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Hypertext Transfer Protocol
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The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.
Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989. Standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs). The first definition of HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use, occurred in RFC 2068 in 1997, although this was made obsolete by RFC 2616 in 1999 and then again by the RFC 7230 family of RFCs in 2014.
A later version, the successor HTTP/2, was standardized in 2015, and is now supported by major web servers and browsers over TLS using ALPN extension[2] where TLS 1.2 or newer is required.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Technical overview
2 History
3 HTTP session
4 HTTP authentication
4.1 Authentication realms
5 Request methods
5.1 Safe methods
5.2 Idempotent methods and web applications
5.3 Security
5.4 Summary table
6 Status codes
7 Persistent connections
8 HTTP session state
9 Encrypted connections
10 Message format
10.1 Request message
10.2 Response message
10.3 Example session
10.3.1 Client request
10.3.2 Server response
11 Similar protocols
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 External links
Technical overview[edit]
URL beginning with the HTTP scheme and the WWW domain name label.
HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the client–server computing model. A web browser, for example, may be the client and an application running on a computer hosting a website may be the server. The client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a response message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body.
A web browser is an example of a user agent (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers (web crawlers), voice browsers, mobile apps, and other software that accesses, consumes, or displays web content.
HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers. High-traffic websites often benefit from web cache servers that deliver content on behalf of upstream servers to improve response time. Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them when possible to reduce network traffic. HTTP proxy servers at private network boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without a globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers.
HTTP is an application layer protocol designed within the framework of the Internet protocol suite. Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable transport layer protocol,[4] and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is commonly used. However HTTP can be adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), for example in HTTPU and Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP).
HTTP resources are identified and located on the network by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), using the Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI's) schemes http and https. URIs and hyperlinks in HTML documents form inter-linked hypertext documents.
HTTP/1.1 is a revision of the original HTTP (HTTP/1.0). In HTTP/1.0 a separate connection to the same server is made for every resource request. HTTP/1.1 can reuse a connection multiple times to download images, scripts, stylesheets, etc after the page has been delivered. HTTP/1.1 communications therefore experience less latency as the establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead.
History[edit]
Tim Berners-Lee
The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "memex" system described in his 1945 essay "As We May Think". Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the original HTTP along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and a text-based web browser. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project in 1989—now known as the World Wide Web. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server.[5] The response from the server was always an HTML page.[6]
The first documented version of HTTP was HTTP V0.9 (1991). Dave Raggett led the HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG) in 1995 and wanted to expand the protocol with extended operations, extended negotiation, richer meta-information, tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and header fields.[7][8] RFC 1945 officially introduced and recognized HTTP V1.0 in 1996.
The HTTP WG planned to publish new standards in December 1995[9] and the support for pre-standard HTTP/1.1 based on the then developing RFC 2068 (called HTTP-NG) was rapidly adopted by the major browser developers in early 1996. By March 1996, pre-standard HTTP/1.1 was supported in Arena,[10] Netscape 2.0,[10] Netscape Navigator Gold 2.01,[10] Mosaic 2.7,[citation needed] Lynx 2.5,[citation needed] and in Internet Explorer 2.0.[citation needed] End-user adoption of the new browsers was rapid. In March 1996, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of browsers in use on the Internet were HTTP 1.1 compliant.[citation needed] That same web hosting company reported that by June 1996, 65% of all browsers accessing their servers were HTTP/1.1 compliant.[11] The HTTP/1.1 standard as defined in RFC 2068 was officially released in January 1997. Improvements and updates to the HTTP/1.1 standard were released under RFC 2616 in June 1999.
In 2007, the HTTPbis Working Group was formed, in part, to revise and clarify the HTTP/1.1 specification. In June 2014, the WG released an updated six-part specification obsoleting RFC 2616:
RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
RFC 7232, HTTP/1.1: Conditional Requests
RFC 7233, HTTP/1.1: Range Requests
RFC 7234, HTTP/1.1: Caching
RFC 7235, HTTP/1.1: Authentication
HTTP/2 was published as RFC 7540 in May 2015.
Year
HTTP Version
1991 0.9
1996 1.0
1997 1.1
2015 2.0
HTTP session[edit]
An HTTP session is a sequence of network request-response transactions. An HTTP client initiates a request by establishing a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to a particular port on a server (typically port 80, occasionally port 8080; see List of TCP and UDP port numbers). An HTTP server listening on that port waits for a client's request message. Upon receiving the request, the server sends back a status line, such as "HTTP/1.1 200 OK", and a message of its own. The body of this message is typically the requested resource, although an error message or other information may also be returned.[1]
HTTP authentication[edit]
HTTP provides multiple authentication schemes such as basic access authentication and digest access authentication which operate via a challenge-response mechanism whereby the server identifies and issues a challenge before serving the requested content.
HTTP provides a general framework for access control and authentication, via an extensible set of challenge-response authentication schemes, which can be used by a server to challenge a client request and by a client to provide authentication information.[12]
Authentication realms[edit]
The HTTP Authentication specification also provides an arbitrary, implementation specific construct for further dividing resources common to a given root URI. The realm value string, if present, is combined with the canonical root URI to form the protection space component of the challenge. This in effect allows the server to define separate authentication scopes under one root URI.[12]
Request methods[edit]
An HTTP 1.1 request made using telnet. The request message, response header section, and response body are highlighted.
HTTP defines methods (sometimes referred to as verbs) to indicate the desired action to be performed on the identified resource. What this resource represents, whether pre-existing data or data that is generated dynamically, depends on the implementation of the server. Often, the resource corresponds to a file or the output of an executable residing on the server. The HTTP/1.0 specification[13] defined the GET, POST and HEAD methods and the HTTP/1.1 specification[14] added 5 new methods: OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE and CONNECT. By being specified in these documents their semantics are well known and can be depended on. Any client can use any method and the server can be configured to support any combination of methods. If a method is unknown to an intermediate it will be treated as an unsafe and non-idempotent method. There is no limit to the number of methods that can be defined and this allows for future methods to be specified without breaking existing infrastructure. For example, WebDAV defined 7 new methods and RFC 5789 specified the PATCH method.
Main article: List of HTTP header fields
GET
The GET method requests a representation of the specified resource. Requests using GET should only retrieve data and should have no other effect. (This is also true of some other HTTP methods.)[1] The W3C has published guidance principles on this distinction, saying, "Web application design should be informed by the above principles, but also by the relevant limitations."[15] See safe methods below.
HEAD
The HEAD method asks for a response identical to that of a GET request, but without the response body. This is useful for retrieving meta-information written in response headers, without having to transport the entire content.
POST
The POST method requests that the server accept the entity enclosed in the request as a new subordinate of the web resource identified by the URI. The data POSTed might be, for example, an annotation for existing resources; a message for a bulletin board, newsgroup, mailing list, or comment thread; a block of data that is the result of submitting a web form to a data-handling process; or an item to add to a database.[16]
PUT
The PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied URI. If the URI refers to an already existing resource, it is modified; if the URI does not point to an existing resource, then the server can create the resource with that URI.[17]
DELETE
The DELETE method deletes the specified resource.
TRACE
The TRACE method echoes the received request so that a client can see what (if any) changes or additions have been made by intermediate servers.
OPTIONS
The OPTIONS method returns the HTTP methods that the server supports for the specified URL. This can be used to check the functionality of a web server by requesting '*' instead of a specific resource.
CONNECT
[18] The CONNECT method converts the request connection to a transparent TCP/IP tunnel, usually to facilitate SSL-encrypted communication (HTTPS) through an unencrypted HTTP proxy.[19][20] See HTTP CONNECT tunneling.
PATCH
The PATCH method applies partial modifications to a resource.[21]
All general-purpose HTTP servers are required to implement at least the GET and HEAD methods,[22] and, whenever possible, also the OPTIONS method.[citation needed]
Safe methods[edit]
Some of the methods (for example, HEAD, GET, OPTIONS and TRACE) are, by convention, defined as safe, which means they are intended only for information retrieval and should not change the state of the server. In other words, they should not have side effects, beyond relatively harmless effects such as logging, caching, the serving of banner advertisements or incrementing a web counter. Making arbitrary GET requests without regard to the context of the application's state should therefore be considered safe. However, this is not mandated by the standard, and it is explicitly acknowledged that it cannot be guaranteed.
By contrast, methods such as POST, PUT, DELETE and PATCH are intended for actions that may cause side effects either on the server, or external side effects such as financial transactions or transmission of email. Such methods are therefore not usually used by conforming web robots or web crawlers; some that do not conform tend to make requests without regard to context or consequences.
Despite the prescribed safety of GET requests, in practice their handling by the server is not technically limited in any way. Therefore, careless or deliberate programming can cause non-trivial changes on the server. This is discouraged, because it can cause problems for web caching, search engines and other automated agents, which can make unintended changes on the server. For example, a website might allow deletion of a resource through a URL such as http://example.com/article/1234/delete, which, if arbitrarily fetched, even using GET, would simply delete the article.[23]
One example of this occurring in practice was during the short-lived Google Web Accelerator beta, which prefetched arbitrary URLs on the page a user was viewing, causing records to be automatically altered or deleted en masse. The beta was suspended only weeks after its first release, following widespread criticism.[24][23]
Idempotent methods and web applications[edit]
Methods PUT and DELETE are defined to be idempotent, meaning that multiple identical requests should have the same effect as a single request (note that idempotence refers to the state of the system after the request has completed, so while the action the server takes (e.g. deleting a record) or the response code it returns may be different on subsequent requests, the system state will be the same every time[citation needed]). Methods GET, HEAD, OPTIONS and TRACE, being prescribed as safe, should also be idempotent, as HTTP is a stateless protocol.[1]
In contrast, the POST method is not necessarily idempotent, and therefore sending an identical POST request multiple times may further affect state or cause further side effects (such as financial transactions). In some cases this may be desirable, but in other cases this could be due to an accident, such as when a user does not realize that their action will result in sending another request, or they did not receive adequate feedback that their first request was successful. While web browsers may show alert dialog boxes to warn users in some cases where reloading a page may re-submit a POST request, it is generally up to the web application to handle cases where a POST request should not be submitted more than once.
Note that whether a method is idempotent is not enforced by the protocol or web server. It is perfectly possible to write a web application in which (for example) a database insert or other non-idempotent action is triggered by a GET or other request. Ignoring this recommendation, however, may result in undesirable consequences, if a user agent assumes that repeating the same request is safe when it isn't.
Security[edit]
The TRACE method can be used as part of a class of attacks known as cross-site tracing; for that reason, common security advice is for it to be disabled in the server configuration.[25] Microsoft IIS supports a proprietary "TRACK" method, which behaves similarly, and which is likewise recommended to be disabled.[25]
Summary table[edit]
HTTP Method
RFC
Request Has Body
Response Has Body
Safe
Idempotent
Cacheable
GET RFC 7231 Optional Yes Yes Yes Yes
HEAD RFC 7231 No No Yes Yes Yes
POST RFC 7231 Yes Yes No No Yes
PUT RFC 7231 Yes Yes No Yes No
DELETE RFC 7231 No Yes No Yes No
CONNECT RFC 7231 Yes Yes No No No
OPTIONS RFC 7231 Optional Yes Yes Yes No
TRACE RFC 7231 No Yes Yes Yes No
PATCH RFC 5789 Yes Yes No No No
Status codes[edit]
See also: List of HTTP status codes
In HTTP/1.0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the status line and includes a numeric status code (such as "404") and a textual reason phrase (such as "Not Found"). The way the user agent handles the response primarily depends on the code and secondarily on the other response header fields. Custom status codes can be used since, if the user agent encounters a code it does not recognize, it can use the first digit of the code to determine the general class of the response.[26]
The standard reason phrases are only recommendations and can be replaced with "local equivalents" at the web developer's discretion. If the status code indicated a problem, the user agent might display the reason phrase to the user to provide further information about the nature of the problem. The standard also allows the user agent to attempt to interpret the reason phrase, though this might be unwise since the standard explicitly specifies that status codes are machine-readable and reason phrases are human-readable. HTTP status code is primarily divided into five groups for better explanation of request and responses between client and server as named: Informational 1XX, Successful 2XX, Redirection 3XX, Client Error 4XX and Server Error 5XX.
Persistent connections[edit]
Main article: HTTP persistent connection
In HTTP/0.9 and 1.0, the connection is closed after a single request/response pair. In HTTP/1.1 a keep-alive-mechanism was introduced, where a connection could be reused for more than one request. Such persistent connections reduce request latency perceptibly, because the client does not need to re-negotiate the TCP 3-Way-Handshake connection after the first request has been sent. Another positive side effect is that in general the connection becomes faster with time due to TCP's slow-start-mechanism.
Version 1.1 of the protocol also made bandwidth optimization improvements to HTTP/1.0. For example, HTTP/1.1 introduced chunked transfer encoding to allow content on persistent connections to be streamed rather than buffered. HTTP pipelining further reduces lag time, allowing clients to send multiple requests before waiting for each response. Another addition to the protocol was byte serving, where a server transmits just the portion of a resource explicitly requested by a client.
HTTP session state[edit]
HTTP is a stateless protocol. A stateless protocol does not require the HTTP server to retain information or status about each user for the duration of multiple requests. However, some web applications implement states or server side sessions using for instance HTTP cookies or hidden variables within web forms.
Encrypted connections[edit]
The most popular way of establishing an encrypted HTTP connection is HTTP Secure.[27] Two other methods for establishing an encrypted HTTP connection also exist: Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and using the HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header to specify an upgrade to TLS. Browser support for these two is, however, nearly non-existent.[28][29][30]
Message format[edit]
The client and server communicate by sending plain-text (ASCII) messages. The client sends requests to the server and the server sends responses.
Request message[edit]
The request message consists of the following:
A request line (e.g., GET /images/logo.png HTTP/1.1, which requests a resource called /images/logo.png from the server).
Request header fields (e.g., Accept-Language: en).
An empty line.
An optional message body.
The request line and other header fields must each end with <CR><LF> (that is, a carriage return character followed by a line feed character). The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace.[31] In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all header fields except Host are optional.
A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 specification in RFC 1945.[32]
Response message[edit]
The response message consists of the following:
A status line which includes the status code and reason message (e.g., HTTP/1.1 200 OK, which indicates that the client's request succeeded).
Response header fields (e.g., Content-Type: text/html).
An empty line.
An optional message body.
The status line and other header fields must all end with <CR><LF>. The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace.[31] This strict requirement for <CR><LF> is relaxed somewhat within message bodies for consistent use of other system linebreaks such as <CR> or <LF> alone.[33]
Example session[edit]
Below is a sample conversation between an HTTP client and an HTTP server running on www.example.com, port 80. As mentioned in the previous sections, all the data is sent in a plain-text (ASCII) encoding, using a two-byte CR LF ('\r\n') line ending at the end of each line.
Client request[edit]
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com
A client request (consisting in this case of the request line and only one header field) is followed by a blank line, so that the request ends with a double newline, each in the form of a carriage return followed by a line feed. The "Host" field distinguishes between various DNS names sharing a single IP address, allowing name-based virtual hosting. While optional in HTTP/1.0, it is mandatory in HTTP/1.1.
Server response[edit]
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 23 May 2005 22:38:34 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Encoding: UTF-8 Content-Length: 138 Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux) ETag: "3f80f-1b6-3e1cb03b" Accept-Ranges: bytes Connection: close <html> <head> <title>An Example Page</title> </head> <body> Hello World, this is a very simple HTML document. </body> </html>
The ETag (entity tag) header field is used to determine if a cached version of the requested resource is identical to the current version of the resource on the server. Content-Type specifies the Internet media type of the data conveyed by the HTTP message, while Content-Length indicates its length in bytes. The HTTP/1.1 webserver publishes its ability to respond to requests for certain byte ranges of the document by setting the field Accept-Ranges: bytes. This is useful, if the client needs to have only certain portions[34] of a resource sent by the server, which is called byte serving. When Connection: close is sent, it means that the web server will close the TCP connection immediately after the transfer of this response.
Most of the header lines are optional. When Content-Length is missing the length is determined in other ways. Chunked transfer encoding uses a chunk size of 0 to mark the end of the content. Identity encoding without Content-Length reads content until the socket is closed.
A Content-Encoding like gzip can be used to compress the transmitted data.
Similar protocols[edit]
The Gopher protocol was a content delivery protocol that was displaced by HTTP in the early 1990s. The SPDY protocol is an alternative to HTTP developed at Google, it is superseded by the new HTTP protocol, HTTP/2.
See also[edit]
HTTP
Persistence
Compression
HTTPS
Request methods
OPTIONS
GET
HEAD
POST
PUT
DELETE
TRACE
CONNECT
PATCH
Header fields
Cookie
ETag
Location
HTTP referer
DNT
X-Forwarded-For
Status codes
301 Moved Permanently
302 Found
303 See Other
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons
v
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Basic access authentication
Constrained Application Protocol – A semantically similar protocol to HTTP but used UDP or UDP-like messages targeted for devices with limited processing capability. Re-uses HTTP and other internet concepts like Internet media type and web linking (RFC 5988)[35]
Content negotiation
Curl-loader – HTTP/S loading and testing open-source software
Digest access authentication
Fiddler (software)
HTTP compression
HTTP/2 – developed by the IETF's Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis (httpbis) working group.[36]
HTTP-MPLEX – A backwards compatible enhancement to HTTP to improve page and web object retrieval time in congested networks proposed by Robert Mattson
HTTPS
List of file transfer protocols
List of HTTP header fields
List of HTTP status codes
Representational state transfer (REST)
Variant object
Waka (protocol) – An HTTP replacement proposed by Roy Fielding
Web cache
WebSocket
Wireshark
YXORP, a reverse proxy for the HTTP protocol
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fielding, Roy T.; Gettys, James; Mogul, Jeffrey C.; Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk; Masinter, Larry; Leach, Paul J.; Berners-Lee, Tim (June 1999). Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1. IETF. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616.
Jump up ^ "RFC 7301 - Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension". IETF. July 2014.
Jump up ^ Belshe, M.; Peon, R.; Thomson, M. "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2, Use of TLS Features". Retrieved 2015-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Overall Operation". p. 12. sec. 1.4. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-1.4.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "HyperText Transfer Protocol". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Tim Berners-Lee. "The Original HTTP as defined in 1991". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Dave. "Dave Raggett's Bio". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Dave; Berners-Lee, Tim. "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Working Group". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Dave. "HTTP WG Plans". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Simon Spero. "Progress on HTTP-NG". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "HTTP/1.1". Webcom.com Glossary entry. Archived from the original on 2001-11-21. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Fielding, Roy T.; Reschke, Julian F. (June 2014). Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication. IETF. RFC 7235. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7235.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk. "Method Definitions". Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.0. IETF. pp. 30–32. sec. 8. RFC 1945. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1945#section-8.
Jump up ^ "Method Definitions". pp. 51–57. sec. 9. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Ian (2004). "URIs, Addressability, and the use of HTTP GET and POST". Technical Architecture Group finding. W3C. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "POST". p. 54. sec. 9.5. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.5.
Jump up ^ "PUT". p. 55. sec. 9.6. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.6.
Jump up ^ "CONNECT". Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1. IETF. June 1999. p. 57. sec. 9.9. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.9. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Khare, Rohit; Lawrence, Scott (May 2000). Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1. IETF. RFC 2817. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817.
Jump up ^ "Vulnerability Note VU#150227: HTTP proxy default configurations allow arbitrary TCP connections". US-CERT. 2002-05-17. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
Jump up ^ Dusseault, Lisa; Snell, James M. (March 2010). PATCH Method for HTTP. IETF. RFC 5789. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5789.
Jump up ^ "Method". p. 36. sec. 5.1.1. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-5.1.1.
^ Jump up to: a b Ediger, Brad (2007-12-21). Advanced Rails: Building Industrial-Strength Web Apps in Record Time. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 188. ISBN 0596519729. A common mistake is to use GET for an action that updates a resource. [...] This problem came into the Rails public eye in 2005, when the Google Web Accelerator was released.
Jump up ^ Cantrell, Christian (2005-06-01). "What Have We Learned From the Google Web Accelerator?". Adobe Blogs. Adobe. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cross Site Tracing". OWASP. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Status-Line". p. 39. sec. 6.1. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-6.1.
Jump up ^ Canavan, John (2001). Fundamentals of Networking Security. Norwood, MA: Artech House. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9781580531764.
Jump up ^ Zalewski, Michal. "Browser Security Handbook". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chromium Issue 4527: implement RFC 2817: Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla Bug 276813 – [RFE] Support RFC 2817 / TLS Upgrade for HTTP 1.1". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "HTTP Message". p. 31. sec. 4. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-4.
Jump up ^ "Apache Week. HTTP/1.1". 090502 apacheweek.com
Jump up ^ "Canonicalization and Text Defaults". sec. 3.7.1. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-3.7.1.
Jump up ^ Luotonen, Ari; Franks, John (February 22, 1996). Byte Range Retrieval Extension to HTTP. IETF. I-D draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00.
Jump up ^ Nottingham, Mark (October 2010). Web Linking. IETF. RFC 5988. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis (httpbis) – Charter". IETF. 2012.
References[edit]
HTTP 0.9 – As Implemented in 1991
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HTTP.
"Change History for HTTP". W3.org. Retrieved 2010-08-01. A detailed technical history of HTTP.
"Design Issues for HTTP". W3.org. Retrieved 2010-08-01. Design Issues by Berners-Lee when he was designing the protocol.
"Classic HTTP Documents". W3.org. 1998-05-14. Retrieved 2010-08-01. list of other classic documents recounting the early protocol history
HTTP/2 Website Online Tester
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text:
Tell Me Something Good
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Tell Me Something Good"
A-side label of one of US vinyl releases
Single by Rufus
from the album Rags to Rufus
B-side
"Smokin' Room"
Released
June 1974
Format
7" single, 12" single
Recorded
1974
Genre
R&B, Soul, Funk
Length
4:36 (album)
3:30 (single)
Label
ABC Records
Songwriter(s)
Stevie Wonder
Producer(s)
Bob Monaco and Rufus
Rufus singles chronology
"Feel Good"
(1973) "Tell Me Something Good"
(1974) "You Got the Love"
(1974)
"Feel Good"
(1973) "Tell Me Something Good"
(1974) "You Got the Love"
(1974)
"Tell Me Something Good" is a song by Rufus and Chaka Khan, written by Stevie Wonder and released in 1974. The single was a hit in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent one week at number one on the Cash Box Top 100.[1] It was among the earliest hits to use the guitar talk box, by Tony Maiden.[2]
The song has been described as having ".. rude metallic guitar" (by Al Ciner) and ".. a beautiful bass, clav and heavy breathing groove." The song can be difficult to count as there is an off-count into the verse. The first note is on the "and of four." [3]
The record was produced by the band with Bob Monaco.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Awards
2 Samples
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Cover versions
4.1 Live covers
5 Pop culture references
6 Personnel
7 References
8 External links
Awards[edit]
Rufus won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus for the song at the 17th Annual Grammy Awards in 1975.
Samples[edit]
The Ronnie Laws version was sampled by the Beastie Boys on their 1989 album Paul's Boutique.
The UGK song "Something Good", from their 1992 debut album Too Hard to Swallow, samples the song - later chopped and screwed by DJ Screw on his 1995 release Volume II: All Screwed Up.
The Case song "Tell Me", on his 1999 album Personal Conversation, was based on this song.
The chorus is sampled in Bay Area rapper Mac Dre's song "Too Hard For The Fuckin' Radio".
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
Australia KMR 64
Canada RPM 21
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[5] 3
U.S. Billboard R&B 3
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[1] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Australia[6] 186
Canada[7] 89
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[8] 56
U.S. Cash Box[9] 49
Cover versions[edit]
Yvonne Fair recorded an acclaimed cover of the song on her 1975 album The Bitch is Black.
Saxophonist Ronnie Laws recorded a version on his 1975 debut album Pressure Sensitive.
Maceo Parker recorded a cover of the song for his album FunkOverload.
Lee "Scratch" Perry recorded a cover of the song for The Upsetters' 1978 album Return of the Super Ape.
Eric Marienthal included it on his album Sweet Talk.
Robbie Nevil recorded a cover on his album Day 1 in 1991.
Lee Aaron recorded a cover on her album Some Girls Do in 1991.
Guitarist Steve Fister recorded a cover on his 2006 album Dodgin Bullets.
Pink recorded a cover of the song for the 2006 film Happy Feet which was included on the soundtrack album.
Guitarist Greg Howe recorded an instrumental version of the song for his 2008 album, Sound Proof.
Matthew Morrison performed the song as his Glee character Will Schuester in the first season episode "Funk". The single was released on iTunes.
Live covers[edit]
In 2002, En Vogue performed the song on their concert DVD, "Live in the USA".
Dave Matthews & Friends covered the song live from 2003 to 2005.
Singer Kim Yarbrough successfully auditioned for Season 2 of The Voice with the song, landing a spot on Team Adam.
Stevie Wonder has performed this song live on several occasions.
Gov't Mule with Susan Tedeschi and Eric Krasno on guitar on 6/7/14 at Mt. Jam, Hunter Mountain, NY.
The Power Station (a Duran Duran side project) performed this song live for "The Living Fear Tour" in 1996/1997
Pop culture references[edit]
On the title track of Funkadelic's 1975 album Let's Take It to the Stage, the band calls out, "Hey 'Sloofus,' tell me something good," and antagonizes the singer to "take it to the stage, sucker." The song pokes fun at the sudden surge in prevalence of funk songs.
Ray Romano's character sings a variation of the song while eating his wife's braciole in the Everybody Loves Raymond episode, "Debra Makes Something Good."
On Will & Grace, Karen tells Jack that this is the song to which she and Stan make love. She then walks in on her husband cheating on her with the same song playing. Closed captioning for that episode incorrectly credits the song to Sly and the Family Stone.
In That '70s Show, in the episode "Water Tower", Eric walks in on his parents having sex, and the song plays every time he has recurring nightmares and thoughts of his parents.
BET cable network aired and produced a phone-in game show named after the song (which was also the theme song).Julie Rogers hosted this show which was a short-lived, live call-in game show where home viewers have to answer one question of the day that was followed by panel of three celebrity judges ranking the best responses for a prize. It aired from 1988-89.
Many venues in the NBA, NHL, MLB, and NFL play this song when a play is under review by referees or umpires.
New York radio station WCBS-FM had a show in the morning named after the song (which was also the theme song). The host told the listeners about a positive true event that happened that day. The Bobby Bones Show also has a segment named after the song.[10]
Personnel[edit]
source:[11]
Chaka Khan - lead vocals, background vocals
Dennis Belfield - bass, background vocals
André Fischer - drums, percussion
Kevin Murphy - organ, clavinet
Al Ciner- guitar
Ron Stockert - vocals, keyboards
Tony Maiden (uncredited) - guitar, talk box
Nate Morgan (uncredited) - keyboards
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Classic Soul Album Spotlight: Rufus' "Rags to Rufus@". soultrain.com. May 5, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miller, S., (2010) "Music: What Happened?" 125 Records, ISBN 0615381960, ISBN 978-0615381961
Jump up ^ "Remembering Bob Monaco". 2 August 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ https://www.iheart.com/podcast/51-Tell-Me-Something-Good-27457750/episode/1-26-tell-me-something-good-27947113/
Jump up ^ "Rufus – "Tell Me Something Good" b/w "Smokin' Room"". internetfm.com. March 18, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Rufus & Chaka Khan - Tell Me Somethin Good (Lyrics) on YouTube
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Me_Something_Good&oldid=811755434"
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1974 singles
Chaka Khan songs
Songs written by Stevie Wonder
1974 songs
ABC Records singles
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Newsreel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Play media
"Showdown in Vietnam", a February 8, 1965 war propaganda newsreel by Universal Newsreel.
A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the late 1960s. Typically presented in a cinema, newsreels were a source of current affairs, information, and entertainment for millions of moviegoers. Newsreels were typically exhibited preceding a feature film, but there were also dedicated newsreel theaters in many major cities in the 1930s and '40s,[1] and some large city cinemas also included a smaller theaterette where newsreels were screened continuously throughout the day.
By the end of the 1960s, television news broadcasts had supplanted the format. Newsreels are considered significant historical documents, since they are often the only audiovisual record of certain cultural events.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Retrospectives
3 Effect of television
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
News cameramen, Washington DC, 1938
Created in 1911 by Charles Pathé, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American, British, and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia, and New Zealand), and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role. The National Film and Sound Archive in Australia holds the Cinesound Movietone Australian Newsreel Collection, a comprehensive collection of 4,000 newsreel films and documentaries representing news stories covering all major events.
The first official British news cinema that only showed newsreels was the Daily Bioscope that opened in London on May 23, 1909.[3] In 1929, William Fox purchased a former Broadway theater called the Embassy (now a visitor center operated by the Times Square Alliance[4]). He changed the format from a $2 show twice a day to a continuous 25-cent programme, establishing the first newsreel theater in the USA. The idea was such a success that Fox and his backers announced they would start a chain of newsreel theaters across the USA.[5] The newsreels were often accompanied by cartoons or short subjects.
In some countries, newsreels generally used music as a background for usually silent on-site film footage. In some countries, the narrator used humorous remarks for light-hearted or non-tragic stories. In the U.S., newsreel series included The March of Time (1935–1951), Pathé News (1910–1956), Paramount News (1927–1957), Fox Movietone News (1928–1963), Hearst Metrotone News (1914–1967), and Universal Newsreel (1929–1967). Pathé News was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures from 1931 to 1947, and then by Warner Brothers from 1947 to 1956.
An example of a newsreel story is in the film Citizen Kane (1941), which was prepared by RKO's actual newsreel staff. Citizen Kane includes a fictional newsreel "News on the March" that summarizes the life of title character Charles Foster Kane while parodying The March of Time.
On August 12, 1949, 120 cinema technicians employed by Associated British Pathé in London went on strike to protest the dismissal of fifteen men on the grounds of redundancy while conciliation under trade union agreements was pending. Their strike lasted through to at least Tuesday August 16, the Tuesday being the last day for production on new newsreels shown on the Thursday. Events of the strike resulted in over three hundred cinemas across Britain having to go without newsreels that week.[6]
Retrospectives[edit]
A 1978 Australian film, Newsfront, is a drama about the newsreel business.
Effect of television[edit]
On February 16, 1948, NBC launched a ten-minute television program called Camel Newsreel Theatre with John Cameron Swayze that featured newsreels with Swayze doing voiceovers. Also in 1948, the DuMont Television Network launched two short-lived newsreel series, Camera Headlines and I.N.S. Telenews, the latter in cooperation with Hearst's International News Service.
On August 15, 1948, CBS started their evening television news program Douglas Edwards and the News. Later the NBC, CBS, and ABC news shows all produced their own news film. Newsreel cinemas either closed or went to showing continuous programmes of cartoons and short subjects, such as the London Victoria Station News Cinema, later Cartoon Cinema that opened in 1933 and closed in 1981.
In New Zealand, the Weeky Review was "the principal film series produced in the 1940s".[7] The first television news broadcasts in the country, incorporating newsreel footage, began in 1960.[8]
Newsreels died out because of technological advances such as electronic news-gathering for television news, introduced in the 1970s, rendered them obsolete. Nonetheless, some countries such as Cuba, Japan, Spain, and Italy continued producing newsreels into the 1980s and 1990s.[9] Newsreel-producing companies excluded television companies from their distribution, but the television companies countered by sending their own cameramen to film news events.
See also[edit]
Film portal
Journalism portal
List of newsreels by country
The March of Time newsreel series produced by Time-Life from 1935 to 1951
Universal Newsreel newsreel series produced by Universal Studios from 1929 to 1967
Hearst Metrotone News newsreel series produced by Hearst Corporation from 1914 to 1967 (distributed by Fox Film Corporation 1929-1934 and by MGM 1934-1967)
Fox Movietone News produced by Fox 1928 to 1963
Paramount News newsreel series produced by Paramount Pictures from 1927 to 1957
Pathé News newsreel series produced by Pathé Film from 1910 to 1956 (distributed by RKO Radio Pictures 1931-1947 and by Warner Brothers 1947-1956)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ King, Barrie, Newsreels, Oz Film, Culture and Communication Reading Room, Murdoch University
Jump up ^ Australian Screen: Cine sound Movie tone Australian Newsreel Collection (1929 - 1975)
Jump up ^ p. 56 Popple Simon & Kember, Joe Early Cinema: From Factory Gate to Dream Factory Wallflower Press 2004
Jump up ^ Times Square Alliance Business Improvement District Embassy Theater
Jump up ^ "Newsreel Theater". Time magazine. November 18, 1929. Retrieved October 31, 2008. The six or seven minutes of newsreel exhibited in ordinary program houses are selected from many reels of current events. Nowhere could one be sure of seeing all the newsreels made in any one week. In Manhattan, William Fox, in collaboration with Hearst Metro tone, found what to do with the newsreels discarded weekly by their companies. He took over a Broadway theater (Embassy) and changed its program from a $2 show twice a day to a continuous 25¢ show. He made the program all newsreels, to run for an hour, a full photographic report of the pictorial parts of the week's news.
Jump up ^ "No Newsreels in 300 Cinemas: Technicians On Strike". The Glasgow Herald. August 17, 1949. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Review | Series | Short Film | NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. NZ On Screen. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Early evening news on TV - Television in New Zealand | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
Jump up ^ Original Negative of the Noticiero ICAIC Lationamericano[permanent dead link]
Further reading[edit]
Baechlin, Peter and Maurice Muller-Strauss (Editors), Newsreels across the world, Paris: Unesco, 1952
Barnouw, Erik, Documentary: a history of the non-fiction film, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993 revised
Clyde, Jeavons, Jane Mercer and Daniela Kirchner (Editors), "The story of the century!" An international newsfilm conference, London: BUFVC, 1998
Fielding, Raymond (2011). The American Newsreel: A Complete History, 1911-1967. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0786466103.
Fielding, Raymond, The March of Time, 1935-1951, New York: Oxford University Press, 1978
Imesch, Kornelia; Schade, Sigrid; Sieber, Samuel (Editors), Constructions of Cultural Identities in Newsreel Cinema and Television after 1945, Bielefeld: transcript, 2016.
McKernan, Luke (Editor), Yesterday's news. The British Cinema Newsreel Reader, London: BUFVC, 2002
Smither, Roger and Wolfgang Klaue (Editors), Newsreels in film archives: a survey based on the FIAF symposium, Wiltshire: Flicks Books, 1996
Vande Winkel, Roel, "Newsreel series: world overview", in: Aitken, Ian (Editor), Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film, New York/London: Routledge, 2006, pp. 985–991
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newsreels.
The Newsreel Archive
News on Screen
Authority control
LCCN: sh85091639
GND: 4190144-7
NDL: 00568765
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newsreel&oldid=831519387"
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text:
Heath High School shooting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Heath High School shooting
Location of Heath High School
Location of Heath High School (the US)
Location of Heath High School
Location of Heath High School (Kentucky)
Show map of the US Show map of Kentucky Show all
Location
West Paducah, Kentucky, U.S.
Coordinates
37°04′44″N 88°47′40″W / 37.0790°N 88.7944°W / 37.0790; -88.7944
Date
December 1, 1997
7:45 AM (CST)
Attack type
School shooting, spree killing
Weapons
Two Marlin .22 rifles[1]
Ruger 10/22 .22 rifle
Remington .22 rifle
Two 12 gauge pump-action shotguns
Marlin 336 .30-30 rifle
.38 special revolver
Ruger MK II .22-caliber pistol
Deaths
3
Non-fatal injuries
5
Perpetrator
Michael Carneal
Motive
Bullying and mental illness
Michael Carneal
Born
(1983-06-01) June 1, 1983 (age 34)
Criminal charge
Murder, Attempted murder
Criminal penalty
Life in prison with no Parole for 25 years
Criminal status
Incarcerated
The Heath High School shooting occurred at Heath High School in West Paducah, Kentucky, United States, on December 1, 1997. Fourteen-year-old Michael Carneal opened fire on a group of praying students, killing three and injuring five more.
Contents
[hide]
1 Shooting
2 Victims
2.1 Killed
2.2 Wounded
3 Trial
4 Possible motives
5 Lawsuit
6 Stephen King
7 Popular culture
8 Notes and references
9 External links
Shooting[edit]
On December 1, 1997 Carneal wrapped a shotgun and a rifle in a blanket and took them to school, passing them off as an art project he was working on. He also carried a loaded Ruger MK II .22-caliber pistol in his backpack. Carneal rode to school with his sister and arrived at approximately 7:45 a.m. When he arrived, he inserted earplugs and took the pistol out of his bag. He fired eight rounds in fast succession at a youth prayer group. Three girls died while hospitalized and five others were wounded.
A member of the prayer group, Benjamin Strong, testified that Carneal dropped the gun of his own accord when he was finished.[2] Carneal placed his pistol on the ground and surrendered to the school principal, Bill Bond. After dropping the gun, Carneal said to Strong: "Kill me, please. I can't believe I did that."[3]
Victims[edit]
Killed[edit]
Nicole Hadley was a fourteen-year-old freshman who played in the school band and on the freshman basketball team. She was kept alive until 10:00 pm the evening of the shooting. Her family had moved to Paducah from Nebraska the year before. Her parents were praised for donating her organs. President Bill Clinton cited this "courageous decision" in his Proclamation 7083 on National Organ and Tissue Donor Awareness Week in 1998.[4]
Jessica James was a seventeen-year-old student and member of the marching band. She died in surgery at Western Baptist Hospital the afternoon of the shooting.
Kayce Steger was a fifteen-year-old sophomore, a clarinetist in the school band and a member of the Agape Club and softball team. She died at Lourdes Hospital in Paducah about 45 minutes after the shooting. She was an honor student and member of Law Enforcement Explorers Post 111 who hoped to be a police officer.[5]
Wounded[edit]
Shelley Schaberg, 17, was described by the principal as the school's best female athlete. Voted Miss Heath High School by the senior class, Shelley was homecoming queen. Though her injuries from the shooting prevented her from playing basketball, her college honored her basketball scholarship and she went on to play college soccer.[5]
Melissa "Missy" Jenkins, 15, was president of the Future Homemakers of America. She was paralyzed after being shot in the chest. Missy has appeared on numerous national and local television shows, talked to newspaper reporters and is appearing in two TV commercials for Channel One News, an educational channel that reaches schools throughout the country. A video interview of her was featured on the homepage of YouTube.com on April 22, 2007.[6]
Kelly Hard Alsip,[7] 16, was a member of the softball team and the Future Homemakers of America. She transferred to the local Catholic school the year after the shooting.[8]
Hollan Holm, 14, was a member of the Academic Team, the Spanish Club, and the Science Olympiad. In his valedictory speech at the class of 2001 graduation, he reminded his class that they had lost not one but two class members on December 1, 1997: Nicole Hadley and Michael Carneal.[8] Holm has been involved with an organization that urges students to speak up if they know of threats against schools or students.[6]
Craig Keene, 15, was a member of the Agape Club, the band, and the basketball team.[8]
Trial[edit]
In October 1998, Judge Jeff Hines accepted a plea of guilty from Michael Carneal, due to his mental illness (see below). Under a plea arrangement, the judge agreed to accept the pleas on condition that Carneal would receive a life sentence with the possibility of parole in 25 years (2023). According to prosecutor Tim Kaltenbach, the plea allows Carneal to receive mental health treatment during imprisonment as long as this is necessary for him or until he is released. Carneal was transported to the Kentucky State Reformatory in La Grange when he turned 18 where he remains. Prior to that he was held in at Northern Kentucky Youth Development Center, a Kentucky Department of Juvenile Justice facility in Crittenden.[9] Carneal's Kentucky Department of Corrections (KDOC) ID is 151127. Carneal began serving time with KDOC on June 1, 2001.[10]
In 2007, Carneal filed an appeal claiming that he was too mentally ill to plead guilty in 1998 to the shooting at Heath High School and asked the Kentucky Supreme Court for a re-trial. Prosecutors appealed and the Kentucky Supreme Court set up a hearing that was scheduled for September 11, 2008. The Court's ruling would decide whether to grant Carneal a new competency hearing and a trial. The Kentucky Supreme Court rejected his request and Carneal will continue to serve out his sentence.
Possible motives[edit]
According to reports, Carneal had been bullied by other students and suffered from anxiety, depression, and severe paranoia. His paranoia was manifested in habits such as covering up vents and windows while in bathrooms, because he believed he was being watched.[11] Following the shooting, Carneal was diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder and dysthymia. Dr. Kathleen O'Connor, who treated Carneal while he was incarcerated at the Northern Kentucky Youth Development Center, initially agreed with this diagnosis but later determined that Carneal actually had paranoid schizophrenia. Dewey Cornell and Diane Schetky, who evaluated Carneal after the shooting, later changed their diagnosis to schizophrenia.[12][13] He has been hospitalized several times since the start of his incarceration due to psychosis, and takes the anti-depressant Zoloft and Geodon, an anti-psychotic used to treat schizophrenia.[14][15]
Weeks before the incident, Carneal stole a .38 caliber handgun from his parents' room and attempted to sell it. A student took the gun, threatening to tell police if Carneal did not give it to him. Additionally, Carneal had told students that "something big is going to happen on Monday" but no one took him seriously.
In the weeks before the shooting, Carneal stole several firearms from both his own home and a neighbor's home.
On the afternoon of Thanksgiving Day, Carneal went to his neighbor's home and broke into the garage, taking"[16]
Four .22 rifles
A 30-30 rifle
.22 and 12 gauge ammunition
Earplugs
Later, he also stole:[17]
A Ruger .22 pistol
Several .22 magazines
Presumably sometime after Thanksgiving Day, Carneal stole two shotguns from his father's closet and hid them under his bed.
Lawsuit[edit]
In early 1999, the parents of three victims represented by Jack Thompson filed a $33 million lawsuit against two Internet pornography sites, several computer game companies and makers and distributors of the 1994 film Natural Born Killers and the 1995 film The Basketball Diaries. They claimed that media violence inspired Carneal and therefore should be held responsible for the deaths that occurred.[18]
The case was dismissed in 2002. The 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that it was "simply too far a leap from shooting characters on a video screen to shooting people in a classroom." The same year, an identical case was brought against the same companies by the family of the teacher killed in the Columbine High School massacre. It was dismissed in 2002.[19] Both Thompson[20] and United States Attorney General John Ashcroft claimed Carneal's proficient marksmanship was due to practice in violent video games.[21]
See also: Natural Born Killers copycat crimes § Heath High School shooting
Stephen King[edit]
Carneal had in his locker at the time a copy of Stephen King's novel Rage (first published in 1977 under the pseudonym Richard Bachman). After this shooting King requested his publisher to allow it to go out of print, fearing that it might inspire similar tragedies. Rage for a time continued to be available in the United Kingdom in The Bachman Books collection, although the collection now no longer contains Rage.[22] King's other Bachman novels are available in the US in separate volumes.
Popular culture[edit]
Christian singer and Heath alumnus Steven Curtis Chapman wrote and dedicated the song "With Hope", from his 1999 album Speechless, to the victims of the shooting.
Eva Khatchadourian, the narrator of Lionel Shriver's novel We Need to Talk About Kevin, discusses the Paducah school shooting.
The Legendary Shack Shakers mention the Heath High School shooting in their song "Somethin' In The Water."
A pair of twins who survived the shooting discussed their survival story on I Survived....
The Heath High School Shooting is the subject of American musician Stephan Said's song "West Kentucky", from his 1999 solo acoustic debut album Now's The Time.
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.wlky.com/news/survivors-remember-deadly-ky-school-shooting-17-years-later/29801912
Jump up ^ Glaberson, William (2000-07-25). "When Grief Wanted a Hero, Truth Didn't Get in the Way". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Jump up ^ "When The Silence Fell". Time. 2001-06-24. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Proclamation 7083 on National Organ and Tissue Donor Awareness Week". .
^ Jump up to: a b National Research Council. "Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence". Retrieved 2002. Check date values in: |access-date= (help).
^ Jump up to: a b Joseph Gerth. "Victims of the attack find different ways to move on with lives". .
Jump up ^ "Michael Carneal's victims and families talk about his request for a new trial". Time. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c National Research Council. "Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence".
Jump up ^ "Kentucky school shooter - guilty but mentally ill". CNN. 1998-10-05. Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Carneal, Michael A." Kentucky Department of Corrections. Retrieved on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Finding futility in trying to lay blame in killings". New York Times. 2000-08-04. .
Jump up ^ "Carneal v. Crews". CaseText. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth v. Carneal". Findlaw. Supreme Court of Kentucky case and opinions. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Jump up ^ "School shooter Michael Carneal recalls delusions". Louisville, Kentucky: WDRB. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Harned, Carrie (12 September 2002). "Carneal recalls 1997 high school shooting rampage". WAVE3 News. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Bragg, Rick (3 December 1997). "Forgiveness, after 3 die in shootings in Kentucky". The New York Times. New York, NY: New York Times Company. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPI Focus: Boy indicted in Ky. school shooting". Boca Raton, Florida: News World Communications. United Press International. 12 December 1997. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Media companies are sued in Kentucky shooting". The New York Times. New York Times Company. 13 April 1999. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ James v. Meow Media, Inc. 300 F.3d 683, U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals, 2002
Jump up ^ Danielson, Richard (22 March 2000). "Programmed to kill". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Florida: Times Publishing Company. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ashcroft attacks video violence". Wired.com. New York, NY: Condé Nast. 5 April 2001. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.hodder.co.uk/book_details.asp?book=110665
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