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Marvel Animated Features
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"Ultimate Avengers" redirects here. For the comic book, see Ultimate Comics: Avengers.
Marvel Animated Features
Cover art for the Marvel Animated Features 8-Film Complete Collection
Directed by
Jamie Simone (Voice)
Produced by
Craig Kyle, Supervising[1]
Executive:
Avi Arad
Eric S. Rollman
Craig Kyle
Stan Lee, Co-Executive[2]
Music by
Guy Michelmore (composer)[2][3][4][5]
Edited by
George P. Rizkallah[2][4][5]
Production
company
MLG Productions
Distributed by
Lions Gate[6]
Release date
February 21, 2006 [7]- May 17, 2011
Country
United States
Language
English
Marvel Animated Features (MAF) is a series of eight direct-to-video animated films made by MLG Productions, a joint venture between Marvel Studios (later Marvel Animation) and Lions Gate Entertainment.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Films
2.1 Ultimate Avengers
2.2 Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther
2.3 The Invincible Iron Man
2.4 Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme
2.5 Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow
2.6 Hulk Versus
2.7 Planet Hulk
2.8 Thor: Tales of Asgard
3 Cast and characters
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reaction
4.1.1 Ultimate Avengers: The Movie
4.1.2 Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Black Panther
4.1.3 The Invincible Iron Man
4.1.4 Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme
4.1.5 Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow
4.1.6 Hulk Versus
4.1.7 Planet Hulk
4.1.8 Thor: Tales of Asgard
4.2 Sales
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
In 2004, Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Comics' new parent corporation, struck a deal with Lions Gate Entertainment to produce a series of eight to ten direct-to-video animated movies under the name of Marvel Animated Features[1][10] in conjunction with Marvel Studios, Marvel's direct film subsidiary.[11]
The first two features, Ultimate Avengers – The Movie and Ultimate Avengers 2, were released February 2006 and August 2006 respectively. As of November 2006, UA and UA2 combined had sold over 1.5 million units and both were in the top 10 children's releases for the year.[10]
After the pair of Ultimate Avengers (UA) DVDs, the next MAF film, The Invincible Iron Man, was released in January 2007. As of January 2007, Doctor Strange was slated next for summer 2007 with tentatively titled Teen Avengers under early development. Iron Man and the Dr. Strange features existed separately from the UA movie universe. A possible cross over or a third UA movie was hinted at being considered at that time.[6] Originally, the MAF were being released two per year until Dr. Strange, while was an Annie Awards nominee for "Best Home Entertainment Production" of 2007[12] only sold half the number of DVD as either UA feature.[13][14][15] After which, the MAFs releases were slowed to one per year.[16][17]
Marvel Animation was incorporated in January 2008 to direct Marvel's efforts in animation and home entertainment markets including Marvel Animation Features.[11]
A proposed “Ultimate War/Thor” dual film DVD was passed over for the 2009 released "Hulk Versus" dual film DVD. Ultimate War would have adapted the Ultimate Marvel comic book of the same name while the Thor movie would have selected a Walt Simonson’s classic “Thor" storyline with the original selection being Beta Ray Bill story.[18]
At the 2009 NATPE Conference, Lionsgate brought the eight Marvel Features to the TV market.[19]
Films[edit]
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Music
Runtime
Ultimate Avengers: The Movie February 21, 2006 (2006-02-21)
Bob Richardson (Supervising)
Curt Geda
Steven E. Gordon
Han Tae-Ho (Animation)
Greg Johnson (screenplay)
story:
Boyd Kirkland
Craig Kyle
Greg Johnson
Bob Richardson Ken McLeod
(Direction) 72 minutes[2]
Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther August 8, 2006 (2006-08-08)
Will Meugniot
Richard Sebast
Jamie Simone (Voice)
Craig Kyle Craig Kyle (Executive) David Ari Leon (Direction) 73 minutes[3]
The Invincible Iron Man January 23, 2007 (2007-01-23)
Patrick Archibald
Jay Oliva
Frank Paur (Supervising)
Greg Johnson (screenplay)
Story:
Greg Johnson
Avi Arad
Craig Kyle
Frank Paur
Craig Kyle (Executive) David Ari Leon
(Supervisor)[4] 83 minutes[20]
Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme August 14, 2007 (2007-08-14)
Patrick Archibald
Richard Sebast
Jay Oliva
Frank Paur (Supervising)
Greg Johnson (screenplay)
Story: Greg Johnson
Craig Kyle
[5] Frank Paur
Craig Kyle (Executive)[5] David Ari Leon
(Supervisor)[5] 76 minutes
Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow September 2, 2008 (2008-09-02)
Jay Oliva
Isamitsu Kashima (Animation)
Jamie Simone (Voice)
Gary Hartle (Supervising)
Christopher Yost (screenplay)
Greg Johnson
Craig Kyle (story)
Craig Kyle
Gary Hartle David Ari Leon (Direction/
Supervision)[21] 78 minutes
Hulk Versus January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20) Frank Paur (Supervising)
Sam Liu[22] Craig Kyle
Chris Yost[17] Craig Kyle
Frank Paur
78 minutes:
45 minutes (Hulk vs. Thor)
33 minutes (Hulk vs. Wolverine)
[23]
Planet Hulk February 10, 2010 (2010-02-10) Sam Liu[24] Greg Johnson
Joshua Fine
Craig Kyle
Frank Paur
81 minutes
Thor: Tales of Asgard May 17, 2011 (2011-05-17) Gary Hartle (supervising)
Sam Liu (animation)[25]
Greg Johnson (screenplay)
story:
Greg Johnson
Craig Kyle
Craig Kyle 77 minutes
Ultimate Avengers[edit]
Ultimate Avengers: The Movie is the first film in the Marvel Animated Features based loosely on the first six issues of the Ultimates by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch. The film was produced by DongWoo Animation.[26][27] The movie focuses on Captain America, a super soldier, after stopping a Nazi/extraterrestrial plot in 1945, was frozen in ice for about 60 years. The Captain is assigned to lead a team of heroes found by General Nick Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D, to fight the alien threat.[26]
Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther[edit]
Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther, is the second film in the series and a sequel to Ultimate Avengers: The Movie, produced by Dong Wu Studios.[28] In the film, the Black Panther teams up with the Ultimate Avengers to continue their fight against the aliens when they invade Africa.[3]
Hawkeye, Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch were not in the initial Ultimate Avengers movie and were originally planned to be in the second movie. Using Hawkeye as an example, VP of Marvel Studios' Animation Development Craig Kyle did not want him to be a background character but "he's going to matter" if he appears.[28]
The Invincible Iron Man[edit]
The Invincible Iron Man is the third film in the series and is based on the classic Marvel Universe version by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.[27] The film was produced by Starburst Entertainment and was released on January 23, 2007.[10] Marc Worden returns as Tony Stark/Iron Man from the Ultimate Avengers films.[4] In The Invincible Iron Man, Tony Stark, billionaire manufacturer, finds a lost Chinese city where he accidentally unleashes an evil powerful force. Stark creates his armor to become Iron Man to defeat the evil.[29]
Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme[edit]
Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme (with the on-screen title of Doctor Strange) is the fourth film in the series and is based on the character of the same name by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, separate from the Ultimate Avengers universe.[6] The movie was nominated for "Best Home Entertainment Production" of 2007 for the 35th Annual Annie Awards.[12] Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme tells the story of Dr. Steven Strange, an unhappy neurosurgeon who falls victim to a car crash that injures the nerves in his hands, such that he can no longer perform surgery. Looking for a cure, he instead finds a different and higher pursuit as the new Sorcerer Supreme, the top master of the mystical arts.[6]
Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow[edit]
This section is about the direct-to-video film. For the MC2 comic book title, see A-Next.
Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow,[19] tentatively titled Teen Avengers then Avengers Reborn, is the fifth movie in the Marvel Animated Features.[6] Preliminary work had begun on "Teen Avengers" before January 18, 2007.[6] By the release of its first look preview in August 2007, the title had changed to "Avengers Reborn".[30] Fred Tatasciore repeats as the Hulk from the Ultimate Avengers movies.[21] With the loss of their Avengers parents at the hands of Ultron and raised by billionaire bachelor Tony Stark/Iron Man, four orphaned teens, James Rogers (son of Captain America and Black Widow), Torunn (daughter of Thor and Sif), Henry Pym Jr. (son of Giant Man and Wasp), and Azari (son of Black Panther and Storm), must live up to their parents' legacy and defeat Ultron, the mechanical and maniacal foe that defeated them. Additional allies are recruited including Vision, the Hulk and Francis Barton (son of Hawkeye and Mockingbird).[21]
Hulk Versus[edit]
Hulk Versus is a double feature film and the sixth in the series. The two features are Hulk Vs. Thor and Hulk Vs. Wolverine.[18] In Hulk vs. Thor, Thor's villainous half-brother Loki teams up with Enchantress in order to use the Hulk against him. However, separating Bruce Banner from his rampaging persona may lead to a dire consequence in Asgard. In Hulk vs. Wolverine, Logan is sent by the Canadian government to take care of the Hulk. However, they both get captured and must deal with a mysterious figure and his own mutant team.
The latter is based on The Incredible Hulk #181 by Roy Thomas, Len Wein and John Romita Sr..[22] Hulk Vs. was selected over a proposed Ultimate War/Thor dual film DVD.[18] The film was produced by Madhouse.[22][31] The DVD was originally called "Hulk Smash" with an expected released date of October 2008.[16] The double feature was released on DVD, Two-Disc Special Edition DVD, and Blu-ray.[17]
Planet Hulk[edit]
Planet Hulk is the seventh film in the series. The movie was released on February 2, 2010 as a Two-Disc Special Edition DVD, Special Edition Blu-ray, Standard DVD, and Digital Download.[24] It was the second film produced by Madhouse.[22][31] The movie is based on the Planet Hulk story line in the comic book published in 2006–2007 by Greg Pak and Carlo Pagulayan.[24][32] The Hulk was sent to a harsh planet where he is enslaved as he was weakened because of the travel through space. As a slave, he becomes a gladiator in a society ruled by the despotic Red King. After relying on his savage instincts, he becomes the leader of a gladiator group.[24]
Thor: Tales of Asgard[edit]
Thor: Tales of Asgard is the eighth and final film in the series and is based on the character of the same name by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. This animated feature was released on May 17, 2011, 11 days after the Thor film.[33] Thor: Tales of Asgard takes place in Thor's early years before he got the hammer. He goes on a quest for the Lost Sword of Surtur with his adopted brother Loki, and the Warriors Three. Shifting from a treasure hunt to a life-or-death struggle with Asgard in the balance, Thor must show himself worthy of his destiny.[25]
Cast and characters[edit]
Character
Ultimate Avengers
Ultimate Avengers 2
Invincible Iron Man
Doctor Strange
Next Avengers
Hulk Versus
Planet Hulk
Thor
Algrim
Ron Halder
Ancient One
Michael Yama
Azari
Dempsey Pappion
Balder
Michael Adamthwaite
Francis Barton
Adrian Petriw
Beta Ray Bill
Paul Dobson
Black Panther
Jeffrey D. Sams
Black Widow
Olivia D'Abo
Bruce Banner
Michael Massee Ken Kramer Bryce Johnson
Caiera
Lisa Ann Beley
Captain America
Justin Gross
Wong-Chu
James Sie
Deadpool
Nolan North
Dormammu
Jonathan Adams
Enchantress
Kari Wahlgren Ashleigh Ball
Fandral
Jonathan Holmes Alistair Abell
Fenris
Brian Drummond
Nick Fury
André Ware
Giant Man
Nolan North
Hela
Janyse Jaud
Hiroim
Liam O'Brien
Hogun
Paul Dobson Paul Dobson
Hulk
Fred Tatasciore Fred Tatasciore Rick D. Wasserman
Iron Man
Marc Worden Tom Kane Marc Worden
Elloe Kaifi
Advah Soudack
Herr Kleiser
James K. Ward
Korg
Kevin Michael Richardson
Lady Deathstrike
Janyse Jaud
Loki
Graham McTavish Rick Gomez
Mandarin
Fred Tatasciore
Miek
Samuel Vincent
Baron Mordo
Kevin Michael Richardson
Odin
French Tickner Christopher Britton
Omega Red
Colin Murdock
Pepper Potts
Elisa Gabrielli
Henry Pym, Jr.
Aidan Drummond
Red King
Mark Hildreth
James Rogers
Noah C. Crawford
Betty Ross
Nan McNamara Nicole Oliver
Sabretooth
Mark Acheson
Lavin Skee
Michael Kopsa
Sif
Grey DeLisle Tara Strong
Howard Stark
John McCook
Doctor Strange
Bryce Johnson
Thor
David Boat Michael Adamthwaite Matthew Wolf Matthew Wolf
Professor Thorton
Tom Kane
Torunn
Brenna O'Brien
Ultron
Tom Kane
Valkyrie
Nicole Oliver Cathy Weseluck
Vision
Shawn MacDonald
Volstagg
Jay Brazeau Brent Chapman
War Machine
Rodney Saulsberry
Wasp
Grey DeLisle
Wolverine
Steven Blum
Wong
Paul Nakauchi
Reception[edit]
Critical reaction[edit]
Ultimate Avengers: The Movie[edit]
Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed said, "It gave me what I wanted, in terms of entertainment, acting, animation, and sheer style…"[34] Jeffrey M. Anderson of Common Sense Media called it an "average animated action tale [that] features troubled superheroes."[35] David Cornelius of eFilmCritic.com said, "It's too violent for younger viewers, but not mature enough for older ones. It's a movie trapped in between target audiences."[36]
Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Black Panther[edit]
Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed said, "If this story doesn't widen its ideas, it's going to get much worse…"[37] Jeffrey M. Anderson of Common Sense Media said, "[This] downbeat superhero story has less character, more violence."[38] Marc Kandel of eFilmCritic.com said, "Turns out the sequel's just as bland as the first."[39]
The Invincible Iron Man[edit]
David Cornelius of eFilmCritic.com said, "It's enough to tide fans over until the live action flick arrives."[40] Todd Gilchrist of IGN said that "there are some great details that really bring this story to life," concluding that the film is "not quite invincible, but for a film about a guy made out of iron, it's pretty tough."[41] Mike Pinsky of DVD Verdict said "the first act takes a very long time to get going," "the villains have no personality whatsoever," and "the art design and animation frame rate are really no better than the average television cartoon." Pinsky added that "there are some nice touches" and "the third act does generate some suspense," but concluded that "given all these obstacles, I don't know if even Iron Man could win this battle."[42] Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk said, "I enjoyed watching The Invincible Iron Man, but it didn't open any new doors for me as an Iron Man fan. From the start the story was pretty straightforward and predictable, though a few twists kept the adventure exciting along the way. Some of the character development also felt kind of forced to me with things simply happening for no reason other than to further the plot." Douglass concluded, "In the end, The Invincible Iron Man should be considered an achievement by comic book fans. The solid adventure features a lot of action and a rich comic book atmosphere that will leave you wanting more DVDs just like it."[43]
Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme[edit]
Christopher Monfette of IGN said the film "plays out as expected" and has "[a] middle section [that] sags," but features "action sequences [that are] beautifully choreographed and emotionally resonant," and concluded that "strong animation, good acting, and resonant character work bring the icon to life."[44] Adam Arseneau of DVD Verdict said the film "fails to live up to its narrative potential" and criticized the "rushed ending," but praised its "sharp animation" and described the DVD as a "solid rental."[45] Nick Lyons of DVD Talk said that "the visuals are engaging," but criticized the film for "dramatically alter[ing]" the character, saying: "Instead of characterizing Stephen Strange as a cocky, personable, confident jackass like in the comic books he has been reduced to an emo wimp with a useless tacked-on backstory about the death of his sister. The lifeless voice work by Bryce Johnson doesn't help the character, either." Lyons concluded, "Comic book fans looking for a faithful adaptation of Dr. Strange will sadly be disappointed by this animated feature. For a superior Marvel animated movie, I'd advise checking out the first Ultimate Avengers. "[46]
Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow[edit]
Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed said, "[This is] the antithesis of what should be done to grab new demographics."[47] Nancy Davis Kho of Common Sense Media called it a "rollicking young superhero tale."[48] David Cornelius of DVD Talk called it, "Another batch of lost opportunities for Marvel."[49] Felix Gonzalez Jr. of DVD Review said, "With by-the-numbers characters and only a marginally interesting setup, however, even younger viewers may grow impatient as the film makes its way to a pretty good climax."[50]
Hulk Versus[edit]
Hulk vs. Thor
Cindy White of IGN stated, "Rather than the wild, forest landscapes of Canada, this one deals with the stately architecture of Asgard, and there are a lot more characters. Being less familiar with Thor as a series, some of the shout-outs to the comics were lost on me, for the most part, but I'm sure Thor fans will appreciate them.[51] Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk said, "In Hulk vs. Thor the plot is a little more calculated and it feels balanced by comparison." and actually like the battles "One of the joys of Hulk vs. Thor was watching the monster tear his way across Odin's world. Nothing can stand in his way and there are many outstanding moments and fight scenes peppered throughout the film."[52] Kerry Birmingham of DVD Verdict stated, "Kyle and Yost have less of an affinity for Thor, and it shows; their Thor script, despite its violence, lacks the glee of the Wolverine installment. In approaching Thor's Hulk as a raging counterpart to Wolverine's more reactive, childlike Hulk, the creators commendably draw a distinction between their interpretations of the character, but the Asgard throw down is simply less fun than its more gonzo counterpart."[53]
Hulk vs. Wolverine
Cindy White of IGN said, "The benefits of a direct-to-DVD project like this is that the creators didn't have to shy away from the kind of gore that would be unacceptable for a Saturday-morning audience" commenting on how Wolverine uses his claws on a living entity and not just on robots as in other animated features.[51] Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk described it as fast-paced, but criticized the Weapon X backstory as "a bit out of place" and said it "also takes away from the Hulk versus Wolverine storyline."[52] Kerry Birmingham of DVD Verdict stated, "The most immediately successful of the two is Wolverine, enlivened by a punchier script than its Norse cousin. Craig Kyle and Chris Yost, screenwriters for both episodes, are veteran comic book writers and well-versed in the world of the X-Men, and as such seem to have injected Wolverine with a bit more energy."[53]
Planet Hulk[edit]
Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed said, "All in all strong voice work tops what is a truly entertaining installment from the Marvel animated film gallery."[54] Rick Marshall of MTV said, "In the end, Planet Hulk is a fun film that should prove entertaining for mainstream audiences and fans of the character. Marvel Studios and Lionsgate are headed in the right direction with their animated features, and Planet Hulk feels like another step forward."[24]
Thor: Tales of Asgard[edit]
Brian Costello of Common Sense Media criticized the film for its use of violence, drinking, and sexual innuendo.[55] Cindy White of IGN gave it a 7.0 out of 10 stating, "When it comes to content made just for DVD, DC and Warner Bros. have consistently edged out Marvel with their series of original animated movies, in quality of storytelling as well as animation. There's nothing about Thor: Tales of Asgard that reverses that trend".[56] Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant said "All in all, Tales of Asgard is an enjoyable Thor adventure -- even with the titular character reduced to teen age. It’s not necessarily one of those animated features you’ll want to watch over and over again, but if you’re a collector of every Marvel animated movie released, or are looking for an entertaining superhero adventure to rent, definitely check it out".[57] James O'Ehley of Sci-Fi Movie Page said, "Don't judge this DVD by its cover: the movie might as well be called Young Thor or I Was a Teenaged Norse Deity."[58]
Sales[edit]
Year
Film
Number
Gross
(US$M sales)
Units
(US sales)
Refs.
01 !2006 Ultimate Avengers 1 $6.7 [13]
02 !2006 Ultimate Avengers 2 2 $7.9 [14]
03 !2007 The Invincible Iron Man 3 $5.3 [59]
04 !2007 Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme 4 $3.9 [15]
05 !2008 Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow 5 $3.8 [60]
06 !2009 Hulk Versus 6 $7.6 [61]
07 !2010 Planet Hulk 7 $7.0 [62]
08 !2011 Thor: Tales of Asgard 8 $3.1 [63]
Totals: $45.3
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Jump up ^ "The Invincible Iron Man – DVD Sales". The Numbers. Nash Information Service. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow – DVD Sales". The Numbers. Nash Information Service. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
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X
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the letter. For the multiplication sign, see Multiplication sign. For other uses, see X (disambiguation).
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd
Ee Ff Gg Hh
Ii Jj Kk Ll
Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt
Uu Vv Ww Xx
Yy Zz
v
t
e
Writing cursive forms of X
X (named ex /ɛks/, plural exes[1]) is the 24th and antepenultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Use in writing systems
2.1 English
2.2 Other languages
2.3 Other systems
3 Other uses
4 Related characters
4.1 Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet
4.2 Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
5 Computing codes
6 Other representations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Greek Chi
Etruscan
:X
In Ancient Greek, 'Χ' and 'Ψ' were among several variants of the same letter, used originally for /kʰ/ and later, in western areas such as Arcadia, as a simplification of the digraph 'ΧΣ' for /ks/. In the end, more conservative eastern forms became the standard of Classical Greek, and thus 'Χ' (Chi) stands for /kʰ/ (later /x/). However, the Etruscans had taken over 'Χ' from western Greek, and it therefore stands for /ks/ in Etruscan and Latin.[citation needed]
The letter 'Χ' ~ 'Ψ' for /kʰ/ was a Greek addition to the alphabet, placed after the Semitic letters along with phi 'Φ' for /pʰ/. (The variant 'Ψ' later replaced the digraph 'ΦΣ' for /ps/; omega was a later addition).[citation needed]
Use in writing systems[edit]
English[edit]
In English orthography, ⟨x⟩ is typically pronounced as the voiceless consonant cluster /ks/ when it follows the stressed vowel (e.g. ox), and the voiced consonant /ɡz/ when it precedes the stressed vowel (e.g. exam). It is also pronounced /ɡz/ when it precedes a silent ⟨h⟩ and a stressed vowel (e.g. exhaust).[2] Before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨u⟩, it can be pronounced /kʃ/ or /ɡʒ/ (e.g. sexual and luxury); these result from earlier /ksj/ and /ɡzj/. It also makes the sound /kʃ/ in words ending in -xion (typically used only in British-based spellings of the language; American spellings tend to use -ction). When ⟨x⟩ ends a word, it is always /ks/ (e.g. ax), except in loan words such as faux (see French, below).
There are very few English words that start with ⟨x⟩ (the fewest number of any letter). When ⟨x⟩ does start a word, it is usually pronounced /z/ (e.g. xylophone, xenophobia, and xanthan); in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced /s/ (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit xu) or /ʃ/ (e.g. Chinese names starting with Xi like Xiaomi or Xinjiang). Many of the words that start with ⟨x⟩ are of Greek origin, or standardized trademarks (Xerox) or acronyms (XC). In abbreviations, it can represent "trans-" (e.g. XMIT for transmit, XFER for transfer), "cross-" (e.g. X-ing for crossing, XREF for cross-reference), "Christ-" as shorthand for the labarum (e.g. Xmas for Christmas, Xian for Christian), the "crys-" in crystal (XTAL), or various words starting with "ex-" (e.g. XL for extra large, XOR for exclusive-or).
X is the third least frequently used letter in English (after ⟨q⟩ and ⟨z⟩), with a frequency of about 0.15% in words.[3]
Other languages[edit]
In Latin, ⟨x⟩ stood for [ks]. In some languages, as a result of assorted phonetic changes, handwriting adaptations or simply spelling convention, ⟨x⟩ has other pronunciations:
Basque: as a spelling for [ʃ]. Additionally there is the digraph ⟨tx⟩ [tʃ].
Dutch: ⟨x⟩ usually represents [ks], except in the name of the island of Texel, which is pronounced Tessel. This is because of historical sound-changes in Dutch, where all /ks/ sounds have been replaced by /s/ sounds. Words with an ⟨x⟩ in the Dutch language are nowadays usually loanwords. In the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, family names with ⟨x⟩ are not uncommon (e.g. Dierckx, Hendrickx, Koninckx, Sterckx, Vranckx).
In Norwegian, ⟨x⟩ is generally pronounced [ks], but since the 19th century, there has been a tendency to spell it out as 'ks'; it may still be retained in personal names, though it is fairly rare, and occurs mostly in foreign words and SMS language. Usage in Danish, German and Finnish is similar.
French: at the ends of words, silent (or [z] in liaison if the next word starts with a vowel). Three exceptions are pronounced [s]: six ("six"), dix ("ten") and in some city names such as Bruxelles (although some people still pronounce it 'ks') or Auxerre; it is fully pronounced [ks] in Aix-la-Chapelle. It is pronounced [z] in sixième and dixième.
In Italian, ⟨x⟩ is either pronounced [ks], as in extra, uxorio, xilofono,[4] or [ɡz], as exogamia, when it is preceded by ⟨e⟩ and followed by a vowel. In several related languages, notably Venetian, it represents the voiced sibilant [z]. It is also used, mainly amongst the young people, as a short written form for "per", meaning "for": for example, "x sempre" ("forever"). This because in Italian the multiplication sign (similar to ⟨x⟩) is called "per". However, ⟨x⟩ is found only in loanwords, as it is not part of the standard Italian alphabet; in most words with ⟨x⟩, this letter may be replaced with 's' or 'ss' (with different pronunciation: xilofono/silofono, taxi/tassì) or, rarely, by 'cs' (with the same pronunciation: claxon/clacson).
In Old Spanish, ⟨x⟩ was pronounced [ʃ], as it is still currently in other Iberian Romance languages. Later, the sound evolved to a hard [x] sound. In modern Spanish, due to a spelling reform, whenever ⟨x⟩ is used for the [x] sound it has been replaced with ⟨j⟩, including in words that originally had ⟨x⟩ such as ejemplo or ejercicio, though ⟨x⟩ is still retained for some names (notably 'México', even though 'Méjico' may sometimes be used in Spain). Presently, ⟨x⟩ represents the sound [s] (word-initially), or the consonant cluster [ks] (e.g. oxígeno, examen). Rarely, it can be pronounced [ʃ] as in Old Spanish in some proper nouns such as 'Raxel' (a variant of Rachel) and Uxmal.
In Galician and Leonese, ⟨x⟩ is pronounced [ʃ] in most cases. In learned words, such as 'taxativo' (taxing), it is pronounced [ks]. However, Galician speakers tend to pronounce it [s], especially when it appears before plosives, such as in 'externo' (external).
In Catalan, ⟨x⟩ has three sounds; the most common is [ʃ]; as in 'xarop' (syrup). Other sounds are: [ks]; 'fixar' (to fix), [ɡz]; 'examen'. In addition, [ʃ] gets voiced to [ʒ] before voiced consonants; 'caixmir'. Catalan also has the digraph ⟨tx⟩, pronounced [tʃ].
In Portuguese, ⟨x⟩ has four main sounds; the most common is [ʃ], as in 'xícara' (cup). The other sounds are: [ks] as in 'flexão' (flexion); [s], when preceded by E and followed by a consonant, as in 'contexto' ([ʃ] in European Portuguese), and in a small number of other words, such as 'próximo' (close/next); and (the rarest) [z], which occurs in the prefix 'ex-' before a vowel, as in 'exagerado' (exaggerated). A rare fifth sound is [ɡz], coexisting with [z] and [ks] as acceptable pronunciations in exantema and in words with the Greek prefix 'hexa-'.
In Venetian, it represents the voiced alveolar sibilant [z] much like in Portuguese 'exagerado', English 'xylophone' or in the French 'sixième'. Examples from medieval texts include raxon (reason), prexon (prison), dexerto (desert), chaxa/caxa (home). Nowadays, the best-known word is xe (is/are). The most notable exception to this rule is the name Venexia [veˈnɛsja] in which ⟨x⟩ has evolved from the initial voiced sibilant [z] to the present day voiceless sibilant.
In Albanian, ⟨x⟩ represents [dz], while the digraph ⟨xh⟩ represents [dʒ].
In Maltese, ⟨x⟩ is pronounced [ʃ] or, in some cases, [ʒ] (only in loanwords such as 'televixin', and not for all speakers).
In Polish, ⟨x⟩ was used prior to 19th century both in loanwords and native words and was pronounced [ks] or [gz], e.g. xiążę, xięstwo (now książę, księstwo). Later was replaced by ⟨ks⟩ and ⟨gz⟩ in all words and remained only in surnames as Axentowicz, Jaxa, Koxowski, Mixtacki, Rexemowski, Xiężopolski, names as Xawery, Xymena and abbreviations.
Additionally, in languages for which the Latin alphabet has been adapted only recently, ⟨x⟩ has been used for various sounds, in some cases inspired by European usage, but in others, for consonants uncommon in Europe. For these no Latin letter stands out as an obvious choice, and since most of the various European pronunciations of ⟨x⟩ can be written by other means, the letter becomes available for more unusual sounds.
⟨x⟩ represents [x] (voiceless velar fricative) or [ꭓ] (voiceless uvular fricative) in e.g. Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Lojban, Tatar, Uzbek, Pashto and Uyghur (Latin script).
Esperanto: The x-convention replaces ⟨ĉ⟩, ⟨ĝ⟩, ⟨ĥ⟩, ⟨ĵ⟩, ⟨ŝ⟩, and ⟨ŭ⟩ with x-suffixes: ⟨cx⟩, ⟨gx⟩, ⟨hx⟩, ⟨jx⟩, ⟨sx⟩, and ⟨ux⟩.
In transliteration of Indian languages, ⟨x⟩ represents the consonant cluster [kʃ] in alternate spellings of words containing 'क्ष' (kṣ), especially names such as Laxmi and Dixit. Less frequently, ⟨x⟩ is used to represent 'ख़' [x].
In Apache ⟨x⟩ represents [x]
In Nahuatl, ⟨x⟩ represents [ʃ].
In Nguni languages, ⟨x⟩ represents the alveolar lateral click [ǁ].
In Pirahã, ⟨x⟩ symbolizes the glottal stop [ʔ].
An illustrating example of "x" as a "leftover" letter is differing usage in three different Cushitic languages:
Afar: voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ]
Oromo: alveolar ejective [tʼ]
Somali: voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ]
In Southeast Asia:
In Lao, based on romanization of Lao consonants, ⟨x⟩ may represent [ɕ], e.g. in Lan Xang.
In Vietnamese, ⟨x⟩ is pronounced like English ⟨s⟩ (at the beginning of a word, e.g. "sing"). This sound was [ɕ] in Middle Vietnamese, resembling the Portuguese sound /ʃ/, spelled ⟨x⟩.
In Hanyu Pinyin, Standard Chinese's official transcription system in China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan, the letter ⟨x⟩ represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /ɕ/, for instance in 'Xi', [ɕi]. This sound somewhat resembles [ʃ].
Other systems[edit]
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨x⟩ represents a voiceless velar fricative.
Other uses[edit]
In mathematics, x is commonly used as the name for an independent variable or unknown value. The modern tradition of using x to represent an unknown was introduced by René Descartes in La Géométrie (1637).[5] As a result of its use in algebra, X is often used to represent unknowns in other circumstances (e.g. X-rays, Generation X, The X-Files, and The Man from Planet X; see also Malcolm X).
In the Cartesian coordinate system, x is used to refer to the horizontal axis.
It may also be used as a typographic approximation for the multiplication sign. In mathematical typesetting, x meaning an algebraic variable is normally in italic type ( x {\displaystyle x\!} ), partly to avoid confusion with the multiplication symbol. In fonts containing both x (the letter) and × (the multiplication sign), the two glyphs are dissimilar.
It can be used as an abbreviation for 'between' in the context of historical dating; e.g., '1483 x 1485'.
Maps and other images sometimes use an X to label a specific location, leading to the expression "X marks the spot".[6]
The Roman numeral Ⅹ represents the number 10.[7][8]
In art or fashion, the use of X indicates a collaboration by two or more artists, e.g. Aaron Koblin x Takashi Kawashima. This application, which originated in Japan, now extends to other kinds of collaboration outside the art world.[9]
Related characters[edit]
Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet[edit]
X with diacritics: Ẍ ẍ Ẋ ẋ ᶍ[10]
IPA-specific symbols related to X: χ
Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to X:[11]
U+AB56 ꭖ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LOW RIGHT RING
U+AB57 ꭗ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG
U+AB58 ꭘ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG AND LOW RIGHT RING
U+AB59 ꭙ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG WITH SERIF
ˣ : Modifier letter small x is used for phonetic transcription
ₓ : Subscript small x is used in Indo-European studies[12]
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets[edit]
Χ χ : Greek letter Chi, from which the following derive:
Х х : Cyrillic letter Kha
Ⲭ ⲭ : Coptic letter Khe, which derives from Greek Chi
𐍇 : Gothic letter enguz, which derives from Greek Chi
𐌗 : Old Italic X, which derives from Greek Chi, and is the ancestor of modern Latin X
ᚷ : Runic letter Gyfu, which may derive from old Italic X
Ξ ξ : Greek letter Xi, which was used in place of Chi in the Eastern (and the modern) Greek alphabets
Computing codes[edit]
Character
X
x
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X LATIN SMALL LETTER X
Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
Unicode 88 U+0058 120 U+0078
UTF-8 88 58 120 78
Numeric character reference X X x x
EBCDIC family 231 E7 167 A7
ASCII 1 88 58 120 78
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
In the C programming language, 'x' preceded by zero (0x or 0X) is used to denote hexadecimal literal values.
Other representations[edit]
NATO phonetic Morse code
X-ray –··–
Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) Braille
dots-1346
See also[edit]
XX
XXX
XXXX
X mark
Commonly used as a prefix term in nouns related to the X Window System and Unix
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "X", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "ex", op. cit.
Jump up ^ Venezky, Richard (1 January 1970). The Structure of English Orthography. Walter de Gruyter. p. 40. ISBN 978-3-11-080447-8.
Jump up ^ Mička, Pavel. "Letter frequency (English)". Algoritmy.net. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dizionario di ortografia e pronunzia" [Dictionary of Spelling and preliminary]. Dizionario di ortografia e pronunzia (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Cajori, Florian (1928). A History of Mathematical Notations. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. p. 381. See History of algebra.
Jump up ^ "X marks the spot". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. p. 44. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
Jump up ^ King, David A. (2001). The Ciphers of the Monks. p. 282. In the course of time, I, V and X became identical with three letters of the alphabet; originally, however, they bore no relation to these letters.
Jump up ^ http://arkitip.com/product/x-mark-of-collaboration-issue-no-0053x/
Jump up ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode “Teuthonista” phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
External links[edit]
Media related to X at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of X at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of x at Wiktionary
"X". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
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ms
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cdo
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nah
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oc
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stq
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simple
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sk
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sl
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srn
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sr
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su
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fi
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sv
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tl
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tt
tt
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th
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tr
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vi
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vo
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war
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yi
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yo
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zh-yue
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diq
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bat-smg
bat-smg
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zh
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