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From Dusk till Dawn: The Series
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From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series
Season one title card
Genre
Horror
Drama
Based on
From Dusk till Dawn
by Quentin Tarantino
Robert Kurtzman
Developed by
Robert Rodriguez
Diego Gutierrez
Starring
D. J. Cotrona
Zane Holtz
Jesse Garcia
Eiza González
Madison Davenport
Brandon Soo Hoo
Robert Patrick
Wilmer Valderrama
Jake Busey
Esai Morales
Danny Trejo
Don Johnson
Opening theme
"After Dark" by Chingon
Composer(s)
Carl Thiel
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
30 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Robert Rodriguez
Carlos Coto
Cristina Patwa
John Fogelman
Producer(s)
Mark McNair
Location(s)
Austin, Texas
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
45 minutes
(approx.)
Production company(s)
Miramax
Sugarcane Entertainment
FactoryMade Ventures
Rodriguez International Pictures
Distributor
Miramax Television
Entertainment One
Netflix
Amazon
Release
Original network
El Rey
Original release
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11) – November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
External links
http://www.elreynetwork.com/#/originals/from-dusk-till-dawn, http://www.elreynetwork.com/originals/from-dusk-till-dawn-s3/ Website
From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series is an American horror television series developed by Robert Rodriguez. It forms part of the franchise of film, direct-to-video, comic and cult following of From Dusk till Dawn, expanding on the chronicles of the Gecko Brothers, Seth and Richie; The Fuller family; and Santanico Pandemonium.[1] The series adds to the tone of the film, with new characters and backstories, while expanding the creatures' Mesoamerican mythology.[2]
The series premiered on March 11, 2014,[3][4] on Rodriguez's newly launched El Rey Network.[2] Outside the United States and Latin America, the series is marketed as a Netflix original.[5] It is being produced by FactoryMade Ventures in association with Miramax and executive produced by Rodriguez.[6][7]
On October 26, 2015, it was renewed for a third season,[8] which aired from September 6 to November 1, 2016. While the series is currently unconfirmed as cancelled, Deadline.com has reported that the actors have been released from their contracts as of October 31, 2016.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Guest stars
3 Production
4 International broadcast
5 Episodes
6 Reception
7 Accolades
8 Music
8.1 Season 1 soundtrack
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Plot[edit]
In this supernatural crime series, Seth Gecko and his violent, unpredictable brother, Richard "Richie" Gecko, are wanted by the FBI and Texas Ranger Freddie Gonzalez after a bank robbery left several people, including policemen and Gonzalez's mentor Texas Ranger Earl McGraw, dead. Heading for the Mexico border pursued by Gonzalez, the Geckos encounter former minister Jacob Fuller and his family, whom they take hostage by commandeering the Fullers' RV. Drug lord Don Carlos reroutes them to a strip club populated by snakelike people that all must fight for food to survive until dawn.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Actor
Character
Seasons
1
2
3
D. J. Cotrona Seth Gecko Main
Zane Holtz Richie Gecko Main
Jesse Garcia Ranger Ferdinand "Freddie" Gonzalez Main
Eiza González Santanico Pandemonium / Kisa Main
Madison Davenport Kate Fuller / Amaru Main
Brandon Soo Hoo Scott Fuller Main
Robert Patrick Jacob Fuller Main
Wilmer Valderrama Carlos Madrigal Main
Jake Busey Aidan "Sex Machine" Tanner Recurring[a] Main
Esai Morales Lord Amancio Malvado Main
Danny Trejo[b] The Regulator Main
Don Johnson/Jesse Johnson[c] Ranger Earl McGraw Main Guest
Recurring cast[edit]
Actor
Character
Seasons
1
2
3
Jamie Tisdale Margaret Gonzalez Recurring
Manuel Garcia-Rulfo Narciso Menendez Recurring
Brandon Smith Captain Chance Holbrook Recurring
Samantha Esteban Monica Garza Recurring
Briana Evigan Sonja Lam Recurring
Patrick Davis Rafa Infante Recurring
Alicia Sanz Paloma Gutierrez Recurring
Demi Lovato Maia Recurring
Jeff Fahey Uncle Eddie Cruickshank Recurring
Emily Rios Ximena Vasconcelos Recurring
Ana de la Reguera Lord Venganza Verdugo Recurring
Maurice Compte Brasa Recurring
Marko Zaror Zolo Recurring
Tom Savini Burt Recurring
Nicky Whelan Dr. Dakota Block Recurring
Guest stars[edit]
Season 1
Lane Garrison as Pete Bottoms
Joanna Going as Jennifer Fuller
Collin Fish as Kyle Winthrop
Edrick Browne as Frost
James Remar as Gecko father
William Sadler as Big Jim
Adrianne Palicki as Vanessa Styles
Jesse Borrego as Chet, Twister Doorman
Sam Medina as Razor Charlie
Season 2
David Maldonado as Baltazar Ambrose
Chris Browning as Nathan Blanchard
Hemky Madera as Lord Celestino Oculto
Jere Burns as Winchester Greely
Gabriel Gutierrez as The Arbiter
Gary Busey as Prospector
Neal Kodinsky as J.D.
Danny Trejo as The Regulator
Season 3
Natalie Martinez as Amaru
José Zúñiga as Lord Emilio
Lobo Sebastian as Alonzo
Michael Esparaza as Gecko assistant
Joseph Gatt as Skull Keeper
Shad Gaspard as Olmeca
Gabrielle Walsh as Manola Jimenez
Jimmy Bennett as Fanglorious Bandmate
Daniel Zovatto as Tommy
Alina Vega as Fanglorious Bandmate
Robert Knepper as Ranger Gary Willet
Fernanda Andrade as Solaya/Itzpa
Geno Segers as General Tatuaje
Production[edit]
From Dusk till Dawn is the first scripted original series on Robert Rodriguez's El Rey network. Series creator and showrunner Rodriguez, who also directed the pilot and other episodes, stated the original film is "one of the favorite movies that I did in the past with Quentin [Tarantino] and one that people still ask us about today." He added, "There was so much I wanted to explore in that movie that I didn't get to. And I delved a little deeper into Mesoamerican mythologies and Aztec and Mayan mythologies and where a vampire culture could have existed back then and found fascinating stuff."[10]
International broadcast[edit]
In Australia, the series premiered on SBS 2 on July 1, 2014.
In the UK, the series has been broadcast on Spike since January 4, 2016, as From Dusk Till Dawn.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of From Dusk till Dawn episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11) May 20, 2014 (2014-05-20)
2 10 August 25, 2015 (2015-08-25) October 27, 2015 (2015-10-27)
3 10 September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06) November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
Reception[edit]
From Dusk till Dawn has received mostly favorable reviews. Review aggregator site Metacritic has given the season a "generally favorable" score of 61 out of 100, based on nine critics.[11] On another review aggregator site, Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 69% rating with an average rating of 6.2 out of 10, based on thirteen reviews.[12] It was picked #1 on Entertainment Weekly's Must list and as one of the Hottest New Fiction Shows by The Hollywood Reporter.[13][14]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Outcome
2015 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards[15] Best TV Supporting Actor Zane Holtz Nominated
Saturn Award[16] Best Limited Run Television Series From Dusk Till Dawn Nominated
Music[edit]
Season 1 soundtrack[edit]
The soundtrack for season 1, named From Dusk Till Dawn, Season 1 (Music from the Original Series), was released on May 5, 2015 through Chingon Music.[17] The album features music by Robert Rodriguez's band Chingon (tracks 1–6) and series composer Carl Thiel (tracks 7–20).
No.
Title
Length
1. "After Dark (Spanish Version)" (Tito & Tarantula cover; series theme song) 5:54
2. "Hey Baby Que Paso" 3:08
3. "El Rey" 3:13
4. "Cascabel" 4:47
5. "Malaguena Salerosa" 4:07
6. "Cuka Rocka (Extended)" 6:11
7. "It's Gonna Be a Long Day" 2:07
8. "The Lost Shepherd" 2:52
9. "Blood in the Sand" 1:31
10. "Encounter in Room 207" 1:56
11. "Border Station Shootout" 1:53
12. "Beyond the Border" 1:57
13. "A Lover's Prelude" 1:58
14. "El Rinche" 1:56
15. "Vampire Battle" 2:30
16. "A New World" 1:39
17. "Labyrinth of the Mind" 2:15
18. "The Trial Begins" 2:44
19. "Cheyenne or Phoenix" 1:29
20. "The Pyramid and the Farewell" 3:34
See also[edit]
Vampire film
List of vampire television series
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jake Busey was listed in the title credits for the first episode of the first season in which he appeared, and was subsequently relegated to recurring cast for the remainder of the season.
Jump up ^ Although part of main cast in Season 2, Danny Trejo was credited as "special appearance".
Jump up ^ Both actors played the same character at different stages of the series, with different ages. Additionally, despite being part of the main cast, Johnson is only credited for the episodes he appears in.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Deadline Team (November 15, 2013). "El Rey's 'From Dusk Till Dawn' Rounds Out Cast". Deadline. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Robert Patrick and More Join Robert Rodriguez's From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series". Coming Soon. November 15, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series Debuts a Trailer and Poster". Coming Soon. January 12, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series - Episode Guide for Season 1". Zap2It. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lawler, Richard (March 6, 2014). "'From Dusk Till Dawn' TV series R rated version is a Netflix original -- but only outside the US". Engadget. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Craig (November 15, 2013). "T2's Robert Patrick & More Join 'From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series'". The Hollywood News. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (November 15, 2013). "'From Dusk Till Dawn' Adds to Cast as El Rey Launch Nears". Variety. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'From Dusk Till Dawn' Gets Third Season on El Rey". Variety. October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 31, 2016). "'From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series' Releases Cast As El Rey Ponders Future". deadline. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jakle, Jeanne (March 7, 2014). "TV's 'Dusk' delves deep into the horror". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "From Dusk till Dawn: The Series : Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "From Dusk till Dawn: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Robert Rodriguez on Twitter: "So cool! @EW picked #FromDuskTillDawn as #1 on THE MUST LIST."". Twitter.com. 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ "MIPTV: The Hottest New Fiction Shows (Photos)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ "The 2015 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results!". Fangoria.com. June 1, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Blake, Emily (2015-03-03). "2015 Saturn Awards: 'Captain America: Winter Soldier,' 'Walking Dead' lead nominees". EW.com. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ "From Dusk Till Dawn, Season 1 (Music from the Original Series) by Various Artists on iTunes". iTunes. Apple. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: From Dusk till Dawn: The Series
Official website
From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series on Netflix
From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series on IMDb
From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series at TV.com
[show]
v
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From Dusk till Dawn
Films
From Dusk till Dawn
soundtrack
From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money
From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter
Characters
Seth Gecko
Richie Gecko
Santanico Pandemonium
Earl and Edgar McGraw
Other
From Dusk till Dawn: The Series
episodes
Full Tilt Boogie
Video game
"She's Just Killing Me"
[show]
v
t
e
Works of Robert Rodriguez
Films directed
Bedhead (short film, 1991)
El Mariachi (1992)
Roadracers (1994)
Desperado (1995)
Four Rooms (Segment: "The Misbehavers", 1995)
From Dusk till Dawn (1996)
The Faculty (1998)
Spy Kids (2001)
Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002)
Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003)
Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003)
Sin City (2005)
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005)
Planet Terror (2007)
Shorts: The Adventures of the Wishing Rock (2009)
Machete (2010)
Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011)
Machete Kills (2013)
Sin City: A Dame to Kill For (2014)
100 Years (2015; releasing in 2115)
Alita: Battle Angel (2018)
Films produced
From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money (1999)
Death Proof (2007)
Predators (2010)
Television
From Dusk till Dawn: The Series (2014–)
The Director's Chair (2014–)
Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018–)
See also
Chingon
Mexican Spaghetti Western
Mexico Trilogy
Spy Kids franchise
Rebel Without a Crew (1995)
Grindhouse (2007)
El Rey Network
Troublemaker Studios
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Federal tribunals in the United States
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The federal tribunals of the United States include both Article III tribunals (federal courts) as well as adjudicative entities which are classified as Article I or Article IV tribunals. Some of the latter entities are also formally denominated as courts, but they do not enjoy certain protections afforded to Article III courts. These tribunals are described in reference to the article of the federal Constitution from which the tribunal's authority stems. The use of the term "tribunal" in this context as a blanket term to encompass both courts and other adjudicative entities comes from section 8 of Article I of the Constitution, which expressly grants Congress the power to constitute tribunals inferior to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Contents
[hide]
1 Article III courts
2 Article I tribunals
3 Article IV tribunals
3.1 Congress establishes Article III Court for Puerto Rico
4 Supreme Court rulings limiting the power of Article I and Article IV tribunals
5 List of Article I, Article III and Article IV tribunals
6 See also
7 References
Article III courts[edit]
Main article: Federal judiciary of the United States
See also: List of United States district and territorial courts
Article III courts (also called Article III tribunals) are the U.S. Supreme Court and the inferior courts of the United States established by the Congress, which currently are the 13 United States courts of appeals, the 91 United States district courts (including the districts of D.C. and Puerto Rico, but excluding three other territorial district courts), and the U.S. Court of International Trade. They constitute the judicial branch of the federal government (which is defined by Article III of the Constitution). Pursuant to the Appointments Clause in Article II, all members of Article III tribunals are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
Under the Constitution, Congress can vest these courts with jurisdiction to hear cases involving the Constitution or federal law and certain cases involving disputes between citizens of different states or countries. Article III includes provisions to protect the courts against influence by the other branches of government: judges may not have their salaries reduced during their tenure in office, and their appointment is for life (barring impeachment).
The Supreme Court has ruled that only Article III courts may render final judgments in cases involving life, liberty, and private property rights, with limited exceptions, as discussed below.
Article I tribunals[edit]
Article I tribunals include Article I courts (also called legislative courts) set up by Congress to review agency decisions, military courts-martial appeal courts, ancillary courts with judges appointed by Article III appeals court judges, or administrative agencies and administrative law judges (ALJs).
Article I judges do not enjoy the same protections as their Article III counterparts. For example, these judges do not enjoy life tenure, and Congress may reduce their salaries.
The existence of Article I tribunals has been controversial, and their power has been challenged before the United States Supreme Court, which has determined that Article I tribunals may exist, but that their power must be circumscribed and, when a potential deprivation of life, liberty, or property interest is involved, their decisions are often subject to ultimate review in an Article III court.
Article IV tribunals[edit]
Article IV tribunals are the United States territorial courts, established in territories of the United States by the United States Congress, pursuant to its power under Article Four of the United States Constitution, the Territorial Clause.[1] Many United States territorial courts are defunct because the territories under their jurisdictions have become states or have been retroceded.
An example of a territorial court is the High Court of American Samoa, a court established pursuant to the Constitution of American Samoa. As an unincorporated territory, the Ratification Act of 1929 vested all civil, judicial and military powers in the President, who in turn delegated authority to the Secretary of the Interior in Executive Order 10264, who in turn promulgated the Constitution of American Samoa, which authorizes the court. As such, the Secretary retains ultimate authority over the courts.[2]
Other United States territorial courts still in existence are:
District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands
District Court of Guam
District Court of the Virgin Islands
Congress establishes Article III Court for Puerto Rico[edit]
Before 1966, the United States District Court in Puerto Rico was an Article IV court.[3] In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Pub.L. 89–571, 80 Stat. 764, which transformed the Article IV federal district court in Puerto Rico into an Article III court. This Act of Congress was not enacted pursuant to Article IV of the Constitution, the Territorial Clause, but rather under Article III. This marks the first and only occasion in United States history in which Congress has established an Article III court in a territory other than the District of Columbia. From then on, judges appointed to serve on the Puerto Rico federal district court have been Article III judges appointed under the Constitution of the United States. Like their mainland counterparts, they are entitled to life tenure and salary protection.
This important change in the federal judicial structure of the island was implemented not as a request of the Commonwealth government, but rather at the repeated request of the Judicial Conference of the United States.[4]
The District Court of Puerto Rico is part of the First Circuit, which sits in Boston.
Supreme Court rulings limiting the power of Article I and Article IV tribunals[edit]
The concept of a legislative court was first defined by Chief Justice John Marshall in the case of American Ins. Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton, 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 511 (1828),[5] which is sometimes referred to as Canter, after a claimant in the case. In this case, a court in what was then the Territory of Florida had made a ruling on the disposition of some bales of cotton that had been recovered from a sunken ship. This clearly fell into the realm of admiralty law, which is part of the federal judicial power according to Article III of the Constitution. Yet the judges of the Florida Territorial Court had four-year terms, not the lifetime appointments required by Article III of the Constitution. Marshall's solution was to declare that territorial courts were established under Article I of the constitution. As such, they could not exercise the federal judicial power, and therefore the law that placed admiralty cases in their jurisdiction was unconstitutional.
Tenure that is guaranteed by the Constitution is a badge of a judge of an Article III court. The argument that mere statutory tenure is sufficient for judges of Article III courts was authoritatively answered in Ex parte Bakelite Corp.:[6]
[T]he argument is fallacious. It mistakenly assumes that whether a court is of one class or the other depends on the intention of Congress, whereas the true test lies in the power under which the court was created and in the jurisdiction conferred. Nor has there been any settled practice on the part of Congress which gives special significance to the absence or presence of a provision respecting the tenure of judges. This may be illustrated by two citations. The same Congress that created the Court of Customs Appeals made provision for five additional circuit judges and declared that they should [370 U.S. 530, 597] hold their offices during good behavior; and yet the status of the judges was the same as it would have been had that declaration been omitted. In creating courts for some of the Territories Congress failed to include a provision fixing the tenure of the judges; but the courts became legislative courts just as if such a provision had been included.
In Glidden Co. v. Zdanok, the court made the following statement regarding courts in unincorporated territories:
Upon like considerations, Article III has been viewed as inapplicable to courts created in unincorporated territories outside the mainland, Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 266-267; Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298, 312-313; cf. Dorr v. United States, 195 U.S. 138, 145, 149, and to the consular courts established by concessions from foreign countries, In re Ross, 140 U.S. 453, 464-465, 480.
Ever since Canter, the federal courts have been wrestling with the division between legislative and judicial courts. The Supreme Court most thoroughly delineated the permissible scope of Article I tribunals in Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50 (1982), striking down the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 that created the original U.S. bankruptcy courts. The Court noted in that opinion that the framers of the Constitution had developed a scheme of separation of powers which clearly required that the judiciary be kept independent of the other two branches via the mechanism of lifetime appointments. This decision was subsequently revisited and affirmed in Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462 (2011). However, the Court noted three situations (based on historical understanding) in which Congress could give judicial power to non-Article III courts:
Courts for non-state areas (U.S. territories and the District of Columbia) in which Congress is acting as both local and national government.
Military courts (or courts-martial), under the historical understanding and clearly laid out exceptions in the Constitution.
Legislative courts established under the premise that, where Congress could have simply given the Executive Branch the power to make a decision, it has the lesser power to create a tribunal to make that decision. This power is limited to adjudication of public rights, such as the settling of disputes between the citizens and the government.
The Court also found that Congress has the power under Article I to create adjunct tribunals, so long as the "essential attributes of judicial power" stay in Article III courts. This power derives from two sources. First, when Congress creates rights, it can require those asserting such rights to go through an Article I tribunal. Second, Congress can create non-Article III tribunals to help Article III courts deal with their workload, but only if the Article I tribunals are under the control of the Article III courts. The bankruptcy courts, as well as the tribunals of magistrate judges who decide some issues in the district courts, fall within this category of "adjunct" tribunals. All actions heard in an Article I tribunal are subject to de novo review in the supervising Article III court, which retains the exclusive power to make and enforce final judgments.
Pursuant to Congress' authority under Article IV, §3, of the Constitution to "make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States;" Congress may create territorial courts and vest them with subject-matter jurisdiction over causes arising under both federal law and local law. But "the Supreme Court long ago determined that in the 'unincorporated' territories, such as American Samoa, the guarantees of the Constitution apply only insofar as its 'fundamental limitations in favor of personal rights' express 'principles which are the basis of all free government which cannot be with impunity transcended.'"[7]
The Supreme Court noted in Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor, 478 U.S. 833 (1986), that parties to litigation may voluntarily waive their right to an Article III tribunal and thereby submit themselves to a binding judgment from an Article I tribunal. However, the Supreme Court later noted in Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. ___ (2011), that a party's right to an Article III tribunal is not always voluntarily waiveable in an Article I tribunal for suits at common law. Similarly, in Granfinanciera, S. A. v. Nordberg, 492 U.S. 33 (1989), the Court noted that a litigant's right to jury trial under the Seventh Amendment is also not generally waivable in an Article I tribunal for suits at common law. The Supreme Court further noted in Granfinanciera and Stern the parallel analysis of rights under Article III and the Seventh Amendment.
Article IV judges, in that capacity, cannot sit on the United States Courts of Appeals or decide an appeal as part of such panels.[8]
List of Article I, Article III and Article IV tribunals[edit]
Article I tribunals
Article III tribunals
Article IV tribunals
The District of Columbia judiciary
D.C. Court of Appeals
Superior Court of the District of Columbia
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Army Court of Criminal Appeals
Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
Board of Immigration Appeals
Patent Trial and Appeal Board
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
United States International Trade Commission
United States Court of Federal Claims
Boards of contract appeals:
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals
Civilian Board of Contract Appeals
Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition
Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals
TVA Board of Contract Appeals
United States Tax Court
United States bankruptcy courts
Social Security Administration's Office of Disability Adjudication and Review
United States immigration courts
United States Merit Systems Protection Board
Board of Veterans' Appeals
United States courts-martial
Guantanamo military commissions
United States Court of Military Commission Review
Supreme Court of the United States
United States courts of appeals
United States district courts
United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
United States Court of International Trade
United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court
Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
United States territorial court
See also[edit]
Chapter III Court — analogous concept in Australian law
State court (United States)
Tribunals in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ NGUYEN V. UNITED STATES (01-10873) 540 U.S. 935 (2003), The United States Supreme Court, retrieved 2010-01-06
Jump up ^ Leibowitz, Arnold H. (1989). Defining Status: A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-7923-0069-4. His legal position would not only permit him to investigate and overturn decisions of the judiciary in American Samoa, but the decisions of the Executive and Legislative branches as well. … The very fact that his office exists as an ombudsman, to put it kindly, or as a benevolent dictator — to put it less generously — depreciates all Samoan government institutions and makes the Samoan Constitution adopted in 1960 a giant deceit.
Jump up ^ Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922).
Jump up ^ Senate Report No. 1504, 1966 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2786-90.
Jump up ^ The name on the actual slip opinion originally handed down by the Supreme Court was American Insur. Co. v. Canter.
Jump up ^ Ex parte Bakelite Corp., at 459-460.
Jump up ^ Mormons v. Hodel, 830 F.2d 374 (1987), citing Dorr v. United States, 195 U.S. 138 (1904)
Jump up ^ Nguyen v. United States, 539 U.S. 69 (2003).
Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George A., eds. (1996). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: Annotations of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 29, 1992. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC. Senate Document 103–6.
The section on Article III is downloadable as a 1.1 MB PDF at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/pdf/con006.pdf.
Page 604 of this work asserts that the concept of a legislative court first appears in Canter.
Doernberg, Donald L.; Wingate, C. Keith; Zeigler, Donald H., eds. (2004). Federal Courts, Federalism and Separation of Powers: Cases and Materials. West Group Publishing. ISBN 0-314-14928-7.
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Blue moon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about an additional full moon that appears in a subdivision of a year. For other uses, see Blue Moon (disambiguation).
Blue moon of the December 2009 lunar eclipse
A blue moon is an additional full moon that appears in a subdivision of a year: either the third of four full moons in a season, or a second full moon in a month of the common calendar.
The phrase has nothing to do with the actual color of the moon, although a literal "blue moon" (the moon appearing with a tinge of blue) may occur in certain atmospheric conditions: e.g., if volcanic eruptions or fires leave particles in the atmosphere of just the right size to preferentially scatter red light.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Origin of the term
3 Maine Farmers' Almanac blue moons
3.1 Sky and Telescope calendar misinterpretation
4 Visibly blue moon
5 Blue moons between 2009 and 2021
5.1 Seasonal
5.2 Calendar
6 Popular culture
6.1 Music
6.2 Books
6.3 Films and television
6.4 Video Games
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Definition[edit]
Main article: Intercalary month
The term has traditionally referred to an "extra" full moon, where a year which normally has 12 full moons has 13 instead. The "blue moon" reference is applied to the third full moon in a season with four full moons,[2] thus correcting the timing of the last month of a season that would have otherwise been expected too early. This happens every two to three years (seven times in the Metonic cycle of 19 years).[3] The March 1946 issue of Sky & Telescope misinterpreted the traditional definition, which led to the modern colloquial misunderstanding that a blue moon is a second full moon in a single solar calendar month with no seasonal link.
Owing to the rarity of a blue moon, the term "blue moon" is used colloquially to mean a rare event, as in the phrase "once in a blue moon".[4][5]
One lunation (an average lunar cycle) is 29.53 days. There are about 365.24 days in a tropical year. Therefore, about 12.37 lunations (365.24 days divided by 29.53 days) occur in a tropical year. In the widely used Gregorian calendar, there are 12 months (the word month is derived from moon[6]) in a year, and normally there is one full moon each month. Each calendar year contains roughly 11 days more than the number of days in 12 lunar cycles. The extra days accumulate, so every two or three years (seven times in the 19-year Metonic cycle), there is an extra full moon. The extra full moon necessarily falls in one of the four seasons, giving that season four full moons instead of the usual three, and, hence, a blue moon.
In calculating the dates for Lent and Easter, Catholic clergy identified a Lenten moon. Historically, when the moons arrived too early, they called the early moon a "betrayer" (belewe) moon, so the Lenten moon came at its expected time.
Folklore named each of the 12 full moons in a year according to its time of year. The occasional 13th full moon that came too early for its season was called a "blue moon", so the rest of the moons that year retained their customary seasonal names.
The Maine Farmers' Almanac called the third full moon in a season that had four the "blue moon".
The frequency of a blue moon can be calculated as follows. It is the period of time it would take for an extra synodic orbit of the moon to occur in a year. Given that a year is approximately 365.2425 days and a synodic orbit is 29.5309 days,[7] then there are about 12.368 synodic months in a year. For this to add up to another full month would take 1/0.368 years. Thus it would take about 2.716 years, or 2 years, 8 months and 18 days for another blue moon to occur.
Using the common Sky & Telescope misunderstanding, when one calendar month has two full moons; the second one is called a "blue moon". On rare occasions in a calendar year (as happened in 2010 in time zones east of UTC+07), both January and March each have two full moons, so that the second one in each month is called a "blue moon"; in this case, the month of February, with only 28 or 29 days, has no full moon. Under this misinterpretation a blue moon can be more frequent.
Origin of the term[edit]
Blue moon of August 31, 2012, viewed from Slobozia, Romania.
The suggestion has been made that the term "blue moon" for "intercalary month" arose by folk etymology, the "blue" replacing the no-longer-understood belewe, 'to betray'. The original meaning would then have been "betrayer moon", referring to a full moon that would "normally" (in years without an intercalary month) be the full moon of spring, while in an intercalary year, it was "traitorous" in the sense that people would have had to continue fasting for another month in accordance with the season of Lent.[8][9]
The earliest recorded English usage of the term blue moon is found in an anti-clerical pamphlet (attacking the Roman clergy, and cardinal Thomas Wolsey in particular) by two converted Greenwich friars, William Roy and Jerome Barlow, published in 1528 under the title Rede me and be nott wrothe, for I say no thynge but trothe. The relevant passage reads:[10]
O churche men are wyly foxes [...] Yf they say the mone is blewe / We must beleve that it is true / Admittynge their interpretacion.[11]
It is not clear from the context that this refers to intercalation; the context of the passage is a dialogue between two priest's servants, spoken by the character "Jeffrey" (a brefe dialoge betwene two preste's servauntis, named Watkyn and Ieffraye). The intention may simply be that Jeffrey makes an absurd statement, "the moon is blue", to make the point that priests require laymen to believe in statements even if they are patently false. But in the above interpretation of "betrayer moon", Jeffrey may also be saying that it is up to the priests to say when Lent will be delayed, by announcing "blue moons" which laymen have no means to verify.
Maine Farmers' Almanac blue moons[edit]
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Maine Farmers' Almanac listed blue moon dates for farmers. These correspond to the third full moon in a quarter of the year when there were four full moons (normally a quarter year has three full moons). Full moon names were given to each lunation in a season. The seasons used were those of the mean tropical year, equal in length, as opposed to the astronomical seasons which vary in length because the earth's speed in its orbit round the sun is not uniform.
To compare, in 1983 the equal seasons began at 1.48 AM on 23 March, 9.15 AM on 22 June, 4.42 PM on 21 September and 12.10 AM on 22 December, while the astronomical seasons began at 4.39 AM on 21 March, 11.09 PM on 21 June, 2.42 PM on 23 September and 10.30 AM on 22 December (all times GMT). When a season has four full moons the third is called the "blue moon" so that the last can continue to be called with the proper name for that season.[2]
Sky and Telescope calendar misinterpretation[edit]
The March 1946 Sky and Telescope article "Once in a Blue Moon" by James Hugh Pruett misinterpreted the 1937 Maine Farmers' Almanac. "Seven times in 19 years there were – and still are – 13 full moons in a year. This gives 11 months with one full moon each and one with two. This second in a month, so I interpret it, was called Blue Moon." Widespread adoption of the definition of a "blue moon" as the second full moon in a month followed its use on the popular radio program StarDate on January 31, 1980[2] and in a question in the Trivial Pursuit game in 1986.[5]
Visibly blue moon[edit]
The most literal meaning of blue moon is when the moon (not necessarily a full moon) appears to a casual observer to be unusually bluish, which is a rare event. The effect can be caused by smoke or dust particles in the atmosphere, as has happened after forest fires in Sweden and Canada in 1950 and 1951,[12] and after the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, which caused the moon to appear blue for nearly two years. Other less potent volcanoes have also turned the moon blue. People saw blue moons in 1983 after the eruption of the El Chichón volcano in Mexico, and there are reports of blue moons caused by Mount St. Helens in 1980 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991.[13] In the Antarctic diary of Robert Falcon Scott for July 11, 1911 his entry says, "... the air thick with snow, and the moon a vague blue".[14] On that date the moon phase would have looked full.
On September 23, 1950, several muskeg fires that had been smoldering for several years in Alberta, Canada, suddenly blew up into major—and very smoky—fires. Winds carried the smoke eastward and southward with unusual speed, and the conditions of the fire produced large quantities of oily droplets of just the right size (about 1 micrometre in diameter) to scatter red and yellow light. Wherever the smoke cleared enough so that the sun was visible, it was lavender or blue. Ontario, Canada, and much of the east coast of the United States were affected by the following day, and two days later, observers in Britain reported an indigo sun in smoke-dimmed skies, followed by an equally blue moon that evening.[13]
The key to a blue moon is having lots of particles slightly wider than the wavelength of red light (0.7 micrometer)—and no other sizes present. It is rare, but volcanoes sometimes produce such clouds, as do forest fires. Ash and dust clouds thrown into the atmosphere by fires and storms usually contain a mixture of particles with a wide range of sizes, with most smaller than 1 micrometer, and they tend to scatter blue light. This kind of cloud makes the moon turn red; thus red moons are far more common than blue moons.[15]
Blue moons between 2009 and 2021[edit]
The following blue moons occur between 2009 and 2021. These dates use UTC as the timezone; exact dates vary with different timezones.
Seasonal[edit]
Using the Maine Farmers' Almanac definition of blue moon (meaning the third full moon in a season of four full moons, but referenced to astronomical rather than equal seasons), blue moons have occurred or will occur on:
November 21, 2010
August 20, 2013
May 21, 2016
May 18, 2019
August 22, 2021
Calendar[edit]
Blue moon of August 31, 2012, viewed from Guayaquil, Ecuador
Unlike the astronomical seasonal definition, these dates are dependent on the Gregorian calendar and time zones.
Two full moons in one month (the second of which is a "blue moon"):[16]
2009: December 2 and 31 (partial lunar eclipse visible in some parts of the world), only in time zones west of UTC+05.
2010: January 1 (partial lunar eclipse) and 30, only in time zones east of UTC+04:30.
2010: March 1 and 30, only in time zones east of UTC+07.
2012: August 2 and 31, only in time zones west of UTC+10.
2012: September 1 and 30, only in time zones east of UTC+10:30.
2015: July 2 and 31.
2018: January 2 and 31, only in time zones west of UTC+11.
2018: March 2 and 31, only in time zones west of UTC+12.
2020: October 1 and 31, only in time zones west of UTC+10.
The next time New Year's Eve falls on a Blue Moon (as occurred on December 31, 2009 in time zones west of UTC+05) is after one Metonic cycle, in 2028 in time zones west of UTC+08. At that time there will be a total lunar eclipse.
Popular culture[edit]
Blue moons have been referenced in popular culture.
Music[edit]
"Blue Moon" is a popular music standard, written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart in 1934,[17] and one of the best known football chants,[18] used since the '90s by Manchester City and Crewe Alexandra.[19] "Once in a Very Blue Moon" is a song written by Patrick Alger, recorded by Nanci Griffith, and released on her 1984 LP of the same name. "New Blue Moon", released in 1990, was a song written and recorded by the Traveling Wilburys. There are more modern songs, like Beck's 2014 "Blue Moon."[17][20] South Korean rock band CN Blue named their 2013-2014 concert tour "Blue Moon World Tour.".[21] "Blue Moon of Kentucky" is a bluegrass standard, written in 1946 by Bill Monroe.
Books[edit]
In the 1998 paranormal romance fiction novel by Laurell K. Hamilton of the same name, Blue Moon refers to two full moons occurring within the same month.[22] In the 2009 young adult fiction novel by Alyson Noël of the same name, Blue Moon refers to two full moons occurring within the same month and the same astrological sign.[23] Note that if two full moons fall within the same astrological sign they will fall in different calendar months, and vice versa. In the novels of Simon R. Green the blue moon plays a significant magical role, and also figures in titles of three of his novels: Blue Moon Rising, Beyond the Blue Moon, and Once in a Blue Moon, all of the Hawk & Fisher fantasy series.
Films and television[edit]
The Moon Is Blue, a 1953 movie starring William Holden, was nominated for three Oscars.[24] Blue Moon Investigations is the name of the detective agency in the TV series Moonlighting starring Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis.[25] A Blue Moon appears as a significant element in the 2011 film The Smurfs,[26] and the Wikipedia page on Blue Moon is viewed in the movie. The Smurfs TV show also featured the blue moon in an episode.[27] The theme song for The Sopranos, "Woke Up This Morning" by Alabama 3, references "a blue moon in your eyes" in its lyrics. "Once in a Blue Moon" is also the name of an episode of TV show Charmed, which involves the three witches being affected by the blue moon magically, and turning into monsters.[28]
Video Games[edit]
Blue moon is the name of a country in Nintendo's Advance Wars series.
See also[edit]
Moon portal
Black moon
Blood moon
Wet moon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gibbs, Philip (May 1997). "Why is the sky blue?". Physics FAQ. Retrieved 4 November 2015. ... may cause the moon to have a blue tinge since the red light has been scattered out.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sinnott, Roger W.; Olson, Donald W.; Fienberg, Richard Tresch (May 1999). "What's a Blue Moon?". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved September 1, 2012. The trendy definition of 'blue Moon' as the second full Moon in a month is a mistake.
Jump up ^ Plait, Phil. "Today's Full Moon is the 13th and Last of 2012".
Jump up ^ Smith, Bridie (December 28, 2009). "Once in a Blue Moon ..." The Age. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Hiscock, Philip (August 30, 2012). "Folklore of the 'Blue Moon'". International Planetarium Society.
Jump up ^ "Month | Define Month at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
Jump up ^ Espanek, Fred. "Eclipses and the moon's orbit". NASA. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "What Is a Blue Moon?". Farmers' Almanac. Almanac Publishing Co. August 24, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2012. Frequently asked questions about the date of Easter. Oikoumene.org (2007-01-31). Retrieved on Aug ust 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Calendars and their History Archived April 1, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.. Astro.nmsu.edu. Retrieved on August 14, 2012
Jump up ^ printed by John Schott at Strasburg in 1528. See also Koelbing, Arthur (1907–21). "Barclay and Skelton: German Influence on English Literature". In A.W. Ward; et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. vol. III, ch. 4, § 14. ISBN 1-58734-073-9.
Jump up ^ ed. Arber 1871 p. 114
Jump up ^ Minnaert, M: "De natuurkunde van 't vrije veld" 5th edition Thieme 1974, part I "Licht en kleur in het landschap" par.187 ; ISBN 90-03-90844-3 (out of print); also see ISBN 0-387-97935-2
^ Jump up to: a b Blue Moon. science.nasa.gov (July 7, 2004).
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Bowling, S. A. (1988-02-22). Blue moons and lavender suns. Alaska Science Forum, Article #861
Jump up ^ Giesen, Jurgen. "Blue Moon". Physik und Astromonie. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Joffe, Justin (July 31, 2015). "The Blue Moon's Rich History in American Music". The New York Observer. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Keidel, Phil (September 18, 2013). "20 Chants Every True Manchester City Fan Should Know". Bleacher Report. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brobyn, Emily (March 9, 2011). "Blue Moon Significance". Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Grow, Kory (January 20, 2014). "Beck Admits He's 'Tired of Being Alone' in New Song 'Blue Moon'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bae, Soo-min (4 March 2013). "CNBLUE unveils 2013 BLUE MOON World Tour". Korea Herald. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Laurell (1998). Blue Moon. New York City: Ace Books. pp. Ch. 46. ISBN 0-441-00574-8.
Jump up ^ Noël, Alyson (2009). Blue Moon. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. Ch. 37. ISBN 0-312-53276-8.
Jump up ^ "The Moon Is Blue (1953)". IMDb. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Moonlighting Show Summary". TV.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moore, Roger (July 29, 2011). "Smurfs in 3-D? Not as scary as you might think". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Smurfs Season 3 Episode 1 Once In A Blue Moon". TV.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charmed Season 7 Episode 6: Once in a Blue Moon". TV.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
External links[edit]
Information about the August 2012 Blue Moon
"Folklore of the Blue Moon" by Philip Hiscock
"What's a Blue Moon?" by Donald W. Olson, Richard T. Fienberg, and Roger W. Sinnott, Sky & Telescope. Article explaining that originally a blue moon meant the 3rd full moon in a season of 4 full moons, and how the "2nd in a month" error began.
"Once in a Blue Moon" at infoplease.com
"Blue moon" at World Wide Words
Blue moon calculator by David Harper
"On Blue Moons" by Kevin Clarke
"It's a big night for a 'blue moon'" at nbcnews.com
"What does blue moon really mean?" blog entry on lunar calendars and computing
"Blue moon definition based on a mistake by Tony Rice
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