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Ving Rhames
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Ving Rhames
Born
Irving Rameses Rhames
(1959-05-12) May 12, 1959 (age 58)
New York, New York, U.S.
Education
State University of New York, Purchase
Juilliard School (BFA)
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1984–present
Spouse(s)
Valerie Scott (m. 1994; div. 1999)
Deborah Reed (m. 2000)
Children
3
Irving Rameses "Ving" Rhames (born May 12, 1959) is an American actor of screen and stage known for his roles as Luther Stickell in the Mission: Impossible film series, as well as Pulp Fiction, Don King: Only in America, Rosewood, Con Air, Dawn of the Dead, and Bringing Out the Dead, as well as the voice of Cobra Bubbles in the 2002 film Lilo & Stitch. Rhames is a Golden Globe Award winner, as well as an Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominee.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Rhames was born in Harlem, New York City, the son of Reather, a homemaker, and Ernest Rhames, an auto mechanic.[1][2] His parents were raised as sharecroppers in South Carolina.[2][3] He was named after the late NBC journalist, Irving R. Levine.[4]
He entered New York's High School of Performing Arts, where he discovered his love of acting. After high school, he studied drama at SUNY Purchase, where fellow acting student Stanley Tucci gave him his nickname "Ving". Rhames later transferred to the Juilliard School's Drama Division (Group 12: 1979–1983)[5] where he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1983.[6]
Career[edit]
Rhames first appeared on Broadway in the play The Boys of Winter in 1984. He started out in film in Wes Craven's The People Under the Stairs (1991) as Leroy; he watched over Kevin Kline as Secret Service agent Duane Stevensen in Dave (1993); and he played Marsellus Wallace in Pulp Fiction (1994).
Rhames played Dr. Peter Benton's brother-in-law on the TV medical drama ER, a recurring role he filled for three seasons. He played ace computer hacker Luther Stickell opposite Tom Cruise in Brian De Palma's Mission: Impossible (1996). In 1997 Rhames portrayed the character of Nathan 'Diamond Dog' Jones in the popular film Con Air. and Muki in the Ice Cube film Dangerous Ground.
Rhames won a Golden Globe in 1998 for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film in HBO's Don King: Only in America. At the ceremony Rhames gave his award to fellow nominee Jack Lemmon, saying, "I feel that being an artist is about giving, and I'd like to give this to you." Lemmon was clearly touched by the gesture as was the celebrity audience who gave Lemmon a standing ovation. Lemmon, who tried unsuccessfully to give the award back to Rhames, said it was "one of the nicest, sweetest moments I've ever known in my life." The Hollywood Foreign Press Association announced later that they would have a duplicate award prepared for Rhames. That moment was #98 on E!'s 101 Awesome Moments in Entertainment.[7][8][9] The New York Times lauded Rhames for the act, writing that in doing so he "demonstrated his capacity for abundant generosity."[9]
Rhames appeared in Striptease (1996) as the wisecracking bodyguard Shad, Bringing Out the Dead (1999), then reprised his Luther Stickell role for Mission: Impossible 2 (2000). He played Johnnie Cochran in American Tragedy (2000), the ex-con boyfriend of Jodie's mother in the John Singleton film Baby Boy, portrayed a gay drag queen in the television movie Holiday Heart, contributed his voice for the character of Cobra Bubbles in Lilo & Stitch (2002) and the subsequent TV series, and played a stoic cop fighting zombie hordes in Dawn of the Dead (2004) and Day of the Dead (2008) remakes. Rhames has also appeared in a series of television commercials for RadioShack, usually performing with Vanessa L. Williams.
In March 2005, Rhames played the lead role on a new Kojak series, on the USA Network cable channel (and on ITV4 in the UK). The bald head, lollipops, and "Who loves ya, baby?" catchphrase remained intact, but little else remained from the Savalas original.
Rhames voiced the part of Tobias Jones in the computer game Driver 3.
Rhames reprised his role in Mission: Impossible III (2006), had a cameo appearance in Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011), and played a major role in the fifth film, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015).[10] He is the only actor besides Tom Cruise to appear in all five Mission: Impossible films. It was announced that he would have a role in the Aquaman-based show Mercy Reef, however due to the integration of The WB and UPN for the new network, CW, Mercy Reef was not picked up. Rhames played a homosexual, possibly also homicidal, firefighter who comes out of the closet in I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry. He narrates the BET television series American Gangster.
In the 2008 film Saving God, he played an ex-con who is released from prison a changed man looking to take over his father's former church congregation in a deteriorating neighborhood. Rhames stars in Phantom Punch, a biopic of boxer Sonny Liston released directly to DVD as well as The Tournament portraying a fighter out to win a no-rules tournament.
Rhames makes an appearance in Ludacris's song "Southern Gangstas" on his album Theater of the Mind. Rappers Playaz Circle and Rick Ross are also featured on the track.
In 2010, he filed a lawsuit against the producer of a film titled Red Canvas,[11] claiming that he had only been paid $175,000 of a $200,000 contract.
He filmed the movie Submission with Ernie Reyes, Jr. and UFC lightweight contender Gray Maynard and Randy Couture.
In 2015, he filmed a series of commercials for The ADT Corporation.
Rhames is one of the narrators for UFC.
Rhames introduced the New England Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons in the 2017 Super Bowl LI (51).
Rhames's deep voice is the center of many recent (2015-present) Arby's commercials, with the catchline 'Arby's, we have the meats!'
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 Go Tell It on the Mountain Young Gabriel Grimes
1986 Native Son Jack
1988 Patty Hearst Cinque Mtume
1989 Casualties of War Lt. Reilly
1990 The Long Walk Home Herbert Cotter
1990 Jacob's Ladder George
1991 Flight of the Intruder CPO Frank McRae
1991 Homicide Robert Randolph
1991 The People Under the Stairs Leroy
1992 Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot Mr. Stereo
1993 Blood in Blood Out Ivan
1993 Dave Duane Stevenson
1993 The Saint of Fort Washington Little Leroy
1994 Pulp Fiction Marsellus Wallace
1994 Drop Squad Garvey
1995 Kiss of Death Omar
1996 Mission: Impossible Luther Stickell
1996 Striptease Shad
1997 Dangerous Ground Muki
1997 Rosewood Mann
1997 Con Air Nathan 'Diamond Dog' Jones
1998 Body Count Pike
1998 Out of Sight Buddy Bragg
1999 Entrapment Aaron Thibadeaux Nominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Supporting Actor – Action
1999 Bringing Out the Dead Marcus Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor
2000 Mission: Impossible 2 Luther Stickell
2001 Baby Boy Melvin Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actor
2001 Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within Ryan Whittaker
2002 Undisputed George "Iceman" Chambers
2002 Lilo & Stitch Cobra Bubbles Voice only
2002 Dark Blue Arthur Holland Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actor
2003 Stitch! The Movie Cobra Bubbles Voice only
2003 Sin Eddie Burns
2004 Dawn of the Dead Sgt. Kenneth Hall
2005 Back in the Day Joseph "J-Bone" Brown
2005 Animal James "Animal" Allen
2005 Shooting Gallery Cue Ball Carl Bridgers
2006 Mission: Impossible III Luther Stickell
2006 Idlewild Spats
2006 Leroy & Stitch Cobra Bubbles
2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry Fred G. Duncan
2008 Animal 2 James "Animal" Allen
2008 A Broken Life Vet
2008 Day of the Dead Capt. Rhodes
2008 Saving God Armstrong Cane
2008 Phantom Punch Sonny Liston
2009 Echelon Conspiracy Agent Dave Grant
2009 The Bridge to Nowhere Nate
2009 Evil Angel Carruthers
2009 The Tournament Joshua Harlow
2009 The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard Jibby Newsome
2009 Surrogates The Prophet
2009 Give 'Em Hell, Malone Boulder
2010 Operation: Endgame Judgement
2010 Caged Animal Miles "Cain" Skinner
2010 Master Harold...and the Boys Sam
2010 Piranha 3D Deputy Fallon
2010 Red Canvas Himself
2010 King of the Avenue Norman De'Sha
2011 Death Race 2 R.H. Weyland
2011 Julia X The Man
2011 Pimp Bullies Miguel
2011 Soldiers of Fortune Grimaud Torneur
2011 The River Murders Captain Langley
2011 Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol Luther Stickell Cameo
2011 Zombie Apocalypse Henry
2012 Mafia Renzo Wes
2012 Seven Below Jack
2012 Piranha 3DD Deputy Fallon
2012 Won't Back Down Principal Thompson
2013 Death Race 3: Inferno R.H. Weyland
2013 Force of Execution Ice Man
2014 Jamesy Boy Conrad
2015 Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation Luther Stickell
2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Charlie-27 Cameo
2017 The Star Thaddeus Voice only
2017 Father Figures Rod Hamilton
2018 Mission: Impossible – Fallout Luther Stickell Post-production
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985 Miami Vice Georges Episode: "The Maze"
1986 Crime Story Hector Lincoln Episode: "Abrams for the Defense"
1987 Miami Vice Walker Monroe Episode: "Child's Play"
1987 Tour of Duty SP4 Tucker Episode: "Burn Baby, Burn"
1988 Spenser: For Hire Henry Brown Episode: "McAllister"
1989 Men Charlie Hazard 6 episodes
1989 The Equalizer Luther Paxton Episode: "Suicide Squad"
1990 When You Remember Me Leon TV film
1994–1996 ER Walter Robbins 8 episodes
1995 Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Lightning Detective Artie Brown TV film
1995 New York Undercover Max Villareal Episode: "Olde Thyme Religion"
1995 Deadly Whispers Det. Jackson TV film
1997 Don King: Only in America Don King TV film
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
2000 American Tragedy Johnnie Cochran TV film
2000 Holiday Heart Holiday Heart TV film
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television
2001 UC: Undercover Quito Real 3 episodes
2002 Sins of the Father Garrick Jones TV film
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television
2002 Little John John Morgan TV film
2002 RFK Judge Jones TV film
2002 The Proud Family Garrett Krebs Episode: "A Hero for Halloween"
2002–2003 The District Attorney General Troy Hatcher 5 episodes
2003 Lilo & Stitch: The Series Cobra Bubbles Voice only
2003 Jimmy Neutron Chief Episode: "Operation: Rescue Jet Fusion"
2005 Kojak Theo Kojak 9 episodes
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television
2006 Aquaman McCaffery TV pilot
2007 Football Wives Frank Wallingford TV pilot
2010 Gravity Dogg McFee 10 episodes
2011 Black Jack Black Jack TV film
2013 Monday Mornings Dr. Jorge Villanueva 10 episodes
2014 A Day Late and a Dollar Short Cecil Price TV film
Video games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 Mission: Impossible – Operation Surma Luther Stickel Voice only
2004 Driver 3 Tobias Jones Voice only
2017 Call of Duty: WWII Jefferson Potts Voice only
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
1998 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in Mini-Series or Motion Picture Don King: Only in America Won [12]
Primetime Emmy Awards Best Actor in Mini-Series or Movie Don King: Only in America Nominated
Acalpulco Black Film Festival Best Actor Rosewood Nominated
Image Awards Outstanding Actor in Motion Picture Rosewood Nominated
Outstanding Actor in Television or Mini-Series Don King: Only in America Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Don King: Only in America Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Don King: Only in America Nominated
2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Best Supporting Actor - Action Entrapment Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor - Comedy or Music Bringing out the Dead Nominated
ShoWest Convention Best Supporting Actor Won [13]
2001 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Network Holiday Heart Nominated
Image Awards Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture Mission: Impossible 2 Nominated
Locarno International Film Festival Special Mention Baby Boy Won
2002 Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actor Baby Boy Nominated
Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series UC: Undercover Nominated
Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Baby Boy Nominated
2003 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series Sins of the Father Nominated
Image Awards Best Supporting Actor - Comedy The Proud Family Nominated
Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Sins of the Father Nominated
2004 Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actor Dark Blue Nominated
2006 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Television Kojak Nominated
2015 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Television A Day Late and a Dollar Short Nominated
Image Awards Best Actor - Television Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mills, Bart (October 17, 1999). "Ving And A Prayer Faith Is The Cornerstone Of Rhames' Life — And His Character's In Scorsese's 'Bringing Out The Dead'". New York Daily News.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles, Nick (June 23, 1996). "Nursery Rhames ... 'Mission Impossible' And 'Pulp Fiction' Star Ving Learned His Values At His Mother's Knee". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ WHO LOVES YA, BABY? 'KOJAK'S' BACK – AND THIS TIME, HE'S BLACK
Jump up ^ Newsmakers – Newsweek Entertainment – MSNBC.com
Jump up ^ "Alumni News". The Juilliard School. April 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Ving Rhames". All Movie Guide. The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Riché Richardson (2007). Black masculinity and the U.S. South: from Uncle Tom to gangsta. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-2890-1. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Marlene Calvin (2010). Diasporic Lives: Alienation and Violence as Themes in African American Jamaican Cultural Texts. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 3-643-10574-6. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Gerston, Jill. "Ving Rhames – About This Person". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ving Rhames Returns for Mission: Impossible 5". www.superherohype.com. August 17, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ving Rhames to Producer: Do I Look Like a Bitch?. TMZ.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-28.
Jump up ^ "1998 Golden Globes Award". Ropeofsilicon. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
Jump up ^ Jones, Anderson (2000-03-10). "ShoWest 2000 Signs Off". Eonline.com. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Ving Rhames on IMDb
86387 Ving Rhames at the Internet Broadway Database
[hide]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Mickey Rooney (1981)
Anthony Andrews (1982)
Richard Chamberlain (1983)
Ted Danson (1984)
Dustin Hoffman (1985)
James Woods (1986)
Randy Quaid (1987)
Michael Caine/Stacy Keach (1988)
Robert Duvall (1989)
James Garner (1990)
Beau Bridges (1991)
Robert Duvall (1992)
James Garner (1993)
Raúl Juliá (1994)
Gary Sinise (1995)
Alan Rickman (1996)
Ving Rhames (1997)
Stanley Tucci (1998)
Jack Lemmon (1999)
Brian Dennehy (2000)
James Franco (2001)
Albert Finney (2002)
Al Pacino (2003)
Geoffrey Rush (2004)
Jonathan Rhys Meyers (2005)
Bill Nighy (2006)
Jim Broadbent (2007)
Paul Giamatti (2008)
Kevin Bacon (2009)
Al Pacino (2010)
Idris Elba (2011)
Kevin Costner (2012)
Michael Douglas (2013)
Billy Bob Thornton (2014)
Oscar Isaac (2015)
Tom Hiddleston (2016)
Ewan McGregor (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 85656416
LCCN: no96020609
ISNI: 0000 0001 1681 4963
GND: 143814125
SUDOC: 06664352X
BNF: cb142202183 (data)
MusicBrainz: 47c3d1cd-933a-4557-a3c0-e45d27924e54
BNE: XX1276771
SNAC: w60w29vg
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ving_Rhames&oldid=836946292"
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text:
Sympathetic nervous system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sympathetic nervous system
Schematic illustration showing the sympathetic nervous system with sympathetic cord and target organs.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi
Acronym(s)
SNS
MeSH
D013564
TA
A14.3.01.001
FMA
9906
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system. (The enteric nervous system (ENS) is now usually referred to as separate from the autonomic nervous system since it has its own independent reflex activity.)[1][2]
The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body's unconscious actions. The sympathetic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response. It is, however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis.[3] The sympathetic nervous system is described as being complementary to the parasympathetic nervous system which stimulates the body to "feed and breed" and to (then) "rest-and-digest".
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Organization
1.2 Information transmission
2 Function
2.1 Sensation
2.2 Relationship with the parasympathetic nervous system
3 Disorders
4 History and etymology
5 See also
6 References
Structure[edit]
There are two kinds of neurons involved in the transmission of any signal through the sympathetic system: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic. The shorter preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord specifically at T1 to L2~L3, and travel to a ganglion, often one of the paravertebral ganglia, where they synapse with a postganglionic neuron. From there, the long postganglionic neurons extend across most of the body.[4]
At the synapses within the ganglia, preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on postganglionic neurons. In response to this stimulus, the postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine, which activates adrenergic receptors that are present on the peripheral target tissues. The activation of target tissue receptors causes the effects associated with the sympathetic system. However, there are three important exceptions:[5]
Postganglionic neurons of sweat glands and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Postganglionic neurons of sweat glands release acetylcholine for the activation of muscarinic receptors, except for areas of thick skin, the palms and the plantar surfaces of the feet, where norepinephrine is released and acts on adrenergic receptors.
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are analogous to post-ganglionic neurons; the adrenal medulla develops in tandem with the sympathetic nervous system and acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion. Within this endocrine gland, pre-ganglionic neurons synapse with chromaffin cells, triggering the release of two transmitters: a small proportion of norepinephrine, and more substantially, epinephrine. The synthesis and release of epinephrine as opposed to norepinephrine is another distinguishing feature of chromaffin cells compared to postganglionic sympathetic neurons.[6]
Postganglionic sympathetic nerves terminating in the kidney release dopamine, which acts on dopamine D1 receptors of blood vessels to control how much blood the kidney filters. Dopamine is the immediate metabolic precursor to norepinephrine, but is nonetheless a distinct signaling molecule.[7]
Organization[edit]
The sympathetic nervous system extends from the thoracic to lumbar vertebrae and has connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
Sympathetic nerves arise from near the middle of the spinal cord in the intermediolateral nucleus of the lateral grey column, beginning at the first thoracic vertebra of the vertebral column and are thought to extend to the second or third lumbar vertebra. Because its cells begin in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, the sympathetic nervous system is said to have a thoracolumbar outflow. Axons of these nerves leave the spinal cord through the anterior root. They pass near the spinal (sensory) ganglion, where they enter the anterior rami of the spinal nerves. However, unlike somatic innervation, they quickly separate out through white rami connectors (so called from the shiny white sheaths of myelin around each axon) that connect to either the paravertebral (which lie near the vertebral column) or prevertebral (which lie near the aortic bifurcation) ganglia extending alongside the spinal column.
To reach target organs and glands, the axons must travel long distances in the body, and, to accomplish this, many axons relay their message to a second cell through synaptic transmission. The ends of the axons link across a space, the synapse, to the dendrites of the second cell. The first cell (the presynaptic cell) sends a neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft where it activates the second cell (the postsynaptic cell). The message is then carried to the final destination.
Presynaptic nerves' axons terminate in either the paravertebral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia. There are four different paths an axon can take before reaching its terminal. In all cases, the axon enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its originating spinal nerve. After this, it can then either synapse in this ganglion, ascend to a more superior or descend to a more inferior paravertebral ganglion and synapse there, or it can descend to a prevertebral ganglion and synapse there with the postsynaptic cell.
The postsynaptic cell then goes on to innervate the targeted end effector (i.e. gland, smooth muscle, etc.). Because paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are relatively close to the spinal cord, presynaptic neurons are generally much shorter than their postsynaptic counterparts, which must extend throughout the body to reach their destinations.
A notable exception to the routes mentioned above is the sympathetic innervation of the suprarenal (adrenal) medulla. In this case, presynaptic neurons pass through paravertebral ganglia, on through prevertebral ganglia and then synapse directly with suprarenal tissue. This tissue consists of cells that have pseudo-neuron like qualities in that when activated by the presynaptic neuron, they will release their neurotransmitter (epinephrine) directly into the bloodstream.
In the sympathetic nervous system and other components of the peripheral nervous system, these synapses are made at sites called ganglia. The cell that sends its fiber is called a preganglionic cell, while the cell whose fiber leaves the ganglion is called a postganglionic cell. As mentioned previously, the preganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system are located between the first thoracic segment and third lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Postganglionic cells have their cell bodies in the ganglia and send their axons to target organs or glands.
The ganglia include not just the sympathetic trunks but also the cervical ganglia (superior, middle and inferior), which sends sympathetic nerve fibers to the head and thorax organs, and the celiac and mesenteric ganglia (which send sympathetic fibers to the gut).
Autonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit
Organ
Nerves[8]
Spinal column origin[8]
stomach
PS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10
duodenum
PS: vagus nerves
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10
jejunum and ileum
PS: posterior vagal trunks
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T5, T6, T7, T8, T9
spleen
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T6, T7, T8
gallbladder and liver
PS: vagus nerve
S: celiac plexus
right phrenic nerve
T6, T7, T8, T9
colon
PS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves
S: lesser and least splanchnic nerves
T10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)
L1, L2, L3, (distal colon)
pancreatic head
PS: vagus nerves
S: thoracic splanchnic nerves
T8, T9
vermiform appendix
nerves to superior mesenteric plexus
T10
kidneys and ureters
PS: vagus nerve
S: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
T11, T12
Information transmission[edit]
Messages travel through the sympathetic nervous system in a bi-directional flow. Efferent messages can trigger changes in different parts of the body simultaneously. For example, the sympathetic nervous system can accelerate heart rate; widen bronchial passages; decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine; constrict blood vessels; increase peristalsis in the oesophagus; cause pupillary dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating); and raise blood pressure. One exception is with certain blood vessels such as those in the cerebral and coronary arteries, which dilate (rather than constrict) with an increase in sympathetic tone. This is because of a proportional increase in the presence of β2 adrenergic receptors rather than α1 receptors. β2 receptors promote vessel dilation instead of constriction like α1 receptors. An alternative explanation is that the primary (and direct) effect of sympathetic stimulation on coronary arteries is vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilation caused by the release of vasodilatory metabolites due to the sympathetically increased cardiac inotropy and heart rate. This secondary vasodilation caused by the primary vasoconstriction is termed functional sympatholysis, the overall effect of which on coronary arteries is dilation.[9]
The target synapse of the postganglionic neuron is mediated by adrenergic receptors and is activated by either norepinephrine (noradrenaline) or epinephrine (adrenaline).
Function[edit]
Examples of sympathetic system action on various organs[6] except where otherwise indicated.
Organ
Effect
Eye Dilates
Heart Increases rate and force of contraction
Lungs Dilates bronchioles via circulating adrenaline[10]
Blood vessels Dilate in skeletal muscle (in animals).[11]
Constricts in gastrointestinal organs
Sweat glands Activates sweat secretion
Digestive tract Inhibits peristalsis
Kidney Increases renin secretion
Penis Inhibits Tumescence
Ductus deferens Promotes emission prior to ejaculation
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for up- and down-regulating many homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms. Fibers from the SNS innervate tissues in almost every organ system, providing at least some regulation of functions as diverse as pupil diameter, gut motility, and urinary system output and function.[12] It is perhaps best known for mediating the neuronal and hormonal stress response commonly known as the fight-or-flight response. This response is also known as sympatho-adrenal response of the body, as the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that end in the adrenal medulla (but also all other sympathetic fibers) secrete acetylcholine, which activates the great secretion of adrenaline (epinephrine) and to a lesser extent noradrenaline (norepinephrine) from it. Therefore, this response that acts primarily on the cardiovascular system is mediated directly via impulses transmitted through the sympathetic nervous system and indirectly via catecholamines secreted from the adrenal medulla.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for priming the body for action, particularly in situations threatening survival.[13] One example of this priming is in the moments before waking, in which sympathetic outflow spontaneously increases in preparation for action.
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes vasoconstriction of most blood vessels, including many of those in the skin, the digestive tract, and the kidneys. This occurs as a result of activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. These receptors exist throughout the vasculature of the body but are inhibited and counterbalanced by beta-2 adrenergic receptors (stimulated by epinephrine release from the adrenal glands) in the skeletal muscles, the heart, the lungs, and the brain during a sympathoadrenal response. The net effect of this is a shunting of blood away from the organs not necessary to the immediate survival of the organism and an increase in blood flow to those organs involved in intense physical activity.
Sensation[edit]
The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system (or CNS), are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.[14] Instead, autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers.
General visceral afferent sensations are mostly unconscious visceral motor reflex sensations from hollow organs and glands that are transmitted to the CNS. While the unconscious reflex arcs normally are undetectable, in certain instances they may send pain sensations to the CNS masked as referred pain. If the peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed or if the bowel is suddenly distended, the body will interpret the afferent pain stimulus as somatic in origin. This pain is usually non-localized. The pain is also usually referred to dermatomes that are at the same spinal nerve level as the visceral afferent synapse.[citation needed]
Relationship with the parasympathetic nervous system[edit]
Together with the other component of the autonomic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system aids in the control of most of the body's internal organs. Reaction to stress—as in the flight-or-fight response—is thought to counteract the parasympathetic system, which generally works to promote maintenance of the body at rest. The comprehensive functions of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are not so straightforward, but this is a useful rule of thumb.[3][15]
Disorders[edit]
In heart failure, the sympathetic nervous system increases its activity, leading to increased force of muscular contractions that in turn increases the stroke volume, as well as peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure. However, these effects accelerate disease progression, eventually increasing mortality in heart failure.[16]
Sympathicotonia is a stimulated[17] condition of the sympathetic nervous system, marked by vascular spasm,[18] elevated blood pressure,[18] and goose bumps.[18] A recent study has shown the expansion of Foxp3+ natural Treg in the bone marrow of mice after brain ischemia and this myeloid Treg expansion is related to sympathetic stress signaling after brain ischemia.[19]
History and etymology[edit]
The name of this system can be traced to the concept of sympathy, in the sense of "connection between parts", first used medically by Galen.[20] In the 18th century, Jacob B. Winslow applied the term specifically to nerves.[21]
See also[edit]
Epinephrine
History of catecholamine research
Limbic system
Norepinephrine
Sympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic trunk
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1862. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Pocock G, Richards C (2006). Human Physiology The Basis of Medicine (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Brodal, Per (2004). The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function (3 ed.). Oxford University Press US. pp. 369–396. ISBN 0-19-516560-8.
Jump up ^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W.M., eds. (2005). Gray's Anatomy for Students (1 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 76–84. ISBN 0-443-06612-4.
Jump up ^ Rang, H.P.; Dale, M.M.; Ritter, J.M.; Flower, R.J. (2007). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (6 ed.). Elsevier. p. 135. ISBN 0-443-06911-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub (2009). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (4 ed.). Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. pp. 379–386. ISBN 0-321-54130-8.
Jump up ^ Santiago Cuevas; Van Anthony Villar; Pedro A. Jose; Ines Armando (2013). "Renal Dopamine Receptors, Oxidative Stress, and Hypertension". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (9): 17553–17572. doi:10.3390/ijms140917553. PMC 3794741  . PMID 23985827.
^ Jump up to: a b Unless specified otherwise in the boxes, the source is: Moore, Keith L.; Agur, A. M. R. (2002). Essential Clinical Anatomy (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-7817-5940-3.
Jump up ^ Klabunde, Richard E. (2012). Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts (2 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 160.
Jump up ^ Berger, Michael P. Hlastala; Albert J. (2001). Physiology of respiration (2. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 177. ISBN 0195138465.
Jump up ^ Jänig, Wilfrid (2006). The integrative action of the autonomic nervous system : neurobiology of homeostasis. Cambridge: UK. pp. 132–135. ISBN 9780521845182.
Jump up ^ Moro, C; Tajouri, L; Chess-Williams, R (January 2013). "Adrenoceptor function and expression in bladder urothelium and lamina propria". Urology. 81 (1): 211.e1–7. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.011. PMID 23200975.
Jump up ^ Robert Ornstein (1992). The Evolution of Consciousness: of Darwin, Freud, and Cranial Fire: The Origins of the Way We Think. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-79224-5.
Jump up ^ Moore, K.L., & Agur, A.M. (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy: Third Edition. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 34-35. ISBN 978-0-7817-6274-8
Jump up ^ Sherwood, Lauralee (2008). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (7 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 240. ISBN 0-495-39184-0.
Jump up ^ Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J (2009). "The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54 (19): 1747–62. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015. PMID 19874988.
Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com Citing: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c thefreedictionary.com Citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007
Jump up ^ Wang J, Yu L, Jiang C, Fu X, Liu X, Wang M, Ou C, Cui X, Zhou C, Wang J (August 2015). "Cerebral ischemia increases bone marrow CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in mice via signals from sympathetic nervous system". Brain Behav Immun. 43: 172–83. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.022. PMC 4258426  . PMID 25110149.
Jump up ^ Sympathy, Sympathetic. Evolution of a Concept and Relevance to Current Understanding of Autonomic Disorders (2013)
Jump up ^ Olry, R. (1996). "Winslow's contribution to our understanding of the cervical portion of the sympathetic nervous system". J Hist Neurosci. 5 (2): 190–6. doi:10.1080/09647049609525666. PMID 11619046.
[show]
v
t
e
Nervous system
Central nervous system
Meninges
Spinal cord
Brain
Rhombencephalon
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Forebrain
Diencephalon
Retina
Optic nerve
Cerebrum
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Autonomic
Sympathetic
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Enteric
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system
Head
Sympathetic
Cervical ganglia: roots
long ciliary
Deep petrosal
Parasympathetic
Ciliary ganglion: roots
Sensory
Parasympathetic
Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal
nerve of pterygoid canal
branches of distribution: greater palatine
inferior posterior nasal branches
lesser palatine
nasopalatine
medial superior posterior nasal branches
pharyngeal
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Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Stellate ganglion
prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus
Internal carotid
Chest
Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus
Esophageal plexus
Pulmonary plexus
Thoracic aortic plexus
splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary
thoracic
cardiac nerves: Superior
Middle
Inferior
Abdomen
Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia:
Celiac ganglia
Aorticorenal
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
prevertebral plexus:
Celiac plexus
Hepatic
Splenic
Pancreatic
aorticorenal
Abdominal aortic plexus
Renal/Suprarenal
Superior mesenteric
Gastric
Inferior mesenteric
Spermatic
Ovarian
Superior hypogastric
hypogastric nerve
Superior rectal
Inferior hypogastric
Vesical
Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis
Uterovaginal
Middle rectal
splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves
Enteric
Submucous plexus
Myenteric plexus
Pelvis
Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia
Ganglion impar
splanchnic nerves: Sacral splanchnic nerves
Parasympathetic
splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves
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value: جهاز عصبي ودي – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value: Сімпатычная нервовая сістэма – Belarusian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value: Симпатикова част на ВНС – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value: ސިމްޕަތެޓިކް ނާރވަސް ސިސްޓަމް – Divehi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Συμπαθητικό νευρικό σύστημα – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: دستگاه عصبی سمپاتیک – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: 교감신경계통 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Սիմպաթիկ նյարդային համակարգ – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: अनुकंपी तंत्रिकातंत्र – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: מערכת העצבים הסימפתטית – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value: Det sympatiske nervesystemet – Norwegian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Симпатическая нервная система – Russian

value: Sympathetic nervous system – Simple English

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value: Simpatički nervni sistem – Serbo-Croatian

value: ระบบประสาทซิมพาเทติก – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Симпатична нервова система – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

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