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Executive order (United States)
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"Executive order" redirects here. For other uses, see Executive order (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Presidential proclamation or Presidential memorandum.
Executive Order 9981 of July 26, 1948 by President Harry S. Truman banning segregation of the Armed Forces.
Executive orders are published in the Federal Register. Here, Executive Order 13799 of Donald Trump is reproduced.
Executive Orders are presidential directives issued by United States Presidents and are generally directed towards officers and agencies of the U.S. federal government. Executive orders may have the force of law, if based on the authority derived from statute or the Constitution itself. The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power (delegated legislation).[1]
Like both legislative statutes and regulations promulgated by government agencies, executive orders are subject to judicial review and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the Constitution.[2] Major policy initiatives require approval by the legislative branch, but executive orders have significant influence over the internal affairs of government, deciding how and to what degree legislation will be enforced, dealing with emergencies, waging wars, and in general fine-tuning policy choices in the implementation of broad statutes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basis in the United States Constitution
2 History and use
2.1 Franklin Roosevelt
3 Table of Presidents using Executive Orders
4 Reaction
4.1 Legal conflicts
5 State governors' executive orders
6 Presidential proclamation
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Basis in the United States Constitution
The United States Constitution does not have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders. The term executive power in Article II, Section 1, Clause 1 of the Constitution is not entirely clear. The term is mentioned as direction to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed" and is part of Article II, Section 3. The consequence of failing to comply could possibly be removal from office.[3][4]
The U.S. Supreme Court has held[5] that all executive orders from the President of the United States must be supported by the Constitution, whether from a clause granting specific power, or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch.[6] Specifically, such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the congress in statutes. Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times when such orders exceeded the authority of the president or could be better handled through legislation.[7]
The Office of the Federal Register is responsible for assigning the executive order a sequential number after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily Federal Register and Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations.[8]
History and use
President Nixon signing an executive order, 1969
With the exception of William Henry Harrison, all presidents beginning with George Washington in 1789 have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders. Initially they took no set form. Consequently, such orders varied as to form and substance.[9]
The first executive order was issued by George Washington on June 8, 1789, addressed to the heads of the federal departments, instructing them “to impress me with a full, precise, and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States” in their fields.[10]
The most famous executive order was by President Abraham Lincoln when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Political scientist Brian R. Dirck states:
The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order, itself a rather unusual thing in those days. Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss.[11]
Until the early 1900s, executive orders went mostly unannounced and undocumented, seen only by the agencies to which they were directed. This changed when the Department of State instituted a numbering scheme in 1907, starting retroactively with United States Executive Order 1 issued on October 20, 1862, by President Abraham Lincoln.[12] The documents that later came to be known as "executive orders" apparently gained their name from this order issued by Lincoln, which was captioned "Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana".[13] This court functioned during the military occupation of Louisiana during the American Civil War, and Lincoln also used Executive Order 1 to appoint Charles A. Peabody as judge, and to designate the salaries of the court's officers.[12]
President Truman's Executive Order 10340 in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 US 579 (1952) placed all steel mills in the country under federal control. This was found invalid because it attempted to make law, rather than clarify or act to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution. Presidents since this decision have generally been careful to cite which specific laws they are acting under when issuing new executive orders. Likewise, when presidents believe their authority for issuing an executive order stems from within the powers outlined in the Constitution, the order will simply proclaim "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution" instead.
Wars have been fought upon executive order, including the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clinton's second term in office. However, all such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress. The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution remain unresolved constitutional issues, although all presidents since its passage have complied with the terms of the resolution while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so.
President Truman issued 907 executive orders, with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt, 1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge, and 1,803 orders by Woodrow Wilson. Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders.
Franklin Roosevelt
Prior to 1932, uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president, and the lowering of flags to half-staff. President Franklin Roosevelt issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6, 1933, declaring a bank holiday, forbidding banks to release gold coin or bullion. Executive Order 6102 forbade the hoarding of gold coin, bullion and gold certificates. A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury.[14]
By Executive Order 6581, the president created the Export-Import Bank of the United States. On March 7, 1934, he created the National Industrial Recovery Act (Executive Order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board.
In 1934, while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States (in the time period known as the Hughes Court), the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act. On June 15, he issued Executive Order 7075, which terminated NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the National Recovery Administration.[15]
In the years that followed, President Roosevelt replaced the outgoing judges with those more in line with his views, ultimately appointing Hugo Black, Stanley Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, Robert H. Jackson and James F. Byrnes to the Court. Historically, only George Washington had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments, choosing all of its original members. Justices Frankfurter, Douglas, Black, and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in The Steel Seizure Case (i.e., Executive Order 10340). In that case Roosevelt's successor, President Truman, had ordered private steel production facilities seized in support of the Korean War effort, but the Court held the executive order was not within the power granted to the President by the Constitution.
Table of Presidents using Executive Orders
President
Number
issued [14]
Starting with
E.O. number [14]
George Washington 8 n/a
John Adams 1 n/a
Thomas Jefferson 4 n/a
James Madison 1 n/a
James Monroe 1 n/a
John Quincy Adams 3 n/a
Andrew Jackson 12 n/a
Martin van Buren 10 n/a
William Henry Harrison 0 n/a
John Tyler 17 n/a
James K. Polk 18 n/a
Zachary Taylor 5 n/a
Millard Fillmore 12 n/a
Franklin Pierce 35 n/a
James Buchanan 16 n/a
Abraham Lincoln 48 1
Andrew Johnson 79
Ulysses S. Grant 217
Rutherford B. Hayes 92
James Garfield 6
Chester Arthur 96
Grover Cleveland (first term) 113
Benjamin Harrison 143
Grover Cleveland (second term) 140
William McKinley 185
Theodore Roosevelt 1,081
William Howard Taft 724
Woodrow Wilson 1,803
Warren G. Harding 522
Calvin Coolidge 1,203
Herbert Hoover 968 5075
Franklin D. Roosevelt (~3.05 terms) 3,522 6071
Harry S. Truman 907 9538
Dwight D. Eisenhower 484 10432
John F. Kennedy 214 10914
Lyndon B. Johnson 325 11128
Richard Nixon 346 11452
Gerald R. Ford 169 11798
Jimmy Carter 320 11967
Ronald Reagan 381 12287
George H. W. Bush 166 12668
Bill Clinton [16] 308 12834
George W. Bush [16] 291 13198
Barack Obama [16] 276 13489
Donald Trump (as of October 24, 2017[update]) [16] [17] 52 13765
Reaction
Large policy changes with wide-ranging effects have been implemented through executive order, including the racial integration of the armed forces under Harry Truman and the desegregation of public schools under Dwight D. Eisenhower[citation needed].
Two extreme examples of an executive order are Franklin Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102 "forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States" and Executive Order 9066, which delegated military authority to remove any or all people in a military zone (used to target Japanese-Americans and German-Americans in certain regions). The order was then delegated to General John L. DeWitt, and subsequently paved the way for all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast to be sent to internment camps for the duration of World War II.
President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13233 in 2001, which restricted public access to the papers of former presidents. The order was criticized by the Society of American Archivists and other groups, who stated that it "violates both the spirit and letter of existing U.S. law on access to presidential papers as clearly laid down in 44 USC 2201–07", and adding that the order "potentially threatens to undermine one of the very foundations of our nation". President Barack Obama revoked Executive Order 13233 in January 2009.[18]
The Heritage Foundation has accused presidents of abusing executive orders by using them to make laws without Congressional approval and moving existing laws away from their original mandates.[19]
Legal conflicts
In 1935, the Supreme Court overturned five of President Franklin Roosevelt's executive orders (6199, 6204, 6256, 6284, 6855). Executive Order 12954, issued by President Bill Clinton in 1995, attempted to prevent the federal government from contracting with organizations that had strike-breakers on the payroll; a federal appeals court subsequently ruled that the order conflicted with the National Labor Relations Act, and invalidated the order.[20][21]
Congress has the power to overturn an executive order by passing legislation that invalidates it. Congress can also refuse to provide funding necessary to carry out certain policy measures contained with the order or to legitimize policy mechanisms. In the case of the former, the president retains the power to veto such a decision; however, the Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds majority to end an executive order. It has been argued that a congressional override of an executive order is a nearly impossible event, due to the supermajority vote required and the fact that such a vote leaves individual lawmakers vulnerable to political criticism.[22]
On July 30, 2014, the Republican-led House of Representatives approved a resolution authorizing Speaker of the House John Boehner to sue President Barack Obama over claims that he exceeded his executive authority in changing a key provision of the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") on his own[23] and over what Republicans claimed had been "inadequate enforcement of the health care law", which Republican lawmakers opposed. In particular, Republicans "objected that the Obama administration delayed some parts of the law, particularly the mandate on employers who do not provide health care coverage".[24] The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on November 21, 2014.[25]
Part of President Donald Trump's executive order Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, which temporarily banned entry to the US from citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, including for permanent residents, was stayed by a federal court on January 28, 2017.[26]
State governors' executive orders
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Executive orders issued by state governors are not the same as statutes passed by state legislatures, but do have the force of law in a similar way to the federal system. State executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect.
Executive orders may, for example, demand budget cuts from state government when the state legislature is not in session, and economic conditions take a downturn, thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved. Depending on the state constitution, a governor may specify what percentage each government agency must reduce by, and may exempt those that are already particularly underfunded, or cannot put long-term expenses (such as capital expenditures) off until a later fiscal year. The governor may also call the legislature into special session.
There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders. In 2007, for example, George "Sonny" Perdue, governor of Georgia, issued an executive order for all of its state agencies to reduce water use during a major drought. This was also demanded of its counties' water systems, however it is unclear whether this order would have the force of law.
Presidential proclamation
Main article: Presidential proclamation
According to political expert Phillip J. Cooper, a presidential proclamation "states a condition, declares a law and requires obedience, recognizes an event or triggers the implementation of a law (by recognizing that the circumstances in law have been realized)".[27] Presidents define situations or conditions on situations that become legal or economic truth. These orders carry the same force of law as executive orders—the difference between the two is that executive orders are aimed at those inside government while proclamations are aimed at those outside government.
The administrative weight of these proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute, making them "delegated unilateral powers." Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical presidential tool for policy making because of the perception of proclamations as largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature. However, the legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance.[28]
See also
Delegated legislation
List of United States federal executive orders
Presidential directive
Presidential proclamation
Presidential Determination
Presidential memorandum
Signing statement (United States)
Decree
Ukase (Russian Federation)
Order in Council
Ordonnance
Military fiat
References
Jump up ^ John Contrubis, Executive Orders and Proclamations, CRS Report for Congress #95-722A, March 9, 1999, Pp. 1-2
Jump up ^ Rebecca M. Patton, MSN, RN, CNOR, FAAN; Margarete L. Zalon, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, FAAN; Ruth Ludwick, PhD, RN-BC, CNS, FAAN (13 November 2014). Nurses Making Policy: From Bedside to Boardroom. Springer Publishing Company. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8261-9892-1. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Richard D. Newbold, JD, MBA, CIPP/G (12 June 2008). Newbold's Biometric Dictionary for Military and Industry: 2nd Edition. AuthorHouse. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4678-5979-0. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ SCOTUS, Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926), Majority Opinion.
Jump up ^ Southern reporter: Cases argued and determined in the courts of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi. West Publishing Company. 1986. p. 723.
Jump up ^ Chester James Antieau; William J. Rich (1997). Modern Constitutional Law: The states and the federal government. West Group. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-7620-0194-1.
Jump up ^ American Bar Association (January 1971). ABA Journal. American Bar Association. p. 35. ISSN 0747-0088.
Jump up ^ "Executive orders page of the National Archives and Records Administration".
Jump up ^ 93rd Cong., 2nd sess. (1974). Executive Orders in Times of War and National Emergency: Report of the Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers, United States Senate. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 23.
Jump up ^ DiBacco, Thomas V. (2014-08-14). "DiBACCO: George Washington had a pen, but no phone, for executive orders". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
Jump up ^ Brian R. Dirck (2007). The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 102.
^ Jump up to: a b Lord, Clifford et al. Presidential Executive Orders, p. 1 (Archives Publishing Company, 1944).
Jump up ^ Relyea, Harold C. (26 November 2008). "Presidential Directives: Background and Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 1. Order Code 98-611 GOV.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerhard Peters. "The American Presidency Project / Executive Orders". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ American Presidency Project, Executive Order 7075 (5/29/2009).
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Executive Orders". Federal Register. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Executive Orders". White House Briefing Room. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 13489 of January 21, 2009 — Presidential Records". Retrieved 2009-01-22. , Federal Register publication page and date: 74 FR 4669, January 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gaziano, Todd F. (2001-02-21). "The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives". Legal Memorandum #2. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
Jump up ^ Catherine Edwards, "Emergency Rule, Abuse of Power?" Insight on the News, August 23, 1999, Pg. 18
Jump up ^ "Chamber of Commerce of the United States, et al, v. Reich, 74 F.3d 1322 (D.C. Cir. 1996)". Public.Resource.org. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Harold Hongju Koh, The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair, 1990, pg. 118–19
Jump up ^ Deirdre Walsh, "GOP-led House authorizes lawsuit against Obama". CNN.com, July 30, 2014
Jump up ^ Michael McAuliff and Sam Levine, "House Authorizes Lawsuit Against President Obama" Huff Post: Politics, July 30, 2014,
Jump up ^ Parker, Ashley (21 November 2014). "House G.O.P. Files Lawsuit in Battling Health Law" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Federal court halts Trump’s immigration ban". The Verge. 2017-01-28. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ Phillip J. Cooper. 2002. By Order of The President. University of Kansas Press. Page 116.
Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamations Project, University of Houston, Political Science Dept.
Further reading
Bush, Ann M., "Executive Disorder: The Subversion of the United States Supreme Court, 1914-1940" [Amazon], 2010.
Mayer, Kenneth R., With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power, Princeton University Press, 2002.
Warber, Adam L., Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency: Legislating from the Oval Office, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Executive orders of the United States.
Wikisource has several original texts related to: United States executive orders
Archive of U.S. Executive Orders
Executive Orders: Issuance and Revocation Congressional Research Service
Executive Orders at The American Presidency Project, Searchable Archive of Over 3,600 Executive Orders
Executive Orders and Other Presidential Documents: Sources and Explanations, LLSDC.org
Presidential Proclamations Project, University of Houston, Political Science Dept.
Governor of Missouri's executive orders 2012-1982, Missouri Secretary of State's
Federal Register: The Daily Register of the United States Government Publishes executive orders shortly after receipt
White House: List of executive orders of the current US administration shortly after issue
[hide]
v
t
e
Executive orders of Presidents of the United States
Executive orders 1–5074 (1789–1929)
05075–06070 (Herbert Hoover)
06071–09537 (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
09538–10431 (Harry S. Truman)
10432–10913 (Dwight D. Eisenhower)
10914–11127 (John F. Kennedy)
11128–11451 (Lyndon B. Johnson)
11452–11797 (Richard Nixon)
11798–11966 (Gerald Ford)
11967–12286 (Jimmy Carter)
12287–12667 (Ronald Reagan)
12668–12833 (George H. W. Bush)
12834–13197 (Bill Clinton)
13198–13488 (George W. Bush)
13489–13764 (Barack Obama)
13765–00000 (Donald Trump)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_order_(United_States)&oldid=807200819"
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text:
List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals
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Marine Corps four-star general
This is a complete list of four-star generals in the United States Marine Corps. The rank of general (or full general, or four-star general) is the highest rank in the Marine Corps. It ranks above lieutenant general (three-star general).
There have been 69 four-star generals in the history of the United States Marine Corps. Of these, 51 achieved that rank while on active duty, 17 were promoted upon retirement in recognition of combat citations ("tombstone promotions", 1942-1959), and one was promoted posthumously. Generals entered the Marine Corps via several paths: 29 via Officer Candidates School (OCS), 22 via Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) at a civilian university, 10 via the United States Naval Academy (USNA), 3 via Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university, and 5 via ROTC at a senior military college.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of generals
2 Tombstone generals
3 Timeline
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
List of generals[edit]
Entries in the following list of four-star generals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty. Each entry lists the general's name, date of rank,[1] active-duty positions held while serving at four-star rank,[2] number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank (Yrs),[3] year commissioned and source of commission,[4] number of years in commission when promoted to four-star rank (YC),[5] and other biographical notes.[6]
The list is sortable by last name, date of rank, number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank, year commissioned, and number of years in commission when promoted to four-star rank.
#
Name
Photo
Date of rank[1]
Position
Yrs[3]
Commission[4]
YC[5]
Notes
1 vandegrift !Alexander A. Vandegrift 1945-03-21 !21 Mar 1945
Commandant of the Marine Corps, 1944–1947.
2 1909 (OCS) 36 (1887–1973) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1942.
* geiger !Roy S. Geiger 1947-01-23 !23 Jan 1947
(posthumous)
0 1909 (OCS) 38 (1885–1947) [7]
2 cates !Clifton B. Cates 1948-01-01 !01 Jan 1948
Commandant, 1948–1951.
4 1917 (OCS) 31 (1893–1970) [8]
3 shepherd !Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr. 1952-01-01 !01 Jan 1952
Commandant, 1952–1955.
Chairman, Inter-American Defense Board, 1956–1959.
7 1917 (VMI) 35 (1896–1990) [9]
4 pate !Randolph M. Pate 1956-01-01 !01 Jan 1956
Commandant, 1956–1959.
4 1921 (VMI) 35 (1898–1961)
5 shoup !David M. Shoup 1960-01-01 !01 Jan 1960
Commandant, 1960–1963.
4 1926 (ROTC) 34 (1904–1983) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1943.
6 greene !Wallace M. Greene Jr. 1964-01-01 !01 Jan 1964
Commandant, 1964–1967.
4 1930 (USNA) 34 (1907–2003)
7 chapman !Leonard F. Chapman, Jr. 1968-01-01 !01 Jan 1968
Commandant, 1968–1971.
4 1935 (NROTC) 33 (1913–2000) U.S. Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, 1973–1977.
8 walt !Lewis W. Walt 1969-06-02 !02 Jun 1969
Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, 1968–1971.
2 1936 (ROTC) 33 (1913–1989)
9 davis !Raymond G. Davis 1971-03-12 !12 Mar 1971
Assistant Commandant, 1971–1972.
1 1938 (ROTC) 33 (1915–2003) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1950.
10 mccutcheon !Keith B. McCutcheon 1971-07-01 !01 Jul 1971
Assistant Commandant, 1971.
0 1937 (ROTC) 34 (1915–1971) [10]
11 cushman !Robert E. Cushman Jr. 1972-01-01 !01 Jan 1972
Commandant, 1972–1975.
4 1935 (USNA) 37 (1914–1985) Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, 1969–1971.
12 anderson !Earl E. Anderson 1972-03-31 !31 Mar 1972
Assistant Commandant, 1972–1975.
3 1940 (NROTC) 32 (1919–2015)
13 wilson !Louis H. Wilson Jr. 1975-07-01 !01 Jul 1975
Commandant, 1975–1979.
4 1941 (OCS) 34 (1920–2005) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1944.
14 jaskilka !Samuel Jaskilka 1976-03-04 !04 Mar 1976
Assistant Commandant, 1975–1978.
3 1942 (OCS) 34 (1919–2012)
15 barrow !Robert H. Barrow 1978-07-01 !01 Jul 1978
Assistant Commandant, 1978–1979.
Commandant, 1979–1983.
5 1942 (OCS) 36 (1922–2008)
16 mclennan !Kenneth McLennan 1979-07-02 !02 Jul 1979
Assistant Commandant & Chief of Staff, 1979–1981.
3 1945 (OCS) 34 (1925–2005)
17 kelley !Paul X. Kelley 1981-07-01 !01 Jul 1981
Assistant Commandant & Chief of Staff, 1981–1983.
Commandant, 1983–1987.
6 1950 (NROTC) 31 (1928– )
18 davis !John K. Davis 1983-07-01 !01 Jul 1983
Assistant Commandant, 1983–1986.
3 1950 (NROTC) 33 (1927– )
19 crist !George B. Crist 1985-11-22 !22 Nov 1985
Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, 1985–1988.
3 1952 (NROTC) 33 (1931– )
20 morgan !Thomas R. Morgan 1986-06-01 !01 Jun 1986
Assistant Commandant, 1986–1988.
2 1952 (NROTC) 34 (1930– )
21 gray !Alfred M. Gray Jr. 1987-07-01 !01 Jul 1987
Commandant, 1987–1991.
4 1952 (OCS) 35 (1928– )
22 went !Joseph J. Went 1988-07-01 !01 Jul 1988
Assistant Commandant & Chief of Staff, 1988–1990.
2 1952 (NROTC) 36 (1930– )
23 dailey !John R. Dailey 1990-08-01 !01 Aug 1990
Assistant Commandant & Chief of Staff, 1990–1992.
3 1956 (NROTC) 34 (1934– ) Associate Deputy Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992–1999; Director, National Air and Space Museum, 2000–present.
24 mundy !Carl E. Mundy, Jr. 1991-07-01 !01 Jul 1991
Commandant, 1991–1995.
4 1957 (NROTC) 34 (1935–2014) President, United Service Organizations, 1996–2000.
25 hoar !Joseph P. Hoar 1991-09-01 !01 Sep 1991
Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, 1991–1994.
3 1957 (NROTC) 34 (1934– )
26 boomer !Walter E. Boomer 1992-09-01 !01 Sep 1992
Assistant Commandant, 1992–1994.
2 1960 (NROTC) 32 (1938– )
27 hearney !Richard D. Hearney 1994-07-15 !15 Jul 1994
Assistant Commandant, 1994–1996.
2 1962 (OCS) 32 (1939– )
28 sheehan !John J. Sheehan 1994-00-00 !1994
Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic & Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Command, 1994–1997.
3 1962 (NROTC) 32 (1940– )
29 krulak !Charles C. Krulak 1995-06-29 !29 Jun 1995
Commandant, 1995–1999.
4 1964 (USNA) 31 (1942– )
30 neal !Richard I. Neal 1996-09-19 !19 Sep 1996
Assistant Commandant, 1996–1998.
2 1965 (NROTC) 31 (1942– )
31 zinni !Anthony C. Zinni 1997-08-08 !08 Aug 1997
Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, 1997–2000.
3 1965 (NROTC) 32 (1943– ) U.S. Special Envoy to the Middle East, 2002–2003.
32 wilhelm !Charles E. Wilhelm 1997-09-25 !25 Sep 1997
Commander in Chief, U.S. Southern Command, 1997–2000.
3 1964 (NROTC) 33 (1941– )
33 dake !Terrence R. Dake 1998-09-05 !05 Sep 1998
Assistant Commandant, 1998–2000.
2 1966 (OCS) 32 (1944– )
34 jones !James L. Jones 1999-06-30 !30 Jun 1999
Commandant, 1999–2003.
Supreme Allied Commander Europe & Commander, U.S. European Command, 2003–2006.
7 1967 (NROTC) 32 (1943– ) National Security Advisor, 2009–2010.
35 pace !Peter Pace 2000-09-08 !08 Sep 2000
Commander in Chief, U.S. Southern Command, 2000–2001.
Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2001–2005.
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2005–2007.
7 1967 (USNA) 33 (1945– ) Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2008.
36 fulford !Carlton W. Fulford, Jr. 2000-10-01 !01 Oct 2000
Deputy Commander in Chief, U.S. European Command, 2000–2002.
2 1966 (USNA) 34 (1944– )
37 williams !Michael J. Williams 2000-11-01 !01 Nov 2000
Assistant Commandant, 2000–2002.
2 1967 (USNA) 33 (1943– )
38 nyland !William L. Nyland 2002-09-04 !04 Sep 2002
Assistant Commandant, 2002–2005.
3 1968 (NROTC) 34 (1946– )
39 hagee !Michael W. Hagee 2003-01-14 !14 Jan 2003
Commandant, 2003–2006.
3 1968 (USNA) 35 (1944– )
40 cartwright !James E. Cartwright 2004-09-01 !01 Sep 2004
Commander, U.S. Strategic Command, 2004–2007.
Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2007–2011.
7 1971 (NROTC) 33 (1949– )
41 magnus !Robert Magnus 2005-11-01 !01 Nov 2005
Assistant Commandant, 2005–2008.
3 1969 (NROTC) 36 (1947– )
42 conway !James T. Conway 2006-11-13 !13 Nov 2006
Commandant, 2006–2010.
4 1970 (OCS) 36 (1947– )
43 mattis !James N. Mattis 2007-11-07 !09 Nov 2007
Supreme Allied Commander Transformation & Commander, U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2007–2009.
Commander, U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2009–2010.
Commander, U.S. Central Command, 2010–2013.
6 1972 (ROTC) 35 (1950– ) U.S. Secretary of Defense, 2017–present.
44 amos !James F. Amos 2008-07-02 !02 Jul 2008
Assistant Commandant, 2008–2010.
Commandant, 2010–2014.
6 1970 (NROTC) 38 (1946– ) First naval aviator to become commandant.
45 dunford !Joseph F. Dunford, Jr. 2010-10-23 !23 Oct 2010
Assistant Commandant, 2010–2013.
Commander, International Security Assistance Force & Commander, U.S. Forces - Afghanistan, 2013–2014.
Commandant, 2014–2015.
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2015–present.
7 1977 (OCS) 33 (1955– )
46 allen !John R. Allen 2011-07-18 !18 Jul 2011
Commander, International Security Assistance Force & Commander, U.S. Forces - Afghanistan, 2011–2013.
2 1976 (USNA) 35 (1953– )
47 kelly !John F. Kelly 2012-11-19 !19 Nov 2012
Commander, U.S. Southern Command, 2012–2016.
3 1976 (OCS) 36 (1950– ) U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security, 2017; White House Chief of Staff, 2017–present.
48 paxton !John M. Paxton, Jr. 2012-12-15 !15 Dec 2012
Assistant Commandant, 2012–2016.
4 1974 (OCS) 38 (1951– )
49 neller !Robert B. Neller 2015-09-24 !24 Sep 2015
Commandant, 2015–present.
2 1975 (OCS) 40 (1953– )
50 waldhauser !Thomas D. Waldhauser 2016-07-18 !18 Jul 2016
Commander, U.S. Africa Command, 2016–present.
1 1976 (OCS) 40 (1953– )
51 walters !Glenn M. Walters 2016-08-02 !02 Aug 2016
Assistant Commandant, 2016–present.
1 1979 (Citadel) 37 (1957– )
Tombstone generals[edit]
The Act of Congress of March 4, 1925, allowed officers in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard to be promoted one grade upon retirement if they had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat. Combat citation promotions were colloquially known as "tombstone promotions" because they conferred all the perks and prestige of the higher rank including the loftier title on their tombstones but no additional retirement pay. The Act of Congress of February 23, 1942, enabled tombstone promotions to three- and four-star grades. Tombstone promotions were subsequently restricted to citations issued before January 1, 1947, and finally eliminated altogether effective November 1, 1959. The practice was terminated in an effort to encourage senior officer retirements prior to the effective date of the change to relieve an overstrength in the senior ranks.
Any general who actually served in a grade while on active duty receives precedence on the retirement list over any tombstone general holding the same retired grade. Tombstone generals rank among each other according to the dates of their highest active duty grade.
The following list of tombstone generals is sortable by last name, date of rank as lieutenant general, date retired, and year commissioned.
Name
Photo
Date of rank (LGEN)
Date retired
Commission [4]
Notes
1 holcomb !Thomas Holcomb 1942-01-20 !20 Jan 1942 1944-01-00 !Jan 1944 1900 (OCS) (1879–1965) U.S. Minister to South Africa, 1944–1948.
2 smithholland !Holland M. Smith 1944-02-28 !28 Feb 1944 1946-05-00 !May 1946 1905 (OCS) (1882–1967)
3 schmidt !Harry Schmidt 1946-03-01 !01 Mar 1946 1948-07-00 !Jul 1948 1909 (OCS) (1886–1968)
4 turnage !Allen H. Turnage 1946-10-04 !04 Oct 1946 1948-01-00 !Jan 1948 1913 (OCS) (1891–1971)
5 hunt !LeRoy P. Hunt 1949-07-01 !01 Jul 1949 1951-07-00 !Jul 1951 1917 (OCS) (1892–1968)
6 hart !Franklin A. Hart 1951-02-22 !22 Feb 1951 1952-08-00 !Aug 1952 1917 (OCS) (1894–1967)
7 erskine !Graves B. Erskine 1951-07-02 !02 Jul 1951 1953-07-00 !Jul 1953 1917 (OCS) (1897–1973) Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Special Operations, 1953–1961.
8 thomas !Gerald C. Thomas 1952-03-08 !08 Mar 1952 1956-01-00 !Jan 1956 1917 (OCS) (1894–1984)
9 smitholiver !Oliver P. Smith 1953-07-23 !23 Jul 1953 1955-09-00 !Sep 1955 1917 (OCS) (1893–1977)
10 brice !William O. Brice 1953-08-28 !28 Aug 1953 1956-00-00 !1956 1921 (Citadel) (1898–1972)
11 schilt !Christian F. Schilt 1955-08-01-00 !01 Aug 1955 1957-04-00 !Apr 1957 1919 (OCS) (1895–1987) Awarded Medal of Honor, 1928.
12 noble !Alfred H. Noble 1955-08-01-01 !01 Aug 1955 1956-11-00 !Nov 1956 1917 (OCS) (1894–1983)
13 megee !Vernon E. Megee 1956-01-01-00 !01 Jan 1956 1959-11-00-00 !Nov 1959 1922 (OCS) (1900–1992)
14 pollock !Edwin A. Pollock 1956-01-01-01 !01 Jan 1956 1959-11-00-01 !Nov 1959 1921 (Citadel) (1899–1982)
15 twining !Merrill B. Twining 1956-09-12 !12 Sep 1956 1959-10-00 !Oct 1959 1923 (USNA) (1902–1996) Brother of Air Force General Nathan F. Twining.
16 robinson !Ray A. Robinson 1956-11-01 !01 Nov 1956 1957-11-00 !Nov 1957 1917 (OCS) (1896–1976)
17 hogaboom !Robert E. Hogaboom 1957-12-01 !01 Dec 1957 1959-10-00 !Oct 1959 1925 (USNA) (1902–1993)
Timeline[edit]
By the Act of March 21, 1945, Congress permitted the President to appoint the Commandant of the Marine Corps to the grade of general. Alexander Vandegrift, then Commandant, was promoted from lieutenant general to general on April 4, 1945, to rank from March 21 of that year. He thus became the first Marine to serve in the grade of general. The Office of the Commandant was permanently fixed at the grade of four-star general under authority of the Act of August 7, 1947. All Commandants since that date have been entitled by law to serve in the grade of general and, in accordance with the provisions of 10 U.S.C. § 5201, to retire in that grade.
In April 1969, the Senate passed and sent a bill to the White House that makes the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps a four-star general when the active duty strength of the Marine Corps exceeds 200,000. On May 5, 1969, President Richard Nixon signed the bill, and Lieutenant General Lewis William Walt was promoted to that rank on June 2, 1969, thus becoming the first Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps to attain four-star rank. Legislation allowing the Assistant Commandant to wear the four-star insignia regardless of the strength of the Marine Corps was approved by President Gerald Ford on March 4, 1976.
On November 22, 1985, General George B. Crist was promoted to four-star rank and on November 27, he assumed the position of Commander in Chief of U.S. Central Command at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. His appointment marked the first time a Marine headed a unified command and the first time the Corps had three four-star generals on active duty at the same time. Since 1985, a number of Marines have served in joint positions holding four-star rank, and it is no longer uncommon for the Corps to have four or five four-star generals on active duty at the same time.
In 2005, General Peter Pace became the first Marine to be appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the chief military advisor to the President of the United States and most senior appointment in the United States armed forces. Previously, in 2001, General Pace was the first Marine officer to be appointed as Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (VCJCS).
The standard tour length for the commandant (CMC) is four years; two years for the assistant commandant (ACMC); for a combatant commander, three years; and a total of four years served in consecutive two-year terms for the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS/VCJCS).
See also[edit]
United States Marine Corps portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Generals of the United States Marine Corps.
General (United States)
List of active duty United States four-star officers
List of United States Air Force four-star generals
List of United States Army four-star generals
List of United States Coast Guard four-star admirals
List of United States Navy four-star admirals
List of United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps four-star admirals
List of United States military leaders by rank
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Dates of rank are taken, where available, from the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps register of active and retired commissioned officers, or from the World Almanac and Book of Facts.
Jump up ^ Positions listed are those held by the officer when promoted to general. Dates listed are for the officer's full tenure, which may predate promotion to four-star rank or postdate retirement from active duty.
^ Jump up to: a b The number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Date of rank" column from the last year in the "Position" column.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sources of commission are listed in parentheses after the year of commission and include: the Officer Candidates School (OCS); the United States Naval Academy (USNA); Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) at a civilian university; Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university; and ROTC at a senior military college such as the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) or The Citadel (Citadel).
^ Jump up to: a b The number of years in commission before being promoted to four-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Commission" column from the year in the "Date of rank" column.
Jump up ^ Notes include years of birth and death; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with other four-star officers or significant government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and unusual career events such as premature relief or death in office.
Jump up ^ Posthumously promoted to general by Act of Congress, Jun 1947, with date of rank 23 Jan 1947.
Jump up ^ Reverted to lieutenant general, Jan 1952; retired as general, Jun 1954.
Jump up ^ Retired as general, Jan 1956; recalled as general, Mar 1956.
Jump up ^ Unable to assume post due to ill health; promoted and placed on retired list as general by Act of Congress, 01 Jul 1971; died 13 Jul 1971.
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.
United States Marine Corps History Division, Who's Who in Marine Corps History
History Division, Four-Star Generals of the Marine Corps
History Division, Commandants of the U.S. Marine Corps
History Division, Marine Corps Assistant Commandants
United States Marine Corps Manpower & Reserve Affairs, Biographies: General Officers & Senior Executives, archived from the original on 2013-05-12
United States Marine Corps Officer Candidates School, History of Officer Candidates School, archived from the original on 2007-02-05
U.S. Bureau of Naval Personnel (1950–1959), Register of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, Washington D.C.: Department of the Navy
"Generals' Exodus", TIME Magazine, September 7, 1959
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In My Life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see In My Life (disambiguation).
"In My Life"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Rubber Soul
Released
3 December 1965
Recorded
18 and 22 October 1965, EMI Studios, London
Genre
Baroque pop[1]
pop rock[2]
Length
2:28
Label
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
Audio sample
file
help
"In My Life" is a song by the Beatles released on the 1965 album Rubber Soul, written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song originated with John Lennon, but Paul McCartney and Lennon later disagreed over the extent of their respective contribution to that song, specifically the melody. George Martin contributed the piano solo bridge. It is ranked 23rd on Rolling Stone's "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" as well as fifth on their list of the Beatles' 100 Greatest Songs.[3][4] The song placed second on CBC's 50 Tracks. Mojo magazine named it the best song of all time in 2000.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Recording
3 Personnel
4 Cover versions
5 References
6 External links
Composition[edit]
According to Lennon, the song's origins can be traced to when the English journalist Kenneth Allsop made a remark that Lennon should write songs about his childhood.[6] Afterwards, Lennon wrote a song in the form of a long poem reminiscing on his childhood years. The original version of the lyrics was based on a bus route he used to take in Liverpool, naming various sites seen along the way, including Penny Lane and Strawberry Field.[7] Those original lyrics are on display at The British Library.
Original lyrics to John Lennon's "In My Life"
However, Lennon found it to be "ridiculous", calling it "the most boring sort of 'What I Did On My Holidays Bus Trip' song"; he reworked the words, replacing the specific memories with a generalized meditation on his past.[8] "Very few lines" of the original version remained in the finished song.[7] According to Lennon's friend and biographer Peter Shotton, the lines "Some [friends] are dead and some are living/In my life I've loved them all" referred to Stuart Sutcliffe (who died in 1962) and to Shotton.[6]
In a 1980 interview, Lennon referred to this song as his "first real major piece of work" because it was the first time he penned personal lyrics about his own life.[9]
Regarding authorship of the melody, Lennon's and McCartney's recollections differ. Referring to McCartney, Lennon said "his contribution melodically was the harmony and the middle-eight itself."[8][10] McCartney claimed he set Lennon's lyrics to music from beginning to end, taking inspiration for the melody from songs by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles.[11][12] "I liked 'In My Life'. Those were words that John wrote, and I wrote the tune to it. That was a great one."[13]
Recording[edit]
The song was recorded on 18 October 1965, and was complete except for the instrumental bridge.[14] At that time, Lennon had not decided what instrument to use, but he subsequently asked George Martin to play a piano solo, suggesting "something Baroque-sounding".[1] Martin wrote a Bach-influenced piece that he found he could not play at the song's tempo. On 22 October, the solo was recorded with the tape running at half speed, so when played back at normal pace the piano was twice as fast and an octave higher, solving the performance challenge and also giving the solo a unique timbre, reminiscent of a harpsichord.[7][14]
Personnel[edit]
John Lennon – double-tracked vocal, rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, bass
George Harrison – harmony vocal, lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, bells[A]
George Martin – piano
Personnel per Ian MacDonald [15]
Personnel notes
Jump up ^ MacDonald was unsure if Starr played bells.
Cover versions[edit]
Judy Collins recorded the song as the title cut of her 1966 hit LP.
John Denver recorded it on his 1966 self-produced demo album, John Denver Sings.
José Feliciano recorded a cover version of the song in 1968 for Feliciano!.
Siw Malmkvist recorded in Swedish, "I mitt liv" (1970) on her album Underbara Siw (Wonderful Siw), which was awarded a Swedish Grammis the same year.
George Harrison did a soul-arranged version during his Dark Horse North American tour. Billy Preston did a Hammond organ solo.
Rod Stewart recorded a version for his 1986 album Every Beat of My Heart.
Bette Midler recorded one of the more noteworthy cover versions in 1991. Released as a single in early 1992 from the soundtrack of her movie For the Boys, It peaked at #20 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in the U.S. This version later appeared on her 1993 hits album Experience the Divine: Greatest Hits. It was also used as background music for a tribute to NASCAR on ABC at the end of the 2000 Brickyard 400 which was the final broadcast of NASCAR on ABC until 2007.[16]
Kids Incorporated covered the song in 1993 in the Season 9 episode "Taking A Stand".[17]
Chantal Kreviazuk's cover was used as the theme song for the series Providence.
Johnny Cash covered the song in 2002 for his album American IV.
The Seekers recorded the song for their 2012 Golden Jubilee LP.
Charice covered the song in 2009 for her album My Inspiration.
New Zealand/Australian band Dragon covered the song on their album, It's All Too Beautiful (2011).
MonaLisa Twins covered the song on their 2014 album MonaLisa Twins Play Beatles & More.
Ozzy Osbourne covered the song on his Prince of Darkness boxset.
Darren Criss, Samuel Larsen, Jenna Ushkowitz, Damian McGinty, Vanessa Lengies, Kevin McHale, and Chord Overstreet covered the song in the Glee season three finale "Goodbye".
1960s portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hertsgaard, Mark (1996). A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles. New York: Delacorte Press. p. 156. ISBN 0-385-31517-1.
Jump up ^ Doyle Greene (10 March 2014). The Rock Cover Song: Culture, History, Politics. McFarland. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-1-4766-1507-3.
Jump up ^ "The Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Beatles Songs". Rolling Stone. August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "5. In My Life". 100 Greatest Beatles Songs. Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mojo lists". Rocklistmusic. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarrymen Through Rubber Soul. Oxford: Oxford Press. p. 319. ISBN 0-19-514105-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 587–91. ISBN 1-84513-160-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 152, 178. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
Jump up ^ Sheehan, Ivan (December 3, 2015). "Finding John Lennon's "first real major piece of work"". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Jump up ^ The section to which Lennon referred is unclear, as the song does not contain a recognisable middle-eight aside from a brief instrumental break (the melody for which is attributed to producer George Martin).
Jump up ^ Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now. New York: Macmillan. p. 277. ISBN 0-7493-8658-4.
Jump up ^ Compton, Todd (2017). Who Wrote the Beatle Songs? A History of Lennon-McCartney. San Jose: Pahreah Press. p. 130-132. ISBN 978-0-9988997-0-1.
Jump up ^ Gambaccini, Paul, ed. (1976). Paul McCartney in His Own Words. New York: Flash. p. 19. ISBN 0-8256-3910-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. pp. 64–5. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). p. 169. ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
Jump up ^ "For the Boys - Bette Midler : Awards". AllMusic. 12 November 1991. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Kids Incorporated Fans (23 May 2012). "Kids Incorporated - In My Life" – via YouTube.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Rubber Soul
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "In My Life"
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Rubber Soul
Songs
Side one
"Drive My Car"
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)"
"You Won't See Me"
"Nowhere Man"
"Think for Yourself"
"The Word"
"Michelle"
Side two
"What Goes On"
"Girl"
"I'm Looking Through You"
"In My Life"
"Wait"
"If I Needed Someone"
"Run for Your Life"
Non-album single
"We Can Work It Out"
"Day Tripper"
Outtake
"12-Bar Original"
Related articles
The Beatles discography
The Beatles' 1965 UK tour
Yesterday and Today
This Bird Has Flown – A 40th Anniversary Tribute to the Beatles' Rubber Soul
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
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Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
[show]
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Bette Midler
Discography
Studio albums
The Divine Miss M
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Songs for the New Depression
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Thighs and Whispers
No Frills
Some People's Lives
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"Favorite Waste of Time"
"Beast of Burden"
"Under the Boardwalk"
"Wind Beneath My Wings"
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"In My Life"
"In This Life"
"You Don't Own Me"
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"White Christmas"
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