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Muhammad Yunus
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Muhammad Yunus
Yunus at a University of Salford event (May 2013)
Born
(1940-06-28) 28 June 1940 (age 77)
Chittagong, Bengal Presidency, British India
Nationality
Bangladeshi
Institution
University of Chittagong
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Middle Tennessee State University
Glasgow Caledonian University
Field
Microcredit theory
Development economics
School or
tradition
Microcredit
Alma mater
University of Dhaka
Vanderbilt University
Contributions
Grameen Bank
Microcredit
Awards
Ramon Magsaysay Award (1984)
Independence Day Award (1987) [1]
Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1989)
World Food Prize (1994)
Pfeffer Peace Prize (1994)
Gandhi Peace Prize (2000)
Volvo Environment Prize (2003)
Nobel Peace Prize (2006)
Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009)
Congressional Gold Medal (2010)
Information at IDEAS / RePEc
Muhammad Yunus (Bengali: মুহাম্মদ ইউনূস; born 28 June 1940) is a Bangladeshi social entrepreneur, banker, economist, and civil society leader who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the Grameen Bank and pioneering the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. These loans are given to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. In 2006, Yunus and the Grameen Bank were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts through microcredit to create economic and social development from below". The Norwegian Nobel Committee said that "lasting peace cannot be achieved unless large population groups find ways in which to break out of poverty" and that "across cultures and civilizations, Yunus and Grameen Bank have shown that even the poorest of the poor can work to bring about their own development".[2] Yunus has received several other national and international honours. He received the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2010.[3]
In 2008, he was rated number 2 in Foreign Policy magazine's list of the 'Top 100 Global Thinkers'.[4]
In February 2011, Yunus together with Saskia Bruysten, Sophie Eisenmann and Hans Reitz co-founded Yunus Social Business – Global Initiatives (YSB). YSB creates and empowers social businesses to address and solve social problems around the world. As the international implementation arm for Yunus' vision of a new, humane capitalism, YSB manages incubator funds for social businesses in developing countries and provides advisory services to companies, governments, foundations and NGOs.
In 2012, he became Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland.[5][6] He is a member of the advisory board at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology.[citation needed] Previously, he was a professor of economics at Chittagong University in Bangladesh. He published several books related to his finance work. He is a founding board member of Grameen America and Grameen Foundation, which support microcredit.
Yunus also serves on the board of directors of the United Nations Foundation, a public charity created in 1998 by American philanthropist Ted Turner's $1 billion gift to support UN causes.[7]
In March 2011, the Bangladesh government fired Yunus from his position at Grameen Bank, citing legal violations and an age limit on his position.[8] Bangladesh's High Court affirmed the removal on 8 March. Yunus and Grameen Bank are appealing the decision, claiming Yunus' removal was politically motivated.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
1.1 Early years
1.2 After graduation
2 Early career
3 Recognition
4 Political activity
5 Controversies
5.1 Allegations of embezzlement
5.2 Accusation of 'loan sharking' and effectiveness of microfinance
5.3 Political motivations behind the allegations
5.4 Transition to new management
5.5 Allegations involving partners: the food case and the phone case
5.6 Criticism of ideas
6 Personal life
6.1 Yunus Centre
7 Publications
8 Documentaries
9 Legacy and honours
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Early years[edit]
Yunus visiting Chittagong Collegiate School, in 2003
The third of nine children,[9] Yunus was born on 28 June 1940 to a Bengali Muslim family in the village of Bathua, by the Boxirhat Road in Hathazari, Chittagong in the Bengal Presidency of the British Raj, which today forms modern Bangladesh.[10][11] His father was Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, a jeweler, and his mother was Sufia Khatun. His early childhood was spent in the village. In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong, and he moved from his village school to Lamabazar Primary School.[10][12] By 1949, his mother was afflicted with psychological illness.[11] Later, he passed the matriculation examination from Chittagong Collegiate School ranking 16th of 39,000 students in East Pakistan.[12] During his school years, he was an active Boy Scout, and traveled to West Pakistan and India in 1952, and to Canada in 1955 to attend Jamborees.[12] Later while Yunus studied at Chittagong College, he became active in cultural activities and won awards for drama.[12] In 1957, he enrolled in the Department of Economics at Dhaka University and completed his BA in 1960 and MA in 1961.
After graduation[edit]
After his graduation, Yunus joined the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant to the economics researches of Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan.[12] Later, he was appointed lecturer in economics in Chittagong College in 1961.[12] During that time, he also set up a profitable packaging factory on the side.[11] In 1965, he received a Fulbright scholarship to study in the United States. He obtained his PhD in economics from the Vanderbilt University Graduate Program in Economic Development (GPED) in 1971.[13] From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro.
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Yunus founded a citizen's committee and ran the Bangladesh Information Center, with other Bangladeshis in the United States, to raise support for liberation.[12] He also published the Bangladesh Newsletter from his home in Nashville. After the War, he returned to Bangladesh and was appointed to the government's Planning Commission headed by Nurul Islam. However, he found the job boring and resigned to join Chittagong University as head of the Economics department.[14] After observing the famine of 1974, he became involved in poverty reduction and established a rural economic program as a research project. In 1975, he developed a Nabajug (New Era) Tebhaga Khamar (three share farm) which the government adopted as the Packaged Input Programme.[12] In order to make the project more effective, Yunus and his associates proposed the Gram Sarkar (the village government) programme.[15] Introduced by president Ziaur Rahman in the late 1970s, the Government formed 40,392 village governments as a fourth layer of government in 2003. On 2 August 2005, in response to a petition by Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust (BLAST) the High Court had declared village governments illegal and unconstitutional.[16]
His concept of microcredit for supporting innovators in multiple developing countries also inspired programs such as the Infolady Social Entrepreneurship Programme.[17][18][19]
Early career[edit]
Main article: Grameen Bank
Further information: Grameen family of organizations
Grameen Bank Head Office at Mirpur-2, Dhaka
In 1976, during visits to the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University, Yunus discovered that very small loans could make a disproportionate difference to a poor person. Village women who made bamboo furniture had to take usurious loans to buy bamboo, and repay their profits to the lenders. Traditional banks did not want to make tiny loans at reasonable interest to the poor due to high risk of default.[20] But Yunus believed that, given the chance, the poor will repay the money and hence microcredit was a viable business model.[21] Yunus lent US$27 of his money to 42 women in the village, who made a profit of BDT 0.50 (US$0.02) each on the loan. Thus, Yunus is credited with the idea of microcredit.
In December 1976, Yunus finally secured a loan from the government Janata Bank to lend to the poor in Jobra. The institution continued to operate, securing loans from other banks for its projects. By 1982, it had 28,000 members. On 1 October 1983, the pilot project began operation as a full-fledged bank for poor Bangladeshis and was renamed Grameen Bank ("Village Bank"). Yunus and his colleagues encountered everything from violent radical leftists to conservative clergy who told women that they would be denied a Muslim burial if they borrowed money from Grameen.[11] By July 2007, Grameen had issued US$6.38 billion to 7.4 million borrowers.[22] To ensure repayment, the bank uses a system of "solidarity groups". These small informal groups apply together for loans and its members act as co-guarantors of repayment and support one another's efforts at economic self-advancement.[15]
In the late 1980s, Grameen started to diversify by attending to underutilized fishing ponds and irrigation pumps like deep tube wells.[23] In 1989, these diversified interests started growing into separate organizations. The fisheries project became Grameen Motsho ("Grameen Fisheries Foundation") and the irrigation project became Grameen Krishi ("Grameen Agriculture Foundation").[23] In time, the Grameen initiative grew into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures, including major projects like Grameen Trust and Grameen Fund, which runs equity projects like Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, and Grameen Knitwear Limited,[24] as well as Grameen Telecom, which has a stake in Grameenphone (GP), the biggest private phone company in Bangladesh.[25] From its start in March 1997 to 2007, GP's Village Phone (Polli Phone) project had brought cell-phone ownership to 260,000 rural poor in over 50,000 villages.[26]
In 1974 we ended up with a famine in the country. People were dying of hunger and not having enough to eat. And that's a terrible situation to see around you. And I was feeling terrible that here I teach elegant theories of economics, and those theories are of no use at the moment with the people who are going hungry. So I wanted to see if as a person, as a human being, I could be of some use to some people.
- Dr. Muhammad Yunus while talking about reason behind creating Grameen Bank [27]
The success of the Grameen microfinance model inspired similar efforts in about 100 developing countries and even in developed countries including the United States.[28] Many microcredit projects retain Grameen's emphasis of lending to women. More than 94% of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families.[29]
For his work with Grameen, Yunus was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001.[30] In the book[31] Grameen Social Business Model, its author Rashidul Bari said that Grameen's social business model (GSBM) has gone from being theory to an inspiring practice adopted by leading universities (e.g., Glasgow), entrepreneurs (e.g., Franck Riboud) and corporations (e.g., Danone) across the globe. Through Grameen Bank, Rashidul Bari claims that Yunus demonstrated how Grameen Social Business Model can harness the entrepreneurial spirit to empower poor women and alleviate their poverty. One conclusion Bari suggested to draw from Yunus' concepts is that the poor are like a "bonsai tree", and they can do big things if they get access to the social business that holds potential to empower them to become self-sufficient.
Recognition[edit]
Main article: List of awards received by Muhammad Yunus
Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Grameen Bank, for their efforts to create economic and social development. In the prize announcement The Norwegian Nobel Committee mentioned:[2]
Yunus at the Grand Hotel in Oslo, Norway
Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people, not only in Bangladesh, but also in many other countries. Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea. From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty.
Yunus was the first Bangladeshi to ever get a Nobel Prize. After receiving the news of the important award, Yunus announced that he would use part of his share of the $1.4 million (equivalent to $1.70 million in 2017) award money to create a company to make low-cost, high-nutrition food for the poor; while the rest would go toward setting up an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh.[32]
Former US president Bill Clinton was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Yunus. He expressed this in Rolling Stone magazine[33] as well as in his autobiography My Life.[34] In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton described Yunus as "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [in Economics and] I'll keep saying that until they finally give it to him."[35] Conversely, The Economist stated explicitly that while Yunus was doing excellent work to fight poverty, it was not appropriate to award him the Peace Prize, stating: "... the Nobel committee could have made a braver, more difficult, choice by declaring that there would be no recipient at all."[36]
Muhammad Yunus at the Annual Meeting 2009 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland
He is one of only seven persons to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom,[37] and the Congressional Gold Medal.[38] Other notable awards include the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1984,[15] the World Food Prize,[39] the International Simon Bolivar Prize (1996),[40] the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord[41] and the Sydney Peace Prize in 1998,[42] and the Seoul Peace Prize in 2006. Additionally, Yunus has been awarded 50 honorary doctorate degrees from universities across 20 countries, and 113 international awards from 26 different countries including state honours from 10 countries.[43][44][45] Bangladesh government brought out a commemorative stamp to honour his Nobel Award.[46]
Yunus was named by Fortune Magazine in March 2012 as one of 12 greatest entrepreneurs of the current era.[47] In its citation, Fortune Magazine said "Yunus' idea inspired countless numbers of young people to devote themselves to social causes all over the world."
In January 2008, Houston, Texas declared 14 January as "Muhammad Yunus Day".[48]
Yunus was named among the most desired thinkers the world should listen to by the FP 100 (world's most influential elite) in the December 2009 issue of Foreign Policy magazine.[49]
Muhammad Yunus with Brazilian President Lula Da Silva in 2008 after winning Nobel Peace Prize
In 2010, The British Magazine New Statesman listed Yunus at 40th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".[50]
Yunus received 50 honorary doctorate degrees from universities from Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peru, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, the UK, and the US.[51]
United Nations Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon, invited Yunus to serve as an MDG Advocate. Yunus sits on the Board of United Nations Foundation, Schwab Foundation, Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, Grameen Credit Agricole Microcredit Foundation. He has been a member of Fondation Chirac's honour committee,[52] ever since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace.
Yunus has become a well-known international figure. He has delivered numerous lectures around the world,[53][54][55][56][57] and has appeared on popular television shows, including The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2006, The Colbert Report in 2008, Real Time with Bill Maher in 2009 and The Simpsons in 2010.[citation needed] On Google+, Yunus is one of the most followed person worldwide, with over two million followers.[58]
Political activity[edit]
Yunus (right) at a book signing at the London School of Economics
See also: Nagorik Shakti
In early 2006 Yunus, along with other members of the civil society including Professor Rehman Sobhan, Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Dr Kamal Hossain, Matiur Rahman, Mahfuz Anam and Debapriya Bhattacharya, participated in a campaign for honest and clean candidates in national elections.[59] He considered entering politics in the later part of that year.[60] On 11 February 2007, Yunus wrote an open letter, published in the Bangladeshi newspaper Daily Star, where he asked citizens for views on his plan to float a political party to establish political goodwill, proper leadership and good governance. In the letter, he called on everyone to briefly outline how he should go about the task and how they can contribute to it.[61] Yunus finally announced that he is willing to launch a political party tentatively called Citizens' Power (Nagorik Shakti) on 18 February 2007.[62][63] There was speculation that the army supported a move by Yunus into politics.[64] On 3 May, however, Yunus declared that he had decided to abandon his political plans following a meeting with the head of the interim government, Fakhruddin Ahmed.[65]
In July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders "to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems."[66] Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday.[67] Yunus attended the launch of the group and was one of its founding members. He stepped down as an Elder in September 2009, stating that he was unable to do justice to his membership due to the demands of his work.[68]
Yunus is a member of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa. Every year, the Panel releases a report, the Africa Progress Report, that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies.[69] In July 2009, Yunus became a member of the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation International Advisory Board to support the organisation's poverty reduction work.[70] Since 2010, Yunus has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, a UN initiative which seeks to use broadband internet services to accelerate social and economic development.[71] In March 2016, he was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, which was co-chaired by presidents François Hollande of France and Jacob Zuma of South Africa.[72]
Controversies[edit]
The Government announced a review of Grameen Bank activities on 11 January 2011,[73] which is ongoing. In February, several international leaders, such as Mary Robinson, stepped up their defence of Yunus through a number of efforts, including the founding of a formal network of supporters known as "Friends of Grameen".[74]
On 15 February 2011, the Finance Minister of Bangladesh, Abul Maal Abdul Muhith, declared that Yunus should "stay away" from Grameen Bank while it is being investigated.[75] On 2 March 2011, Muzammel Huq – a former Bank employee, whom the government had appointed Chairman in January[76] – announced that Yunus had been fired as Managing Director of the Bank.[77] However, Bank General Manager Jannat-E Quanine issued a statement that Yunus was "continuing in his office" pending review of the legal issues surrounding the controversy .[78]
In March 2011, Yunus petitioned the Bangladesh High Court challenging the legality of the decision by the Bangladeshi Central Bank to remove him as Managing Director of Grameen Bank.[79] The same day, nine elected directors of Grameen Bank filed a second petition.[80] U.S. Senator John Kerry expressed his support to Yunus in a statement on 5 March 2011 and declared that he was "deeply concerned" by this affair.[81] The same day in Bangladesh, thousands of people protested and formed human chains to support Yunus.[82] The High Court hearing on the petitions, was planned for 6 March 2011 but postponed. On 8 March 2011, the Court confirmed Yunus's dismissal.[83]
Allegations of embezzlement[edit]
A Danish documentary, Caught in Micro Debt,[84] produced and directed by journalist Tom Heinemann, aired on Norwegian national television NRK in November 2010. It made a number of allegations against Yunus and Grameen Bank. Those allegations were disproved by later inquiries. The documentary falsely accused Yunus and Grameen Bank of diverting 7 billion taka (about 100 million US dollars) given by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) from Grameen Bank to another organisation called Grameen Kalyan in 1996. This allegation was widely spread in the Bangladeshi electronic media in December 2010.[85] On 6 December, NORAD published a statement[86] clearing Yunus and the Bank from any wrongdoing on this point, following a comprehensive review of NORAD's support commissioned by the Minister of International Development.
However, the allegations quickly spread through the Bangladesh media. Leading Bangladeshi economist Rehman Sobhan stated "Rather than first seeking clarification and response from Grameen Bank as to the validity of the TV program, some sections of the media and society pounced on it with unseemly enthusiasm, using it as an opportunity to cite wrongdoing in a widely respected organization." Yunus asked for consistent and transparent investigations on these matters.[87]
Accusation of 'loan sharking' and effectiveness of microfinance[edit]
Yunus at an opening ceremony of his new book in New York City
The allegations against Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank were made in a context where some people began to question the effectiveness of microfinance, prompted by the actions of some for-profit microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India[88] and Mexico.[89] Coercion, peer pressure and physical harassment were reportedly used as loan repayment practices in some specific MFIs.[90] Commercialization of microcredit[91] prompted Yunus to state that he "never imagined that one day microcredit would give rise to its own breed of loan sharks."[92]
The lure of profits attracted some for-profit MFIs to hold initial public offerings (IPOs), including the largest Indian MFI, SKS Microfinance, which held an IPO in July 2010.[93] In September 2010, Yunus criticized the IPO; in a debate with SKS founder Vikram Akula during the Clinton Global Initiative meeting,[94] he said, "Microcredit is not about exciting people to make money off the poor. That's what you're doing. That's the wrong message completely." Calculations of actual interest rate vary, but one estimate puts average Grameen rates at about a 23% interest rate (comparable to the inflation rate).[95] At the same time the organization enjoyed a tax-free status for a period of several years which now has been removed.[96]
Sympathizers of Yunus allege that the government of Bangladesh is exploiting this "moral crisis around microcredit" to oust Yunus.[97]
Political motivations behind the allegations[edit]
Though Grameen Bank was quickly cleared by the Norwegian government of all allegations surrounding misused or misappropriated funds in December 2010, in March 2011 the Bangladeshi government launched a three-month investigation of all Grameen Bank's activities.[73] This inquiry prevented Muhammad Yunus from participating in the World Economic Forum.[98]
In January 2011, Yunus appeared in court in a defamation case filed by a local politician from a minor left-leaning party in 2007, complaining about a statement that Yunus made to the AFP news agency, "Politicians in Bangladesh only work for power. There is no ideology here".[99] At the hearing, Yunus was granted bail and exempted from personal appearance at subsequent hearings.[100]
These investigations fueled suspicion that many attacks might be politically motivated,[101] due to difficult relations between Sheikh Hasina and Yunus since early 2007, when Yunus created his own political party, an effort he dropped in May 2007.[65]
Transition to new management[edit]
At 72 years old, he was 12 years beyond the legal retirement age for civil servants in Bangladesh in 2011.[102] Government spokespersons called for Yunus to step down and declared, "We need to redefine the bank's role and bring it under closer regulation."[103]
The government as chairman Muzammel Huq, himself a foundational figure of the Grameen Bank and one of senior managers together with Yunus of GB Research and Operations until the early 2000s.[76] He has publicly criticised Yunus, saying, "I think he is a good man with a small heart ... He cannot give credit to anyone but himself".
Allegations involving partners: the food case and the phone case[edit]
On 27 January 2011, Yunus appeared in court in a food-adulteration case filed by the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) Food Safety Court, accusing him of producing an "adulterated" yogurt[104] whose fat content was below the legal minimum. This yogurt is produced by Grameen Danone, a social business joint venture between Grameen Bank and Danone that aims to provide opportunities for street vendors who sell the yogurt and to improve child nutrition with the nutrient-fortified yogurt. According to Yunus's lawyer, the allegations are "false and baseless".[105] At the request of Yunus's lawyers, pointing procedural irregularities and errors, this case is now considered by the High Court.
Investigation by an 2012 independent public commission examining the Grameen Bank assert that Yunus misrepresented his authority and abused his powers during his tenure in management. The report establishes that legal challenges exist for authority of the Grameen Bank to have acted as guarantor and to have forwarded credit to independent private enterprises during Dr. Yunus's tenure. The report raised specific questions relating to a) establishment and financing of GrameenPhone, a for-profit telecommunications entity initially established as a trust for the Grameen Bank borrowers together with Norwegian government owned multinational Telenor by Dr Yunus, and b) simultaneous management and operational financing of private enterprises established by Dr Yunus applying resources of the Grameen Bank. The commission also examined the legal status of the Grameen Bank and concluded that it was de jure public i.e. government entity, of which incompetent oversight by the state and (potentially unwitting) misrepresentation by Dr. Yunus in past resulted in the popular perception of the private ownership. The commission report refers to obstruction of commission investigations by current Grameen Bank management, representatives of Telenor, the Government of Bangladesh, and by partisans of Dr. Yunus. Full implications of the report are thus far not closely examined in either state-controlled elements of Bangladeshi media, or by pro-Yunus press releases, where these implicate Dr Yunus as at least accessory to corruption at the nexus of the Bangladeshi public-commercial establishment, in collusion with other parties.[106]
Criticism of ideas[edit]
See also: Impact of microcredit
Microfinance has been criticized in the foreign media. The Guardian (UK) asked whether microfinance was a 'neoliberal fairytale'. The article pointed out criticisms including that most loans are not used to create small businesses, but instead 'consumption smoothing'.[107]
Personal life[edit]
In 1967, while Yunus attended Vanderbilt University, he met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature at Vanderbilt University and daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton, New Jersey, US. They were married in 1970.[11][14] Yunus's marriage with Vera ended within months of the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus (born 1979 Chittagong), as Vera returned to New Jersey claiming that Bangladesh was not a good place to raise a baby.[11][14] Yunus later married Afrozi Yunus, who was then a researcher in physics at Manchester University.[14] She was later appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University. Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986.[14]
Yunus's brothers are also active in academia. His brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES), which brings science education to adolescent girls in villages.[108] His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter and a well known social activist in Bangladesh. He is also the moderator of several Talk show programmes in Bangladesh. Monica Yunus, his elder daughter, is an operatic soprano, working in New York City.[109]
Yunus Centre[edit]
The Yunus Centre, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is a think tank for issues related to social business, working in the field of poverty alleviation and sustainability. It is 'aimed primarily at promoting and disseminating Professor Yunus' philosophy, with a special focus on social business' and currently chaired by Prof. Muhammad Yunus.
Publications[edit]
Yunus, Muhammad (1974). Three Farmers of Jobra. Department of Economics, Chittagong University.
—— (1976). Planning in Bangladesh: Format, Technique, and Priority, and Other Essays; Rural Studies Project, Department of Economics. Chittagong University.
——; Isalama, Saiyada Manajurula; Rahman, Arifa (1991). Jorimon and Others: Faces of Poverty. Grameen Bank.
—— (1994). Grameen Bank, as I See it. Grameen Bank.
—— (1999). Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-198-8.
—— (2007). Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-493-4.
—— (2010). Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism that Serves Humanity's Most Pressing Needs. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-824-6.
Yunus, Muhammad, Moingeon, Bertrand and Laurence Lehmann-Ortega (2010), "Building Social Business Models: Lessons from the Grameen Experience", April–June, vol 43, number 2–3, Long Range Planning, pp. 308–325
—— (2017). A World of Three Zeroes: the new economics of zero poverty, zero unemployment, and zero carbon emissions. Scribe Publications.
Documentaries[edit]
2010 - To Catch a Dollar
2011 - Bonsai People – The Vision of Muhammad Yunus
Legacy and honours[edit]
In 2006, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for his finance work.
Chosen by Wharton School of Business in Philadelphia as one of The 25 Most Influential Business Persons of the Past 25 Years, covered in a PBS documentary.[110]
In 2006, Time magazine ranked him as one of the top 12 business leaders, including him among "60 years of Asian Heroes."[111]
In 2008, Yunus was voted 2nd on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals in an open online poll conducted by Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (United States).[112]
In 2009, Yunus was awarded the Golden Biatec Award, the highest award bestowed by Slovakia's Informal Economic Forum Economic Club, for individuals who exhibit economic, social, scientific, educational and cultural accomplishments in the Slovak Republic.[113]
See also[edit]
Sustainable development portal
Bangladesh portal
Yunus Centre
Fazle Hasan Abed
Islamic banking
Yunus Social Business - Global Initiatives
Fazlur Rahman Khan
Jawed Karim
Salman Khan (educator)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "List of Independence Awardees". Cabinet Division, Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). Retrieved 29 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006". NobelPrize.org. 13 October 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "House and Senate Leaders Announce Gold Medal Ceremony for Professor Muhammad Yunus", Press Release, US Congress
Jump up ^ FP Top 100 Global Thinkers
Jump up ^ "Muhammad Yunus accepts Glasgow Caledonian University post". BBC News. 1 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Muhammad Yunus Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University". UK Parliament. 16 July 2012.
Jump up ^ United Nations Foundation, additional text.
Jump up ^ Polgreen, Lydia; Bajaj, Vikas (2 March 2011). "Microcredit Pioneer Ousted, Head of Bangladeshi Bank Says". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "About Dr. Yunus: Family". MuhammadYunus.ORG. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "First loan he gave was $27 from own pocket". The Daily Star. 14 October 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Haider, Mahtab (1 January 2007). "Muhammad Yunus: The triumph of idealism". New Year Special: Heroes. New Age. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Yunus, Muhammad (14 October 2003). "গিরেবর উপকাের লােগ োদেখ বਗ਼ োলাক অামােদর বઘাংেক টাকা জমা রাখেত এিগেয় এেসেছ ড় মઓহামઅদ ইউনકস". The daily Prothom Alo (Printed interview in Bengali). Interview with Rahman, Matiur. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Yunus to receive Nichols-Chancellor's Medal Archived 18 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Vanderbilt News, 12 March 2007; Retrieved: 9 September 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Yunus, Muhammad; Jolis, Alan. Banker to the Poor: micro-lending and the battle against world poverty. New York: PublicAffairs hc. pp. 20–29. ISBN 978-1-58648-198-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Yunus, Muhammad". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh: Country of Origin Information Report". Country of Origin Information Service. UK: Border & Immigration Agency. 15 June 2007. Archived from the original (DOC) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Hossain, Farid (1 November 2012). "Internet Rolls Into Bangladesh Villages on a Bike". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Info Ladies – Riding Internet into Rural Bangladesh!". Amader Kotha. 8 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Bouissou, Julien (30 July 2013). "'Info ladies' go biking to bring remote Bangladeshi villages online". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Profile: 'World banker to the poor'". BBC. 13 October 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Yunus, Muhammad; Jolis, Alan. Banker to the Poor: micro-lending and the battle against world poverty. New York: PublicAffairs hc. pp. 46–49. ISBN 978-1-58648-198-8.
Jump up ^ "GB at a glance", Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Info; Retrieved: 9 September 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Yunus, Muhammad. "Introduction". Grameen Family. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Grameen Fund ventures on Grameen official website". Grameen-info.org. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "About Grameenphone". Grameenphone. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2007. Grameenphone is now the leading telecommunications service provider in the country with more than 10 million subscribers as of November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Village Phone". About Grameenphone. Grameenphone. 2006. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Muhammad Yunus".
Jump up ^ "Grameen Bank, a Nobel-winning concept". The Hindu. 23 October 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Yunus, Muhammad (25 March 1997). "World in Focus: Interview with Prof. Muhammad Yunus". Foreign Correspondent; ABC online (Transcript of broadcast interview). Interview with Negus, George. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Muhammad Yunus, Ashoka's Global Academy Member, Wins Nobel Peace Prize". Ashoka.org. 13 October 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Posman, Jerald (26 January 2008). "In thrall to an agent of change". The Daily Star.
Jump up ^ "Yunus wins peace Nobel for anti-poverty efforts". Associated Press. 13 October 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Boulden, Jim (29 March 2001). "The birth of micro credit". CNN. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life: The Presidential Years. New York, Knopf.: Vintage Books. p. 329. ISBN 0-375-41457-6. Muhammad Yunus should have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics years ago.
Jump up ^ Ainsworth, Diane (29 January 2002). "Transcript of the Jan. 29, 2002 talk by former President Bill Clinton at the University of California, Berkeley". Clinton: education, economic development key to building a peaceful, global village. UC Regents. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Losing its Lustre". The Economist. 13 October 2006. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients", White House Office of the Press Secretary, 30 July 2009
Jump up ^ "Public Law 111–253—OCT. 5, 2010" (PDF). US Government Publishing Office.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Muhammad Yunus". World Food Prize. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "MUHAMMAD YUNUS RECEIVES 1996 INTERNATIONAL SIMON BOLIVAR PRIZE AT UNESCO". UNESCO. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nicolás Castellanos, Vicente Ferrer, Joaquín Sanz Gadea and Muhammad Yunus, 1998 Prince of Asturias Award for Concord". Fundación Princesa de Asturias. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "1998 Professor Muhammed Yunus". Sydney Peace Foundation. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Awards". Yunus Centre.
Jump up ^ "Profile: Dr. Muhammad Yunus". Bangladesh News. 14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "CV of Professor Muhammad Yunus". Yunus Centre.
Jump up ^ Sydney Peace Prize recipients, Sydney Peace Prize Foundation website; Retrieved: 9 September 2007
Jump up ^ Byrne, John A. (9 April 2012). "The 12 greatest entrepreneurs of our time". Fortune. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff Correspondent, Houston mayor declares 14 January "Yunus Day", 16 January 2008; Retrieved: 16 January 2008
Jump up ^ Sheldon, Blaine (25 November 2009). "The Wisdom of the Smart Crowd". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 30 November 2009. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ "50 People Who Matter 2010". Retrieved 2 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Honourary Degrees". Yunus Centre. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Honor Committee". Fondation Chirac.
Jump up ^ "Seventh Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture address – Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory". Nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Professor Muhammad Yunus' Commencement Speech". Grameensocialbusiness.org. 17 May 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Yunus Speaks About Capitalism, Poverty, and the Future of 'Social Business'" – The Tech, Volume 128, Issue 28: Friday, 13 June 2008
Jump up ^ "Adam Smith Lecture at Glasgow University". Yunus Centre. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Romanes Lecture". University of Oxford.
Jump up ^ "Muhammad Yunus Google+ Statistics". Socialstatistics.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Parliament with honest, efficient must for development". The New Nation. 21 March 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Yunus not willing to be caretaker chief". The Daily Star. 18 October 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Yunus seeks people's views on floating political party". The Daily Star. 12 February 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Siddique, Islam (18 February 2007). "Bangladesh Nobel Laureate Announces His Political Party's Name". All Headline News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Staff Reporter (12 February 2007). "'I will do politics of unity': Yunus names his party Nagorik Shakti". The New Nation. 34138. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Mustafa, Sabir (5 April 2007). "Bangladesh at a crossroads". BBC. Retrieved 18 August 2007. At first glance, the current state of Bangladesh appears to be a paradox: a country under a state of emergency, but where the general public seem quite content.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yunus drops plans to enter politics". Al Jazeera. 3 May 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu announce The Elders". TheElders.org. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mandela joins 'Elders' on turning 89". MSNBC. Associated Press. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Muhammad Yunus steps down". TheElders.org. 21 September 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jobs, Justice and Equity: Seizing opportunities in times of global change". Africa Progress Panel. May 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "SNV Netherlands Development Organisation establishes International Advisory Board". Snvworld.org. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Commissionners". Broadbandcommission.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
Jump up ^ High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth – Commissioners World Health Organization.
^ Jump up to: a b Ahmed, Farid (14 January 2011). "Nobel-winning microcredit bank comes under scrutiny". CNN. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Huge support for Yunus". The Daily Star. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh Nobel winner Yunus should 'stay away'". Google. Agence France-Presse. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Polgreen, Lydia (29 January 2011). "Bangladesh Inspects Grameen Bank and Muhammad Yunus". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh Trying To Fire Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Laureate, From Microlender Grameen". Huffington Post. 2 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Statement of Grameen Bank". Grameen.
Jump up ^ "Yunus files writ petition against his removal". bdnews24.com. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Another writ petition filed challenging govt decision". The Daily Star. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "US senator Kerry 'deeply concerned' at Yunus removal". Daily Nation. Agence France-Presse. 5 March 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Alam, Shafiq (5 March 2011). "Thousands in Bangladesh protest at Yunus sacking". Yahoo News. AFP. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh judge confirms Yunus sacking". Business Recorder. Karachi. Agence France-Presse. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Film: "Caught in Micro debt"". flipthecoin.org. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Yunus 'siphoned Tk 7bn aid for poor'". bdnews24.com. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Report on Norwegian assistance to Grameen Bank". regjeringen.no. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Sobhan, Rehman (17 December 2010). "Honouring ourselves". The Daily Star. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Kashyap, Arjun (28 July 2010). "SKS IPO Opens Today, Reactions Mixed". Microfinance Insights. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Keith (13 December 2007). "Compartamos: From Nonprofit to Profit". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "The need for a balanced development policy". The Morung Express. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Profit-focused MFIs are loan sharks: Yunus". Times of India. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sacrificing Microcredit for Megaprofits". Yunus Centre. Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Kinetz, Erika (28 July 2010). "SKS Launches India's First Microfinance IPO". Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Bahree, Megha (11 October 2010). "A Big Split Over Microfinance". Forbes. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Quick: What's the Grameen Bank's Interest Rate?". Center For Global Development.
Jump up ^ "Microcredit or Macrowelfare: The Myth of Grameen". Mises Institute.
Jump up ^ Fontaine, Jacques (3 February 2011). "Haro sur le " banquier des pauvres "". Désirs d'Afrique (Blog) (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Social Entrepreneurs Impact World Leaders". Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Hafez Ahmed. "Prof Yunus appears in court today". Newstoday.com.bd. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Grameen's Muhammad Yunus in court for defamation case". BBC News. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Jason Burke (21 February 2011). "Microfinance guru Muhammad Yunus faces removal from Grameen Bank". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Yunus beyond legal age limit". The Daily Star. 1 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dr Yunus survives attempt to oust him". News BNN. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Farid Ahmed (28 January 2011). "Bangladeshi Nobel laureate faces fresh legal trouble at home". CNN. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Contaminated yoghurt lands Yunus in dock". Deccan Chronicle. Agence France-Presse. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Interim report of the Grameen Bank Commission" (PDF). Ministry of Finance of the Government of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Bunting, Madeleine (9 March 2011). "Is microfinance a neoliberal fairytale?". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES) – Bangladesh, Human Resource Development Recommendations, International Labour Organization; Retrieved: 27 August 2007
Jump up ^ "Monica Yunus, Soprano". Biography. VoxPagel.com. Archived from the original (asp) on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "25 Most Influential". Nightly Business Report. PBS. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Tharoo, Ishaan (13 November 2006). "Asian Heroes: Muhammad Yunus". Time. Retrieved 9 January 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Intellectuals". Prospect Magazine. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dr Yonus awarded Golden Biatec 2008". The Financial Express. Dhaka. 13 October 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Bornstein, David (1996). The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank and the Idea that is Helping the Poor to Change Their Lives. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81191-X.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Muhammad Yunus
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Yunus.
Official website
Muhammad Yunus on Facebook
Muhammad Yunus biography at Grameen Bank
Banker to the Poor 2006 lecture at NobelPrize.org
Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
Appearances on C-SPAN
Muhammad Yunus on Charlie Rose
Muhammad Yunus on IMDb
Works by or about Muhammad Yunus in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
"Muhammad Yunus collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
"Muhammad Yunus collected news and commentary". The Guardian.
Muhammad Yunus collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
Muhammad Yunus at the Library of Economics and Liberty
Exclusive Interview with Educational Technology Magazine
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
He Kang World Food Prize
1994 Succeeded by
Hans R. Herren
Academic offices
Preceded by
Gus Macdonald Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University
2012–present Succeeded by
Incumbent
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Africa Progress Panel
Kofi Annan (chair)
Michel Camdessus
Peter Eigen
Bob Geldof
Graça Machel
Linah Mohohlo
Olusegun Obasanjo
Robert Rubin
Tidjane Thiam
[show]
v
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Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903 Randal Cremer
1904 Institut de Droit International
1905 Bertha von Suttner
1906 Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910 International Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912 Elihu Root
1913 Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919 Woodrow Wilson
1920 Léon Bourgeois
1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922 Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929 Frank B. Kellogg
1930 Nathan Söderblom
1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933 Norman Angell
1934 Arthur Henderson
1935 Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937 Robert Cecil
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull
1946 Emily Balch / John Mott
1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949 John Boyd Orr
1950 Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George Marshall
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Albert Lutuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus Pauling
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
1966
1967
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998 John Hume / David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002 Jimmy Carter
2003 Shirin Ebadi
2004 Wangari Maathai
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008 Martti Ahtisaari
2009 Barack Obama
2010 Liu Xiaobo
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012 European Union
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016 Juan Manuel Santos
2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
[show]
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2006 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry
Roger D. Kornberg (United States)
Economic Sciences
Edmund Phelps (United States)
Literature
Orhan Pamuk (Turkey)
Peace
Muhammad Yunus (Bangladesh)
Grameen Bank (Bangladesh)
Physics
John C. Mather (United States)
George Smoot (United States)
Physiology or Medicine
Andrew Fire (United States)
Craig Mello (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients
1990
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
[show]
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Sydney Peace Prize laureates
Muhammad Yunus (1998)
Desmond Tutu (1999)
Xanana Gusmão (2000)
William Deane (2001)
Mary Robinson (2002)
Hanan Ashrawi (2003)
Arundhati Roy (2004)
Olara Otunnu (2005)
Irene Khan (2006)
Hans Blix (2007)
Pat Dodson (2008)
John Pilger (2009)
Vandana Shiva (2010)
Noam Chomsky (2011)
Sekai Holland (2012)
Cynthia Maung (2013)
Julian Burnside (2014)
George Gittoes (2015)
Naomi Klein (2016)
Black Lives Matter (2017)
[show]
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Ramon Magsaysay Award recipients
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Government Service (1958–2008)
Cambodia
Ek Sonn Chan
China
Yuan Longping
India
C.D. Deshmukh
J. M. Lyngdoh
Indonesia
Raden Kodijat
Ali Sadikin
Japan
Morihiko Hiramatsu
Hiroshi Kuroki
Yukiharu Miki
Laos
Keo Viphakone
Malaysia
Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim
B. C. Shekhar
Pakistan
Akhtar Hameed Khan
Philippines
Jose Vasquez Aguilar
Francisca Reyes-Aquino
Hilario Davide, Jr.
Grace Padaca
Jesse Robredo
Jovito R. Salonga
Miriam Defensor Santiago
Haydee Yorac
Singapore
Goh Keng Swee
Thailand
Anand Panyarachun
Chamlong Srimuang
Jon Ungphakorn
Phon Sangsingkeo
Prawase Wasi
Puey Ungpakorn
Taiwan
Shih-chu Hsu
Kwoh-Ting Li
Jiang Menglin
[show]
Public Service (1958–2008)
Burma
Tee Tee Luce
Ceylon
Mary H. Rutnam
China
Gao Yaojie
Jiang Yanyong
Liang Congjie
Wu Qing
India
Baba Amte
Banoo Jehangir Coyaji
Manibhai Desai
Jayaprakash Narayan
V. Shanta
Indonesia
H.B. Jassin
Teten Masduki
Pakistan
Ruth Pfau
Philippines
Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI)
South Korea
Kim Sun-tae
Park Won-soon
Spain
based in Philippines
Joaquin Villalonga
Thailand
Fua Hariphitak
Mechai Viravaidya
Nilawan Pintong
Phra Parnchand
Prateep Ungsongtham Hata
Sirindhorn
Sithiporn Kridakara
Sophon Suphapong
Therdchai Jivacate
Thongbai Thongpao
[show]
Community Leadership (1958–2008)
Bangladesh
Tahrunessa Abdullah
Fazle Hasan Abed
Muhammad Yunus
Zafrullah Chowdhury
Mohammed Yeasin
Angela Gomes
Burma
Cynthia Maung
India
Mandakini Amte & Prakash Amte
Mabelle Arole & Rajanikant Arole
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
Chandi_Prasad_Bhatt
Ela Bhatt
Vinoba Bhave
Aruna Roy
Shantha Sinha
Rajendra Singh
Japan
Fusaye Ichikawa
Laos
Sombath Somphone
Malaysia
Tunku Abdul Rahman
Nepal
Mahabir Pun
Philippines
Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation
Antonio Meloto
Thailand
Aree Valyasevi
Krasae Chanawongse
Prayong Ronnarong
Tibet
14th Dalai Lama
[show]
Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008)
Bangladesh
Matiur Rahman
Abdullah Abu Sayeed
Burma
Edward Michael Law-Yone
Ceylon
or Sri Lanka
Wannakuwatta Amaradeva
Tarzie Vittachi
India
Mahasweta_Devi
Palagummi Sainath
Amitabha_Chowdhury
Indonesia
Atmakusuma Astraatmadja
Mochtar Lubis
Japan
Akira Kurosawa
Yasuji Hanamori
Michiko Ishimure
Akio Ishii
Nepal
Bharat Koirala
Philippines
Zacarias Sarian
F. Sionil José
Lino Brocka
Radio Veritas
James Reuter
Bienvenido Lumbera
Nick Joaquin
Raul Locsin
Eugenia Duran Apostol
Sheila Coronel
Thailand
Prayoon Chanyavongs
Great Britain
based in Philippines
Robert McCulloch Dick
[show]
Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008)
China
Tang Xiyang
India
Mother Teresa
Jockin Arputham
Laxminarayan Ramdas
Indonesia
Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
Japan
Ikuo Hirayama
Tetsu Nakamura
Saburo Okita
Seiei Toyama
Nepal
Sanduk Ruit
Pakistan
Ibn Abdur Rehman
Philippines
Operation Brotherhood
Summer Institute of Linguistics
William Masterson
Harold Ray Watson
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Press Foundation of Asia
Asian Institute of Management
Corazon Aquino
South Korea
Pomnyun Sunim
Thailand
Asian Institute of Technology
The Royal Project
United States
based in Thailand
Genevieve Caulfield
[show]
Emergent Leadership (2001–)
Burma
Ka Hsaw Wa
China
Chen Guangcheng
Cambodia
Oung Chanthol
India
Sanjiv_Chaturvedi
Arvind Kejriwal
Nileema Mishra
Sandeep Pandey
Indonesia
Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto
Dita Indah Sari
Philippines
Benjamin Abadiano
South Korea
Yoon Hye-ran
Sri Lanka
Ananda Galappatti
Timor-Leste
Aniceto Guterres Lopes
United States
based in Hong Kong
Chung To
[show]
Uncategorized (2009–)
Bangladesh
Syeda Rizwana Hasan
A.H.M. Noman Khan
Cambodia
Yang Saing Koma
Koul Panha
China
Fu Qiping
Huo Daishan
Ma Jun
Pan Yue
Yu Xiaogang
India
Kulandei Francis
Harish Hande
Deep Joshi
Indonesia
Hasanain Juaini
Tri Mumpuni
Japan
Tadatoshi Akiba
Philippines
Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI)
Christopher Bernido
Ma. Victoria Carpio-Bernido
Romulo Davide
Antonio Oposa Jr.
Taiwan
Chen Shu-chu
Thailand
Krisana Kraisintu
[show]
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e
The Elders
Chair
Kofi Annan
Deputy Chair
Gro Harlem Brundtland
Members
Martti Ahtisaari
Ela Bhatt
Lakhdar Brahimi
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Hina Jilani
Graça Machel
Mary Robinson
Ernesto Zedillo
Honorary Members
Desmond Tutu (former chair)
Former Members
Jimmy Carter
Li Zhaoxing
Nelson Mandela (founder)
Aung San Suu Kyi
Muhammad Yunus
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 85647891
LCCN: n50014624
ISNI: 0000 0001 2282 579X
GND: 119351285
SELIBR: 309017
SUDOC: 035724536
BNF: cb13332172b (data)
BIBSYS: 99027678
NDL: 00695262
NKC: xx0053892
BNE: XX1336328
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Yunus&oldid=822175504"
Categories:
1940 births
Living people
Bangladeshi Muslims
Bangladeshi economists
Bangladeshi businesspeople
Bengali Muslims
Bengali people
Development specialists
People in international development
Microfinance people
Recipients of the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Bangladeshi Nobel laureates
Bengali Nobel laureates
Fulbright Scholars
World Food Prize laureates
University of Dhaka alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
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