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15th century
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Millennium:
2nd millennium
Centuries:
14th century
15th century
16th century
Timelines:
14th century
15th century
16th century
State leaders:
14th century
15th century
16th century
Decades:
1400s
1410s
1420s
1430s
1440s
1450s
1460s
1470s
1480s
1490s
Categories:
Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Gergio Deluci, Christopher Columbus Arrives in America in 1492, 1893 painting.
The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian years 1401 to 1500.
In Europe, the 15th century is seen as the bridge between the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. In religious history, the Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Western Schism), until the Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century.
Constantinople, in what is today Turkey, then the capital of the Christian Byzantine Empire, falls to the emerging Muslim Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages.[1] The event forced Western Europeans to find a new trade route, adding further momentum to what was the beginning of the Age of Discovery, which would lead to the global mapping of the world. Explorations by the Portuguese and Spanish led to European sightings of the Americas (the New World) and the sea passage along Cape of Good Hope to India, in the last decade of the century. These expeditions ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires.
The fall of Constantinople led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, while Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the mechanical movable type began the Printing Press. These two events played key roles in the development of the Renaissance.[2][3]
The Spanish Reconquista leads to the final fall of the Emirate of Granada by the end of the century, ending over seven centuries of Muslim rule and returning Spain back to Christian rulers.
The Hundred Years' War end with a decisive French victory over the English in the Battle of Castillon. Financial troubles in England following the conflict results in the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts end with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century.
In Asia, under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, the Ming Dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle. Tamerlane established a major empire in the Middle East and Central Asia, in order to revive the Mongol Empire.
In Africa, the spread of Islam leads to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast Mali Empire teeters on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire.
In the Americas, both the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire reach the peak of their influence.
Portrait of the founder of accounting, Luca Pacioli, by Jacopo de' Barbari (Museo di Capodimonte).
Contents
[hide]
1 Events
2 Significant people
2.1 Visual artists, architects, sculptors, printmakers, illustrators
2.2 Literature
2.3 Musicians and Composers
2.4 Exploration
2.5 Science, invention and philosophy
3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions
4 Important personages
5 References
6 Sources
Events[edit]
Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl, directly influenced the result of the Hundred Years' War.
Filippo Brunelleschi, regarded as one of the greatest engineers and architects of all time.
1400s
1401: Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day central India
1402: Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight at the Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture of Bayezid I.
1402: Sultanate of Malacca founded by Parameshwara.
1403: The Yongle Emperor moves the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing.
1403: The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire.
1405–1433: Zheng He of China sails through the Indian Ocean to India, Arabia, and East Africa to spread China's influence and sovereignty.
1405: Paregreg war, Majapahit civil war of succession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi. (to 1406)
1405–1407: The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.[4] (to 1433)
1410s
1410: The Battle of Grunwald is the decisive battle of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the Teutonic Knights.
1410–1413: Foundation of St Andrews University in Scotland.
1414: Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be the governor of Multan, takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty.
1415: Henry the Navigator leads the conquest of Ceuta from the Moors marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.
1415: Battle of Agincourt fought between the Kingdom of England and France.
1415: Jan Hus is burned at the stake as a heretic at the Council of Constance.
1420s
1420: Construction of the Chinese Forbidden City is completed in Beijing.
1420–1434: Hussite Wars in Bohemia.
The renaissance king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. His mercenary standing army (the Black Army) had the strongest military potential of its era.
1424: James I returns to Scotland after being held hostage under three Kings of England since 1406.
1424: Deva Raya II succeeds his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire.
1425: Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) founded by Pope Martin V.
1429: Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans and turns the tide of the Hundred Years' War.
1429: Queen Suhita succeeds Wikramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[5]
1430s
1431
January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin in Rouen, France under English occupation.
March 3 – Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V, to become the 207th pope.
March 26 – The trial of Joan of Arc begins.
May 30 – Nineteen-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake.
June 16 – the Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating anti-Polish alliance
September – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.
October 30 – Treaty of Medina del Campo, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.
December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.
1438: Pachacuti Yupanqui founds the Inca Empire.
1440s
1440: Eton College founded by Henry VI.
1440s: The Golden Horde breaks up into the Siberia Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Great Horde.
1440–1469: Under Moctezuma I, the Aztecs become the dominant power in Mesoamerica.
1440: Oba Ewuare comes to power in the West African city of Benin, and turns it into an empire.
1441: Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter, dies.
1441: Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish the European slave trade with a shipment of African slaves sent directly from Africa to Portugal.
1441: A civil war between The Tutul Xiues and Cocom breaks out in The League of Mayapan. As a consequence the league begins to disintegrate.
1443: Abdur Razzaq visits India.
1443: King Sejong the Great publishes the hangul, the native phonetic alphabet system for the Korean language.
1444: The Albanian league is established in Lezha, Skanderbeg is elected leader. A war begins against Ottoman empire. An Albanian state is set up and lasts until 1479.
1444: Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II defeats the Polish and Hungarian armies under Władysław III of Poland and János Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna.
1445: The Kazan Khanate defeats the Grand Duchy of Moscow at the Battle of Suzdal.
1446: Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire.
1447: Wijaya Parakrama Wardhana, succeeds Suhita as ruler of Majapahit.[5]
1449: Saint Srimanta Sankardeva was born.
1449: Esen Tayisi leads an Oirat Mongol invasion of China which culminate in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Battle of Tumu Fortress.
1450s
Modern painting of Mehmed II marching on Constantinople in 1453
Detail of The Emperor's Approach showing the Xuande Emperor's royal carriage. Ming Dynasty of China.
1450s: Machu Picchu constructed.
1451: Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty
1451: Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[5]
1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the death of the last Roman Emperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire.
1453: The Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War and the first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle.
1453: Reign of Rajasawardhana ends.[5]
1454–1466: After defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexes Royal Prussia.
1455–1485: Wars of the Roses – English civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster.
1456: Joan of Arc is posthumously acquitted of heresy by the Catholic Church, redeeming her status as the heroine of France.
Richard III of England
King Henry VII, (1457–1509), the founder of the royal house of Tudor
1456: The Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottomans' advance into Europe.
1456: Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III, becomes ruler of Majapahit.[5]
1460s
1461: The League of Mayapan disintegrates.
The seventeen Kuchkabals of Yucatán after The League of Mayapan in 1461.
1461
February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales.
February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.
March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England.
March 5 - Henry VI of England is deposed by the Duke of York during war of the Roses.
March 29 – Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne (thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England).
June 28 – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483).
July – Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces of the Ottoman Empire after a year-long siege.
July 22 – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483).
1462: Sonni Ali Ber, the ruler of the Songhai (or Songhay) Empire, along the Niger River, conquers Mali in the central Sudan by defeating the Tuareg contingent at Tombouctou (or Timbuktu) and capturing the city. He develops both his own capital, Gao, and the main centres of Mali, Timbuktu and Djenné, into major cities. Ali Ber controls trade along the Niger River with a navy of war vessels.
1462: Mehmed the Conqueror is driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula at The Night Attack.
1464: Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville
1465: The 1465 Moroccan revolt ends in the murder of the last Marinid Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Haqq II
1466: Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girishawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[5]
1467: Uzun Hasan defeats the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh.
1467–1615: The Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan.
The Siege of Rhodes (1480). Ships of the Hospitaliers in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background.
1469: The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile leads to the unification of Spain.
1469: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquers some parts of Bohemia.
1469: Birth of Guru Nanak Dev. Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is revered by Hindus and Muslim Sufis across the Indian subcontinent.
1470s
1470: The Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great defeat the Tatars of the Golden Horde at the Battle of Lipnic.
1471: The kingdom of Champa suffers a massive defeat by the Vietnamese king Lê Thánh Tông.
1472: Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya becomes the first Wattasid Sultan of Morocco.
1474–1477: Burgundy Wars of France, Switzerland, Lorraine and Sigismund II of Habsburg against the Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
Charles the Bold
1478: Muscovy conquers Novgorod.
1478: Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.[5]
1478: The Great Mosque of Demak is the oldest mosque in Java, built by the Wali Songo during the reign of Sultan Patah.
1479: Battle of Breadfield, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary defeated the Turks.
1480s
1480: After the Great standing on the Ugra river, Muscovy gained independence from the Great Horde.
Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow.
1481: Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the first auto-da-fé.
1485: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary captured Vienna, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ran away.
1485: Henry VII defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth and becomes King of England.
1485: Ivan III of Russia conquered Tver.
1485: Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty.
1486: Sher Shah Suri, is born in Sasaram, Bihar.
1488: Portuguese Navigator Bartolomeu Dias sails around the Cape of Good Hope.
1490s-1500
1492: The death of Sunni Ali Ber left a leadership void in the Songhai Empire, and his son was soon dethroned by Mamadou Toure who ascended the throne in 1493 under the name Askia (meaning "general") Muhammad. Askia Muhammad made Songhai the largest empire in the history of West Africa. The empire went into decline, however, after 1528, when the now-blind Askia Muhammad was dethroned by his son, Askia Musa.
1492: Boabdil's surrender of Granada marks the end of the Spanish Reconquista and Al-Andalus.
1492: Jews expelled from Spain.
1492: Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas from Spain.
1494: Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves.
1494–1559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states.
1497–1499: Vasco da Gama's first voyage from Europe to India and back.
1499: Ottoman fleet defeats Venetians at the Battle of Zonchio.
1499: Michelangelo's Pietà in St. Peter's Basilica is made in Rome
1500: Islam becomes Indonesia's dominant religion.[citation needed]
1500: Around late 15th century Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.[6]
Significant people[edit]
Lorenzo de' Medici
Cesare Borgia
Maximilian I
Isabella I of Castile
Abu Sa'id al-Afif, a Samaritan physician.
Pachacuti (1438-1471/72) was the ninth Sapa Inca, likely builder of Machu Picchu and founder of the Inca Empire.
Afonso de Albuquerque (1453–1515) was a Portuguese nobleman, naval general officer whose military and administrative activities conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean. Generally considered as a world conquest military genius by means of his successful strategy.
Ah Xiu Xupan last ruler Uxmal
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, Renaissance ruler (1443–1490).
George Kastrioti, Skenderbeg – Albanian Prince who resisted the Ottomans for almost 30 years (1443–1468).
Ferdinand II of Aragon, co-ruler of Spain with Isabella I of Castile and responsible with her for the unification of Spain (1452–1516).
Johannes Gutenberg, European inventor of printing with movable type (c. 1398 – 1468)
Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor and Roman Emperor. He lived from 1404–1453.
Henry the Navigator Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu (1394–1460); infante (prince) of the Portuguese House of Aviz and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations.
Henry V of England, the English King who won the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415 (1387–1422).
Henry VI of England, English King (1421-1471)
Henry VII of England, English King and founder the Tudor dynasty (1457–1509).
The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England (1470–1483?) and his brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York (1473–1483?), two sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville.
John Hunyadi, Regent of Kingdom of Hungary, won the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 (1387–1456)
Jan Hus, Bohemian religious thinker and reformer (c. 1369–1415).
Isabella I of Castile, co-ruler of Spain with Ferdinand II of Aragon and responsible for the unification of Spain and the discovery of the New World (1451–1504).
Ivan III of Russia, Grand Duke of Moscow who ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus (1440-1505)
Joan of Arc, military commander and national heroine of France (1412–1431).
Kazimierz IV Jagiellon King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1427–1492).
Louis XI, King of France (1423–1483).
Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Conqueror of Constantinople (1432–1481).
Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire (1483 - 1530).
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Vaishnav saint and important social reformer (1486 - 1534).
Guru Nanak, founder of the Sikh Religion (1469).
Srimanta Sankardeva, founder of Ekasarana Religion preacher of Vaishnavism, creator of Sattriya Dance, Ankiya Nat, Satras etc.
Sejong the Great of Joseon, a Korean monarch who developed hangul, the native Korean alphabet (1397–1450).
Stephen III of Moldavia, also known as Stephen the Great, ruler of Moldavia, national hero of Romanians for long resistance to the Ottomans (1437–1504)
Richard III of England, last English King of the House of York, last of the House of Plantagenet (1452–1485).
Mir Chakar Khan Rind (1468–1565), a Baloch king.
Vlad III Dracula, Prince of Wallachia who led the defense of his territory against the expanding Ottoman Empire (1431–1476).
Oba Ewuare, transformed the city state of Benin into the Benin Empire.
Visual artists, architects, sculptors, printmakers, illustrators[edit]
Jan van Eyck
See also: Thematic development of Italian Renaissance painting, Italian Renaissance painting, Renaissance sculpture, and Renaissance painting
Bartolomé Bermejo (c. 1440 – 1498), Spanish painter who adopted Dutch painting techniques and conventions.
Pedro Berruguete (c. 1450 - 1504), Spanish painter.
Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450 – 1516), Early Netherlandish painter. Many of his works depict sin and human moral failings.
Sandro Botticelli (c. 1445 – 1510), Italian painter.
Dirk Bouts (c. 1410/1420 – 1475), Early Netherlandish painter.
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), invents one-point perspective, leads innovation in Italian architecture.
Robert Campin (c. 1375 – 1444), the Master of Flémalle, first great master of Early Netherlandish painting.
Petrus Christus (c. 1410/1420 – 1475/1476), Early Netherlandish painter.
Gerard David (c. 1460 – 1523), Early Netherlandish painter and manuscript illuminator known for his brilliant use of color.
Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528)[7] was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg, Germany.
Barthélemy d'Eyck;[8] (c. 1420 – after 1470)[9] was an Early Netherlandish artist who worked in France and probably in Burgundy Early Netherlandish painter and manuscript illuminator. He was active between about 1440 to about 1469.[10]
Dionisius (c. 1440 – 1502), Russian painter
Hubert van Eyck (c. 1366 – 1426), Flemish painter and older brother of Jan van Eyck.
Jan van Eyck (before c. 1395 – before 1441), Early Netherlandish painter, considered one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century.
Juan de Flandes (1460–1519), Early Netherlandish painter who was active in Spain from 1496 to 1519 at the court of Isabella I of Castile.
Jean Fouquet (1420–1481) French painter of both panel painting and manuscript illumination, inventor of the portrait miniature.
Piero della Francesca (c. 1415–1492) Italian painter
Nicolas Froment (c. 1435 – c. 1486), French painter.
Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378–1455) was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known for works in sculpture and metalworking.
Hugo van der Goes (c. 1440 – 1482 or 1483), Early Netherlandish painter.
Jean Hey (c. 1475 – c. 1505),[11] now generally identified with the artist formerly known as the Master of Moulins, Early Netherlandish painter.
Hans Holbein the Elder (c. 1460 – 1524), German painter, woodcut artist, illustrator of books and church window designer.[12] He and his brother Sigismund Holbein painted religious works in the late Gothic style.
Limbourg brothers, (Herman, Paul, and Johan; 1385–1416), Dutch Renaissance miniature painters from the city of Nijmegen.
Simon Marmion (c. 1425 – 1489) French, or Burgundian, painter of panels and illuminated manuscripts.
Masaccio, (c. 1401 – 1428), Italian painter.
Hans Memling (c. 1430 – 1494), Early Netherlandish painter, born in Germany.
Michelozzo (1396–1472), Italian architect and sculptor.
Andrei Rublev (c. 1360 – c. 1430), Russian painter.
Enguerrand Quarton (c. 1410 – c. 1466) was a French painter and manuscript illuminator.
Leonardo da Vinci, (1452–1519), Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer.
Rogier van der Weyden (1399/1400 – 1464), considered one of the greatest exponents of Early Netherlandish painting.
See links above for Italian Renaissance painting and Renaissance sculpture.
Literature[edit]
Leon Battista Alberti
Pico della Mirandola
Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist polymath.
Joseph Albo (c. 1380 – 1444) was a Jewish philosopher and rabbi who lived in Spain.
John Argyropoulos (1415 – 1487), Greek lecturer, philosopher and humanist.
Antonio Beccadelli (1394–1471), Italian poet, canon lawyer, scholar, diplomat, and chronicler.
Vespasiano da Bisticci (1421–1498), Italian humanist and librarian.
Matteo Maria Boiardo (1440/1 – 1494), Italian poet.
Poggio Bracciolini (1380 – 1459), Italian writer and humanist.
Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370 – 1444), Italian humanist, historian and statesman.
Laonikos Chalkokondyles (1423 – 1490), Greek scholar.
Pal Engjëlli (1416-1470) was an Albanian Catholic clergyman, Archbishop of Durrës and Cardinal of Albania.
Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499), Italian humanist and writer.
Constantine Lascaris (1434 – 1501), Greek scholar and grammarian.
Antonio de Lebrija (1441 — 1522), Spanish scholar, historian, teacher, astronomer and poet.
John Lydgate (c.1370 – c.1451), English monk and poet.
Sir Thomas Malory (1405 – 1471), English writer.
Jorge Manrique (c.1440 – 1479), Spanish poet.
Count Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), Italian Renaissance philosopher.
Iñigo López de Mendoza (1398 - 1458) Castilian (Spanish) politician and poet.
Afanasy Nikitin (? - 1472), Russian merchant, traveler and writer.
Thomas Occleve (c. 1368 – 1426), English poet.
Reginald Pecock (c. 1395 – 1460), was an English prelate and writer.
Christine de Pizan, French writer (1364–1430).
Poliziano (1454 – 1494), Italian classical scholar and poet.
Giovanni Pontano (1426 – 1503), Italian humanist and poet.
Luigi Pulci (1432 – 1484), Italian poet.
Bartolomeo Sacchi (1421 – 1481), Italian humanist writer and gastronomist.
Lorenzo Valla (c.1407 – 1457), Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator.
Gil Vicente (c. 1465 – c. 1536), Portuguese poet.
François Villon (c.1431 – 1474), French poet .
Musicians and Composers[edit]
Johannes Ockeghem
See also: List of Renaissance composers, Franco-Flemish School, Burgundian School, Renaissance music, and Medieval music
Juan de Anchieta (1462 - 1523, Spanish composer of the Renaissance.
Adrien Basin (c. 1457 – 1476; died after 1498), Franco-Flemish composer, singer, and diplomat of the Burgundian school of the early Renaissance.
Gilles Binchois, (c. 1400 – 1460), Franco-Flemish composer, one of the earliest members of the Burgundian School.
Antoine Busnois (c. 1430 – 1492), French composer and poet of the early Renaissance Burgundian School.
Guillaume Dufay, (c. 1397 – 1474), Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist.
John Dunstaple (c. 1390 – 1453), English composer of polyphonic music.
Juan del Encina (1468 - 1530), Spanish composer, poet and playwright.
Hayne van Ghizeghem (c. 1445 – 1472 or possibly later; New Grove says he died between 1472 and 1497), Flemish composer of the early Renaissance Burgundian School.
Nicolas Grenon (c. 1375 – 1456), French composer of the early Renaissance.
Robert Morton (c. 1430 – 1479), English composer of the early Renaissance.
Johannes Ockeghem, (c. 1410 – 1497), Flemish composer.
Francisco de Peñalosa (c. 1470 – 1528), Spanish composer of the middle Renaissance..
Leonel Power (c. 1370 to 1385 – 1445), English composer of the late Medieval and early Renaissance eras.
Johannes Tapissier (c. 1370 – 1408 to 1410), French composer and teacher of the late Middle Ages.
Jacobus Vide (c. 1405 – 1433), Franco-Flemish composer of the transitional period between the medieval period and early Renaissance.
Josquin des Prez (c. 1450 – 1521), Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.
Exploration[edit]
Vasco da Gama
Christopher Columbus
See also: Exploration, Exploration of Asia, and List of explorers
Johann Schiltberger (1381 – c. 1440), German traveller throughout the Middle East and Central Asia.
Diogo de Azambuja (1432–1518) Portuguese explorer of the African coast.
John Cabot (c. 1450 – 1499) – Italian explorer for England. Claimed Newfoundland for the Kingdom of England.
Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467 – c. 1520), Portuguese navigator and explorer.
Pêro Vaz de Caminha (c. 1450 – 1500), Portuguese explorer that accompanied Pedro Álvares Cabral in the discovery of Brazil.
Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) – Italian explorer for Spain. Sailed in 1492 and arrived in (hailed with the discovery of) the "New World" of the Americas.
Niccolò Da Conti (1395–1469), Venetian merchant and explorer, born in Chioggia, who traveled to India and Southeast Asia.
Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450 – 1500) – Portuguese explorer. He sailed from Portugal and reached the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama reaches India for Portugal, creating the first maritime alternative for the Silk Road (c. 1469 – 1524)
Zheng He, Chinese eunuch admiral and explorer (1371–1433).
João Fernandes Lavrador (1445?–1501) – Portuguese explorer. One of the first European's to reach Newfoundland and Labrador.
João da Nova (c. 1460 – 1509), Portuguese explorer of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean.
Amerigo Vespucci (c. 1454 – 1512) – Italian explorer for Spain. Sailed in 1499 and 1502. He explored the east coast of South America.
Science, invention and philosophy[edit]
See also: Scientific Revolution and History of science in the Renaissance
Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400 – 1468) was a German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable type printing in Europe around 1439, and mechanical printing globally.
Pietro Pomponazzi (1462 – 1525), Italian philosopher.
Georg von Peuerbach (1423–1461), German/Austrian astronomer and mathematician.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Father of modern astronomy
Regiomontanus (1436-1476), Mathematician and astronomer
Inventions, discoveries, introductions[edit]
List of 15th century inventions
Renaissance affects philosophy, science and art.
Age of Discovery begins.
Rise of Modern English language from Middle English.
Introduction of the noon bell in the Catholic world.
Public banks
Yongle Encyclopedia—over 22,000 volumes
Hangul alphabet in Korea
Scotch whisky
Psychiatric hospitals[clarification needed]
Development of the woodcut for printing between 1400–1450
Movable type first used by King Taejong of Joseon—1403 (Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words, was invented in China by Bi Sheng between 1041 and 1048.)
Although pioneered earlier in Korea and by the Chinese official Wang Zhen (with tin), bronze metal movable type printing is created in China by Hua Sui in 1490.
Johannes Gutenberg advances the printing press in Europe (c. 1455)
Linear perspective drawing perfected by Filippo Brunelleschi 1410–1415
Invention of the harpsichord c. 1450
Arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Americas by 1492
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Important personages[edit]
Constantine XI
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Crowley, Roger (2006). Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453. Faber. ISBN 0-571-22185-8. (reviewed by Foster, Charles (22 September 2006). "The Conquestof Constantinople and the end of empire". Contemporary Review. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. It is the end of the Middle Ages
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Renaissance, 2008, O.Ed.
Jump up ^ McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
Jump up ^ Modern interpretation of the place names recorded by Chinese chronicles can be found e.g. in Some Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the MSL by Geoffrey Wade
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ricklefs (1991), page 18.
Jump up ^ Noorduyn, J. (2006). Three Old Sundanese poems. KITLV Press. p. 437.
Jump up ^ Mueller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Durers, Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012815-2.
Jump up ^ Also sometimes in contemporary documents Barthélemy de Cler, der Clers, Deick d'Ecle, d'Eilz – Harthan, John, The Book of Hours, p. 93, 1977, Thomas Y Crowell Company, New York, ISBN 0-690-01654-9
Jump up ^ Unterkircher, Franz (1980). King René's Book of Love (Le Cueur d'Amours Espris). New York: G. Braziller. ISBN 0-8076-0989-7.
Jump up ^ Tolley
Jump up ^ Brigstocke, 2001, p. 338
Jump up ^ "Hans Holbein". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
Sources[edit]
Tolley, Thomas (2001). "Eyck, Barthélemy d'". In Hugh Brigstocke. The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866203-3.
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text:
Slave Ambient
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Slave Ambient
Studio album by The War on Drugs
Released
August 16, 2011
Recorded
2008–2011[1]
Genre
Indie rock
indie folk
neo-psychedelia
shoegazing[2][3][4]
Length
46:42
Label
Secretly Canadian
Producer
Jeff Zeigler, Adam Granduciel, John Congleton
The War on Drugs chronology
Future Weather
(2010)Future Weather2010 Slave Ambient
(2011) Lost in the Dream
(2014)Lost in the Dream2014
Singles from Slave Ambient
"Baby Missiles"
Released: September 12, 2011
"Come to the City"
Released: December 5, 2011
"Best Night"
Released: March 12, 2012
Slave Ambient is the second studio album by American indie rock band The War on Drugs, released on August 16, 2011, on Secretly Canadian. Recorded over three years, Slave Ambient is the final release to feature contributions from founding guitarist Kurt Vile and drummer Mike Zanghi, and the first to feature drummer Steven Urgo.[5][6]
The album was preceded by the EP, Future Weather, in 2010.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and recording
2 Artwork
3 Reception
3.1 Accolades
4 Track listing
5 Personnel
5.1 The War on Drugs
5.2 Additional musicians
5.3 Recording
5.4 Artwork
6 Charts
7 References
8 External links
Background and recording[edit]
Regarding his recording contributions to Slave Ambient former guitarist Kurt Vile stated, "I was stoked to play on those songs ["Best Night" and "It's Your Destiny"], but I was more involved in the early days. Obviously the first record I was very involved in."[7]
Artwork[edit]
Slave Ambient's artwork features photography by founding member Adam Granduciel. Its cover photograph was taken in Zaragoza, Spain, in July 2009, whilst on tour with the band, while its interior photographs were taken when on tour as a member of Kurt Vile & the Violators in October 2009, in Livingston, Montana.
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 82/100[8]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [9]
The A.V. Club A−[10]
The Guardian [11]
The Irish Times [12]
Mojo [13]
NME 7/10[14]
The Observer [15]
Pitchfork 8.3/10[16]
Spin 7/10[17]
Uncut [18]
Upon release, Slave Ambient received general acclaim from music critics.[8] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average of 82, based on 31 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim".[8]
Stuart Berman of Pitchfork gave the album a positive review, writing "The really amazing thing about the album is how anthemic and affirming it feels despite the near total absence of proper sing-along choruses." The album also received a "Best New Music" designation from the site.[16] The A.V. Club's Steven Hyden also gave the album a positive review, writing "With Adam Granduciel’s Dylan-esque drawl and a small orchestra of shimmering, vaguely noodly guitars as the group’s sonic trademarks, The War On Drugs is an unabashed trad-rock outfit. But Slave Ambient doesn’t recall the past so much as a bright, unexpected future, where bands like this inexplicably are still dreaming in new, refreshingly outsized ways."[10] BBC's Lou Thomas called the songs on the album "memorable," concluding his review with "Slave Ambient as a whole may be more confused than your average reality show star at a Mensa meeting, but it’s full of decent songs with a lot of heart."[19]
In a more mixed review, Slant Magazine's Matthew Cole wrote "Too often, ambient passages like 'The Animator' and 'City Reprise' sound too obviously like interludes intended to fill space between real songs, rather than finished compositions in their own right." However, Cole concluded his review with: "...War on Drugs is a well-studied rock crew with an honest experimental streak, unfazed by the fact that relatively few of their potential fans will count Nebraska and Daydream Nation among their favorite records. But with a little more time to perfect their style, the War on Drugs would be well-positioned to win converts for both camps, and also their own."[20] In another mixed review, Now's Richard Trapunski wrote: "It’s easy to get lost in the pleasant, euphoric drone, but at 47 minutes the album is more of a marathon than a sprint."[21] Spin gave the album a score of 7/10, writing, "Main man Adam Granduciel gets plenty of Dylan comparisons, but Slave Ambient feels like a more back-alley Byrds filtered through a gauzier Spacemen 3 lens."[17]
Accolades[edit]
Slave Ambient has appeared on several end-of-year lists. Paste ranked the album #37 on its list of the best 50 albums of 2011, writing "Even with the departure of Kurt Vile [...] their post-Vile songs have kept them steady, and, as proven by the almost defiantly solid Slave Ambient, they can be memorable and engaging all by themselves."[22] Uncut placed Slave Ambient at number 10 on its list, while Mojo ranked the album #21 on its end-of-year list.[23][24] Pitchfork ranked the album #39 on its list of the Top 50 Albums of 2011.[25]
Track listing[edit]
All songs written by Adam Granduciel, except where noted.
No.
Title
Music
Length
1. "Best Night" 5:30
2. "Brothers" Adam Granduciel, Dave Hartley, Mike Zanghi, Robbie Bennett 4:28
3. "I Was There" 3:49
4. "Your Love Is Calling My Name" 6:01
5. "The Animator" 2:16
6. "Come to the City" Adam Granduciel, Dave Hartley 4:31
7. "Come for It" 0:27
8. "It's Your Destiny" Adam Granduciel, Robbie Bennett 4:49
9. "City Reprise #12" 3:05
10. "Baby Missiles" 3:33
11. "Original Slave" 3:11
12. "Black Water Falls" 5:10
Total length: 46:42
Personnel[edit]
The following people contributed to Slave Ambient:[26]
The War on Drugs[edit]
Adam Granduciel – lead vocals, electric guitars (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 12), acoustic guitars (1), animator guitars (1), harmonica (1, 3, 4, 6, 10 and 11), Siel OR400 (4, 5, 8 and 9), samplers (1, 4, 6 and 8), organ (5, 6 and 12), harmonizer (2, 4 and 9), tapes (4, 6 and 7), cassettes (5, 9 and 11), ARP Omni (4 and 8), bass guitar (3), keyboards (10), Tom Thumb piano (1), Farfisa (4), Korg Mono/Poly (5), Eventide (5), Moogerfooger (5), Voyager (6), synthesizer (7), percussion (8), drum machine (9), filters (10), dubs (11), drums (12)
Dave Hartley – bass guitar (1, 2, 6, 8, 10 and 12), electric guitar (8 and 10), Nashville guitar (2), twelve-string guitar (6 and 12), Voyager (2), Roland Juno-60 (3), drums (6), electric autoharp (10)
Robbie Bennett – piano (1, 2 and 8), acoustic guitar (2), ARP Omni II (12), percussion (8)
Mike Zanghi – drums (2, 6, 10 and 12), percussion (2, 6, 10 and 12), Hayman (4), Mu-Tron Bi-Phase (10)
Additional musicians[edit]
Kurt Vile – electric guitar (1 and 8)
Steven Urgo – drums (1)
Jeff Zeigler – drum programming (4), harmonizers (4), patch bay (4 and 5), SPX90 (5)
Michael Johnson – Eventide (4), modular Moog treatments (4), hamonizer settings (5), drums (6)
Jeff Ryan – drums (3)
Chad Stockslager – upright piano (3)
Jesse Trbovich – saxophone (5)
Kim Roney – piano (12)
John Ashley – Voyager (12)
Recording[edit]
Adam Granduciel – production, recording
Jeff Zeigler – production, recording
John Ashley – recording
Michael Johnson – additional engineering
John Congleton – additional engineering
Dave Hartley – additional engineering
Brian McTear – mixing (track 10)
Artwork[edit]
Adam Granduciel – photography
Daniel Murphy – design
Charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
US Independent Albums (Billboard)[27]
27
US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard)[28]
4
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The War On Drugs – Slave Ambient". Secretly Canadian. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Stewart. The War On Drugs - Slave Ambient. list.co.uk. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Larson, Jeremy (August 30, 2011). "The War on Drugs – Slave Ambient". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Branson, Scott (August 19, 2011). "The War on Drugs: Slave Ambient". PopMatters. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Franco, Michael (November 21, 2011). "Persevering Through the Confusion: An Interview with The War on Drugs". PopMatters. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Musical Pairings: The War On Drugs – Slave Ambient". Turntable Kitchen. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
Jump up ^ Young, Susannah (December 14, 2009). "Kurt Vile: Interview At Pitchfork Music Festival 2011". Prefix Magazine. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Reviews for Slave Ambient by The War on Drugs". Metacritic. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Ned. "Slave Ambient – The War on Drugs". AllMusic. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyden, Steven (August 16, 2011). "The War On Drugs: Slave Ambient". The A.V. Club. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hann, Michael (December 22, 2011). "The War on Drugs: Slave Ambient – review". The Guardian. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Jim (August 26, 2011). "The War on Drugs". The Irish Times. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The War on Drugs: Slave Ambient". Mojo (214): 94. September 2011.
Jump up ^ Wright, Lisa (August 9, 2011). "Album Review: The War On Drugs – 'Slave Ambient'". NME. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Empire, Kitty (August 14, 2011). "The War on Drugs: Slave Ambient – review". The Observer. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Berman, Stuart (August 23, 2011). "The War on Drugs: Slave Ambient". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Modell, Josh (August 16, 2011). "The War on Drugs, 'Slave Ambient' (Secretly Canadian)". Spin. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The War on Drugs: Slave Ambient". Uncut (172): 80. September 2011.
Jump up ^ Thomes, Lou (August 12, 2011). "Review of The War on Drugs – Slave Ambient". BBC Music. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cole, Matthew (August 14, 2011). "The War on Drugs: Slave Ambient". Slant Magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Trapunski, Richard (August 11–18, 2011). "The War On Drugs – Slave Ambient". Now. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Josh (November 29, 2011). "The 50 Best Albums of 2011". Paste. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Uncut's Top 50 Albums Of 2011. Stereogum. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ MOJO's Top 50 Albums Of 2011. Stereogum. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ The Top 50 Albums of 2011. Pitchfork. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Slave Ambient – The War on Drugs (Credits)". AllMusic. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The War on Drugs Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The War on Drugs Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
External links[edit]
Secretly Canadian's page on Slave Ambient
Progress Report: The War On Drugs. Stereogum interview on the recording of Slave Ambient.
[hide]
v
t
e
The War on Drugs
Adam Granduciel
Dave Hartley
Robbie Bennett
Charlie Hall
Jon Natchez
Anthony LaMarca
Kurt Vile
Kyle Lloyd
Mike Zhangi
Steven Urgo
Patrick Berkery
Studio albums
Wagonwheel Blues
Slave Ambient
Lost in the Dream
A Deeper Understanding
EPs
Barrel of Batteries
Future Weather
Related articles
Kurt Vile & the Violators
Nightlands
Beirut
Are We There
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slave_Ambient&oldid=825049593"
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text:
Llanelli RFC
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Llanelli RFC
Union
Welsh Rugby Union
Nickname(s)
Bois Sospan
Turks
Founded
1875
Location
Llanelli, Wales
Ground(s)
Parc y Scarlets (Capacity: 14,870)
President
Derek Quinnell
Coach(es)
Kevin George
League(s)
Welsh Premier Division
2011–12
2nd[1]
1st kit
2nd kit
Official website
www.llanellirfc.co.uk
Llanelli Rugby Football Club (Welsh: Clwb Rygbi Llanelli) is a Welsh rugby union club founded in 1875 (though often recorded as 1872[2]) Since the regionalisation of Welsh rugby Llanelli are now a feeder club to the Scarlets regional team.
The club began the 2008–09 season at their historic home ground of Stradey Park in Llanelli, but moved in November 2008 to the new Parc y Scarlets in adjacent Pemberton. Sosban Fach (Welsh for "little saucepan") is a nickname of Llanelli RFC; "Sosban Fach" is the name of a Welsh song, which is sometimes sung by the club's fans during matches as the club anthem. The team colours are scarlet and white.
Contents
[hide]
1 Club history
1.1 The early years
1.2 The Scarlets
1.3 The Day the Pubs Ran Dry
1.4 Cup success
1.5 The regional era
1.6 Match traditions
2 Ground
3 Club honours
4 Current squad
5 British and Irish Lions
6 Wales International Captains
7 Other notable former Llanelli players
8 Games played against international opposition
9 Bibliography
10 References
11 External links
Club history[edit]
The early years[edit]
Llanelli RFC was founded on 11 November 1875 when a group of local gentlemen met at the Athenaeum in Llanelli to form a rugby football club.[3] Several sources state that Llanelli formed in 1872, and the club officially celebrated its centenary in 1972; though more recent information suggests that the centenary year was chosen to coincide with the visit of the 1972 touring All Blacks.[3]
The first recorded match was played on 1 January 1876, against Cambria, a team based in Swansea. The result was a draw, but Llanelli were declared winners as they had grounded the ball defensively fewer times than their opponents.[4] Their second match was against Swansea on 5 February 1876, another draw, played at Felinfoel.
During this early period the team played in blue shirts and blue caps at Peoples Park. Llanelli RFC moved to Stradey Park in 1879, switching their colours to blue and white in the same year. The team switched their colours three more times before 1884, adopting black, then rose before switching to red and chocolate quarters.[4]
The Scarlets[edit]
In 1884 Llanelli played an Irish XV who stopped off in the town, having played Wales in Cardiff a couple of days previously. In this match the team played in scarlet shirts, and this has remained the club's first colour ever since; it also led to the club's nickname "The Scarlets" and the name of the regional team (Scarlets) nearly 120 years later. Their first major trophies came in 1884 and 1886 with the South Wales Challenge Cup, the forerunner of the modern Welsh Cup. December 1888 saw the team beat a touring New Zealand Natives team by 3–0 with a dropped goal from Harry Bowen. The team claimed their first full international scalp in 1908 when they beat Australia 8–3. This would be the first of many famous victories over touring international sides. Players that wore the Scarlet jersey in this pre-war era included Albert Jenkins, who scored over 121 tries for the club as a centre.
After the war Lewis Jones was one of the stars of the game. He was capped by Wales aged just 18 in 1950, and was instrumental in their Grand Slam win that year. However just two years later, he switched codes from the then amateur rugby union to the professional rugby league and signed for Leeds for a then record amount of £6,000.
Success was however not away from Stradey for long, a victory over Australia came in 1967 and the club was about to enter what many would argue was its strongest era. Players at Llanelli during the 1970s included Ray Gravell, Gareth Jenkins, Delme Thomas, Phil Bennett, and Derek Quinnell; and the team was coached by Carwyn James and assisted by former captain and Wales international hooker Norman Gale.
The Day the Pubs Ran Dry[edit]
"9 – 3" is a poem by Welsh comedian and singer Max Boyce and refers to the match between Llanelli and the New Zealand All Blacks at Stradey Park in front of 26,000 supporters on 31 October 1972. Llanelli took a 6–0 lead through a converted try but New Zealand struck back to make it 6–3. A long distance Andy Hill penalty ensured Llanelli emerged victors by 9–3 and the crowd famously ran onto the pitch at the end and carried off players such as Delme Thomas.[5] The poem is best known for the line "The day the pubs ran dry", as huge celebrations followed and many pubs in the town sold out of all alcoholic drinks.[6]
Cup success[edit]
The next notable period for Llanelli RFC was during the late 1980s and early 1990s. With players such as Ieuan Evans amongst the squad, Llanelli won the Welsh Cup five times in eight years between 1985 and 1993 including in consecutive seasons in 1991,1992 and 1993. They achieved their most recent success against international opponents when they beat Australia, the world champions at the time, in 1992. Rupert Moon was captain when they won the cup and league which earned Llanelli the title of Best Team in Britain for the 1992–1993 season as well as the nickname "Cup Kings of Wales" due to their success in the Welsh Cup. The late 1990s and early years of the 21st century also produced many Welsh internationals including Rupert Moon, Ricky Evans, Wayne Proctor, Scott Quinnell and Stephen Jones.
The side reached the semi-finals of the Heineken Cup three times: in 2000 against Northampton Saints who went on to win the trophy, in 2002 against Leicester Tigers and in 2007 against Leicester Tigers again. In the first match against Leicester, Llanelli appeared to be going to their first final as they led 12–10 in injury time. But Leicester were awarded a penalty 8 metres inside their own half; Tim Stimpson's kick for goal bounced off both the post and crossbar before just falling over the post to deny Llanelli.
Prior to the regional era, Llanelli RFC were considered the third most successful team in European club rugby, having played the third largest number of games (behind Toulouse and Munster) in the Heineken Cup due to the club's consistency in qualifying for the knockout stages of the tournament. However, they have never won the competition.
The regional era[edit]
Top-level professional rugby changed at Llanelli RFC in 2003 when Llanelli's first team rebranded, as part of the WRU's move to 5 professional teams, to Llanelli Scarlets and Llanelli RFC became the club's premiership brand. The Llanelli RFC team plays in the Welsh Premier Division and Welsh Cup. They won the cup in 2005, their first silverware in their new format during which time they were coached by Scott Quinnell.
Match traditions[edit]
As a link to the club's team anthem Sosban Fach, there were sosbenni on top of the uprights of both sets of posts at Stradey Park. The saucepans were installed at Parc y Scarlets.
When Llanelli RFC play Bath, it is tradition that a rag doll is hung from the crossbar, which the winning team then keeps until their next encounter. Llanelli RFC won the doll in 2002 and successfully defended it when they played Bath in the Powergen Cup semi-final in 2006. Bath reclaimed the prize in a pre-season game in August 2007 and have won three further fixtures.
Ground[edit]
The Scarlets play at Parc y Scarlets in Pemberton. From 1879 to 2008 they played at Stradey Park in Llanelli. Planning for the new stadium began in 2004.[7]
Club honours[edit]
Welsh Premier Division: 1992/1993, 1998/1999, 2001/2002, 2010/2011
Welsh Cup: 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2010
Snelling Sevens: 1960, 1971, 1973, 1979, 1988
Current squad[edit]
Note: Flags indicate national union as has been defined under WR eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-WR nationality.
Player
Position
Union
Gareth Havard Prop Wales
Tom Kaijaks Prop Wales
Ben Leung Prop Wales
Sam Martin Prop Wales
Rhys Thomas Prop Wales
Taylor Davies Hooker Wales
Torin Myhill Hooker Wales
Rhydian Gierat Lock Wales
Jack Jones Lock Wales
Chris Long Lock Wales
Josh Cuggy Lock Wales
Adam Powell Lock Wales
Liam Puckett Lock Wales
Owain Morgan Flanker Wales
Tom Phillips Flanker Wales
Jack Condy Number 8 Wales
Trystan Lloyd Number 8 Wales
Elliott Rees Number 8 Wales
Player
Position
Union
Joshua Guy Scrum-half Wales
Justin James Scrum-half Wales
Connor Salter Scrum-half Wales
Josh Lewis Fly-half Wales
Billy McBryde Fly-half Wales
Paul Davies Centre Wales
Nathan Edwards Centre Wales
Steffan Hughes Centre Wales
Jonny Lewis Centre Wales
Matthew Owen Centre Wales
Gareth Walters Centre Wales
Elliot Dawe Wing Wales
Sam Evans Wing Wales
Andrew Spowart Wing Wales
Ryan Davies Fullback Wales
Dion Jones Fullback Wales
British and Irish Lions[edit]
The following former players were selected for the British and Irish Lions touring squads whilst playing for Llanelli RFC.
Phil Bennett 1974,1977
Roy Bergiers 1974
Bill Clement 1938
Tom David 1974
Ieuan Evans 1989,1993,1997
Ray Gravell 1980
Dafydd James 2001
Elvet Jones 1938
Ivor Jones 1930
Lewis Jones 1950
Robin McBryde 2001
Peter Morgan 1980
Terry Price 1966
Derek Quinnell 1971,1977,1980
Scott Quinnell 1993,2001
Keith Rowlands 1962
AG Thomas 1955,1974 (manager)
Delme Thomas 1966,1971
J.J. Williams 1974,1977
Rhys H. Williams 1955,1959
Wales International Captains[edit]
The following former players captained the Wales national rugby union team while playing for Llanelli RFC.
See also Wales rugby union captains
Willie Thomas 1891
Rev J Alban Davies 1914
Albert Jenkins 1923–1928
Idris Jones 1925
Ivor Jones 1927–30
Rhys H Williams 1960
Onllwyn Brace 1960–61
Terry Davies 1960–61
Norman Gale 1967–68
Delme Thomas 1972
Phil Bennett 1977–78
David Pickering 1986–87
Jonathan Davies 1987–88
Ieuan Evans 1991–95
Nigel Davies 1996
Scott Quinnell 2000–02
Stephen Jones 2003–07
Other notable former Llanelli players[edit]
Former Llanelli RFC players who have at some time represented Wales or toured with the British Lions.
See also Category:Llanelli RFC players
Owen Badger – Welsh International
Neil Boobyer – Welsh International
Matt Cardey – Welsh International
Howard Davies – Welsh International
John "Jack" Evans – Welsh International
Isaac "Ike" John Fowler – Welsh International
Rhys Gabe – Welsh International, British Lion
Andrew Gibbs – Welsh International
Clive Griffiths – Welsh International
Ray Hopkins – Welsh International, British Lion
Bryn Howells – Welsh rugby union and League International
Carwyn James – Welsh International, British Lions coach, broadcaster
Barry John – Welsh International, British Lion
Ken Jones – Welsh International, British Lion
Frederick Margrave – Welsh International
Rupert Moon – Welsh International
Mark Perego – Welsh International
Wayne Proctor – Welsh International
Paul Ringer – Welsh International
Mark Taylor – Welsh International
Watcyn Thomas – Welsh International
Hopkins Dai – Hong Kong International 1952 Tour of Japan
Games played against international opposition[edit]
Year
Date
Opponent
Result
Score
Tour
1888 19 December Māori Win 3–0 1888 New Zealand Native tour
1903 15 January Canada Won 11–9 1903 Canada rugby tour of the British Isles
1906 29 December South Africa Loss 3–16 1906 South Africa rugby union tour
1908 17 October Australia Won 8–3 1908 Australia tour of British Isles and France
1912 19 October South Africa Loss 7–8 1912-13 South Africa rugby union tour
1924 2 December New Zealand Lost 3–8 1924–25 New Zealand tour
1926 13 November Māori Win 3–0 1926-27 New Zealand Māori rugby union tour
1931 24 November South Africa Loss 0–9 1931-32 South Africa rugby union tour
1935 22 October New Zealand Loss 8–16 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour
1951 23 October South Africa Loss 11–20 1951-52 South Africa rugby union tour
1953 17 November New Zealand Loss 3–17 1953/54 All Blacks tour of the British Isles, France and North America
1957 August Czechoslovakia Win 35–9 Llanelli tour of Russia
1960 13 December South Africa Loss 0–21 1960-61 South Africa rugby union tour
1963 31 December New Zealand Loss 8–22 1963/64 All Blacks tour of the British Isles, France and Canada
1967 17 January Australia Won 11–0 1966–67 Australia rugby union tour
1970 20 January South Africa Loss 9–10 1969-70 South Africa rugby union tour
1972 31 October New Zealand Win 9–3 1972-73 New Zealand rugby union tour of the British Isles, France and North America
1974 17 September Tonga Win 24–15 1974 Tonga Tour to the British Isles
1975 4 November Australia Draw 28–28 1975-76 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland
1980 21 October New Zealand Loss 10–16 1980 All Blacks tour
1982 6 November New Zealand Māori Win 16–9 1982 New Zealand Māori rugby union tour of Wales
1984 20 November Australia Win 19–16 1984 Australia tour of Britain and Ireland
1985 5 November Fiji Win 31–28 1985 Fiji rugby union tour of British Isles[8]
1986 16 August Fiji Loss 12–16 Llanelli at the National Stadium, Suva, Fiji[9]
1989 28 October New Zealand Loss 0–11 1989 New Zealand rugby union tour
1992 14 November Australia Win 13–9 1992 Australia rugby union tour of Europe
1995 7 November Fiji Loss 12–38 1995 Fiji rugby union tour of Wales and Ireland[10]
1997 8 November New Zealand Loss 3–81 1997 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland
Bibliography[edit]
Bevan, Alun Wyn (2005). Stradey Stories. Llandysul: Gomer Press. ISBN 978-1-84323-570-5.
Hughes, Gareth (1983). One hundred years of Scarlet. Llanelli Rugby Football Club. ISBN 0-9509159-0-4.
Hughes, Gareth (1986). The Scarlets: A History of Llanelli Rugby Club. Llanelli: Llanelli Borough Council. ISBN 0-906821-05-3.
Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ WRU Official Site – Sourced 4 July 2012
Jump up ^ The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales John Davies, Nigel Jenkins, Menna Baines and Peredur Lynch (2008) pp782 ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6
^ Jump up to: a b Bevan (2005), pg 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Bevan (2005), pg 67.
Jump up ^ The Rugby Clubs of Wales pp76-77, David Parry-Jones (1989) ISBN 0-09-173850-4
Jump up ^ "Day the pubs ran dry". BBC News. 31 October 2002. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Scarlets home in on stadium site". BBC. 1 July 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Fiji Rugby.com Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Fiji Rugby.com Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Robert Cole (10 October 1995). "Wales brace themselves for the giants of Fiji". The Independent. Retrieved 20 June 2008. [dead link]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llanelli_RFC&oldid=818916080"
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