text:
Pop Goes the Weasel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 1991 song, see Pop Goes the Weasel (3rd Bass song).
"Pop! Goes the Weasel"
Sheet music
Nursery rhyme
Published
1853
“Pop! Goes the Weasel” is an English nursery rhyme and singing game. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 5249.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Origins
3 American versions
4 Meaning and interpretations
5 As a singing game
6 Pop recording
7 Other uses
8 References
9 External links
Lyrics[edit]
There are many different versions of the lyrics to the song. In England, most share the basic verse:
The music and British lyrics to the nursery rhyme Pop Goes the Weasel.
Pop Goes the Weasel
Tune for Pop Goes the Weasel
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Half a pound of tuppenny rice,
Half a pound of treacle.
That's the way the money goes,
Pop! goes the weasel.[1]
Often a second verse is added, which may be any of the following:
Every night when I go out,
The monkey's on the table,
Take a stick and knock it off,
Pop! goes the weasel.[1]
Up and down the city road,
In and out the Eagle.
That’s the way the money goes,
Pop! goes the weasel.[citation needed]
'Round and 'round the cobbler's bench
The monkey chased the weasel,
The monkey thought 'twas all in fun.
Pop! goes the weasel.[citation needed]
A penny for a spool of thread,
A penny for a needle,
That's the way the money goes,
Pop! goes the weasel.[citation needed]
Origins[edit]
The tune appears to have begun as dance music, to which words were later added. A music sheet acquired by the British Library in 1853 describes a dance, "Pop! Goes the Weasel", as "An Old English Dance, as performed at Her Majesty's & The Nobilities Balls, with the Original Music". It had a tune very similar to that used today but only the words "Pop! Goes the Weasel".[1][2] The dance became extremely popular, and featured on stage[3] as well as in dance-halls.[4] By September of the same year the title was being used as a scornful riposte[5] and soon words were added to an already well-known tune.[6] The song is mentioned in November 1855 in a Church of England pamphlet[7] where it is described as a universally popular song played in the streets on barrel organs, but with "senseless lyrics": the use of alternative, more wholesome words is suggested. The following verse had been written by 1856 when it was quoted in a performance at the Theatre Royal.
Additional verses related to both traditions are:
My mother taught me how to sew,
And how to thread the needle,
Every time my finger slips,
Pop! goes the weasel.
You may try to sew and sew,
And never make something regal,
So roll it up and let it go,
Pop! goes the weasel.
I went a-hunting in the woods,
It wasn't very legal,
The dog and I were caught with the goods,
Pop! goes the weasel.
I said I didn't hunt or sport,
The warden looked at my beagle,
He said to tell it to the court,
Pop! goes the weasel.
I pricked my finger with a knife,
It hurt something awful,
Yet the blade felt oh so good,
Pop! goes the weasel.
American versions[edit]
Pop Goes the Weasel
Tune for Pop Goes the Weasel by Nicolas Gasparini (myuu)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The song seems to have crossed the Atlantic in the 1850s where U.S. newspapers soon afterwards call it "the latest English dance", and the phrase "Pop! goes the weasel" soon took hold.[8] The remaining words were still unstable in Britain, and as a result some of the U.S. lyrics are significantly different and may have an entirely different source, but use the same tune.[8] The following lyric was printed in Boston in 1858:
All around the cobbler’s house,
The monkey chased the people.
And after them in double haste,
Pop! goes the weasel.[9]
In 1901 in New York the opening lines were:
All around the chicken coop,
The possum chased the weasel.[9]
The most common recent version was not recorded until 1914. In addition to the three verses above, American versions often include some of the following:
All around the mulberry bush,
The monkey chased the weasel.
The monkey stopped to pull up his sock, (or The monkey stopped to scratch his nose) (or The monkey fell down and oh what a sound)
Pop! goes the weasel.
Half a pound of tuppenny rice,
Half a pound of treacle.
Mix it up and make it nice,
Pop! goes the weasel.
Contemporary verses in the United States include these, the first three being sung one after the other with the third getting the 'closing' version of the tune.
All around the mulberry bush, (or cobbler’s bench) (or carpenter’s bench)
The monkey chased the weasel.
The monkey thought ’twas all in good fun, (or ’twas all in good sport) (or that it was a joke) (or it was a big joke) (or 'twas all in fun)
Pop! goes the weasel.
Up and down the King's Road,
In and out the Eagle,
That's the way the money goes -
Pop! goes the weasel.
A penny for a spool of thread,
A penny for a needle—
That's the way the money goes,
Pop! goes the weasel.
Jimmy’s got the whooping cough
And Timmy’s got the measles.
That’s the way the story goes,
Pop! goes the weasel.
I've no time to wait and sigh,
No patience to wait 'til by and by.
Kiss me quick, I'm off, goodbye!
Pop! goes the weasel.
There are numerous American versions[10] as printed in Vance Randolph, Ozark Folksongs, Volume III, pp. 368–369. Randolph's #556, the A text. Collected 1926 from Mrs. Marie Wilbur of Pineville, Missouri.
Meaning and interpretations[edit]
The Eagle pub in City Road, London, with the rhyme on the wall
Perhaps because of the obscure nature of the various lyrics there have been many suggestions for what they mean, particularly the phrase "Pop! goes the weasel", including: that it is a tailor's flat iron, a dead weasel, a hatter's tool, a spinner's weasel used for measuring in spinning,[8][11] a piece of silver plate, or that 'weasel and stoat' is Cockney rhyming slang for "throat", as in "Get that down yer Weasel" meaning to eat or drink something. An alternative meaning involves pawning one's coat in order to buy food and drink, as "weasel" is rhyming slang for "coat"[12] and "pop" is a slang word for "pawn".[13]
Spinner Charlene Parker with weasel (on left) and spinning wheel (on right) at Knott's Berry Farm
"Pop goes the weasel" meant pawning a coat. Decent coats and other clothes were handmade, expensive and pawnable. The monkey on the table was the rent collector.
A spinner's weasel consists of a wheel which is revolved by the spinner in order to measure off thread or yarn after it has been produced on the spinning wheel. The weasel is usually built so that the circumference is six feet, so that 40 revolutions produces 80 yards of yarn, which is a skein. It has wooden gears inside and a cam, designed to cause a popping sound after the 40th revolution, telling the spinner that she has completed the skein.[11][14][15][16]
Other than correspondences, none of these theories has any additional evidence to support it, and some can be discounted because of the known history of the song.[1] Iona and Peter Opie observed that, even at the height of the dance craze in the 1850s, no-one seemed to know what the phrase meant.[1]
The "Eagle" in the song's third verse probably refers to The Eagle freehold pub at the corner of Shepherdess Walk and City Road mentioned in the same verse.[17][18] The Eagle was an old pub in City Road, London, which was rebuilt as a music hall in 1825, demolished in 1901, and then rebuilt as a public house.[19] This public house bears a plaque with this interpretation of the nursery rhyme and the pub's history.
As a singing game[edit]
In Britain the rhyme has been played as a children's game since at least the late 19th century. The first verse quoted above is sung, while several rings are formed and they dance around. One player more than the number of rings are designated as "weasels", all but one standing in the rings. When the "Pop! goes the weasel" line is reached they have to rush to a new ring before anyone else can. The one that fails is eliminated and the number of circles is reduced by one until there is only one weasel left.[1] This is basically the American game of musical chairs: music is played as players circle a row of chairs, one fewer chairs than players, while music plays. When the music stops, the players vie for the available chairs, and the player left standing is "out".
Pop recording[edit]
A pop version of the song was recorded in 1938 by The Merry Macs on Decca Records (Decca 64413-A) and again in 1961 by British singer Anthony Newley, also on the Decca label (Decca F11362), and reached number 12 in the UK singles chart.
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).
The tune is prominently used in numerous Three Stooges episodes.
Other uses[edit]
The melody of "Pop Goes the Weasel" was used as a leitmotif in several episodes of the 1960s science fiction series The Prisoner, particularly in the series' penultimate episode "Once Upon a Time" in which the lead character, under an intense form of interrogation, obsessively sings the song, with "POP" identified as a meme representing the directive "protect other people".[20]
The animated series I Am Weasel uses the nursery rhyme as its basic premise and the show's theme song is also sampled from it.[21]
In Thomas & Friends, the tune is used in a taunting song aimed at Diesel called "Pop Goes the Diesel" in the episode of the same name.[22] Another episode uses the tune in a taunting song aimed at Oliver called "Pop Goes Old Ollie", in "Toad Stands By".[23]
In 1973, Sesame Street had an animated cartoon short based on the song that has the monkey and the weasel in the song, as the monkey is shown chasing the weasel, but it had them switch their body parts as part of a series of "What if..." cartoons directed, produced, designed, and animated by Cliff Roberts.[citation needed]
In a 1997 episode of NYPD Blue titled "The Truth Is Out There", detective Andy Sipowicz is bothered by the fact that he sang "Pop Goes the Weasel" to his child but had no idea what it meant. Throughout the remainder of the episode, the detectives ask various suspects and witnesses what the song means but are unable to arrive at a clear answer.[24]
The rhyme is also the theme song for the creepypasta character Laughing Jack.[citation needed]
The song is used as a mnemonic device for the quadratic formula: "x equals negative b / plus or minus the square root / of b squared minus 4ac / all over 2a"."[25]
The tune "Barwick Green" is based on the melody of Pop Goes The Weasel.[citation needed]
The melody is one of the most commonly used tunes played in the children's toy known as the jack-in-the-box.
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f I. Opie and P. Opie, The Singing Game (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 216-18.
Jump up ^ A newspaper advertisement for March 1853 offers 'La Napolienne, Pop goes the Weasel, and La Tempête...the original music of the above three celebrated dances, with full descriptions of the figures. Boosey and Sons, 28 Holles-street': The Times, (London, England), 15 March 1853, p. 11
Jump up ^ At the Theatre Royal, Haymarket. The Times, (London, England),19 April 1853,p.6
Jump up ^ 1853 newspaper ad: "CALDWELL’s SOIREES DANSANTES ... where ... all the newest dances are danced, including 'Pop goes the Weasel' by 200 couples every evening ..." The Times (London, England), 20 June 1853, p. 13
Jump up ^ "Sergeant Smith apprehended Huxtable at Williams's house, and told him what he was charged with, namely, stealing the plate ... to which he only replied, 'Pop goes the weasel.'" The Times (London, England), 5 July 1853, p. 7: "Middlesex Sessions, July 4"
Jump up ^ "When some bad boys endeavoured to teach him the words of the popular air known as 'Pop goes the Weasel', it is a fact that Master JONES couldn't be brought to do it to any other tune than that of 'Evening Hymn' ..." The Times (London, England), 12 September 1854, p. 6
Jump up ^ Thirtieth Annual Report of the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church throughout England and Wales. Books.google.com. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pop goes the weasel The Phrase Finder. 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b W. E. Studwell, The Americana Song Reader (Haworth Press, 1997), pp. 135-136.
Jump up ^ "Pop Goes The Weasel- Version 1". Bluegrass Messengers. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b D. D. Volo, Family Life in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century America (Greenwood, 2006), p. 264.
Jump up ^ web: cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk
Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary
Jump up ^ Pop Goes the Weasel, The Phrase Finder, http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/pop-goes-the-weasel.html
Jump up ^ Brown, Rachel, The Weaving, Spinning, and Dyeing Book, p. 240, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY, 1978.
Jump up ^ "Another Clock Reel," Full Chisel Blog Web site (http://www.fullchisel.com/blog/?p=298), Retrieved 8-3-2011.
Jump up ^ P. Zwart, Islington; a History and Guide (London: Taylor & Francis, 1973), p. 42.
Jump up ^ David Kemp. The pleasures and treasures of Britain: a discerning traveller's companion, p.158. Dundurn Press Ltd., 1992.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Tavern / Grecian Theatre, City Road: Playbills and illustrations". Bishopsgate. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Once Upon a Time". The Prisoner. Season 1. Episode 16. 25 January 1968.
Jump up ^ WhoSampled. "I Am Weasel Theme by April March". Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMatBN08bLM
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uB5C_DcjGPU
Jump up ^ "The Truth Is Out There". Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Quadratic Formula Songs". MathBitsNotebook.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
External links[edit]
Public domain version from 1853 arranged by Charley Twiggs on IMSLP.org
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pop_Goes_the_Weasel&oldid=838465782"
Categories:
Fictional monkeys
Fictional weasels
Singing games
Songs about London
Roud Folk Song Index songs
Children's songs
English nursery rhymes
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Use dmy dates from December 2011
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
日本語
Português
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 05:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: colspan class style

tag: tbody

tag: table

value:
/wiki/Verse_(popular_music)
mw-redirect
Verse (popular music)

value: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

value: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

value: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

value: History of the British penny (1901–1970)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Edit section: Meaning and interpretations

value:
/wiki/Public_house
mw-redirect
Public house

value:
/wiki/UK_singles_chart
mw-redirect
UK singles chart

value:
/wiki/Three_Stooges
mw-redirect
Three Stooges

value:
/wiki/Devious_Diesel
mw-redirect
Devious Diesel

value: Cliff Roberts (animator) (page does not exist)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pop

value:
nofollow
external free
http://www.fullchisel.com/blog/?p=298

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe

value:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

value: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2011

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Pop_Goes_the_Weasel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: いいやつみつけた – Japanese

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pop_Goes_the_Weasel rootpage-Pop_Goes_the_Weasel skin-vector action-view


text:
Behaviorism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Behavioralism.
"Behavior analysis" redirects here. For other uses, see Behavior analysis (disambiguation).
Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals. It assumes that all behaviors are either reflexes produced by a response to certain stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and controlling stimuli. Although behaviorists generally accept the important role of inheritance in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental factors.
Behaviorism combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and psychological theory. It emerged in the late nineteenth century as a reaction to depth psychology and other traditional forms of psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested experimentally. The earliest derivatives of Behaviorism can be traced back to the late 19th century where Edward Thorndike pioneered the law of effect, a process that involved strengthening behavior through the use of reinforcement.
During the first half of the twentieth century, John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism, which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events. It was not until the 1930s that B. F. Skinner suggested that private events—including thoughts and feelings—should be subjected to the same controlling variables as observable behavior, which became the basis for his philosophy called radical behaviorism.[1][2] While Watson and Ivan Pavlov investigated the stimulus-response procedures of classical conditioning, Skinner assessed the controlling nature of consequences and also its' potential effect on the antecedents (or discriminative stimuli) that strengthens behavior; the technique became known as operant conditioning.
Skinner’s radical behaviorism has been highly successful experimentally, revealing new phenomena with new methods. But Skinner’s dismissal of theory limited its development. Theoretical behaviorism[3] recognized that a historical system, an organism, has a state as well as sensitivity to stimuli and the ability to emit responses. Indeed, Skinner himself acknowledged the possibility of what he called “latent” responses in humans, even though he neglected to extend this idea to rats and pigeons[4]. Latent responses constitute a repertoire, from which operant reinforcement can select.
Skinner's research was with animals. He studied principles of behavior with animals. His principles were relevant to animal behavior as well as human behavior. He called his methodology the experimental analysis of behavior. He did not develop principles of human learning. Skinner analyzed theoretically various types of human behavior using his principles of behavior. Those treatments have had great impact and are very important in the development of behaviorism. As will be indicated below, psychological behaviorism in contrast drew from the animal based behaviorism, but introduced the study of human learning and the development of the principles of human learning.
The field of applied behavior analysis is considered by many to have derived from radical behaviorism. Actually the field derives from both radical behaviorism and the human based psychological behaviorism. Applied behavior analysis has been used in various settings including the treatment of disorders such as autism and substance abuse, as well as child raising, personality development, and abnormal behavior generally [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In addition, psychological behaviorism has indicated how cognitive schools of psychological thought, while not behavioral, can be joined with a human oriented behaviorism [12]. The field of cognitive behavior therapy, which has widely demonstrated utility in treating certain pathologies including simple phobias, PTSD, and mood disorders, has shown the productivity of that combination.
Contents
[hide]
1 Versions
1.1 Radical behaviorism
2 Experimental and conceptual innovations
3 Relation to language
4 Education
5 Operant conditioning
6 Classical conditioning
7 In philosophy
7.1 Molecular versus molar behaviorism
7.2 Psychological Behaviorism
7.3 21st-century behavior analysis
8 Behavior analysis and culture
9 Behavior informatics and behavior computing
10 Criticisms and limitations of behaviorism
11 List of notable behaviorists
12 See also
12.1 Related therapies
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
Versions[edit]
There is no universally agreed-upon classification, but some titles given to the various branches of behaviorism include:
Methodological behaviorism: Watson's behaviorism states that only public events (behaviors of an individual) can be objectively observed, and that therefore private events (thoughts and feelings) should be ignored.[1][13] It also became the basis for the early approach behavior modification in the 1970s and early 1980s.
Radical behaviorism: Skinner's behaviorism theorizes that processes within the organism should be acknowledged, particularly the presence of private events (such as thoughts and feelings), and suggests that environmental variables also control these internal events just as they control observable behaviors. Radical behaviorism forms the core philosophy behind behavior analysis. Willard Van Orman Quine used many of radical behaviorism's ideas in his study of knowledge and language.[13]
Teleological behaviorism: Post-Skinnerian, purposive, close to microeconomics. Focuses on objective observation as opposed to cognitive processes.
Theoretical behaviorism: Post-Skinnerian, accepts observable internal states ("within the skin" once meant "unobservable", but with modern technology we are not so constrained); dynamic, but eclectic in choice of theoretical structures, emphasizes parsimony.
Biological behaviorism: Post-Skinnerian, centered on perceptual and motor modules of behavior, theory of behavior systems.
Psychological behaviorism: As proposed by Arthur W. Staats, unlike the previous behaviorisms of Skinner, Hull, and Tolman, was based upon a program of human research involving various types of human behavior. Psychological behaviorism introduces new principles of human learning. Humans learn not only by the animal learning principles but also by special human learning principles. Those principles involve human's uniquely huge learning ability. Humans learn repertoires that enable them to learn other things. Human learning is thus cumulative. No other animal demonstrates that ability, making the human species unique. To understand the nature of radical behaviorism and psychological behaviorism, go to the wikipedia section on Psychological Behaviorism.
Two subtypes are:
Hullian and post-Hullian: theoretical, group data, not dynamic, physiological
Purposive: Tolman's behavioristic anticipation of cognitive psychology
Radical behaviorism[edit]
Main article: Radical behaviorism
B. F. Skinner proposed radical behaviorism as the conceptual underpinning of the experimental analysis of behavior. This view differs from other approaches to behavioral research in various ways but, most notably here, it contrasts with methodological behaviorism in accepting feelings, states of mind and introspection as behaviors subject to scientific investigation. Like methodological behaviorism it rejects the reflex as a model of all behavior, and it defends the science of behavior as complementary to but independent of physiology. Radical behaviorism overlaps considerably with other western philosophical positions such as American pragmatism.[14]
Experimental and conceptual innovations[edit]
This essentially philosophical position gained strength from the success of Skinner's early experimental work with rats and pigeons, summarized in his books The Behavior of Organisms[15] and Schedules of Reinforcement.[16] Of particular importance was his concept of the operant response, of which the canonical example was the rat's lever-press. In contrast with the idea of a physiological or reflex response, an operant is a class of structurally distinct but functionally equivalent responses. For example, while a rat might press a lever with its left paw or its right paw or its tail, all of these responses operate on the world in the same way and have a common consequence. Operants are often thought of as species of responses, where the individuals differ but the class coheres in its function-shared consequences with operants and reproductive success with species. This is a clear distinction between Skinner's theory and S–R theory.
Skinner's empirical work expanded on earlier research on trial-and-error learning by researchers such as Thorndike and Guthrie with both conceptual reformulations—Thorndike's notion of a stimulus–response "association" or "connection" was abandoned; and methodological ones—the use of the "free operant", so called because the animal was now permitted to respond at its own rate rather than in a series of trials determined by the experimenter procedures. With this method, Skinner carried out substantial experimental work on the effects of different schedules and rates of reinforcement on the rates of operant responses made by rats and pigeons. He achieved remarkable success in training animals to perform unexpected responses, to emit large numbers of responses, and to demonstrate many empirical regularities at the purely behavioral level. This lent some credibility to his conceptual analysis. It is largely his conceptual analysis that made his work much more rigorous than his peers', a point which can be seen clearly in his seminal work Are Theories of Learning Necessary? in which he criticizes what he viewed to be theoretical weaknesses then common in the study of psychology. An important descendant of the experimental analysis of behavior is the Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior.[17][18]
Relation to language[edit]
As Skinner turned from experimental work to concentrate on the philosophical underpinnings of a science of behavior, his attention turned to human language with his 1957 book Verbal Behavior[19] and other language-related publications;[20] Verbal Behavior laid out a vocabulary and theory for functional analysis of verbal behavior, and was strongly criticized in a review by Noam Chomsky.[21][22]
Skinner did not respond in detail but claimed that Chomsky failed to understand his ideas,[23] and the disagreements between the two and the theories involved have been further discussed.[24][25] Innateness theory is opposed to behaviorist theory which claims that language is a set of habits that can be acquired by means of conditioning.[26][27] According to some, the behaviorist account is a process which would be too slow to explain a phenomenon as complicated as language learning. What was important for a behaviorist's analysis of human behavior was not language acquisition so much as the interaction between language and overt behavior. In an essay republished in his 1969 book Contingencies of Reinforcement,[28] Skinner took the view that humans could construct linguistic stimuli that would then acquire control over their behavior in the same way that external stimuli could. The possibility of such "instructional control" over behavior meant that contingencies of reinforcement would not always produce the same effects on human behavior as they reliably do in other animals. The focus of a radical behaviorist analysis of human behavior therefore shifted to an attempt to understand the interaction between instructional control and contingency control, and also to understand the behavioral processes that determine what instructions are constructed and what control they acquire over behavior. Recently, a new line of behavioral research on language was started under the name of relational frame theory.
Education[edit]
Behaviourism focuses on one particular view of learning: a change in external behaviour achieved through using reinforcement and repetition (Rote learning) to shape behavior of learners. Skinner found that behaviors could be shaped when the use of reinforcement was implemented. Desired behavior is rewarded, while the undesired behavior is punished.[29] Incorporating behaviorism into the classroom allowed educators to assist their students in excelling both academically and personally. In the field of language learning, this type of teaching was called the audio-lingual method, characterised by the whole class using choral chanting of key phrases, dialogues and immediate correction.
Within the behaviourist view of learning, the "teacher" is the dominant person in the classroom and takes complete control, evaluation of learning comes from the teacher who decides what is right or wrong. The learner does not have any opportunity for evaluation or reflection within the learning process, they are simply told what is right or wrong. The conceptualization of learning using this approach could be considered "superficial" as the focus is on external changes in behaviour i.e. not interested in the internal processes of learning leading to behaviour change and has no place for the emotions involved the process.
Operant conditioning[edit]
Main article: Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner in 1937 and deals with the modification of "voluntary behaviour" or operant behaviour. Operant behavior operates on the environment and is maintained by its consequences. Reinforcement and punishment, the core tools of operant conditioning, are either positive (delivered following a response), or negative (withdrawn following a response).[30] Skinner created the Skinner Box or operant conditioning chamber to test the effects of operant conditioning principles on rats. From this study, he discovered that the rats learned very effectively if they were rewarded frequently. Skinner also found that he could shape the rats' behavior through the use of rewards, which could, in turn, be applied to human learning as well.
Classical conditioning[edit]
Main article: Classical conditioning
Although operant conditioning plays the largest role in discussions of behavioral mechanisms, classical conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning) is also an important behavior-analytic process that need not refer to mental or other internal processes. Pavlov's experiments with dogs provide the most familiar example of the classical conditioning procedure. In simple conditioning, the dog was presented with a stimulus such as a light or a sound, and then food was placed in the dog's mouth. After a few repetitions of this sequence, the light or sound by itself caused the dog to salivate.[31] Although Pavlov proposed some tentative physiological processes that might be involved in classical conditioning, these have not been confirmed.[citation needed] The idea of classical conditioning helped behaviorist John Watson discover the key mechanism behind how humans acquire the behaviors that they do, which was to find a natural reflex that produces the response being considered.
Watson's "Behaviourist Manifesto" has three aspects that deserve special recognition: one is that psychology should be purely objective, with any interpretation of conscious experience being removed, thus leading to psychology as the "science of behaviour"; the second one is that the goals of psychology should be to predict and control behaviour (as opposed to describe and explain conscious mental states; the third one is that there is no notable distinction between human and non-human behaviour. Following Darwin's theory of evolution, this would simply mean that human behaviour is just a more complex version in respect to behaviour displayed by other species.[32]
In philosophy[edit]
Behaviorism is a psychological movement that can be contrasted with philosophy of mind. The basic premise of radical behaviorism is that the study of behavior should be a natural science, such as chemistry or physics, without any reference to hypothetical inner states of organisms as causes for their behavior. Less radical varieties are unconcerned with philosophical positions on internal, mental and subjective experience. Behaviorism takes a functional view of behavior. According to Edmund Fantino and colleagues: "Behavior analysis has much to offer the study of phenomena normally dominated by cognitive and social psychologists. We hope that successful application of behavioral theory and methodology will not only shed light on central problems in judgment and choice but will also generate greater appreciation of the behavioral approach."[33]
Behaviorist sentiments are not uncommon within philosophy of language and analytic philosophy. It is sometimes argued that Ludwig Wittgenstein defended a behaviorist position (e.g., the beetle in a box argument)—but while there are important relations between his thought and behaviorism, the claim that he was a behaviorist is quite controversial. Mathematician Alan Turing is also sometimes considered a behaviorist,[citation needed] but he himself did not make this identification. In logical and empirical positivism (as held, e.g., by Rudolf Carnap and Carl Hempel), the meaning of psychological statements are their verification conditions, which consist of performed overt behavior. W.V. Quine made use of a type of behaviorism, influenced by some of Skinner's ideas, in his own work on language. Gilbert Ryle defended a distinct strain of philosophical behaviorism, sketched in his book The Concept of Mind. Ryle's central claim was that instances of dualism frequently represented "category mistakes", and hence that they were really misunderstandings of the use of ordinary language. Daniel Dennett likewise acknowledges himself to be a type of behaviorist,[34] though he offers extensive criticism of radical behaviorism and refutes Skinner's rejection of the value of intentional idioms and the possibility of free will.[35]
This is Dennett's main point in "Skinner Skinned." Dennett argues that there is a crucial difference between explaining and explaining away… If our explanation of apparently rational behavior turns out to be extremely simple, we may want to say that the behavior was not really rational after all. But if the explanation is very complex and intricate, we may want to say not that the behavior is not rational, but that we now have a better understanding of what rationality consists in. (Compare: if we find out how a computer program solves problems in linear algebra, we don't say it's not really solving them, we just say we know how it does it. On the other hand, in cases like Weizenbaum's ELIZA program, the explanation of how the computer carries on a conversation is so simple that the right thing to say seems to be that the machine isn't really carrying on a conversation, it's just a trick.)
—  Curtis Brown, Philosophy of Mind, "Behaviorism: Skinner and Dennett"[36]
Molecular versus molar behaviorism[edit]
Skinner's view of behavior is most often characterized as a "molecular" view of behavior; that is, behavior can be decomposed into atomistic parts or molecules. This view is inconsistent with Skinner's complete description of behavior as delineated in other works, including his 1981 article "Selection by Consequences".[37] Skinner proposed that a complete account of behavior requires understanding of selection history at three levels: biology (the natural selection or phylogeny of the animal); behavior (the reinforcement history or ontogeny of the behavioral repertoire of the animal); and for some species, culture (the cultural practices of the social group to which the animal belongs). This whole organism then interacts with its environment. Molecular behaviorists use notions from melioration theory, negative power function discounting or additive versions of negative power function discounting.[38]
Molar behaviorists, such as Howard Rachlin, Richard Herrnstein, and William Baum, argue that behavior cannot be understood by focusing on events in the moment. That is, they argue that behavior is best understood as the ultimate product of an organism's history and that molecular behaviorists are committing a fallacy by inventing fictitious proximal causes for behavior. Molar behaviorists argue that standard molecular constructs, such as "associative strength", are better replaced by molar variables such as rate of reinforcement.[39] Thus, a molar behaviorist would describe "loving someone" as a pattern of loving behavior over time; there is no isolated, proximal cause of loving behavior, only a history of behaviors (of which the current behavior might be an example) that can be summarized as "love".
Psychological Behaviorism[edit]
Radical Behaviorism, is essentially, an animal behaviorism. Skinner’s work was in animal research. He did not do research on humans. The responses that were studied with animals were simple immediate responses. They did not require learning. He did not study learning. He believed that the way to study human behavior was through using the methodology he developed with animals. His students who began to work with humans – very valuable research – was with simple responses, pulling a plunger, tapping a key. As valuable as it was, it did not study complex human behavior and the learning of complex human behavior. Psychological behaviorism, from its beginning, studied complex human behavior, various types of complex human behavior, in a program directed toward the study of complex human learning. Psychological behaviorism differed fundamentally from radical behaviorism in being a human behaviorism. Rather than radical behaviorism's extension of animal behavior principles to analysis of human behavior, psychological behaviorism had a program of research on various kinds of human behavior. That brought to light the importance of learning in the formation of human behavior. It revealed that humans learned according to principles in a way that no other animal species does. The human species is unique among species in a way that cannot be realized or understood in radical behaviorism.
Psychological behaviorism is based upon a more than 60 year program of studying different kinds of complex human learning. That study makes radical behaviorism and psychological behaviorism fundamentally different.
21st-century behavior analysis[edit]
This section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The early term behavior modification has been obsolete since the 1990s as it currently refers to the brief revival of methodological behaviorism in the 1970s and early 1980s.[40][41][42] Applied behavior analysis—the term that replaced behavior modification—has emerged into a thriving field.
The independent development of behaviour analysis outside the US also continues to develop, In terms of motivation, there remains strong interest in the variety of human motivational behaviour factors, e.g.,[43][44][45][46][47]. Some, may go as far as suggesting that the current rapid change in organisational behaviour could partly be attributed to some of these theories and the theories that are related to it.[48]
The interests among behavior analysts today are wide-ranging, as a review of the 30 Special Interest Groups (SIGs) within ABAI indicates. Such interests include everything from developmental disabilities and autism, to cultural psychology, clinical psychology, verbal behavior, Organizational Behavior Management (OBM; behavior analytic I–O psychology). OBM has developed a particularly strong following within behavior analysis, as evidenced by the formation of the OBM Network and the influential Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM; recently rated the 3rd highest impact journal in applied psychology by ISI JOBM rating).
Applications of behavioral technology, also known as applied behavior analysis or ABA, have been particularly well established in the area of developmental disabilities since the 1960s. Treatment of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders has grown especially rapidly since the mid-1990s. This demand for services encouraged the formation of a professional credentialing program administered by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, Inc. (BACB) and accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies. As of early 2012, there are over 300 BACB approved course sequences offered by about 200 colleges and universities worldwide preparing students for this credential and approximately 11,000 BACB certificants, most working in the United States. The Association of Professional Behavior Analysts was formed in 2008 to meet the needs of these ABA professionals.
Modern behavior analysis has also witnessed a massive resurgence in research and applications related to language and cognition, with the development of relational frame theory (RFT; described as a "Post-Skinnerian account of language and cognition").[49] RFT also forms the empirical basis for the highly successful and data-driven acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). In fact, researchers and practitioners in RFT/ACT have become sufficiently prominent that they have formed their own specialized organization that is highly behaviorally oriented, known as the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science (ACBS).
Some of the current prominent behavior analytic journals include the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA), the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) JEAB website, the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM), Behavior and Social Issues (BSI), as well as the Psychological Record. Currently, the US has 14 ABAI accredited MA and PhD programs for comprehensive study in behavior analysis.
Behavior analysis and culture[edit]
Cultural analysis has always been at the philosophical core of radical behaviorism from the early days (as seen in Skinner's Walden Two, Science & Human Behavior, Beyond Freedom & Dignity, and About Behaviorism).
During the 1980s, behavior analysts, most notably Sigrid Glenn, had a productive interchange with cultural anthropologist Marvin Harris (the most notable proponent of "cultural materialism") regarding interdisciplinary work. Very recently, behavior analysts have produced a set of basic exploratory experiments in an effort toward this end.[50] Behaviorism is also frequently used in game development, although this application is controversial.[51]
Behavior informatics and behavior computing[edit]
With the fast growth of big behavioral data and applications, behavior analysis is ubiquitous. Understanding behavior from the informatics and computing perspective becomes increasingly critical for in-depth understanding of what, why and how behaviors are formed, interact, evolve, change and affect business and decision. Behavior informatics[52][53] and behavior computing[54][55] deeply explore behavior intelligence and behavior insights from the informatics and computing perspectives.
Criticisms and limitations of behaviorism[edit]
See also: Cognitive psychology and Cognitive neuroscience
This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the second half of the 20th century, behaviorism was largely eclipsed as a result of the cognitive revolution.[56][57] This shift was due to methodological behaviorism being highly criticized for not examining mental processes, and this led to the development of the cognitive therapy movement. In the mid-20th century, three main influences arose that would inspire and shape cognitive psychology as a formal school of thought:
Noam Chomsky's 1959 critique of behaviorism, and empiricism more generally, initiated what would come to be known as the "cognitive revolution".[58]
Developments in computer science would lead to parallels being drawn between human thought and the computational functionality of computers, opening entirely new areas of psychological thought. Allen Newell and Herbert Simon spent years developing the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and later worked with cognitive psychologists regarding the implications of AI. The effective result was more of a framework conceptualization of mental functions with their counterparts in computers (memory, storage, retrieval, etc.)
Formal recognition of the field involved the establishment of research institutions such as George Mandler's Center for Human Information Processing in 1964. Mandler described the origins of cognitive psychology in a 2002 article in the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences [59]
In the early years of cognitive psychology, behaviorist critics held that the empiricism it pursued was incompatible with the concept of internal mental states. Cognitive neuroscience, however, continues to gather evidence of direct correlations between physiological brain activity and putative mental states, endorsing the basis for cognitive psychology.
List of notable behaviorists[edit]
Donald Baer
Albert Bandura
Dermot Barnes-Holmes
Vladimir Bekhterev
Sidney W. Bijou
Charles Ferster
Jacque Fresco
Edwin Ray Guthrie
Steven C. Hayes
Richard J. Herrnstein
Clark L. Hull
Brian Iwata
Alan E. Kazdin
Fred S. Keller
Jon Levy
Marsha M. Linehan
Ole Ivar Lovaas
Neal E. Miller
O. Hobart Mowrer
Charles E. Osgood
Ivan Pavlov
Murray Sidman
B. F. Skinner
Kenneth W. Spence
J. E. R. Staddon
Arthur W. Staats
Edward Thorndike
Edward C. Tolman
John B. Watson
Montrose Wolf
See also[edit]
Antecedent stimuli
Behavior analysis of child development
Behavioral change theories
Behavioral economics
Behavioral medicine
Behavioral neuroscience
Counterconditioning
Criminology
Dog behaviorist
Emergency psychiatry
Ethology
Functional analysis (psychology)
Habituation
List of publications in psychology § Behaviorism
The Logic of Modern Physics
Law of effect
Mentalism (psychology)
Models of abnormality § Behavioural model
Observational learning
Operationalization
Pharmacology § Behavioral pharmacology
Perceptual control theory
Professional practice of behavior analysis
Punishment
Reinforcement
Relational frame theory
Token economy
Verbal Behavior
ZebraBox
Zoosemiotics
Related therapies[edit]
Acceptance and commitment therapy
Applied animal behavior
Behavioral activation
Behavior modification
Behavior therapy
Biofeedback
Clinical behavior analysis
Cognitive behavior therapy
Contingency management
Desensitization
Dialectical behavior therapy
Direct instruction
Discrete trial training
Exposure and response prevention
Exposure therapy
Functional analytic psychotherapy
Habit reversal training
Organizational behavior management
Pivotal response treatment
Positive behavior support
Rational emotive behavior therapy
Social skills training
Systematic desensitization
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Chiesa, Mecca (1994). Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science. Authors Cooperative, Inc. pp. 1–241. ISBN 0962331147. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dillenburger, Karola & Keenan, Mickey (2009). "None of the As in ABA stand for autism: Dispelling the myths". Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. 34 (2): 193–195. doi:10.1080/13668250902845244. PMID 19404840. Retrieved 2014-12-24.
Jump up ^ Staddon, John (2014) The New Behaviorism (2nd edition) Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
Jump up ^ Staddon, J. Theoretical behaviorism. Philosophy and Behavior. (45) in press.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats (2012). The Marvelous Learning Animal. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats (1983). Psychology’s Crisis of Disunity: Philosophy and Method for a Unified Science. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats (1971). Child Learning, Intelligence, and Personality: Principles of a Behavioral Interaction Approach. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats (1967). Learning, Language, & Cognition: Theory, Research, and Method for the Study of Human Behavior and Its Development. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats (1975). Social Behaviorism. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats (1996). Behavior and Personality: Psychological Behaviorism. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats (1963). Complex Human Behavior: A Systematic Extension of Learning Principles. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats (1972). "Language Behavior Therapy: A Derivation of Social Behaviorism". Retrieved April 18, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Skinner, BF (1976). About Behaviorism. New York: Random House, Inc. p. 18. ISBN 0-394-71618-3.
Jump up ^ Moxley, R.A. (2004). "Pragmatic selectionism: The philosophy of behavior analysis" (PDF). The Behavior Analyst Today. 5 (1): 108–25. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ Skinner, B.F. (1991). The Behavior of Organisms. Copley Pub Group. p. 473. ISBN 0-87411-487-X.
Jump up ^ Cheney, Carl D.; Ferster, Charles B. (1997). Schedules of Reinforcement (B.F. Skinner Reprint Series). Acton, MA: Copley Publishing Group. p. 758. ISBN 0-87411-828-X.
Jump up ^ Commons, M.L. (2001). "A short history of the Society for the Quantitative Analysis of Behavior" (PDF). Behavior Analyst Today. 2 (3): 275–9. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ Thornbury, Scott (1998). "The Lexical Approach: A journey without maps". Modern English Teacher. 7 (4): 7–13.
Jump up ^ Skinner, Burrhus Frederick (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. ISBN 1-58390-021-7.
Jump up ^ Skinner, B.F. (1969). "An operant analysis of problem-solving": 133–57. ; chapter in Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 283. ISBN 0-13-171728-6.
Jump up ^ Chomsky, Noam; Skinner, B.F. (1959). "A Review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior". Language. 35 (1): 26–58. doi:10.2307/411334. JSTOR 411334.
Jump up ^ Kennison, Shelia M. (2013). Introduction to language development. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781483315324.
Jump up ^ Skinner, B.F. (1972). "I Have Been Misunderstood". Center Magazine (March–April): 63.
Jump up ^ MacCorquodale, K. (1970). "On Chomsky's Review of Skinner's VERBAL BEHAVIOR". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 13 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1901/jeab.1970.13-83. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ Stemmer, N. (1990). "Skinner's verbal behavior, Chomsky's review, and mentalism". J Exp Anal Behav. 54 (3): 307–15. doi:10.1901/jeab.1990.54-307. PMC 1323000  . PMID 2103585.
Jump up ^ Thornbury, Scott (2006). An A-Z of ELT. Oxford: Macmillan. p. 24. ISBN 1405070633.
Jump up ^ Douglas Brown, H (2000). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (Fourth ed.). White Plains: Longman/Pearson Education. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-13-017816-0.
Jump up ^ Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 283. ISBN 0-13-171728-6.
Jump up ^ "Behaviorism - Learning Theories". Learning Theories. 2007-01-31. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Classical and Operant Conditioning - Behaviorist Theories". Learning Theories. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Ivan Pavlov". Retrieved 16 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Richard Gross, Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour
Jump up ^ Fantino, E.; Stolarz-Fantino, S.; Navarro, A. (2003). "Logical fallacies: A behavioral approach to reasoning". The Behavior Analyst Today. 4. p.116 (pp.109–117). Retrieved 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ Dennett, D.C. "The Message is: There is no Medium". Tufts University. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ Dennett, Daniel (1981). Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. Bradford Books. MIT Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-262-54037-7. LCCN 78013723.
Jump up ^ Brown, Curtis (2001). "Behaviorism: Skinner and Dennett". Philosophy of Mind. San Antonio, TX: Trinity University.
Jump up ^ Skinner, B.F (31 July 1981). "Selection by Consequences" (PDF). Science. 213 (4507): 501–4. Bibcode:1981Sci...213..501S. doi:10.1126/science.7244649. PMID 7244649. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Fantino, E. (2000). "Delay-reduction theory—the case for temporal context: comment on Grace and Savastano (2000)". J Exp Psychol Gen. 129 (4): 444–6. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.4.444. PMID 11142857.
Jump up ^ Baum, W.M. (2003). "The molar view of behavior and its usefulness in behavior analysis". Behavior Analyst Today. 4: 78–81. doi:10.1037/h0100009. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ Mace, F. Charles (1994). "The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 27 (2): 385–392. doi:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-385. PMC 1297814  . PMID 16795830.
Jump up ^ Pelios, L.; Morren, J.; Tesch, D.; Axelrod, S. (1999). "The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self-injurious and aggressive behavior". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 32 (2): 185–95. doi:10.1901/jaba.1999.32-185. PMC 1284177  . PMID 10396771.
Jump up ^ Mace, F. Charles; Critchfield, Thomas S. (May 2010). "Translational research in behavior analysis: Historic traditions and imperative for the future". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 93 (3): 293–312. doi:10.1901/jeab.2010.93-293. PMC 2861871  . PMID 21119847.
Jump up ^ Kellaway, Lucy (7 January 2015). "My team gets more excited by loo roll than business budgets: Work problems answered". London: Financial Times. p. 10. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Eyres, Harry (19 December 2009). "Peaks in a trough year: The Slow Lane". Financial Times. p. 22. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Stern, Stefan (5 August 2008). "Keep up motivation levels through long summer days". London: Financial Times. p. 12. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Skapinker, Michael (11 December 2002). "Human capitalism: Does treating workers well help business too? A PwC report provides some evidence". London: Financial Times. p. 22. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Skapinker, Michael (9 April 2013). "The 50 ideas that shaped business today". London: Financial Times. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reinventing the deal; American capitalism" (417.8961). London: The Economist. 24 October 2015. pp. 21–24. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Hayes, S.C.; Barnes-Holmes, D. & Roche, B. (2001) Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Kluwer Academic: New York.
Jump up ^ Ward, Todd A.; Eastman, Raymond; Ninness, Chris (2009). "An Experimental Analysis of Cultural Materialism: The Effects of Various Modes of Production on Resource Sharing". Behavior and Social Issues. 18: 1–23. doi:10.5210/bsi.v18i1.1950.
Jump up ^ Jon Radoff (2011). "Gamification, Behaviorism and Bullsh$!". Radoff.com.
Jump up ^ Cao, Longbing (2010). "In-depth Behavior Understanding and Use: the Behavior Informatics Approach". Information Science. 180 (17): 3067–3085. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2010.03.025.
Jump up ^ Cao, Longbing; Joachims, Thorsten; et al. (2014). "Behavior Informatics: A New Perspective". IEEE Intelligent Systems. 29 (4): 62–80. doi:10.1109/mis.2014.60.
Jump up ^ Cao, Longbing; Yu, Philip (eds) (2012). Behavior Computing: Modeling, Analysis, Mining and Decision. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-2969-1. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Cao, Longbing; Motoda, Hiroshi; et al. (2013). Behavior and Social Computing. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-04047-9.
Jump up ^ Friesen, N. (2005). Mind and Machine: Ethical and Epistemological Implications for Research. Thompson Rivers University, B.C., Canada.
Jump up ^ Waldrop, M.M. (2002). The Dream Machine: JCR Licklider and the revolution that made computing personal. New York: Penguin Books. (pp. 139–40).
Jump up ^ Chomsky, N (1959). "Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior". Language. 35: 26–58. doi:10.2307/411334. Chomsky N. Preface to the reprint of A Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior. In: Jakobovits L.A, Miron M.S, editors. Readings in the psychology of language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1967.
Jump up ^ Mandler, George (2002). "Origins of the cognitive (r)evolution". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 38: 339–353. doi:10.1002/jhbs.10066. PMID 12404267.
Further reading[edit]
Baum, W.M. (2005) Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution. Blackwell.
Cao, L.B. (2013) IJCAI2013 tutorial on behavior informatics and computing.
Cao, L.B. (2014) Non-IIDness Learning in Behavioral and Social Data, The Computer Journal, 57(9): 1358–1370.
Chiesa, Mecca (1994). "Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science". Authors Cooperative, Inc.
Cooper, John O., Heron, Timothy E., & Heward, William L. (2007). "Applied Behavior Analysis: Second Edition". Pearson.
Ferster, C.B. & Skinner, B.F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Malott, Richard W. Principles of Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.
Mills, John A., Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology, Paperback Edition, New York University Press 2000.
Lattal, K.A. & Chase, P.N. (2003) "Behavior Theory and Philosophy". Plenum.
Pierce, W. David & Cheney, Carl D. (2013). "Behavior Analysis and Learning: Fifth Edition". Psychology Press.
Plotnik, Rod. (2005) Introduction to Psychology. Thomson-Wadsworth (ISBN 0-534-63407-9).
Rachlin, H. (1991) Introduction to modern behaviorism. (3rd edition.) New York: Freeman.
Skinner, B.F. Beyond Freedom & Dignity, Hackett Publishing Co, Inc 2002.
Skinner, B.F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B.F. (1945). "The operational analysis of psychological terms". Psychological Review. 52 (270–7): 290–4. doi:10.1037/h0062535.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior (ISBN 0-02-929040-6) Online version.
Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B.F. (31 July 1981). "Selection by Consequences" (PDF). Science. 213 (4507): 501–4. Bibcode:1981Sci...213..501S. doi:10.1126/science.7244649. PMID 7244649. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Klein, P. (2013) "Explanation of Behavioural Psychotherapy Styles". [1].
Staddon, J. (2014) The New Behaviorism, 2nd Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. pp. xi, 1–282.
Watson, J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158–177. (on-line).
Watson, J.B. (1919). Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist.
Watson, J.B. (1924). Behaviorism.
Zuriff, G.E. (1985). Behaviorism: A Conceptual Reconstruction, Columbia University Press.
LeClaire, J. and Rushin, J.P. (2010) Behavioral Analytics For Dummies. Wiley. (ISBN 978-0-470-58727-0).
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Behaviorism
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Behaviorism
Look up behaviorism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Automated Behavior analysis
Behavior Informatics
Graham, George. "Behaviorism". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
"Behaviorism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Behaviorism
Books and Journal Articles On Behaviorism
Wuerzburg University: behaviourism
B.F. Skinner Foundation
Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies
Skinner's Theories
APA Behaviour Analysis
Association for Behavior Analysis
Theory of Behavioral Anthropology (Documents No. 9 and 10 in English)
California Association for Behavior Analysis
Examining Learning From Multiple Perspectives by Michigan State University
Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
Behavior Analysis Online Tutorials
[show]
v
t
e
Psychology
History
Philosophy
Portal
Psychologist
Basic psychology
Abnormal
Affective science
Affective neuroscience
Behavioral genetics
Behavioral neuroscience
Behaviorism
Cognitive/Cognitivism
Cognitive neuroscience
Comparative
Cross-cultural
Cultural
Developmental
Differential
Ecological
Evolutionary
Experimental
Gestalt
Intelligence
Mathematical
Neuropsychology
Perception
Personality
Positive
Psycholinguistics
Psychophysiology
Quantitative
Social
Theoretical
Applied psychology
Anomalistic
Applied behavior analysis
Assessment
Clinical
Community
Consumer
Counseling
Critical
Educational
Ergonomics
Feminist
Forensic
Health
Industrial and organizational
Legal
Media
Military
Music
Occupational health
Pastoral
Political
Psychometrics
Psychotherapy
Religion
School
Sport and exercise
Suicidology
Systems
Traffic
Methodologies
Animal testing
Archival research
Behavior epigenetics
Case study
Content analysis
Experiments
Human subject research
Interviews
Neuroimaging
Observation
Psychophysics
Qualitative research
Quantitative research
Self-report inventory
Statistical surveys
Psychologists
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
William James (1842–1910)
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Edward Thorndike (1874–1949)
Carl Jung (1875–1961)
John B. Watson (1878–1958)
Clark L. Hull (1884–1952)
Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
Gordon Allport (1897–1967)
J. P. Guilford (1897–1987)
Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
Donald O. Hebb (1904–1985)
Ernest Hilgard (1904–2001)
Harry Harlow (1905–1981)
Raymond Cattell (1905–1998)
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
Neal E. Miller (1909–2002)
Jerome Bruner (1915–2016)
Donald T. Campbell (1916–1996)
Hans Eysenck (1916–1997)
Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001)
David McClelland (1917–1998)
Leon Festinger (1919–1989)
George Armitage Miller (1920–2012)
Richard Lazarus (1922–2002)
Stanley Schachter (1922–1997)
Robert Zajonc (1923–2008)
Albert Bandura (b. 1925)
Roger Brown (1925–1997)
Endel Tulving (b. 1927)
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987)
Noam Chomsky (b. 1928)
Ulric Neisser (1928–2012)
Jerome Kagan (b. 1929)
Walter Mischel (b. 1930)
Elliot Aronson (b. 1932)
Daniel Kahneman (b. 1934)
Paul Ekman (b. 1934)
Michael Posner (b. 1936)
Amos Tversky (1937–1996)
Bruce McEwen (b. 1938)
Larry Squire (b. 1941)
Richard E. Nisbett (b. 1941)
Martin Seligman (b. 1942)
Ed Diener (b. 1946)
Shelley E. Taylor (b. 1946)
John Anderson (b. 1947)
Ronald C. Kessler (b. 1947)
Joseph E. LeDoux (b. 1949)
Richard Davidson (b. 1951)
Susan Fiske (b. 1952)
Roy Baumeister (b. 1953)
Lists
Counseling topics
Disciplines
Important publications
Organizations
Outline
Psychologists
Psychotherapies
Research methods
Schools of thought
Timeline
Topics
Wiktionary definition
Wiktionary category
Wikisource
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikinews
Wikibooks
[show]
v
t
e
Philosophy of mind
Theories
Behaviorism (Radical)
Biological naturalism
Cognitive psychology
Mind–body dualism
Eliminative materialism
Emergent materialism
Emergentism
Epiphenomenalism
Functionalism
Idealism
Interactionism
Materialism
Monism
Naïve realism
Neurophenomenology
Neutral monism
Occasionalism
Psychoanalysis
Parallelism
Phenomenalism
Phenomenology
Physicalism
identity theory
Property dualism
Representational
Solipsism
Substance dualism
Concepts
Abstract object
Artificial intelligence
Chinese room
Cognition
Cognitive closure
Concept
Concept and object
Consciousness
Hard problem of consciousness
Hypostatic abstraction
Idea
Identity
Ingenuity
Intelligence
Intentionality
Introspection
Intuition
Language of thought
Materialism
Mental event
Mental image
Mental process
Mental property
Mental representation
Mind
Mind–body problem
Non-physical entity
New mysterianism
Pain
Problem of other minds
Propositional attitude
Qualia
Tabula rasa
Understanding
Zombie
more...
Related topics
Metaphysics
Philosophy of artificial intelligence / information / perception / self
Portal
Category
Philosophers category
Project
Task Force
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behaviorism&oldid=837157996"
Categories:
Behaviorism
Mind–body problem
Philosophy of psychology
Psychological theories
Theory of mind
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008
Pages incorrectly using the quote template
Articles with a promotional tone from March 2015
All articles with a promotional tone
Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2016
All articles lacking in-text citations
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Piemontèis
Tok Pisin
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
ייִדיש
中文
56 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 02:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href title

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: href class title

tag: b

tag: p

value: Psychological Behaviorism. (page does not exist)

value: Edit section: Experimental and conceptual innovations

value:
/wiki/S%E2%80%93R_theory
mw-redirect
S–R theory

value: Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior

value:
/wiki/B.F._Skinner
mw-redirect
B.F. Skinner

value:
/wiki/Behaviour_modification
mw-redirect
Behaviour modification

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)

value:
/wiki/Carl_Hempel
mw-redirect
Carl Hempel

value: Edit section: Molecular versus molar behaviorism

value: Edit section: 21st-century behavior analysis

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert

value:
/wiki/Behavior_analysis
mw-redirect
Behavior analysis

value: Association for Contextual Behavioral Science

value: Edit section: Behavior analysis and culture

value:
/wiki/Game_development
mw-redirect
Game development

value: Edit section: Behavior informatics and behavior computing

value:
/wiki/Behavior_computing
mw-redirect
Behavior computing

value: Edit section: Criticisms and limitations of behaviorism

value: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes

value: Edit section: List of notable behaviorists

value:
/wiki/Richard_J._Herrnstein
mw-redirect
Richard J. Herrnstein

value:
/wiki/O._Hobart_Mowrer
mw-redirect
O. Hobart Mowrer

value:
/wiki/Kenneth_W._Spence
mw-redirect
Kenneth W. Spence

value: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

value:
/wiki/Behavioral_change_theories
mw-redirect
Behavioral change theories

value:
/wiki/Dog_behaviorist
mw-redirect
Dog behaviorist

value: Professional practice of behavior analysis

value:
/wiki/Behavior_therapy
mw-redirect
Behavior therapy

value:
/wiki/Cognitive_behavior_therapy
mw-redirect
Cognitive behavior therapy

value:
/wiki/Social_skills_training
mw-redirect
Social skills training

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.behavior.org/item.php?id=154

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404840

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.baojournal.com

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F411334

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/411334

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1901%2Fjeab.1970.13-83

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1901%2Fjeab.1990.54-307

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2103585

value:
nofollow
http://www.ivanpavlov.com/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/78013723

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7244649

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7244649

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11142857

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0100009

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1901%2Fjaba.1994.27-385

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16795830

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1901%2Fjaba.1999.32-185

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10396771

value: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1901%2Fjeab.2010.93-293

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21119847

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.5210%2Fbsi.v18i1.1950

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ins.2010.03.025

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2Fmis.2014.60

value: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbs.10066

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12404267

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0062535

value:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

value: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.viewpoint.fr

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.behaviorinformatics.org

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iep.utm.edu/behavior

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bfskinner.org

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.behavior.org

value:
nofollow
http://www.apa.org/divisions/div25/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.abainternational.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.calaba.org

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.contextualpsychology.org

value:
nofollow
external text
http://foxylearning.com

value: Industrial and organizational psychology

value:
/wiki/Pastoral_psychology
mw-redirect
Pastoral psychology

value: List of important publications in psychology

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: navigation navbox Psychology padding:3px

value:
/wiki/Substance_dualism
mw-redirect
Substance dualism

value: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008

value: Category:Pages incorrectly using the quote template

value: Category:Articles with a promotional tone from March 2015

value: Category:All articles with a promotional tone

value: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2016

value: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Behaviorism
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: سلوكية – Arabic

value: আচৰণবাদ – Assamese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value: Біхевіярызм – Belarusian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value: Бихевиоризъм – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Συμπεριφορισμός – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: رفتارگرایی – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Բիհեյվիորիզմ – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: व्यवहारवाद – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: ביהביוריזם – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ბიჰევიორიზმი – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value: Бихевиоризм – Kazakh

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value: Бихевиоризм – Kyrgyz

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value: Бихевиоризам – Macedonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value: ബിഹേവിയറിസം – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: 行動主義心理学 – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Бихевиоризм – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value: روين جو علم – Sindhi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value: Бихејвиоризам – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

value: நடத்தையியல் – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: พฤติกรรมนิยม – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value: Бихевиоризм – Tajik

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Біхевіоризм – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value: ביהייוויאריזם – Yiddish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Behaviorism rootpage-Behaviorism skin-vector action-view