text:
First Battle of Bull Run
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 15 April 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
First Battle of Bull Run
First Battle of Manassas[1]
Part of the American Civil War
First Battle of Bull Run.
Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison, 1889
Date
July 21, 1861 (1861-07-21)
Location
Fairfax County and Prince William County, Virginia
38°48′53″N 77°31′22″W / 38.8147°N 77.5227°W / 38.8147; -77.5227Coordinates: 38°48′53″N 77°31′22″W / 38.8147°N 77.5227°W / 38.8147; -77.5227
Result
Decisive Confederate victory[2]
Belligerents
United States (Union) Confederate States (Confederacy)
Commanders and leaders
Political leaders:
Abraham Lincoln
Military commanders:
Winfield Scott
Irvin McDowell
Robert Patterson
Political leaders:
Jefferson Davis
Military commanders:
P. G. T. Beauregard
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (WIA)
Joseph E. Johnston
Units involved
Department of Northeastern Virginia:
Army of Northeastern Virginia[3]
Department of Pennsylvania:
Patterson's Command (not engaged)
Army of the Potomac[4]
Army of the Shenandoah[4]
Strength
Army of Northeastern Virginia:
35,732[5]
(c. 18,000 engaged)[6]
Patterson's Command:
14–18,000 (not engaged)
32,000–34,000[7]
(c. 18,000 engaged)[6]
Casualties and losses
2,708
(481 killed;
1,011 wounded;
1,216 missing)[8][9]
1,982
(387 killed;
1,582 wounded;
13 missing)[10][11]
[show]
v
t
e
Manassas Campaign
Fairfax Court House (June 1861)
Arlington Mills
Vienna, Virginia
Hoke's Run
Blackburn's Ford
1st Bull Run
Virginia (1861)
Northeastern Virginia (1861)
The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas[1] (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.
Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter, the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion. Yielding to political pressure, Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction. McDowell's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men; nevertheless, the Confederates, who had been planning to attack the Union left flank, found themselves at an initial disadvantage.
Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute, Thomas J. Jackson, stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall". The Confederates launched a strong counterattack, and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire, many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout. McDowell's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington, D.C.
Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties, and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated. The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war. Units were committed piecemeal, attacks were frontal, infantry failed to protect exposed artillery, tactical intelligence was nil, and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively. McDowell, with 35,000 men, was only able to commit about 18,000, and the combined Confederate forces, with about 32,000 men, committed only 18,000.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Military and political situation
1.2 Irvin McDowell
1.3 Intelligence
1.4 McDowell's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign
1.5 Prelude to battle
2 Opposing forces
2.1 Union
2.2 Confederate
3 Battle
3.1 Morning phase
3.1.1 Matthews Hill
3.2 Noon phase
3.2.1 Henry House Hill
3.3 Union retreat
4 Aftermath
4.1 Brief observations
4.2 Detailed casualties
4.2.1 Union
4.2.2 Confederate
4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events
4.4 Effect on the Confederacy
4.5 Confederate victory: turning point of the American Civil War
4.6 "Bull Run" vs. "Manassas"
4.7 Confusion between the battle flags
4.8 Conclusions
5 Additional battle maps
5.1 Gallery: the First Bull Run hour by hour
6 In popular culture
7 Sesquicentennial
8 Battlefield preservation
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Memoirs and primary sources
12 Further reading
13 External links
Background[edit]
Military and political situation[edit]
Main article: Manassas Campaign
Further information: Origins of the American Civil War; Battle of Fort Sumter; Western Virginia Campaign; Border states (American Civil War); President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War; and American Civil War
Opposing political leaders
Pres.
Abraham Lincoln,
USA
Pres.
Jefferson Davis,
CSA
Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861
Confederate
Union
Further map details, see: Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2.
On April 15, 1861, the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States. Earlier, South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.
To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety-day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000. He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three-year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000. Lincoln's actions caused four more Southern states, including Virginia, to secede and join the Confederacy, and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.
In Washington, D.C., as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital, General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states. He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans. While the Army "strangled" the Confederacy in the west, the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts. The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott's "Anaconda Plan". Instead, many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond, only one hundred miles south of Washington, would quickly end the war.[13] By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington. Since General Scott was seventy-five years old and physically unable to lead this force, the administration searched for a more suitable field commander.[14]
Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott, General in Chief, USA
Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott's plan to crush the Confederacy, economically. It is sometimes called the "Anaconda plan".
Irvin McDowell[edit]
Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan, 42-year-old Maj. Irvin McDowell. Although McDowell was a West Point graduate, his command experience was limited. In fact, he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General's Office. While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase, a former Ohio governor and senator. Now, through Chase's influence, McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command (by President Abraham Lincoln) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, which included the military forces in and around Washington (Army of Northeastern Virginia).[15] McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia, 35,000 men arranged in five divisions. Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations, McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops. Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments, but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level. He was reassured by President Lincoln, "You are green, it is true, but they are green also; you are all green alike."[16] Against his better judgment, McDowell commenced campaigning.
Intelligence[edit]
During the previous year, U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City, including Rose O'Neal Greenhow, a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts.[17] He provided her with a code for messages.[18] After he left to join the Confederate Army, he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her.[17] On July 9 and 16, 1861, Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run, including the plans of Union general McDowell.[18][19]
McDowell's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign[edit]
On July 16, 1861, McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent, about 35,000 men (28,452 effectives).[6] McDowell's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns, while the third column moved around the Confederates' right flank to the south, cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army. He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River, the next defensible line in Virginia, which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital.[20] McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July, but the troops, unaccustomed to marching, moved in starts and stops. Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water, regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks.[21]
The Confederate Army of the Potomac (21,883 effectives)[22] under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction, approximately 25 miles (40 km) from the United States capital. McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army. Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson's 18,000 men engaged Johnston's force (the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives, augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes's brigade of 1,465[22]) in the Shenandoah Valley, preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard.
Movements July 16–21, 1861
Situation July 18
Battlefield of Manassas
After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat, the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville. McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army's rear. In the meantime, McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard, who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run. On July 18, the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right (southeast) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway. Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard's assistance if possible. Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon, while Stuart's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson. Patterson was completely deceived. One hour after Johnston's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington, "I have succeeded, in accordance with the wishes of the General-in-Chief, in keeping General Johnston's force at Winchester."[23]
For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly. He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction. If the rumors were true, McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates, instead of 22,000. Another reason for quick action was McDowell's concern that the ninety-day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire. "In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force", he wrote Washington on the eve of battle. In fact, the next morning two units of McDowell's command, their enlistments expiring that day, would turn a deaf ear to McDowell's appeal to stay a few days longer. Instead, to the sounds of battle, they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service.[24]
Becoming more frustrated, McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left (northwest) flank instead. He planned to attack with Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig. Gens. David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford. From here, these divisions could march into the Confederate rear. The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson (Tyler's Division) would harass the enemy at Blackburn's Ford, preventing them from thwarting the main attack. Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area. Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan, it had a number of flaws: it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks, skills that had not been developed in the nascent army; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take; finally, McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard's men.[25]
Prelude to battle[edit]
On July 19–20, significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run. Johnston arrived with all of his army, except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith, who were still in transit. Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn's Ford, and Beauregard's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville. Johnston, the senior officer, approved the plan. If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously, it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other's left flank.[26]
McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents, so he called for the balloon Enterprise, which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe in Washington, to perform aerial reconnaissance.
Opposing forces[edit]
Union[edit]
Further information: Union order of battle
Key Union commanders
Brig. Gen.
Irvin McDowell, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (Commanding), USA
Brig. Gen.
Daniel Tyler, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (1st Div.) USA
Brig. Gen.
David Hunter, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (2nd Div.) USA
Brig. Gen.
Samuel P. Heintzelman, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (3rd Div.) USA
Brig. Gen.
Theodore Runyon, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (4th Div.) USA
Brig. Gen.
Dixon S. Miles, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (5th Div.) USA
Maj. Gen.
Robert Patterson, Patterson's Command, USA
McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each. Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments. An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade. The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000, although only about 18,000 were actually engaged. The Union army was organized as follows:
1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army, contained four brigades, led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck, Col. Erasmus Keyes, Col. William T. Sherman, and Col. Israel B. Richardson;
2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades. These were led by Cols. Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside;
3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades, led by Cols. William B. Franklin, Orlando B. Willcox, and Oliver O. Howard;
4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged, contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries;
5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades, commanded by Cols. Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies;
While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia, a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington, near Harper's Ferry. Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson, 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley.
Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, commanded by Brigadier-General McDowell, U. S. A., for July 16 and 17, 1861.[5]
ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA
Commands
Present
For duty
Total
Aggregate
Officers
Men
General staff
19 21
First (Tyler's) Division
569 12,226 9,494 9,936
Second (Hunter's) Division
121 2,364 2,525 2,648
Third (Heintzelman's) Division
382 8,680 9,385 9,777
Fourth (Runyon's) Division
247 5,201 5,502 5,752
Fifth (Miles') Division
289 5,884 5,917 6,207
Twenty-first New York Volunteers
37 684 707 745
Twenty-fifth New York Militia
39 519 534 573
Second United States Cavalry, Company E
4 56 63 73
Total
1,707 35,614 34,127 35,732
Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania, commanded by Major-General Patterson, June 28, 1861.[27]
PATTERSON'S COMMAND
Commanding officer
Troops
Present for duty
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery
Officers
Men
Officers
Men
Officers
Men
Bvt. Maj. Gen. Geo. Cadwalader
First division
322 6,637 11 307 7 251
Maj. Gen. W. H. Keim
Second division
322 6,410 3 74
Total
644 13,047 14 381 7 251
Aggregate present for duty
Infantry
13,691
Cavalry
395
Artillery
258
Total
14,344
Confederate[edit]
Further information: Confederate order of battle
Key Confederate commanders
Brig. Gen.
P. G. T. Beauregard, CSA Army of the Potomac
Brig. Gen.
Joseph E. Johnston, CSA Army of the Shenandoah, (Commanding)
Joseph E. Johnston's forces was organized as follows:
The Army of the Potomac (Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard) was organized into six infantry brigades, with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments. Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades. The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000. Beauregard's army also contained thirty-nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry. The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades. These were:
1st Brigade, under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham;
2nd Brigade, under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell;
3rd Brigade, under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones;
4th Brigade, under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet;
5th Brigade, under Col. Philip St. George Cocke;
6th Brigade, under Col. Jubal Early;
7th Brigade, under Col. Nathan G. Evans.
Reserve Brigade, under Brig. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes
The Army of the Shenandoah (Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston) was also organized into brigades. It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each, which totaled approximately 12,000 men. Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery. In addition to the infantry, there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J. E. B. Stuart. Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000, only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run. The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades:
1st Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson;
2nd Brigade, commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow;
3rd Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee;
4th Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith.
Abstract front field return, First Corps (Army of the Potomac), July 21, 1861.[7]
[Dated September 25, 1861.]
ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
Commands.
General and Staff Officers
Infantry.
Cavalry.
Artillery.
Officers
Men.
Officers
Men.
Officers
Men.
First Brigade
4 211 4,070
Second Brigade
4 133 2,307
Third Brigade
4 128 1,989
Fourth Brigade
4 160 2,364
Fifth Brigade
3 208 8,065
Sixth Brigade
3 261 2,356
Seventh Louisiana
44 773
Eighth Louisiana
43 803
Hampton Legion
27 627
Thirteenth Virginia
34 642
Harrison's Battalion (three companies)
13 196
Troops (ten) of cavalry
38 545
Washington (Louisiana) Artillery
19 201
Kemper's battery
4 76
Latham's battery
4 86
Loudoun Battery
3 55
Shield's battery
3 82
Camp Pickens (heavy artillery)
18 275
Total
22 1,215 18,354 85 1,383 51 775
Aggregates:
Infantry
19,569
Cavalry
1,468
Artillery
826
21,863
Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's division, or Army of the Shenandoah (C. S. A.), for June 30, 1861.[7]
ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH
Commanding officer.
Troops.
PRESENT FOR DUTY.
Infantry.
Cavalry.
Artillery.
Officers.
Men.
Officers.
Men.
Officers.
Men.
Colonel Jackson
First brigade
128 2,043 4 81
Col. F. S. Bartow
Second brigade
155 2,391 3 59
Brigadier-General Bee
Third brigade
161 2,629 4 78
Col. A. Elzey
Fourth brigade
156 2,106 4 45
Col. J. E. B. Stuart
First Virginia Cavalry
21 313
Col. A. C. Cummings
Virginia Volunteers
14 227
Total
614 9,396 21 313 15 263
Aggregate present for duty.
General staff
32
Infantry
10,010
Cavalry
334
Artillery
278
10,654
Battle[edit]
Morning phase[edit]
Matthews Hill[edit]
Situation morning, July 21
Situation at 05:30–06:00 (July 21, 1861)
On the morning of July 21, 1861, McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman (about 12,000 men) from Centreville at 2:30 a.m., marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs. Tyler's division (about 8,000) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge. The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems. Tyler's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike. The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate, little more than a cart path in some places, and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9:30 a.m. Tyler's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m.[28]
At 5:15 a.m., Richardson's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell's Ford on the Confederate right, some of which hit Beauregard's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast, alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted. Nevertheless, he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville. Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution. Although he intended for Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack, Ewell, at Union Mills Ford, was simply ordered to "hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment's notice". Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell, but found himself moving forward alone. Holmes was also supposed to support, but received no orders at all.[29]
U.S. cavalry at Sudley Spring Ford
An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves to fire a cannon at U.S. forces at gunpoint. According to John Parker, a former slave, he was forced by his Confederate captors to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run.[30][31]
All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan "Shanks" Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men.[32] Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge, but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints. He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander, Beauregard's signal officer, observing from 8 miles (13 km) southwest on Signal Hill. In the first use of wig-wag semaphore signaling in combat, Alexander sent the message "Look out for your left, your position is turned."[33] Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill, a low rise to the northwest of his previous position.[32]
The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion, "Wheat's Tigers". After Wheat's command was thrown back, and Wheat seriously wounded, Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow, bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men.[32] They successfully slowed Hunter's lead brigade (Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young's Branch, at the northern end of Henry House Hill. One of Tyler's brigade commanders, Col. William Tecumseh Sherman, crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders. This surprise attack, coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj. George Sykes, collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11:30 a.m., sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill.[34]
(Further map details, see: Additional Map 4, Additional Map 5, Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7.)
Noon phase[edit]
Henry House Hill[edit]
As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position, the remainder of Evans's, Bee's, and Bartow's commands received some cover from Capt. John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6-pounder guns, who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill. They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard, who had just arrived from Johnston's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm, "Portici".[35] Fortunately for the Confederates, McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately, choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts. James B. Ricketts (Battery I, 1st U.S. Artillery) and Charles Griffin (Battery D, 5th U.S.) from Dogan's Ridge.[36]
Attacks on Henry House Hill, noon–2 p.m
Union retreat, after 4 p.m.
Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon, accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton's Legion, and Col. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry. The Hampton Legion, some 600 men strong, managed to buy Jackson time to construct a defensive line on Henry House Hill by firing repeated volleys at Sherman's advancing brigade. Hampton had purchased about 400 British Enfield rifles to equip the men with, however it is not clear if his troops had them at Bull Run or if the weapons arrived after the battle. If so, they would have been the only foreign-made weapons on the field. The 79th New York was thoroughly decimated by Hampton's musket fire and began to disintegrate. Wade Hampton gestured towards their colonel, James Cameron, and remarked "Look at that brave officer trying to lead his men and they won't follow him." Shortly afterwards, Cameron, the brother of US Senator Simon Cameron, was fatally wounded. It has been claimed that Hampton deliberately targeted officers of the 79th New York in revenge for the death of his nephew earlier in the day, although he had in fact been killed by soldiers of the 69th New York.
Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill, where they were shielded from direct fire, and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line, which he posted on the crest of the hill; as the guns fired, their recoil moved them down the reverse slope, where they could be safely reloaded.[37] Meanwhile, McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support. Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards (270 m) against Jackson's 13. Unlike many engagements in the Civil War, here the Confederate artillery had an advantage. The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges, with many shots fired over the head of their targets.[38]
Ruins of Judith Henry's house, "Spring Hill", after the battle
Postwar house on site of Judith Henry house in Manassas
Judith Henry grave
One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry, an 85-year-old widow and invalid, who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House. As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire, he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building. A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow's feet and inflicted multiple injuries, from which she died later that day.[39]
"The Enemy are driving us", Bee exclaimed to Jackson. Jackson, a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute, is said to have replied, "Then, Sir, we will give them the bayonet."[40] Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally behind the Virginians."[41] This exclamation was the source for Jackson's (and his brigade's) nickname, "Stonewall". Bee was shot through the stomach shortly after speaking and died the next day, thus it is unclear exactly what he meant, moreover none of his subordinates wrote reports of the battle. Col. States Rights Gist, serving as Bee's aide-de-camp, took command of the brigade. Major Burnett Rhett, chief of staff to General Johnston, claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee's and Bartow's brigades while they were under heavy pressure. Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee's statement was meant to be pejorative: "Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall!"[42]
Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line, hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates. At approximately 3 p.m., these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia, whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms, causing Griffin's commander, Maj. William F. Barry, to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them. Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Ellsworth's Fire Zouaves), which was supporting the battery, killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry. Capitalizing on this success, Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts's guns and they were captured as well. As additional Federal infantry engaged, the guns changed hands several times.[43]
Capture of Ricketts' Battery, painting by Sidney E. King, National Park Service
The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle. Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill, outnumbering the Confederates two to one, no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously. Jackson continued to press his attacks, telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry, "Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards! Then fire and give them the bayonet! And when you charge, yell like furies!" For the first time, Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell. At about 4 p.m., the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke's brigade.[44]
To the west, Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard's brigade from Heintzelman's division. Also at 4 p.m., two Confederate brigades-Col. Jubal Early's, which had moved from the Confederate right, and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith's (commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded), which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley—crushed Howard's brigade. Beauregard ordered his entire line forward. At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell's army was disintegrating. Thousands, in large and small groups or as individuals, began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville. McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers, but most had had enough. Unable to stop the mass exodus, McDowell gave orders for Porter's regular infantry battalion, near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas-Sudley Road, to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew. The unit briefly held the crossroads, then retreated eastward with the rest of the army.[45] McDowell's force crumbled and began to retreat.[46]
(Further map details, see: Additional Map 8, Additional Map 9, Additional Map 10, Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12.)
Union retreat[edit]
The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings, but it was poorly managed by the Union officers. A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell's force. As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville, discarding their arms and equipment, McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles's division to act as a rear guard, but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington. In the disorder that followed, hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner. Wagons and artillery were abandoned, including the 30-pounder Parrott rifle, which had opened the battle with such fanfare. Expecting an easy Union victory, the wealthy elite of nearby Washington, including congressmen and their families, had come to picnic and watch the battle. When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder, the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages.[47]
Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well, Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage, despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating. An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank, using the brigades of Brig. Gens. Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet, was a failure. The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard, and found that Richardson's brigade blocked the road to Centreville, he called off the pursuit.[48]
In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory. Instead, a telegram arrived stating "General McDowell's army in full retreat through Centreville. The day is lost. Save Washington and the remnants of this army." The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital. From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond, "We have won a glorious but dear-bought victory. Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued."[49]
Aftermath[edit]
Brief observations[edit]
First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large, ill-trained bodies of recruits, led by inexperienced officers. Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively; although nearly 60,000 men were present at the battle, only 18,000 had actually been engaged. Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield, he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades, instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole. Other factors contributed to McDowell's defeat: Patterson's failure to hold Johnston in the valley; McDowell's two-day delay at Centreville; allowing Tyler's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman; and the 2 1/2-hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews' Hill, which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill. On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level, generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves. Johnston's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory. Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time, almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle. After reaching Manassas Junction, Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard, but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive.[50] Jackson and Bee's brigades had done the largest share of fighting in the battle; Jackson's brigade had fought almost alone for four hours and sustained over 50% casualties.
Detailed casualties[edit]
Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point. Union casualties were 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and 1,312 missing or captured; Confederate casualties were 387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 13 missing.[51] Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron, brother of President Lincoln's first Secretary of War, Simon Cameron.[52] Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow, who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War. General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day.[53] Compared to later battles, casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy. Both Union and Confederate killed, wounded, and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each.[54] Two Confederate brigade commanders, Jackson and Edmund Kirby-Smith, were wounded in the battle. No Union officers above the regimental level were killed; two division commanders (Samuel Heintzelman and David Hunter), and one brigade commander (Orlando Willcox) were wounded.
Union[edit]
Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861.[8]
ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA
Troops
Killed
Wounded
Missing
Remarks
Officers
Enlisted Men
Officers
Enlisted Men
Officers
Enlisted Men
General staff
1
First Division, General TYLER:
First Brigade, Colonel Keyes
19 4 46 5 149 Eighteen others slightly wounded.
Second Brigade, General Schenck
3 16 15 1 15
Third Brigade, Colonel Sherman
3 117 15 193 13 240
Fourth Brigade, Colonel Richardson
Not engaged. Guarding Blackburn's Ford.
Total, First Division
6 152 19 254 19 404
Second Division, Colonel HUNTER:
First Brigade, Colonel Porter
1 83 9 139 9 236 Four surgeons missing.
Second Brigade, Colonel Burnside
5 35 3 85 2 59 Five surgeons missing.
Total Second Division
6 118 12 224 11 295
Third Division, Colonel HEINTZELMAN:
Division headquarters.
1
First Brigade, Colonel Franklin
3 68 13 183 4 22
Second Brigade, Colonel Willcox
1 70 11 161 186
Third Brigade, Colonel Howard
2 48 7 108 6 174
Total, Third Division
6 186 32 452 10 382
Fourth Division, General RUNYON
In reserve on the Potomac.
Fifth Division, Colonel MILES:
First Brigade Colonel Blenker
6 16 94
Second Brigade, Colonel Davies
1 1 1
Total, Fifth Division
6 1 17 95
Grand total
19 462 64 947 40 1,176
Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861.[55]
Batteries
Commanders
Guns lost
Remarks
Rifled
Smooth
Total
First U. S. Artillery, Company G
(two 20-pounder Parrotts,
one 30-pounder Parrott). Lieutenant Edwards 1 1 20-pounders saved
First U. S. Artillery, Company I
(six 10-pounder Parrots) Captain Ricketts 6 6 None saved
Second U. S. Artillery, Company D Captain Arnold 2 2 4 None saved
Second U. S. Artillery, Company E
(two 13-pounder James, two 6-pounders (old), two 12-pounder howitzers). Captain Carlisle 2 2 4 Two 6-pounders saved
Fifth S. Artillery [Company D],
(two 10-pounder Parrotts,
two 6-pounders (old),
two 12-pounder howitzers). Captain Griffin 1 4 5 One 10-pounder saved
Rhode Island Battery
(six 13-pounder James) 5 5 One saved
Total lost
17 8 25
Confederate[edit]
Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861.[10]
Command
Killed
Wounded
Missing
Aggregate
Officers
Enlisted Men
Officers
Enlisted Men
Officers
Enlisted Men
ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
INFANTRY
First Louisiana (battalion)
8 5 33 2 48
Seventh Louisiana
3 23 26
Thirteenth Mississippi
6 6
Seventeenth Mississippi
2 9 11
Eighteenth Mississippi
2 6 2 28 38
Fifth North Carolina
1 3 4
Second South Carolina
5 6 37 48
Fourth South Carolina
1 10 9 70 6 96
Fifth South Carolina
3 23 26
Eighth South Carolina
5 3 20 28
Hampton Legion
19 100 2 121
First Virginia
6 6
Seventh Virginia
9 1 37 47
Eighth Virginia
6 23 1 30
Seventeenth Virginia
1 3 4
Eighteenth Virginia
6 1 12 19
Nineteenth Virginia
1 4 1 6
Twenty-eighth Virginia
9 9
Forty-ninth Virginia
1 9 1 29 40
ARTILLERY
Alexandria Light Artillery
1 2 3
Latham's
1 1
Loudoun
3 3
Washington (La.)
1 2 3
CAVALRY
Thirtieth Virginia
2 3 4 9
Hanover
1 3 4
ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH
INFANTRY
Fourth Alabama
4 36 6 151
Seventh Georgia
1 18 12 122
Eighth Georgia
3 38 6 153
First Maryland
1 5
Second Mississippi
4 21 3 79 1
Eleventh Mississippi
7 21
Sixth North Carolina
1 22 4 46
Third Tennessee
1 3
Second Virginia
3 15 3 69
Fourth Virginia
1 30 100
Fifth Virginia
6 47
Tenth Virginia
6 10
Twenty-seventh Virginia
1 18 122
Thirty-third Virginia
1 44 101
Total First Corps
6 99 29 490 12 632
Total Second Corps
19 263 34 1,029 1
Grand total
25 362 63 1,519 1 12 632
Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY. We are utterly and disgracefully routed, beaten, whipped by secessionists.
-- Union diarist George Templeton Strong[56]
If the war had turned out to be of short duration, Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union. But if, as now seemed more plausible, a long and nasty war was inevitable, that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side. It provided a wake-up call for those optimists—like Seward or even Lincoln—who had hoped for or counted on a quick result.
-- David Detzer, Donnybrook[57]
Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad, upon Congress, and upon the Commander-in-chief. It framed new patterns of thought and led to far-reaching changes in the conduct of the war. The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising. Volunteering accelerated, 90-day men reenlisted, states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude. ... As they realized victory would not come readily, a new mood fastened upon Northerners. An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ...
-- James A. Rawley, Turning Points of the Civil War[58]
Effect on the Union and subsequent events[edit]
Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington, D.C., with very little standing in their way. On July 24, Prof. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax. He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces, but was forced to land in Confederate territory. It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters. He reported that his observations "restored confidence" to the Union commanders.[59]
The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated. Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined. On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service.[60] On July 25, eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, for federal service in either Patterson's or McDowell's command arrived in Washington, D.C., and were finally accepted.[61]
Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another, smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball's Bluff, near Leesburg, Virginia. The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs. Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run, the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell's army. Although the committee's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard, Patterson's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle, and he was no longer in the service. The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat, and McDowell bore the chief blame. On 25 July 1861, he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, who was named general-in-chief of all the Union armies. McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later, at the Second Battle of Bull Run.[54][62]
Effect on the Confederacy[edit]
The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted. There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory, the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well.[63] Once the euphoria of victory had worn off, Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers.[54]
Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army.[64] Stonewall Jackson, arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory, received no special recognition, but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign. Privately, Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory.[18] Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow: "Our President and our General direct me to thank you. We rely upon you for further information. The Confederacy owes you a debt. (Signed) JORDAN, Adjutant-General."[65]
The battle also had long-term psychological consequences. The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces, while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union. In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one-sided outcome "proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy". Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation, James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory, together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders, also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months.[66]
Confederate victory: turning point of the American Civil War[edit]
Further information: Turning point of the American Civil War § Confederate victory in First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861)
"Bull Run" vs. "Manassas"[edit]
The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861. The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms. The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park, but the Union name (Bull Run) also has widespread currency in popular literature.[67]
Confusion between the battle flags[edit]
Battlefield confusion between the battle flags, especially the similarity of the Confederacy's "Stars and Bars" and the Union's "Stars and Stripes" when fluttering, led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag, which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general.[68]
Conclusions[edit]
First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle, and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict. The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men. One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run, now combat veterans, would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run/Manassas.[54]
Additional battle maps[edit]
Gallery: the First Bull Run hour by hour[edit]
Map 1:
Situation Mid-July 1861
Map 2:
Beauregard's defensive situation
(Mid-July 1861)
Map 3:
Situation at 05:30-06:00
(July 21, 1861)
Map 4:
Situation at 10:30-11:00
(July 21, 1861)
Map 5:
Situation at 11:00-11:30
(July 21, 1861)
Map 6:
Situation at 12:00-12:30
(July 21, 1861)
Map 7:
Situation at 13:00
(July 21, 1861)
Map 8:
Situation at 14:30-15:00
(July 21, 1861)
Map 9:
Situation at 15:00
(July 21, 1861)
Map 10:
Situation at 15:30
(July 21, 1861)
Map 11:
Situation at 16:00
(July 21, 1861)
Map 12:
Situation at 16:30-17:30
(July 21, 1861)
In popular culture[edit]
The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals, but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation. The battle forms the climax of the film Class of '61. It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South, in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray. Manassas (1999) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels. The battle is described in Rebel (1993), the first volume of Bernard Cornwell's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels. The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair's novella Manassas, which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War. The battle is also depicted in John Jakes's The Titans, the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles, a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent. The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song, "Battle of Bull Run". Shaman, second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon, includes an account of the battle. The battle is also depicted in the song "Yankee Bayonet" by indie-folk band The Decemberists. In Murder at 1600, Detective Harlan Regis (Wesley Snipes) has built a plan-relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot.
Sesquicentennial[edit]
The National Jubilee of Peace building at Grant and Lee avenues in Manassas, Virginia, is draped with the U.S. flag for the 150th anniversary commemoration, held on July 21, 2011, of the First Battle of Bull Run.
Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011. Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War. The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23–24, 2011. Throughout the year, there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities.[69]
The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21–24, 2011.[70]
Battlefield preservation[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park. Located north of Manassas, in Prince William County, Virginia, it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles: the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862 (also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas, respectively). The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy), and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname "Stonewall."
Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago. More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year. (In comparison, roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington, DC.[71]) As a historic area under the National Park Service, the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
Second Battle of Bull Run
Armies in the American Civil War
Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861
List of costliest American Civil War land battles
Origins of the American Civil War
Battle of Fort Sumter
Manassas Campaign
Manassas National Battlefield Park
Bull Run Mountains
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service.
Jump up ^ National Park Service
Jump up ^ Further information: Official Records, Series I, Volume II pages 314–315.
^ Jump up to: a b Further information: Official Records, Series I, Volume II pages 469–470.
^ Jump up to: a b Further information: Abtract from returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, commanded by Brigadier-General McDowell, U.S.A., for July 16 and 17, 1861 (Official Records, Series I, Volume II page 309).
^ Jump up to: a b c Strength figures vary by source. Eicher, p. 87-88: 35,000 Union, 32,000 Confederate; Esposito, map 19: 35,000 Union, 29,000 Confederate; Ballard, 35,000 Union (18,000 engaged), 34,000 Confederate (18,000 engaged); Salmon, p. 20: 28,450 Union, 32,230 Confederate; Kennedy, p. 14: 35,000 Union, 33,000 Confederate; Livermore, p. 77: 28,452 Union "effectives", 32,323 Confederate engaged. Writing in The Century Magazine, adjutant generals James B. Fry cites Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. 18,572 Union men (including stragglers not on the field) and 24 guns engaged, Thomas Jordan cites Archived August 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. 18,052 Confederate men and 37 guns engaged.
^ Jump up to: a b c Further information: Official Records, Series I, Volume II page 187 and pages 568–569.
^ Jump up to: a b Further information: Casualties at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. (Official Records, Series I, Volume II page 327).
Jump up ^ 2,896(460 killed; 1,124 wounded; 1,312 captured/missing), according to Eicher, p.99.
^ Jump up to: a b Further information: Casualties in the Army of the Potomac (Confederate) July 21, 1861. (Official Records, Series I, Volume II page 570).
Jump up ^ Eicher, p.99.
Jump up ^ Ballard, page V (Preface).
Jump up ^ Ballard, 3.
Jump up ^ Ballard, 4.
Jump up ^ Ballard, page 4.
Jump up ^ Detzer, p. 77; Williams, p. 21; McPherson, p. 336; Davis, p. 110, attributes the remark to general-in-chief Winfield Scott.
^ Jump up to: a b Fishel, Edwin C., The Secret War For The Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996, pp. 59–63
^ Jump up to: a b c "Greenhow, Rose O'Neal", (1817–1864), The National Archives – People Description. 1817–1864, (accessed February 5, 2013)
Jump up ^ "Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow", National Archives and Records Administration, World Digital Library
Jump up ^ Davis, pp. 110–11.
Jump up ^ Ballard, page 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Livermore, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Ballard, page 9.
Jump up ^ Ballard, page 10.
Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 91–100.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Further information: Official Records, Series I, Volume II page 187.
Jump up ^ Beatie, pp. 285–88; Esposito, text for Map 21; Rafuse, "First Battle of Bull Run", p. 312.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 94; Esposito, Map 22.
Jump up ^ Masur, Kate (July 27, 2011). "Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hall, Andy (February 20, 2015). "Memory: Frederick Douglass' Black Confederate". Dead Confederates: A Civil War Blog. WordPress. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rafuse, "First Battle of Bull Run", p. 312.
Jump up ^ Brown, pp. 43–45; Alexander, pp. 50–51. Alexander recalls that the signal was "You are flanked."
Jump up ^ Rafuse, "First Battle of Bull Run", pp. 312–13; Rafuse, A Single Grand Victory", p. 131; Esposito, Map 22; Eicher, pp. 94–95.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Rafuse, "First Battle of Bull Run", p. 313; Eicher, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Salmon, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Rafuse, "First Battle of Bull Run", p. 314.
Jump up ^ Detzer, p. 357; Davis, pp. 204–05.
Jump up ^ Robertson, p. 264.
Jump up ^ Freeman, vol. 1, p. 82; Robertson, p. 264. McPherson, p. 342, reports the quotation after "stone wall" as being "Rally around the Virginians!"
Jump up ^ See, for instance, McPherson, p. 342. There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all. See Freeman, vol. 1, pp. 733–34.
Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 96–98; Esposito, Map 23; Rafuse, "First Battle of Bull Run", pp. 314–15; McPherson, pp. 342–44.
Jump up ^ Rafuse, "First Battle of Bull Run", p. 315; Eicher, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Ballard, page 32.
Jump up ^ Rafuse, "First Battle of Bull Run", pp. 315–16.
Jump up ^ McPherson, p. 344; Eicher, p. 98; Esposito, Map 24.
Jump up ^ Freeman, vol. 1, p. 76; Esposito, Map 24; Davis, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Ballard, page 35.
Jump up ^ Ballard, pages 35–36.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Detzer, pp. 434–435.
Jump up ^ Detzer, p. 383.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ballard, page 36.
Jump up ^ Further information: Official Records, Series I, Volume II page 328.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Detzer, p. 488.
Jump up ^ Rawley, pp. 56–57.
Jump up ^ Haydon, pp. 192–93.
Jump up ^ Rawley, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Curtin, Andrew G. (January 8, 1862). "Message of Andrew G. Curtin, Governor of Pennsylvania, to the Legislature,". Executive Department: 8.
Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 100–101.
Jump up ^ Detzer, pp. 492–93.
Jump up ^ Freeman, vol. 1, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Greenhow, Rose O'Neal, My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington, London: Richard Bentley, 1863, p. 18, full text online at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina
Jump up ^ James M. McPherson (1988). The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. pp. 347–350. ISBN 9780199743902.
Jump up ^ McPherson, p. 346, n. 7. McPherson's popular one-volume history of the war uses the two names interchangeably because he states that "neither name has any intrinsic superiority over the other."
Jump up ^ McPherson, p. 342.
Jump up ^ "Plan a trip and discover your story". visitpwc.com.
Jump up ^ "manassascivilwar.org". manassascivilwar.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Washington DC GO!
References[edit]
Alexander, Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8078-4722-4.
Ballard, Ted. First Battle of Bull Run: Staff Ride Guide. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 2003. ISBN 978-0-16-068078-6. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Beatie, Russel H. Army of the Potomac: Birth of Command, November 1860 – September 1861. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. ISBN 0-306-81141-3.
Brown, J. Willard. The Signal Corps, U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion. U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association, 1896. Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-06036-X.
Davis, William C., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. First Blood: Fort Sumter to Bull Run. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1983. ISBN 0-8094-4704-5.
Detzer, David. Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run, 1861. New York: Harcourt, 2004. ISBN 978-0-15-603143-1.
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC 5890637. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website. Praeger, 1959.
Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. ISBN 0-684-85979-3.
Haydon, F. Stansbury. Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941. ISBN 0-8018-6442-9.
Livermore, Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861–65. Reprinted with errata, Dayton, OH: Morninside House, 1986. ISBN 0-527-57600-X. First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin.
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0.
Rafuse, Ethan S. "First Battle of Bull Run." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
Rafuse, Ethan S. A Single Grand Victory: The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas. The American Crisis Series. Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002. ISBN 0-8420-2875-7.
Rawley, James A. Turning Points of the Civil War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966. ISBN 0-8032-8935-9.
Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend. New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0-02-864685-1.
Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.
Williams, T. Harry. Lincoln and His Generals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. ISBN 0-9654382-6-0.
National Park Service battle description
Professor Thaddeus Lowe's Official Report (Part I)
Memoirs and primary sources[edit]
Dyer, Frederick H., A compendium of the War of the Rebellion, Volume 1, 1908, Des Moines IA
Longstreet, James. From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America. New York: Da Capo Press, 1992. ISBN 0-306-80464-6. First published in 1896 by J. B. Lippincott and Co.
Robert Underwood Johnson, Clarence Clough Buell, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: The Opening Battles, Volume 1 (Pdf), New York: The Century Co., 1887.
U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bull Run.
Cunningham, Horace H. (1968). Field medical services at the Battles of Manassas (Bull Run). Athens: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820333557. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-8071-0867-7.
Goldfield, David, et al. The American Journey: A History of the United States. 2nd ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 1999. ISBN 0-13-088243-7.
Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run: An atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas) Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June–October 1861. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2009. ISBN 978-1-932714-60-9.
Hankinson, Alan. First Bull Run 1861: The South's First Victory. Osprey Campaign Series #10. London: Osprey Publishing, 1991. ISBN 1-85532-133-5.
Hennessy, John, Ethan Rafuse, and Harry Smeltzer. "Historians' Forum: The First Battle of Bull Run." Civil War History 57#2 (June 2011): 106–120.
Hines, Blaikie. The Battle of First Bull Run, Manassas Campaign – July 16–22, 1861: An Illustrated Atlas and Battlefield Guide. Maine: American Patriot Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-61364-129-3.
Longacre, Edward G. The Early Morning of War: Bull Run, 1861 (2014).
Rable, George. "The Battlefield and Beyond." Civil War History 53#3 (September 2007): 244–51.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Battle of Bull Run.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manassas National Battlefield Park.
Battle of Bull Run: Battle maps, photos, history articles, and battlefield news (Civil War Trust)
"Map of the Battles of Bull Run, 1861", prepared by Army engineer, National Archives and Record Administration, at World Digital Library
Manassas National Battlefield Park website
First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
Harper's Weekly 1861 Report on the Battle of Bull Run
Civil War Home website on First Bull Run
Animated history of the First Battle of Bull Run
FirstBullRun.co.uk
The First Battle of Bull Run public domain audiobook at LibriVox
First Manassas Campaign with Official Records and Reports
Map of the Battles of Bull Run Near Manassas. Solomon Bamberger. Zoomable high-resolution map.
Newspaper coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run
Manassas Civil War 150th Anniversary July 21–24, 2011
Texts on Wikisource:
Guernsey, Alfred H. (1879). "Bull Run". The American Cyclopædia.
[show]
v
t
e
Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
1861
Campaigns
Chesapeake blockade (May–Jun)
Western Virginia (Jun–Dec)
Manassas (Jul)
Carolina coast blockade (Aug)
McClellan's Operations (Oct–Dec)
Potomac blockade (Oct–Jan 1862)
Major battles
Fort Sumter
1st Bull Run
1862
Campaigns
Burnside's NC Expedition (Feb–Jun)
Jackson's Valley (Mar–Jun)
Peninsula (Mar–Jul)
Northern Virginia (Jul-Sep)
Maryland (Sep)
Fredericksburg (Nov–Dec)
Goldsboro Expedition (Dec)
Major battles
Hampton Roads
Williamsburg
Seven Pines
Seven Days Battles
Oak Grove
Beaver Dam Creek
Gaines's Mill
Garnett's & Golding's Farm
Savage's Station
White Oak Swamp
Glendale
Malvern Hill
2nd Bull Run
Antietam
Fredericksburg
1863
Campaigns
Tidewater Operations (Mar–Apr)
Chancellorsville (Apr–May)
Gettysburg (Jun–Jul)
Bristoe (Oct–Nov)
Mine Run (Nov–Dec)
Major battles
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
1864
Campaigns
Valley Campaigns (May–Oct): Lynchburg, Early's B&O Raid, Sheridan's Campaign
Operations Against Plymouth (Apr–May)
Bermuda Hundred (May)
Overland (May–Jun)
Petersburg (Jun–Mar 1865)
Major battles
Wilderness
Spotsylvania Court House
North Anna
Cold Harbor
Trevilian Station
2nd Petersburg
Crater
2nd Deep Bottom
Globe Tavern
3rd Winchester
Chaffin's Farm
Cedar Creek
Boydton Plank Road
1865
Campaigns
Wilmington (Dec–Feb)
Appomattox (Mar–Apr)
Major battles
2nd Fort Fisher
Bentonville
Fort Stedman
Five Forks
3rd Petersburg
Sailor's Creek
Appomattox Court House
Armies
James
Potomac
Virginia
Shenandoah
Northern Virginia
Geography
Departments
Monongahela
Susquehanna
Landforms
Cumberland Valley
Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands
Shenandoah Valley
[show]
v
t
e
Fairfax County in the American Civil War
Battles
Battle of Blackburn's Ford
Battle of Chantilly
Battle of Dranesville
Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861)
Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)
First Battle of Bull Run
Second Battle of Bull Run
Battle of Vienna, Virginia
Skirmishes
Bog Wallow Ambush
Raids
Burke's Station Raid
Mosby's Raids
Units
8th Virginia Infantry
17th Virginia Infantry
1st Virginia Cavalry
43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry
Georgia Hussars (later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion, Company F)
3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment
45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry
First New Jersey Brigade
2nd Vermont Brigade
XXII Corps (Union Army)
Union Army Balloon Corps
People
Clara Barton
Michael Corcoran
Antonia Ford
Thaddeus Lowe
John Quincy Marr
John S. Mosby
Edwin H. Stoughton
Robert H. Anderson
Sites
Clarens (Alexandria, Virginia)
Centreville Military Railroad
Colvin Run Mill
Fort Lyon (Virginia)
Fort Marcy Park
Hope Park
Huntley (plantation)
Fort O'Rourke
Oak Hill (Annandale, Virginia)
Okeley Manor
Ossian Hall (plantation)
Ox Hill Battlefield Park
Ravensworth (plantation)
St. Mary's Church (Fairfax Station, Virginia)
Taylor's Tavern
William Gunnell House (Fairfax, Virginia)
Mason's Hill
Minor's Hill
Munson's Hill
Upton's Hill
Bailey's Crossroads
[hide]
v
t
e
American Civil War
[show]
Origins
Origins
Issues
Timeline leading to the War
Antebellum era
Bleeding Kansas
Border states
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Lincoln-Douglas debates
Missouri Compromise
Popular sovereignty
Secession
States' rights
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
Slavery
African Americans
Cornerstone Speech
Emancipation Proclamation
Fugitive slave laws
Plantations in the American South
Slave Power
Slavery in the United States
Treatment of slaves in the United States
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Abolitionism
Susan B. Anthony
John Brown
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
J. Sella Martin
Lysander Spooner
George Luther Stearns
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Harriet Tubman
Underground Railroad
[show]
Combatants
Theaters
Campaigns
Battles
States
Combatants
Union (USA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Revenue Cutter Service
Confederacy (CSA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Theaters
Eastern
Western
Lower Seaboard
Trans-Mississippi
Pacific Coast
Union naval blockade
Major Campaigns
Anaconda Plan
Blockade runners
New Mexico
Jackson's Valley
Peninsula
Northern Virginia
Maryland
Stones River
Vicksburg
Tullahoma
Gettysburg
Morgan's Raid
Bristoe
Knoxville
Red River
Overland
Atlanta
Valley 1864
Bermuda Hundred
Richmond-Petersburg
Franklin–Nashville
Price's Raid
Sherman's March
Carolinas
Appomattox
Major battles
Fort Sumter
1st Bull Run
Wilson's Creek
Fort Donelson
Pea Ridge
Hampton Roads
Shiloh
New Orleans
Corinth
Seven Pines
Seven Days
2nd Bull Run
Antietam
Perryville
Fredericksburg
Stones River
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Chickamauga
Chattanooga
Wilderness
Fort Pillow
Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor
Atlanta
Mobile Bay
Franklin
Nashville
Five Forks
Involvement (by
state or territory)
AL
AK
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DC
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
[show]
Leaders
Confederate
Military
R. H. Anderson
Beauregard
Bragg
Buchanan
Cooper
Early
Ewell
Forrest
Gorgas
Hill
Hood
Jackson
A. S. Johnston
J. E. Johnston
Lee
Longstreet
Morgan
Mosby
Polk
Price
Semmes
E. K. Smith
Stuart
Taylor
Wheeler
Civilian
Benjamin
Bocock
Breckinridge
Davis
Hunter
Mallory
Memminger
Seddon
Stephens
Union
Military
Anderson
Buell
Burnside
Butler
Du Pont
Farragut
Foote
Frémont
Grant
Halleck
Hooker
Hunt
McClellan
McDowell
Meade
Meigs
Ord
Pope
D. D. Porter
Rosecrans
Scott
Sheridan
Sherman
Thomas
Civilian
Adams
Chase
Ericsson
Hamlin
Lincoln
Pinkerton
Seward
Stanton
Stevens
Wade
Welles
[show]
Aftermath
U.S. Constitution
Reconstruction amendments
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Reconstruction
Alabama Claims
Brooks–Baxter War
Carpetbaggers
Colfax Riot of 1873
Eufaula Riot of 1874
Freedmen's Bureau
Freedman's Savings Bank
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Kirk-Holden War
Knights of the White Camelia
Ku Klux Klan
Memphis Riot of 1866
Meridian Riot of 1871
New Orleans Riot of 1866
Pulaski (Tennessee) Riot of 1867
Reconstruction acts
Habeas Corpus Act 1867
Enforcement Act of 1870
Enforcement Act of February 1871
Enforcement Act of April 1871
Reconstruction treaties
Indian Council at Fort Smith
Red Shirts
Redeemers
Confederate refugees
Confederados
Scalawags
South Carolina riots of 1876
Southern Claims Commission
Homestead acts
Southern Homestead Act of 1866
Timber Culture Act of 1873
White League
post-Reconstruction
Commemoration
Centennial
Civil War Discovery Trail
Civil War Roundtables
Civil War Trails Program
Civil War Trust
Confederate History Month
Confederate monuments and memorials
Historical reenactment
Robert E. Lee Day
Disenfranchisement
Black Codes
Jim Crow
Lost Cause mythology
Modern display of the Confederate flag
Sons of Confederate Veterans
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
Southern Historical Society
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Monuments and memorials
Union
List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic
Memorials to Abraham Lincoln
Confederate
List of Confederate monuments and memorials
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
Annapolis
Roger B. Taney Monument
Baltimore
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument
Confederate Women's Monument
Roger B. Taney Monument
Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument
Durham, North Carolina
Robert E. Lee Monument
New Orleans
Battle of Liberty Place Monument
Jefferson Davis Monument
General Beauregard Equestrian Statue
Robert E. Lee Monument
Cemeteries
Confederate Memorial Day
Ladies' memorial associations
U.S. Memorial Day
U.S. national cemeteries
Veterans
1913 Gettysburg Reunion
Confederate Veteran
Grand Army of the Republic
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
Old soldiers' homes
Southern Cross of Honor
United Confederate Veterans
[show]
Related topics
Related topics
Military
Arms
Campaign Medal
Cavalry
Confederate Home Guard
Confederate railroads
Confederate Revolving Cannon
Field artillery
Medal of Honor recipients
Medicine
Leadership
Naval battles
Official Records
Partisan rangers
POW camps
Rations
Signal Corps
Turning point
Union corps badges
U.S. Balloon Corps
U.S. Home Guard
U.S. Military Railroad
Political
Committee on the Conduct of the War
Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1862
Copperheads
Emancipation Proclamation
Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
Hampton Roads Conference
National Union Party
Radical Republicans
Trent Affair
Union leagues
U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
War Democrats
Music
Battle Hymn of the Republic
Dixie
John Brown's Body
A Lincoln Portrait
Marching through Georgia
Maryland, My Maryland
When Johnny Comes Marching Home
Other topics
Bibliography
Confederate war finance
Confederate States dollar
Espionage
Confederate Secret Service
Great Revival of 1863
Naming the war
Native Americans
Cherokee
Choctaw
New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
New York City Riot of 1863
Photographers
Richmond Riot of 1863
Sexuality
Supreme Court cases
Tokens
U.S. Sanitary Commission
[show]
v
t
e
Stonewall Jackson
Leadership
Instructor, Virginia Military Institute
Colonel, Virginia Militia
Stonewall Brigade
Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia
Mexican–American War
Siege of Veracruz
Battle of Contreras
Battle of Chapultepec
Battle for Mexico City
American Civil War
raids and expeditions
Great Train Raid of 1861
Romney Expedition
American Civil War
battles and campaigns
First Battle of Manassas
Valley Campaign
Seven Days Battles
Northern Virginia Campaign
Maryland Campaign
Battle of Fredericksburg
Battle of Chancellorsville
Historic items
Thomas Jonathan Jackson (sculpture)
Winchester Headquarters
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar
Monument Avenue
"Stonewall Jackson's Way"
CSS Stonewall
USS Stonewall
USS Stonewall Jackson
Related
Lee–Jackson Day
Virginia portal
[show]
v
t
e
Fairfax County, Virginia
Northern Virginia
Washington metropolitan area
Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area
Administration
Fairfax County Public Schools
Fairfax County Board of Supervisors
Fairfax County Park Authority
Fairfax County Economic Development Authority
Fairfax County Public Library
Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department
Fairfax County Police Department
Fairfax County Sheriff's Office
Organizations
Fairfax Symphony Orchestra
Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce
Landmarks
Fairfax County Government Center
Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts
Inova Fairfax Hospital
Mount Vernon
Gunston Hall
Tysons Corner Center
Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park
Great Falls Park
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Washington and Old Dominion Railway
Fort Belvoir
Transportation
Air
Manassas Regional Airport
Washington Dulles International Airport
Roads
Fairfax County Parkway
Springfield Interchange
Virginia State Route 123
Dulles Toll Road (VA 267)
Transit
Fairfax Connector
Silver Line
Virginia Railway Express
Manassas Line
Fredericksburg Line
Culture
Battles
Battle of Chantilly
First Battle of Bull Run
Second Battle of Bull Run
Events
Celebrate Fairfax!
Education
George Mason University
University of Fairfax
Northern Virginia Community College
[show]
v
t
e
Prince William County, Virginia
Northern Virginia
Washington Metropolitan Area
Administration
Prince William Board of County Supervisors
Prince William County Public Schools
Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation
Prince William County Public Library
Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue
Prince William County Police Department
Prince William County Sheriff's Office
Organizations
Prince William Chamber of Commerce
Landmarks
National Museum of the Marine Corps
Marine Corps Base Quantico
Hylton Performing Arts Center
Manassas National Battlefield Park
Jiffy Lube Live
Old Dominion Speedway
Prince William Forest Park
Leesylvania State Park
Potomac Mills
Transportation
OmniRide
Washington Dulles International Airport
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
Manassas Regional Airport
Prince William Parkway
Virginia State Route 234
Interstate 66
Interstate 95
U.S. Route 1
Culture
Battles
First Battle of Bull Run
Second Battle of Bull Run
Events
Dale City 4th of July Parade
Education
George Mason University
Northern Virginia Community College
Strayer University
University of Northern Virginia
[show]
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Prince William County, Virginia, United States
County seat: Manassas
Towns
Dumfries
Haymarket
Occoquan
Quantico
CDPs
Buckhall
Bull Run
Bull Run Mountain Estates
Cherry Hill
County Center
Dale City
Gainesville
Independent Hill
Lake Ridge
Linton Hall
Loch Lomond
Marumsco
Montclair
Neabsco
Nokesville
Potomac Mills
Quantico Base‡
Sudley
Triangle
Woodbridge
Yorkshire
Unincorporated
communities
Aden
Agnewville
Antioch
Batestown
Bethel
Brentsville
Bristow
Buckland
Canova
Catharpin
Cornwell
Featherstone
Greenwich
Groveton
Hickory Ridge
Hoadly
Joplin
Kopp
Locust Hill
Minnieville
Rixlew
Southbridge
Sudley Springs
Thoroughfare
Wellington
West Gate
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run&oldid=836552195"
Categories:
Fairfax County in the American Civil War
Manassas Campaign
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
Confederate victories of the American Civil War
Prince William County in the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
1861 in the American Civil War
1861 in Virginia
July 1861 events
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Use mdy dates from November 2013
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles needing additional references from July 2017
All articles needing additional references
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Articles with LibriVox links
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
20 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 April 2018, at 13:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

attr: class src alt title

value: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attr: id class src style alt

attr: class href

attr: id style class

value: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: p

tag: br

tag: sup

tag: th

attr: class colspan style

attr: colspan style

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: First Battle of Bull Run Kurz & Allison.jpg

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value:
/wiki/Confederacy_(American_Civil_War)
mw-redirect
Confederacy (American Civil War)

value:
/wiki/Thomas_%22Stonewall%22_Jackson
mw-redirect
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

value:
/wiki/Army_of_Northeastern_Virginia
mw-redirect
Army of Northeastern Virginia

value: Department of Pennsylvania (American Civil War)

value:
/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac_(Confederate)
mw-redirect
Army of the Potomac (Confederate)

value: Template talk:Campaignbox Manassas Campaign

value: Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Bull_Run_(Occoquan_River)
mw-redirect
Bull Run (Occoquan River)

value: Edit section: Military and political situation

value: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

value:
gallery mw-gallery-traditional center
max-width: 326px;_width: 326px;

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ff0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0000ff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value:
/wiki/Anaconda_plan
mw-redirect
Anaconda plan

value:
/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard
mw-redirect
P.G.T. Beauregard

value: Edit section: McDowell's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign

value:
/wiki/Bull_Run_Creek_(Virginia)
mw-redirect
Bull Run Creek (Virginia)

value: First Bull Run Confederate order of battle

value:
/wiki/Nathan_G._Evans
mw-redirect
Nathan G. Evans

value:
/wiki/Thomas_J._Jackson
mw-redirect
Thomas J. Jackson

value:
/wiki/Barnard_Elliott_Bee,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr.

value:
/wiki/Wig-Wag_Signaling
mw-redirect
Wig-Wag Signaling

value:
/wiki/Roberdeau_Wheat
mw-redirect
Roberdeau Wheat

value:
/wiki/Captain_(Confederate_Army)
mw-redirect
Captain (Confederate Army)

value:
/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart
mw-redirect
J.E.B. Stuart

value: 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment

value: President of the Confederate States of America

value:
/wiki/Milledge_L._Bonham
mw-redirect
Milledge L. Bonham

value: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:35%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

value: Edit section: Effect on the Union and subsequent events

value:
/wiki/General_(CSA)
mw-redirect
General (CSA)

value: Edit section: Confederate victory: turning point of the American Civil War

value:
/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service
mw-redirect
U.S. National Park Service

value: Edit section: Confusion between the battle flags

value: Flags of the Confederate States of America

value: Edit section: Gallery: the First Bull Run hour by hour

value:
/wiki/North_and_South_(TV_miniseries)
mw-redirect
North and South (TV miniseries)

value:
/wiki/Virginia_(U.S._state)
mw-redirect
Virginia (U.S. state)

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value: Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861

value: List of costliest American Civil War land battles

value: Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rugreview.com/cw/cwcu.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rugreview.com/cw/cwcc.htm

value:
nofollow
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2706/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.washingtondc-go.com

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: United States Army Center of Military History

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890637

value:
/wiki/Douglas_S._Freeman
mw-redirect
Douglas S. Freeman

value: Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era

value:
/wiki/James_I._Robertson,_Jr.
mw-redirect
James I. Robertson, Jr.

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.civilwarhome.com/loweor.htm

value: Edit section: Memoirs and primary sources

value: Official Records of the American Civil War

value: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

value: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bull Run

value: commons:Category:First Battle of Bull Run

value: commons:Category:Manassas National Battlefield Park

value:
nofollow
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2743/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nps.gov/mana

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.firstbullrun.co.uk

value: s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Bull Run

value:
/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia
mw-redirect
The American Cyclopædia

value: Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater

value: Template talk:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater

value: Category:Battles for McClellan's Operations in Northern Virginia of the American Civil War

value: Category:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition

value: Category:Battles of Longstreet's Tidewater Campaign of the American Civil War

value: Category:Battles of the Operations against Plymouth of the American Civil War

value: Template:Fairfax County in the American Civil War

value: Template talk:Fairfax County in the American Civil War

value: Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)

value:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
/wiki/43rd_Battalion_Virginia_Cavalry
mw-redirect
43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry

value: 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment

value: 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment

value: 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry

value:
/wiki/Thaddeus_Lowe
mw-redirect
Thaddeus Lowe

value:
/wiki/Ossian_Hall_(plantation)
mw-redirect
Ossian Hall (plantation)

value: St. Mary's Church (Fairfax Station, Virginia)

value: William Gunnell House (Fairfax, Virginia)

value:
/wiki/Bailey%27s_Crossroads
mw-redirect
Bailey's Crossroads

value: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

value: History of the United States (1789–1849)

value:
/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates
mw-redirect
Lincoln-Douglas debates

value: Popular sovereignty in the United States

value: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War

value: Treatment of slaves in the United States

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

value: Western Theater of the American Civil War

value: Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War

value: Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War

value: Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War

value: Blockade runners of the American Civil War

value: Territory of Arizona (Confederate States)

value: Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War

value: New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

value: North Carolina in the American Civil War

value: Indian Territory in the American Civil War

value: South Carolina in the American Civil War

value:
/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)
mw-redirect
Benjamin Butler (politician)

value: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

value: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

value: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

value:
/wiki/Reconstruction_Era
mw-redirect
Reconstruction Era

value:
/wiki/Kirk-Holden_war
mw-redirect
Kirk-Holden war

value:
/wiki/New_Orleans_riot
mw-redirect
New Orleans riot

value:
/wiki/First_Enforcement_Act_of_1871
mw-redirect
First Enforcement Act of 1871

value:
/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act_of_1871
mw-redirect
Second Enforcement Act of 1871

value: South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876

value: List of Confederate monuments and memorials

value: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

value: List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials

value: List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic

value: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

value: Roger B. Taney Monument (Annapolis, Maryland)

value: Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument

value: Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument

value: Robert E. Lee Monument (Durham, North Carolina)

value: Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)

value: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States

value:
Related_topics
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

value: List of weapons in the American Civil War

value: Confederate railroads in the American Civil War

value: Field artillery in the American Civil War

value: List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients

value: Military leadership in the American Civil War

value: United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

value: Confederate States presidential election, 1861

value:
/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1863
mw-redirect
Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863

value: United States presidential election, 1864

value:
/wiki/War_Democrats
mw-redirect
War Democrats

value:
/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait
mw-redirect
A Lincoln Portrait

value:
/wiki/Marching_through_Georgia
mw-redirect
Marching through Georgia

value: Native Americans in the American Civil War

value: Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/File:Stonewall_Jackson.jpg
image
Stonewall Jackson

value:
/wiki/Great_Train_Raid_of_1861
mw-redirect
Great Train Raid of 1861

value:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

value: Template:Fairfax County, Virginia topics

value: Template talk:Fairfax County, Virginia topics

value: Fairfax County Economic Development Authority

value: Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department

value: Fairfax County Police Department (Virginia)

value: Fairfax County Sheriff's Office (Virginia)

value: Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts

value: Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park

value: Celebrate Fairfax! (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template:Prince William County, Virginia topics

value: Template talk:Prince William County, Virginia topics (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area
mw-redirect
Washington Metropolitan Area

value: Prince William Board of County Supervisors

value: Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation

value: Prince William County Public Library (page does not exist)

value: Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue

value: Seal of Prince William County, Virginia.png

value: Hylton Performing Arts Center (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Old_Dominion_Speedway
mw-redirect
Old Dominion Speedway

value: Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission

value: Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport

value: Dale City 4th of July Parade (page does not exist)

value: Template:Prince William County, Virginia

value: Template talk:Prince William County, Virginia

value:
/wiki/Town_(Virginia)
mw-redirect
Town (Virginia)

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William County

value:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: Bull Run, Prince William County, Virginia

value: Cherry Hill, Prince William County, Virginia

value: Potomac Mills, Prince William County, Virginia

value: Antioch, Prince William County, Virginia

value: Groveton, Prince William County, Virginia

value: Locust Hill, Prince William County, Virginia

value: West Gate, Prince William County, Virginia

value: Category:Fairfax County in the American Civil War

value: Category:Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

value: Category:Confederate victories of the American Civil War

value: Category:Prince William County in the American Civil War

value: Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia

value: Category:United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2013

value: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2017

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

value: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: معركة بول رن الأولى – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value: نخستین نبرد بول ران – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: 제1차 불런 전투 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: קרב בול ראן הראשון – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: 第一次ブルランの戦い – Japanese

value: Det første slaget ved Bull Run – Norwegian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Primeira Batalha de Bull Run – Portuguese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Первое сражение при Булл-Ран – Russian

value: First Battle of Bull Run – Simple English

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value: Битка код Бул Рана (1861) – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value: 第一次馬納沙斯之役 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-First_Battle_of_Bull_Run rootpage-First_Battle_of_Bull_Run skin-vector action-view