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Polaris
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Polaris
Polaris (α Ursae Minoris) in the constellation Ursa Minor (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000 Equinox
Constellation Ursa Minor
α UMi Aa
Right ascension 02h 31m 49.09s
Declination +89° 15′ 50.8″
Apparent magnitude (V) 1.98[1] (variable 1.86-2.13)
α UMi Ab
Right ascension
Declination
Apparent magnitude (V) 9.2[1]
α UMi B
Right ascension 02h 30m 41.63s
Declination +89° 15′ 38.1″
Apparent magnitude (V) 8.7[1]
Characteristics
α UMi Aa
Spectral type
F7Ib[2]
U−B color index
0.38[1]
B−V color index
0.60[1]
Variable type
Classical Cepheid[3]
α UMi Ab
Spectral type
F6V[1]
α UMi B
Spectral type
F3V[1]
U−B color index
0.01[4]
B−V color index
0.42[4]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv) −17 km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 44.48±0.11 mas/yr
Dec.: −11.85±0.13 mas/yr
Parallax (π) 7.54 ± 0.11[5] mas
Distance 323–433[6] ly
(99–133[6] pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV) −3.6 (α UMi Aa)[1]
3.6 (α UMi Ab)[1]
3.1 (α UMi B)[1]
Orbit[1]
Primary α UMi Aa
Companion α UMi Ab
Period (P) 29.59 yr
Semi-major axis (a) 0.133″
Eccentricity (e) 0.608
Inclination (i) 128°
Longitude of the node (Ω) 19°
Argument of periastron (ω)
(secondary) 303°
Semi-amplitude (K1)
(primary) 3.72 km/s
Details
α UMi Aa
Mass 5.4[7] M☉
Radius 37.5[7] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric) 1,260[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g) 2.2[8] cgs
Temperature 6015[4] K
Metallicity 112% solar[9]
Rotation 119 days[2]
Rotational velocity (v sin i) 14[2] km/s
Age 7×107[10] years
α UMi Ab
Mass 1.26[1] M☉
Radius 1.04[1] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric) 3[1] L☉
Age 7×107[10] years
α UMi B
Mass 1.39[1] M☉
Radius 1.38[4] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric) 3.9[4] L☉
Surface gravity (log g) 4.3[4] cgs
Temperature 6900[4] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i) 110[4] km/s
Age 7×107[10] years
Position (relative to α UMi Aa)
Component α UMi Ab
Epoch of observation 2005.5880
Angular distance 0.172″
Position angle 231.4°
Position (relative to α UMi Aa)
Component α UMi B
Epoch of observation 2005.5880
Angular distance 18.217″
Position angle 230.540°
Other designations
Polaris, North Star, 1 Ursae Minoris, HR 424, BD +88° 8, HD 8890, SAO 308, FK5 907, GC 2243, ADS 1477, CCDM J02319+8915, HIP 11767, Cynosura, Alruccabah, Phoenice, Navigatoria, Star of Arcady, Yilduz, Mismar
Database references
SIMBAD α UMi A
α UMi B
Polaris, designated Alpha Ursae Minoris (α Ursae Minoris, abbreviated Alpha UMi, α UMi), commonly the North Star or Pole Star, is the brightest star in the constellation of Ursa Minor. It is very close to the north celestial pole, making it the current northern pole star. The revised Hipparcos parallax gives a distance to Polaris of about 433 light-years (133 parsecs), while calculations by other methods derive distances around 30% closer.
Polaris is a multiple star, comprising the main star (Polaris Aa, a yellow supergiant) in orbit with a smaller companion (Polaris Ab); the pair in orbit with Polaris B (discovered in August 1779 by William Herschel). There were once thought to be two more distant components—Polaris C and Polaris D—but these have been shown not to be physically associated with the Polaris system.[10][11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Stellar system
2 Variable star
3 Names
4 Role as pole star
5 Distance
6 History of observations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Stellar system[edit]
Polaris components as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope
Polaris Aa is a 5.4 solar mass (M☉) F7 yellow supergiant of spectral type Ib. This is the first classical Cepheid to have a mass determined from its orbit. The two smaller companions are Polaris B, a 1.39 M☉ F3 main-sequence star orbiting at a distance of 2400 astronomical units (au), and Polaris Ab (or P), a very close F6 main-sequence star with an 18.8 au radius orbit and 1.26 M☉.
Polaris B can be seen even with a modest telescope. William Herschel discovered the star in August 1779 using a reflecting telescope of his own, one of the best telescopes of the time. By examining the spectrum of Polaris A, it was also discovered in 1929 that it was a very close binary, with the secondary being a dwarf (variously α UMi P, α UMi an or α UMi Ab), which had been theorized in earlier observations (Moore, J. H. and Kholodovsky, E. A.). In January 2006, NASA released images, from the Hubble telescope, that showed the three members of the Polaris ternary system. The nearest dwarf star is in an orbit of only 18.5 au (2.8 billion km) from Polaris A,[12] about the distance between the Sun and Uranus), which explains why its light is swamped by its close and much brighter companion.[13]
Variable star[edit]
Ursa Major and Ursa Minor in relation to Polaris
Polaris A, the supergiant primary component, is a low-amplitude Population I classical Cepheid variable, although it was once thought to be a type II Cepheid due to its high galactic latitude. Cepheids constitute an important standard candle for determining distance, so Polaris, as the closest such star, is heavily studied. The variability of Polaris had been suspected since 1852; this variation was confirmed by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1911.[14]
The range of brightness of Polaris during its pulsations is given as 1.86–2.13,[3] but the amplitude has changed since discovery. Prior to 1963, the amplitude was over 0.1 magnitude and was very gradually decreasing. After 1966 it very rapidly decreased until it was less than 0.05 magnitude; since then, it has erratically varied near that range. It has been reported that the amplitude is now increasing again, a reversal not seen in any other Cepheid.[2]
The period, roughly 4 days, has also changed over time. It has steadily increased by around 4.5 seconds per year except for a hiatus in 1963–1965. This was originally thought to be due to secular redward evolution across the Cepheid instability strip, but it may be due to interference between the primary and the first-overtone pulsation modes.[13][15][16] Authors disagree on whether Polaris is a fundamental or first-overtone pulsator and on whether it is crossing the instability strip for the first time or not.[16]
The temperature of Polaris varies by only a small amount during its pulsations, but the amount of this variation is variable and unpredictable. The erratic changes of temperature and the amplitude of temperature changes during each cycle, from less than 50 K to at least 170 K, may be related to the orbit with Polaris Ab.[8]
Research reported in Science suggests that Polaris is 2.5 times brighter today than when Ptolemy observed it, changing from third to second magnitude.[17] Astronomer Edward Guinan considers this to be a remarkable change and is on record as saying that "if they are real, these changes are 100 times larger than [those] predicted by current theories of stellar evolution".
Names[edit]
This artist's concept shows: supergiant Polaris A, dwarf Polaris Ab, and the distant dwarf companion Polaris B.
The modern name Polaris[18] is shortened from New Latin stella polaris "polar star", coined in the Renaissance era, when the star had approached the celestial pole to within a few degrees. Gemma Frisius, writing in 1547, referred to it as stella illa quae polaris dicitur ("that star which is called 'polar'"), placing it 3° 7' from the celestial pole.[19]
In antiquity, Polaris was not yet the closest naked-eye star to the celestial pole, and the entire constellation of Ursa Minor was used for navigation rather than any single star. Polaris moved close enough to the pole to be the closest naked-eye star, even though still at a distance of several degrees, in the early medieval period, and numerous names referring to this characteristic as polar star have been in use since the medieval period. In Old English, it was known as 'scip-steorra ("ship-star"); In the Old English rune poem, the T-rune is apparently associated with "a circumpolar constellation", compared to the quality of steadfastness or honour.[20]
In the Hindu Puranas, it became personified under the name Dhruva ("immovable, fixed"). In the later medieval period, it became associated with the Marian title of Stella Maris "Star of the Sea" (so in Bartholomeus Anglicus, c. 1270s)[21] An older English name, attested since the 14th century, is lodestar "guiding star", cognate with the Old Norse leiðarstjarna, Middle High German leitsterne.
The ancient name of the constellation Ursa Minor, Cynosura (from the Greek κυνόσουρα "the dog’s tail" ) became associated with the pole star in particular by the early modern period. An explicit identification of Mary as stella maris with the polar star (Stella Polaris), as well as the use of Cyonsura as a name of the star, is evident in the title Cynosura seu Mariana Stella Polaris (i.e. "Cynosure, or the Marian Polar Star"), a collection of Marian poetry published by Nicolaus Lucensis (Niccolo Barsotti de Lucca) in 1655.
Its name in traditional pre-Islamic Arab astronomy was Al-Judeyy الجدي, and that name was used in medieval Islamic astronomy as well[22] [23]. In those times, it was not yet as close to the north celestial pole as it is now, and used to rotate around the pole.
It was invoked as a symbol of steadfastness in poetry, as "steadfast star" by Spenser. Shakespeare's sonnet 116 is an example of the symbolism of the north star as a guiding principle: "[Love] is the star to every wandering bark / Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken." In Julius Caesar, he has Caesar explain his refusal to grant a pardon by saying, "I am as constant as the northern star/Of whose true-fixed and resting quality/There is no fellow in the firmament./The skies are painted with unnumbered sparks,/They are all fire and every one doth shine,/But there’s but one in all doth hold his place;/So in the world" (III, i, 65-71). Of course, Polaris will not "constantly" remain as the north star due to precession, but this is only noticeable over centuries.
In Inuit astronomy, Polaris is known as Niqirtsuituq. It is depicted on the flag and coat of arms of the Canadian Inuit territory of Nunavut, as well as on the flag of the U.S. state of Alaska.
Role as pole star[edit]
Main article: Pole star
A typical Northern Hemisphere star trail with Polaris in the center
Because Polaris lies nearly in a direct line with the axis of the Earth's rotation "above" the North Pole—the north celestial pole—Polaris stands almost motionless in the sky, and all the stars of the northern sky appear to rotate around it. Therefore, it makes an excellent fixed point from which to draw measurements for celestial navigation and for astrometry. The moving of Polaris towards and, in the future, away from the celestial pole, is due to the precession of the equinoxes.[24] The celestial pole will move away from α UMi after the 21st century, passing close by Gamma Cephei by about the 41st century, moving towards Deneb by about the 91st century. Historically, the celestial pole was close to Thuban around 2750 BC,[24] and during classical antiquity it was closer to Kochab (β UMi) than to Polaris.[25] It was about the same angular distance from β UMi as to α UMi by the end of late antiquity. The Greek navigator Pytheas in ca. 320 BC described the celestial pole as devoid of stars. However, as one of the brighter stars close to the celestial pole, Polaris was used for navigation at least from late antiquity, and described as ἀεί φανής (aei phanēs) "always visible" by Stobaeus (5th century), and it could reasonably be described as stella polaris from about the High Middle Ages.
In more recent history, in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, written around 1599, Caesar describes himself as being "as constant as the northern star", though in Caesar's time there was no constant northern star. It was referenced in Nathaniel Bowditch's 1802 book, American Practical Navigator, where it is listed as one of the navigational stars.[26] At present, Polaris is 0.75° away from the pole of rotation (1.4 times the Moon disc) and hence revolves around the pole in a small circle 1.5° in diameter. Only twice during every sidereal day does Polaris accurately define the true north azimuth; the rest of the time, it is slightly displaced eastward or westward, and the bearing must be corrected using tables or a rough rule of thumb. The best approximate[27] was made using the leading edge of the "Big Dipper" asterism in the constellation Ursa Major as a point of reference. The leading edge (defined by the stars Dubhe and Merak) was referenced to a clock face, and the true azimuth of Polaris worked out for different latitudes.
Distance[edit]
Stellar parallax is the basis for the parsec, which is the distance from the Sun to an astronomical object which has a parallax angle of one arcsecond. (1 au and 1 pc are not to scale, 1 pc = about 206265 au)
Many recent papers calculate the distance to Polaris at about 433 light-years (133 parsecs),[13] in agreement with parallax measurements from the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. Older distance estimates were often slightly less, and recent research based on high resolution spectral analysis suggests it may be up to 100 light years closer (323 ly/99 pc).[6] Polaris is the closest Cepheid variable to Earth so its physical parameters are of critical importance to the whole astronomical distance scale.[6] It is also the only one with a dynamically measured mass.
Selected distance estimates to Polaris
Year
Distance, ly (pc)
Notes
433 ly (133 pc) Hipparcos[5]
2006
330 ly (101 pc) Turner[15]
2008
359 ly (110 pc) Usenko & Klochkova[4]
2013
323 ly (99 pc) Turner, et al.[6]
2014
>=385 ly (>=118 pc) Neilson[28]
2015
346 ly (106 pc) Fadeyev[7]
The Hipparcos spacecraft used stellar parallax to take measurements from 1989 and 1993 with the accuracy of 0.97 milliarcseconds (970 microarcseconds), and it obtained accurate measurements for stellar distances up to 1,000 pc away.[29] The Hipparcos data was examined again with more advanced error correction and statistical techniques.[5] Despite the advantages of Hipparcos astrometry, the uncertainty in its Polaris data has been pointed out and some researches have questioned the accuracy of Hipparcos when measuring binary Cepheids like Polaris.[6] The Hipparcos reduction specifically for Polaris has been re-examined and reaffirmed but there is still not widespread agreement about the distance.[30]
The next major step in high precision parallax measurements will come from Gaia, a space astrometry mission launched in 2013 and intended to measure stellar parallax to within 25 microarcseconds (μas).[31] It was expected that Gaia would not be able to take measurements on bright stars like Polaris, but it may help with measurements of other members of assumed associations and with the general galactic distance scale. Radio telescopes have also been used to produce accurate parallax measurements at large distances, but these require a compact radio source in close association with the star which is typically only the case for cool supergiants with masers in their circumstellar material.[32] Gaia was launched in 2013 and began its mission to record data
Although it was originally planned to limit Gaia's observations to stars fainter than magnitude 5.7, tests carried out during the commissioning phase indicated that Gaia could autonomously identify stars as bright as magnitude 3. When Gaia entered regular scientific operations in July 2014, it was configured to routinely process stars in the magnitude range 3 – 20.[33] Beyond that limit, special procedures are used to download raw scanning data for the remaining 230 stars brighter than magnitude 3; methods to reduce and analyse these data are being developed; and it is expected that there will be "complete sky coverage at the bright end" with standard errors of "a few dozen µas".[34]
Determining an accurate distance to Polaris is important for the cosmic distance ladder because, until new data comes, it is the only Cepheid variable for which precision distance data exists, which has a ripple effect on distance measurements that use this "ruler".[35]
History of observations[edit]
Polaris in stellar catalogues and atlases
Source
Presence
Ptolemy (~169) Yes
Al-Sufi (964) Yes
Al-Biruni (~1030) Yes
Khayyam (~1100) Yes
Al-Tusi (1272) No
Ulugh Beg (1437) Yes
Copernicus (1543) Yes
Schöner (1551) Yes
Brahe (1598) Yes
Brahe (1602) Yes
Source
Presence
Bayer (1603) Yes
De Houtman (1603) No
Kepler (1627) Yes
Schiller (1627) Yes
Halley (1679) No
Hevelius (1690) Yes
Flamsteed (1725) Yes
Flamsteed (1729) Yes
Bode (1801a) Yes
Bode (1801b) Yes
See also[edit]
Polar alignment
Polaris in fiction
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904  . Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lee, B. C.; Mkrtichian, D. E.; Han, I.; Park, M. G.; Kim, K. M. (2008). "Precise Radial Velocities of Polaris: Detection of Amplitude Growth". The Astronomical Journal. 135 (6): 2240. arXiv:0804.2793  . Bibcode:2008AJ....135.2240L. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/6/2240.
^ Jump up to: a b Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007–2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Originally published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1: 02025. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Turner, D. G.; Kovtyukh, V. V.; Usenko, I. A.; Gorlova, N. I. (2013). "The Pulsation Mode of the Cepheid Polaris". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 762: L8. arXiv:1211.6103  . Bibcode:2013ApJ...762L...8T. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/762/1/L8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fadeyev, Y. A. (2015). "Evolutionary status of Polaris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449: 1011. arXiv:1502.06463  . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449.1011F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv412.
^ Jump up to: a b Usenko, I. A.; Miroshnichenko, A. S.; Klochkova, V. G.; Yushkin, M. V. (2005). "Polaris, the nearest Cepheid in the Galaxy: Atmosphere parameters, reddening and chemical composition". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (4): 1219. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362.1219U. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09353.x.
Jump up ^ Cayrel de Strobel, G.; Soubiran, C.; Ralite, N. (2001). "Catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations for FGK stars: 2001 edition". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 373: 159. arXiv:astro-ph/0106438  . Bibcode:2001A&A...373..159C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010525.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wielen, R.; Jahreiß, H.; Dettbarn, C.; Lenhardt, H.; Schwan, H. (2000). "Polaris: Astrometric orbit, position, and proper motion". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 360: 399. arXiv:astro-ph/0002406  . Bibcode:2000A&A...360..399W.
Jump up ^ Evans, Nancy Remage; Guinan, Edward; Engle, Scott; Wolk, Scott J.; Schlegel, Eric; Mason, Brian D.; Karovska, Margarita; Spitzbart, Bradley (2010). "Chandra Observation of Polaris: Census of Low-mass Companions". The Astronomical Journal. 139 (5): 1968. Bibcode:2010AJ....139.1968E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/5/1968.
Jump up ^ "There's More to the North Star Than Meets the Eye". Hubblesite.org. 2006-01-09. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Evans, N. R.; Sasselov, D. D.; Short, C. I. (2002). "Polaris: Amplitude, Period Change, and Companions". The Astrophysical Journal. 567 (2): 1121. Bibcode:2002ApJ...567.1121E. doi:10.1086/338583.
Jump up ^ Hertzsprung, Ejnar (August 1911). "Nachweis der Veränderlichkeit von α Ursae Minoris". Astronomische Nachrichten (in German). 189 (6): 89. Bibcode:1911AN....189...89H. doi:10.1002/asna.19111890602.
^ Jump up to: a b Turner, D. G.; Savoy, J.; Derrah, J.; Abdel‐Sabour Abdel‐Latif, M.; Berdnikov, L. N. (2005). "The Period Changes of Polaris". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 117 (828): 207. Bibcode:2005PASP..117..207T. doi:10.1086/427838.
^ Jump up to: a b Neilson, H. R.; Engle, S. G.; Guinan, E.; Langer, N.; Wasatonic, R. P.; Williams, D. B. (2012). "The Period Change of the Cepheid Polaris Suggests Enhanced Mass Loss". The Astrophysical Journal. 745 (2): L32. arXiv:1201.0761  . Bibcode:2012ApJ...745L..32N. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/745/2/L32.
Jump up ^ Irion, R (2004). "American Astronomical Society meeting. As inconstant as the Northern Star". Science. 304 (5678): 1740–1. doi:10.1126/science.304.5678.1740b. PMID 15205508.
Jump up ^ IAU Working Group on Star Names "IAU Catalog of Star Names". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Gemmae Frisii de astrolabo catholico liber: quo latissime patentis instrumenti multiplex usus explicatur, & quicquid uspiam rerum mathematicarum tradi possit continetur, Steelsius (1556), p. 20; see also Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
Jump up ^ Bruce Dickins, Runic and heroic poems of the old Teutonic peoples (1915), p. 18; Dickins' "a circumpolar constellation" is attributed to L. Botkine, La Chanson des Runes (1879).
Jump up ^ J. O. Halliwell, (ed.), The Works of William Shakespeare vol. 5 (1856), p. 40.]
Jump up ^ Al-Sufi, AbdulRahman (964). "Book Of Fixed Stars".
Jump up ^ Schjellerup, Hans (1874). "Description des Etoiles fixes". p. 45.
^ Jump up to: a b Ridpath, Ian, ed. (2004). Norton's Star Atlas. New York: Pearson Education. p. 5. ISBN 0-13-145164-2. Around 4800 years ago Thuban (α Draconis) lay a mere 0°.1 from the pole. Deneb (α Cygni) will be the brightest star near the pole in about 8000 years' time, at a distance of 7°.5.
Jump up ^ "Star Tales - Ursa Minor". Retrieved 20 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Bowditch; National Imagery and Mapping Agency (2002). "15 Navigational Astronomy". The American practical navigator : an epitome of navigation. Paradise Cay Publications. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-939837-54-0.
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Jump up ^ Liu, C.; Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Sordo, R.; Vallenari, A.; et al. (2012). "The expected performance of stellar parametrization with Gaia spectrophotometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 426 (3): 2463. arXiv:1207.6005  . Bibcode:2012MNRAS.426.2463L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21797.x.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polaris.
Info on Polaris
Finding the Pole Star
Polaris at Constellation Guide
Preceded by
Kochab & Pherkad Pole star
500–3000 Succeeded by
Gamma Cephei
Coordinates: 02h 31m 48.7s, +89° 15′ 51″
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text:
Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 1975 documentary film, see Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (film).
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?"
Sheet music cover for Americana
Song by Jay Gorney and E. Y. "Yip" Harburg
Written
1930
Genre
American pop
Composer(s)
Jay Gorney
Lyricist(s)
E. Y. "Yip" Harburg
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?"
Rudy Vallee's recording is one of the most famous versions.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?", also sung as "Buddy, Can You Spare a Dime?", is one of the best-known American songs of the Great Depression. Written in 1930 by lyricist E. Y. "Yip" Harburg and composer Jay Gorney, "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" was part of the 1932 musical revue Americana;[1] the melody is based on a Russian-Jewish lullaby Gorney's mother had sung to him as a child.[2][3] It was considered by Republicans to be anti-capitalist propaganda, and almost dropped from the show; attempts were made to ban it from the radio.[4] The song became best known, however, through recordings by Bing Crosby and Rudy Vallee. They were released right before Franklin Delano Roosevelt's election to the presidency. The Brunswick Crosby recording made on October 25, 1932 with Lennie Hayton and his Orchestra[5] became the best-selling record of its period, and came to be viewed as an anthem to the shattered dreams of the era.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Musical structure
3 Update
4 Other recordings
5 Notes
6 External links
Summary[edit]
In the song a beggar talks back to the system that stole his job.[3] Gorney said in an interview in 1974 "I didn't want a song to depress people. I wanted to write a song to make people think. It isn't a hand-me-out song of 'give me a dime, I'm starving, I'm bitter', it wasn't that kind of sentimentality".[7] The song asks why the men who built the nation – built the railroads, built the skyscrapers – who fought in the war (World War I), who tilled the earth, who did what their nation asked of them should, now that the work is done and their labor no longer necessary, find themselves abandoned and in bread lines. Asking for an act of charity, the singer requests a Dime (equivalent to $1.46 in 2017).
It refers to "Yankee Doodle Dum", a reference to patriotism, and the evocation of veterans also recalls protests about military bonuses payable only after 21 years, which were a topical issue.[8][9]
Musical structure[edit]
The song has unusual structure for a Broadway song. Firstly, rather than starting in a major key, as most Broadway songs do, it begins in a minor key, which is darker and more appropriate for the Depression. When discussing the prosperous past and building the railroads, the song jumps an octave and moves briefly into a major key, evoking energy and optimism. It then reverts to the augmented dominant of the minor key in the word "time" in the line "Once I built a railroad, made it run / Made it race against time," marking the end of prosperous times, and changing to a wistful mood. The song then ends, not on a note of resignation, but with anger – repeating the beginning (as is usual for Broadway songs), an octave higher, but with a significant change: the friendly "Brother, can you spare a dime?" is replaced with the more assertive "Buddy, can you spare a dime?"[10]
Update[edit]
During the malaise of the 1970s stagflation, the New York Times asked Harburg to update "Brother" for a new age, and he responded with:[11][12]
Once we had a Roosevelt
Praise the Lord!
Life had meaning and hope.
Now we're stuck with Nixon, Agnew, Ford,
Brother, can you spare a rope?
Other recordings[edit]
The Dave Brubeck Quartet released a jazz instrumental arrangement of the piece on their 1955 album, Brubeck Time; Brubeck plays main phrase on piano in many styles including rag and baroque.[13]
Peter, Paul & Mary recorded a studio version under the title "Buddy, Can You Spare A Dime?" for their 1965 album See What Tomorrow Brings.[14]
The Youngbloods released a version of the song on their 1967 debut album, Jesse Colin Young & The Youngbloods.[15]
Spanky and Our Gang, on the group's 1967 album of the same name, featuring lead singer Elaine MacFarlane.[16]
Judy Collins recorded a studio version of this song in her 1975 Judith (album).[17]
Ronnie Lane recorded a version in 1975, which was released as a single. [18]
Abbey Lincoln sang this jazz standard on her album You Gotta Pay the Band (1991) accompanied by prestigious jazz musicians as Stan Getz, Hank Jones and Charlie Haden.[19]
Les Deux Love Orchestra recorded a version in 2009 which appeared on The Huffington Post.[20]
George Michael recorded a version for his 1999 album Songs from the Last Century and his live album Symphonica.[21]
A recording by Walker Edmiston is featured during the Great Depression scene of The American Adventure attraction at Epcot within Walt Disney World Resort.[22]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Information from playbill on musical "Americana", Belknap Playbill and Program Collection
Jump up ^ Forward: review of Yip Harburg: Legendary Lyricist and Human Rights Activist, Harriet Hyman Alonso, Wesleyan University Press, 2012
^ Jump up to: a b American Dreamers: How the Left Changed a Nation, Michael Kazin, pub. Random House, p176. Extracts
Jump up ^ Songwriters Hall of Fame: EY Harburg biography
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giddins, G. (2001). Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams, The Early Years, 1903 - 1940. Little, Brown, p.305.
Jump up ^ Said by Gorney in a 1974 interview, an excerpt of which was transmitted on BBC2 television programme "The Story of the Jews" part 4 by Simon Schama on 22 September 2013 at 21:00
Jump up ^ Marching on Washington: The Forging of an American Political Tradition, Lucy G. Barber, 2004 p. 104
Jump up ^ The Twentieth Century: A People's History, by Howard Zinn, p. 116
Jump up ^ A Depression-Era Anthem For Our Times National Public Radio's Weekend Edition (November 15, 2008).
Jump up ^ Song by song: the lives and work of 14 great lyric writers, Caryl Brahms, Ned Sherrin, p. 125–126
Jump up ^ Cutting edge, or, "Back in the knife-box, Miss Sharp": Ned Sherrin's anthology of wit, Ned Sherrin, 1984, p. 140 (rope, dime)
Jump up ^ Edwards, Bob (2011). A voice in the box my life in radio. [S.l.]: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 109. ISBN 0813140455. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "See What Tomorrow Brings - Peter, Paul and Mary". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ The Youngbloods, Jesse Colin Young & The Youngbloods Retrieved June 12, 2015
Jump up ^ "Spanky and Our Gang - Spanky & Our Gang". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ "Judith - Judy Collins". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ . Discogs http://www.discogs.com/Ronnie-Lane-Brother-Can-You-Spare-A-Dime/master/553284. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "You Gotta Pay the Band - Abbey Lincoln, Stan Getz". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ Woods, Bobby (May 25, 2011). "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Songs from the Last Century". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ "The American Adventure". WDWMagic.com.
External links[edit]
Songs of the Great Depression – lyrics, prepared by Professor Catherine Lavender for courses in The Department of History, The College of Staten Island of The City University of New York.
Explanation of lyrics
There are multiple videos of this song on YouTube. Included at the time of this note are the Bing Crosby & Rudy Vallee recordings and at least one Spanish language version.
[hide]
v
t
e
Bing Crosby
Discography
Filmography
Albums
Music of Hawaii (1939)
Victor Herbert Melodies, Vol. One (1939)
Patriotic Songs for Children (1939)
Cowboy Songs (1939)
Victor Herbert Melodies, Vol. Two (1939)
George Gershwin Songs, Vol. One (1939)
Ballad for Americans (1940)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs (1940)
Christmas Music (1940)
Star Dust (1940)
Hawaii Calls (1941)
Small Fry (1941)
Crosbyana (1941)
Under Western Skies (1941)
Song Hits from Holiday Inn (w/ Fred Astaire) (1942)
Merry Christmas (1945)
Selections from Going My Way (1945)
Selections from The Bells of St. Mary's (1946)
Don't Fence Me In (1946)
The Happy Prince (1946)
Selections from Road to Utopia (1946)
Bing Crosby – Stephen Foster (1946)
What We So Proudly Hail (1946)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs, Vol. One (1946)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs, Vol. Two (1946)
Blue Skies (w/ Fred Astaire) (1946)
Bing Crosby – Jerome Kern (1946)
St. Patrick's Day (1947)
Bing Crosby – Victor Herbert (1947)
Selections from Welcome Stranger (1947)
Our Common Heritage (1947)
El Bingo (1947)
The Small One (1947)
The Man Without a Country (1947)
Drifting and Dreaming (1947)
Blue of the Night (1948)
Selections from Showboat (1948)
The Emperor Waltz (1948)
St. Valentine's Day (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson, Bob Hope, Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters (1948)
Selections from Road to Rio (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland, Mary Martin, Johnny Mercer (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton, Eddie Heywood, Louis Jordan (1948)
Auld Lang Syne (1948)
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949)
Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin (1949)
South Pacific (1949)
Christmas Greetings (1949)
Ichabod – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1949)
Top o' the Morning / Emperor Waltz (1949)
Songs from Mr. Music (1950)
Go West Young Man (1950)
Le Bing: Song Hits of Paris (1953)
Some Fine Old Chestnuts (1954)
Selections from White Christmas (1954)
Bing: A Musical Autobiography (1954)
High Tor (1956)
A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World (1956)
High Society (w/ Frank Sinatra, Grace Kelly, and Louis Armstrong) (1956)
Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around (1956)
Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings (1956)
Bing with a Beat (1957)
A Christmas Story (1957)
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1957)
Never Be Afraid (1957)
Jack B. Nimble – A Mother Goose Fantasy (1957)
New Tricks (1957)
Fancy Meeting You Here ( w/ Rosemary Clooney) (1958)
How the West Was Won (1959)
Bing & Satchmo (w/ Louis Armstrong) (1960)
101 Gang Songs (1960)
Holiday in Europe (1960)
The Road to Hong Kong (1962)
On the Happy Side (1962)
On the Sentimental Side (1962)
I Wish You a Merry Christmas (1962)
Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre (1963)
Return to Paradise Islands (1963)
Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits (1963)
America, I Hear You Singing (w/ Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring) (1964)
12 Songs of Christmas (w/ Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring) (1964)
That Travelin' Two-Beat (w/ Rosemary Clooney) (1965)
Bing 'n' Basie (w/ Count Basie) (1972)
A Couple of Song and Dance Men (w/ Fred Astaire) (1975)
Seasons (1977)
Bing Crosby: The Voice of Christmas (1998)
Family
Dixie Lee (first wife)
Gary Crosby (son)
Dennis Crosby (son)
Phillip Crosby (son)
Lindsay Crosby (daughter)
Kathryn Crosby (second wife)
Harry Crosby (son)
Mary Crosby (daughter)
Nathaniel Crosby (son)
Denise Crosby (granddaughter)
Larry Crosby (brother)
Bob Crosby (brother)
Related
Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times
A Tribute to Bing Crosby
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brother,_Can_You_Spare_a_Dime%3F&oldid=833731156"
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