County, Utah $64,962
42 McHenry County, Illinois $64,826
43 Kendall County, Illinois $64,625
44 Monmouth County, New Jersey $64,231
45 City and County of Broomfield, Colorado $63,903
46 Fort Bend County, Texas $63,831
47 Contra Costa County, California $63,675
48 Westchester County, New York $63,582
49 Norfolk County, Massachusetts $63,432
50 Oldham County, Kentucky $63,229
51 North Slope Borough, Alaska $63,173
52 Arlington County, Virginia $63,001
53 Waukesha County, Wisconsin $62,839
54 Ozaukee County, Wisconsin $62,745
55 Eagle County, Colorado $62,682
56 Elbert County, Colorado $62,480
57 Will County, Illinois $62,238
58 Charles County, Maryland $62,199
59 City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska $62,034
60 Fauquier County, Virginia $61,999
61 Oakland County, Michigan $61,907
62 Orange County, California $61,899
63 Dakota County, Minnesota $61,863
64 Anne Arundel County, Maryland $61,768
65 Middlesex County, New Jersey $61,446
66 Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska $61,406
67 City of Poquoson, Virginia $60,920
68 Cherokee County, Georgia $60,896
69 Montgomery County, Pennsylvania $60,829
70 Middlesex County, Massachusetts $60,821
71 City of Manassas Park, Virginia $60,794
72 Williamson County, Texas $60,642
73 Gwinnett County, Georgia $60,537
74 City of Manassas, Virginia $60,409
75 Frederick County, Maryland $60,276
76 Geauga County, Ohio $60,200
77 Carroll County, Maryland $60,021
78 Bucks County, Pennsylvania $59,727
79 Ventura County, California $59,666
80 Pitkin County, Colorado $59,375
81 Kane County, Illinois $59,351
82 Hanover County, Virginia $59,223
83 Middlesex County, Connecticut $59,175
84 Tolland County, Connecticut $59,044
85 Burlington County, New Jersey $58,608
86 Chesterfield County, Virginia $58,537
87 Cobb County, Georgia $58,289
88 Denton County, Texas $58,216
89 Rockingham County, New Hampshire $58,150
90 York County, Virginia $57,956
91 Warren County, Ohio $57,952
92 Anoka County, Minnesota $57,754
93 Placer County, California $57,535
94 Spotsylvania County, Virginia $57,525
95 San Benito County, California $57,469
96 Jefferson County, Colorado $57,339
97 Henry County, Georgia $57,309
98 St. Charles County, Missouri $57,258
99 Harford County, Maryland $57,234
100 Queen Anne's County, Maryland $57,037
Per capita income[edit]
2010 Census[edit]
CA1-3 Personal income summary: Per capita personal income, 2010, BEA[13]
Rank
County
Per Capita
Personal Income
1 New York County, New York $111,386
2 Teton County, Wyoming $94,672
3 Marin County, California $89,936
4 Howard County, Maryland $80,165
5 Arlington County, Virginia $79,967
6 Alexandria, Virginia $76,362
7 Pitkin County, Colorado $76,318
8 Town and County of Nantucket, Massachusetts $73,654
9 Westchester County, New York $73,159
10 Fairfield County, Connecticut $71,768
11 District of Columbia (federal district) $70,710
12 City and County of San Francisco, California $70,190
13 Somerset County, New Jersey $69,886
14 Morris County, New Jersey $69,811
15 Summit County, Utah $68,524
16 San Mateo County, California $67,964
17 Montgomery County, Maryland $67,639
18 Slope County, North Dakota $67,089
19 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $67,053
20 Fairfax County & Fairfax City & Falls Church, Virginia $66,679
21 Douglas County, Colorado $66,047
22 Nassau County, New York $65,615
23 Bergen County, New Jersey $65,486
24 Blaine County, Idaho $63,883
25 Howard County, Maryland $63,375
show
Average per capita income 2009
[14]
Number of counties by state in the top 20: New Jersey 4; California 3; New York 2; Virginia 1 county, 1 independent city, and 1 statistical unit comprising a county and two independent cities; Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Texas, South Dakota, and Wyoming 1 each.
Of the 20 counties, 7 are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, 4 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area, and 3 are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 7 counties are located in the Northeast, 6 in the South, and 6 in the West.
[show]Average per capita income 2009
Rank
County
Average Per Capita Income
1 Teton County, Wyoming $132,728
2 New York County, New York $120,790
3 Loving County, Texas $99,593
4 Pitkin County, Colorado $93,465
5 Marin County, California $91,483
6 Suffolk County, New York $91,376
7 Fairfield County, Connecticut $74,878
8 San Mateo County, California $71,753
9 Morris County, New Jersey $71,713
10 City and County of San Francisco, California $71,342
11 Somerset County, New Jersey $70,949
12 City of Alexandria, Virginia $70,632
13 Arlington County, Virginia $68,270
14 Fairfax County, City of Fairfax, and Falls Church, Virginia $67,909
15 Montgomery County, Maryland $67,525
16 Bergen County, New Jersey $67,125
17 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $66,449
18 Sully County, South Dakota $64,352
19 Blaine County, Idaho $64,207
20 Collier County, Florida $63,276
2000 Census[edit]
[12]
Number of counties ranked in the top 100 nationally, by state
100 highest ranked counties by per capita income
Number of counties by state in the top 100: Colorado 10, Virginia 7 counties plus 3 independent cities, New Jersey 9, California 8, Florida 6, New York 6, Georgia 4, Maryland 4, Minnesota 4, Connecticut 3, Massachusetts 3, Michigan 3, Pennsylvania 3, Texas 3, Illinois 2, North Carolina 2, Ohio 2, Washington 2, Wisconsin 2, Idaho 1, Alaska 1, Alabama 1, District of Columbia 1, Indiana 1, Kansas 1, Missouri 1, Nevada 1, New Hampshire 1, New Mexico 1, Rhode Island 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1, Wyoming 1. Eighteen states do not have any counties in the top 100. United States of America per capita average: $21,587
Rank
County
Per Capita
Income
1 Marin County, California $44,962
2 New York County, New York (Manhattan) $42,922
3 City of Falls Church, Virginia $41,052
4 Pitkin County, Colorado $40,811
5 Fairfield County, Connecticut $38,350
6 Teton County, Wyoming $38,260
7 Somerset County, New Jersey $37,970
8 Arlington County, Virginia $37,706
9 City of Alexandria, Virginia[1] $37,645
10 Morris County, New Jersey $36,964
11 Fairfax County, Virginia $36,888
12 Westchester County, New York $36,726
13 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $36,370
14 San Mateo County, California $36,045
15 Montgomery County, Maryland $35,684
16 San Miguel County, Colorado $35,329
17 Douglas County, Colorado $34,848
18 Los Alamos County, New Mexico $34,646
19 City and County of San Francisco, California $34,556
20 Summit County, Utah $33,767
21 Bergen County, New Jersey $33,638
22 Loudoun County, Virginia $33,530
23 Collin County, Texas $33,345
24 Hamilton County, Indiana $33,109
25 Santa Clara County, California $32,795
26 Oakland County, Michigan $32,534
27 Williamson County, Tennessee $32,496
28 Norfolk County, Massachusetts $32,484
29 Howard County, Maryland $32,402
30 Nassau County, New York $32,151
31 Lake County, Illinois $32,102
32 Eagle County, Colorado $32,011
33 Ozaukee County, Wisconsin $31,947
34 Chester County, Pennsylvania $31,627
35 Delaware County, Ohio $31,600
36 Blaine County, Idaho $31,346
37 DuPage County, Illinois $31,315
38 Town and County of Nantucket, Massachusetts $31,314
39 City of Fairfax, Virginia $31,247
40 Middlesex County, Massachusetts $31,199
41 Collier County, Florida $31,195
42 Monmouth County, New Jersey $31,149
43 Johnson County, Kansas $30,919
44 Montgomery County, Pennsylvania $30,898
45 Contra Costa County, California $30,615
46 San Juan County, Washington $30,603
47 Putnam County, New York $30,127
48 Fulton County, Georgia $30,003
49 Ventura County, California $29,634
50 Martin County, Florida $29,584
51 King County, Washington $29,521
52 Fayette County, Georgia $29,464
53 James City County, Virginia $29,256
54 Waukesha County, Wisconsin $29,164
55 Forsyth County, Georgia $29,114
56 Goochland County, Virginia $29,105
57 Boulder County, Colorado $28,976
58 Albemarle County, Virginia $28,852
59 Palm Beach County, Florida $28,801
60 Routt County, Colorado $28,792
61 Hennepin County, Minnesota $28,789
62 Fauquier County, Virginia $28,757
63 Summit County, Colorado $28,676
64 St. Johns County, Florida $28,674
65 Washington, D.C. $28,659
66 Rockwall County, Texas $28,573
67 Carver County, Minnesota $28,486
68 Litchfield County, Connecticut $28,408
69 Sarasota County, Florida $28,326
70 Middlesex County, Connecticut $28,251
71 Talbot County, Maryland $28,164
72 Clear Creek County, Colorado $28,160
73 Washington County, Minnesota $28,148
74 Arapahoe County, Colorado $28,147
75 Rockland County, New York $28,082
76 Livingston County, Michigan $28,069
77 Jefferson County, Colorado $28,066
78 Placer County, California $27,963
79 Geauga County, Ohio $27,944
80 Mercer County, New Jersey $27,914
81 Cobb County, Georgia $27,863
82 St. Louis County, Missouri $27,595
83 Anne Arundel County, Maryland $27,578
84 Bucks County, Pennsylvania $27,430
85 Mecklenburg County, North Carolina $27,352
86 Douglas County, Nevada $27,288
87 Indian River County, Florida $27,227
88 Shelby County, Alabama $27,176
89 Washtenaw County, Michigan $27,173
90 Dakota County, Minnesota $27,008
91 Wake County, North Carolina $27,004
92 Sussex County, New Jersey $26,992
93 Union County, New Jersey $26,992
94 Denton County, Texas $26,895
95 Newport County, Rhode Island $26,779
96 City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska $26,719
97 Alameda County, California $26,680
98 Rockingham County, New Hampshire $26,656
99 Suffolk County, New York $26,577
100 Middlesex County, New Jersey $26,535
Highest-income counties and places by state[edit]
For more detailed lists of rankings of counties and places in the individual states, see the following pages:
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
See also[edit]
List of United States counties by per capita income
List of lowest-income counties in the United States
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Frasier, Steve. "Ruling America". Harvard University Press.
Jump up ^ "Washington region boasts four richest counties in U.S." American City Business Journals.
Jump up ^ Ross, Kelley L. (2017). "The Ruling Class, The Hunger Games: The One Percent". Political Economy. The Proceedings of the Friesian School, Fourth Series. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017. What is especially striking about the chart is something that we might not expect. Of the original 25 counties listed, 11 of them, all in red, form a ring in Maryland and Virginia right around Washington, D.C. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "American Fact Finder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Top 100 counties – Median household income, 2011. Washingtonpost.com (September 20, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ American FactFinder. Factfinder2.census.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ State and County QuickFacts Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Quickfacts.census.gov (February 20, 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ Median Household Income in 2009 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars based on the 2005–09 American Community Survey, United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Census Bureau Homepage". Census.gov. March 26, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey" (PDF). Retrieved April 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Matt Woolsey, America's Richest Counties, Forbes.com, 01.22.08, 6:00 PM ET Forbes.com Web site. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Census 2000 Demographic Profiles". Censtats.census.gov. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interactive Data". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Aristide Economoupolos/The Star-Leder. "N.J. has four of nation's 20 highest-income counties". Nj.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
[show]
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text:
Oona Chaplin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the actress. For the fourth wife of Charlie Chaplin, see Oona O'Neill.
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Castilla and the second or maternal family name is Chaplin.
Oona Chaplin
Oona Chaplin in 2016
Born
Oona Castilla Chaplin
(1986-06-04) 4 June 1986 (age 31)
Madrid, Spain
Nationality
Spanish
Alma mater
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2007–present
Parent(s)
Patricio Castilla
Geraldine Chaplin
Relatives
See Chaplin family
Oona Castilla Chaplin [ˈuna kasˈtija ˈt͡ʃaplin] (born 4 June 1986), known professionally as Oona Chaplin, is a Spanish actress. Her roles include Talisa Maegyr in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones, The Crimson Field and the series Taboo.
A member of the Chaplin family, she is the daughter of actress Geraldine Chaplin, the granddaughter of English filmmaker and actor Charlie Chaplin, and the great-granddaughter of American playwright Eugene O'Neill.[1] She was named after her maternal grandmother Oona O'Neill, Charlie's wife.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Ancestry
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Oona Chaplin was born in Madrid to Anglo-American actress Geraldine Chaplin and Chilean cinematographer Patricio Castilla. Her paternal grandmother is Mapuche.[2] She was named after her maternal grandmother, Oona O'Neill Chaplin. She spent her childhood mostly in Spain, Great Britain, Switzerland, and Cuba, but also travelled often because of her mother's film career.[3][4] She started dancing ballet, salsa and flamenco at an early age.[4][5]
When Chaplin was fifteen, she began studying at Gordonstoun School in Scotland on a drama scholarship.[6] During her time there, she appeared in several school plays, touring the United Kingdom in an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet and impersonating her grandfather in the role of Bottom in an adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream, which was performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.[4][7] After leaving Gordonstoun, she was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, from which she graduated in 2007.[4] Oona has a half-brother named Shane from her mother's previous relationship with film director, Carlos Saura.[2]
Career[edit]
Since graduating from RADA, Chaplin has acted in mainly British and Spanish short and feature films. She has played alongside her mother in three feature films: Inconceivable, ¿Para qué sirve un oso? and Imago Mortis. Chaplin has also had several supporting roles in British and American television. In 2010, she appeared as a Brazilian cage dancer in ITV's Married Single Other (2010), followed by roles as the wife of one of the main characters, Hector Madden, in the BBC period drama The Hour (2011–2012), as Dr. John Watson's girlfriend in an episode of BBC's Sherlock (2012) and as Talisa Maegyr in HBO's Game of Thrones (2012–2013).
She plays Kitty Trevelyan, a lead character, in the BBC drama The Crimson Field (2014) and Ruth Levinson, wife of Ira Levinson, in The Longest Ride (2015).
Chaplin stars as Zilpha Geary in the eight-part historical fiction series Taboo (2017) on BBC One and FX.[8]
Chaplin joined the cast of James Cameron's Avatar sequels in June 2017. Her character, named Varang, is described as "a strong and vibrant central character who spans the entire saga of the sequels".[9][10]
Ancestry[edit]
[show]Ancestors of Oona Chaplin
2. Patricio Castilla
1. Oona Chaplin
24. Spencer Chaplin
12. Charles Chaplin Sr
25. Ellen Elizabeth Smith
6. Charlie Chaplin
26. Charles Frederick Hill
13. Hannah Harriet Pedlingham Hill
27. Mary Ann
3. Geraldine Chaplin
28. James O'Neill
14. Eugene O'Neill
29. Ella Quinlan
7. Oona O'Neill
30. Edward William Boulton
15. Agnes Boulton
31. Cecil Maud Williams
Filmography[edit]
Oona Chaplin at a red carpet premiere in 2013
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008 Inconceivable Laura Chappel
2008 First, Love? Laura – Flower Girl Short film
2008 Quantum of Solace Perla de las Dunas receptionist
2009 Imago Mortis Arianna
2009 Pelican Blood Linda
2010 High and Dry Sandra Short film
2010 Vampyre compendium Short film
2011 ¿Para qué sirve un oso? Rosa
2011 Devil's Double, TheThe Devil's Double Beauty
2011 Salar Sandra Short film
2012 The Sorrows[11] Sarah
2013 Powder Room Jess
2013 What if... Julianne
2014 Aloft[12] Alice
2015 The Longest Ride Ruth
2016 Purgatorio
2016 Realive Naomi
2017 As We Like It
2020 Avatar 2 Varang Filming
2021 Avatar 3
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 Spooks Kate Episode: "The Virus (Part 2)"
2008 Spooks: Code 9 Kate Episode 2
2009 Married Single Other Fabiana 3 episodes
2010 El Gordo: Una historia verdadera Silvia 2 episodes
2011–12 Hour, TheThe Hour Marnie Madden 12 episodes
2012 Sherlock Jeanette Episode: "A Scandal in Belgravia"
2012–13 Game of Thrones Talisa Maegyr 11 episodes
2013 Dates Mia 5 episodes
2014 Inside No. 9 Sabrina Episode: "A Quiet Night In"
2014 The Crimson Field Kitty Trevelyan Main role, 6 episodes
2014 Black Mirror[13] Greta Feature-length special:
"White Christmas"
2017 Taboo Zilpha Geary 8 episodes
2018 My Dinner with Hervé Katie Television film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chaplin's granddaughter acts up". BBC News. 23 July 2003. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Slater, Lydia (12 February 2010). "Oona Chaplin: The Chaplin Kid". Evening Standard. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Gerard (16 July 2011). "Funny Girl: The not-so-silent star Oona Chaplin". The Independent. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Oona Chaplin". Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Tyzack, Anna (11 August 2011). "My Perfect Weekend: Oona Chaplin". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Ross, David (28 April 2009). "Students step back in time to celebrate 75 years: Pupils and staff make it a special 1930s anniversary for Gordonstoun school". The Herald. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Thynne, Jane (30 July 2003). "Parents: Just like mum: Choosing the same career as a parent is very common – but not necessarily a good idea". The Guardian. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (23 November 2015). "Tom Hardy's FX/BBC One Drama Taboo Adds 13, Begins Production". tvline.com. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Dave McNary (June 20, 2017). "'Games of Thrones' Star Oona Chaplin Joins James Cameron's 'Avatar' Sequels". Variety. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford (June 20, 2017). "'Avatar' Sequels Add 'Game of Thrones' Actress Oona Chaplin". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "DigiSPAA Announces 2012 Finalists" (PDF). 17 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave (6 February 2014). "First Images from ALOFT Starring Jennifer Connelly, Cillian Murphy, Mélanie Laurent and William Shimell". Collider.com. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Mad Men' Star Jon Hamm Joins 'Black Mirror'". Variety.com. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
External links[edit]
Oona Chaplin on IMDb
Oona Chaplin at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts
[show]
v
t
e
Chaplin family
Charlie Chaplin's parents
Charles Chaplin, Sr.
Hannah Chaplin
Hannah Chaplin's children
Sydney J. Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin
George Wheeler Dryden
Charlie Chaplin's wives
Mildred Harris
Lita Grey
Paulette Goddard
Oona O'Neill
Charlie Chaplin's children
Charles Chaplin, Jr.
Sydney E. Chaplin
Geraldine Chaplin
Michael Chaplin
Josephine Chaplin
Victoria Chaplin
Eugene Chaplin
Christopher Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin's grandchildren
Oona Castilla Chaplin
Carmen Chaplin
James Thiérrée
Kiera Chaplin
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 259229020
LCCN: no2012096031
GND: 1070216445
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oona_Chaplin&oldid=837196263"
Categories:
1986 births
Living people
Actresses from Madrid
Spanish people of English descent
Spanish people of Chilean descent
Spanish people of American descent
Spanish people of Irish descent
Spanish people of Mapuche descent
Spanish television actresses
Spanish film actresses
Chaplin family
21st-century Spanish actresses
People educated at Gordonstoun
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
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text:
United Kingdom national debt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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UK Debt as a percentage of GDP 1993–2015[1]
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The United Kingdom National Debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities by the British Treasury and other government agencies.
As of Q1 (the first quarter of) 2015, UK government debt amounted to £1.56 trillion, or 81.58% of total GDP, at which time the annual cost of servicing (paying the interest) the public debt amounted to around £43 billion (which is roughly 3% of GDP or 8% of UK government tax income). Approximately a third of this debt is owned by the British government due to the Bank of England's quantitative easing programme, so approximately 1/3 of the cost of servicing the debt is paid by the government to itself, reducing the annual servicing cost to approximately £30 billion (approx 2% of GDP, approx 5% of UK government tax income).
Due to the Government's significant budget deficit, the national debt is increasing by approximately £73.5 billion per annum, or around £1.4 billion each week.[2] The Conservatives pledged in 2010 that they would eliminate the deficit by the 2015/16 financial year.[3] However, by 2014 they admitted that the structural deficit would not be eliminated until the financial year 2017/18.[4] This forecast was pushed back to 2018/19 in March 2015, and to 2019/20 in July 2015,[5] before the target of a return to surplus at any particular time was finally abandoned by the then Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in July 2016.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Debt versus deficit
2.1 UK budget
2.2 Gilts
3 Cost of servicing the debt
4 Credit rating
5 Remedies for indebtedness
6 History
6.1 Modern era
6.2 Recent history
7 The national debt today
8 International comparisons
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Definition[edit]
The UK national debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities by the British Treasury and other government agencies.
Debt versus deficit[edit]
Pie chart of UK central government expenditure, 2016–17. Debt interest is shown in dark green. Social protection includes Pensions and Welfare.[7]
The UK national debt is often confused (even by politicians) with the government budget deficit (officially known as the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR)), which is the rate at which the government borrows money. The then Prime Minister David Cameron was reprimanded in February 2013 by the UK Statistics Authority for creating confusion between the two, by stating in a political broadcast that his administration was "paying down Britain's debts". In fact, his administration has been attempting to reduce the deficit, not the overall debt. The latter will continue to rise even if the deficit shrinks.[8]
UK budget[edit]
Further information: United Kingdom budget
The public debt increases or decreases as a result of the annual budget deficit or surplus. The British government budget deficit or surplus is the cash difference between government receipts and spending, ignoring intra-governmental transfers. The British government debt is rising due to a gap between revenue and expenditure. Total government revenue in the fiscal year 2015/16 was projected to be £673 billion, whereas total expenditure was estimated at £742 billion. Therefore, the total deficit was £69 billion. This represented a rate of borrowing of a little over £1.3 billion per week.
Gilts[edit]
The British government finances its debt by issuing gilts, or Government securities. These securities are the simplest form of government bond and make up the largest share of British government debt.[9] A conventional gilt is a bond issued by the British government that pays the holder a fixed cash payment (or coupon) every six months until maturity, at which point the holder receives the final coupon payment and the return of the principal.
Cost of servicing the debt[edit]
Interest payments on UK national debt as percentage of GDP from 1900
Distinct from both the national debt and the PSNCR is the interest that the government must pay to service the existing national debt. In 2012, the annual cost of servicing the public debt amounted to around £43bn, or roughly 3% of GDP.[10]
In 2012, the British population numbered around 64 million, and the debt therefore amounted to a little over £15,000 for each individual Briton, or around £33,000 per person in employment. Each household in Britain pays an average of around £2,000 per year in taxes to finance the interest.[11]
By international standards Britain enjoys very low borrowing costs.
Credit rating[edit]
Further information: Credit rating and List of countries by credit rating
Standard & Poor's credit ratings of European countries (June 2011). National credit ratings influence the cost of servicing national debt.
AAA
AA
A
BBB
BB
B
CCC
no rating
Like other sovereign debt, the British national debt is rated by various ratings agencies. On 23 February 2013, it was reported that Moody's had downgraded UK debt from Aaa to Aa1, the first time since 1978 that the country has not had an AAA credit rating.[12]
This was described as a "humiliating blow" by Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls. George Osborne, the Chancellor, said that it was "a stark reminder of the debt problems facing our country", adding that "we will go on delivering the plan that has cut the deficit by a quarter". France and the United States of America had each lost their AAA credit status in 2012.[12]
The agency Fitch also downgraded its credit rating for British government debt from AAA to AA+ in April 2013.[13]
Further downgrades were made by Fitch and Standard & Poor's in June 2016, following the UK's vote in the referendum of that month to leave the European Union.[14] Standard & Poor's had hitherto maintained the UK's AAA status.
Remedies for indebtedness[edit]
All the main political parties in Britain agree that the national debt is too high, but there is disagreement as to the remedy. As of 2012, the national debt was forecast to approach 100% of GDP, far above the government’s sustainable investment rule of a national debt no greater than 40% of GDP.[10]
In Parliament, there continues to be disagreement between the political parties regarding the national debt, with Conservative Party politicians typically advocating a larger role for cuts to public spending. By contrast, the Labour Party tends to advocate fewer cuts and more emphasis on economic stimulus, higher rates of taxation and new taxes.
History[edit]
Main article: History of the British national debt
The sealing of the Bank of England Charter (1694)
The origins of the British national debt can be found during the reign of William III, who engaged a syndicate of City traders and merchants to offer for sale an issue of government debt. This syndicate soon evolved into the Bank of England, eventually financing the wars of the Duke of Marlborough and later Imperial conquests. The national debt increased dramatically during and after the Napoleonic Wars, rising to around 200% of GDP. Over the course of the 19th century the national debt gradually fell, only to see large increases again during World War I and World War II. After the war, the national debt once again slowly fell as a proportion of GDP.
History of the UK government debt as a proportion of GDP
Modern era[edit]
Main article: 1976 IMF Crisis
In 1976, the British Government led by James Callaghan faced a Sterling crisis during which the value of the pound tumbled and the government found it difficult to raise sufficient funds to maintain its spending commitments. The Prime Minister was forced to apply to the International Monetary Fund for a £2.3 billion rescue package; the largest-ever call on IMF resources up to that point.[15] In November 1976, the IMF announced its conditions for a loan, including deep cuts in public expenditure, in effect taking control of UK domestic policy.[16] The crisis was seen as a national humiliation, with Callaghan being forced to go "cap in hand" to the IMF.[17]
Recent history[edit]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the national debt dropped in relative terms, falling to 29% of GDP by 2002. In 1997, the Labour Government of Tony Blair had inherited a PSNCR of approximately £5 billion per annum, but by sticking to the parsimonious spending plans of the outgoing Conservative Government, this was gradually turned into a modest budget surplus.[18] During the Spending Review of 2000, Labour began to pursue a looser fiscal policy, and by 2002 annual borrowing had reached £20 billion.[18]
The national debt continued to increase, despite sustained economic growth, increasing to 37% of GDP in 2007. This was due to extra government borrowing, largely caused by increased spending on health, education, and social security benefits.[10] Since 2008, when the British economy slowed sharply and fell into recession, the national debt has risen dramatically, mainly caused by increased spending on social security benefits, financial bailouts for banks, and a significant drop in receipts from stamp duty, corporate tax, and income tax.[10]
In the 20-year period from 1986/87 to 2006/07 government spending in the United Kingdom averaged around 40% of GDP. As a result of the 2007–2010 financial crisis and the late-2000s global recession government spending increased to a historically high level of 48% of GDP in 2009/10, partly as a result of the cost of a series of bank bailouts.[19] In July 2007, Britain had government debt at 35.5% of GDP.[19] This figure rose to 56.8% of GDP by July 2009.[20] As of June 2010, there were approximately 6,051,000 public sector employees in Britain (compared to approximately 23,107,000 private sector employees).[21]
The national debt today[edit]
UK balance sheet compared with the Eurozone in 2014
The national debt as of now stands at £1.6 trillion at the end of July 2016 or 83.7% of total GDP; published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), in accordance to the Maastricht Treaty.
The annual amount that the government must borrow to plug the gap in its finances used to be known as the Public sector borrowing requirement, but is now called the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR). The PSNCR figure for 2014/15 was £93.39 billion, or 5.2% of GDP. Total British GDP in 2014/15 was $2.743 trillion, or around £1.808 trillion.[22]
By historic peacetime standards, the national debt is large and growing quickly, but it is currently nowhere near its peak after WW2 when it reached over 180% of GDP.[10]
Nick Silver of the Institute of Economic Affairs estimated the current British liabilities, including state & public pensions, as well as other commitments by the government, to be near £5 trillion, compared with the Government's estimate of £845 billion (as of 17/11/2010)[23] These liabilities can be compared to total net assets (2010 figures) of £7.3 trillion, which equates to approximately a net worth of £120,000 per head of the population.[24]
The British Government's debt is owned by a wide variety of investors, most notably pension funds. These funds are on deposit, mainly in the form of Treasury bonds at the Bank of England. The pension funds, therefore, have an asset which has to be offset by a liability, or a debt, of the government. As of the end of 2016, 27.6% of the national debt was owed to overseas governments and investors.[25]
International comparisons[edit]
Further information: List of countries by public debt
Global public debt as a percent of GDP (2009/2010)
In 2011, Britain's volume of debt was ranked 18th internationally according to the CIA World Factbook. Many other countries had larger debt burdens. For example, Japan had a National debt of around 194% of GDP, whilst that of Italy was more than 100%. The National debt of the United States reached 100% of GDP in November 2011.[10]
See also[edit]
2011 United Kingdom budget
Economic history of the United Kingdom
Economy of the United Kingdom
Eurozone crisis
The National Fund
UK Debt Management Office
National debt of the United States
Whole of Government Accounts
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "ONS: Public sector net debt as a % of GDP, excluding public sector banks".
Jump up ^ "OBR Economic and fiscal outlook" (PDF). p. 7.
Jump up ^ "George Osborne has failed in his deficit reduction ambitions – and the Tories are likely to pay a price at the ballot box".
Jump up ^ The Guardian, 10 February 2014 Retrieved July 2014
Jump up ^ Liam Halligan (11 July 2015). "George Osborne's savvy display lacked tough fiscal action". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Emily Cadman and Gemma Tetlow (1 July 2016). "George Osborne abandons 2020 UK surplus target". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 July 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "UK 2016 Budget" (PDF). p. 5.
Jump up ^ The Independent 1 February 2013 Archived February 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 2013
Jump up ^ "UK Debt Management Office". Dmo.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "UK National Debt". Economics Help. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Uk National Debt "Bombshell" – webpage discussing the National Debt". Debtbombshell.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Hugh Pym (2013-02-23). "BBC News – UK loses top AAA credit rating for first time since 1978". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Fitch downgrades UK credit rating to AA+". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ratings agencies downgrade UK credit rating after Brexit vote". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Benedict Brogan (2009-10-22). "The debt crisis of 1976 offers a vision of the blood, sweat and tears facing David Cameron". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Good-bye Great Britain": 1976 IMF Crisis, K Burk, ISBN 0-300-05728-8
Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph 23 January 2009 Retrieved September 2011
^ Jump up to: a b "Public Sector Net Cash Requirement". Politics.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Britain's public debt since 1974". The Guardian. 1 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Britain owes £801,000,000,000". The Scotsman. 21 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Labour market statistics – October 2010" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-390499
Jump up ^ Silver, Nick (10 October 2011). "True level of UK government debt exceeds £5 trillion". Retrieved 30 Nov 2013.
Jump up ^ "UK worth £7.3 trillion". Office for National Statistics. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Quarterly Review January – March 2017". UK Debt Management Office. May 2017. p. 3.
References[edit]
Ferguson, Niall, The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World, Penguin Books, London (2008)
The Week, p. 15, 21 September 2013
External links[edit]
BBC Budget 2009 Overview
Telegraph.co.uk 2011 Budget coverage
BBC Budget 2008 Overview
HM Treasury Whole of Government Accounts development programme
Better Government Initiative experts say billions wasted on services, Daily Telegraph, 24 November 2007
Better Government Initiative
UK National Debt Clock
PricewaterhouseCoopers budget coverage and analysis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_national_debt&oldid=815311115"
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