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Spider web
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"Spider's Web" redirects here. For other uses, see Spider's Web (disambiguation).
"Cobweb" redirects here. For other uses, see Cobweb (disambiguation).
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A classic circular form spider's web
Opadometa fastigata weaving the web. See the silk coming from the spinneret glands located at the tip of the abdomen.
Spiral orb webs in Karijini, Western Australia
Garden Orbweaver with beetle prey caught in its web
A spider web, spiderweb, spider's web, or cobweb (from the archaic word coppe, meaning "spider")[1] is a device created by a spider out of proteinaceous spider silk extruded from its spinnerets, generally meant to catch its prey.
Spider webs have existed for at least 100 million years, as witnessed in a rare find of Early Cretaceous amber from Sussex, southern England.[2] Insects can get trapped in spider webs, providing nutrition to the spider; however, not all spiders build webs to catch prey, and some do not build webs at all. "Spider web" is typically used to refer to a web that is apparently still in use (i.e. clean), whereas "cobweb" refers to abandoned (i.e. dusty) webs.[3] However, "cobweb" is used to describe the tangled three-dimensional web[4] of some spiders of the Theridiidae family. While this large family is also known as the tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders and comb-footed spiders, they actually have a huge range of web architectures.
Contents
[hide]
1 Silk production
2 Types
2.1 Orb web construction
3 Uses
3.1 Uses by humans
4 Adhesive properties
5 Communal spider webs
6 Outside influences
7 Low gravity
8 In popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Silk production[edit]
See also: Spider silk
Clearly visible spider silk production
Zygiella orb web
Infographic illustrating the process of constructing an orb web
Spider web covered in hoar frost
When spiders moved from the water to the land in the Early Devonian period, they started making silk to protect their bodies and their eggs.[3][5] Spiders gradually started using silk for hunting purposes, first as guide lines and signal lines, then as ground or bush webs, and eventually as the aerial webs that are familiar today.[6]
Spiders produce silk from their spinneret glands located at the tip of their abdomen. Each gland produces a thread for a special purpose – for example a trailed safety line, sticky silk for trapping prey or fine silk for wrapping it. Spiders use different gland types to produce different silks, and some spiders are capable of producing up to eight different silks during their lifetime.[7]
Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, each having its own function – there are also spiders with just one pair and others with as many as four pairs.
Webs allow a spider to catch prey without having to expend energy by running it down. Thus it is an efficient method of gathering food. However, constructing the web is in itself an energetically costly process because of the large amount of protein required, in the form of silk. In addition, after a time the silk will lose its stickiness and thus become inefficient at capturing prey. It is common for spiders to eat their own web daily to recoup some of the energy used in spinning. The silk proteins are thus recycled.
The tensile strength of spider silk is greater than the same weight of steel and has much greater elasticity. Its microstructure is under investigation for potential applications in industry, including bullet-proof vests and artificial tendons. Researchers have used genetically modified mammals to produce the proteins needed to make this material.[8][9][10]
Types[edit]
Argiope sp. sitting on web decorations at the center of the web
There are a few types of spider webs found in the wild, and many spiders are classified by the webs they weave. Different types of spider webs include:
Spiral orb webs, associated primarily with the family Araneidae, as well as Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae[11]
Tangle webs or cobwebs, associated with the family Theridiidae
Funnel webs, with associations divided into primitive and modern
Tubular webs, which run up the bases of trees or along the ground
Sheet webs
Several different types of silk may be used in web construction, including a "sticky" capture silk and "fluffy" capture silk, depending on the type of spider. Webs may be in a vertical plane (most orb webs), a horizontal plane (sheet webs), or at any angle in between. It is hypothesized that these types of aerial webs co-evolved with the evolution of winged insects. As insects are spiders' main prey, it is likely that they would impose strong selectional forces on the foraging behavior of spiders.[3][12] Most commonly found in the sheet-web spider families, some webs will have loose, irregular tangles of silk above them. These tangled obstacle courses serve to disorient and knock down flying insects, making them more vulnerable to being trapped on the web below. They may also help to protect the spider from predators such as birds and wasps.[13]
Orb web construction[edit]
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A typical orb web constructed by an Araneus (family Araneidae) spider.
Most orb weavers construct webs in a vertical plane, although there are exceptions, such as Uloborus diversus, which builds a horizontal web.[14] During the process of making an orb web, the spider will use its own body for measurements.
Many webs span gaps between objects which the spider could not cross by crawling. This is done by first producing a fine adhesive thread to drift on a faint breeze across a gap. When it sticks to a surface at the far end, the spider feels the change in the vibration. The spider reels in and tightens the first strand, then carefully walks along it and strengthens it with a second thread. This process is repeated until the thread is strong enough to support the rest of the web.
Play media
Larinioides cornutus builds its web.
After strengthening the first thread, the spider continues to make a Y-shaped netting. The first three radials of the web are now constructed. More radials are added, making sure that the distance between each radial and the next is small enough to cross. This means that the number of radials in a web directly depends on the size of the spider plus the size of the web. It is common for a web to be about 20 times the size of the spider building it.
After the radials are complete, the spider fortifies the center of the web with about five circular threads. It makes a spiral of non-sticky, widely spaced threads to enable it to move easily around its own web during construction, working from the inside outward. Then, beginning from the outside and moving inward, the spider methodically replaces this spiral with a more closely spaced one made of adhesive threads. It uses the initial radiating lines as well as the non-sticky spirals as guide lines. The spaces between each spiral and the next are directly proportional to the distance from the tip of its back legs to its spinners. This is one way the spider uses its own body as a measuring/spacing device. While the sticky spirals are formed, the non-adhesive spirals are removed as there is no need for them any more.
Australian garden orb weaver spider, after having captured prey
After the spider has completed its web, it chews off the initial three center spiral threads then sits and waits. If the web is broken without any structural damage during the construction, the spider does not make any initial attempts to rectify the problem.
The spider, after spinning its web, then waits on or near the web for a prey animal to become trapped. The spider senses the impact and struggle of a prey animal by vibrations transmitted through the web. A spider positioned in the middle of the web makes for a highly visible prey for birds and other predators, even without web decorations; many day-hunting orb-web spinners reduce this risk by hiding at the edge of the web with one foot on a signal line from the hub or by appearing to be inedible or unappetizing.
Spiders do not usually adhere to their own webs, because they are able to spin both sticky and non-sticky types of silk, and are careful to travel across only non-sticky portions of the web. However, they are not immune to their own glue. Some of the strands of the web are sticky, and others are not. For example, if a spider has chosen to wait along the outer edges of its web, it may spin a non-sticky prey or signal line to the web hub to monitor web movement. However, in the course of spinning sticky strands, spiders have to touch these sticky strands. They do this without sticking by using careful movements, dense hairs and nonstick coatings on their feet to prevent adhesion.[15]
Uses[edit]
A soldier ant finds itself entangled in the web of a garden spider.
Some species of spider do not use webs for capturing prey directly, instead pouncing from concealment (e.g. trapdoor spiders) or running them down in open chase (e.g. wolf spiders). The net-casting spider balances the two methods of running and web spinning in its feeding habits. This spider weaves a small net which it attaches to its front legs. It then lurks in wait for potential prey and, when such prey arrives, lunges forward to wrap its victim in the net, bite and paralyze it. Hence, this spider expends less energy catching prey than a primitive hunter such as the wolf spider. It also avoids the energy loss of weaving a large orb web.
Some spiders manage to use the signaling-snare technique of a web without spinning a web at all. Several types of water-dwelling spiders rest their feet on the water's surface in much the same manner as an orb-web user. When an insect falls onto the water and is ensnared by surface tension, the spider can detect the vibrations and run out to capture the prey.
Uses by humans[edit]
Cobweb paintings, which began during the 16th century in a remote valley of the Austrian Tyrolean Alps, were created on fabrics consisting of layered and wound cobwebs, stretched over cardboard to make a mat, and strengthened by brushing with milk diluted in water. A small brush was then used to apply watercolor to the cobwebs, or custom tools to create engravings. Fewer than a hundred cobweb paintings survive today, most of which are held in private collections.[16]
In traditional European medicine, cobwebs are used on wounds and cuts and seem to help healing and reduce bleeding.[17] Spider webs are rich in vitamin K, which can be effective in clotting blood. Webs were used several hundred years ago as gauze pads to stop an injured person's bleeding.[18]
Spider web strands have been used for crosshairs or reticles in telescopes.[citation needed]
Adhesive properties[edit]
The stickiness of spiders' webs is courtesy of droplets of glue suspended on the silk threads. This glue is multifunctional – that is, its behavior depends on how quickly something touching it attempts to withdraw. At high velocities, they function as an elastic solid, resembling rubber; at lower velocities, they simply act as a sticky glue. This allows them to retain a grip on attached food particles.[19] The web is also electrically conductive which causes the silk threads to spring out to trap their quarry, as flying insects tend to gain a static charge which attracts the silk.[20]
Communal spider webs[edit]
After severe, extensive flooding in Sindh, Pakistan, many trees were covered with spider webs.
Occasionally, a group of spiders may build webs together in the same area.
Massive flooding in Pakistan during the 2010 monsoon drove spiders above the waterline, into trees. The result was trees covered with spider webs.[21]
The communal spider web at Lake Tawakoni State Park
One such web, reported in 2007 at Lake Tawakoni State Park in Texas, measured 200 yards (180 m) across. Entomologists believe it may be the result of social cobweb spiders or of spiders building webs to spread out from one another. There is no consensus on how common this occurrence is.[22]
Outside influences[edit]
Certain drugs, including caffeine, affect the way spiders build webs.
Administering certain drugs to spiders affects the structure of the webs they build. It has been proposed by some that this could be used as a method of documenting and measuring the toxicity of various substances.[23][24]
Low gravity[edit]
It has been observed that being in Earth's orbit has an effect on the structure of spider webs in space.[25]
Spider webs were spun in low earth orbit in 1973 aboard Skylab, involving two female European garden spiders (cross spiders) called Arabella and Anita, as part of an experiment on the Skylab 3 mission.[26] The aim of the experiment was to test whether the two spiders would spin webs in space, and, if so, whether these webs would be the same as those that spiders produced on Earth. The experiment was a student project of Judy Miles of Lexington, Massachusetts.[26]
After the launch on July 28, 1973, and entering Skylab, the spiders were released by astronaut Owen Garriott into a box that resembled a window frame.[26] The spiders proceeded to construct their web while a camera took photographs and examined the spiders' behavior in a zero-gravity environment. Both spiders took a long time to adapt to their weightless existence. However, after a day, Arabella spun the first web in the experimental cage, although it was initially incomplete.
The first web spun by the spider Arabella in orbit
The web was completed the following day. The crew members were prompted to expand the initial protocol. They fed and watered the spiders, giving them a house fly.[27] The first web was removed on August 13 to allow the spider to construct a second web. At first, the spider failed to construct a new web. When given more water, it built a second web. This time, it was more elaborate than the first. Both spiders died during the mission, possibly from dehydration.[26]
When scientists were given the opportunity to study the webs, they discovered that the space webs were finer than normal Earth webs, and although the patterns of the web were not totally dissimilar, variations were spotted, and there was a definite difference in the characteristics of the web. Additionally, while the webs were finer overall, the space web had variations in thickness in places: some places were slightly thinner, and others slightly thicker. This was unusual, because Earth webs have been observed to have uniform thickness.[28]
In popular culture[edit]
Spider webs play a crucial role in the children's novel Charlotte's Web. Webs are also featured in many other cultural depictions of spiders. In films, illustration, and other visual arts, spider webs may be used to readily suggest a "spooky" atmosphere, or imply neglect or the passage of time. Artificial "spider webs" are a common element of Halloween decorations. Spider webs are a common image in tattoo art, often symbolizing long periods of time spent in prison, or used simply to fill gaps between other images.[29]
Some observers believe that a small spider is depicted, perched on the shield surrounding the number "1", in the upper-right corner of the front side (obverse) of the United States one-dollar bill. This perception is enhanced by the resemblance of the background image of intertwining fine lines to a stylized spider web. However, other observers believe the figure is an owl.[30]
Artificial spider webs are used by the superhero Spider-Man as a method of quick transportation.
The notable tensile strength of spider webs is often exaggerated in science fiction, often as an plot device to justify the presence of artificially giant spiders.
See also[edit]
Filter feeder
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary: cobweb
Jump up ^ Brasier, Cotton & Yenney 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c Vollrath, F.; Selden, P. (December 2007). "The role of behavior in the evolution of spiders, silks, and webs". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38: 819–46. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221.
Jump up ^ O.E.D.
Jump up ^ Kaston, B.J. (May 1964). "The evolution of spider webs". American Zoologist. 4 (2): 191–207. JSTOR 3881292. doi:10.1093/icb/4.2.191.
Jump up ^ Blackedge, T. A.; Scharff, N.; Coddington, J. A.; Szuts, T.; Wenzel, J. W.; Hayashi, C. Y.; Agnarsson, I. (2009). "Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (13): 5229–34. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5229B. PMC 2656561  . PMID 19289848. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901377106.
Jump up ^ Craig, C. L. (1997). "Evolution of arthropod silks". Annual Review of Entomology. 42: 231–67. PMID 15012314. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.231.
Jump up ^ "GM goat spins web based future". BBC News. 21 August 2000. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
Jump up ^ Becker, Nathan; Oroudjev, Emin; Mutz, Stephanie; Cleveland, Jason P.; Hansma, Paul K.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y.; Makarov, Dmitrii E.; Hansma, Helen G. (2003). "Molecular nanosprings in spider capture-silk threads". Nature Materials. 2 (4): 278–83. Bibcode:2003NatMa...2..278B. PMID 12690403. doi:10.1038/nmat858.
Jump up ^ Connor, Steve (18 January 2002). "A spider's web that could catch an F-16". The Independent. Independent News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
Jump up ^ Bond, J. E.; Opell, B. D. (1998). "Testing adaptive radiation and key innovation hypotheses in spiders". Evolution. 52 (2): 403–14. doi:10.2307/2411077.
Jump up ^ Penalver, E.; Grimaldi, D. A.; Delclos, X. (2006). "Early Cretaceous spider web with its prey". Science. 312 (5781): 1761–61. PMID 16794072. doi:10.1126/science.1126628.
Jump up ^ Blackledge, T.A.; Coddington, J.A.; Gillespie, R.G. (January 2003). "Are three-dimensional spider webs defensive adaptations?". Ecology Letters. 6 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00384.x.
Jump up ^ "Uloborus diversus". Table Grape Spider ID. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
Jump up ^ Briceno, R.; Eberhard, W. (2012). "TSpiders avoid sticking to their webs: clever leg movements, branched drip-tip setae, and anti-adhesive surfaces". Naturwissenschaften. 99 (4): 337–41. Bibcode:2012NW.....99..337B. PMID 22382404. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0901-9.
Jump up ^ Hock, Lauren (November 13, 2008). "Cobweb Art a Triumph of Whimsy Over Practicality". Northwestern University. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
Jump up ^ "German pharmacist used cobwebs". Channel 4. September 10, 2008. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Robert R (1974). "Effects of D-Amphetamine Sulphate and Diasepam on Thread Connection Fine Structure in a Spider's Web" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Mental Health.
Jump up ^ Sahni, Vasav; Blackledge, Todd A.; Dhinojwala, Ali (2010). "Viscoelastic solids explain spider web stickiness". Nature Communications. 1 (2): 1. Bibcode:2010NatCo...1E..19S. PMID 20975677. doi:10.1038/ncomms1019.
Jump up ^ Whipple, Tom (17 January 2014). "The shocking secret of a spider’s web". The Times: Nature. Times Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Than, Ker (31 March 2011). "Trees Cocooned in Webs After Flood". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ "Spider web engulfs Texas park trail". Associated Press. August 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-30. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Noever, R.; Cronise, J.; Relwani, R.A. (1995). "Using spider-web patterns to determine toxicity". NASA Tech Briefs. 19 (4): 82.
Jump up ^ "Spiders on speed get weaving". New Scientist. 29 April 1995. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
Jump up ^ Witt, P.N.; Scarboro, M.B.; Peakall, D.B.; Gause, R. (1976). "Spider web-building in outer space: Evaluation of records from the Skylab spider experiment" (PDF). Am. J. Arachnol. 4 (2): 115–.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Burgess, Colin; Dubbs, Chris (2007). Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Chichester UK: Praxis. pp. 323–26. ISBN 0-387-36053-0.
Jump up ^ "Spiders in Space on Skylab 3". About.com. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
Jump up ^ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/Details/Earliest-spider-web-in-space/63486.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-of-a-spider-web-tattoo-on-your-elbow
Jump up ^ https://terrific-top10.com/2013/11/11/top-10-images-hidden-on-the-one-dollar-bill/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spider web.
Movies and animation on web building in Araneus diadematus ‒ University of Basil
Oldest known spider web A 110 million-year-old web preserved in amber
Giant Spider Webs ‒ Photos and story on BadSpiderBites.com (2007)
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Masters of the Universe (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Masters of the Universe
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Gary Goddard[1]
Produced by
Yoram Globus
Menahem Golan
Written by
David Odell
Based on
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe by Mattel
Starring
Dolph Lundgren
Frank Langella
Courteney Cox
James Tolkan
Christina Pickles
Meg Foster
Robert Duncan McNeill
Narrated by
Peter Brooks
Music by
Bill Conti
Cinematography
Hanania Baer
Edited by
Anne V. Coates
Production
company
Golan-Globus
Distributed by
Cannon Films[2]
Release date
August 7, 1987 (1987-08-07)
Running time
106 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[4]
Box office
$17.3 million[5]
Masters of the Universe is a 1987 American science fantasy action film directed by Gary Goddard, produced by Yoram Globus and by Menahem Golan and written by David Odell. The film stars Dolph Lundgren, Frank Langella, Jon Cypher, Chelsea Field, Billy Barty, Courteney Cox, Robert Duncan McNeill and Meg Foster. It is based on the Mattel toyline of the same name and brings the story of two teenagers who meet the mighty warrior He-Man, who arrived on Earth from planet Eternia and now goes on a mission to save the universe from the villainous Skeletor, his nemesis.
Masters of the Universe was released theatrically in the United States on August 7, 1987. It was a critical and commercial failure, grossing $17 million worldwide against a budget of $22 million, but is now regarded as a cult film.[6][7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Jack Kirby inspiration
4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
7 Legacy
8 Reboot
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
On the planet Eternia, at the center of the Universe, Skeletor's army seizes Castle Grayskull, scatters the remaining Eternian defenders, and captures the Sorceress of Grayskull, planning to add her power to his own by the next moonrise.
Skeletor's archenemy, the warrior He-Man, veteran soldier Man-At-Arms, and his daughter Teela rescue Gwildor from Skeletor's forces. Gwildor, a Thenorian locksmith, reveals that Skeletor has acquired his invention: a "Cosmic Key" that can open a portal to anywhere by utilizing sound keys. The device was stolen by Skeletor's second-in-command, Evil-Lyn, allowing Skeletor to breach Castle Grayskull.
With Gwildor's remaining prototype of the Key in hand, He-Man and his friends travel to the Castle. They attempt to free the Sorceress but are overwhelmed by Skeletor's army and forced to flee through Gwildor's hastily opened portal, transporting them to Earth. The Key is misplaced on their arrival and discovered by two New Jersey teenagers, orphaned high school girl Julie Winston and her boyfriend Kevin Corrigan. The pair attempt to figure out what the Key is and accidentally send a signal that allows Evil-Lyn to track the Key and send her henchmen – Saurod, Blade, Beast Man and Karg – to recover it.
Kevin, an aspiring musician, mistakes the Key for a synthesizer and takes it to a music store run by his friend Charlie. Karg's team arrives and chases Julie until He-Man comes across her and rescues her. Karg's team returns to Grayskull where, incensed by their failure, Skeletor kills Saurod and sends the others back to Earth, with a larger force under Evil-Lyn's command. Unable to find Julie, Kevin is taken to Julie's house by Lubic, a detective investigating the disturbance created by Karg's team. Suspecting the Key is stolen, Lubic confiscates it from Kevin and leaves. Immediately afterward, Evil-Lyn captures and interrogates Kevin for the Key's location with a mind control collar, before pursuing Lubic.
Julie and the Eternians release Kevin from the collar before they go after Lubic. They manage to get hold of it in Charlie's store, but Skeletor's forces catch up with them, and a pitched battle ensues. Evil-Lyn recovers the key and summons Skeletor to Earth. Skeletor's forces overwhelm the Eternians and Julie is mortally wounded by Skeletor's lightning blast, which simultaneously erases the memory storage of Gwildor's Key. He-Man surrenders to save his comrades, and is returned to Eternia as Skeletor's slave. Skeletor demands that He-Man kneel before him for all of Eternia to witness, before he is killed. He-Man refuses and is lashed by Blade's laser whip in an attempt to make him kneel. He-Man is still standing when the moon rises and Skeletor absorbs the powers of the universe. Declaring himself the Master of the Universe, Skeletor asserts his victory and continues to torture He-Man with energy blasts.
Back on Earth, Gwildor repairs the Cosmic Key, and Kevin recreates the tones necessary to create a gateway to Eternia. The group, including Lubic who attempts to arrest them, are transported to Castle Grayskull, where they begin battling Skeletor's forces. Resenting that Skeletor absorbed the power of the Universe without sharing it with her, Evil-Lyn deserts him along with the other henchmen. Skeletor accidentally frees He-Man who then reclaims the Sword of Grayskull. The pair battle until He-Man shatters Skeletor's staff, removing his new powers and restoring him to his normal state. He-Man offers mercy but Skeletor draws a concealed sword and attempts to kill He-Man; He-Man knocks Skeletor from the throne room into a towering pit below. The freed Sorceress heals Julie, and a portal is opened to send the Earthlings home. Hailed as a hero for his bravery, Lubic decides to remain on Eternia.
Julie awakens on the morning of her parents' deaths by plane crash. She prevents them from taking the ill-fated flight by taking their keys, and runs outside to find Kevin. Kevin confirms that their experiences were real, producing a souvenir from Eternia: a small blue sphere containing a scene of He-Man in front of Castle Grayskull with his sword raised above his head.
In a post-credits scene, Skeletor's head emerges from the water at the bottom of the pit, saying "I'll be back!".
Cast[edit]
Frank Langella in 2012. Langella chose to portray Skeletor because of his son's love of the character.
Dolph Lundgren – He-Man
Frank Langella – Skeletor
Courteney Cox – Julie Winston
James Tolkan – Detective Lubic
Christina Pickles – Sorceress
Meg Foster – Evil-Lyn
Chelsea Field – Teela
Jon Cypher – Man-At-Arms
Billy Barty – Gwildor
Robert Duncan McNeill – Kevin Corrigan
Anthony De Longis – Blade
Tony Carroll – Beast Man
Pons Maar – Saurod
Robert Towers – Karg
Peter Brooks – Narrator
Production[edit]
One of the original drafts from the script by David Odell (whose previous writing credits include Supergirl and The Dark Crystal) was reviewed in the third episode of the He-Man and She-Ra podcast, Masters Cast. The original draft included more time spent on Eternia and Snake Mountain, had Beast man in a speaking role, and even revealed that He-Man's mother was originally from Earth, as per the character Queen Marlena from the Filmation animated series He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, thus linking the two planets.[9] Describing her character, Foster said that Evil-Lyn is not villainous, "she is just doing her job and she knows how to get results, even if it means being harsh." Langella agreed, calling Evil-Lyn a female more dedicated to Skeletor's cause than any man; she is obsessive around Skeletor because she is slightly lovelorn.[10] The filmmakers considered having Foster wear eye-lenses to mask her naturally pale-blue eyes, but decided that her natural eyes fit the character better. However, they did augment Foster's chest, fitting cleavage into the character's costume. Foster wanted the character to have a large hairstyle, rather than the short style featured in the film.[11]
When offered the role, Langella said that he "didn’t even blink ... I couldn't wait to play him." Langella cited his then-four-year-old son's love of Skeletor while running around his house yelling He-Man's battle cry "I have the power!", as the reason he chose to play He-Man's archenemy.[12]
Jack Kirby inspiration[edit]
Comic book writer/artist John Byrne compared the film to Jack Kirby's comic book metaseries Fourth World, stating in Comic Shop News #497:
The best New Gods movie, IMHO, is Masters of the Universe. I even corresponded with the director, who told me this was his intent, and that he had tried to get [Jack] Kirby to do the production designs, but the studio nixed it.
Check it out. It requires some bending and an occasional sex change (Metron becomes an ugly dwarf, The Highfather becomes the Sorceress), but it's an amazingly close analog, otherwise. And Frank Langella's Skeletor is a dandy Darkseid!
Director Gary Goddard clarified this in a letter appearing in John Byrne's Next Men #26, in which he stated:
As the director of Masters of the Universe, it was a pleasure to see that someone got it. Your comparison of the film to Kirby’s New Gods was not far off. In fact, the storyline was greatly inspired by the classic Fantastic Four/Doctor Doom epics, The New Gods and a bit of Thor thrown in here and there. I intended the film to be a "motion picture comic book," though it was a tough proposition to sell to the studio at the time. 'Comics are just for kids,' they thought. They would not allow me to hire Jack Kirby who I desperately wanted to be the conceptual artist for the picture…
I grew up with Kirby's comics (I've still got all my Marvels from the first issue of Fantastic Four and Spider-Man through the time Kirby left) and I had great pleasure meeting him when he first moved to California. Since that time I enjoyed the friendship of Jack and Roz and was lucky enough to spend many hours with Jack, hearing how he created this character and that one, why a villain has to be even more powerful than a hero, and on and on. Jack was a great communicator, and listening to him was always an education. You might be interested to know that I tried to dedicate Masters of Universe to Jack Kirby in the closing credits, but the studio took the credit out.
Brian Cronin, author of the "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed" column, concludes that "the film itself was not intended to be literally a reworked Fourth World, although the intent WAS to make the film a tribute to Jack Kirby — just a tribute to ALL of his work, not just the Fourth World."[13]
Music[edit]
The musical score of Masters of the Universe was composed by Bill Conti. It was recorded by several European orchestras, chiefly the Graunke Orchestra of Munich (the only one to be credited on the soundtrack album) and conducted by a number of conductors, chiefly Bruce Miller and Harry Rabinowitz (Rabinowitz received sole credit). Conti did not conduct his score because it could not be recorded in the United States as "there was a musicians strike or something like that... So it went to various places." He and the score mixer Dan Wallin assembled the score from the various recorded takes, because there were problems with the orchestral performances ("We didn't have anything that went from beginning to end without a problem").[14]
The soundtrack album was released on record, cassette and compact disc by Varese Sarabande in 1987; it was subsequently issued in an expanded version by Edel. In 2008, La-La Land Records released a two-disc edition with the complete score and the original album presentation; in 2012, Intrada Records issued the complete score (the entirely of disc one and tracks 1–5 on disc two) on one disc.
Release[edit]
Prior to releasing it, the Cannon Group touted Masters of the Universe as the Star Wars of the 1980s. Despite releasing alongside the height of the success of the toy line, animated series, and related merchandise, Masters of the Universe began as the third-highest-grossing film of the weekend in North America on August 7, 1987, earning $4,883,168, behind Stakeout ($5,170,403) and The Living Daylights ($7,706,230). The film quickly left the charts altogether with a North American gross of $17,336,370.[15][2][5][16]
Home media[edit]
Masters of the Universe was released on DVD October 23, 2001. A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray Disc was released by Warner Home Video on October 2, 2012.[17]
Reception[edit]
Masters of the Universe received negative reviews from critics and holds a 17% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews.[18] Variety called it a "Conan-Star Wars hybrid ripoff" that is "a colossal bore".[19] Walter Goodman of The New York Times wrote, "If you liked the toy, you'll love the movie."[20] Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times called it "a misfiring, underdone epic".[21] Johanna Steinmetz of the Chicago Tribune wrote that the film, while predictable and derivative, entertains audiences through its side plots set on Earth.[22]
In a retrospective review, Glenn Heath, Jr. of Slant Magazine called it a "jarring mix of corny screwball comedy and choppy action heroics".[23] Chris Eggertsen of HitFix, in an article identifying the film's campy, positive qualities, called it "an objectively bad film with a big heart".[24] Joshua Winning of Digital Spy wrote, "...beloved of '80s kids but scorned by critics, it's a high camp oddity that we should celebrate on its own terms".[4]
Billy Barty received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film, but 'lost' to David Mendenhall for Over the Top.
Legacy[edit]
The commercial failure of Masters of the Universe, among other films such as Superman IV: The Quest for Peace and Lifeforce, contributed to the eventual closure of Cannon Films.[11] Cannon Films had intended to create a Masters of the Universe sequel, indicated by the end credits with a surprise reveal that Skeletor survives his fall. The sequel titled "Masters of the Universe 2: Cyborg" was written and followed He-Man, who returned to Earth to battle Skeletor, who has left Earth as a post-apocalyptic wasteland and the film was to feature Trap Jaw and She-Ra. Pro surfer Laird Hamilton was originally to replace Dolph Lundgren as He-Man and the only aspect known about the sequel's screenplay was that He-Man would have returned to Earth and was disguised as a professional quarterback.[25] With a low budget of $4.5 million, the sequel was to be directed by Albert Pyun, consecutively with the aborted Spider-Man movie. The project was abandoned when Cannon would not pay Mattel's fees. The production instead utilized the already-made costumes and sets for the low-budget sci-fi film Cyborg.[26][27][28]
Masters of the Universe was Lundgren's first leading role in a feature film following his success in Rocky IV, and he later labeled it as his least favorite film role.[10] Conversely, Langella considers playing Skeletor to be one of his favorite roles.[12]
Reboot[edit]
A new He-Man film directed by John Woo was reportedly being developed in 2007, but despite many rumors circulating the Internet regarding the film's production status and casting, the project was never officially green-lit. The film rights to He-Man have reportedly since reverted to Mattel.[29]
In September 2009, Sony took over the rights from Warner Bros. to produce the live action adaptation after Mattel and producer Joel Silver, who was previously involved with a potential film, couldn't agree on creative direction for the film.[30] Sony and Escape Artists' Todd Black, Jason Blumenthal, and Steve Tisch will now start developing the project from scratch for Columbia Pictures. In April 2010, Sony hired screenwriters Mike Finch and Alex Litvak to draft a new script.[31] Warner announced that John Stevenson, director of Kung Fu Panda will direct the upcoming feature. On May 12, 2009, it was announced that the scripting duties had been handed to Evan Daugherty, with Stevenson still attached to direct.[32]
In late 2012, Deadline reported that Jon M. Chu was in talks to direct the film.[33] Original He-Man actor Lundgren did an interview with IGN about a possible role in the film as King Randor.[34] October 12, 2012, Richard Wenk is hired to rewrite the script for the film.[35] On March 28, 2013, Chu spoken that the film is still early is in the experimentation and also it won't be campy but an origin story.[36][37] On October 7, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Terry Rossio would script and that Black, Blumenthal, and Tisch would produce the film and it will be set on Eternia; the site also reported that Chu will not direct the film.[38]
On January 10, 2014, Schmoes Know reported that Joe Cornish (Attack the Block), Rian Johnson (Looper), Andrés Muschietti (Mama), Kirk DeMicco and Chris Sanders (The Croods), and Phil Lord and Chris Miller (The Lego Movie) were named as frontrunners to direct the film.[39] On February 26, it was reported that directors Mike Cahill, Jeff Wadlow, Harald Zwart, and Chris McKay are on the short list to direct.[40][41] On April 9, Schmoes Know reported that Wadlow will direct the film, but The Hollywood Reporter announced that he's rewriting the script of the film.[42][43]
On August 19, 2015, it was announced that Chris Yost had been hired to write the film.[44]
On January 22, 2016, Deadline reports that McG will direct the film and will also oversee a rewrite of the latest script by Alex Litvak and Mike Finch, while Escape Artists’ Todd Black, Jason Blumenthal and Steve Tisch are on board as producers.[45]
On June 24, 2016, Kellan Lutz tweeted that he has a meeting with both McG and Mary Viola about having the role of He-Man.[46][47]
On April 27, 2017, it was announced that the film will be released on December 18, 2019. At the same time, McG left the film and David S. Goyer has been hired to rewrite the script.[48]
In December 2017, reports are saying that Goyer is in talks to direct the film.[49]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "`Masters` A Lesson In More Thrills For Less". Chicago Tribune. 1987-08-13. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Arts, ' (1987-08-11). "Weekend Box Office". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Masters of the Universe (1987)". bbfc.co.uk. British Board of Film Classification. September 16, 1987. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Winning, Joshua (2015-05-03). "In Defense Of... Masters of the Universe, Dolph Lundgren's fantasy flop". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Masters of the Universe". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. July 12, 2014. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (2015-08-19). "'Thor: Ragnarok' Scribe to Pen 'Masters of the Universe' for Sony". Variety. Retrieved 2016-04-01. spawned a movie... that subsequently became a cult hit
Jump up ^ Miller, Leon (2017-09-03). "Masters Of The Universe: 15 Shocking Things You Didn't Know About The Movie". Screen Rant. Retrieved 2017-09-10. it’s since gone on to become a cult classic
Jump up ^ Colburnon, Randall (2017-04-28). "Believe it or not, a Masters of the Universe reboot is slated for a 2019 release". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 2017-09-10. the colossal flop turned campy cult classic that was 1987’s Masters of the Universe
Jump up ^ "Masters Cast – Episode 3". Masters Cast. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b SFX 2013, p. 84.
^ Jump up to: a b SFX 2013, p. 85.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frank Langella calls Skeletor "One of my Very Favourite Parts"". ifc.com. IFC. August 7, 2012. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #75". Goodcomics.comicbookresources.com. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Bill Conti's Music of the Universe," pg. 8, liner notes, Masters of the Universe: Complete Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, La-La Land Records LLLCD 1071.
Jump up ^ SFX 2013, p. 82.
Jump up ^ "August 7–9, 1987". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. July 12, 2014. Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Masters Of The Universe: 25th Anniversary (BD) | WBshop.com | Warner Bros". Wbshop.com. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Masters of the Universe". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review: 'Masters of the Universe'". Variety. 1987. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Walter (1987-08-08). "Masters of the Universe (1987)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Wilmington, Michael (1987-08-12). "Movie Review : 'Masters Of The Universe' Misfires". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Steinmetz, Johanna (1987-08-12). "Surprise! 'Masters' Isn't Bad". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Heath, Glenn (2012-07-29). "Summer of '87: Masters of the Universe: He-Man, Voice of Reason". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Eggertson, Chris (2015-08-25). "'Masters of the Universe' wasn't all bad: 13 things to actually admire about the 1987 flop". HitFix. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Lambie, Ryan (July 6, 2016). "How a He-Man sequel and a Spider-Man movie became Cyborg". Den of Geek.
Jump up ^ Brian Cronin (2013-01-30). "Movie Legends Revealed: He-Man & Spider-Man Films Became Cyborg? – Spinoff Online – TV, Film, and Entertainment News Daily". Spinoff.comicbookresources.com. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Masters of the Universe DVD (1987)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Sequel Baiting Endings That Didn't Work". Empire. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
Jump up ^ Clint Morris, Fox2000 no longer has the Power of Grayskull, Moviehole, November 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Barbie's a living doll at Universal – Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety. 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
Jump up ^ drees, Rich. "MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE Gets Screenwriters". filmbuffonline.com. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys. "'Grayskull' lands new writer". Hollywoodreporter.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. "Jon M. Chu In 'Masters Of The Universe' Talks". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe – Lundgren on He-Man Reboot". IGN. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (2012-10-12). "Wenk to pen 'Masters of the Universe'". Variety. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
Jump up ^ "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe - Jon M. Chu Production Update - IGN Video".
Jump up ^ "TR Interview: Jon M. Chu Talks G.I. Joe: Retaliation...and Masters of the Universe! - The Robot's Voice". March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Lone Ranger' Co-Writer Tapped to Write 'Masters of the Universe' (Exclusive)".
Jump up ^ The Phantom (2014-01-10). "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Close to Happening; Looking at New Directors!". Schmoes Know. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (February 26, 2014). "BTW, Mike Cahill and Jeff Wadlow are on the short list for MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE".
Jump up ^ "He-Man Film 'Masters of the Universe' Director Short-List Includes 'Lego Movie' Editor (Exclusive)". The Wrap. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
Jump up ^ "A PHANTOM EXCLUSIVE: Jeff Wadlow Will Direct MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE!". Schmoes Know. April 9, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Wadlow to Rewrite 'Masters of the Universe'". The Hollywood Reporter. April 10, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Christopher Yost to Write 'Masters of the Universe' Film". Comicbookresources.com. August 19, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr, Mike (January 22, 2016). "McG Orbiting 'Masters Of The Universe' At Sony". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Kellan Lutz [@kellanlutz] (24 June 2016). "Hey @HeManTheMovie and all MOTU fans, Had an amazing meeting with @McGsWonderland and @ItsMaryViola talking MOTU! ITS IN GREAT HANDS! 💪⚔" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Russ (June 24, 2016). "Kellan Lutz Met With McG About Masters Of The Universe Movie". ComicBook.com.
Jump up ^ Chavez, Danette. "Masters Of The Universe gets a release date, but loses its director".
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Umberto (December 1, 2017). "David S. Goyer in Talks to Direct He-Man Film 'Masters of the Universe' for Sony (Exclusive)". Thge Wrap.
"Masters of the Universe". SFX. Future plc (240): 82–85. November 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Masters of the Universe
Masters of the Universe on IMDb
Masters of the Universe at Box Office Mojo
Masters of the Universe at Rotten Tomatoes
Masters of the Universe on YouTube
[hide]
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Masters of the Universe
He-Man series
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (1983-85)
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The New Adventures of He-Man
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She-Ra series
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masters_of_the_Universe_(film)&oldid=817225897"
Categories:
1987 films
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Official poster of the film

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value: Kainatın ustaları (film, 1987) – Azerbaijani

value: Masters of the Universe (película) – Spanish

value: Masters of the Universe (filma) – Basque

value: Les Maîtres de l'Univers (film) – French

value: Masters of the Universe (filme) – Galician

value: שליטי היקום – Hebrew

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value: Władcy Wszechświata (film 1987) – Polish

value: Masters of the Universe (filme) – Portuguese

value: Властелины вселенной – Russian

value: Masters of the Universe (film) – Serbo-Croatian

value: Masters of the Universe (vuoden 1987 elokuva) – Finnish

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