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Semicolon
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Semicolon
؛
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Arabic semi colon
Ethiopic semicolon
Bamum semicolon
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The semicolon or semi colon[1] (;) is a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements. A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction. Semicolons can also be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, particularly when the elements of that list contain commas.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 English
2.1 Constraints
2.2 Usage
3 Other languages
3.1 Arabic
3.2 Greek and Church Slavonic
3.3 French
4 Literature
5 Encoding in digital media
6 Computing usage
6.1 Programming
6.2 Data
7 Mathematics
8 Other uses
9 References
9.1 General
10 External links
History[edit]
The first printed semicolon was the work of the Italian printer Aldus Manutius the Elder in 1494.[3] Manutius established the practice of using the semicolon to separate words of opposed meaning and to allow a rapid change in direction in connecting interdependent statements.[4] Ben Jonson was the first notable English writer to use the semicolon systematically. The modern uses of the semicolon relate either to the listing of items or to the linking of related clauses.
English[edit]
The frequency of semicolons in English texts from 1500–2008
Although terminal marks (i.e. full stops, exclamation marks, and question marks) mark the end of a sentence, the comma, semicolon and colon are normally sentence internal, making them secondary boundary marks. The semicolon falls between terminal marks and the comma; its strength is equal to that of the colon.[5]
Constraints[edit]
When a semicolon marks the left boundary of a constituent (e.g. the beginning of a clause or a phrase), the right boundary is marked by punctuation of equal or greater strength.
When two or more semicolons are used within a single construction, all constituents are at the same level, unlike commas, which can separate, for example, subordinate clauses from main clauses.
Usage[edit]
Semicolons are followed by a lower case letter, unless that letter would ordinarily be capitalized mid-sentence (e.g. the word "I," acronyms/initialisms, or proper nouns, like the words "Tottenham Hotspur" or "Oakland"). Modern style guides recommend no space before them and one space after. They also typically recommend placing semicolons outside ending quotation marks, although this was not always the case. For example, the first edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1906) recommended placing the semicolon inside ending quotation marks.[6]
Applications of the semicolon in English include:
Between items in a series or listing containing internal punctuation, especially parenthetic commas, where the semicolons function as serial commas:
The people present were Jamie, a man from New Zealand; John, the milkman's son; and George, a gaunt kind of man with no friends.
Several fast food restaurants can be found within the following cities: London, England; Paris, France; Dublin, Ireland; Madrid, Spain.
Here are three examples of familiar sequences: one, two, and three; a, b, and c; first, second, and third.
(Fig. 8; see also plates in Harley 1941, 1950; Schwab 1947).
Between closely related independent clauses not conjoined with a coordinating conjunction, when the two clauses are balanced, opposed or contradictory:[7]
My wife would like tea; I would prefer coffee.
I went to the basketball court; I was told it was closed for cleaning.
I told Kate she's running for the hills; I wonder if she knew I was joking.
Either clause may include commas; this is especially common when parallel wording is omitted from the second:
Ted has two dogs; Sam, one.
When a comma replaces a period (full stop) in a quotation, or when a quotation otherwise links two independent sentences:
"I have no use for this," he said; "you are welcome to it."
"Is this your book?" she asked; "I found it on the floor."[8]
Other languages[edit]
Arabic[edit]
In Arabic, the semicolon is called Fāṣila Manqūṭa (Arabic: فاصلة منقوطة) which means literally "a dotted comma", and is written inverted ( ؛ ). In Arabic, the semicolon has several uses:
It can be used between two phrases, in which the first phrase causes the second.
Example: "He played much; so, his clothes became dirty". (Arabic: لقد لعب كثيرًا؛ فاتسخت ملابسه.)
It can be used between two phrases, where the second is a reason for the first.
Example: "Your sister did not get high marks; because she didn't study". (Arabic: لم تحقق أختك درجات عالية؛ لأنها لم تدرس .)
Greek and Church Slavonic[edit]
In Greek and Church Slavonic, a semicolon indicates a question, similar to a Latin question mark.[3] To indicate a long pause or separate sections, each with commas (the semicolon's purpose in English), Greek uses, but extremely rarely, the "άνω τελεία", an interpunct ( · ).
Church Slavonic example: гдѣ єсть рождeйсѧ царь їудeйскій; (Where is the one who is born king of the Jews? - Matthew 2:1)
French[edit]
In French, a semicolon (point-virgule, literally 'dot-comma') is a separation between two full sentences, used where either a colon or a comma would not be appropriate. The phrase following a semicolon has to be an independent clause, which is related to the previous one (but not explaining it, contrary to a sentence introduced by a colon).
The dash character is used in French writing too, but not as widely as the semicolon. Usage of these devices (semicolon and dash) varies from author to author.
Literature[edit]
"Just as there are writers who worship the semicolon, there are other high stylists who dismiss it – who label it, if you please, middle-class."
Lynne Truss, Eats, Shoots, and Leaves.[9]
Some authors have spurned the semicolon throughout their works. Lynne Truss stated that "Samuel Beckett spliced his way merrily through such novels as Molloy and Malone Dies, thumbing his nose at the semicolon all the way," "James Joyce preferred the colon, as more authentically classical; P. G. Wodehouse did an effortlessly marvelous job without it; George Orwell tried to avoid the semicolon completely in Coming Up for Air, (1939)," "Martin Amis included just one semicolon in Money (1984)," and "Umberto Eco was congratulated by an academic reader for using no semicolons in The Name of the Rose (1983)."[10] In response to Truss, Ben MacIntyre, columnist in The Times (London), wrote: "Americans have long regarded the semi-colon with suspicion, as a genteel, self-conscious, neither-one-thing-nor-the other sort of punctuation mark, with neither the butchness of a full colon nor the flighty promiscuity of the comma. Hemingway and Chandler and Stephen King wouldn’t be seen dead in a ditch with a semi-colon (though Truman Capote might). Real men, goes the unwritten rule of American punctuation, don’t use semi-colons."[11] In A Man Without a Country, Kurt Vonnegut writes that semicolons are "transvestite hermaphrodites representing absolutely nothing. All they do is show you've been to college."[12]
Encoding in digital media[edit]
Scripts comprising wide characters, such as kanji, use a full-width equivalent, ；, located at Unicode code point U+FF1B (fullwidth semicolon).
Unicode characters are allocated for:
U+003B ; Semicolon (59decimal) - same as the EBCDIC semicolon character is 94 or 0x5E.
U+061B ؛ Arabic semicolon - Arabic script
U+204F ⁏ Reversed semicolon - used in old writing systems, such as Hungarian Runic[13]
U+1364 ፤ Ethiopic semicolon - Ge'ez script
U+A6F6 ꛶ Bamum semicolon - Bamum script
U+FF1B ； Fullwidth semicolon - for use in wide-character scripts such as kanji
U+FE14 ︔ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL SEMICOLON - determines orientation when wide-character scripts are written vertically instead of horizontally
U+FE54 ﹔ SMALL SEMICOLON - Small Form Variants are for compatibility with Chinese National Standard CNS 11643
U+236E ⍮ APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SEMICOLON UNDERBAR - used in the APL programming language
U+2E35 ⸵ TURNED SEMICOLON - "indicates sudden glottal closure"
U+E003B TAG SEMICOLON - deprecated tags block
Related characters:
U+037E ; GREEK QUESTION MARK
Computing usage[edit]
See also: Colon (punctuation) § Computing
Programming[edit]
In computer programming, the semicolon is often used to separate multiple statements (for example, in Perl, Pascal, PL/I, and SQL; see Pascal: Semicolons as statement separators). In other languages, semicolons are called terminators[14] and are required after every statement (such as in Java, and the C family). Today semicolons as terminators has largely won out, but this was a divisive issue in programming languages from the 1960s into the 1980s.[15] An influential and frequently-cited study in this debate was Gannon & Horning (1975), which concluded strongly in favor of semicolon as a terminator:
The most important [result] was that having a semicolon as a statement terminator was better than having a semicolon as a statement separator.[16]
The study has been criticized as flawed by proponents of semicolon as a separator,[17] due to participants being familiar with a semicolon-as-terminator language and unrealistically strict grammar. Nevertheless, the debate ended in favor of semicolon as terminator. Therefore, semicolon provides structure to the programming language.
Semicolons are optional in a number of languages, including BCPL, Eiffel, and Go, meaning that they are part of the formal grammar for the language, but can be inferred in many or all contexts (e.g. by end of line that ends a statement (in Go)). As languages can be designed without them, semicolons are considered an unnecessary nuisance by some.[17]
The use of semicolons in control flow structures and blocks of code is varied – semicolons are generally omitted after a closing brace, but included for a single statement branch of a control structure (the "then" clause), except in Pascal, where a semicolon terminates the entire if...then...else clause (to avoid dangling else) and thus is not allowed between a "then" and the corresponding "else", as this causes unnesting.
This use originates with ALGOL 60, and falls between the comma (,) – used as a list separator – and the period/full stop (.) – used to mark the end of the program. The semicolon, as a mark separating statements, corresponds to the ordinary English usage of separating independent clauses, and gives the entire program the gross syntax of a single ordinary sentence. Of these other characters, whereas commas have continued to be widely used in programming for lists (and rare other uses, such as the comma operator that separates expressions in C), they are rarely used otherwise, and the period as the end of the program has fallen out of use. The last major use of the comma, semicolon, and period hierarchy is in Erlang (1986), where commas separate expressions; semicolons separate clauses, both for control flow and for function clauses; and periods terminate statements, such as function definitions or module attributes, not the entire program. Drawbacks of having multiple different separators or terminators (compared to a single terminator and single grouping, as in semicolon-and-braces) include mental overhead in selecting punctuation, and overhead in rearranging code, as this requires not only moving lines around, but also updating the punctuation.[18]
In some cases the distinction between a separator and a terminator is strong, such as early versions of Pascal, where a final semicolon yields a syntax error. In other cases a final semicolon is treated either as optional syntax, or as being followed by a null statement, which is either ignored or treated as a NOP (no operation or null command); compare trailing commas in lists. In some cases a blank statement is allowed, allowing a sequence of semicolons or the use of a semicolon by itself as the body of a control flow structure. For example, a blank statement (a semicolon by itself) stands for a NOP in C/C++, which is useful in busy waiting synchronization loops.
Other languages (for instance, some assembly languages and LISP dialects, CONFIG.SYS and INI files) use semicolons to mark the beginning of comments.
Example C code:
int main() { int x, y; x = 1; y = 2; printf("X + Y = %d", x + y); return 0; }
Conventionally, in many languages, each statement is written on a separate line, but this is not typically a requirement of the language. In the above example, two statements are placed on the same line; this is legal, because the semicolon separates the two statements. Thus programming languages like Java, the C family, Javascript etc. use semicolons to obtain a proper structure in the respective languages.
Data[edit]
The semicolon is often used to separate elements of a string of text. For example, multiple e-mail addresses in the "To" field in some e-mail clients have to be delimited by a semicolon.
In Microsoft Excel, the semicolon is used as a list separator, especially in cases where the decimal separator is a comma, such as 0,32; 3,14; 4,50, instead of 0.32, 3.14, 4.50.
In MATLAB and GNU Octave, the semicolon can be used as a row separator when defining a vector or matrix (whereas a comma separates the columns within a row of a vector or matrix) or to execute a command silently, without displaying the resulting output value in the console.
In HTML, a semicolon is used to terminate a character entity reference, either named or numeric.
In some delimiter-separated values file formats, the semicolon is used as the separator character, as an alternative to comma-separated values.
Mathematics[edit]
In the argument list of a mathematical function f ( x 1 , x 2 , … ; a 1 , a 2 , … ) {\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ;a_{1},a_{2},\dots )} , a semicolon may be used to separate variables from fixed parameters.[citation needed]
In differential geometry, a semicolon preceding an index is used to indicate the covariant derivative of a function with respect to the coordinate associated with that index.
Other uses[edit]
The semicolon is commonly used as parts of emoticons, in order to indicate winking and/or crying.
Project Semicolon is the name of a faith-based anti-suicide initiative (since the semicolon continues a sentence rather than ending it) which has led to the punctuation mark becoming a highly symbolic and popular tattoo.[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Learning English – BBC World Service". bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Scribendi.com. "Learning English Grammar: How to Correctly Use a Semicolon". Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 111. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
Jump up ^ Truss, Lynne (2003). Eats, Shoots & Leaves. p. 77. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
Jump up ^ The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Chapter 19, § 7.
Jump up ^ Spencer, David (15 February 2011). "Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition". Type Desk. Matador. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Purdue OWL: Commas". purdue.edu.
Jump up ^ A period (full stop) may also be used here:
"I have no use for this," he said. "You are welcome to it."
"Is this your book?" she asked. "I found it on the floor."
Jump up ^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 107. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
Jump up ^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. pp. 88, 108–109. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
Jump up ^ MacIntyre, Ben (November 19, 2005). "Is it worth busting your (Lynne) truss over a comma with a hat on?". The Times. London.
Jump up ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (2006). A Man Without A Country. London, U.K.: Bloomsbury. p. 23. ISBN 0747584060. OCLC 494234841.
Jump up ^ http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3664.pdf
Jump up ^ Mössenböck, H. "Introduction to C# - The new language for Microsoft .NET" (PDF) (subtitle: Statements). www.uni-linz.ac.at: University of Linz, Austria. p. 34. Retrieved 2011-07-29. Empty statement: ; // ; is a terminator, not a separator
Jump up ^ Meyer, Bertrand (1997). Object-Oriented Software Construction (Second ed.). p. 897. ISBN 978-0-13-629155-8.
Jump up ^ Software Metrics: An Analysis and Evaluation, 1981, 324
^ Jump up to: a b Meyer, Bertrand. Principles of language design and evolution (PDF) (Technical report).
Jump up ^ What Sucks About Erlang, Damien Katz, March 9, 2008
Jump up ^ Steyer, Carly (2016-07-07). "RELIGION Global Semicolon Tattoo Trend Is A Sign Of Strength Among Faithful Individuals Dealing With Mental Health Problems". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
General[edit]
Gannon, J. D.; Horning, J. J. (1975). The impact of language design on the production of reliable software. Proceedings of the international conference on Reliable software. pp. 10–22. doi:10.1145/800027.808420.
Hacker, Diana (2002). The Bedford Handbook (6th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-41281-9.
External links[edit]
Delegating the Semicolon in a Most Unlikely Location – New York Times, Feb. 18, 2008.
Has modern life killed the semicolon? – Slate, June 20, 2008.
The end of the line? – The Guardian, April 4, 2008.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semicolon&oldid=838429103"
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text:
Per Manum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Per Manum"
The X-Files episode
Episode no.
Season 8
Episode 13
Directed by
Kim Manners
Written by
Chris Carter
Frank Spotnitz
Production code
8ABX08
Original air date
February 18, 2001
Running time
44 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Jay Acovone as Duffy Haskell
Steven Anderson as Dr. James Parenti
Adam Baldwin as Knowle Rohrer
Diana Castle as Delivery Nurse
Elizabeth Cheap as Second Nurse
Megan Follows as Kath McCready
Victoria Gallegos as Receptionist
Jennifer Griffin as Dr. Miryum
Alexandra Margulies as Second Associate
David Purham as Dr. Lev
Mark Snow as Doctor
Christopher Stanley as Agent Joe Farah
Saxon Trainor as Mary Hendershot
Karl T. Wright as First Associate[1]
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Medusa" Next →
"This Is Not Happening"
List of The X-Files episodes
"Per Manum" is the thirteenth episode of the eighth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. It premiered on the Fox network on February 18, 2001. Written by Frank Spotnitz and series creator Chris Carter, and directed by Kim Manners, the episode helps to explore the series' overarching mythology. "Per Manum" received a Nielsen rating of 9.4 and was watched by 9.61 million households. Overall, the episode received mostly positive reviews from critics.
The series centers on FBI special agents Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and her new partner John Doggett (Robert Patrick)—following the alien abduction of her former partner, Fox Mulder (David Duchovny)—who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Scully and Doggett investigate several women who had no way of naturally conceiving but who claim to have been abducted and impregnated with alien babies. Soon, Scully begins to worry about the future of her pregnancy.
"Per Manum" featured a substantial appearance by Duchovny who had elected not to return to the show as a full-time main character following the ending of season seven. In addition, the episode marks the first appearance of Knowle Rohrer, played by Adam Baldwin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Broadcast and reception
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Pregnant Kathy McCready is undergoing an emergency caesarean. As her husband prepares, the ward is locked down, and the child delivered is seen to be an alien.
FBI special agents John Doggett (Robert Patrick) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) meet Duffy Haskell (Jay Acovone), who tells them about his wife—a multiple-abductee who he believes was killed by her doctors upon giving birth to an alien child. He also describes how his wife's cancer was both caused and cured by her abductors. Duffy refers the agents to Zeus Genetics in Maryland, and shows them an ultrasound scan that seems to vindicate his story. As the agents leave, Doggett notes similarities between the case and Scully's history, although he does not yet know that Scully is pregnant. In a flashback, Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) tells Scully that her abduction (in the second season episodes "Ascension and "One Breath") has rendered her infertile, as her ova were harvested for genetic experiments. Mulder later found them in a secret facility (in fourth season's "Memento Mori"), but they were not viable.
At Zeus Genetics clinic, Scully overhears a pregnant woman, Mary Hendershot (Saxon Trainor), who is telling her doctor that she does not want to be under his care any more. In order to avoid being seen, Scully hides in a storeroom, finding it full of preserved fetuses that resemble the alien child seen earlier, but she is discovered by a doctor, Dr. Lev. Scully then phones Dr. Parenti, who is dissecting an alien fetus. She asks him to compare her ultrasound scan with the one given to her earlier. Later, while waiting to be attended to by Dr. Parenti, she has another flashback, recalling the time she sought a second opinion about her ova from Dr. Parenti, and was told that her ova might be viable with a sperm donor. In the present, she is called in to be attended to, and she is then assured her scans are in order. Later, Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) and Doggett confront Duffy about threatening letters he has been sending to both Mulder and Dr. Lev. However, when the agents leave, Duffy makes a phone call to Lev, warning him that they are being investigated. In another flashback, Scully asks Mulder to be the donor, to which he happily agrees.
Scully is warned by Hendershot, the woman from Zeus Genetics, that their unborn children are in danger. Scully meets Doggett and Skinner, having requested a leave of absence from the FBI. After Doggett leaves, Skinner tries to convince Scully to reveal her pregnancy to Doggett. Scully and Hendershot visit an army research hospital to have Hendershot's labor induced. Whilst Hendershot is being prepped for the operation, Scully asks to have an ultrasound performed on herself. The scan appears normal, but Scully realises the monitor they are watching is simply a video of another woman's scan. Realising they have been tricked, Scully finds Hendershot and the two sneak out of the exam room.
Doggett has Duffy's fingerprints examined, and finds that they belong to a man who died thirty years previously. Doggett contacts an old military partner, Knowle Rohrer (Adam Baldwin) to find Duffy's real identity. Although Rohrer assures Doggett he will investigate, the agent is not convinced, believing that Duffy is a CIA agent. He confides this to Skinner, who tells him to aid Scully at the military hospital. As Scully and Hendershot sneak out of the building, they are found by Rohrer and several marines, claiming Doggett has sent them to rescue her. Scully and Hendershot are driven away, but Hendershot enters labour. The women are separated, and Scully is drugged. When she wakens, Doggett informs her that Hendershot's baby was delivered and is normal. However, Scully is convinced something is amiss, but nothing more can be done about it. In another flashback, Scully tells Mulder that her attempt at in vitro fertilization has failed, but he tells her to "never give up on a miracle".[2]
Production[edit]
The episode featured the first appearance of Knowle Rohrer, played by Adam Baldwin.
"Per Manum" featured the appearance of David Duchovny as Fox Mulder in various flashbacks. After settling his contract dispute with Fox, Duchovny quit full-time participation in the show after the seventh season.[3] In order to explain Mulder's absence, Duchovny's character was abducted by aliens in the seventh season finale, "Requiem". After several rounds of contractual discussions, Duchovny agreed to return for a total of 11 season eight episodes.[4] "Per Manum" marked the fourth appearance of Duchovny in the eighth season; he had previously appeared in opening episodes of the season, "Within" and "Without" as well as the eleventh episode "The Gift".[5][6][7] Series creator Chris Carter later argued that Mulder's absences from the series did not affect the characterization, noting that "there are characters who can be powerful as absent centers, as Mulder was through the eighth and ninth seasons."[8]
A deleted scene from early on within the episode, in which Scully questions her doctor about her ultrasound scans, was cut from the final broadcast as writer Frank Spotnitz felt it was too "confusing" for the viewers to place doubt on the actions of the doctor so early. Fellow series writer John Shiban said that the scene was not "subtle" enough to convey the right level of suspicion.[9] Spotnitz has described "Per Manum" as being "a real paranoia episode", concerning "the way you perceive connections between people, what are they saying, and is it suspicious or not".[9]
Adam Baldwin, who makes his first appearance as recurring character Knowle Rohrer, originally auditioned for the part of John Doggett, losing out to Robert Patrick. However, the crew remembered Baldwin's audition later when casting "Per Manum", and asked him to play the role.[10] Jay Acovone, who portrays Duffy Haskel in this episode, returned in the same role in the season's penultimate episode "Essence";[11] and had also previously appeared in the fourth season episode "Demons".[12] "Per Manum" also featured a guest appearance by Mark Snow as an unnamed doctor. Snow had been the series' composer since the first season.[13]
Broadcast and reception[edit]
"Per Manum" premiered on the Fox network on February 18, 2001 and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on June 9, 2002.[14] The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 9.4, meaning that it was seen by 9.4% of the nation's estimated households.[15] It was viewed by 9.61 million households[15][nb 1] and 16 million viewers, making it, at the time, the highest-rated episode of The X-Files to air during the season.[16] "Per Manum" ranked as the 30th most-watched episode for the week ending February 18.[15] Fox promoted the episode with the tagline "How did Scully get pregnant?"[17] The episode was later included on The X-Files Mythology, Volume 4 – Super Soldiers, a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien super soldiers arc.[18]
"Per Manum" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B+" and called it "good".[19] He appreciated the fact that the show revealed that Mulder was possibly the father of Scully's child, saying that it "ups the stakes in a lot of ways and redefines [Scully's] mission" to find Mulder.[19] Despite this, VanDerWerff noted that the episode "has some issues", largely due to the convoluted nature of the mythology at this point in the show's run, as well as the fact that Duchovny looked "a little bored" at times.[19] However, he wrote that the episode, along with the subsequent episode "This is Not Happening" was a showcase for Anderson's acting ability, and her performance "knits all of this together".[19] Writing for Television Without Pity, Jessica Morgan rated the episode a "B+", deriding some of the episode's plot points, such as the hospital's locking doors, and questioning the villainy of the antagonistic doctors.[20]
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated the episode five stars out of five, calling it a "return to form" for the series. Shearman and Pearson also felt that the episode gave the character of John Doggett a chance to be accepted by the series' other characters; and praised the "subtle" writing of the episode's emotional dialogue.[21] Tom Kessenich, in his book Examinations: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6-9 of 'The X-Files', noted that the episode typifies the basic themes of the series—"dark, foreboding terror, overriding sense of paranoia" and "the fear of the unknown" among others.[22]
Writing for The Vindicator, Eric Mink felt that the episode was "intense, unsettling, sometimes gross, and suspenseful to the point of nerve-racking [sic]", feeling that its plot would "resonate instantly and ominously with viewers".[23] Meghan Deans of Tor.com felt that, while the episode did unfortunately reduce Scully down to a traditional idea of feminine identity for part of its run, it was "one of the most emotional Scully-centric episodes the show has ever given us."[24] Furthermore, Deans reasoned that the episode was an example of "what The X-Files would have been, had Scully been the believer: a woman being told that she is hysterical, a woman being told that she imagined it all [and] a woman being told that the evidence of her own body is invalid", a direction that would have been "startling ".[24]
Not all reviews were positive. Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a scathing review and awarded it no stars out of four.[25] She heavily derided the plot, noting that Haskell's role as an "undercover operative" was not convincing. Furthermore, she reasoned that because the plot twists were so expected, Scully came off as "a moron".[25] Vitaris also criticized the use of flashbacks, noting that they were "the only way The X-Files writers could figure out to use David Duchovny".[25]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ At the time of airing, the estimated number of households was 102.2 million.[15] Thus, 9.4 percent of 102.2 million is 9.61 million households.
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ "The X-Files - "Per Manum"". TheXFiles.com. Fox Broadcasting Company. February 2002. Archived from the original on 7 February 2002. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Per Manum". BBC Cult. BBC. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Duchovny quits X-Files". BBC News. May 18, 2001. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Elber, Lynn (May 18, 2000). "Fox Mulder 'Ready to Get Back to Work'". Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. Archived from the original on September 24, 2004. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kim Manners (director); Chris Carter (writer) (November 5, 2000). "Within". The X-Files. Season 8. Episode 1. Fox.
Jump up ^ Kim Manners (director); Chris Carter (writer) (November 12, 2000). "Without". The X-Files. Season 8. Episode 2. Fox.
Jump up ^ Kim Manners (director); Frank Spotnitz (writer) (February 4, 2001). "The Gift". The X-Files. Season 8. Episode 11. Fox.
Jump up ^ Hurwitz and Knowles, p. 189
^ Jump up to: a b John Shiban & Frank Spotnitz (narrators) (2000–2001). Deleted Scenes: Per Manum. The X-Files: The Complete Eighth Season (featurette). The X-Files: The Complete Eighth Season: Fox.
Jump up ^ Heisler, Steve (February 2, 2009). "Adam Baldwin | TV | Random Roles". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kim Manners (director); Chris Carter (writer) (May 13, 2001). "Essence". The X-Files. Season 8. Episode 20. Fox.
Jump up ^ Kim Manners (director); R. W. Goodwin (writer) (May 11, 1997). "Demons". The X-Files. Season 4. Episode 23. Fox.
Jump up ^ Mark Snow et al. The Truth About Season One (DVD). The X-Files: The Complete First Season: Fox.
Jump up ^ The X-Files: The Complete Eighth Season (booklet). Kim Manners, et al. Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Associated Press (February 22, 2001). "Last Weeks' Top Programs". Press-Telegram. MediaNews Group. Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
Jump up ^ Petrozzello, Donna (20 February 2001). "Blaine Dangles a Preview". Daily News. Daily News, L.P. Retrieved 29 November 2012. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Per Manum (Promotional Flyer). Los Angeles, California: Fox Broadcasting Company. 2001.
Jump up ^ Kim Manners et al. The X-Files Mythology, Volume 4 – Super Soldiers (DVD). Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b c d VanDerWerff, Todd (November 16, 2013). "'Per Manum'/'This is Not Happening' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Jessica (February 21, 2001). "Per Manum". Television Without Pity. NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Shearman and Pearson, pp. 239–240
Jump up ^ Kessenich, p.156.
Jump up ^ Mink, Eric (February 17, 2001). "Once again, 'The X-Files' offers little more than a Mulder sighting". The Vindicator. The Vindicator Printing Co. p. B11. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Deans, Meghan (April 11, 2013). "Reopening The X-Files: 'Per Manum'". Tor.com. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vitaris, Paula (April 2002). "The X-Files Season Eight Episode Guide". Cinefantastique. 34 (2): 42–49.
Bibliography
Hurwitz, Matt; Knowles, Chris (2008). The Complete X-Files. Insight Editions. ISBN 1-933784-80-6.
Kessenich, Tom (2002). Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-812-6.
Shearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 0-9759446-9-X.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: TXF Season 8
"Per Manum" on IMDb
"Per Manum" at TV.com
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text:
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"MALT" redirects here. For germinated cereal grains, see Malt.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Details
System
Lymphatic system
Identifiers
Acronym(s)
MALT
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract,oral passage, nasopharyngeal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. MALT is populated by lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells, as well as plasma cells and macrophages, each of which is well situated to encounter antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium. In the case of intestinal MALT, M cells are also present, which sample antigen from the lumen and deliver it to the lymphoid tissue.
There are three types of situations in which MALT is present- Tonsils, Appendix, Small Intestinal area
Contents
[hide]
1 Categorization
2 Role in disease
3 References
4 External links
Categorization[edit]
The components of MALT are sometimes subdivided into the following:
GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Peyer's patches are a component of GALT found in the lining of the small intestines.)
BALT (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue)
NALT (nasal-associated lymphoid tissue)
CALT (conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue)[1]
LALT (larynx-associated lymphoid tissue)
SALT (skin-associated lymphoid tissue)
VALT (vulvo-vaginal-associated lymphoid tissue)
It can be also distinguished by level of organization of the tissue:
O-MALT (organized mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue); specifically, the tonsils of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring are O-MALT.[2]
D-MALT (diffuse mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue); MALT that is not organized as a separately macroscopically anatomically identifiable mass, tissue or organ (such as the aforementioned O-MALT) is diffuse MALT.[2]
Role in disease[edit]
MALT plays a role in regulating mucosal immunity. It may be the site of lymphoma, usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A specific entity is the MALT lymphoma linked to Helicobacter pylori in the stomach.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hong Liang; Christophe Baudouin; Antoine Labbe; Luisa Riancho; Françoise Brignole-Baudouin (2012). "Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) reactions to antiglaucoma prostaglandins with or without BAK-preservative in rabbit acute toxicity study". PLoS One. 7 (3): e33913. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033913. PMC 3307783  . PMID 22442734.
^ Jump up to: a b Gray's Anatomy, 38ed. p. 1442 ff.
External links[edit]
MALT resource page - Patients Against Lymphoma
Maltoma
[hide]
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Organs of the lymphatic system
Primary organs
Bone marrow
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Structure
Hilum
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Red pulp
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Publishers Clearing House
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Publishers Clearing House
Type
Private
Founded
1953; 65 years ago (1953)[1]
Headquarters
Jericho, New York, United States
Key people
Robin B. Smith
(chairman)
Andrew Goldberg (president and CEO)
Revenue
$840.6 million (2013)[2]
Number of employees
550 (2014)[2]
Website
pch.com
Publishers Clearing House (PCH) is a direct marketing company that markets merchandise and magazine subscriptions with sweepstakes, and prize-based games.
Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 by Harold Mertz to replace door-to-door magazine subscription sales by a single vendor offering multiple subscriptions by mail. It introduced its sweepstakes in 1967. In the early 1990s, the company was the subject of concerns and legal actions regarding whether consumers were misled about their odds of winning the sweepstakes and whether purchases increased their chances. By 2010, the company had reached settlements with all 50 states.
The company acquired search company Blingo in 2006,[3] online gaming company Funtank in 2010, and mobile marketing company Liquid Wireless in 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Government regulation
1.2.1 Lawsuits
1.3 Online development
2 Products
3 Sweepstakes
3.1 Odds of Winning
3.2 Prize Patrol
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 in Port Washington, New York, by Harold Mertz,[4][5] a former manager of a door-to-door sales team for magazine subscriptions.[6] The company started in Mertz's basement with help from his wife LuEsther and daughter Joyce.[7][8] Its first mailings were of 10,000 envelopes from Mertz's home in Long Island, New York, and offered 20 magazine subscriptions. 100 orders were received. Within a few years the company moved out of Mertz's basement into an office building and started hiring staff. When PCH moved its headquarters in 1969, its prior location was donated to the city and renamed the Harold E. Mertz community center.[8] The company revenue had grown to US$50 million by 1981, and $100 million by 1988.[6]
In 1967 PCH started its first sweepstakes as a way to increase subscription sales,[9] based on the sweepstakes held by Reader's Digest.[4] The first prizes ranged from 25 cents to $10 and entrants had a 1 in 10 chance of winning. After the sweepstakes increased response rates to mailings, prizes of[8] $5,000[6] and eventually $250,000 were offered.[10] PCH began advertising the sweepstakes on TV in 1974.[7][11] It was the only major multi-magazine subscription business until 1977. Former client Time Inc. and several other publishers formed American Family Publishers (AFP) to compete with PCH after the company refused repeated requests by Time for a larger share of sales revenue from magazine subscriptions.[4][8]
AFP and PCH competed for exclusive rights to magazines and for the better promotion and prize ideas. When AFP increased their jackpot to $1 million,[10] then to $10 million in 1985, PCH raised its prizes to match.[4] $7 million in prizes were distributed by 1979,[12] $40 million by 1991[5] and $137 million by 2000.[9] In 1989 two members of its advertising team, Dave Sayer and Todd Sloane, started the Prize Patrol, a publicized event where winners are surprised with a check at their home. The idea was inspired by the 1950s television series "The Millionaire".[4][13][14]
In 1992 thousands of discarded sweepstakes entries from contestants who had not bought magazine subscriptions were found in the trash by city employees,[4][15] reinforcing beliefs that the company favored those who made purchases in selecting a sweepstakes winner.[4] PCH said this was done by a disgruntled employee at their mail processing vendor.[8] A class action ensued, which PCH settled by giving discarded entrants a second chance to win.[4][15][16]
Government regulation[edit]
In the 1990s PCH and its primary competitor, AFP, experienced a series of legal troubles due to concerns that their mailings misled consumers about their odds of winning and implied that magazine purchases increased their chances.[4][10] This led to the Deceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act of 2000, which regulates direct mail businesses.[4] At the senate hearings regarding this Act, PCH said most consumers were not confused about their chances of winning or that purchases did not increase their chances. The company said less than five percent of participants spend more than $300.[8] Government officials from California said 5,000 local consumers paid more than $2,500 each in magazine purchases under the false belief that they were increasing their odds of winning the sweepstakes.[17]
Industry sources estimated PCH's response rates decreased by 7-12 percent and its sales volume by 22 to 30 percent in response to the bad publicity from the lawsuits.[6][18] In 2000, PCH laid off a quarter of its 800-person work force.[18]
Lawsuits[edit]
In 1994 PCH sent mailings telling recipients they were all "finalists", which led to[10] a lawsuit involving the attorneys general of 14 US states.[19][20][21] Later that year, PCH denied wrongdoing, but agreed to pay a settlement of $490,000 and to change their practices.[20] Under the agreement, PCH said it would define terms like "finalist" and disclose the chances of winning.[22]
In 1997, a contestant of competitor AFP flew to Tampa, Florida, thinking he had won, though he had not. The resulting publicity caused more lawsuits for both companies.[6] PCH reached a $30 million national settlement in 1999.[8][23] In 2000, another $18 million settlement was reached with 24 states, after the company sent mass mailings that said "You are a winner!" and used mock personalized checks.[17][24] PCH agreed to avoid similar mailings in the future, and add a "sweepstakes fact box" to mailings.[17][24]
State attorneys spoke out against the national settlement from 2000 and additional lawsuits were filed by individual states.[8] Another $34 million settlement was reached in 2001 in a lawsuit involving 25 states.[1][25] As part of the settlement, PCH was required to avoid terms like "Guaranteed Winner," add disclaimers to mailings saying that the recipient has not won and that purchasing merchandise won't increase their chances.[26][25][27] PCH reached settlements with all fifty states and agreed to work with a "compliance counsel."[6] PCH apologized in the settlement and said it would contact customers who had spent more than $1,000 on merchandise the prior year".[27]
PCH also reached an agreement with Iowa in 2007.[28] In 2010 the company paid $3.5 million to the Attorneys General of 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle possible contempt charges that it had violated the terms of the 2001 agreement. The company denied wrongdoing, but agreed to work with both an ombudsperson and a compliance counsel who would review its mailings quarterly.[29][30][31][32]
In April 2014, an investigation by the Senate Special Committee on Aging concluded that PCH had "pushed the limits" of prior agreements and that additional legislation may be needed.[33]
Online development[edit]
PCH began selling merchandise in 1985[7] with two products. After a Hershey's Chocolate Cookbook and a diet cookbook sold more than other products, the company began expanding into jewelry, media, collectibles, household products and others.[8] The company also shifted its focus online.[1][34] It began selling magazine subscriptions and merchandise on PCH.com in 1996.[35] In 2006, it acquired Blingo Inc., an ad-supported metasearch engine that was later re-branded as PCH Search and Win.[13][36] PCH ran contests on Twitter, Facebook and Myspace. iPhone apps for slot games and trivia were developed. The company created online play-and-win sites like PCH Games (formerly Candystand) and PCHQuiz4Cash, with air-hockey and video poker games.[1]
In December 2010, PCH acquired Funtank and its online gaming site Candystand.com.[37] In 2011, PCH promoted a "$5,000 every week for life" sweepstakes in TV ads and the front page of AOL.com.[11][26] The following year the company acquired a mobile marketing company, Liquid Wireless.[38] The company utilized, then stopped then started again utilizing coregistration (through other websites) to expand its customer base.[39]
In 2008, a PCH spokesperson said the digital properties were intended to attract younger consumers. By 2013, the internet had become PCH's primary channel of interaction with consumers.[7] The New York Times described the digital transition as "part of an overall effort to collect information on Web users, show them advertisements and use the registration information for PCH’s mailing lists."[1]
Products[edit]
A screenshot of PCHSearch&WIN.com
PCH is a direct-marketing company that sells merchandise, magazine subscriptions and operates several prize-based websites.[11] While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions,[1][13][35] the majority of the company's revenue now comes from merchandise.[11] The company has been selling books, media, jewelry and other consumer items[4] since the 1980s.[8] PCH operates eight websites, including PCH Search and Win, PCH Lotto, PCH Games, PCH Save and Win, and Candystand.[1][11]
The company also sells magazine subscriptions at a discount and advertises subscriptions along with its sweepstakes.[40] It's estimated that companies like PCH keep 75-90 percent of the fees from the original subscription, while publishers use the increased distribution to improve circulation numbers and revenue from renewals.[10][41] PCH popularized the idea of using sweepstakes to sell magazine subscriptions in the direct-marketing market and became known by detractors as a producer of junk-mail for advertising through mass-mailings.[5][40] Documents filed with the New York State Department in 1993 said that year the company mailed 220 million envelopes. Frequent buyers can receive 30-40 mailings a year.[42]
Sweepstakes[edit]
The Prize Patrol delivering an oversized check to a sweepstakes winner for $1 million plus $5,000 a week for life
Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win.[10][42][43] In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl.[44] As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed.[8] Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life,[45] or $10 million.[46] Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million.[47] The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years,[48] reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values.
Odds of Winning[edit]
According to the official rules, as of 2018, the odds of winning “$7000 a Week for Life” in Giveaway 11000 are 1 in 6.2 billion. [49] The odds of winning a PCH sweepstakes vary depending on the number of entries and what prize or sweepstakes is involved.[47] Smaller prizes have better odds that may vary from one in 223 to one in 80,000, depending on the prize.[47]
Prize Patrol[edit]
The Prize Patrol surprises sweepstakes winners at their homes, work or other locations with cash prizes and captures the event on video.[7] Since their introduction in 1989, these reality TV-style videos of prize-winners surprised at their doorstep with checks for $1,000 to $10 million have been used in widely broadcast television commercials, and, more recently, in the company's online acquisition efforts, websites and social media communications.[7][11][26][50] In 2013, a $5 million television campaign modified the traditional prize patrol commercial by digitally altering video from classic sitcoms like The Brady Bunch and Gilligan's Island to show the prize patrol visiting characters in the show.[50]
The Prize Patrol has made in-person appearances or delivered prizes on TV programs such as The Oprah Winfrey Show[51] and The Price Is Right.[52][53] Their surprise winning moments have been spoofed by Jay Leno,[54] Conan O'Brien[55] and the cast of Saturday Night Live;[56] woven into the plots of movies such as Let's Go to Prison,[57][58] The Sentinel[59] and Knight and Day;[60][61] and the subject of cartoons.[8]
See also[edit]
Companies portal
New York portal
List of New York companies
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Clifford, Stephanie (23 December 2008). "ADVERTISING; Old-Line Magazine Sweepstakes Company Gets Digital". The New York Times. p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b "New York Area's Largest Privately Held Companies". Crain's New York Business. November 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Publishers Clearing House Acquires Blingo, Inc.; Parent of Famous Prize Patrol Welcomes Blingo's Rapidly Growing Internet 'Search and Win' Site". Business Wire. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Lammie, Rob (June 21, 2012). "You may already be a winner! The story of Publishers Clearing House". Mental Floss. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Saslow, Linda (20 January 1991). "It's Sweepstakes Time, and It's a Frenzy". The New York Times. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f International Directory of Company Histories, Vol.64. St. James Press, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Haire, Thomas (February 1, 2013). "PCH Wins All Day Long". Response Magazine. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Lester, Darrell (October 27, 2011). The Naked Truth About Publishers Clearing House (PDF). Pennywyse Press. ISBN 1935437429.
^ Jump up to: a b "Disappointed couple sues Publishers Clearing House". Associated Press. April 15, 2000. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f By, G.J. 1998, Sweepstakes Industry May Not Be a WINNER!, New York, N.Y., United States, New York, N.Y.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Mummert, Hallie (November 2011). "Cover Story: Full Sweep". Target Marketing. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (July 25, 1979). "Sweepstakes: Some do Hit the Jackpot". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Campanelli, Melissa (June 26, 2001). "Publishers Clearing House Acquires Blingo". Direct Marketing News.
Jump up ^ Gelles, Jeff (January 26, 1997). "The $10 Million Prize Patrol: Myths and Truths". The Inquirer. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Publishers Contest Error Admitted". Associated Press. October 24, 1992. pp. A–6.
Jump up ^ "Lawsuit sets off million-dollar alert". Associated Press. November 26, 1992.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pae, Peter (August 23, 2000). "Publishers Clearing House Loses $18 million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "PCH Cleans House, Goes Virtual in Profit Play". Long Island Business News. February 18, 2000. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Evans, David (August 25, 1994). "Contest Offers Mislead Entrants Publishers Clearing House Pays $490,000 and Promises To Change Its Promotions". Bloomberg Business News (via High Beam).
^ Jump up to: a b "Sweepstakes firm, 14 states make deal". Associated Press. August 25, 1994. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "That Big Magazine Contest Pays". Associated Press. August 25, 1994. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Publishers Clearing House to Spell Out Winning Chances". The Associated Press. August 21, 1994. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Publishers Clearing House to Pay $30 Million to Settle Suit". Associated Press. February 21, 2000. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Publishers Clearing House Strikes Deceptive-Practices Accord". The New York Times. August 23, 2000. p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Miller Announces $34 million sweepstakes settlement". Associated Press. December 15, 2003. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stuart Elliot (July 11, 2011). "Prize Patrol Heads Over to AOL". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Ulferts, Alisa (June 27, 2001). "Publishers Clearing House settles". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Publishers Clearing House". Direct Marketing News. December 28, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pankratz, Howard (September 10, 2010). "Publishers Clearing House to pay for violation". The Denver Post. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pelham, Victoria (September 9, 2010). "Publishers Clearing House to increase protections against deceptive sweepstakes marketing". ABC15.com. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Blackman, Teresa; Anne Yeager (September 9, 2010). "$3.5 Million Publishers Clearing House Lawsuit Settled in Oregon". KGW. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "States settle Publishers Clearing House "deceptive" trade practices". Consumer Reports. October 21, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Consumer Reports
Jump up ^ Macavinta, Courtney (December 28, 1999). "Publishers Clearing House Rushes the Net, Grapples with Privacy". CNET. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Levere, Jane L. (1 December 1997). "Publishers Look to New Medium To Rekindle Sales in Older One". The New York Times. p. 11.
Jump up ^ Crowell, Grant, "How Search Engines Make Money", Search Engine Watch
Jump up ^ Mickey, Bill (January 11, 2012). "Publishers Clearing House Buys Mobile Lead-Gen Provider Liquid Wireless". Foliomag.com. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wauters, Robin (December 6, 2010). "Publishers Clearing House Buys Funtank, Gaming Site Candystand.com". TechCrunch.com.
Jump up ^ Publishers Clearing House Clears Coregistration Concerns By Eric Barkin Customer Relationship Management magazine July 2013 Page 52
^ Jump up to: a b Rothenberg, Randall (31 January 1989). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; Read This and Win $10 Million!!". The New York Times. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Hunds, Michael (January 17, 1988). "Mail that glitters is not necessarily gold". New York Times Service. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Span, Paula, "Sweep Dreams, America!," Washington Post, January 28, 1993, pp. C1, C8.
Jump up ^ "Non-buyer can win sweepstakes". Star-News. July 29, 1979. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Meier, Barry (January 27, 1996). "You're All Finalist!". The New York Times. p. 33.
Jump up ^ Grauschopf, Sandra (July 5, 2013). "Wish you had won the last PCH SuperPrize? Here's another chance". About.com. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Grauschopf, Sandra, Publishers Clearing House - $10 Million Giveaway Number 1170 EXPIRED, About.com, retrieved June 8, 2013
Jump up ^ "Odds of Winning", Media FAQ, Publishers Clearing House, retrieved June 8, 2013
Jump up ^ "Rules". Publishers Clearing House. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
Jump up ^ - view rules and facts - Windows Internet Explorer Official Rules Check |url= value (help), retrieved April 22, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b Elliott, Stuart (May 6, 2013). "Publishers Clearing House Imagines Handing a Big Check to Gilligan and Mike Brady". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Million-Dollar Moments". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 28, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Upping The Ante On Plinko! The Price Is Right (Video Clip). youtube.com: Price Is Right. April 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maloni, J (April 9, 2012). "Full week of Plinko, chance to win 100K when PCH Prize Patrol visits The Price is Right". Niagara Frontier Publications. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ PCH On TV Jay Leno Spoofs the PCH Prize Patrol (Video Clip). youtube.com: PCHarchive. January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Conan O'Brien Promo with Jane (Video Clip). youtube.com. January 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live Publishers Clearing House Giveaway (Video Clip). hulu.com.
Jump up ^ Marder, Brian (November 24, 2006). "Let's go to Prison! Review". Hollywood.com. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Let's Go To Prison Trailer (Video Clip). youtube.com. October 23, 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Sentinel". Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith, Joseph (July 1, 2010). "Movie Review Knight and Day". SunGazette.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ivers, Patrick. "Laramie Movie Scope Knight and Day". Retrieved July 31, 2012.
External links[edit]
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Summer of the Monkeys
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Summer of the Monkeys
First edition
Author
Wilson Rawls
Country
Argentina
Language
english
Genre
Children's novel
Publisher
Doubleday
Publication date
1976
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages
283
ISBN
0-440-41580-2
Summer of the Monkeys is a 1976 children's novel written by Wilson Rawls. It was published by Doubleday (later released by Yearling Books) and was the winner of the William Allen White Book Award and the California Young Reader Medal.[1]
Plot summary[edit]
The book is set at the end of the nineteenth century. The protagonist is a 14-year-old boy named Jay Berry Lee, who had enjoyed an idyllic childhood. Born to Missouri sharecroppers, he moves with his family to Oklahoma after his grandfather offers them free land. Daisy, his sister, has a crippled leg, and they devote much effort to gaining enough money to pay for reconstructive surgery. One day, while looking for their lost milk cow, Jay Berry discovers monkeys in a nearby river bottom. Visiting his grandfather's store, he learns that they have escaped from a travelling circus, which has offered a vast reward for their capture: $100 for the chief monkey, "Jimbo", and $2 each for the others. Jay Berry makes multiple attempts to capture them using traps and a net borrowed from his grandfather, but he gains only scratches and bites from them, at one point even losing his pants in the process.
Under the direction of his grandfather, Jay Berry contacts the circus and is advised to attempt to befriend Jimbo. Upon returning to the monkeys' grove, he finds them around a hidden still; the drunken monkeys indeed befriend him, but their gesture of friendship is a gift of whiskey that leaves him drunk. After returning to his shocked family, he goes with his grandfather to a nearby town to visit the library and discover alternate methods of monkey-catching. Having bought supplies, they return home, but the monkeys steal it all.
Daisy discovers a fairy ring, and believing it capable of granting wishes, secretly wishes that Jay Berry may be able to buy the pony and rifle that he has long desired. Soon afterward, a fierce storm frightens the monkeys into accompanying him into captivity, and he quickly returns them to the circus for his reward. Although he considers buying the pony and rifle, he chooses to finance Daisy's surgery instead. By the conclusion, he and his grandfather have accumulated enough money to buy him a paint pony. Daisy was able to gather enough money to get him a .22 gun while she was in the city.
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Summer of the Monkeys (film)
Summer of the Monkeys is a 1998 American family adventure-drama film directed by Michael Anderson and stars Corey Sevier as Jay Berry Lee, a young boy who discovers circus monkeys living in the forest near his home. The movie also stars Michael Ontkean and Leslie Hope as Jay Berry's parents, as well as Katie Stuart, Don Francks, and Wilford Brimley.
The book was made into a movie in 1997 by Edge Productions in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and received a limited theatrical release in both Canada and the United States in 1998 and was released on home video in the United States by Walt Disney Home Video, a subsidiary of Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Inc.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Children's Literature Review.p197.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summer_of_the_Monkeys&oldid=838262639"
Categories:
1976 American novels
American children's novels
Children's historical novels
Children's novels about animals
Novels set in Oklahoma
Doubleday (publisher) books
American novels adapted into films
1976 children's books
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This page was last edited on 25 April 2018, at 22:54.
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