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Phoenix Open
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Phoenix Open
Tournament information
Location
Scottsdale, Arizona
Established
1932, 86 years ago
Course(s)
TPC Scottsdale
Par
71
Length
7,266 yards (6,644 m)
Organized by
The Thunderbirds
Tour(s)
PGA Tour
Format
Stroke play
Prize fund
$6.9 million
Month played
February
Tournament record score
Aggregate
256 Mark Calcavecchia (2001)
256 Phil Mickelson (2013)
To par
−28 Mark Calcavecchia (2001)
−28 Phil Mickelson (2013)
Current champion
Gary Woodland
Scottsdale
Location in the United States
Scottsdale
Location in Arizona
The Phoenix Open (known as the Waste Management Phoenix Open for title sponsorship reasons)[1] is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, held in late January/early February at the Tournament Players Club (TPC) of Scottsdale, Arizona.
The tournament was originally the Arizona Open, but was known for most of its history as the Phoenix Open until the investment bank Friedman Billings Ramsey became the title sponsor in October 2003, and it was known as the FBR Open for the next six editions. Waste Management began its sponsorship in 2010.
The event's relaxed atmosphere, raucous by the standards of professional golf, has earned it the nickname “The Greatest Show on Grass” and made it one of the most popular events on the PGA Tour calendar.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Popularity
3 Conflicts with the Super Bowl
4 Records – scoring and victories
5 Winners
6 Multiple winners
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The Phoenix Open began 85 years ago in 1932 but was discontinued after the 1935 tournament. The rebirth of the Phoenix Open came in 1939 when Bob Goldwater, Sr. convinced fellow Thunderbirds to help run the event. The Thunderbirds, a prominent civic organization in Phoenix, were not as enthusiastic about running the event as he was, leaving Goldwater, Sr. to do most of the work in getting a golf open started.
The event was played at the Phoenix Country Club in Phoenix (33°28′55″N 112°03′47″W / 33.482°N 112.063°W / 33.482; -112.063),[2] both in its earlier incarnations and after Goldwater resuscitated it. Beginning in 1955, the Arizona Country Club (also in Phoenix) (33°29′06″N 111°57′32″W / 33.485°N 111.959°W / 33.485; -111.959),[3] alternated as event host with Phoenix Country Club; this arrangement lasted until Phoenix Country Club took The Arizona Country Club's turn in 1975 and became the event's permanent home again.
The tournament moved 31 years ago in 1987 to its current home, the Stadium Course at TPC Scottsdale, northeast of downtown Phoenix. The approximate average elevation of the course is 1,530 feet (465 m) above sea level.
Popularity[edit]
The four-day attendance of the tournament is usually around a half million; the best-attended event in golf. In 2016, it set a PGA Tour and Phoenix Open single day attendance record with 201,003 fans in attendance on Saturday, February 6 and set a tournament week attendance record of 618,365 fans.[4]
The most popular location for spectators is the par-3 16th hole, nicknamed "The Coliseum." (33°38′15″N 111°54′48″W / 33.6375°N 111.9132°W / 33.6375; -111.9132) One of the shortest holes on tour at 162 yards (148 m), it is enclosed by a temporary 20,000-seat grandstand. The hole could be described as "one big party," with many students from the nearby Arizona State University in Tempe in attendance. Poor shots at the 16th hole receive boos, because the hole is very easy by the PGA's standards. Good shots, however, are cheered loudly. Famous moments include Tiger Woods' Saturday hole-in-one in 1997, which caused the gallery to erupt, throwing cups and other objects in celebration,[5] and Justin Leonard giving the finger to the gallery after a poor shot. Jarrod Lyle aced the hole on Saturday in 2011, causing the stands to erupt in excitement. After 2013, the PGA Tour banned the practice of caddies racing the 150 yards (140 m) from the tee box to the green, citing injury concerns.[6]
The most popular tour player at the Phoenix Open is unquestionably Phil Mickelson, an Arizona State alumnus (1992) with three victories at the event. In addition to the golf, there is a concert/party held in the Scottsdale area called the Birds Nest, at which music artists like Huey Lewis and the News play.
The Thunderbirds are still highly active in the organization of the tournament. Portions of the proceeds are used by the Thunderbirds to fund Special Olympics activities in Phoenix.
Conflicts with the Super Bowl[edit]
Since 1973,[7] the Phoenix Open has been played on the weekend of the Super Bowl. In 1996, it was played Wednesday through Saturday, as Super Bowl XXX was held at Sun Devil Stadium in nearby Tempe.[8] In 2009, the tournament overlapped with Super Bowl XLIII in Tampa, Florida, when Kenny Perry and Charley Hoffman went to a playoff. That denied the spectators a chance to watch the beginning of the game on NBC, which featured the local Arizona Cardinals.
Because of the Super Bowl weekend status, the PGA Tour's television contracts with CBS and NBC include an alternating tournament. Usually a CBS tournament, the Phoenix Open airs on NBC when CBS has the Super Bowl, and NBC's Honda Classic airs on CBS in Winter Olympic years.
Records – scoring and victories[edit]
The tournament's lowest 72-hole score was set by Mark Calcavecchia in 2001 with 256 (–28), which was matched by Mickelson in 2013. In the second round Calcavecchia scored a 60 (–11), which equalled the lowest score at the Phoenix Open (by Grant Waite in 1996) and subsequently matched by Mickelson in 2005 and 2013. Calcavecchia had 32 birdies in the tournament, which was also an all-time record.
There have been only two double eagles in the history of the Phoenix Open. Tom Pernice, Jr. made the first one on the 558-yard (510 m) par-5 15th hole in 1990. Andrew Magee scored the second on the 332-yard (304 m) par-4 17th hole in 2001, and was the first-ever ace on a par-4 in PGA Tour history.[9]
Four men have won three times at the Phoenix Open: Arnold Palmer won consecutively (1961, 1962, 1963),[10][11] then Gene Littler (1955, 1959, 1969), Calcavecchia (1989, 1992, 2001), and Mickelson (1996, 2005, 2013).
Winners[edit]
Year
Player
Country
Score
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up
Winner's
share ($)
Purse ($)
Waste Management Phoenix Open
2018 Gary Woodland United States 266 −18 Playoff Chez Reavie 1,242,000 6,900,000
2017 Hideki Matsuyama (2) Japan 267 −17 Playoff Webb Simpson 1,206,000 6,700,000
2016 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 270 −14 Playoff Rickie Fowler 1,170,000 6,500,000
2015 Brooks Koepka United States 269 −15 1 stroke Hideki Matsuyama
Ryan Palmer
Bubba Watson 1,134,000 6,300,000
2014 Kevin Stadler United States 268 −16 1 stroke Graham DeLaet
Bubba Watson 1,116,000 6,200,000
2013 Phil Mickelson (3) United States 256 −28 4 strokes Brandt Snedeker 1,116,000 6,200,000
2012 Kyle Stanley United States 269 −15 1 stroke Ben Crane 1,098,000 6,100,000
2011 Mark Wilson United States 266 −18 Playoff Jason Dufner 1,098,000 6,100,000
2010 Hunter Mahan United States 268 −16 1 stroke Rickie Fowler 1,080,000 6,000,000
FBR Open
2009 Kenny Perry United States 270 −14 Playoff Charley Hoffman 1,080,000 6,000,000
2008 J. B. Holmes (2) United States 270 −14 Playoff Phil Mickelson 1,080,000 6,000,000
2007 Aaron Baddeley Australia 263 −21 1 stroke John Rollins 1,080,000 6,000,000
2006 J. B. Holmes United States 263 −21 7 strokes J. J. Henry
Steve Lowery
Ryan Palmer
Scott Verplank
Camilo Villegas 936,000 5,200,000
2005 Phil Mickelson (2) United States 267 −17 5 strokes Scott McCarron
Kevin Na 936,000 5,200,000
2004 Jonathan Kaye United States 266 −18 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 936,000 5,200,000
Phoenix Open
2003 Vijay Singh (2) Fiji 261 −23 3 strokes John Huston 720,000 4,000,000
2002 Chris DiMarco United States 267 −17 1 stroke Kenny Perry
Kaname Yokoo 720,000 4,000,000
2001 Mark Calcavecchia (3) United States 256 −28 8 strokes Rocco Mediate 720,000 4,000,000
2000 Tom Lehman United States 270 −14 1 stroke Robert Allenby
Rocco Mediate 576,000 3,200,000
1999 Rocco Mediate United States 273 −11 2 strokes Justin Leonard 540,000 3,000,000
1998 Jesper Parnevik Sweden 269 −15 3 strokes Tommy Armour III
Brent Geiberger
Steve Pate
Tom Watson 450,000 2,500,000
1997 Steve Jones United States 258 −26 11 strokes Jesper Parnevik 270,000 1,500,000
1996 Phil Mickelson United States 269 −15 Playoff Justin Leonard 234,000 1,300,000
1995 Vijay Singh Fiji 269 −15 Playoff Billy Mayfair 234,000 1,300,000
1994 Bill Glasson United States 268 −16 3 strokes Bob Estes 216,000 1,200,000
1993 Lee Janzen United States 273 −11 2 strokes Andrew Magee 180,000 1,000,000
1992 Mark Calcavecchia (2) United States 264 −20 5 strokes Duffy Waldorf 180,000 1,000,000
1991 Nolan Henke United States 268 −16 1 stroke Gil Morgan
Curtis Strange
Tom Watson 180,000 1,000,000
1990 Tommy Armour III United States 267 −17 5 strokes Jim Thorpe 162,000 900,000
1989 Mark Calcavecchia United States 263 −21 7 strokes Chip Beck 126,000 700,000
1988 Sandy Lyle Scotland 269 −15 Playoff Fred Couples 117,000 650,000
1987 Paul Azinger United States 268 −16 1 stroke Hal Sutton 108,000 600,000
1986 Hal Sutton United States 267 −17 2 strokes Calvin Peete
Tony Sills 90,000 500,000
1985 Calvin Peete United States 270 −14 2 strokes Morris Hatalsky
Doug Tewell 81,000 450,000
1984 Tom Purtzer United States 268 −16 1 stroke Corey Pavin 72,000 400,000
1983 Bob Gilder (2) United States 271 −13 Playoff Rex Caldwell
Johnny Miller
Mark O'Meara 63,000 350,000
1982 Lanny Wadkins United States 263 −21 6 strokes Jerry Pate 54,000 300,000
1981 David Graham Australia 268 −16 1 stroke Lon Hinkle 54,000 300,000
1980 Jeff Mitchell United States 272 −12 4 strokes Rik Massengale 54,000 300,000
1979 Ben Crenshaw United States 199* −14 1 stroke Jay Haas 33,750 250,000
1978 Miller Barber United States 272 −12 1 stroke Jerry Pate
Lee Trevino 40,000 200,000
1977 Jerry Pate United States 277 −7 Playoff Dave Stockton 40,000 200,000
1976 Bob Gilder United States 268 −16 2 strokes Roger Maltbie 40,000 200,000
1975 Johnny Miller (2) United States 260 −24 14 strokes Jerry Heard 30,000 150,000
1974 Johnny Miller United States 271 −13 1 stroke Lanny Wadkins 30,000 150,000
1973 Bruce Crampton Australia 268 −12 1 stroke Steve Melnyk
Lanny Wadkins 30,000 150,000
1972 Homero Blancas United States 273 −11 Playoff Lanny Wadkins 25,000 125,000
Phoenix Open Invitational
1971 Miller Barber United States 261 −23 2 strokes Billy Casper
Dan Sikes 25,000 125,000
1970 Dale Douglass United States 271 −13 1 stroke Howie Johnson
Gene Littler 20,000 100,000
1969 Gene Littler (3) United States 263 −21 2 strokes Miller Barber
Don January
Billy Maxwell 20,000 100,000
1968 George Knudson Canada 272 −12 3 strokes Julius Boros
Sam Carmichael
Jack Montgomery 20,000 100,000
1967 Julius Boros United States 272 −12 1 stroke Ken Still 14,000 70,000
1966 Dudley Wysong United States 278 −6 1 stroke Gardner Dickinson 9,000 60,000
1965 Rod Funseth United States 274 −14 3 strokes Bert Yancey 10,500 65,000
1964 Jack Nicklaus United States 271 −13 3 strokes Bob Brue 7,500 50,000
1963 Arnold Palmer (3) United States 273 −15 1 stroke Gary Player 5,300 35,000
1962 Arnold Palmer (2) United States 269 −15 12 strokes Billy Casper
Don Fairfield
Bob McCallister
Jack Nicklaus 5,300 35,000
1961 Arnold Palmer United States 270 −10 Playoff Doug Sanders 4,300 30,000
1960 Jack Fleck United States 273 −11 Playoff Bill Collins 3,150 22,500
1959 Gene Littler (2) United States 268 −12 1 stroke Art Wall, Jr. 2,400 20,000
1958 Ken Venturi United States 274 −10 1 stroke Walter Burkemo
Jay Hebert 2,000 15,000
1957 Billy Casper United States 271 −9 3 strokes Cary Middlecoff
Mike Souchak 2,000 15,000
Phoenix Open
1956 Cary Middlecoff United States 276 −8 3 strokes Mike Souchak 2,400 15,000
1955 Gene Littler United States 275 −5 1 stroke Billy Maxwell
Johnny Palmer 2,400 15,000
1954 Ed Furgol United States 272 −12 Playoff Cary Middlecoff 2,000 10,000
1953 Lloyd Mangrum (2) United States 272 −12 6 strokes Johnny Bulla
Ted Kroll
Bo Wininger 2,000 10,000
1952 Lloyd Mangrum United States 274 −10 5 strokes E. J. Harrison 2,000 10,000
1951 Lew Worsham United States 272 −12 1 stroke Lawson Little 2,000 10,000
Ben Hogan Open
1950 Jimmy Demaret (2) United States 269 −15 1 stroke Sam Snead 2,000 10,000
Phoenix Open
1949 Jimmy Demaret United States 278 −6 Playoff Ben Hogan 2,000 10,000
1948 Bobby Locke South Africa 268 −16 1 stroke Jimmy Demaret 2,000 10,000
1947 Ben Hogan (2) United States 270 −14 7 strokes Lloyd Mangrum
Ed Oliver 2,000 10,000
1946 Ben Hogan United States 273 −11 Playoff Herman Keiser 1,500 7,500
1945 Byron Nelson (2) United States 274 −10 2 strokes Denny Shute 1,000 5,000
1944 Jug McSpaden United States 273 −11 Playoff Byron Nelson 1,000 5,000
1941–43: No tournament (hosted Western Open in 1941 and 1942)
1940 Ed Oliver United States 205^ −8 1 stroke Ben Hogan 700 3,000
1939 Byron Nelson United States 198^ −15 12 strokes Ben Hogan 700 3,000
1936–38: No tournament
1935 Ky Laffoon United States 281 −3 4 strokes Craig Wood 500 2,500
1934 No tournament
Arizona Open
1933 Harry Cooper United States 281 −3 2 strokes Ray Mangrum
Horton Smith 400 1,500
1932 Ralph Guldahl United States 285 −1 5 strokes John Perelli 600 2,500
*Rain-shortened to 54 holes
^Scheduled 54 holes
Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.
Sources[12][13][14]
Multiple winners[edit]
Fourteen men have won this tournament more than once.
3 wins
Arnold Palmer: 1961, 1962, 1963 (consecutive)[10][11]
Gene Littler: 1955, 1959, 1969
Mark Calcavecchia: 1989, 1992, 2001
Phil Mickelson: 1996, 2005, 2013
2 wins
Byron Nelson: 1939, 1945
Ben Hogan: 1946, 1947 (consecutive)[15][16]
Jimmy Demaret: 1949, 1950 (consecutive)[17]
Lloyd Mangrum: 1952, 1953
Johnny Miller: 1974, 1975 (consecutive)[18][19]
Miller Barber: 1971, 1978
Bob Gilder: 1976, 1983
Vijay Singh: 1995, 2003
J. B. Holmes: 2006, 2008
Hideki Matsuyama: 2016, 2017 (consecutive)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Waste Management to sponsor Phoenix Open". PGA Tour. December 9, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Golf". Phoenix Country Club. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Golf". Arizona Country Club. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Waste Management Phoenix Open attendance records". AZ Central. February 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jones maintains Phoenix lead; Woods records ace on No. 16". Victoria Advocate. (Texas). January 26, 1997. p. 6B.
Jump up ^ http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golftalkcentral/tour-bans-caddie-races-tpc-scottsdale-colonial/
Jump up ^ "Crampton's birdie nets Phoenix win". Wilmington Morning Star. (North Carolina). Associated Press. January 15, 1973. p. 16.
Jump up ^ "Mickelson grinds out another win". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. January 28, 1996. p. 3F.
Jump up ^ Kelley, Brent. "The Amazing Story of the Only Par-4 Hole-in-One in PGA Tour History". thoughtco.com. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bee 'helps' Palmer win Phoenix Open". Pittsburgh Press. UPI. February 13, 1963. p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b "Palmer wins Phoenix Open". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. February 13, 1963. p. 1C.
Jump up ^ 2015 Waste Management Phoenix Open Media Guide – Section 14: Top Finishers 1932–2014 – at wmphoenixopen.com
Jump up ^ Phoenix Open – Winners Archived 2014-06-01 at the Wayback Machine. – at www.pgatour.com
Jump up ^ Phoenix Open – Winners – at golfobserver.com
Jump up ^ "Hogan wins Phoenix Open; trouble looms". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). United Press. January 27, 1947. p. 5.
Jump up ^ "Ben Hogan wins Phoenix tourney". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. January 27, 1947. p. 13.
Jump up ^ "Demaret winner of Phoenix golf". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. January 30, 1950. p. 11.
Jump up ^ "Miller shoots 64 for 14-shot edge". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. January 13, 1975. p. 13.
Jump up ^ "Miller maybe world's best". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). UPI. January 13, 1975. p. 8B.
External links[edit]
Official website
Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site
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Coordinates: 33°38′N 111°55′W / 33.64°N 111.91°W / 33.64; -111.91
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text:
Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 41°27′58″N 71°58′28″W / 41.46611°N 71.97444°W / 41.46611; -71.97444
Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
Total population
(Enrolled members: 1,003)
Regions with significant populations
United States (Connecticut)
Languages
English, formerly Pequot
Religion
Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Mohegan and Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation
The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation is a federally recognized Native American nation in the state of Connecticut. They are descended from the Pequot people, an Algonquian-language tribe that dominated the southern New England coastal areas. Within their reservation in Ledyard, New London County, the Mashantucket Pequot own and operate Foxwoods Resort Casino. As of 2012, it is the world's largest resort casino in terms of gambling space and number of slot machines.
Until 2007, the casino was one of the most economically successful in the United States,[1] but by 2012, the casino was deeply in debt due to its expansion and changing conditions.[2][3]
Beginning in the late 20th century, the tribe filed a federal land claims suit against the state and US government, charging that it had been illegally deprived of its land through state actions, which were not ratified by the Senate. As part of the settlement of this suit, Congress passed a bill and gave federal recognition to the tribe, in addition to approving financial compensation so that the tribe could buy land. The Mashantucket Pequot were the eighth tribal nation to gain recognition through an act of Congress; this was a political solution rather than the administrative process established by the Department of Interior within the executive branch.
Tribal membership is based on proven descent from members of eleven Pequot families who were listed in the 1900 US Census.[4] The MPT is one of two federally recognized tribes in Connecticut; the other are the Mohegan Indian Tribe.
In addition, the state recognizes three tribes having reservations set aside in the colonial era: the Schaghticoke tribe, whose reservation dates from 1736; the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation, with a reservation from 1683; and the Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation, with a reservation from 1639.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Demographics and membership
3 Government
4 Chairman
5 Economy
6 History
6.1 Early history
6.2 Disease
6.3 Warfare
6.4 Reservation through the 19th century
6.5 20th century to present
7 Controversies
8 Tribal membership rules
9 Economic and cultural developments
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
12.1 Primary sources
12.2 Secondary sources
13 External links
Geography[edit]
The Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation is a land base in Mashantucket, Connecticut, in New London County, in the Norwich-New London metro area. It is held in trust for the tribe by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), US Department of Interior. It is on the Pequot River, now known as the Thames River. The Tribe also has about 3.47 acres (14,000 m2) of off-reservation trust land in the town of Preston.
Demographics and membership[edit]
According to the 1990 census, the Mashantucket Pequot population was recorded as 320. By 2005, tribal membership had increased to 785. As a federally recognized tribe, the Mashantucket Pequots have the authority to determine their membership criteria. The tribe requires its members to be of proven lineal descent from Mashantucket Pequots listed in the U.S. census of 1900 and 1910. In 1996, the tribe closed enrollment, with the exception of children born to currently enrolled tribal members.
The 2000 census showed a resident population of 325 persons living on reservation land, 227 of whom identified solely as Native American, while others identify as having more than one ethnicity, including non Pequot spouses. Since that time, the tribe expanded reservation housing, and members continue to relocate to the reservation as housing opportunities become available.
Government[edit]
As of 2008, the Mashantucket Pequot Elders council includes:[5]
Chair—Joyce Walker
Vice-Chair— Gary Carter Sr.
Secretary/Treasurer-Anthony Sebastian
The seven members of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Council are:
Chairman—Rodney A. Butler
Vice-Chairwoman—Fatima Dames (Chairwoman of Administrative Support/Education Committees)
Secretary—Marjorie Colebut-Jackson (Chairwoman of Judicial/Health & Human Services Committees and Co-Chairwoman of the Family Protection & Reunification Team)
Treasurer—Jean Swift (Chair of Community Planning/Housing Committees)
Councilor—Daniel Menihan (Chair of the Natural Resources Protection/Historical and Cultural Preservation Committees)
Councilor—Roy Colebut-Ingram (Chair of the Public Safety / Parks & Recreation Committees)
Councilor—Richard Sebastian (Chair of the Economic Development / Community Planning Committees)
The current administration's seven-member council has stated that the nation's priorities are protecting tribal sovereignty; focusing on the educational, emotional and physical well-being of members; and working to leverage the tribe's financial and economic strengths through partnership initiatives, both locally and abroad. Mashantucket Pequot's most recent efforts include investment in North Stonington, Connecticut. Tribal development there, such as the Lake of Isles golf course, has proven to be a positive addition to the town's tax base.[1]
Council members are elected by popular vote of the tribal membership to three-year, staggered terms. There are roughly 500 eligible voting members of the tribal nation, which numbered 900 in 2012. Tribal Members must be at least 18 years old and in good standing with the Tribe to be eligible to vote.
Chairman[edit]
Richard Arthur Hayward, 1975 to 1998.
Kenneth M. Reels, 1998 to 2003.
Michael Thomas, 2003 to 2009.
Rodney Butler, 2009 to present.
Economy[edit]
Since 1992, the Mashantucket Pequot have operated what has developed as one of the largest resort casinos in the world. The Connecticut Center for Economic Analysis, a research center at the University of Connecticut, analyzed the casino's effects on the Connecticut economy. Their report stated that the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation and its Foxwoods casino have had a positive economic impact on the neighboring towns of Ledyard, Preston, and North Stonington, as well as the state of Connecticut, which has received more than $4 billion in slot revenue to date.[6]
History[edit]
The Mashantucket Pequot claim descent from the historic Pequot, an Algonquian language-speaking people who dominated the coastal area from the Niantic River of present-day Connecticut east to the Wecapaug River in what is now western Rhode Island, and south to Long Island Sound. A second descendant group is the state-recognized Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation.
Early history[edit]
Archeological and linguistic research has revealed that the recorded historic tribes encountered by the Europeans emerged at different periods and often undertook migrations. Various tribal oral histories also attest to major migrations of tribes and the emergence of new tribes over time. But such archeological studies have shown that the Pequot people and their ancestors had been in this region for thousands of years before European encounter.
In the early years after European contact through trading with fishermen, the coastal tribes began to suffer high fatalities from new infectious diseases, to which they had no immunity. During the colonial years, Europeans recorded intertribal warfare, shifts in boundaries, and changes in power among the tribes.
At one time some scholars believed that the Pequot migrated from the upper Hudson River Valley into central and eastern Connecticut around 1500. The theory of Pequot migration to the Connecticut River Valley can be traced to Rev. William Hubbard, a Puritan colonist. In 1677 he suggested that the Pequot had invaded the region some time before the establishment of Plymouth Colony. In the aftermath of King Philip's War, Hubbard wrote Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England, to explore the ferocity with which New England's Native peoples had attacked the English. He did not recognize that Connecticut and the Massachusetts Bay Colony had failed in their diplomatic efforts and promoted conflict through their encroachment on Native lands. Hubbard may have projected the colonists' status by classifying the Pequot as "foreigners" to the region. He described them as invaders from "the interior of the continent" who "by force seized upon one of the places near the sea, and became a Terror to all their Neighbors."[7] The book was published in the mid-nineteenth century.
Contemporary scholars have generally concluded that archaeological, linguistic, and documentary evidence all show the Pequot and their ancestors were indigenous for centuries in the Connecticut Valley before the arrival of Europeans.[8][9][10]
By the time the English colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were being established, the Pequot had established dominance of the political, military, and economic spheres among Native Americans in what is now central and eastern Connecticut. Occupying the coastal area between the Niantic River of present-day Connecticut and the Wecapaug River in western Rhode Island, the Pequot numbered some 16,000 persons in the most densely inhabited portion of southern New England.[11]
Disease[edit]
The smallpox epidemic of 1616–19, which killed roughly 90% of the Native inhabitants of the eastern coast of present-day New England, failed to reach the Pequot, Niantic and Narragansett. The mortality rate of the epidemic among other tribes resulted in their rising to dominance.
But, a smallpox epidemic in 1633 devastated the entirety of the region's Native population. Historians estimate that the Pequot suffered the loss of 80% of their entire population. By the outbreak of the Pequot War in 1637, their numbers may have been reduced to about 3,000 in total.[12]
Warfare[edit]
Main article: Pequot War
In 1637, Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay colonies overwhelmed the Pequot during the Pequot War. This followed the Indians' attack on Wethersfield, Connecticut that left several settlers dead. When the military forces of the two colonies, led by John Mason and John Underhill, launched an assault on the Pequot stronghold at Mystic, a significant portion of the Pequot population was killed.[13]
The colonists enslaved the surviving Pequot, and some were forced to become household servants of the Puritans in New England. Most were sent to the West Indies to be sold as labor for plantation agriculture of sugar cane and other commodity crops. Others were transferred to the Mohegan and Narragansett, traditional enemies of the Pequot; the other tribes had become allies of the English.[14]
A few Pequot returned or survived in their traditional homeland, as marginal inhabitants of the territory they had once controlled. Through the years they intermarried with the English colonists, other Europeans, and later African Americans. The majority white culture assumed the Natives had assimilated or disappeared. But, many of the Pequot descendants, while multi-racial, retained a sense of culture and continuity.[15] They absorbed others into their culture and identified as Pequot.
Reservation through the 19th century[edit]
The Mashantucket Pequot reservation was created by the Connecticut Colony in 1666. Although it appointed a board of supervisors, it allowed English taking of the lands over the years. In 1855 the state of Connecticut sold off more than 800 acres of the reservation, without getting ratification of this action by Congress. According to the US Constitution, ratified after the American Revolution, only the federal government had the authority to deal directly with Native American tribes and land transactions with them.
20th century to present[edit]
By the time of the 1910 US Census, only 13 tribal members lived on the reservation.[16] By the early 20th century, the reservation of 214 acres had a total population of 20 or 30 persons. In 1973, with the death of Elizabeth George (1894-1973), the last Pequot living on the reservation, the federal government started planning to take back the land. But in this period, the number of tribal members had increased, and they had maintained some continuity of culture. They began to organize politically and planned to assert their sovereignty and try to reclaim some of the land they had lost in the 19th-century Connecticut sale.
In 1976, under the leadership of newly appointed tribal council chairman, Richard "Skip" Hayward, son of Elizabeth George, the Mashantucket Pequot filed a federal land claim against the state. They challenged the state's illegal sale of more than 800 acres of reservation lands in 1855. The US Department of Justice entered the suit, as it dealt with federal issues and constitutionality of the state action. The suit's settlement was documented by federal legislation in 1983: the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Land Claims Settlement Act included the tribe's federal recognition, and was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan.
also filing a federal land claims suit against the state of Connecticut for its sale of land in 1855.[17] The tribe achieved political success by persuading Congressmen and appropriate committees in making the case for recognition and land claims. In this period, some tribes based in New York filed land claim suits against its state government, winning in court.
On October 18, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed the Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement Act, which included federal recognition of the Mashantucket Pequot. They were the eighth American Indian tribe to gain federal recognition through an act of Congress rather than through the administrative process of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and Department of Interior.[18] At least one other case of recognition had also been tied to the settlement of a tribe's legitimate land claim.
The Mashantucket Pequot have since added to their reservation by purchase and placed the additional lands into trust with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) on behalf of the tribe. As of the 2000 census, their total land area was 2.17 square miles (5.6 km2).[19]
Controversies[edit]
The Bureau of Indian Affairs had established criteria, in consultation with federally recognized tribes, by which tribes seeking recognition had to document cultural and community continuity, a political organization, and related factors. Among the criteria are having to prove continuous existence as a recognized community since 1900, with internal government, and tribal rules for membership.
In 1993, Donald Trump, who had business interests at the time in Atlantic City, New Jersey that competed with the Foxwoods casino, made provocative statements about the tribe in his testimony to a Congressional committee. Trump said that the tribal casino owners "did not look like real Indians."[20][21]
Trump later became a key investor with the Paucatuck Eastern Pequot, who were seeking federal recognition.[22]
In his book Without Reservation: The Making of America's Most Powerful Indian Tribe and Foxwoods the World's Largest Casino (2001), Jeff Benedict suggested that the Mashantuckets were not descended from the historical Pequot tribe, but rather from the Narragansett tribe.[17] The Pequots denounced the book. They asserted in public debates that Benedict's genealogical research was inherently flawed, as it failed to reflect the correct descendant lineages for the Mashantucket Pequot people identified on the 1900 and 1910 US Censuses. Dr. Laurence Hauptman, a State University of New York Distinguished Professor of History and specialist in Native American history, disputed many aspects of Benedict's work. He argued with Benedict's assertions on the genealogy of current members.[4] The anthropologist Katherine A. Spilde also criticized Benedict's book.[23]
In 2002, the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation of North Stonington, Connecticut, gained federal recognition, as did the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation in 2004. The state of Connecticut, casino interests, and some jurisdictions challenged these approvals. After a review and the re-election of President George W. Bush in 2004, the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 2005 revoked recognition of both these Connecticut tribes. It was the first time since the 1970s that the agency had terminated any federally recognized tribe.
Tribal membership rules[edit]
The Mashantucket Pequot tribe receives numerous requests from individuals applying for admission as members. They base tribal membership on an individual proving descent, by recognized genealogical documentation, from one or more members of eleven families included on the 1900 US census of the tribe.[4]
Each federally recognized tribe has the authority to set its own membership/citizenship rules. Their descent rules are similar to the Cherokee Nation's reliance on proven direct descent from those Cherokee listed in the early 20th-century Dawes Rolls. In addition, the Mashantucket Pequot have begun to require genetic testing of newborn children whose parents apply to enroll them as members, to ensure the child is descended from the parent claiming tribal membership.[24]
Economic and cultural developments[edit]
Since the late 20th century, the interpretation of laws related to tribal sovereignty of federally recognized tribes has enabled some tribal nations to develop new businesses and sources of revenue. Particularly important has been the development of gaming casinos and related resort facilities, which have generated substantial revenues in some locations for the tribe to invest in other economic development and welfare of the tribe. The Mashantucket Pequot decided to use gambling as a revenue generator to support other economic development and welfare programs. In 1986 they established a high-stakes bingo hall and later added related facilities.
In 1992, the Mashantucket Pequot opened their resort casino, called Foxwoods. Now one of the largest casinos in the world, in 2008 it was one of the most successful. The facility includes hotel and resort conference facilities. It is located near the large metropolitan area of New York City. It provides a variety of jobs for tribal members but, more importantly, the tribe has used revenues from the casino to invest in other community development, such as its adjacent museum.[25]
Adjacent to Foxwoods, the tribe maintains the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center. This interprets Pequot history and culture of several millennia. The museum is an educational center for both school children and adults, and has attracted international visitors. The museum hosts local and international indigenous artists and musicians, as well as mounting changing exhibits of artifacts throughout the year.
See also[edit]
Indigenous peoples of North America portal
Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement
Foxwoods Resort Casino
Indian gaming
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
Mashantucket Pequot Reservation Archeological District, a U.S. National Historic Landmark
Wetu
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jessica Durkin, "Mashantucket Election Returns Council Incumbents," Norwich Bulletin, 7 November 2005
Jump up ^ Associated Press, "Indian casinos struggle to get out from under debt," FOX News online, 21 January 2012
Jump up ^ Michael Sokolove, "Foxwoods is fighting for its life", New York Times Magazine, 14 March 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c Laurence M. Hauptman, "A Review" of Jeff Benedict’s Without Reservation: The Making of America’s Most Powerful Indian Tribe and Foxwoods, the World’s Largest Casino Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine., Indian Gaming, 17 March 2009
Jump up ^ "MPTN Inauguration an entertaining cultural affair", Pequot Times, January 2008, retrieved 2008-01-17
Jump up ^ EconPapers Online
Jump up ^ William Hubbard, The History of the Indian Wars in New England 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1845), vol. 2, pp. 6–7.
Jump up ^ For archaeological investigations, see Irving Rouse, "Ceramic Traditions and Sequences in Connecticut", Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 21 (1947): 25; Kevin McBride, Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1984), pp. 126–28, 199–269; and Means, "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships", 26–33
Jump up ^ Alfred A. Cave, "The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence", New England Quarterly 62 (1989): 27–44
Jump up ^ Truman D. Michelson, "Notes on Algonquian Language", International Journal of American Linguistics 1 (1917): 56–57.
Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow and Kim M. Lamphear, "European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics", Ethnohistory 35 (1988): 16–38.
Jump up ^ Refer to Sherburne F. Cook, "The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of the New England Indians", Human Biology 45 (1973): 485–508; and Arthur E. Speiro and Bruce D. Spiess, "New England Pandemic of 1616–1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication", Man in the Northeast 35 (1987): 71–83.
Jump up ^ For Mason and Underhill's first-person accounts, refer to John Mason, A Brief History of the Pequot War: Especially of the Memorable taking of their Fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637 (Boston: S. Kneeland & T. Green, 1736); and John Underhill, Nevves from America; or, A New and Experimentall Discoverie of New England: Containing, a True Relation of their War-like Proceedings these two yeares last past, with a figure of the Indian fort, or Palizado (London: I. D[awson] for Peter Cole, 1638).
Jump up ^ Lion Gardiner, "Relation of the Pequot Warres" in History of the Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent, and Gardiner (Cleveland, 1897), p. 138; Ethel Boissevain, "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves", Man in the Northwest 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103–114; and Karen O. Kupperman, Providence Island, 1630–1641: The Other Puritan Colony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 172.
Jump up ^ "Family Behind Foxwoods Loses Hold in Tribe", The New York Times, June 2, 2007, retrieved 2015-10-11
Jump up ^ "Thirteenth Census of the United States taken in the year 1910", United States Bureau of the Census, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912–1914).
^ Jump up to: a b Jeff Benedict (2001), Without Reservation: How a Controversial Indian Tribe Rose to Power and Built the World's Largest Casino, New York: Perennial, ISBN 978-0-06-093196-4, retrieved 2007-02-14
Jump up ^ Mashantucket Pequot Indian Claims Settlement Act (1983), S. 366.
Jump up ^ Connecticut – American Indian Area , Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump's Long History of Clashes with Native Americans", Washington Post, 25 July 2016
Jump up ^ "Connecticut Tribal Leaders Speak Out against Trump's Remarks", FOX 61, 07 July 2016
Jump up ^ "Trump, the Connecticut Years", Hartford Courant, 13 October 2016
Jump up ^ Katherine A. Spilde, "A Review": Jeff Benedict, Without Reservation: The Making of America’s Most Powerful Indian Tribe and Foxwoods, the World’s Largest Casino Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine., Indian Gaming, 17 March 2009
Jump up ^ Reprint: Karen Kaplan, "Ancestry in a Drop of Blood" Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine., Los Angeles Times, 30 August 2005, RaceSciWebsite, accessed 17 March 2009
Jump up ^ "Opinion: The Dealers Show Their Cards", The New York Times, December 2, 2007, retrieved 2008-01-17
Further reading[edit]
Primary sources[edit]
Hubbard, William. The History of the Indian Wars in New England 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1845).
Mason, John. A Brief History of the Pequot War: Especially of the Memorable taking of their Fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637/Written by Major John Mason, a principal actor therein, as then chief captain and commander of Connecticut forces; With an introduction and some explanatory notes by the Reverend Mr. Thomas Prince (Boston: Printed & sold by. S. Kneeland & T. Green in Queen Street, 1736).
Mather, Increase. A Relation of the Troubles which have Hapned in New-England, by Reason of the Indians There, from the Year 1614 to the Year 1675 (New York: Arno Press, [1676] 1972).
Underhill, John. Nevves from America; or, A New and Experimentall Discoverie of New England: Containing, a True Relation of their War-like Proceedings these two yeares last past, with a figure of the Indian fort, or Palizado. Also a discovery of these places, that as yet have very few or no inhabitants which would yeeld special accommodation to such as will plant there . . . By Captaine Iohn Underhill, a commander in the warres there (London: Printed by I. D[awson] for Peter Cole, and are to be sold at the signe of the Glove in Corne-hill neere the Royall Exchange, 1638).
Mashantucket Pequot Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Connecticut United States Census Bureau
Vincent, Philip. A True Relation of the late Battell fought in New England, between the English, and the Salvages: With the present state of things there (London: Printed by M[armaduke] P[arsons] for Nathanael Butter, and Iohn Bellamie, 1637).
Secondary sources[edit]
Benedict, Jeff. Without Reservation: How a Controversial Indian Tribe Rose to Power and Built the World's Largest Casino (New York, NY: Perennial, 2001).
Review: Without Reservation, Indian Gaming
Boissevain, Ethel. "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves," Man in the Northwest 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103–114.
Cave, Alfred A. "The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence", New England Quarterly 62 (1989): 27–44.
Cave, Alfred A. The Pequot War (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996).
Eisler, Kim Isaac. Revenge of the Pequots: How a Small Native American Tribe Created the World's Most Profitable Casino (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2001).
Fromson, Brett Duval. Hitting the Jackpot: The Inside Story of the Richest Indian Tribe in History (New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003).
Hauptman, Laurence M. & James D. Wherry, eds. The Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993).
McBride, Kevin. "The Historical Archaeology of the Mashantucket Pequots, 1637–1900", in Laurence M. Hauptman and James Wherry, eds. Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), pp. 96–116.
McBride, Kevin. "Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1984).
https://books.google.com/books/about/Facing_East_from_Indian_Country.html?id=NXCxAl75LfIC[ Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America], (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).
Simmons, William S. Spirit of the New England Tribes: Indian History and Folklore, 1620–1984 (Dartmouth, NH: University Press of New England, 1986).
Spiero, Arthur E., and Bruce E. Speiss. "New England Pandemic of 1616–1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication," Man in the Northeast, 35 (1987): 71–83.
Vaughan, Alden T. "Pequots and Puritans: The Causes of the War of 1637", William and Mary Quarterly 3rd Ser., Vol. 21, No. 2 (April 1964), pp. 256–269; also republished in Roots of American Racism: Essays on the Colonial Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
External links[edit]
Map of the Mashantucket Pequot Reservation, 2009, US Census Bureau
"The Pequot", Foxwoods
Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement, Pub. L. No. 98-134, 97 Stat. 851 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1751–60), 1983
Pequot History, Dick Shovel
National Indian Gaming Association (NIGA)
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text:
1983 America's Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
25th America's Cup
Defender United States
Defender club:
New York Yacht Club
Yacht:
Liberty
Challenger Australia
Challenger club:
Royal Perth Yacht Club
Yacht:
Australia II
Competition
Location:
Newport, Rhode Island, United States
Dates:
14–26 September 1983
Rule:
12-metre
Winner:
Royal Perth Yacht Club
Score:
4–3
The 1983 America's Cup was the occasion of the first winning challenge to the New York Yacht Club, which had successfully defended the cup over a period of 132 years. An Australian syndicate representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club fielded the Australia II, skippered by John Bertrand, against defender Liberty, skippered by Dennis Conner. Australia II won the match races to win the America's Cup, ending the longest winning streak in sporting history and ending U.S. domination of the racing series.
Contents
[hide]
1 The defender: Liberty
2 The challenger: Australia II
3 The races
4 Aftermath
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
The defender: Liberty[edit]
Skippered by team principal Dennis Conner, Liberty won all the Defender trials and on September 2, 1983, the New York Yacht Club confirmed that Liberty was to represent the NYYC as defender of the America's Cup.[1]
During the summer preceding the trials, Conner had been the focus of extensive media attention in the U.S. He was even featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine, a rare recognition for a sailor.[citation needed]
The crew included Connor as skipper, Tom Whidden, navigator Halsey Chase Herreshoff, Scott Vogel, and mainsheet trimmer John Marshall.
Liberty had competed with John Kolius' Courageous and Tom Blackaller's Defender in a defender series before being selected by the New York Yacht Club.[2] Gary Jobson was the founder and tactician of the Courageous/Defender syndicate.[3]
The challenger: Australia II[edit]
Main article: Australia II
See also: 1983 Louis Vuitton Cup
Alan Bond arrived at Newport with Australia II, billed as one of the biggest threats to American dominance of the 12 Metre class. The boat was designed by Ben Lexcen and skippered by John Bertrand. The revolutionary "winged keel" of the Australian yacht was a subject of controversy from the outset of the challenger series, with the New York Yacht club alleging that the winged keel boat was not a legal 12 Meter, and that the keel design itself was the result of Dutch engineers, and not by Lexcen. This second point would have made Australia II illegal under the requirement that the boat be "designed and constructed in country" as the Deed of Gift that governed the competition stipulated.[4] The boat was ruled a legal 12 Meter, and she was allowed to participate in the regatta. The speed of the new contender, along with the controversy and protests intensified international media attention to the series.
Australia II dominated the challenger series and entered the America's Cup finals as the most promising contender to date.
The races[edit]
The U.S. yacht won the first and second races by margins of more than a minute when the Australian yacht suffered equipment failure, but the Australia II took the third race, and came back to win the fifth and sixth races after Liberty won the fourth. This was the first time the America's Cup had needed a sixth race, let alone a seventh.[5]
Date
Winner
Yacht
Loser
Yacht
Score
Delta
September 14, 1983 Liberty US-40 Australia II KA-6 0-1 1:10
September 15, 1983 Liberty US-40 Australia II KA-6 0-2 1:33
September 18, 1983 Australia II KA-6 Liberty US-40 1-2 3:14
September 20, 1983 Liberty US-40 Australia II KA-6 1-3 0:43
September 21, 1983 Australia II KA-6 Liberty US-40 2-3 1:47
September 22, 1983 Australia II KA-6 Liberty US-40 3-3 3:25
September 26, 1983 Australia II KA-6 Liberty US-40 4-3 0:41
The cup title came down to the seventh and final race. For the seventh and deciding race on 26 September 1983 the wind was light at around eight knots. The pre-start was not a typical match race start. “Neither party wanted to make a mistake and end up in the protest room,” Conner would explain later.[6] Liberty won the start by eight seconds ahead of Australia II on paper but the Australians held a controlling position at the favoured end sailing toward the favoured side which gave them the early lead. Australia II was subsequently overtaken by Conner who built up what seemed to be an unassailable margin. At the start of the penultimate leg (a square run) the America's Cup looked like it would stay in Newport. Conner failed to cover Australia II which allowed them to run deeper and faster assisted by breeze and windshifts allowing Australia II to overtake the Americans by the leeward mark. Conner then engaged Australia II in a spectacular tacking duel with nearly 50 tacks including a number of faked "dummy" tacks trying to break the Australians' cover. Australia II held on until both boats reached the starboard layline in amongst the spectator fleet and tacked several boat lengths ahead of Liberty and sailed to the finish to take the race. Australia II crossed the finish line with a winning margin of 41 seconds, becoming the first successful challenger in the 132 years "since the schooner America won it in a race around England's Isle of Wight in 1851”.[7]
Aftermath[edit]
The final race was televised in Australia in the early hours of 27 September 1983 (Australian time) just before dawn, and the victory was celebrated in public venues across Australia. Prime Minister Bob Hawke was interviewed at the dawn celebration in Claremont, Western Australia. After humorously fending off repeated questioning by journalists about whether he would declare a public holiday he admitted this was a state matter and outside his power as Prime Minister. He joked that he thought it should be and that any state Premiers who disagreed with him might "find themselves in a spot of bother". To rapturous laughter and applause he said with finality "Any boss who sacks a worker for not turning up today is a bum".[8]
The loss of the 1983 America's Cup was considered a time of shame in U.S. sailing, as the U.S. had been able to defend the Cup for 132 years. Dennis Conner took the loss hard. Asked about how he felt initially after losing the Cup Conner said: “It was awful. I just did not want to get out of bed in the morning. I am usually full of life and energy... I just wanted to hide”.[9]
The America's Cup was transferred from the New York Yacht Club to the Royal Perth Yacht Club located in Perth, Western Australia, which subsequently hosted its first, but unsuccessful, defense in the 1987 America's Cup. After losing the Cup the U.S. had been determined to bring it back. Conner went to work on the next US America’s Cup Campaign. With the help of designers Britton Chance, Jr., Bruce Nelson and David Pedrick, the boat Stars and Stripes 87 was created which, after progressively gaining speed in a grueling challenger series, became the 1987 challenger. Stars and Stripes sailed against Kookaburra, the Australian defender, with Conner winning the 1987 America's Cup and returning it to the U.S.[7] The 1992 film Wind portrays in large part the loss of the 1983 Cup and the journey to regain it at the 1987 Challenge. While parts of the film take some creative license with the actual events, Wind has generally been acclaimed as the single most accurate and realistic sailing film ever made, capturing not only the technical and physical challenges of sailing, but also the realistic and daily culture and lifestyle of professional yachtsmen and yachtswomen.[10]
In retrospect, Conner said that losing the Cup in 1983 had been good for the sport of sailing and the Cup itself: “Me losing after 132 years was the best thing that ever happened to the America’s Cup and the best thing that ever happened to Dennis Conner…Before the win by the Australians, the America’s Cup was only big in the minds of the yachties, but the rest of the world didn't know or care about it at all. But when we lost it… it was a little bit like losing the Panama Canal - suddenly everyone appreciated it. If I hadn't lost it, there never would have been the national effort... without that there never would have been the ticker-tape parade up Fifth Avenue in New York, lunch with the President at the White House and all the doors of opportunity that it opened”.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Liberty - US 40 America's Cup 32nd Official Site
Jump up ^ Bertrand, John Born to win : a lifelong struggle to capture the America's Cup (as told to Patrick Robinson). Sydney : Bantam Books, c1985. ISBN 0-553-05118-0. p.175
Jump up ^ http://www.herreshoff.org/achof/gary_jobson.html
Jump up ^ Australia II America's Cup 32nd Official Site
Jump up ^ America's Cup History CBS Sports
Jump up ^ "32nd America's Cup - Print - An Anniversary of Legendary Proportions." 32nd America's Cup Official Website. Web. 20 February 2011. <http://32nd.americascup.com/en/scripts/print/popup_print.php?idRubrique=35&idContent=13165>
^ Jump up to: a b Bob Fisher and Bob Ross (1987). The America's Cup 1987: The Official Record. Pierson. ISBN 0-947068-05-8
Jump up ^ Nickless, Rachel. (29 August 2012). "Bosses urged to toughen up on sickies". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kothe, Rob. "Sail-World.com : “ Am Glad I Lost the America’s Cup’ Says Dennis Conner." Sail World - Powerboat-world: Sail and Sailing, Cruising, Boating News. Web. 20 February 2011. <http://www.sail-world.com/USA/index.cfm?SEID=2&Nid=7553&SRCID=0&ntid=0&tickeruid=0&tickerCID=0>
Jump up ^ Interviews with Dennis Conner, Australian experts and many critics and others
Further reading[edit]
Akerman, Piers. (1983) The cup comes down under Perth, W.A.: Angus & Robertson,ISBN 0-207-14913-5
The official Advance Australia Souvenir, America's cup 1983. Sydney: Amalgamated Pub. ISBN 0-9592499-0-7
Levitt, Michael & Llloyd, Barbara (1984) Upset : Australia wins the America's Cup color photography by Dan Nerney. Sydney: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-35580-8 (First published: New York: Workman Publishing, 1983).
Moult, Allan (compiler) The America’s Cup ’83 Collector’s edition. McMahon’s Point, N.S.W.: Kevin Weldon & Associates
Panorama Books (1983) How we won the America’s Cup : a souvenir. Perth, W.A. : Panorama Books. ISBN 0-949864-13-7 (ANB/PRECIS SIN 0705837)
Park, Andy (editor) Stannard, Bruce (text) (1984) Australia II : the official record Sydney: Joyce Childress Management. ISBN 0-9591313-0-2
Stannard, Bruce (1983)The triumph of Australia II : the America's Cup challenge of 1983 Sydney: Lansdowne Press. ISBN 0-7018-1800-X
Todd, Nigel and Ross, Brian (1983) America’s Cup ’83 : the official Advance Australia edition Manly, N.S.W.: Sea Spray. OCLC 220177571
Westley, Eileen (1983) America’s Cup ’83, the complete story. Sydney: John Fairfax Marketing. ISBN 0-909558-36-1
Wheatley, Keith (1986) America's Cup '87: the inside story. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-010031-0
Wilson, Lorraine.(1984) The America’s Cup 1983 illustrated by Alex Stitt. Melbourne : Nelson. ISBN 0-17-006452-2
External links[edit]
Alan Bond and John Bertrand at America's Cup celebrations, The Esplanade, Perth
Australia II KA 6
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