text:
List of earthquakes in Iran
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Earthquakes in Iran from 1990–2006, by United States Geological Survey
Iran is one of the most seismically active countries in the world, being crossed by several major faults that cover at least 90% of the country.[1] As a result, earthquakes in Iran occur often and are destructive.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology and history
2 Earthquakes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Geology and history[edit]
The Iranian plateau is subject to most types of tectonic activity, including active folding, faulting and volcanic eruptions. It is well known for its long history of disastrous earthquake activity. Not only have these earthquakes killed thousands, but they have also led to waste of valuable natural resources.[2] Since 1900, at least 126,000 fatalities have resulted from earthquakes in Iran.[2]
Earthquakes[edit]
Date
Province
Mag.
MMI
Deaths
Injuries
Total damage/notes
2017-12-20 Tehran 5.2 Mw VI 2 97 4.0 Mw aftershock on December 26 (1 dead, 75 injured).
2017-11-12 Kermanshah 7.3 Mw VIII 630 8,435
2017-05-13 North Khorasan 5.6 Mw VII 3 370
2017-04-05 Khorasan-e Razavi 6.1 Mw VII 2 34
2017-01-06 Fars 5.0 Mw VI 4 5
2014-08-18 Ilam 6.2 Mw VIII 60–330
2013-11-28 Bushehr 5.6 Mw VII 7 45
2013-04-13 Sistan and Baluchestan 7.7 Mw VII 35 117
2013-04-09 Bushehr 6.3 Mw 37 850
2012-08-11 East Azerbaijan 6.4 Mw VIII 306 3,037 Doublet
2012-08-11 East Azerbaijan 6.3 Mw Doublet
2011-06-15 Kerman 5.3 2
2010-12-20 Kerman 6.5 Mw IX 11 100
2010-08-27 Semnan 5.8 Mw VII 4 40 800 displaced
2008-09-10 Qeshm 5.9 Mw 7 45
2006-03-31 Lorestan 6.1 Mw VIII 63–70+ 1,246–1,418
2005-11-27 Qeshm 5.8 Mw VII 13 100
2005-02-22 Kerman 6.4 Mw VIII 612 1,411
2004-05-28 Māzandarān 6.3 Mw VIII 35 278–400 $15.4 million
2003-12-22 Kerman 6.6 Mw IX 26,271–43,200 22,628–30,000 45,000–75,600 displaced
2002-06-22 Qazvin 6.3 Mw VIII 261 1,500
1998-03-14 Kerman 6.6 Mw VIII 5 50 Berberian 2014, p. 617
1997-05-10 South Khorasan 7.3 Mw X 1,567 2,300
1997-02-29 Ardabil 6.1 Mw VIII 1,100 2,600
1990-06-20 Gilan 7.4 Mw X 35,000–50,000 60,000–105,000
1981-07-28 Kerman 7.1 Ms IX 1,500 1,000
1981-06-11 Kerman 6.6 Mw VIII+ 1,400–3,000 many
1978-09-16 South Khorasan 7.4 Mw IX 15,000–25,000
1972-04-10 Fars 6.7 Mw IX 5,374 1,710
1968-08-31 South Khorasan 7.4 Mw X 15,000
1968-09-01 South Khorasan 6.4 Mw 900
1965-02-10 East Azerbaijan 5.1 20
1962-09-01 Qazvin 7.1 ML IX 12,225 2,776
1960-04-24 Fars 6.0 Muk 420 NGDC
1958-08-16 Hamadan 6.7 Muk 132 NGDC
1957-12-13 Kermanshah 7.1 1,130 [3]
1957-07-02 Māzandarān 7.1 1,200 [3]
1953-02-12 Semnan 6.6 Mw VIII 800–973 140
1947-08-05 South Khorasan 7.3 500
1932-05-20 Māzandarān 5.4 Muk VIII 1,070 NGDC
1930-05-06 West Azerbaijan 7.1 Mw IX 1,360–3,000
1929-05-01 Khorasan-e Razavi 7.2 Mw IX 3,257–3,800 1,121
1923-05-23 Khorasan-e Razavi 5.7 2,200 [4]
1909-01-23 Lorestan 7.3 ML IX 6,000–8,000
1895-01-17 Khorasan-e Razavi 6.8 Ms VIII 1,000–11,000
1893-11-17 Khorasan-e Razavi 6.6 Ms X 18,000
1864-01-17 Kerman VIII Many NGDC
1853-05-05 Fars IX 13,000 NGDC
1755-06-07 Isfahan 40,000
1727-11-18 East Azerbaijan VIII 77,000
1721-04-26 East Azerbaijan 7.7 Ms VIII–X 8,000–250,000
1679-06-04 Yerevan, Armenia 6.4 Ms IX–X 7,600 Under Iranian rule at the time
1667-11-25 Shamakhi, Azerbaijan 6.9 Ms X 80,000 Under Iranian rule at the time
1042-08-21 East Azerbaijan 7.6 40,000
893-03-23 Ardabil 150,000
856-12-22 Semnan 7.9 Ms 200,000
Note: Mw = moment magnitude scale, Ms = surface wave magnitude, and Muk = unknown. The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles. The principles described also apply to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded.
See also[edit]
Environmental issues in Iran
Iranian Earthquake Engineering Association (IEEA)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Preliminary Earthquake Reconnaissance Report on the June 22, 2002 Changureh (Avaj), Iran Earthquake". International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. 2002-07-19. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Manuel Berberian. "100 years; 126,000 deaths". The Iranian.
^ Jump up to: a b "Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900". United States Geological Survey. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Historic Worldwide Earthquakes". United States Geological Survey. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
Sources
NGDC, Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
Berberian, M. (2014), Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau, Developments in Earth Surface Processes (1st ed.), Elsevier, ISBN 978-0444632920
External links[edit]
Latest earthquakes in Iran and adjacent areas – Iranian Seismological Center
[show]
v
t
e
Earthquakes in Iran
Historical
856 Damghan
893 Ardabil
1667 Shamakhi
1679 Yerevan
1721 Tabriz
1727 Tabriz
1893 Quchan
1895 Quchan
Modern
1909 Borujerd
1929 Kopet Dag
1930 Salmas
1948 Ashgabat
1953 Torud
1962 Buin Zahra
1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows
1972 Qir
1978 Tabas
1981 Golbaf
1981 Sirch
1990 Manjil–Rudbar
1997 Ardabil
1997 Qayen
2002 Bou'in-Zahra
2003 Bam
2004 Baladeh
2005 Zarand
2005 Qeshm
2006 Borujerd
2008 Qeshm
July 2010 Iran
2010 Damghan
2010 Hosseinabad
2012 East Azerbaijan
2012 Zohan
2013 Bushehr
2013 Saravan
2013 Borazjan
2014 Murmuri
2017 Kermanshah
[show]
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t
e
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The Strain (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Strain
Title card from seasons 1–2
Genre
Vampire horror
Drama
Created by
Guillermo del Toro
Chuck Hogan
Based on
The Strain
by Guillermo del Toro
Chuck Hogan
Starring
Corey Stoll
David Bradley
Mía Maestro
Kevin Durand
Jonathan Hyde
Richard Sammel
Sean Astin
Jack Kesy
Natalie Brown
Miguel Gomez
Ben Hyland
Max Charles
Ruta Gedmintas
Rupert Penry-Jones
Samantha Mathis
Joaquin Cosio
Voices of
Robin Atkin Downes
Composer(s)
Ramin Djawadi
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
46 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Guillermo del Toro
Carlton Cuse
Chuck Hogan
Gary Ungar
J. Miles Dale
David Weddle
Bradley Thompson
Regina Corrado
Location(s)
Toronto, Ontario
Cinematography
Checco Verese
Gabriel Beristain
Miroslaw Baszak
Editor(s)
Kathryn Himoff
Christopher Nelson
Sarah Boyd
Running time
39–44 minutes (regular)
70 minutes (pilot)
Production company(s)
Double Dare You
Carlton Cuse Productions (2014–15)
Cuse Productions (2016–17)
FX Productions (2014–15)
FXP (2016–17)
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
FX
Original release
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13) – September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
External links
Website
The Strain is an American horror drama television series that aired on FX from July 13, 2014, to September 17, 2017.[1] It was created by Guillermo del Toro and Chuck Hogan, based on their novel trilogy of the same name. Carlton Cuse serves as executive producer and showrunner. Del Toro and Hogan wrote the pilot episode, "Night Zero", which del Toro directed. A thirteen-episode first season was ordered on November 19, 2013.[2] The pilot episode premiered at the ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas, in early June 2014.[3]
On August 6, 2014, FX renewed The Strain for a 13-episode second season which premiered on July 12, 2015.[4][5] On August 7, 2015, FX renewed The Strain for a 10-episode third season which premiered on August 28, 2016.[6][7][8] FX renewed the series for a fourth and final season on September 27, 2016,[9] which premiered on July 16, 2017.[10] During the course of the series, 46 episodes of The Strain aired over four seasons.
The show centers around Dr. Ephraim Goodweather, the head of the CDC's New York-based Canary Project, who is called upon to investigate an airplane landing wherein everyone aboard is dead. What his team discovers is a viral outbreak that has similarities to an ancient strain of vampirism. The virus begins to spread and Goodweather works with his team and a group of the city's residents to wage a war to save humanity.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Production
2.1 Development
2.2 Casting
2.3 Filming
2.4 Music
2.5 Marketing
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Awards and nominations
4.2 Ratings
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Corey Stoll as Dr. Ephraim "Eph" Goodweather, the head of the CDC Canary Team in New York City.[11]
David Bradley as Professor Abraham Setrakian, a Holocaust survivor turned New York pawnbroker. Jim Watson portrays a young Setrakian in flashbacks.[12][13]
Mía Maestro as Dr. Nora Martinez, a member of the CDC Canary Team and Eph's closest ally.[14] (seasons 1–2)
Kevin Durand as Vasiliy Fet, a once-solitary rat exterminator of Ukrainian descent, who is caught up in the fight for humanity.[15]
Jonathan Hyde as Eldritch Palmer/The Master, an elderly billionaire invalid driven to obtain immortality. Charlie Gallant portrays a young Palmer in flashbacks.[16]
Richard Sammel as Thomas Eichhorst, an undead vampire acolyte of the Master who has a 70-year history with Setrakian. In his former life, he was a Nazi commander at the Treblinka extermination camp in German-occupied Poland.[16]
Sean Astin as Jim Kent, a CDC administrator who works with Eph and Nora.[17] (season 1, guest season 2)
Jack Kesy as Gabriel Bolivar/The Master, a philandering rock star with an appetite for recreational drugs and is one of the Master's vampire acolytes before becoming the Master's host body. (seasons 1–2, recurring season 3)[18]
Natalie Brown as Kelly Goodweather, Eph's estranged wife.[19] (seasons 1–3, recurring season 4)
Miguel Gomez as Augustin "Gus" Elizalde, a gang member who just got out of juvenile prison.[20]
Ben Hyland (season 1) and Max Charles (seasons 2–4) as Zach Goodweather, the son of Ephraim and Kelly.[21][22]
Robin Atkin Downes as the voice of the Master, one of the seven Ancient vampires and the series' central antagonist.[23]
Ruta Gedmintas as Dutch Velders, an internet hacker hired by Palmer, who turns against the company when she realizes what she has done. (recurring season 1, main seasons 2–4)
Rupert Penry-Jones as Mr. Quinlan, a half-vampire with a vendetta against the Master.[24] (seasons 2–4)
Samantha Mathis as Justine Feraldo, a tenacious New York City councilwoman for Staten Island. (recurring season 2, main season 3)[25]
Joaquín Cosío as Angel Guzman Hurtado, a retired wrestler once known as "The Silver Angel". (recurring season 2, main season 3)[26]
Recurring cast[edit]
Cas Anvar as Sanjay Desai, a Stoneheart employee and subordinate of Eichhorst. (seasons 3–4)
Pedro Miguel Arce as Felix, Gus's friend. (season 1)
Adriana Barraza as Guadalupe Elizalde, Gus and Crispin's mother. (seasons 1–3)
Brenda Bazinet as Pauline McGeever, a vampire victim experimented on by Eph and Nora. (season 2)
Nigel Bennett as Dr. Werner Dreverhaven, a former Nazi physician turned vampire. (seasons 2–3)
Anne Betancourt as Mariela Martinez, Nora's mother who suffers from dementia. (season 1)
Lizzie Brocheré as Coco Marchand, Palmer's new personal assistant. (season 2)[27]
Inga Cadranel as Diane, a Queens native and Kelly's best friend. (season 1)
Ron Canada as George Lyle, the Mayor of New York City. (season 2)[28]
Francis Capra as Crispin Elizalde, Gus's con artist brother. (season 1)[29]
K. C. Collins as Captain Daniel Roman, an Army officer who formerly served at a nuclear missile silo. (season 4)
Nicola Correia-Damude as Nikki Taylor, a roommate and once girlfriend of Dutch Velders. (seasons 1–2)
Roger Cross as Reggie Fitzwilliam, Palmer's caregiver and head of security. (seasons 1–2)[30]
Miranda Edwards as Eve, a human agent working with Quinlan and The Ancients. (season 2)
Kevin Hanchard as Curtis Fitzwilliam, a firefighter and Reggie's brother. (season 2)[31]
Jamie Hector as Alonso Creem, an arms dealer and gang leader. (seasons 1–2, 4)
Leslie Hope as Joan Luss, an attorney and one of the plane's surviving passengers. (season 1)[32]
Jocelyn Hudon as Abby, a maid who befriends Zach. (season 4)
Doug Jones as one of the Ancients, the seven original vampires.[33] Jones also portrays the Master's previous host before Jusef in a flashback. (seasons 1–3)
Daniel Kash as Dr. Everett Barnes, the director of the CDC and later Secretary for Health and Human Services. (seasons 1–2)
Parveen Kaur as Aanya Gupta, a waitress and the daughter of the owners of the Tandoori Palace. (season 2)
Tom Kemp as Cardinal McNamara, a Catholic cardinal who is selling an item of interest to both Setrakian and Palmer. (season 2)
Regina King as Ruby Wain, Bolivar's intelligent and accomplished manager. (season 1)[34]
Ron Lea as Harrison McGeever, a vampire victim experimented on by Eph and Nora. (season 2)
Robert Maillet as Jusef Sardu, a 19th-century Polish noble who was the Master's host body until he was gravely injured.[29] (season 1–2)
Stephen McHattie as Vaun, leader of a band of undead hunters sent to destroy the vampire outbreak. (seasons 1–2)[35]
Melanie Merkosky as Sylvia Kent, Jim Kent's cancer-stricken wife. (season 1)[34]
Rhona Mitra as Charlotte, a woman who joins Fet and Quinlan in their search for weapons to destroy the Master. (season 4)
Drew Nelson as Matt Sayles, Kelly Goodweather's live-in boyfriend. (season 1)[36]
Paulino Nunes as Captain Frank Kowalski, an NYPD officer working with Justine Feraldo. (season 2–3)
America Olivo as Captain Kate Rogers, the commander of a squad of NYPD combatants. (season 3)
Angel Parker as Alex Green, the leader of a group of anti-strigoi resistance fighters. (season 4)
Jonathan Potts as Captain Doyle Redfern, pilot of the flight and one of the outbreak's few survivors. (season 1)
Michael Reventar as Raul, Gus's cousin. (season 4)
Kim Roberts as Neeva, Joan Luss' nanny and housekeeper. (season 1)
Nikolai Witschl as Ansel Barbour, one of the plane's surviving passengers. (season 1)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Promotional poster which was withdrawn from circulation after a number of complaints.[37]
In 2006, del Toro pitched The Strain as a television series, but negotiations broke down when the network president at Fox Broadcasting Company asked him to make it a comedy.[38] An agent suggested expanding the concept as a novel series instead.[39] Del Toro asked Chuck Hogan to co-write the series, explaining: "I've written short stories in Spanish and English. I've written screenplays. But I'm not good at forensic novels. I'm not good at hazmat language and that CSI-style precision. When Stoker wrote Dracula, it was very modern, a CSI sort of novel. I wanted to give The Strain a procedural feel, where everything seems real."[40] Hogan agreed after reading a page and a half of del Toro's 12-page project outline; the duo collaborated for the first year on a handshake, with no contract or publishing deal in place.[41] The first installment, The Strain, was released in 2009. It was followed by 2010's The Fall and 2011's The Night Eternal.
After the first book's publication, studios and networks began making offers for the film and television adaptation rights, but del Toro and Hogan declined, not wanting a screen version to influence the way they were writing the books. After the third book's publication, the authors talked with every cable network that had expressed interest. FX was deemed most suitable because they wanted to follow the books closely and liked the idea of The Strain as a close-ended series consisting of three to five seasons. Del Toro stated that the first two novels can be covered by one season each, while The Night Eternal may be split into two or three seasons. The author is also open to creative detours that may develop as the series goes on, possibly incorporating material cut from the books. Del Toro intends to direct as many episodes as his busy schedule allows.[39] Before the series order was announced, FX gave the writing team the go-ahead to script another ten episodes, which del Toro rewrote.[42] FX president John Landgraf has stated that the series will consist of "39–65 episodes, no less, no more", adding "What if a television show could be just the length that is optimal for that story?"[43]
Regarding the style of the show's production, del Toro stated: "Basically I'm trying to do what I do in my movies which is to show it as a reality, but as a reality that is stylized. It's not like CSI or The Wire, it's real but it feels a little stylized. But the way the camera work will be is very realistic. We want to keep the camera very documentary even if the look of the show is not. The look of the show is very designed. The style of the camera and the storytelling will be very loose. It will evolve from that feel of reality, and little by little we want to evolve into more stylish, horror feel that requires smoother camera moves, more suspense and atmosphere-driven moments so it will be a mixture. I don't think that mixture has been seen a lot on TV."[44]
FX ordered a thirteen-episode first season for the series on November 19, 2013, and announced that the series would premiere in July 2014.[2] In August 2015, del Toro and Cuse announced a five-season plan for the series after the third season renewal, Cuse said, "From the very beginning, we had really talked about the first book being the first season, the second book being the next two seasons and the third book the last two seasons". He also said that beyond the first and second seasons, which are 13 episodes each, the remaining seasons were planned to each consist of 10 episodes.[45] However, in September 2016, FX announced the series' fourth season would be its last. Cuse stated, "After finishing the writing on season three, Guillermo, Chuck and I looked at our remaining story and felt the best version could be told in one more season."[9]
Casting[edit]
Del Toro and Cuse cast the series together.[46] Stoll was cast as Eph Goodweather based on his performance in Midnight in Paris.[46] John Hurt played Abraham Setrakian in the original version of the pilot, but later dropped out.[47] The role was recast with David Bradley and his scenes were reshot with Bradley.[12] Del Toro had previously expressed interest in casting Roy Dotrice, who played Setrakian in several live-action advertisements for the first novel.[48] Kevin Durand, who appeared in Cuse's previous show Lost, was cast as Vasiliy Fet, although the character was originally created with regular del Toro collaborator Ron Perlman in mind.[46][49] Lauren Lee Smith was originally cast as Kelly Goodweather, but was ultimately replaced by Natalie Brown.[50] Del Toro wanted Doug Jones for a major role, but the actor had to decline because of scheduling conflicts; he later played the Ancient and the Master's previous incarnation.[51] Sean Astin was cast as Jim Kent because del Toro and Cuse "thought it would be funny to have the most famous sidekick of all times be a betrayer".[46] For the second season, Max Charles replaced Ben Hyland in the series regular role of Zach Goodweather.[22]
Filming[edit]
The pilot episode began principal photography on September 17, 2013, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[52][53] Shooting of the pilot was finished on October 31, 2013. FX ordered 13 episodes. Season one was expected to film from November 25, 2013, to April 30, 2014.[54] A full writing staff was hired to script subsequent episodes. FX reportedly committed $500,000 to creature creation.[11] Twelve swords used in the series were provided by Missoula, Montana-based bladesmith company Zombie Tools.[55] Production began for the second season in Toronto in November 2014.[56]
Music[edit]
Ramin Djawadi is the composer of The Strain score.
The music was composed by Ramin Djawadi, who previously scored del Toro's 2013 film Pacific Rim.[57]
Marketing[edit]
The original key art for the series prominently featured a worm, a vector of the vampiric virus, burrowing into a person's eye. Following complaints from members of the public, FX announced that they would replace the artwork on several of their billboards.[37]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Strain episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 13 July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13) October 5, 2014 (2014-10-05)
2 13 July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12) October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
3 10 August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28) October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)
4 10 July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16) September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
Reception[edit]
The first season received generally positive reviews from critics and has a Metacritic rating of 72 out of 100 based on 38 reviews.[58] On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an 87% "Certified Fresh" rating with an average score of 7.6 out of 10 based on 55 reviews. Its consensus states "The Strain makes the most of its familiar themes through an effective mix of supernatural thrills and B-movie gore – though it may not appeal to everyone".[59]
The second season received generally positive reviews and has a Metacritic rating of 66 out of 100 based on 8 reviews.[60] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 79% with an average score of 7.2 out of 10 based on 19 reviews. Its consensus states "The Strain's gory action helps compensate for an unfocused narrative, while the show's political and philosophical subtext add necessary heft for adult viewers."[61]
The third season received generally positive reviews and has a Metacritic rating of 62 out of 100 based on 5 reviews.[62] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 50% with an average score of 6.1 out of 10 based on 6 reviews.[63]
The fourth season received generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 100% with an average score of 7.65 out of 10 based on 7 reviews.[64]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.
2014 Critics Choice Television Awards Most Exciting New Series The Strain Won [65]
Satellite Awards Best Genre Television Series The Strain Nominated [66]
2015 Saturn Awards Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series The Strain Nominated [67]
Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series David Bradley Nominated
Richard Sammel Nominated
Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Supporting Actor David Bradley Nominated [68]
Best TV Makeup/Creature FX Steve Newburn, Sean Sansom Nominated
Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing – Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Nelson Ferreira, Jill Purdy (for "The Box") Nominated [69]
2016 Canadian Society of Cinematographers Awards TV Series Cinematography Colin Hoult (for "By Any Means") Nominated [70]
Saturn Awards Best Horror TV Series The Strain Nominated [71]
Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Max Charles Nominated
Directors Guild of Canada Awards Best Sound Editing – Television Series John Loranger, Dan Sexton, Adam Stein, Nathan Robitaille, Jill Purdy, Richard Calistan, Joe Mancuso, Craig MacLellan (for "Night Train") Nominated [72]
Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Makeup/Creature FX Steve Newburn, Sean Sansom Nominated [73]
Golden Maple Awards Best Actress in a TV Series Broadcasted in the US Natalie Brown Won [74]
Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Dennis Berardi, Luke Groves, Matt Glover, Trey Harrell, Warren Appleby (for "Identity") Nominated [75]
2017 Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Max Charles Nominated [76]
Ratings[edit]
The Strain : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Average
1
2.99 2.12 2.30 2.27 2.03 2.28 2.43 1.91 1.87 2.22 2.28 1.97 2.09 2.21[77]
2
1.66 1.63 1.47 1.38 1.26 1.44 0.95 1.36 1.15 1.30 1.42 1.23 1.17 1.34[78]
3
1.35 0.99 1.11 0.99 0.88 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.94 0.89 N/A 0.96[79]
4
1.44 0.91 0.86 1.17 0.93 0.79 0.89 1.01 0.84 1.00 N/A 0.99[80]
Source: Nielsen Media Research[77][78][79][80]
See also[edit]
List of vampire television series
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (August 12, 2013). "Exclusive: 24's Leslie Hope Battles FX's Strain". TVLine. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (June 5, 2015). "Doug Jones Talks Falling Skies, The Strain, Crimson Peak, & Hellboy 3". comicbook.com. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (December 5, 2013). "Regina King Joins FX Series The Strain". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schedeen, Jesse (July 26, 2015). "The Strain: "Fort Defiance" Review". IGN. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Twitter / drewnelsonlive: @MiEg007 I have a major recurring". Twitter. March 10, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Rice, Lynette (June 27, 2014). "FX yanks gross billboards for The Strain". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Miller, Ross (2009). "Guillermo del Toro Talks Future Projects & More". Screen Rant. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Brown, Scott (May 22, 2009). "Q&A: Hobbit Director Guillermo del Toro on the Future of Film". Wired. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Weinman, Sarah (June 2, 2009). "Chuck Hogan on Co-Writing THE STRAIN with "Some Other Guy"". Sarahweinman.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Turek, Ryan (June 30, 2013). "Exclusive: Guillermo del Toro on the Televised Horrors of The Strain, FX Orders Scripts for Entire Season". Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 2, 2013). "TCA: FX's John Landgraf Signals End Of 'Nuclear Arms Race Of Darkness', Talks The Strain Game Plan, FX Brand Expansion". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Fienberg, Daniel (July 27, 2014). "Guillermo del Toro Brings The Strain to Comic-Con: Live-Blog". HitFix. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 19, 2013). "FX's 'The Strain' Gets Official 13-Episode Order, Abraham Role To Be Recast". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ WGBHForum (September 6, 2012). "Guillermo del Toro and Chuck Hogan – The Fall". YouTube. Event occurs at 30:40. Retrieved June 18, 2013. If you see the trailers we did for the first book, I would love... some of the casting ideas were there. Roy Dotrice. I would love Roy Dotrice to play Setrakian, you know. He's a fantastic actor. And to have Roy Dotrice and Ron Perlman again after Beauty and the Beast – it would be a geek dream.
Jump up ^ "A Night with GUILLERMO DEL TORO and CHUCK HOGAN". Cinema Knife Fight. September 23, 2010. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 12, 2013). "FX Pilot Castings: Lauren Lee Smith In 'The Strain'; Brett Gelman, Jenny Slate In Gurland". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Ramin Djawadi to Score Guillermo Del Toro's The Strain". Film Music Reporter. September 27, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b "The Strain: Season Two Ratings". TV by the Numbers. October 6, 2015. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Strain: Season Three Ratings". TV by the Numbers. November 1, 2016. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Strain (TV series)
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Network congestion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Network congestion in data networking and queueing theory is the reduced quality of service that occurs when a network node or link is carrying more data than it can handle. Typical effects include queueing delay, packet loss or the blocking of new connections. A consequence of congestion is that an incremental increase in offered load leads either only to a small increase or even a decrease in network throughput.[1]
Network protocols that use aggressive retransmissions to compensate for packet loss due to congestion can increase congestion, even after the initial load has been reduced to a level that would not normally have induced network congestion. Such networks exhibit two stable states under the same level of load. The stable state with low throughput is known as congestive collapse.
Networks use congestion control and congestion avoidance techniques to try to avoid collapse. These include: exponential backoff in protocols such as CSMA/CA in 802.11 and the similar CSMA/CD in the original Ethernet, window reduction in TCP, and fair queueing in devices such as routers and network switches. Other techniques that address congestion include priority schemes which transmit some packets with higher priority ahead of others and the explicit allocation of network resources to specific flows through the use of admission control.
Contents
[hide]
1 Network capacity
2 Congestive collapse
3 Congestion control
3.1 Theory of congestion control
3.2 Classification of congestion control algorithms
4 Mitigation
4.1 Practical network congestion avoidance
4.2 TCP/IP congestion avoidance
4.3 Active queue management
4.3.1 Random early detection
4.3.2 Robust random early detection (RRED)
4.3.3 Flowbased-RED/WRED
4.3.4 Explicit Congestion Notification
4.3.5 Cisco AQM: Dynamic buffer limiting
4.3.6 TCP window shaping
4.3.7 Backward ECN
5 Side effects of congestive collapse avoidance
5.1 Radio links
5.2 Short-lived connections
6 Admission control
7 See also
8 References
9 Books
10 External links
Network capacity[edit]
Network resources are limited, including router processing time and link throughput. Resource contention may occur on networks in a number of common circumstances. A wireless LAN is easily filled by a single personal computer. Even on fast computer networks, the backbone can easily be congested by a few servers and client PCs. Denial-of-service attacks by botnets are capable of filling even the largest Internet backbone network links, generating large-scale network congestion. In telephone networks, a mass call event can overwhelm digital telephone circuits.
Congestive collapse[edit]
Congestive collapse (or congestion collapse) is the condition in which congestion prevents or limits useful communication. Congestion collapse generally occurs at choke points in the network, where incoming traffic exceeds outgoing bandwidth. Connection points between a local area network and a wide area network are common choke points. When a network is in this condition, it settles into a stable state where traffic demand is high but little useful throughput is available, packet delay and loss occur and quality of service is extremely poor.
Congestive collapse was identified as a possible problem by 1984.[2] It was first observed on the early Internet in October 1986, when the NSFnet phase-I backbone dropped three orders of magnitude from its capacity of 32 kbit/s to 40 bit/s, which continued until end nodes started implementing Van Jacobson's congestion control between 1987 and 1988.[3] When more packets were sent than could be handled by intermediate routers, the intermediate routers discarded many packets, expecting the end points of the network to retransmit the information. However, early TCP implementations had poor retransmission behavior. When this packet loss occurred, the endpoints sent extra packets that repeated the information lost, doubling the incoming rate.
Congestion control[edit]
Congestion control modulates traffic entry into a telecommunications network in order to avoid congestive collapse resulting from oversubscription. This is typically accomplished by reducing the rate of packets. Whereas congestion control prevents senders from overwhelming the network, flow control prevents the sender from overwhelming the receiver.
Theory of congestion control[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The theory on congestion control was pioneered by Frank Kelly, who applied microeconomic theory and convex optimization theory to describe how individuals controlling their own rates can interact to achieve an "optimal" network-wide rate allocation.
Examples of "optimal" rate allocation are max-min fair allocation and Kelly's suggestion of proportionally fair allocation, although many others are possible.
Let x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} be the rate of flow i {\displaystyle i} , c l {\displaystyle c_{l}} be the capacity of link l {\displaystyle l} , and r l i {\displaystyle r_{li}} be 1 if flow i {\displaystyle i} uses link l {\displaystyle l} and 0 otherwise. Let x {\displaystyle x} , c {\displaystyle c} and R {\displaystyle R} be the corresponding vectors and matrix. Let U ( x ) {\displaystyle U(x)} be an increasing, strictly concave function, called the utility, which measures how much benefit a user obtains by transmitting at rate x {\displaystyle x} . The optimal rate allocation then satisfies
max x ∑ i U ( x i ) {\displaystyle \max \limits _{x}\sum _{i}U(x_{i})}
such that R x ≤ c {\displaystyle Rx\leq c}
The Lagrange dual of this problem decouples, so that each flow sets its own rate, based only on a "price" signalled by the network. Each link capacity imposes a constraint, which gives rise to a Lagrange multiplier, p l {\displaystyle p_{l}} . The sum of these multipliers, y i = ∑ l p l r l i , {\displaystyle y_{i}=\sum _{l}p_{l}r_{li},} is the price to which the flow responds.
Congestion control then becomes a distributed optimisation algorithm. Many current congestion control algorithms can be modelled in this framework, with p l {\displaystyle p_{l}} being either the loss probability or the queueing delay at link l {\displaystyle l} .
A major weakness is that it assigns the same price to all flows, while sliding window flow control causes "burstiness" that causes different flows to observe different loss or delay at a given link.
Classification of congestion control algorithms[edit]
Main article: TCP congestion control
Among the ways to classify congestion control algorithms are:
By type and amount of feedback received from the network: Loss; delay; single-bit or multi-bit explicit signals
By incremental deployability: Only sender needs modification; sender and receiver need modification; only router needs modification; sender, receiver and routers need modification.
By performance aspect: high bandwidth-delay product networks; lossy links; fairness; advantage to short flows; variable-rate links
By fairness criterion: max-min, proportional, "minimum potential delay"
Mitigation[edit]
A few mechanisms have been invented to prevent network congestion or to deal with a network collapse:
Network scheduler – active queue management (that is, the arbitrary reorder or drop of network packets under overload)
Explicit Congestion Notification – an extension to IP and TCP communications protocols that adds a flow control mechanism
TCP congestion control – various implementations of efforts to deal with network congestion
The correct endpoint behavior is usually to repeat dropped information, but progressively slow the repetition rate. Provided all endpoints do this, the congestion lifts and the network resumes normal behavior. Other strategies such as slow-start ensure that new connections don't overwhelm the router before congestion detection initiates.
The most common router congestion avoidance mechanisms are fair queuing and other scheduling algorithms, and random early detection, or RED, where packets are randomly dropped, proactively triggering the endpoints to slow transmission before congestion collapse occurs. Fair queuing is most useful in routers at chokepoints with a small number of connections passing through them. Larger routers must rely on RED.
Some end-to-end protocols behave better under congested conditions. TCP is perhaps the best behaved. The first TCP implementations to handle congestion were developed in 1984,[citation needed] but Van Jacobson's inclusion of an open source solution in the Berkeley Standard Distribution UNIX ("BSD") in 1988 first provided good behavior.
UDP does not control congestion. Protocols built atop UDP must handle congestion independently. Protocols that transmit at a fixed rate, independent of congestion, can be problematic. Real-time streaming protocols, including many Voice over IP protocols, have this property. Thus, special measures, such as quality-of-service routing, must be taken to keep packets from being dropped.
In general, congestion in pure datagram networks must be kept at the periphery of the network, where the above mechanisms can handle it. Congestion in the Internet backbone is problematic. Cheap fiber-optic lines have reduced costs in the Internet backbone allowing it to be provisioned with enough bandwidth to keep congestion at the periphery.[citation needed]
Practical network congestion avoidance[edit]
Connection-oriented protocols, such as the widely used TCP protocol, generally watch for packet errors, losses, or delays (see Quality of Service) to adjust the transmit speed. Various network congestion avoidance processes, support different trade-offs.[4]
TCP/IP congestion avoidance[edit]
The TCP congestion avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in the Internet.[5][6][7][8][9]
Problems occur when concurrent TCP flows experience port queue buffer tail-drops, defeating TCP's automatic congestion avoidance. All flows that experience port queue buffer tail-drop begin a TCP retrain at the same moment – this is called TCP global synchronization.
Active queue management[edit]
Active queue management (AQM) is the reorder or drop of network packets inside a transmit buffer that is associated with a network interface controller (NIC). This task is performed by the network scheduler.
Random early detection[edit]
One solution is to use random early detection (RED) on the network equipment's port queue buffer.[10][11] On network equipment ports with more than one queue buffer, weighted random early detection (WRED) could be used if available.
RED indirectly signals to sender and receiver by deleting some packets, e.g. when the average queue buffer lengths are more than a threshold (e.g. 50%) and deletes linearly or cubically more packets,[12] up to e.g. 100%. The average queue buffer lengths are computed over 1 second intervals.
Robust random early detection (RRED)[edit]
The robust random early detection (RRED) algorithm was proposed to improve the TCP throughput against denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, particularly low-rate denial-of-service (LDoS) attacks. Experiments confirmed that RED-like algorithms were vulnerable under Low-rate Denial-of-Service (LDoS) attacks due to the oscillating TCP queue size caused by the attacks.[13]
Flowbased-RED/WRED[edit]
Some network equipment is equipped with ports that can follow and measure each flow (flowbased-RED/WRED) and are thereby able to signal a too big bandwidth flow according to some quality of service policy. A policy could then divide the bandwidth among all flows by some criteria.
Explicit Congestion Notification[edit]
Another approach is to use IP Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).[14] ECN is used only when two hosts signal that they want to use it. With this method, a protocol bit is used to signal explicit congestion. This is better than the indirect packet delete congestion notification performed by the RED/WRED algorithms, but it requires explicit support by both hosts.[15] ECN coauthor Sally Floyd published detailed information on ECN, including the version required for Cisco IOS.[10]
When a router receives a packet marked as ECN-capable and anticipates (using RED) congestion, it sets the ECN flag, notifying the sender of congestion. The sender should respond by decreasing its transmission bandwidth, e.g., by decreasing the TCP window size (sending rate) or by other means.
Cisco AQM: Dynamic buffer limiting[edit]
Cisco Systems (Engine IV and V) has the capability to classify flows as aggressive (bad) or adaptive (good). It ensures that no flows fill the port queues. DBL can utilize IP ECN instead of packet-delete-signalling.[16][17]
TCP window shaping[edit]
See also: TCP window scale option
Congestion avoidance can be achieved efficiently by reducing traffic. When an application requests a large file, graphic or web page, it usually advertises a "window" of between 32K and 64K. This results in the server sending a full window of data (assuming the file is larger than the window). When many applications simultaneously request downloads, this data creates a congestion point at an upstream provider by flooding the queue. By using a device to reduce the window advertisement, the remote servers send less data, thus reducing the congestion. This technique can reduce network congestion by a factor of 40.[citation needed]
Backward ECN[edit]
Backward ECN (BECN) is another proposed congestion mechanism. It uses ICMP source quench messages as an IP signalling mechanism to implement a basic ECN mechanism for IP networks, keeping congestion notifications at the IP level and requiring no negotiation between network endpoints. Effective congestion notifications can be propagated to transport layer protocols, such as TCP and UDP, for the appropriate adjustments.[18]
Side effects of congestive collapse avoidance[edit]
Radio links[edit]
The protocols that avoid congestive collapse are often based on the idea that data loss is caused by congestion. This is true in nearly all cases; errors during transmission are rare. However, this causes WiFi, 3G or other networks with a radio layer to have poor throughput in some cases since wireless networks are susceptible to data loss due to interference. The TCP connections running over a radio based physical layer see the data loss and tend to erroneously believe that congestion is occurring.
Short-lived connections[edit]
The slow-start protocol performs badly for short connections. Older web browsers created many short-lived connections and opened and closed the connection for each file. This kept most connections in the slow start mode, which slowed response times.
To avoid this problem, modern browsers either open multiple connections simultaneously or reuse one connection for all files requested from a particular server. Initial performance can be poor, and many connections never get out of the slow-start regime, significantly increasing latency.
Admission control[edit]
Admission control requires devices to receive permission before establishing new network connections. If the new connection risks creating congestion, permission can be denied. One example of this is the use of Contention-Free Transmission Opportunities (CFTXOPs) in the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networking over varying wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables).
See also[edit]
Bandwidth management
Bufferbloat
Cascading failure
Choke exchange
Erlang (unit)
Max-min fairness
Sorcerer's Apprentice Syndrome
TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm
Teletraffic engineering
Thrashing
Traffic shaping
Reliability (computer networking)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ (Al-Bahadili, 2012, p. 282) Al-Bahadili, H. (2012). Simulation in computer network design and modeling: Use and analysis. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Jump up ^ RFC 896
Jump up ^ Fall, K.R.; Stevens, W.R. (2011). TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols (2 ed.). Pearson Education. p. 739. ISBN 9780132808187.
Jump up ^ TCP Tunnels: Avoiding Congestion Collapse (2000)
Jump up ^ Van Jacobson, Michael J. Karels. Congestion Avoidance and Control (1988). Proceedings of the Sigcomm '88 Symposium, vol.18(4): pp.314–329. Stanford, CA. August, 1988. This paper originated many of the congestion avoidance algorithms used in TCP/IP.
Jump up ^ RFC 2001 - TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms
Jump up ^ RFC 2581 - TCP Congestion Control
Jump up ^ RFC 3390 - TCP Increasing TCP's Initial Window
Jump up ^ TCP Congestion Avoidance Explained via a Sequence Diagram
^ Jump up to: a b Sally Floyd: RED (Random Early Detection) Queue Management
Jump up ^ Sally Floyd, Van Jacobson. Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance (1993). IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol.1(4): pp.397–413. Invented Random Early Detection (RED) gateways.
Jump up ^ An Analytical RED Function Design Guaranteeing Stable System Behavior Quote: "...The advantage of this function lies not only in avoiding heavy oscillations but also in avoiding link under-utilization at low loads. The applicability of the derived function is independent of the load range, no parameters are to be adjusted. Compared to the original linear drop function applicability is extended by far...Our example with realistic system parameters gives an approximation function of the cubic of the queue size..."
Jump up ^ Zhang, Changwang; Yin, Jianping; Cai, Zhiping; Chen, Weifeng (2010). "RRED: Robust RED Algorithm to Counter Low-rate Denial-of-Service Attacks" (PDF). IEEE Communications Letters. IEEE. 14: 489–491.
Jump up ^ RFC 3168 - The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP
Jump up ^ Comparative study of RED, ECN and TCP Rate Control (1999)
Jump up ^ Active Queue Management
Jump up ^ Enabling Dynamic Buffer Limiting
Jump up ^ A proposal for Backward ECN for the Internet Protocol
"Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice" by John Evans, Clarence Filsfils (Morgan Kaufmann, 2007, ISBN 0-12-370549-5)
RFC 2914 - Congestion Control Principles, Sally Floyd, September, 2000
RFC 896 - "Congestion Control in IP/TCP", John Nagle, 6 January 1984
Introduction to Congestion Avoidance and Control, Van Jacobson and Michael J. Karels, November, 1988
Books[edit]
"Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice" by John Evans, Clarence Filsfils (Morgan Kaufmann, 2007, ISBN 0-12-370549-5)
External links[edit]
Nagle, J. RFC 896: Congestion control in IP/TCP internetworks (1984)
Floyd, S. RFC 2914: Congestion control principles (2000)
Floyd, S. and K. Fall, Promoting the Use of End-to-End Congestion Control in the Internet (IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, August 1999)
Sally Floyd, On the Evolution of End-to-end Congestion Control in the Internet: An Idiosyncratic View (IMA Workshop on Scaling Phenomena in Communication Networks, October 1999) (pdf format)
Linktionary term: Queuing
Pierre-Francois Quet, Sriram Chellappan, Arjan Durresi, Mukundan Sridharan, Hitay Ozbay, Raj Jain, " Guidelines for optimizing Multi-Level ECN, using fluid flow based TCP model"
Sally Floyd, Ratul Mahajan, David Wetherall: RED-PD: RED with Preferential Dropping
A Generic Simple RED Simulator for educational purposes by Mehmet Suzen
Approaches to Congestion Control in Packet Networks
Papers in Congestion Control
Random Early Detection Homepage
Explicit Congestion Notification Homepage
TFRC Homepage
AIMD-FC Homepage
TCP congestion control simulation: Fast recovery
Recent Publications in low-rate denial-of-service (DoS) attacks
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_congestion&oldid=837273399"
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text:
Foy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Look up foy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Foy may refer to:
Contents
[hide]
1 Places
2 People
3 Other uses
Places[edit]
Foy, Belgium
Foy, Herefordshire, England
Fowey, Cornwall, England (pronounced "Foy")
Slieve Foy, mountain near Carlingford, County Louth, Ireland
Foy Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada
People[edit]
Foy D. Kohler (1908–1990), American diplomat
brian d foy, American computer programmer and author
Bryan Foy (1896–1977), American film director and producer who was earlier one of the "Seven Little Foys"
Charles H. Foy (1809–1866), American Medal of Honor recipient
Charley Foy (1898 – 1984) American actor
Chris Foy (actor) (born 1983), Australian actor
Chris Foy (referee) (born 1962), English football referee
Claire Foy (born 1984), English actress
Des Foy (born 1963), Irish rugby player
Eddie Foy, Sr. (1856–1928), American vaudeville actor and comedian, or his children, who were billed as the "Seven Little Foys"
Eddie Foy, Jr. (1905–1983), American character actor who was earlier one of the "Seven Little Foys"
Fred Foy (1921–2010), American actor and voice performer
Joe Foy (1943–1989), American baseball player
Keith Foy (born 1981), Irish footballer
Kylie Foy (born 1971), New Zealand field hockey player
Laura Foy (born 1976), American television host
Mackenzie Foy (born 2000), American actress and model
Mary Foy (1862–1962), American librarian
Mathilda Foy (1813–1869), Swedish philanthropist
Matt Foy (born 1983), a Canadian ice hockey player
Maximilien Sebastien Foy (1775–1825), a French military leader, statesman and writer
Peter Foy (1925–2005), English stage-flight-effects specialist
Robbie Foy (born 1985), Scottish footballer
Vincent Foy (born 1915), Canadian Roman Catholic cleric and theologian
Other uses[edit]
Betty Foy, fictional character in William Wordsworth's The Idiot Boy
Prix Foy, French horse race
FOY, brand name of Gabexate mesilate, used for treatment of pancreatitis
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Foy.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foy&oldid=829535809"
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Eddie Foy, Sr.

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Eddie Foy, Jr.

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Maximilien Sebastien Foy

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Gabexate mesilate

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Foy – Dutch
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