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I Want to Hold Your Hand
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For other uses, see I Want to Hold Your Hand (disambiguation).
"I Want to Hold Your Hand"
US picture sleeve
Single by the Beatles
from the album Meet the Beatles!
B-side
"This Boy" (UK)
"I Saw Her Standing There" (US)
Released
29 November 1963 (1963-11-29) (UK)
26 December 1963 (1963-12-26) (US)
Format
7"
Recorded
17 October 1963,
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:24
Label
Parlophone R 5084 (UK)
Capitol 5112 (US)
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
The Beatles UK singles chronology
"She Loves You"
(1963) "I Want to Hold Your Hand"
(1963) "Can't Buy Me Love"
(1964)
"She Loves You"
(1963) "I Want to Hold Your Hand"
(1963) "Can't Buy Me Love"
(1964)
The Beatles US singles chronology
"She Loves You"
(1963) She Loves You1963 "I Want to Hold Your Hand"
(1963) I Want to Hold Your Hand1963 "Twist and Shout"
(1964) Twist and Shout1964
Alternative cover
Norwegian Picture sleeve, reissue 1967
Audio sample
file
help
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and recorded in October 1963, it was the first Beatles record to be made using four-track equipment.
With advance orders exceeding one million copies in the United Kingdom, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" would have gone straight to the top of the British record charts on its day of release (29 November 1963) had it not been blocked by the group's first million seller "She Loves You", their previous UK single, which was having a resurgence of popularity following intense media coverage of the group. Taking two weeks to dislodge its predecessor, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" stayed at number 1 for five weeks and remained in the UK top 50 for 21 weeks in total.[1]
It was also the group's first American number 1 hit, entering the Billboard Hot 100 chart on 18 January 1964 at number 45 and starting the British invasion of the American music industry. By 1 February it topped the Hot 100, and stayed there for seven weeks before being replaced by "She Loves You". It remained on the Billboard chart for 15 weeks.[2] "I Want to Hold Your Hand" became the Beatles' best-selling single worldwide selling more than 12 million copies.[3] In 2013, Billboard magazine named it the 44th biggest hit of "all-time" on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Musical structure
3 In the studio
4 Promotion and release
5 Reception
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 All-time charts
6.4 Certifications
7 Melody and lyrics
8 Personnel
9 Cover versions and use in pop culture
10 Parodies and sampling
11 References
11.1 Notes
12 External links
Background and composition[edit]
Capitol Records' rejection of the group's recordings in the US was now Brian Epstein's main concern, and he encouraged Lennon and McCartney to write a song to appeal specifically to the American market.[5] George Martin, however, had no such explicit recollections, believing that Capitol were left with no alternative but to release "I Want To Hold Your Hand" due to increasing demand for the group's product.[6]
McCartney had recently moved into 57 Wimpole Street, London, where he was lodging as a guest of Dr Richard and Margaret Asher, and whose daughter, actress Jane Asher, had become McCartney's girlfriend after their meeting earlier in the year. This location briefly became Lennon and McCartney's new writing base, taking over from McCartney's Forthlin Road home in Liverpool.[7] Margaret Asher taught the oboe in the "small, rather stuffy music room" in the basement[7] where Lennon and McCartney sat at the piano and composed 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'. In September 1980, Lennon told Playboy magazine:
We wrote a lot of stuff together, one on one, eyeball to eyeball. Like in 'I Want to Hold Your Hand,' I remember when we got the chord that made the song. We were in Jane Asher's house, downstairs in the cellar playing on the piano at the same time. And we had, 'Oh you-u-u/ got that something...' And Paul hits this chord and I turn to him and say, 'That's it!' I said, 'Do that again!' In those days, we really used to absolutely write like that—both playing into each other's noses.[8]
In 1994, McCartney agreed with Lennon's description of the circumstances surrounding the composition of "I Want to Hold Your Hand", saying:
'Eyeball to eyeball' is a very good description of it. That's exactly how it was. 'I Want to Hold Your Hand' was very co-written. It was our big number one; the one that would eventually break us in America.[9]
Musical structure[edit]
The song is in the key of G major and lyrically opens two beats early with "Oh yeah, I'll tell you something" with a D-B, B-D melody note drop and rise over a I (G) chord.[10] Controversy exists over the landmark chord that Lennon stated McCartney hit on the piano while they were composing the song. Marshall considers it is the minor vi (Em) chord (the third chord in the I-V7-vi (G-D7-Em) progression).[11] Everett is of the same opinion.[12] Pedler claims, however, that more surprising is the melody note drop from B to F# against a III7 (B7) chord on "understand".[13] Music theorists are divided over whether this chord is a iii (Bm), a B major, or a B7 or even a B5 power chord with no major or minor defining third.[10]
Lyrically bland, random phrases were most likely called out and if they fitted the overall sound would stay. This, according to Ian MacDonald, was how Lennon and McCartney worked in partnership at that time. The song’s title is probably a variation of “I Wanna Be Your Man” which they had only just recently recorded at Abbey Road Studios.[14]
In the studio[edit]
The Beatles recorded "I Want to Hold Your Hand" at EMI Studios in Studio 2 on 17 October 1963. This song, along with the single's flip side, "This Boy", was the first Beatles song to be recorded with four-track technology. The two songs were recorded on the same day, and each needed seventeen takes to complete.[15] Mono and stereo mixing was done by George Martin on 21 October 1963;[16] further stereo mixes were done on 8 June 1965, for compilations released by EMI affiliates in Australia and the Netherlands,[17] and on 7 November 1966.[18]
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" was one of two Beatles songs (along with "She Loves You" as "Sie liebt dich") to be later recorded in German, entitled "Komm, gib mir deine Hand". Both songs were translated by Luxembourger musician Camillo Felgen, under the pseudonym of "Jean Nicolas". Odeon, the German arm of EMI (the parent company of the Beatles' record label, Parlophone) was convinced that the Beatles' records would not sell in Germany unless they were sung in German. The Beatles detested the idea, and when they were due to record the German version on 27 January 1964 at EMI's Pathe Marconi Studios in Paris (where the Beatles were performing 18 days of concerts at the Olympia Theatre) they chose to boycott the session. Their record producer, George Martin, having waited some hours for them to show up, was outraged and insisted that they give it a try. Two days later, the Beatles recorded "Komm, gib mir deine Hand", one of the few times in their career that they recorded outside London. However, Martin later conceded: "They were right, actually, it wasn’t necessary for them to record in German, but they weren’t graceless, they did a good job".[15]
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand" was released as a German single in March 1964. In July, the song appeared in full stereo in the United States on the Beatles' Capitol LP Something New. (That album was released in CD form for the first time in 2004, on The Capitol Albums, Volume 1, and then rereleased in 2014, individually and in the boxed set The US Albums.) "Komm, gib mir deine Hand" also appeared on the compilations Past Masters and Mono Masters.[citation needed]
The German-language track was a big hit in Germany at the time,[clarification needed] but today, like all the other German-lyrics versions of English-language pop songs that were popular in that country during the 1950s and 1960s, it is generally considered as a cultural curiosity from a by-gone era at best. The English versions are much better known in Germany today; the Beatles' Red and Blue albums of the 1970s already featured the English hits on the German pressings.[citation needed]
Promotion and release[edit]
In the United Kingdom, "She Loves You" (released in August) had shot back to the number 1 position in November following blanket media coverage of the Beatles (described as Beatlemania). Mark Lewisohn later wrote: “'She Loves You' had already sold an industry-boggling three quarters of a million before these fresh converts were pushing it into seven figures. And at this very moment, just four weeks before Christmas, with everyone connected to the music and relevant retail industries already lying prone in paroxysms of unimaginable delight, EMI pulled the trigger and released 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'. And then it was bloody pandemonium."[19]
On 29 November 1963, Parlophone Records released "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in the UK, with "This Boy" as the single's B-side. Demand had been building for quite a while, as evidenced by the one million advance orders for the single. When it was finally released, the response was phenomenal. A week after it entered the British charts, on 14 December 1963, it knocked "She Loves You" off the top spot, the first instance of an act taking over from itself at number 1 in British history, and it clung to the top spot for five weeks. It stayed in the charts for another 15 weeks and made a one-week return to the charts on 16 May 1964. Beatlemania was peaking at that time; during the same period, the Beatles set a record by occupying the top two positions on both the album and single charts in the UK.[citation needed]
EMI and Brian Epstein finally convinced American label Capitol Records, a subsidiary of EMI, that the Beatles could make an impact in the US, leading to the release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" with "I Saw Her Standing There" on the B-side as a single on 26 December 1963. Capitol had previously resisted issuing Beatle recordings in the US. This resulted in the relatively modest Vee-Jay and Swan labels releasing the group's earlier Parlophone counterparts in the US. Seizing the opportunity, Epstein demanded US$40,000 from Capitol to promote the single (the most the Beatles had ever previously spent on an advertising campaign was US$5,000). The single had actually been intended for release in mid-January 1964, coinciding with the planned appearance of the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show. However, a fourteen-year-old fan of the Beatles, Marsha Albert, wanted to hear the Beatles on the radio earlier.[20] Later she said:
“ It wasn't so much what I had seen, it's what I had heard. They had a scene where they played a clip of 'She Loves You' and I thought it was a great song ... I wrote that I thought the Beatles would be really popular here, and if [deejay Carroll James] could get one of their records, that would really be great.[21] ”
James was the DJ for WWDC, a radio station in Washington, DC. Eventually he decided to pursue Albert's suggestion to him and asked the station's promotion director to get British Overseas Airways Corporation to ship in a copy of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" from Britain. Albert related what happened next: "Carroll James called me up the day he got the record and said 'If you can get down here by 5 o'clock, we'll let you introduce it.'" Albert managed to get to the station in time, and introduced the record with: "Ladies and gentlemen, for the first time on the air in the United States, here are the Beatles singing 'I Want to Hold Your Hand.'"[20]
The song proved to be a huge hit, a surprise for the station since they catered mainly to a more staid audience, which would normally be expecting songs from singers such as Andy Williams or Bobby Vinton instead of rock and roll. James took to playing the song repeatedly on the station, often turning down the song in the middle to make the declaration, "This is a Carroll James exclusive",[21] to avoid theft of the song by other stations.
Capitol threatened to seek a court order banning airplay of "I Want to Hold Your Hand", which was already being spread by James to a couple of DJs in Chicago and St. Louis. James and WWDC ignored the threat, and Capitol came to the conclusion that they could well take advantage of the publicity, releasing the single two weeks ahead of schedule on 26 December.[citation needed]
The demand was insatiable; in the first three days alone, a quarter of a million copies had already been sold (10,000 copies In New York City every hour). Capitol was so overloaded by the demand, it contracted part of the job of pressing copies off to Columbia Records and RCA. By 18 January, the song had started its 15-week chart run, and on 1 February, the Beatles finally achieved their first number 1 in Billboard,[22] emulating the success of another British group, the Tornados with "Telstar", which topped the Billboard chart for three weeks in December 1962. "I Want to Hold Your Hand" finally relinquished the number 1 spot after seven weeks, succeeded by the song they had knocked off the top in Britain: "She Loves You". "I Want to Hold Your Hand" sold around five million copies in the US alone.[23] The replacement of themselves at the top of the US charts was the first time since Elvis Presley in 1956, with "Love Me Tender" beating out "Don't Be Cruel", that an act had dropped off the top of the American charts only to be replaced by another of their releases. "I Want to Hold Your Hand" also finished as the number 1 song for 1964, according to Billboard.[24] In 2013, Billboard listed it as the 44th most successful song of all-time on the Hot 100.[25]
With that, the "British Invasion" of America had been launched. Throughout 1964, British pop and rock artists enjoyed unprecedented success on the American charts.[citation needed]
The American single's front and back sleeves featured a photograph of the Beatles with Paul McCartney holding a cigarette. In 1984, Capitol Records airbrushed out the cigarette for the re-release of the single.[citation needed]
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" was also released in America on the album Meet the Beatles!, which altered the American charts by actually outselling the single. Beforehand, the American markets were more in favour of hit singles instead of whole albums; however, two months after the album's release, it had shipped 3,650,000 copies, over 200,000 ahead of the "I Want to Hold Your Hand" single at 3,400,000.[26]
The song was included on the 1964 Canadian release The Beatles' Long Tall Sally. The November 1966 stereo remix appeared on 1966's A Collection of Beatles Oldies, and on several later Beatles compilation albums, including 1973's 1962–1966, 1982's 20 Greatest Hits, and 2000's 1.[27] The 2009 CD rerelease of the Beatles' catalog included the 1966 stereo remix on Past Masters and the original mono mix on Mono Masters.[citation needed]
Reception[edit]
The song was greeted by raving fans on both sides of the Atlantic but was dismissed by some critics as nothing more than another fad song that would not hold up to the test of time. Cynthia Lowery of the Associated Press expressed her exasperation with Beatlemania by saying of the Beatles: "Heaven knows we've heard them enough. It has been impossible to get a radio weather bulletin or time signal without running into 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'."[28]
Bob Dylan was impressed by the Beatles' innovation, saying, "They were doing things nobody was doing. Their chords were outrageous, just outrageous, and their harmonies made it all valid."[29] For a time Dylan thought the Beatles were singing "I get high" instead of "I can't hide". He was surprised when he met them and found out that none of them had actually smoked marijuana.[30] The Beach Boys' Brian Wilson said the song "wasn't even that great a record, but they [female Beatles fans] just screamed at it. ... It got us off our asses in the studio. We started cutting – we said 'look, don't worry about the Beatles, we'll cut our own stuff."[31]
The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, but the award went to Astrud Gilberto and Stan Getz for "The Girl from Ipanema". However, in 1998, the song won the Grammy Hall of Fame Award. It has also made the list in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. In addition, the Recording Industry Association of America, the National Endowment for the Arts and Scholastic Press have named "I Want to Hold Your Hand" as one of the Songs of the Century. In 2004, it was ranked number 16 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[32] In 2010, Rolling Stone placed the song at number 2 on its list of the 100 Greatest Beatles Songs, after "A Day in the Life".[33][34] It was ranked number 2 in Mojo's list on the "100 Records That Changed the World", after Little Richard's "Tutti Frutti".[35] The song was ranked number 39 on Billboard's All Time Top 100[36] As of August 2015[update], "I Want to Hold Your Hand" is ranked as the 45th best song of all time, as well as the number 3 song of 1963, in an aggregation of critics' lists at acclaimedmusic.net.[37] Time included the song on its list of the All-TIME 100 Songs.[38]
The Beatles' recording of this song also appeared as the opening track in the 1997 Time-Life six-CD box set, Gold And Platinum: The Ultimate Rock Collection.
Starting at the song's final week at number 1 on the American charts, the Beatles have the all-time record of seven number 1 songs in a one-year period. In order, these were "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "She Loves You", "Can't Buy Me Love", "Love Me Do", "A Hard Day's Night", "I Feel Fine" and "Eight Days a Week". It was also the first of seven songs written by Lennon-McCartney to top the US charts in 1964 – an all-time record for writing the most songs to hit number 1 on the US charts in the same calendar year.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1963–64)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[39] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[40] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[41] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[42] 1
New Zealand (Lever Hit Parade)[43] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[44] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[45] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[46] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[47] 1
West German Media Control Singles Chart[48] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Rank
Australia 1
Chart (1964)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[49] 1
US Cash Box [50] 1
All-time charts[edit]
Chart
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[4] 44
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[51]
Gold 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Melody and lyrics[edit]
Reminiscent of Tin Pan Alley and Brill Building techniques and an example of modified 32-bar form,[52] the song is written on a two-bridge model, with only an intervening verse to connect them. The song has no real "lead" singer, as Lennon and McCartney sing in harmony with each other. Lennon's vocals are more prominent on the recording and on the live bootleg BBC version; however, when the Beatles performed the song on The Ed Sullivan Show on 9 February 1964, McCartney's vocals could be heard more clearly (although this may have been due to the audio mix, as their microphones were not turned to the same sound level).[53]
Personnel[edit]
John Lennon – vocal, rhythm guitar, handclaps
Paul McCartney – vocal, bass guitar, handclaps
George Harrison – lead guitar, handclaps
Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps
Personnel per Ian MacDonald[54]
Cover versions and use in pop culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1964, Arthur Fiedler & the Boston Pops Orchestra recorded an instrumental version, which rose to number 55 in the American charts.
In 1968, The Moving Sidewalks, fronted by a pre-ZZ Top guitarist/vocalist Billy Gibbons recorded a psychedelic garage rendition
In 1969, soul singer Al Green covered the song.[55]
In 1975, American band Sparks released a cover as a single. It was included as a bonus track on the 2006 Island re-release of Big Beat.
In 1980, British pop duo Dollar had a UK Top 10 hit with their cover, included on the re-release of their debut album Shooting Stars (1979).
In 1982, Funk band Lakeside covered the song as a ballad and became a Top Ten R&B hit.
In 1996, singer Manny Manuel covered the song in Spanish as "Dame tu mano y ven" on the compilation album Tropical Tribute to the Beatles. This version peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.[56] Manuel's cover led to McCartney receiving a BMI Latin Award in 1997.[57]
In 2001, Taiwanese band Dragon 5 covered the song for the serial Poor Prince, adapted from Japanese manga Yamada Tarō Monogatari.
In 2007, T.V. Carpio covered the song for the film Across the Universe.
In 2010, Chris Colfer covered the song for Glee in the episode Grilled Cheesus as the Across the Universe version.
In 2018, rock band the Melvins covered the song for their album Pinkus Abortion Technician
Parodies and sampling[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Recorded by Homer and Jethro with different lyrics ("if you, electrocute me, I wanna hold your hands")
Neil Innes' The Rutles also pastiched the song as "Hold My Hand" in 1978.
For the 2006 album Love, George Martin and his son, Giles, melded the original studio recording with a live performance at the Hollywood Bowl, complete with screaming hordes of teenage girls.
Beatallica, a parody of both the Beatles and Metallica, recorded a parody titled "I Want to Choke Your Band".
In Disneyland's original Star Tours attraction, a maintenance droid listens to a song called "I Want to Weld Your Hand."
References[edit]
"I Want to Hold Your Hand: Shmoop Music Guide". Shmoop.
"Acclaimed Music Top 6000 songs". Acclaimed Music. 22 August 2015.
The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35605-0.
"The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs (40-31)". Billboard. 2008.
Covach, John (2005). "Form in Rock Music: A Primer". In Stein, Deborah. Engaging Music: Essays in Music Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517010-5.
de Vries, Lloyd (16 January 2004). "Beatles' 'Helping Hand' Shuns Fame: Fab Four Fan Want To Find Teen Who Helped Launched Beatlemania". CBS News. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
Gambaccini, Paul (1991). British Hit Singles. London: Guinness Publishing. ISBN 0-85112-941-2.
Gilliland, John (1969). "The British Are Coming! The British Are Coming!: The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long-haired English rockers" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
Harrington, Richard (16 August 2004). "The Beatles' Helping 'Hand'". The Washington Post.
Harry, Bill (1985). The Book of Beatle Lists. Javelin. ISBN 0-7137-1521-9.
Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7535-0481-2.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-55798-7.
Lewisohn, Mark (1996). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. London: Chancellor Press. ISBN 1-85152-975-6.
MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6697-4.
Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. London: Vintage. ISBN 0-7493-8658-4.
"Mojo Lists Page 1". Rocklist.net. 2007.
Mojo Special Limited Edition # M-04951. Mojo. London: EMAP Metro Limited. 2002.
"The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 9 December 2004. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
"The RS 100 Greatest Beatles Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Scaduto, Anthony (1973). Bob Dylan. New York, NY: Signet Books. ASIN B000J68AZM.
Segal, David (3 August 2005). "The Rock Journalist at a High Point in Music History". The Washington Post.
"Will We All Become Beatle Nuts?". Ottawa Journal. 10 February 1964.
Winn, John C. (2008). Way Beyond Compare: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume One, 1962–1965. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-3074-5239-9.
"With The Beatles". The Beatles Interview Database. 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2004.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gambaccini 1991, pp. 27.
Jump up ^ Harry 1985, pp. 66.
Jump up ^ Harry 2000, p. 561.
^ Jump up to: a b Bronson, Fred (2 August 2012). "Hot 100 55th Anniversary: The All-Time Top 100 Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998, pp. 88.
Jump up ^ "George Martin introduces "I Want To Hold Your Hand" video". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Miles 1997, pp. 107.
Jump up ^ The Beatles Interview Database 2004.
Jump up ^ Miles 1997, pp. 108.
^ Jump up to: a b Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. London: Omnibus Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6.
Jump up ^ Wolf Marshall. Guitar One. 1966 Vol 6, p16
Jump up ^ Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul. Oxford University Press. p. 110.
Jump up ^ Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. London: Omnibus Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head. London: Pimlico. p. 91. ISBN 0-7126-6697-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn 1988, p. 38.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1996, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1996, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1996, p. 231.
Jump up ^ EMAP Metro Limited 2002, p. 48.
^ Jump up to: a b de Vries 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Harrington 2006, p. C01.
Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969, Show 28.
Jump up ^ Tepper, Ron. "Alan Livingston, Capitol's Former President When The Beatles Came Calling, Recalls The 'British Invasion'" Billboard 4 May 1974: M-18
Jump up ^ "Number One Song of the Year: 1946-2016". Bobborst.com. 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2 August 2012). "Hot 100 55th Anniversary: The All-Time Top 100 Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Maher, Jack. "Beatles Are Enshrined in Mme. Tussaud's Waxworks" Billboard 28 March 1964: 8
Jump up ^ Winn 2008, p. 86.
Jump up ^ The Ottawa Journal 1964.
Jump up ^ Scaduto 1973, pp. 203–4.
Jump up ^ Segal 2005.
Jump up ^ Espar, David, Levi, Robert (Directors) (1995). Rock & Roll (Miniseries).
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2004.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2010.
Jump up ^ "2: I Want to Hold Your Hand". 100 Greatest Beatles Songs. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Rocklist.net 2007.
Jump up ^ Billboard 2008.
Jump up ^ Acclaimed Music.
Jump up ^ Wolk, Douglas (24 October 2011). "100 Greatest Popular Songs: TIME List of Best Music". Time. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (2005). Australian Chart Book (1940–1969). Turramurra: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-44439-5.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Beatles – I Want to Hold Your Hand" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – I Wanna Hold Your Hand". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Beatles – I Want to Hold Your Hand" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hung, Steffen. "charts.org.nz - Forum - 1963 Chart (General)". charts.org.nz. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Beatles – I Want to Hold Your Hand". VG-lista. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Frank (1983). The Cash Box Singles Charts, 1950-1981. Metuchen, NJ & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 32–34.
Jump up ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts" (Enter "Beatles" in the search box) (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 26, 1964
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Beatles – I Want to Hold Your Hand". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 15 May 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Covach 2005, p. 70.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, pp. 119.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998, pp. 87.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles' 'I Want to Hold Your Hand,' Then Al Green's". New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Manny Manuel: Awards". Allmusic. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Los Premios Latino de BMI". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media: 85. 13 September 1997. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Meet the Beatles!
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "I Want to Hold Your Hand"
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"She Loves You" by The Beatles UK number-one single
12 December 1963 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Glad All Over" by The Dave Clark Five
Preceded by
"There! I've Said It Again" by Bobby Vinton Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
1 February 1964 (seven weeks) Succeeded by
"She Loves You" by The Beatles
Preceded by
"Return to Sender" by Elvis Presley UK Christmas Number One single
1963 Succeeded by
"I Feel Fine" by The Beatles
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
[show]
v
t
e
UK Christmas number-one singles in the 1960s
"I Love You" (Cliff Richard & The Shadows, 1960)
"Moon River" (Danny Williams, 1961)
"Return to Sender" (Elvis Presley, 1962)
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" (The Beatles, 1963)
"I Feel Fine" (The Beatles, 1964)
"Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" (The Beatles, 1965)
"Green, Green Grass of Home" (Tom Jones, 1966)
"Hello, Goodbye" (The Beatles, 1967)
"Lily the Pink" (The Scaffold, 1968)
"Two Little Boys" (Rolf Harris, 1969)
Complete list
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
[show]
v
t
e
Billboard Year-End number one singles (1960–1979)
1960: "Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith
1961: "Tossin' and Turnin'" – Bobby Lewis
1962: "Stranger on the Shore" – Mr. Acker Bilk
1963: "Sugar Shack" – Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs
1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles
1965: "Wooly Bully" – Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs
1966: "Ballad of the Green Berets" – S/Sgt. Barry Sadler
1967: "To Sir, with Love" – Lulu
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel
1971: "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night
1972: "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "The Way We Were" – Barbra Streisand
1975: "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille
1976: "Silly Love Songs" – Wings
1977: "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" – Rod Stewart
1978: "Shadow Dancing" – Andy Gibb
1979: "My Sharona" – The Knack
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Want_to_Hold_Your_Hand&oldid=837619408"
Categories:
Christmas number-one singles in the United Kingdom
The Beatles songs
1963 singles
1964 singles
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Norway
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Parlophone singles
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
Dollar (band) songs
Manny Manuel songs
Capitol Records singles
Songs published by Northern Songs
1963 songs
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Use British English from July 2011
Use dmy dates from October 2013
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Articles with hAudio microformats
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Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013
Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015
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Singlechart usages for Belgium (Flanders)
Singlechart usages for Ireland2
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for UK
Singlechart called without artist
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Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
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text:
1980 Summer Olympics boycott
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Countries that boycotted the 1980 Games are shaded blue
The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott was one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[1] The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics, and other countries would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Responses by country and continent
1.2 Athletes and sportspeople competing without national flags or anthems
2 Non-participating countries
3 Altered participation
3.1 Nations that did not participate in the Opening Ceremony
3.2 National teams represented at the Opening Ceremony by Chef de Mission
3.3 Nations under the Olympic Flag by their own athletes
3.4 Nations that competed under their respective NOC flag
4 Alternative events
5 See also
6 References
Background[edit]
Western governments first considered the idea of boycotting the Moscow Olympics in response to the situation in Afghanistan at the 20 December 1979 meeting of NATO representatives, a fortnight after the invasion of Afghanistan. At that moment, not many of the member governments were interested in the proposal. The idea began to gain popularity in early January when Russian dissident Andrei Sakharov called for a boycott. On 14 January 1980, the Carter Administration joined Sakharov's appeal and set a deadline by which the Soviet Union must pull out of Afghanistan or face the consequences, including an international boycott of the games. On 26 January 1980, Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark announced that Canada, like the US, would boycott the Olympic Games if Soviet forces did not leave Afghanistan by 20 February 1980.[2]
When the deadline passed a month later without any change to the situation in Central Asia, Carter pushed U.S. allies to pull their Olympic teams from the upcoming games.[3][4]
In late January the Soviet regime prepared to face down this "hostile campaign". As Central Committee documents show, in addition to its own propaganda efforts it was relying on the International Olympic Committee and its 89 member committees to behave as in the past (e.g. after Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968), and not give in to pressure from national governments. It noted that the government and National Olympic Committee of France had already stated a willingness to participate.[5]
After its 24 April meeting, the head of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) Robert Kane told the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that the USOC would be willing to send a team to Moscow if there were a "spectacular change in the international situation" in the coming weeks.[6]
In an attempt to save the Games Lord Killanin, then president of the IOC, arranged to meet and discuss the boycott with Jimmy Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, before the new 24 May deadline. Killanin insisted that the Games should continue as scheduled, while President Carter reaffirmed the US position. viz. to boycott the Games unless the USSR withdrew from Afghanistan.[7]
Several interventions at the late April 1980 Bilderberg meeting in Aachen included discussion of the implications of the boycott. The world would perceive a boycott, it was argued, as little more than a sentimental protest, not a strategic act. An African representative at the Bilderberg meeting voiced a different view: whether there was additional support outside the US or not, he believed, a boycott would be an effective symbolic protest and be dramatically visible to those within the Soviet Union.[8] The Carter administration brought considerable pressure to bear on other NATO Member-States to support the boycott. Their support was not universal.
The International Olympics Federations protested that the pressures by the US and other supporting countries for the boycott was an inappropriate means to achieve a political end, and the victims of this action would be the athletes.[9] German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt said that the American attitude that the allies "should simply do as they are told" was unacceptable,[10] although West Germany did join the boycott.
Responses by country and continent[edit]
Boxer Muhammad Ali was dispatched by the US administration to Tanzania, Nigeria, and Senegal to convince their leaders to join the boycott.[11][12][13] He also successfully convinced the Kenyan government to do that.[14]
Many countries ultimately joined the US in a full boycott of the Games. These included Japan and West Germany where Chancellor Schmidt was able to convince the National Olympic Committee (NOC) to support the boycott. China, the Philippines, Chile, Argentina and Canada also boycotted the Games entirely. Some of these countries competed at the alternative "Liberty Bell Classic" or Olympic Boycott Games held in Philadelphia that same year.
The governments of the United Kingdom, France, and Australia supported the boycott, but left any final decision over the participation of their country's athletes to their respective NOCs and the decision of their individual athletes. The United Kingdom and France sent a much smaller athletic delegation than would have originally been possible. The British associations that governed equestrian sports, hockey, and yachting completely boycotted the 1980 summer Olympics.[15][16]
Spain, Italy, Sweden, Iceland and Finland were other principal nations representing western Europe at the Games.[16] All these countries participated under a neutral flag with the Olympic anthem played in any ceremony. Italian athletes serving in its military corps could not attend the Games, however, because of the national government's official support of the boycott. Many events were affected by the loss of participants and some US-born athletes who were citizens of other countries, such as Italy and Australia, did compete in Moscow.
A firm enemy of the United States under Ayatollah Khomeini's new theocracy, Iran also boycotted the Moscow Games after Khomeini joined the condemnation by the United Nations and the Islamic Conference of the invasion of Afghanistan.[17] Independently of the United States, the Islamic Conference urged a boycott of Moscow after the invasion;[18] the Ayatollah meanwhile accused Moscow of arming the Baluchis against his regime.[17]
Many teams were avoided by Soviet television at the Games during the opening and closing ceremonies because their national governments officially supported the boycott. Their national colors could not be flown nor could their anthems be played (Australia, Andorra, Belgium, Denmark, France, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Puerto Rico, San Marino, Spain, and Switzerland).
Athletes and sportspeople competing without national flags or anthems[edit]
Lord Killanin permitted NOC-qualified athletes to compete at the Games without their national flags or anthems (which allowed NOCs to send athletes in a non-national context) but this did not allow other individuals lacking NOC sanction to participate in the Games as this was perceived by the IOC as a potential weakening of their authority.[6] Four sportspeople (including one athlete) from New Zealand competed independently and marched under their NOC flag because the government officially supported the boycott.[19] The athletes of 16 countries did not fly their national flags. Instead Olympic flags were raised and the Olympic Anthem replaced their national anthems at the medal ceremonies. There was one awards ceremony where three Olympic flags were raised.
Other modifications were made in the Games activities, such as when the Boycott prevented Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau from attending the Moscow Games. Sandra Henderson and Stéphane Préfontaine, the final torchbearers at the previous games, were sent in his stead to participate in the Antwerp Ceremony at the opening ceremony, and at the closing ceremony, the Los Angeles city flag (rather than the United States flag) was raised to symbolize the next host of the Olympic Games. The Antwerp flag was received by an IOC member from the USA instead of the mayor of Los Angeles, Tom Bradley; there was no handover to Los Angeles ceremony at the closing.
Non-participating countries[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"We will go to the Olympics", Anti-boycott sticker, published by the Communist Youth Federation of Spain.
Sixty-six countries that were invited to participate in the 1980 Olympics did not do so for various reasons including support for the boycott and economic reasons. Qatar could not be invited until IOC recognition which occurred in 1980 but too late to be invited. Taiwan refused to participate as a result of the 1979 Nagoya Resolution, in which the People's Republic of China agreed to participate in IOC activities if Taiwan was referred to as "Chinese Taipei". However, China boycotted the 1980 Moscow Games as well.
Albania
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Canada
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Egypt
El Salvador
Fiji
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Iran
Israel
Ivory Coast
Japan
Kenya
South Korea
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Malawi
Malaysia
Mauritania
Mauritius
Monaco
Morocco
Netherlands Antilles
Niger
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Somalia
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Chinese Taipei
Thailand
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United States
Uruguay
Virgin Islands
West Germany
Zaire
Altered participation[edit]
The sixteen nations that follow participated in the Games under some adjustment to full conventional participation in the Games activities.
Nations that did not participate in the Opening Ceremony[edit]
Seven countries participated in the Games without taking part in the Opening Ceremony:[20]
Belgium
France
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
San Marino
Switzerland
[clarification needed]
National teams represented at the Opening Ceremony by Chef de Mission[edit]
Two nations sent one representative each (Chef de Mission) who entered the Olympic stadium during the Opening Ceremony under the Olympic flag; for each country this was a token gesture, as their governments allowed athletes to take part in the Games if they chose to do so. Ireland also competed under the Olympic flag, rather than its own.
Great Britain – Richard Palmer[21]
Ireland – Ken Ryan[22]
Nations under the Olympic Flag by their own athletes[edit]
At least 5 national teams participated at the Games under the Olympic flag rather than their respective National or NOC flags, as doing the latter would have denoted that their participation was officially sanctioned by their respective nations.[20]
Australia
Andorra
Denmark
Puerto Rico
Ireland
Nations that competed under their respective NOC flag[edit]
Spain
Portugal
New Zealand
Alternative events[edit]
Events were staged separately in several sports, including the Liberty Bell Classic for track and field[23] and the USGF International Invitational for gymnastics. At the U.S. Swimming Nationals, the split and finishing times from the corresponding Olympic events the previous week were displayed on the scoreboards so that a virtual comparison of medals "won" by U.S. swimmers could be kept.[24]
See also[edit]
Olympics portal
Soviet Union portal
Cold War portal
1980 Summer Olympics
1984 Summer Olympics boycott
1986 Asian Games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Smothers, Ronald (July 19, 1996). "OLYMPICS;Bitterness Lingering Over Carter's Boycott". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ https://www.historicacanada.ca/on_this_day/canada-boycotts-olympics
Jump up ^ "The Olympic Boycott, 1980". U.S. Department of State Archive.
Jump up ^ Smith, Terence (January 20, 1980). "The President Said Nyet". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Secretariat: Planning a response to the hostile campaign against participation in the Moscow Olympics, 29 January 1980, St 195/3, The Bukovsky Archives: Communism on Trial.
^ Jump up to: a b American Embassy Memorandum to Secretary of State, "Olympics: Lausanne IOC EXCOM Meeting", 23 April 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
Jump up ^ Secretary of State Memorandum to All Diplomatic and Consular Posts Immediate, "Olympics: Mid-May Update", 16 May 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
Jump up ^ Bilderberg meeting report Aachen, 1980. Retrieved 16 June 2009. Archived 19 June 2009.
Jump up ^ American Embassy Memorandum to Secretary of State and White House, "Olympics: IOC Message to Mr. Cutler", April 27, 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
Jump up ^ Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan (2010). Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139788566. p. 121.
Jump up ^ Sarantakes. Dropping the Torch, pp. 115–118.
Jump up ^ Honey, Martha (4 February 1980). "Ali Spars With Second Thoughts As Africans Argue Boycott Issue". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Ezra, Michael (June 5, 2016). "Muhammad Ali's Strange, Failed Diplomatic Career". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Cuddihy, Martin (June 9, 2016). "Muhammad Ali: Africa remembers the boxing legend". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved September 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (April 23, 1980). "Governments slapped for boycott pressure". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. C1. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b 1980 Summer Olympics Official Report from the Organizing Committee Archived June 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine., vol. 2, p. 190.
^ Jump up to: a b Golan, Galia; Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War Two to Gorbachev; p. 193 ISBN 9780521358590
Jump up ^ Freedman, Robert O.; Moscow and the Middle East: Soviet Policy since the Invasion of Afghanistan, p. 78 ISBN 0-521-35976-7
Jump up ^ 1980 Moscow. olympic.org.nz
^ Jump up to: a b "Partial Boycott – New IOC President". Keesing's Record of World Events. 26: 30599. December 1980.
Jump up ^ Fimrite, Ron (July 28, 1980). "Only The Bears Were Bullish". SI Vault; CNN. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Olympics chief feared protests". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. December 30, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Neff, Craig (28 July 1980). "...and meanwhile in Philadelphia". Sports Illustrated. 53 (5): 18. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Joe (11 August 1980). "All that glitter was not gold". Sports Illustrated. 53 (7): 32. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
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