text:
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
An Act to amend and codify the law relating to intestate succession among Hindus.
Citation
Act 30 of 1956
Enacted by
Parliament of India
Date enacted
17 June 1956
Status: In force
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to amend and codify the law relating to intestate or unwilled succession, among Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs.[1] The Act lays down a uniform and comprehensive system of inheritance and succession into one Act. The Hindu woman's limited estate is abolished by the Act. Any property possessed by a Hindu female is to be held by her absolute property and she is given full power to deal with it and dispose it of by will as she likes. Parts of this Act was amended in 2005 by the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Applicability
1.1 As per religion
1.2 As per tribe
2 In the case of males
3 In the case of females
4 Certain exceptions
5 Amendments
6 References
7 External links
Applicability[edit]
As per religion[edit]
This Act is applicable to the following:[1]
any person, namely- Arunim Dinkar, who is a Hindu by religion in any of its forms or developments including a Virashaiva, a Lingayat or follower of the Brahmo, Prarthana or Arya Samaj;
any person who is Buddhist, Jain or Sikh by religion; and
to any other person who is not a Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jew by religion unless it is proved that the concerned person would not have been governed by the Hindu Law or by any custom or usage as part of that law in respect of any of the matters dealt with herein if this Act had not been passed.
Explanation as to who shall be considered as Hindus, Buddhists, Jains or Sikhs by religion has been provided in the section:
any child, legitimate or illegitimate, both of whose parents are Hindus, Buddhists, Jains or Sikhs by religion;
any child, legitimate or illegitimate, one of whose parents is a Hindu, Buddhist, Jain or Sikh by religion and who is brought up as a member of the tribe, community, group or family to which such parent belongs or belonged;
any person who is convert or re-convert to the Hindu, Buddhist, Jain or Sikh religion.
A person shall be treated as a Hindu under the Act though he may not be a Hindu by religion but is, nevertheless, a person to whom this Act applies by virtue of the provisions contained in this section.
As per tribe[edit]
However it has been provided that not withstanding the religion of any person as mentioned above, the Act shall not apply to the members of any Scheduled Tribe within the meaning of clause (25) of article 366 of the Constitution of India unless the Central Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, otherwise directs. Surajmani Stella Kujur Vs. Durga Charan Hansdah-SC
In the case of males[edit]
The property of a Hindu male dying intestate, or without a will, would be given first to heirs within Class I. If there are no heirs categorized as Class I, the property will be given to heirs within Class II. If there are no heirs in Class II, the property will be given to the deceased's agnates or relatives through male lineage. If there are no agnates or relatives through the male’s lineage, then the property is given to the cognates, or any relative through the lineage of males or females.
There are two classes of heirs that are delineated by the Act.
Class I heirs are sons, daughters, widows, mothers, sons of a pre-deceased son, widows of a pre-deceased son, son of a, pre-deceased sons of a predeceased son, and widows of a pre-deceased son of a predeceased son.
If there is more than one widow, multiple surviving sons or multiples of any of the other heirs listed above, each shall be granted one share of the deceased’s property. Also if the widow of a pre-deceased son, the widow of a pre-deceased son of a pre-deceased son or the widow of a brother has remarried, she is not entitled to receive the inheritance.
Class II heirs are categorized as follows and are given the property of the deceased in the following order:
Father
Son's / daughter's son
Son's / daughter's daughter
Brother
Sister
Daughter's / son's son
Daughter's / son's daughter
Daughter's / daughter's son
Daughter's /daughter's daughter
Brother's son
Sister's son
Brother's daughter
In the case of females[edit]
Under the Hindu Succession Act, 1956,[1] females are granted ownership of all property acquired either before or after the signing of the Act, abolishing their “limited owner" status. However, it was not until the 2005 Amendment that daughters were allowed equal receipt of property as with sons. This invariably grants females property rights.
The property of a Hindu female dying intestate, or without a will, shall devolve in the following order:
upon the sons and daughters (including the children of any pre-deceased son or daughter) and the husband,
upon the heirs of the husband.
upon the father and mother
upon the heirs of the father, and
upon the heirs of the mother.
Certain exceptions[edit]
Any person who commits murder is disqualified from receiving any form of inheritance from the victim.
If a relative converts from Hinduism, he or she is still eligible for inheritance. The descendants of that converted relative, however, are disqualified from receiving inheritance from their Hindu relatives, unless they have converted back to Hinduism before the death of the relative.
Amendments[edit]
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005,[2] amended Section 4, Section 6, Section 23, Section 24 and Section 30 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. It revised rules on coparcenary property, giving daughters of the deceased equal rights with sons, and subjecting them to the same liabilities and disabilities. The amendment essentially furthers equal rights between males and females in the legal system.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c HINDU SUCCESSION ACT, 1956
^ Jump up to: a b THE HINDU SUCCESSION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005
External links[edit]
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (30 of 1956) - Commentary by National Commission for Women, India
[hide]
v
t
e
Indian Legislation
Constitution of India (amendments)
Indian Penal Code
CrPC
In Force
Consumer
Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Essential Commodities Act
Essential Services Maintenance Act
Corruption
Benami Transactions
Black Money
Corruption
Lokpal
Mines & Minerals Act
2015
Money Laundering
Whistle Blowers
Criminal
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007
Arms Act, 1959
Army Act
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
Indian Evidence Act
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
National Security Act (India)
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
Education
National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act
University Grants Commission Act, 1956
Environment
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Indian Forest Act, 1927
National Green Tribunal Act
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
CAMPA bill
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Financial
Aadhaar Act
Banking Regulation Act, 1949
COFEPOSA
Depositories Act
Electricity Act
Expenditure Tax Act, 1987
Factories Act,1948, India
Finance Act (India)
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
Foreign Exchange Management Act
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
Government Securities Act, 2006
Indian Contract Act, 1872
Indian Stamp Act, 1899
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
Insurance Act, 1938
Minimum Wages Act 1948
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002
The Competition Act, 2002
The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978
The Income-tax Act, 1961
Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976
Healthcare
Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973
Clinical Establishments Act
Dentist Act
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
Drugs and Magic Remedies Act
Indian Medical Council Act
Mental Health Act, 1987
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
Personal
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)
Majority Act (India)
Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Special Marriage Act, 1954
The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986
Social
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act
Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979
National Food Security Act, 2013
Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
Street Vendors Act, 2014
Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act
State Laws
Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act
The Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949
Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009
Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012
Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009
Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act
State Reorganisation
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Punjab
States
Telangana
Uttarakhand
Terrorism
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
Transportation
Aircraft Act
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
National Waterways Act, 2016
Inland Vessels Act
Metro Railways Act, 1978
Metro Railway Act, 2002
Organisation / Body
Chartered Accountants Act, 1949
Companies Act 2013
Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
Indian Trusts Act, 1882
Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932
Societies' Registration Act
The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008
Repeal
Repealing and Amending Act, 2015
Repealing and Amending Act, 2016
Other
Delimitation Act
Enemy Property Act, 1968
Information Technology Act, 2000
Nuclear Liability Act
Representation of the People Act, 1951
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
Right to Information Act, 2005
State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005
The Foreigners Act, 1946
Ordinance
List of Ordinances
Repealed
Pre-Independence
Age of Consent Act, 1891
Criminal Tribes Act
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Official Secrets Act (India)
Public Debt Act, 1944
Post-Independence
Anti-Copying Act, 1992
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
Gift Tax Act, 1958
Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983
Interest Tax Act, 1974
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
Maintenance of Internal Security Act
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
The Gold (Control) Act, 1968
Wealth Tax Act, 1957
Bills
Proposed
Foreign Education Providers Bill, 2013
Geospatial Information Regulation Bill
Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act
Indian Institute of Management Bill, 2017
Marriage Laws Amendment Bill
Road Transport and Safety Bill
Uniform civil code
Lapsed
Women's Reservation Bill
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Succession_Act,_1956&oldid=819787572"
Categories:
Gender equality
Inheritance
Acts of the Parliament of India 1956
Indian family law
1956 in religion
Law about religion in India
20th-century Hinduism
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 11 January 2018, at 07:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: colspan style

tag: img

attr: href class

attr: rel class href

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://ncw.nic.in/frmReportLaws19.aspx

value: List of amendments of the Constitution of India

value:
/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure,_1973
mw-redirect
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

value: Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988

value: Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015

value: Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957

value: Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015

value: Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002

value: Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016

value: Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act

value: Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973

value: Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010

value: Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954

value: Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)

value: Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008

value: Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009

value: Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act

value: The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008

value: Indian Institute of Management Bill, 2017

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1956

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Hindu_Succession_Act,_1956
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hindu_Succession_Act_1956 rootpage-Hindu_Succession_Act_1956 skin-vector action-view


text:
Nondisjunction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division. There are three forms of nondisjunction: failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I, failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis.[1][2][3] Nondisjunction results in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy).
Calvin Bridges and Thomas Hunt Morgan are credited with discovering nondisjunction in Drosophila melanogaster sex chromosomes in the spring of 1910, while working in the Zoological Laboratory of Columbia University.[4]
1. Meiosis I 2. Meiosis II 3. Fertilization 4. Zygote The left image at the blue arrow is nondisjunction taking place during meiosis II. The right image at the green arrow is nondisjunction taking place during meiosis I. Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate normally resulting in a gain or loss of chromosomes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Meiosis II
1.2 Mitosis
2 Molecular mechanisms
2.1 Central role of the spindle assembly checkpoint
2.2 Sex-specific differences in meiosis
2.3 Age-related loss of cohesin ties
3 Consequences
3.1 Monosomy
3.1.1 Turner syndrome (X monosomy) (45, X0)
3.2 Autosomal trisomy
3.2.1 Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
3.2.2 Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
3.3 Sex chromosome aneuploidy
3.3.1 Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)
3.3.2 XYY Male (47, XYY)
3.3.3 Trisomy X (47,XXX)
3.4 Uniparental disomy
3.5 Mosaicism syndromes
3.6 Mosaicism in malignant transformation
4 Diagnosis
4.1 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
4.2 Karyotyping
4.3 Polar body diagnosis
4.4 Blastomere biopsy
5 Lifestyle/environmental hazards
6 References
Types[edit]
In general, nondisjunction can occur in any form of cell division that involves ordered distribution of chromosomal material. Higher animals have three distinct forms of such cell divisions: Meiosis I and meiosis II are specialized forms of cell division occurring during generation of gametes (eggs and sperm) for sexual reproduction, mitosis is the form of cell division used by all other cells of the body.
Meiosis II[edit]
Ovulated eggs become arrested in metaphase II until fertilization triggers the second meiotic division.[5] Similar to the segregation events of mitosis, the pairs of sister chromatids resulting from the separation of bivalents in meiosis I are further separated in anaphase of meiosis II. In oocytes, one sister chromatid is segregated into the second polar body, while the other stays inside the egg. During spermatogenesis, each meiotic division is symmetric such that each primary spermatocyte gives rise to 2 secondary spermatocytes after meiosis I, and eventually 4 spermatids after meiosis II.
Meiosis II-nondisjunction may also result in aneuploidy syndromes, but only to a much smaller extent than do segregation failures in meiosis I.[6]
Nondisjunction of sister chromatids during mitosis:
Left: Metaphase of mitosis. Chromosome line up in the middle plane, the mitotic spindle forms and the kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to the microtubules.
Right: Anaphase of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and the microtubules pull them in opposite directions.
The chromosome shown in red fails to separate properly, its sister chromatids stick together and get pulled to the same side, resulting in mitotic nondisjunction of this chromosome.
Mitosis[edit]
Division of somatic cells through mitosis is preceded by replication of the genetic material in S phase. As a result, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids held together at the centromere. In the anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite cell poles before the cell divides. Nondisjunction during mitosis leads to one daughter receiving both sister chromatids of the affected chromosome while the other gets none.[2][3] This is known as a chromatin bridge or an anaphase bridge. Mitotic nondisjunction results in somatic mosaicism, since only daughter cells originating from the cell where the nondisjunction event has occurred will have an abnormal number of chromosomes.[3] Nondisjunction during mitosis can contribute to the development of some forms of cancer, e.g. retinoblastoma (see below).[7] Chromosome nondisjunction in mitosis can be atrributed to the inactivation of topoisomerase II, condensin, or separase.[8] Meiotic nondisjunction has been well studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This yeast undergoes mitosis similarly to other eukaryotes. Chromosome bridges occur when sister chromatids are held together post replication by DNA-DNA topological entanglement and the cohesion complex.[9] During anaphase, cohesin is cleaved by separase.[10] Topoisomerase II and condensin are responsible for removing catenations.[11]
Molecular mechanisms[edit]
Central role of the spindle assembly checkpoint[edit]
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a molecular safe-guarding mechanism that governs proper chromosome segregation in eukaryotic cells.[12] SAC inhibits progression into anaphase until all homologous chromosomes (bivalents, or tetrads) are properly aligned to the spindle apparatus. Only then, SAC releases its inhibition of the anaphase promoting complex (APC), which in turn irreversibly triggers progression through anaphase.
Sex-specific differences in meiosis[edit]
Surveys of cases of human aneuploidy syndromes have shown that most of them are maternally derived.[5] This raises the question: Why is female meiosis more error prone? The most obvious difference between female oogenesis and male spermatogenesis is the prolonged arrest of oocytes in late stages of prophase I for many years up to several decades. Male gametes on the other hand quickly go through all stages of meiosis I and II. Another important difference between male and female meiosis concerns the frequency of recombination between homologous chromosomes: In the male, almost all chromosome pairs are joined by at least one crossover, while more than 10% of human oocytes contain at least one bivalent without any crossover event. Failures of recombination or inappropriately located crossovers have been well documented as contributors to the occurrence of nondisjunction in humans.[5]
Age-related loss of cohesin ties[edit]
Due to the prolonged arrest of human oocytes, weakening of cohesive ties holding together chromosomes and reduced activity of the SAC may contribute to maternal age-related errors in segregation control.[6][13] The cohesin complex is responsible for keeping together sister chromatids and provides binding sites for spindle attachment. Cohesin is loaded onto newly replicated chromosomes in oogonia during fetal development. Mature oocytes have only limited capacity for reloading cohesin after completion of S phase. The prolonged arrest of human oocytes prior to completion of meiosis I may therefore result in considerable loss of cohesin over time. Loss of cohesin is assumed to contribute to incorrect microtubule-kinetochore attachment and chromosome segregation errors during meiotic divisions.[6]
Consequences[edit]
The result of this error is a cell with an imbalance of chromosomes. Such a cell is said to be aneuploid. Loss of a single chromosome (2n-1), in which the daughter cell(s) with the defect will have one chromosome missing from one of its pairs, is referred to as a monosomy. Gaining a single chromosome, in which the daughter cell(s) with the defect will have one chromosome in addition to its pairs is referred to as a trisomy.[3] In the event that an aneuploidic gamete is fertilized, a number of syndromes might result.
Monosomy[edit]
The only known survivable monosomy in humans is Turner syndrome, where the affected individual is monosomic for the X chromosome (see below). Other monosomies are usually lethal during early fetal development, and survival is only possible if not all the cells of the body are affected in case of a mosaicism (see below), or if the normal number of chromosomes is restored via duplication of the single monosomic chromosome ("chromosome rescue").[2]
Turner syndrome (X monosomy) (45, X0)[edit]
Karyotype of X monosomy (Turner syndrome)
This condition is characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome (see bottom right corner).
Complete loss of an entire X chromosome accounts for about half the cases of Turner syndrome. The importance of both X chromosomes during embryonic development is underscored by the observation that the overwhelming majority (>99%) of fetuses with only one X chromosome (karyotype 45, X0) are spontaneously aborted.[14]
Autosomal trisomy[edit]
The term autosomal trisomy means that a chromosome other than the sex chromosomes X and Y is present in 3 copies instead of the normal number of 2 in diploid cells.
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)[edit]
Karyotype of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Note that chromosome 21 is present in 3 copies, while all other chromosomes show the normal diploid state with 2 copies. Most cases of trisomy of chromosome 21 are caused by a nondisjunction event during meiosis I (see text).
Down syndrome, a trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most common anomaly of chromosome number in humans.[2] The majority of cases results from nondisjunction during maternal meiosis I.[14] Trisomy occurs in at least 0.3% of newborns and in nearly 25% of spontaneous abortions. It is the leading cause of pregnancy wastage and is the most common known cause of mental retardation.[15] It is well documented that advanced maternal age is associated with greater risk of meiotic nondisjunction leading to Down syndrome. This may be associated with the prolonged meiotic arrest of human oocytes potentially lasting for more than four decades.[13]
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)[edit]
Human trisomies compatible with live birth, other than Down syndrome (trisomy 21), are Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13).[1][2] Complete trisomies of other chromosomes are usually not viable and represent a relatively frequent cause of miscarriage. Only in rare cases of a mosaicism, the presence of a normal cell line, in addition to the trisomic cell line, may support the development of a viable trisomy of the other chromosomes.[2]
Sex chromosome aneuploidy[edit]
The term sex chromosome aneuploidy summarizes conditions with an abnormal number of sex chromosomes, i.e. other than XX (female) or XY (male). Formally, X chromosome monosomy (Turner syndrome, see above) can also be classified as a form of sex chromosome aneuploidy.
Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)[edit]
Klinefelter syndrome is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in humans. It represents the most frequent cause of hypogonadism and infertility in men. Most cases are caused by nondisjunction errors in paternal meiosis I.[2] About eighty percent of individuals with this syndrome have one extra X chromosome resulting in the karyotype XXY. The remaining cases have either multiple additional sex chromosomes (48,XXXY; 48,XXYY; 49,XXXXY), mosaicism (46,XY/47,XXY), or structural chromosome abnormalities.[2]
XYY Male (47, XYY)[edit]
The incidence of XYY syndrome is approximately 1 in 800-1000 male births. Many cases remain undiagnosed because of their normal appearance and fertility, and the absence of severe symptoms. The extra Y chromosome is usually a result of nondisjunction during paternal meiosis II.[2]
Trisomy X (47,XXX)[edit]
Trisomy X is a form of sex chromosome aneuploidy where females have three instead of two X chromosomes. Most patients are only mildly affected by neuropsychological and physical symptoms. Studies examining the origin of the extra X chromosome observed that about 58-63% of cases were caused by nondisjunction in maternal meiosis I, 16-18% by nondisjunction in maternal meiosis II, and the remaining cases by post-zygotic, i.e. mitotic, nondisjunction.[16]
Uniparental disomy[edit]
Uniparental disomy denotes the situation where both chromosomes of a chromosome pair are inherited from the same parent and are therefore identical. This phenomenon most likely is the result of a pregnancy that started as a trisomy due to nondisjunction. Since most trisomies are lethal, the fetus only survives because it loses one of the three chromosomes and becomes disomic. Uniparental disomy of chromosome 15 is, for example, seen in some cases of Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome.[14]
Mosaicism syndromes[edit]
Mosaicism syndromes can be caused by mitotic nondisjunction in early fetal development. As a consequence, the organism evolves as a mixture of cell lines with differing ploidy (number of chromosomes). Mosaicism may be present in some tissues, but not in others. Affected individuals may have a patchy or assymmetric appearance. Examples of mosaicism syndromes include Pallister-Killian syndrome and Hypomelanosis of Ito.[14]
Mosaicism in malignant transformation[edit]
Loss of a tumor suppressor gene locus according to the two-hit model:
In the first hit, the tumor suppressor gene on one of the two chromosomes is affected by a mutation that makes the gene product non-functional. This mutation may arise spontaneously as a DNA replication error or may be induced by a DNA damaging agent. The second hit removes the remaining wild-type chromosome, for example through a mitotic nondisjunction event. There are several other potential mechanisms for each of the two steps, for example an additional mutation, an unbalanced translocation, or a gene deletion by recombination. As a result of the double lesion, the cell may become malignant because it is no longer able to express the tumor suppressor protein.
Development of cancer often involves multiple alterations of the cellular genome (Knudson hypothesis). Human retinoblastoma is a well studied example of a cancer type where mitotic nondisjunction can contribute to malignant transformation: Mutations of the RB1 gene, which is located on chromosome 13 and encodes the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein, can be detected by cytogenetic analysis in many cases of retinoblastoma. Mutations of the RB1 locus in one copy of chromosome 13 are sometimes accompanied by loss of the other wild-type chromosome 13 through mitotic nondisjunction. By this combination of lesions, affected cells completely lose expression of functioning tumor suppressor protein.[7]
Diagnosis[edit]
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis[edit]
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) is a technique used to identify genetically normal embryos and is useful for couples who have a family history of genetic disorders. This is an option for people choosing to procreate through IVF. PGD is considered difficult due to it being both time consuming and having success rates only comparable to routine IVF.[17]
Karyotyping[edit]
Karyotyping involves performing an amniocentesis in order to study the cells of an unborn fetus during metophase 1. Light microscopy can be used to visually determine if aneuploidy is an issue.[18]
Polar body diagnosis[edit]
Polar body diagnosis (PBD) can be use to detect maternally derived chromosomal aneuploidies as well as translocations in oocytes. The advantage of PBD over PGD is that it can be accomplished in a short amount of time. This is accomplished through zona drilling or laser drilling.[19]
Blastomere biopsy[edit]
Blastomere biopsy is a technique in which blastomeres are removed from the zona pellucida. It is commonly used to detect aneuploidy.[20] Genetic analysis is conducted once the procedure is complete. Additional studies are needed to assess the risk associated with the procedure.[21]
Lifestyle/environmental hazards[edit]
Exposure of spermatozoa to lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploidy. Cigarette smoke is a known aneugen (aneuploidy inducing agent). It is associated with increases in aneuploidy ranging from 1.5 to 3.0-fold.[22][23] Other studies indicate factors such as alcohol consumption,[24] occupational exposure to benzene,[25] and exposure to the insecticides fenvalerate[26] and carbaryl[27] also increase aneuploidy.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Simmons, D. Peter Snustad, Michael J. (2006). Principles of genetics (4. ed.). New York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley. ISBN 9780471699392.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Bacino, C.A.; Lee, B. (2011). "Chapter 76: Cytogenetics". In Kliegman, R.M.; Stanton, B.F.; St. Geme, J.W.; Schor, N.F.; Behrman, R.E. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th Edition (19th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 394–413. ISBN 9781437707557.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Strachan, Tom; Read, Andrew (2011). Human molecular genetics (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 9780815341499.
Jump up ^ Thomas Hunt Morgan (August 31, 2012). Sex-Linked Inheritance in Drosophila. Ulan Press. pp. 10–11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nagaoka, SI; Hassold, TJ; Hunt, PA (Jun 18, 2012). "Human aneuploidy: mechanisms and new insights into an age-old problem". Nature Reviews Genetics. 13 (7): 493–504. doi:10.1038/nrg3245. PMC 3551553  . PMID 22705668.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, K. T.; Lane, S. I. R. (27 August 2013). "Molecular causes of aneuploidy in mammalian eggs". Development. 140 (18): 3719–3730. doi:10.1242/dev.090589. PMID 23981655.
^ Jump up to: a b eds, Charles R. Scriver ... [],; et al. (2005). The online metabolic & molecular bases of inherited disease (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780079130358.
Jump up ^ Quevedo, O; García-Luis, J; Matos-Perdomo, E; Aragón, L; Machín, F (2012). "Nondisjunction of a single chromosome leads to breakage and activation of DNA damage checkpoint in G2". PLOS Genetics. 8 (2): e1002509. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002509. PMC 3280967  . PMID 22363215.
Jump up ^ Vaahtokari, A; Aberg, T; Thesleff, I (Jan 1996). "Apoptosis in the developing tooth: association with an embryonic signaling center and suppression by EGF and FGF-4". Development. 122 (1): 121–9. PMID 8565823.
Jump up ^ Banks, P (Feb 1977). "Pulp changes after anterior mandibular subapical osteotomy in a primate model". Journal of maxillofacial surgery. 5 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1016/s0301-0503(77)80074-x. PMID 0403247.
Jump up ^ Holm, C; Goto, T; Wang, JC; Botstein, D (Jun 1985). "DNA topoisomerase II is required at the time of mitosis in yeast". Cell. 41 (2): 553–63. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80028-3. PMID 2985283.
Jump up ^ Sun, S.-C.; Kim, N.-H. (14 November 2011). "Spindle assembly checkpoint and its regulators in meiosis". Human Reproduction Update. 18 (1): 60–72. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr044. PMID 22086113.
^ Jump up to: a b Eichenlaub-Ritter, Ursula (2012). "Oocyte ageing and its cellular basis". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 56 (10–11–12): 841–852. doi:10.1387/ijdb.120141ue.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gleason, [edited by] H. William Taeusch, Roberta A. Ballard, Christine A. (2005). Avery's diseases of the newborn (8th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0721693474. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Koehler, KE; Hawley, RS; Sherman, S; Hassold, T (1996). "Recombination and nondisjunction in humans and flies". Human Molecular Genetics. 5 Spec No: 1495–504. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.Supplement_1.1495. PMID 8875256.
Jump up ^ Tartaglia, NR; Howell, S; Sutherland, A; Wilson, R; Wilson, L (May 11, 2010). "A review of trisomy X (47,XXX)". Orphanet journal of rare diseases. 5: 8. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-5-8. PMC 2883963  . PMID 20459843.
Jump up ^ Harper, JC; Harton G (2010). "The use of arrays in preimplantation genetic diagnosis and screening". Fertil Steril. 94 (4): 1173–1177. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.064. PMID 20579641.
Jump up ^ "Karyotyping". National Institute of Health. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Montag, M; van der Ven, K; Rösing, B; van der Ven, H; Rösing, B; Van Der Ven, H (2009). "Polar body biopsy: a viable alternative to preimplantation genetic diagnosis and screening". Reproductive biomedicine online. 18 Suppl 1: 6–11. doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60109-5. PMID 19281658. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Parnes, YM (Mar–Apr 1989). "RCT controversy". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 18 (2): 90. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1989.tb00470.x. PMID 2709181.
Jump up ^ Yu, Y; Zhao, Y; Li, R; Li, L; Zhao, H; Li, M; Sha, J; Zhou, Q; Qiao, J (Dec 6, 2013). "Assessment of the risk of blastomere biopsy during preimplantation genetic diagnosis in a mouse model: reducing female ovary function with an increase in age by proteomics method". Journal of Proteome Research. 12 (12): 5475–86. doi:10.1021/pr400366j. PMID 24156634.
Jump up ^ Shi Q, Ko E, Barclay L, Hoang T, Rademaker A, Martin R (2001). "Cigarette smoking and aneuploidy in human sperm". Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59 (4): 417–21. doi:10.1002/mrd.1048. PMID 11468778.
Jump up ^ Rubes J, Lowe X, Moore D, Perreault S, Slott V, Evenson D, Selevan SG, Wyrobek AJ (1998). "Smoking cigarettes is associated with increased sperm disomy in teenage men". Fertil. Steril. 70 (4): 715–23. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00261-1. PMID 9797104.
Jump up ^ Benassi-Evans B, Fenech M (2011). "Chronic alcohol exposure induces genome damage measured using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and aneuploidy in human B lymphoblastoid cell lines". Mutagenesis. 26 (3): 421–9. doi:10.1093/mutage/geq110. PMID 21273273.
Jump up ^ McHale CM, Smith MT, Zhang L (2014). "Application of toxicogenomic profiling to evaluate effects of benzene and formaldehyde: from yeast to human". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1310: 74–83. doi:10.1111/nyas.12382. PMC 3978411  . PMID 24571325.
Jump up ^ Xia Y, Bian Q, Xu L, Cheng S, Song L, Liu J, Wu W, Wang S, Wang X (2004). "Genotoxic effects on human spermatozoa among pesticide factory workers exposed to fenvalerate". Toxicology. 203 (1–3): 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2004.05.018. PMID 15363581.
Jump up ^ Xia Y, Cheng S, Bian Q, Xu L, Collins MD, Chang HC, Song L, Liu J, Wang S, Wang X (2005). "Genotoxic effects on spermatozoa of carbaryl-exposed workers". Toxicol. Sci. 85 (1): 615–23. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi066. PMID 15615886.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nondisjunction&oldid=831641663"
Categories:
Genetics
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
한국어
Nederlands
Polski
Português
کوردی
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 March 2018, at 15:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: b

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Homologous_chromosomes
mw-redirect
Homologous chromosomes

attr: href title

value:
/wiki/Meiosis_I
mw-redirect
Meiosis I

value:
/wiki/Meiosis_II
mw-redirect
Meiosis II

tag: sup

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Topoisomerase_II
mw-redirect
Topoisomerase II

value: Edit section: Central role of the spindle assembly checkpoint

value:
/wiki/Spindle_assembly_checkpoint
mw-redirect
Spindle assembly checkpoint

value:
/wiki/Anaphase_promoting_complex
mw-redirect
Anaphase promoting complex

value: Edit section: Sex-specific differences in meiosis

value: Edit section: Age-related loss of cohesin ties

value: Edit section: Turner syndrome (X monosomy) (45, X0)

value: Edit section: Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

value:
/wiki/Spontaneous_abortions
mw-redirect
Spontaneous abortions

value:
/wiki/Mental_retardation
mw-redirect
Mental retardation

value: Edit section: Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)

value: Edit section: Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)

value:
/wiki/Pallister-Killian_syndrome
mw-redirect
Pallister-Killian syndrome

value:
/wiki/Hypomelanosis_of_Ito
mw-redirect
Hypomelanosis of Ito

value: Edit section: Mosaicism in malignant transformation

value: Edit section: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

value:
/wiki/Light_microscopy
mw-redirect
Light microscopy

value: Edit section: Lifestyle/environmental hazards

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg3245

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22705668

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.090589

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23981655

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22363215

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8565823

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0403247

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2985283

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmr044

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086113

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1387%2Fijdb.120141ue

value: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8875256

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1750-1172-5-8

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459843

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579641

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19281658

value: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2709181

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Fpr400366j

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24156634

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrd.1048

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468778

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9797104

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmutage%2Fgeq110

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21273273

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.12382

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24571325

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tox.2004.05.018

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15363581

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfi066

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15615886

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Nondisjunction
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: جیانەبوونەوە(بۆماوەزانی) – Central Kurdish

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Nondisjunction rootpage-Nondisjunction skin-vector action-view


text:
EuroMillions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Participating countries in EuroMillions:
original countries (February 2004)
other countries (October 2004)
EuroMillions tickets
EuroMillions is a transnational lottery requiring 7 correct numbers to win the jackpot [1]. It was launched on 7 February 2004 by France's Française des Jeux, Spain's Loterías y Apuestas del Estado and the United Kingdom's Camelot. The first draw was held on Friday 13 February 2004 in Paris. Initially, only the UK, France and Spain participated, with the Austrian, Belgian, Irish, Luxembourgish, Portuguese and Swiss lotteries joining for the 8 October 2004 drawing.
Draws are held every Tuesday and Friday night at 20:45 CET[2] in Paris. A standard EuroMillions ticket costs €2.50, £2.50 or CHF3.50 per line played, depending on the local currency. An option called Plus is currently available only in Ireland, adds €1.00 per line; as of February 2014, a non-optional addition called "My Million" in France adds €0.50 per line, while in Portugal it's called "M1lhão" and represents €0.30 of the whole €2.50 bet. The cost of playing in the UK increased from £1.50 to £2.00 per line on 7 November 2009, due to the combination of the EUR/GBP exchange rate, and an automatic entry in its Millionaire Raffle. From 24 September 2016 the cost per line increased from £2.00 to £2.50 in the UK.
From September 24, 2016 the amount of lucky stars changed from a pool of 11 to a pool of 12 numbers. Decreasing the jackpot winning odds from 1:117million to 1:140million.
From September 24, 2016 the cost of entry in Ireland and Spain rose to €2.50 per line.
All prizes, including the jackpot, are tax-free (except in Switzerland, Spain and Portugal since 2013) and are paid as a lump sum.
Contents
[hide]
1 Play
2 Eligibility
3 Prize structure
4 EuroMillions Trust
5 Super Draws and Event draws
6 Distribution of revenue
7 Email scams making use of EuroMillions brand name
8 EuroMillions Plus (Ireland only)
9 UK Millionaire Maker
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Play[edit]
The player selects five main numbers which can be any number from 1 to 50.
The player selects two different lucky star numbers from a pool of 12 numbers.
Draws take place at 20:45 every Tuesday and Friday in Paris. The results are published shortly after the draw on associated and independent websites around 23:00 hours.
To participate in the EuroMillions Lotto, tickets can be purchased from many outlets, namely at licensed stores and online websites.
The gameplay changed on Tuesday 10 May 2011 with a second weekly draw and the number of "lucky stars" in the Pacquerette machine increasing from 9 to 11. A prize for matching two main numbers and no lucky stars was also introduced on the same date.
On Saturday 24 September 2016 the number of "lucky stars" increased again, from 11 to 12.
Eligibility[edit]
According to the Euromillions rules page, no restriction on nationality of buyer exists. Tourists/ Non-residents are eligible to participate in the EuroMillions lottery as long as they aged 18 or over. The minimum age differs in some countries, e.g. it is 16 years in the UK.[3]
The game is currently available to players in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, France (including overseas regions and collectivities), Ireland, the Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Prize structure[edit]
As of 24 September 2016 the structure of the draw was changed, with the Lucky Star being drawn from a pool of 12 numbers instead of the old 11. The prize structure as of Tuesday 27 September 2016 is as follows:
Main
numbers
Lucky
stars
Probability of winning (a)
% of prize fund (b)
Expected winnings (€)
Expected winnings (£)[4]
Fraction
%
2 0 1 in 22 4.57% 18.25% €4 £3.30
2 1 1 in 49 2.03% 14.85% €8 £6.00
1 2 1 in 188 0.53% 4.95% €10 £7.60
3 0 1 in 314 0.32% 3.50% €12 £9.00
3 1 1 in 706 0.14% 1.85% €14 £10.70
2 2 1 in 985 0.10% 1.75% €19 £14.20
4 0 1 in 13,811 0.0072% 0.38% €58 £43.30
3 2 1 in 14,125 0.0071% 0.67% €104 £78.00
4 1 1 in 31,075 0.0032% 0.48% €164 £123.00
4 2 1 in 621,503 0.00016% 0.45% €3,076 £2,307.30
5 0 1 in 3,107,515 0.000032% 0.92% €31,448 £23,586.00
5 1 1 in 6,991,908 0.000014% 3.95% €303,798 £227,848.80
5 2 1 in 139,838,160 0.00000072% 43.2% or 27% (X) Jackpot Jackpot
Booster fund 4.8% or 21% (X)
Overall 1 in 13 7.71% 100% €14 £10.70
The booster fund is available to contribute to the jackpot, for example to boost the initial jackpot in a sequence of growing jackpots. The amount utilized each week is determined in advance by the participating lotteries.
(a) per entry
(b) prize fund = 50% of sales main draw
(b) sales main draw = €2.20 in pounds sterling per entry (exchange rate!) times number of entries
(X) draw 1 to 6: 43.2% + 4.8% & draw 7 (or higher): 27% + 21%
expected winnings (£) exchange rate: €1.00 = £0.75
The odds of winning any prize at all are 1 in 13
The odds of getting none of the 50 main balls but getting both lucky stars is approximately 1 in 115. This means that it is less likely than getting 2 main balls and one lucky star (1 in 49). However, there is no prize for only getting 2 lucky stars.
The figures for the estimated prize are just a guide, and the actual amount varies according to the total in the prize fund and the number of winners for each prize. (Estimated prizes as per reverse of UK playslip)
If the Jackpot is not won, it rolls over to the next draw.
Effective 7 November 2009 new rules were put in place regarding rollovers.[5]
The new rules introduce the Jackpot Pool Cap. The jackpot will continue to rollover until the Jackpot reaches or exceeds €185,000,000, the Jackpot will remain at €185,000,000 and any additional prize money rolled over will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner (5 main numbers + 1 Lucky Star or possibly even just five main numbers).
After winning the Jackpot with a Jackpot Pool Cap, the Jackpot Pool Cap grows by €5,000,000. (In other words, after the capped Jackpot of €185,000,000 is won, the next Jackpot Pool Cap is €190,000,000, then the next time €195,000,000 etc.)
If the €190,000,000 Jackpot is still not won, the Jackpot will continue to be €190,000,000 for the next draw if it is won, and again any additional prize money will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner.
A new rule change of 12 January 2012 locks the Jackpot cap at €190,000,000 permanently and if the jackpot is not won after two draws, the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level. A new rule change of 24 September 2016: if the jackpot is not won after five draws, the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level.
EuroMillions Trust[edit]
The participating national lotteries in the EuroMillions game have each established a EuroMillions Trust account. This is used for the settlement of all amounts due and for holding amounts in respect of future prizes. This trust arrangement protects the participating lotteries between them from a default from one of the national companies and ultimately the players' interests. EuroMillions is the largest euro lottery, its history of creation is dated back to the distant year of 1994 when several EU countries first had the idea of launching a multi-European lottery[citation needed].
Super Draws and Event draws[edit]
Super Draws and Event draws are special drawings when the Jackpot is set to a guaranteed amount - often €100,000,000. The difference being that a Super Draw jackpot will roll over to the next drawing if not won but an Event Draw jackpot will be distributed amongst the winners in the next lower tier (i.e. match 5 + 1). So far there has not been an event draw, until now, jackpots in a Super Draw have rolled over to the next drawing if not won
The first Super draw of 2011 took place on Tuesday 10 May to mark the introduction of the second weekly Euromillions draw and changes to the game format (11 lucky stars instead of 9 and a new "match 2 main numbers and no lucky stars" prize tier).
The first Super draw of 2016 took place on Friday 30 September to introduce the change to the game format (12 lucky stars instead of 11 and increased price).
Super draws have been held to date on
9 February 2007 (€100 million);
28 September 2007 (€130 million);
8 February 2008 (€130 million);
26 September 2008 (€130 million);
6 March 2009 (€100 million);
18 September 2009 (€100 million);
5 February 2010 (€100 million);
1 October 2010 (€100 million);
10 May 2011 (€100 million);
4 October 2011 (€100 million);
28 September 2012 (€100 million);
22 March 2013 (€100 million);
7 June 2013 (€100 million);
15 November 2013 (€100 million);
7 March 2014 (€100 million);
3 October 2014 (€100 million);
6 March 2015 (€100 million);
5 June 2015 (€100 million);
6 November 2015 (€100 million);
30 September 2016 (€130 million);
30 June 2017 (€100 million);
15 September 2017 (€130 million).
20 April 2018 (€130 million).
(A €100,000,000 Super draw was planned for 6 June 2014 but was cancelled when the jackpot rolled over to €105,000,000[6]).
(This is a change to the game rules[7] as of 4 April 2011 when the Event Draw was added.)
Distribution of revenue[edit]
In the UK, the total EuroMillions revenue is broken down as follows:[8]
Breakdown of UK EuroMillions revenue
0.5% in profit to Camelot
4.5% in operating costs
5% in commission to the retailers.
12% to the UK Government (Lottery Duty)
28% for the "Good Causes"
50% to winners
Email scams making use of EuroMillions brand name[edit]
When Chris and Colin Weir, one couple who won the EuroMillions, pledged to donate their prize money to good causes,[9] cyber criminals started using the couple's name in their email scams to fool the general public and ultimately cheat them of money.[10] [11]
EuroMillions Plus (Ireland only)[edit]
In June 2007, with the success of the main EuroMillions game, the Irish National Lottery launched EuroMillions Plus. For an extra €1 per line, players could enter the additional draw with the top prize each week of €500,000. Sales of the main EuroMillions in Ireland for 2006 were over €145 million; this success led to the introduction of 'Plus'.
UK Millionaire Maker[edit]
Since November 2009 at least one UK player every week has won a guaranteed £1,000,000. With the introduction of the Tuesday EuroMillions Draw on Tuesday 10 May 2011 there were 2 Millionaire Raffle winners each week. The latest changes to Euromillions in September 2016 now mean that two guaranteed Millionaire Raffle winners are made per draw, or 4 per week across the two draws.
According to the Euromillions website, the chances of winning the UK Millionaire Maker game on a Tuesday can be estimated as 1 in 1,900,000 but can shrink to 1 in 2,250,000 in the events of rollovers. On a Friday, it can be calculated as 1 in 2,950,000 but again the odds can fall to 1 in 3,400,000 in the events of a 4 times rollover. Winning in this game depends entirely on the number of the playslips sold so the odds fluctuate. The odds may also fluctuate during a super draw or a special event in the UK Millionaire Raffle.
Prices per line in the UK increased by 50p to £2.00. The 50p was added due to weak exchange rates between the pound and the euro and to cover the expense of the new Millionaire Maker. On 24 September 2016 the price per line in the UK was increased by an additional 50p to £2.50.
See also[edit]
Eurojackpot - a similar transnational lottery in Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
Lottery
Vikinglotto - a similar transnational lottery in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Slovenia.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Paragraph 7.1 (Translation: "The draws for the Euro Millions game take place on Tuesday and Friday evenings at the time specified by the organisers of the game, which is around 21:45 (CET), Paris time.")
Jump up ^ "Home". The National Lottery. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Players' Guide to EuroMillions". National Lottery. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "EuroMillions Interactive Game Procedures". The National Lottery. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "EuroMillions draw: lottery postponed after jackpot naturally passes €100 million mark after rollovers and strong ticket sales". The Independent. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "EuroMillions Game Procedures". The National Lottery. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Correspondence with help at national-lottery.co.uk, 8 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "BBC News - Lottery win: Euromillions couple are 'tickled pink'". BBC News. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Slay Hoax: Chris and Colin Weir Email Scam". Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Internet fraudsters pose as lotto millionaires Colin and Chris Weir - Daily Record". Retrieved 4 June 2014.
External links[edit]
UK National Lottery
Irish National Lottery
Belgium National Lottery
Portugal National Lottery
Spain National Lottery
Swiss Lottery
Austrian National Lottery
Luxembourg National Lottery
French National Lottery
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EuroMillions&oldid=837709139"
Categories:
Lottery games
Mega Ball lottery games
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from November 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Svenska
8 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 April 2018, at 14:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: br

tag: span

attr: class style

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0000CC; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value:
/wiki/Pound_Sterling
mw-redirect
Pound Sterling

value:
nofollow
http://euromillions.plus/
external text

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Edit section: Super Draws and Event draws

value:
/wiki/The_National_Lottery_Awards
mw-redirect
The National Lottery Awards

value: Edit section: Email scams making use of EuroMillions brand name

value: Edit section: EuroMillions Plus (Ireland only)

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-14161661

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
https://www.lottery.ie/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.euromillions.be/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://www.jogossantacasa.pt/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.loteriasyapuestas.es/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://www.swisslos.ch/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.win2day.at/gaming/LO_hp

value:
nofollow
https://www.loterie.lu/
external text

value: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2015

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value:
/wiki/EuroMillions
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: 유로밀리언스 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: הלוטו האירופי – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: ユーロミリオンズ – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Евро Миллионы – Russian

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-EuroMillions rootpage-EuroMillions skin-vector action-view