text:
Himadri Station
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Himadri
Himadri
Research station
Himadri
Coordinates: 78°55′N 11°56′E / 78.917°N 11.933°E / 78.917; 11.933Coordinates: 78°55′N 11°56′E / 78.917°N 11.933°E / 78.917; 11.933
Country
India
Named for
Himadri Range of Himalayas
Government
• Type
Polar Research Organisation
• Body
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Himadri Station is India's first Arctic research station[1] located at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. It is located at the International Arctic Research base, Ny-Ålesund. It was inaugurated on the 1st of July, 2008 by the Minister of Earth Sciences.[2] It was set up during India's second Arctic expedition in June 2008.[3] It is located at a distance of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from the North Pole.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Research Goals
2 Strategic Interests
3 Description
4 New research in Arctic IndARC
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Research Goals[edit]
The Himadri's functions include long term monitoring of the fjord (Kongsfjorden)dynamics, and atmospheric research.[5] The primary goals of India's research includes research on aerosol radiation, space weather, food-web dynamics, microbial communities, glaciers, sedimentology, and carbon recycling.[6] The research base has devoted time for the research of governance and policy of the Arctic. India has prioritised research and study in the fields of genetics, glaciology, geology, pollution in the atmosphere, and space weather among other fields.[7]
In 2012-2013, a total of 25 scientists visited the base which was staffed for 185 days to carry out studies under ten distinct projects.[8]
Strategic Interests[edit]
The United States Geological Survey estimates that 22 percent of the world's oil and natural gas could be located beneath the Arctic.[9] India's ONGC Videsh is reported to be interested in joint venture with Russia for oil exploration[10] and has reportedly requested Rosneft for stake in a project.[11] In addition, using Arctic sea lanes for shipping would reduce voyage times by 40% compared to Indian, Pacific or Atlantic ocean routes.[10] On May 15, 2013, India was made a permanent observer at the Arctic Council.[12]
India is the 11th country after Britain, Germany, France, Italy, China, Japan, South Korea, The Netherlands, Sweden and Norway to set up a permanent research station in Ny-Ålesund.[13]
Description[edit]
The station was set up in a refurbished two floored building with four bedrooms. The building has an area of 220 m2 (2,400 sq ft)[14] and has other facilities including a computer room, store room, drawing room and internet. It can host 8 scientists at normal conditions.[13] The crew of the station are given training in shooting with rifles to protect themselves from polar bears.[13]
New research in Arctic IndARC[edit]
Established in August 2014. Designed and developed by scientists from the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) and National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), the observatory has been deployed in the Kongsfjorden fjord of the Arctic, roughly halfway between Norway and the North Pole is named "IndARC" [15]
See also[edit]
List of research stations in the Arctic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ P, Sunderarajan (2 July 2008). "New Indian research station at the Arctic". The Hindu. New Delhi. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Research Base "Himadri"". Ministry of Earth Sciences. Press Information Bureau. 5 May 2010. Retrieved Apr 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2009-2010" (PDF). Ministry of Earth Sciences (PDF). Department of Ocean Development. 2009 [2009]. Retrieved Apr 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jacob, Jayanth (10 June 2013). "India gives leg-up to Arctic research". New Delhi. The Hindustan Times. Retrieved Apr 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2010-2011" (PDF). Ministry of Earth Sciences (PDF). Department of Ocean Development. 2010 [2010]. Retrieved Apr 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jon Børre Ørbæk (17–18 September 2013). "Svalbard Integrated Earth Observing System (SIOS) opportunities for pan-Arctic Observations and Collaboration" (PDF). Research Council Norway. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Stensdal, Iselin (2013). "Asian Arctic Research 2005-2012:" (PDF). Fridtjof Nansen Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The French-German Arctic Research Base AWIPEV winter 2012/ 13" (PDF). NySMAC. April 2013. p. 38. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Strategic Importance of the Arctic in U.S. Policy" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Devirupa Mitra (2 October 2012). "Taking cue from China, India eyeing Arctic region". New Indian Express. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Kabir Taneja (15 June 2013). "India pushes for visibility in Arctic". The Sunday Guardian. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Meena Menon, Sandeep Dikshit (15 May 2013). "India gets observer status in Arctic Council". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c P. Sunderarajan (July 2, 2008). "New Indian research station at the Arctic". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ny Alesund Science Plan". National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR). Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/India-Deploys-First-Ocean-Moored-Observatory-in-Arctic/2014/08/03/article2362075.ece
External links[edit]
Indian Minister to Svalbard
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text:
Cilium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about organelles. For fine hairs on insect wings, see Cilium (entomology).
Not to be confused with Psyllium.
Cilium
SEM micrograph of the cilia projecting from respiratory epithelium in the lungs
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Cilium
Code
TH H1.00.01.1.01014
TH
H1.00.01.1.01014
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
A cilium (Latin for eyelash;[1] the plural is cilia) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.[2] Cilium can measure up to 20 µm and have a diameter around 0.25 µm. [3]
There are two types of cilia: motile cilia and nonmotile, or primary, cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles. In eukaryotes, motile cilia and flagella together make up a group of organelles known as undulipodia.[4] Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length.[5] Biologists have various ideas about how the various flagella may have evolved.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types and distribution
1.1 Primary/Immotile cilia
1.2 Motile cilia
2 Structure, assembly, maintenance, and function
2.1 Ciliary rootlet
2.2 Sensing the extracellular environment
3 Cilium-related disease
3.1 Ciliopathy as an origin for many multi-symptom genetic diseases
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Types and distribution[edit]
Cilia can be divided into primary forms and motile forms.[6]
Primary/Immotile cilia[edit]
In animals, primary cilia are found on nearly every cell.[2]
In comparison to motile cilia, non-motile (or primary) cilia usually occur one per cell; nearly all mammalian cells have a single non-motile primary cilium. In addition, examples of specialized primary cilia can be found in human sensory organs such as the eye and the nose:
The outer segment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the human eye is connected to its cell body with a specialized non-motile cilium.[7]
The dendritic knob of the olfactory neuron, where the odorant receptors are located, also contains non-motile cilia (about 10 cilia per dendritic knob).
Although the primary cilium was discovered in 1898, it was largely ignored for a century. Only recently has great progress been made in understanding the function of the primary cilium. Until the 1990s, the prevailing view of the primary cilium was that it was merely a vestigial organelle without important function.[2] Recent findings regarding its physiological roles in chemical sensation, signal transduction, and control of cell growth, have led scientists to acknowledge its importance in cell function, with the discovery of its role in diseases not previously recognized to involve the dysgenesis and dysfunction of cilia, such as polycystic kidney disease,[8] congenital heart disease,[9] and an emerging group of genetic ciliopathies.[10] The primary cilium is now known to play an important role in the function of many human organs.[2] The current scientific understanding of primary cilia views them as "sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation.".[11]
Illustration depicting motile cilia.
Motile cilia[edit]
Larger eukaryotes, such as mammals, have motile cilia as well. Motile cilia are usually present on a cell's surface in large numbers and beat in coordinated waves.[12]
In humans, for example, motile cilia are found in the lining of the trachea (windpipe), where they sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs.[13]
In female mammals, the beating of cilia in the Fallopian tubes moves the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.[13][14]
The functioning of motile cilia is strongly dependent on the maintenance of optimal levels of fluid bathing the cilia. Epithelial sodium channels ENaC that are specifically expressed along the entire length of cilia apparently serve as sensors that regulate fluid level surrounding the cilia.[13][15]
Ciliates are microscopic organisms that possess motile cilia exclusively and use them for either locomotion or to simply move liquid over their surface.
Structure, assembly, maintenance, and function[edit]
Eukaryotic motile cilium
Inside cilia and flagella is a microtubule-based cytoskeleton called the axoneme. The axoneme of primary cilia typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (called a 9+0 axoneme), and the axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubule singlets in addition to the nine outer doublets (called a 9+2 axoneme). The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides binding sites for molecular motor proteins such as kinesin II, that help carry proteins up and down the microtubules.[2][16][17] On the outside of cilia is a membrane like the plasma membrane, but compositionally distinct due to a blocking ring ("necklace") around the base,[18] and distinct also in its population of receptors and other integral proteins.
The dynein in the axoneme forms bridges between neighbouring microtubule doublets. When ATP activates the motor domain of dynein, it attempts to walk along the adjoining microtubule doublet. This would force the adjacent doublets to slide over one another if not for the presence of Nexin between the microtubule doublets. And thus the force generated by dyenin is instead converted into a bending motion.[19]
Cilia are formed through the process of ciliogenesis. The building blocks of the cilia such as tubulins and other partially assembled axonemal proteins are added to the ciliary tips which point away from the cell body.[20] In most species bi-directional motility called intraflagellar transport (IFT) plays an essential role in moving these building materials from the cell body to the assembly site.[21] IFT also carries the disassembled material to be recycled from the ciliary tip back to the cell body. By regulating the equilibrium between these two IFT processes, the length of cilia can be maintained dynamically. Disassembly of cilia requires the action of the Aurora A kinase .[22]
Exceptions where IFT is not present include Plasmodium falciparum, which is one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. In this parasite, cilia assemble in the cytoplasm.[23]
At the base of the cilium where it attaches to the cell body is the microtubule organizing center, the basal body. Some basal body proteins as CEP164, ODF2 [24] and CEP170,[25] regulate the formation and the stability of the cilium. A transition zone between the basal body and the axoneme "serves as a docking station for intraflagellar transport and motor proteins."[2]
In effect, the cilium is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines.[11]
Ciliary rootlet[edit]
The ciliary rootlet is a cytoskeleton-like structure that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium. It extends proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. According to the Gene Ontology, the following proteins localize to the ciliary rootlet: amyloid precursor protein, rootletin, kinesins (KIF5B, KIF5C, KLC2, KLC3), and presenilins (PSEN1, PSEN2).[26]
Sensing the extracellular environment[edit]
Some primary cilia on epithelial cells in eukaryotes act as cellular antennae, providing chemosensation, thermosensation and mechanosensation of the extracellular environment.[27] These cilia then play a role in mediating specific signalling cues, including soluble factors in the external cell environment, a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow, and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are motile.[27] Some epithelial cells are ciliated, and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarized cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the lumen. This sensory and signalling role puts cilia in a central role for maintaining the local cellular environment and may be why ciliary defects cause such a wide range of human diseases.[28]
Cilium-related disease[edit]
Main article: Ciliopathy
Ciliary defects can lead to a number of human diseases. Genetic mutations compromising the proper functioning of cilia, ciliopathies, can cause chronic disorders such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), nephronophthisis or Senior-Loken syndrome. In addition, a defect of the primary cilium in the renal tube cells can lead to polycystic kidney disease (PKD). In another genetic disorder called Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), the mutant gene products are the components in the basal body and cilia.[10]
Lack of functional cilia in female Fallopian tubes can cause ectopic pregnancy. A fertilized ovum may not reach the uterus if the cilia are unable to move it there. In such a case, the ovum will implant in the Fallopian tubes, causing a tubal pregnancy, the most common form of ectopic pregnancy.[29]
As noted above, epithelial sodium channels ENaC that are expressed along the length of cilia regulate fluid level surrounding the cilia. Mutations that decrease the activity of ENaC result in multisystem pseudohypoaldosteronism, that is associated with fertility problems.[13] In cystic fibrosis that results from mutations in the chloride channel CFTR, ENaC activity is enhanced leading to a severe reduction of the fluid level that causes complications and infections in the respiratory airways.[15]
Since the flagellum of human sperm is actually a modified cilium, ciliary dysfunction can also be responsible for male infertility.[30]
Of interest, there is an association of primary ciliary dyskinesia with left-right anatomic abnormalities such as situs inversus (a combination of findings known as Kartagener's syndrome) and other heterotaxic defects. These left-right anatomic abnormalities can also result in congenital heart disease.[31] It has been shown that proper cilial function is responsible for the normal left-right asymmetry in mammals.[32]
Ciliopathy as an origin for many multi-symptom genetic diseases[edit]
Recent findings in genetic research have suggested that a large number of genetic disorders, both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases, that were not previously related in the medical literature, may be, in fact, highly related in the root cause of the widely varying set of medical symptoms that are clinically visible in the disorder. These have been grouped as an emerging class of diseases called ciliopathies. The underlying cause may be a dysfunctional molecular mechanism in the primary/immotile cilia, organelles which are present in many diverse cellular types throughout the human body. Cilia defects adversely affect numerous critical developmental signaling pathways essential to cellular development and thus offer a plausible hypothesis for the often multi-symptom nature of a large set of syndromes and diseases.[10] Known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Alstrom syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, Sensenbrenner syndrome and some forms of retinal degeneration.[10][27]
See also[edit]
Biological machines
Flagellum
Kinocilium
Mucociliary clearance
Protein domain dynamics
Protein flexibility
Stereocilia
Undulipodia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 336
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gardiner, Mary Beth (September 2005). "The Importance of Being Cilia" (PDF). HHMI Bulletin. Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 18 (2). Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Cilium". biologydictionary.net. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Biology , 2004, accessed 2010-04-06.
Jump up ^ Haimo LT, Rosenbaum JL (December 1981). "Cilia, flagella, and microtubules". J. Cell Biol. 91 (3 Pt 2): 125s–130s. doi:10.1083/jcb.91.3.125s. PMC 2112827  . PMID 6459327.
Jump up ^ Karen Field Murray (1 June 2009). Fibrocystic Diseases of the Liver. Springer. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-60327-523-1. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Wolfrum, U., & Schmitt, A. (2000). Rhodopsin transport in the membrane of the connecting cilium of mammalian photoreceptor cells. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton, 46(2), 95-107.
Jump up ^ Wagner CA (2008). "News from the cyst: insights into polycystic kidney disease". Journal of Nephrology. 21 (1): 14–6. PMID 18264930.
Jump up ^ Brueckner M (June 2007). "Heterotaxia, congenital heart disease, and primary ciliary dyskinesia". Circulation. 115 (22): 2793–5. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699256. PMID 17548739.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (2006). "The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 7: 125–48. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610. PMID 16722803.
^ Jump up to: a b Satir, Peter; Christensen, Søren T. (2008). "Structure and function of mammalian cilia". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 129 (6): 687–93. doi:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9. PMC 2386530  . PMID 18365235.
Jump up ^ Benjamin Lewin (2007). Cells. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-7637-3905-8. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Enuka Y, Hanukoglu I, Edelheit O, Vaknine H, Hanukoglu A (Mar 2012). "Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are uniformly distributed on motile cilia in the oviduct and the respiratory airways". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 137 (3): 339–53. doi:10.1007/s00418-011-0904-1. PMID 22207244.
Jump up ^ "Cilia in nature" (PDF). hitech-projects.com. 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A (Jan 2016). "Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases". Gene. 579 (2): 95–132. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061. PMC 4756657  . PMID 26772908.
Jump up ^ rosenbaum, JL; Witman G (November 2002). "Intraflagellar transport". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (11): 813–25. doi:10.1038/nrm952. PMID 12415299.
Jump up ^ Scholey, JM (2008). "Intraflagellar transport motors in cilia: Moving along the cell's antenna". Journal of Cell Biology. 180 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1083/jcb.200709133. PMC 2213603  . PMID 18180368.
Jump up ^ Rohatgi, Rajat; Snell, William (2010). "The Ciliary Membrane". nlm.nih.gov. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.03.010.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce. "Molecular Biology of the Cell".
Jump up ^ Johnson, KA; Rosenbaum, JL (1992). "Polarity of flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas". Journal of Cell Biology. 119 (6): 1605–1611. doi:10.1083/jcb.119.6.1605. PMC 2289744  . PMID 1281816.
Jump up ^ Hao, L; Thein M; Brust-Mascher I; Civelekoglu-Scholey G; Lu Y; Acar S; Prevo B; Shaham S; Scholey JM (2011). "Intraflagellar transport delivers tubulin isotypes to sensory cilium middle and distal segments". Nature Cell Biology. 13 (7): 790–798. doi:10.1038/ncb2268. PMC 3129367  . PMID 21642982.
Jump up ^ Pugacheva EN, Jablonski SA, Hartman TR, Henske EP, Golemis EA (June 2007). "HEF1-dependent Aurora A activation induces disassembly of the primary cilium". Cell. 129 (7): 1351–63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.035. PMC 2504417  . PMID 17604723.
Jump up ^ Of cilia and silliness (more on Behe) - The Panda's Thumb Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Ishikawa H, Kubo A, Tsukita S, Tsukita S (May 2005). "Odf2-deficient mother centrioles lack distal/subdistal appendages and the ability to generate primary cilia". Nature Cell Biology. 7 (5): 517–24. doi:10.1038/ncb1251. PMID 15852003.
Jump up ^ "Functional characterisation of the centrosomal protein Cep170".
Jump up ^ "Ciliary Rootlet". Gene Ontology. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Adams, M.; Smith, U. M.; Logan, C. V.; Johnson, C. A. (2008). "Recent advances in the molecular pathology, cell biology and genetics of ciliopathies". Journal of Medical Genetics. 45 (5): 257–267. doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.054999. PMID 18178628.
Jump up ^ Singla, Veena; Reiter, Jeremy F. (August 2006). "The primary cilium as the cell's antenna: signaling at a sensory organelle". Science. 313 (5787): 629–633. doi:10.1126/science.1124534. PMID 16888132.
Jump up ^ Horne, Andrew W.; Critchley, Hilary O. D. (2012-03-02). "Mechanisms of disease: the endocrinology of ectopic pregnancy". Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. 14: e7. doi:10.1017/erm.2011.2. ISSN 1462-3994. PMID 22380790.
Jump up ^ Ichioka K, Kohei N, Okubo K, Nishiyama H, Terai A (July 2006). "Obstructive azoospermia associated with chronic sinopulmonary infection and situs inversus totalis". Urology. 68 (1): 204.e5–7. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.01.072. PMID 16850538.
Jump up ^ Kennedy MP, Omran H, Leigh MW, et al. (June 2007). "Congenital heart disease and other heterotaxic defects in a large cohort of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia". Circulation. 115 (22): 2814–21. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.649038. PMID 17515466.
Jump up ^ McGrath J, Brueckner M (August 2003). "Cilia are at the heart of vertebrate left-right asymmetry". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 13 (4): 385–92. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(03)00091-1. PMID 12888012.
External links[edit]
Brief summary of importance of cilia to many organs in human physiology
The Ciliary Proteome Web Page at Johns Hopkins
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text:
I Can't Think Straight
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the film. For the novel, see I Can't Think Straight (novel).
I Can't Think Straight
North American theatrical release poster
Directed by
Shamim Sarif
Produced by
Hanan Kattan
Written by
Shamim Sarif
Kelly Moss
Starring
Lisa Ray
Sheetal Sheth
Music by
Raiomond Mirza
Cinematography
Aseem Bajaj
Edited by
David Martin
Production
company
Enlightenment Productions
Distributed by
Enlightenment Productions
Regent Releasing
Release date
October 26, 2008 (2008-10-26) (Hamburg International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival)
November 21, 2008 (2008-11-21) (United States)
April 3, 2009 (2009-04-03) (United Kingdom)
Running time
80 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
I Can't Think Straight is a 2008 British romantic drama film directed by Shamim Sarif. Based on the novel of the same name, it tells the story of a London-based Jordanian of Palestinian descent, Tala, who is preparing for an elaborate wedding when a turn of events causes her to have an affair, and subsequently fall in love, with another woman, Leyla, a British Indian. The film stars Lisa Ray and Sheetal Sheth.
I Can't Think Straight was produced by Enlightenment Productions and distributed in the United States by Regent Releasing and Here! Films.[1][2] It was released in different regions between 2008 and 2009.[3] The DVD was released on 4 May 2009.[4][5]
The lead actresses, Lisa Ray and Sheetal Sheth, also star in the 2007 lesbian-theme historical drama by Shamim Sarif, The World Unseen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Critical reception
4 Awards
5 International releases
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In the upper echelons of traditional Middle Eastern society, wealthy Christian Palestinians Reema and Omar prepare for the marriage of their visiting daughter Tala to Hani in Jordan. But back at work in London, Tala encounters Leyla, a young British Indian Muslim woman who is dating Tala's best friend Ali. Tala sees something unique in the artless, clumsy, sensitive Leyla who secretly works to become a writer. And Tala's forthright challenges to Leyla's beliefs begins a journey of self-awareness for Leyla. After a weekend getaway into the countryside, Tala and Leyla sleep together and the two women begin to fall in love. However, Tala's own sense of duty and cultural restraint cause her to pull away from Leyla and fly back to Jordan where the preparations for an ostentatious wedding are well under way.
As family members descend and the wedding day approaches, the pressure mounts until Tala finally cracks and extricates herself. Back in London, Leyla is heartbroken but learns to break free of her own self-doubt and her mother's expectations, ditching Ali and being honest with her parents about her sexuality. When Ali and Leyla's feisty sister, Yasmin, help try to get Tala and Leyla together again, Tala finds that her own preconceptions of what love can be is the final hurdle she must jump to win Leyla back.
Cast[edit]
Lisa Ray as Tala
Sheetal Sheth as Leyla
Antonia Frering as Reema - Tala's Mother
Dalip Tahil as Omar - Tala's Father
Ernest Ignatius as Sam - Leyla's Father
Siddiqua Akhtar as Maya - Leyla's Mother
Amber Rose Revah as Yasmin - Leyla's Sister
Anya Lahiri as Lamia - Tala's Middle Sister
Kimberly Jaraj as Zina - Tala's Youngest Sister
Rez Kempton as Ali - Tala's Bestfriend | Leyla's Boyfriend
Daud Shah as Hani - Tala's Fiancé
Sam Vincenti as Kareem - Lamia's Husband
Ishwar Maharaj as Sami - Kareem's Younger Brother
George Tardios as Uncle Ramzi
Nina Wadia as Rani the Housekeeper
Critical reception[edit]
The New York Times called the film "another weightless confection from the writer and director Shamim Sarif."[6]
Autostraddle called it "another film that lesbians either love or hate, but this is the film that opened our hearts forever to...Tala and Leyla, two women from very different backgrounds that fall in love on accident."[7]
AfterEllen's review notes, "While the film has a lot going for it, the script is surprisingly paint-by-the-numbers. Viewers familiar with lesbian films will be able to call the ending (and all major points of conflict) long before the credits roll. Also surprising is the number of cringe-worthy lines Ray and Seth utter."[8]
Awards[edit]
Best Feature, Audience Award - Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival 2009
Best Feature - International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival Of Canary Islands, 2009
Best Feature - Afterellen Visibility Awards
Best Feature, Audience Award - Melbourne Queer Film Festival 2009
Best Feature, Audience Award - Pink Apple 2009
Audience Award Best Feature Film - Fairy Tales International Queer Diversity Film Festival (Calgary) 2009
Jury Winner Best Feature Film - Festival Del Mar, Majorca 2009
Audience Award, Best Feature - Vancouver Queer Film Festival 2009
Best lesbian movie - The Holebifilmfestival Vlaams-Brabant 2009, Belgium
Jury award for Best Women's Feature - Tampa International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival 2009
Best Feature Film - Gay Film Nights International Film Festival 2009
International releases[edit]
New York, Los Angeles, Toronto, November 21, 2008
San Francisco, November 28, 2008
Portland, December 12, 2008
Germany, Switzerland, Austria Lichtenstein and Süd Tirol, April 16, 2009
United Kingdom, April 3, 2009
United Kingdom (DVD), April 10
India, September 11, 2009
The Netherlands (DVD), October 13, 2009
See also[edit]
List of LGBT-related films directed by women
List of lesbian filmmakers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kay, Jeremy (16 September 2008). "here! buys North American rights to Sarif's I Can't Think Straight". ScreenDaily. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Scheib, Ronnie (November 18, 2008). "I Can't Think Straight". Variety. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "I Can't Think Straight". Icantthinkstraightfilm.com. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ Best, Jason (May 4, 2009). "Out on DVD – I Can't Think Straight & The World Unseen". What's on TV. Time Inc. UK. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "I Can't Think Straight". Enlightenment Productions. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Catsoulis (November 20, 2008). "Love Beyond Boundaries". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Now, An Updated Edition Of The 102 Best Lesbian Movies Of All Time". Autostraddle. 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Review of "I Can't Think Straight" - AfterEllen". AfterEllen. 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
External links[edit]
Official website
I Can't Think Straight at BBFC
I Can't Think Straight at BFI
I Can't Think Straight on IMDb
I Can't Think Straight at Reeltime Creative
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can%27t_Think_Straight&oldid=822744834"
Categories:
2008 films
English-language films
2000s drama films
2000s LGBT-related films
British films
British independent films
British LGBT-related films
British romantic drama films
Films set in England
Films set in Jordan
Films set in London
Lesbian-related films
Films directed by Shamim Sarif
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Absorption spectroscopy
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An overview of electromagnetic radiation absorption. This example discusses the general principle using visible light as a specific example. A white beam source – emitting light of multiple wavelengths – is focused on a sample (the complementary color pairs are indicated by the yellow dotted lines). Upon striking the sample, photons that match the energy gap of the molecules present (green light in this example) are absorbed in order to excite the molecule. Other photons transmit unaffected and, if the radiation is in the visible region (400-700nm), the sample color is the complementary color of the absorbed light. By comparing the attenuation of the transmitted light with the incident, an absorption spectrum can be obtained.
First direct detection and chemical analysis of the atmosphere of a planet outside our solar system in 2001. Sodium filters the star light of HD 209458 as Jupiter planet passes in front.
Absorption spectroscopy refers to spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of radiation, as a function of frequency or wavelength, due to its interaction with a sample. The sample absorbs energy, i.e., photons, from the radiating field. The intensity of the absorption varies as a function of frequency, and this variation is the absorption spectrum. Absorption spectroscopy is performed across the electromagnetic spectrum.
Absorption spectroscopy is employed as an analytical chemistry tool to determine the presence of a particular substance in a sample and, in many cases, to quantify the amount of the substance present. Infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy are particularly common in analytical applications. Absorption spectroscopy is also employed in studies of molecular and atomic physics, astronomical spectroscopy and remote sensing.
There are a wide range of experimental approaches for measuring absorption spectra. The most common arrangement is to direct a generated beam of radiation at a sample and detect the intensity of the radiation that passes through it. The transmitted energy can be used to calculate the absorption. The source, sample arrangement and detection technique vary significantly depending on the frequency range and the purpose of the experiment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Absorption spectrum
1.1 Theory
1.2 Relation to transmission spectrum
1.3 Relation to emission spectrum
1.4 Relation to scattering and reflection spectra
2 Applications
2.1 Remote sensing
2.2 Astronomy
2.3 Atomic and molecular physics
3 Experimental methods
3.1 Basic approach
3.2 Specific approaches
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Absorption spectrum[edit]
Solar spectrum with Fraunhofer lines as it appears visually.
A material's absorption spectrum is the fraction of incident radiation absorbed by the material over a range of frequencies. The absorption spectrum is primarily determined[1][2][3] by the atomic and molecular composition of the material. Radiation is more likely to be absorbed at frequencies that match the energy difference between two quantum mechanical states of the molecules. The absorption that occurs due to a transition between two states is referred to as an absorption line and a spectrum is typically composed of many lines.
The frequencies where absorption lines occur, as well as their relative intensities, primarily depend on the electronic and molecular structure of the sample. The frequencies will also depend on the interactions between molecules in the sample, the crystal structure in solids, and on several environmental factors (e.g., temperature, pressure, electromagnetic field). The lines will also have a width and shape that are primarily determined by the spectral density or the density of states of the system.
Theory[edit]
Absorption lines are typically classified by the nature of the quantum mechanical change induced in the molecule or atom. Rotational lines, for instance, occur when the rotational state of a molecule is changed. Rotational lines are typically found in the microwave spectral region. Vibrational lines correspond to changes in the vibrational state of the molecule and are typically found in the infrared region. Electronic lines correspond to a change in the electronic state of an atom or molecule and are typically found in the visible and ultraviolet region. X-ray absorptions are associated with the excitation of inner shell electrons in atoms. These changes can also be combined (e.g. rotation-vibration transitions), leading to new absorption lines at the combined energy of the two changes.
The energy associated with the quantum mechanical change primarily determines the frequency of the absorption line but the frequency can be shifted by several types of interactions. Electric and magnetic fields can cause a shift. Interactions with neighboring molecules can cause shifts. For instance, absorption lines of the gas phase molecule can shift significantly when that molecule is in a liquid or solid phase and interacting more strongly with neighboring molecules.
The width and shape of absorption lines are determined by the instrument used for the observation, the material absorbing the radiation and the physical environment of that material. It is common for lines to have the shape of a Gaussian or Lorentzian distribution. It is also common for a line to be described solely by its intensity and width instead of the entire shape being characterized.
The integrated intensity—obtained by integrating the area under the absorption line—is proportional to the amount of the absorbing substance present. The intensity is also related to the temperature of the substance and the quantum mechanical interaction between the radiation and the absorber. This interaction is quantified by the transition moment and depends on the particular lower state the transition starts from, and the upper state it is connected to.
The width of absorption lines may be determined by the spectrometer used to record it. A spectrometer has an inherent limit on how narrow a line it can resolve and so the observed width may be at this limit. If the width is larger than the resolution limit, then it is primarily determined by the environment of the absorber. A liquid or solid absorber, in which neighboring molecules strongly interact with one another, tends to have broader absorption lines than a gas. Increasing the temperature or pressure of the absorbing material will also tend to increase the line width. It is also common for several neighboring transitions to be close enough to one another that their lines overlap and the resulting overall line is therefore broader yet.
Relation to transmission spectrum[edit]
Absorption and transmission spectra represent equivalent information and one can be calculated from the other through a mathematical transformation. A transmission spectrum will have its maximum intensities at wavelengths where the absorption is weakest because more light is transmitted through the sample. An absorption spectrum will have its maximum intensities at wavelengths where the absorption is strongest.
Relation to emission spectrum[edit]
Emission spectrum of iron
Emission is a process by which a substance releases energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Emission can occur at any frequency at which absorption can occur, and this allows the absorption lines to be determined from an emission spectrum. The emission spectrum will typically have a quite different intensity pattern from the absorption spectrum, though, so the two are not equivalent. The absorption spectrum can be calculated from the emission spectrum using appropriate theoretical models and additional information about the quantum mechanical states of the substance.[citation needed]
Relation to scattering and reflection spectra[edit]
The scattering and reflection spectra of a material are influenced by both its index of refraction and its absorption spectrum. In an optical context, the absorption spectrum is typically quantified by the extinction coefficient, and the extinction and index coefficients are quantitatively related through the Kramers-Kronig relation. Therefore, the absorption spectrum can be derived from a scattering or reflection spectrum. This typically requires simplifying assumptions or models, and so the derived absorption spectrum is an approximation.
Applications[edit]
The infrared absorption spectrum of NASA laboratory sulfur dioxide ice is compared with the infrared absorption spectra of ices on Jupiter's moon, Io credit NASA, Bernard Schmitt, and UKIRT.
Absorption spectroscopy is useful in chemical analysis[4] because of its specificity and its quantitative nature. The specificity of absorption spectra allows compounds to be distinguished from one another in a mixture, making absorption spectroscopy useful in wide variety of applications. For instance, Infrared gas analyzers can be used to identify the presence of pollutants in the air, distinguishing the pollutant from nitrogen, oxygen, water and other expected constituents.[5]
The specificity also allows unknown samples to be identified by comparing a measured spectrum with a library of reference spectra. In many cases, it is possible to determine qualitative information about a sample even if it is not in a library. Infrared spectra, for instance, have characteristics absorption bands that indicate if carbon-hydrogen or carbon-oxygen bonds are present.
An absorption spectrum can be quantitatively related to the amount of material present using the Beer-Lambert law. Determining the absolute concentration of a compound requires knowledge of the compound's absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient for some compounds is available from reference sources, and it can also be determined by measuring the spectrum of a calibration standard with a known concentration of the target.
Remote sensing[edit]
One of the unique advantages of spectroscopy as an analytical technique is that measurements can be made without bringing the instrument and sample into contact. Radiation that travels between a sample and an instrument will contain the spectral information, so the measurement can be made remotely. Remote spectral sensing is valuable in many situations. For example, measurements can be made in toxic or hazardous environments without placing an operator or instrument at risk. Also, sample material does not have to be brought into contact with the instrument—preventing possible cross contamination.
Remote spectral measurements present several challenges compared to laboratory measurements. The space in between the sample of interest and the instrument may also have spectral absorptions. These absorptions can mask or confound the absorption spectrum of the sample. These background interferences may also vary over time. The source of radiation in remote measurements is often an environmental source, such as sunlight or the thermal radiation from a warm object, and this makes it necessary to distinguish spectral absorption from changes in the source spectrum.
To simplify these challenges, Differential optical absorption spectroscopy has gained some popularity, as it focusses on differential absorption features and omits broad-band absorption such as aerosol extinction and extinction due to rayleigh scattering. This method is applied to ground-based, air-borne and satellite based measurements. Some ground-based methods provide the possibility to retrieve tropospheric and stratospheric trace gas profiles.
Astronomy[edit]
Absorption spectrum observed by the Hubble Space Telescope
Astronomical spectroscopy is a particularly significant type of remote spectral sensing. In this case, the objects and samples of interest are so distant from earth that electromagnetic radiation is the only means available to measure them. Astronomical spectra contain both absorption and emission spectral information. Absorption spectroscopy has been particularly important for understanding interstellar clouds and determining that some of them contain molecules. Absorption spectroscopy is also employed in the study of extrasolar planets. Detection of extrasolar planets by the transit method also measures their absorption spectrum and allows for the determination of the planet's atmospheric composition,[6] temperature, pressure, and scale height, and hence allows also for the determination of the planet's mass.[7]
Atomic and molecular physics[edit]
Theoretical models, principally quantum mechanical models, allow for the absorption spectra of atoms and molecules to be related to other physical properties such as electronic structure, atomic or molecular mass, and molecular geometry. Therefore, measurements of the absorption spectrum are used to determine these other properties. Microwave spectroscopy, for example, allows for the determination of bond lengths and angles with high precision.
In addition, spectral measurements can be used to determine the accuracy of theoretical predictions. For example, the Lamb shift measured in the hydrogen atomic absorption spectrum was not expected to exist at the time it was measured. Its discovery spurred and guided the development of quantum electrodynamics, and measurements of the Lamb shift are now used to determine the fine-structure constant.
Experimental methods[edit]
Basic approach[edit]
The most straightforward approach to absorption spectroscopy is to generate radiation with a source, measure a reference spectrum of that radiation with a detector and then re-measure the sample spectrum after placing the material of interest in between the source and detector. The two measured spectra can then be combined to determine the material's absorption spectrum. The sample spectrum alone is not sufficient to determine the absorption spectrum because it will be affected by the experimental conditions—the spectrum of the source, the absorption spectra of other materials in between the source and detector and the wavelength dependent characteristics of the detector. The reference spectrum will be affected in the same way, though, by these experimental conditions and therefore the combination yields the absorption spectrum of the material alone.
A wide variety of radiation sources are employed in order to cover the electromagnetic spectrum. For spectroscopy, it is generally desirable for a source to cover a broad swath of wavelengths in order to measure a broad region of the absorption spectrum. Some sources inherently emit a broad spectrum. Examples of these include globars or other black body sources in the infrared, mercury lamps in the visible and ultraviolet and x-ray tubes. One recently developed, novel source of broad spectrum radiation is synchrotron radiation which covers all of these spectral regions. Other radiation sources generate a narrow spectrum but the emission wavelength can be tuned to cover a spectral range. Examples of these include klystrons in the microwave region and lasers across the infrared, visible and ultraviolet region (though not all lasers have tunable wavelengths).
The detector employed to measure the radiation power will also depend on the wavelength range of interest. Most detectors are sensitive to a fairly broad spectral range and the sensor selected will often depend more on the sensitivity and noise requirements of a given measurement. Examples of detectors common in spectroscopy include heterodyne receivers in the microwave, bolometers in the millimeter-wave and infrared, mercury cadmium telluride and other cooled semiconductor detectors in the infrared, and photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes in the visible and ultraviolet.
If both the source and the detector cover a broad spectral region, then it is also necessary to introduce a means of resolving the wavelength of the radiation in order to determine the spectrum. Often a spectrograph is used to spatially separate the wavelengths of radiation so that the power at each wavelength can be measured independently. It is also common to employ interferometry to determine the spectrum—Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a widely used implementation of this technique.
Two other issues that must be considered in setting up an absorption spectroscopy experiment include the optics used to direct the radiation and the means of holding or containing the sample material (called a cuvette or cell). For most UV, visible, and NIR measurements the use of precision quartz cuvettes are necessary. In both cases, it is important to select materials that have relatively little absorption of their own in the wavelength range of interest. The absorption of other materials could interfere with or mask the absorption from the sample. For instance, in several wavelength ranges it is necessary to measure the sample under vacuum or in a rare gas environment because gases in the atmosphere have interfering absorption features.
Specific approaches[edit]
Astronomical spectroscopy
Cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS)
Laser absorption spectrometry (LAS)
Mössbauer spectroscopy
Photoemission spectroscopy
Photothermal optical microscopy
Photothermal spectroscopy
Reflectance spectroscopy
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)
X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS)
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)
Total absorption spectroscopy (TAS)
See also[edit]
Absorption (optics)
Densitometry
HITRAN
Infrared gas analyzer
Infrared spectroscopy of metal carbonyls
Lyman-alpha forest
Optical density
Photoemission spectroscopy
Transparent materials
Water absorption
White cell (spectroscopy)
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Modern Spectroscopy (Paperback) by J. Michael Hollas ISBN 978-0-470-84416-8
Jump up ^ Symmetry and Spectroscopy: An Introduction to Vibrational and Electronic Spectroscopy (Paperback) by Daniel C. Harris, Michael D. Bertolucci ISBN 978-0-486-66144-5
Jump up ^ Spectra of Atoms and Molecules by Peter F. Bernath ISBN 978-0-19-517759-6
Jump up ^ James D. Ingle, Jr. and Stanley R. Crouch, Spectrochemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1988, ISBN 0-13-826876-2
Jump up ^ "Gaseous Pollutants – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
Jump up ^ Khalafinejad, S.; Essen, C. von; Hoeijmakers, H. J.; Zhou, G.; Klocová, T.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Dreizler, S.; Lopez-Morales, M.; Husser, T.-O. (2017-02-01). "Exoplanetary atmospheric sodium revealed by orbital motion". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 598. arXiv:1610.01610  . Bibcode:2017A&A...598A.131K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629473. ISSN 0004-6361.
Jump up ^ de Wit, Julien; Seager, S. (19 December 2013). "Constraining Exoplanet Mass from Transmission Spectroscopy". Science. 342 (6165): 1473–1477. arXiv:1401.6181  . Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1473D. doi:10.1126/science.1245450. PMID 24357312.
External links[edit]
Solar absorption spectrum
Visible Absorption Spectrum Simulation
Plot Absorption Intensity for many molecules in HITRAN database
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