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User Datagram Protocol
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In computer networking, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Prior communications are not required in order to set up communication channels or data paths.
UDP uses a simple connectionless communication model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram. It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes the user's program to any unreliability of the underlying network; There is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. If error-correction facilities are needed at the network interface level, an application may use the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) which are designed for this purpose.
UDP is suitable for purposes where error checking and correction are either not necessary or are performed in the application; UDP avoids the overhead of such processing in the protocol stack. Time-sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for packets delayed due to retransmission, which may not be an option in a real-time system.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Attributes
2 Service ports
3 Packet structure
4 Checksum computation
4.1 IPv4 Pseudo Header
4.2 IPv6 Pseudo Header
5 Reliability and congestion control solutions
6 Applications
7 Comparison of UDP and TCP
8 See also
9 Notes and references
9.1 Notes
9.2 RFC references
10 External links
Attributes[edit]
UDP is a minimal message-oriented transport layer protocol that is documented in RFC 768. UDP provides no guarantees to the upper layer protocol for message delivery and the UDP layer retains no state of UDP messages once sent. For this reason, UDP sometimes is referred to as Unreliable Datagram Protocol.[2]
A number of UDP's attributes make it especially suited for certain applications.
It is transaction-oriented, suitable for simple query-response protocols such as the Domain Name System or the Network Time Protocol.
It provides datagrams, suitable for modeling other protocols such as IP tunneling or Remote Procedure Call and the Network File System.
It is simple, suitable for bootstrapping or other purposes without a full protocol stack, such as the DHCP and Trivial File Transfer Protocol.
It is stateless, suitable for very large numbers of clients, such as in streaming media applications such as IPTV.
The lack of retransmission delays makes it suitable for real-time applications such as Voice over IP, online games, and many protocols built on top of the Real Time Streaming Protocol.
It works well in unidirectional communication and is suitable for broadcast information such as in many kinds of service discovery and shared information such as broadcast time or Routing Information Protocol.
Service ports[edit]
See also: Port (computer networking)
Applications can use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. An application binds a socket to its endpoint of data transmission, which is a combination of an IP address and a service port. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65535. Port 0 is reserved, but is a permissible source port value if the sending process does not expect messages in response.
UDP provides application multiplexing (via port numbers) and integrity verification (via checksum) of the header and payload.[3] If transmission reliability is desired, it must be implemented in the user's application.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has divided port numbers into three ranges.[4] Port numbers 0 through 1023 are used for common, well-known services. On Unix-like operating systems, using one of these ports requires superuser operating permission. Port numbers 1024 through 49151 are the registered ports used for IANA-registered services. Ports 49152 through 65535 are dynamic ports that are not officially designated for any specific service, and may be used for any purpose. They also are used as ephemeral ports, from which software running on the host may randomly choose a port in order to define itself.[4] In effect, they are used as temporary ports primarily by clients when communicating with servers.
Packet structure[edit]
UDP Header
Offsets
Octet
0
1
2
3
Octet
Bit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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15
16
17
18
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23
24
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28
29
30
31
0
0
Source port Destination port
4
32
Length Checksum
The UDP header consists of 4 fields, each of which is 2 bytes (16 bits).[1] The use of the fields "Checksum" and "Source port" is optional in IPv4 (pink background in table). In IPv6 only the source port is optional (see below).
Source port number
This field identifies the sender's port when meaningful and should be assumed to be the port to reply to if needed. If not used, then it should be zero. If the source host is the client, the port number is likely to be an ephemeral port number. If the source host is the server, the port number is likely to be a well-known port number.[4]
Destination port number
This field identifies the receiver's port and is required. Similar to source port number, if the client is the destination host then the port number will likely be an ephemeral port number and if the destination host is the server then the port number will likely be a well-known port number.[4]
Length
A field that specifies the length in bytes of the UDP header and UDP data. The minimum length is 8 bytes because that is the length of the header. The field size sets a theoretical limit of 65,535 bytes (8 byte header + 65,527 bytes of data) for a UDP datagram. However the actual limit for the data length, which is imposed by the underlying IPv4 protocol, is 65,507 bytes (65,535 − 8 byte UDP header − 20 byte IP header).[4]
In IPv6 jumbograms it is possible to have UDP packets of size greater than 65,535 bytes.[5] RFC 2675 specifies that the length field is set to zero if the length of the UDP header plus UDP data is greater than 65,535.
Checksum
The checksum field may be used for error-checking of the header and data. This field is optional in IPv4, and mandatory in IPv6.[6] The field carries all-zeros if unused.[7]
Checksum computation[edit]
The method used to compute the checksum is defined in RFC 768:
Checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header, the UDP header, and the data, padded with zero octets at the end (if necessary) to make a multiple of two octets.[7]
In other words, all 16-bit words are summed using one's complement arithmetic. Add the 16-bit values up. On each addition, if a carry-out (17th bit) is produced, swing that 17th carry bit around and add it to the least significant bit of the running total.[8] Finally, the sum is then one's complemented to yield the value of the UDP checksum field.
If the checksum calculation results in the value zero (all 16 bits 0) it should be sent as the one's complement (all 1s).
The difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is in the data used to compute the checksum.
IPv4 Pseudo Header[edit]
When UDP runs over IPv4, the checksum is computed using a "pseudo header"[9] that contains some of the same information from the real IPv4 header. The pseudo header is not the real IPv4 header used to send an IP packet, it is used only for the checksum calculation.
IPv4 Pseudo Header Format
Offsets
Octet
0
1
2
3
Octet
Bit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Source IPv4 Address
4
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Destination IPv4 Address
8
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Zeroes Protocol UDP Length
12
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Source Port Destination Port
16
128
Length Checksum
20
160+
Data
The source and destination addresses are those in the IPv4 header. The protocol is that for UDP (see List of IP protocol numbers): 17 (0x11). The UDP length field is the length of the UDP header and data. The field data stands for the transmitted data.
UDP checksum computation is optional for IPv4. If a checksum is not used it should be set to the value zero.
IPv6 Pseudo Header[edit]
When UDP runs over IPv6, the checksum is mandatory. The method used to compute it is changed as documented in RFC 2460:
Any transport or other upper-layer protocol that includes the addresses from the IP header in its checksum computation must be modified for use over IPv6 to include the 128-bit IPv6 addresses.[6]
When computing the checksum, again a pseudo header is used that mimics the real IPv6 header:
IPv6 Pseudo Header Format
Offsets
Octet
0
1
2
3
Octet
Bit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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15
16
17
18
19
20
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22
23
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26
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0
0
Source IPv6 Address
4
32
8
64
12
96
16
128
Destination IPv6 Address
20
160
24
192
28
224
32
256
UDP Length
36
288
Zeroes Next Header
40
320
Source Port Destination Port
44
352
Length Checksum
48
384+
Data
The source address is the one in the IPv6 header. The destination address is the final destination; if the IPv6 packet does not contain a Routing header, that will be the destination address in the IPv6 header; otherwise, at the originating node, it will be the address in the last element of the Routing header, and, at the receiving node, it will be the destination address in the IPv6 header. The value of the Next Header field is the protocol value for UDP: 17. The UDP length field is the length of the UDP header and data.
Reliability and congestion control solutions[edit]
Lacking reliability, UDP applications must generally be willing to accept some loss, errors or duplication. Some applications, such as TFTP, may add rudimentary reliability mechanisms into the application layer as needed.[4]
Most often, UDP applications do not employ reliability mechanisms and may even be hindered by them. Streaming media, real-time multiplayer games and voice over IP (VoIP) are examples of applications that often use UDP. In these particular applications, loss of packets is not usually a fatal problem. If an application requires a high degree of reliability, a protocol such as the Transmission Control Protocol may be used instead.
In VoIP, for example, latency and jitter are the primary concerns. The use of TCP would cause jitter if any packets were lost as TCP does not provide subsequent data to the application while it is requesting re-sending of the missing data. If using UDP the end user applications must provide any necessary handshaking such as real time confirmation that the message has been received.
Applications[edit]
Numerous key Internet applications use UDP, including: the Domain Name System (DNS), where queries must be fast and only consist of a single request followed by a single reply packet, the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), the Routing Information Protocol (RIP)[1] and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
Voice and video traffic is generally transmitted using UDP. Real-time video and audio streaming protocols are designed to handle occasional lost packets, so only slight degradation in quality occurs, rather than large delays if lost packets were retransmitted. Because both TCP and UDP run over the same network, many businesses are finding that a recent increase in UDP traffic from these real-time applications is hindering the performance of applications using TCP, such as point of sale, accounting, and database systems. When TCP detects packet loss, it will throttle back its data rate usage. Since both real-time and business applications are important to businesses, developing quality of service solutions is seen as crucial by some.[10]
Some VPN systems such as OpenVPN may use UDP while implementing reliable connections and error checking at the application level.
Comparison of UDP and TCP[edit]
See also: Transport layer
Transmission Control Protocol is a connection-oriented protocol, which means that it requires handshaking to set up end-to-end communications. Once a connection is set up, user data may be sent bi-directionally over the connection.
Reliable – Strictly only at transport layer, TCP manages message acknowledgment, retransmission and timeout. Multiple attempts to deliver the message are made. If it gets lost along the way, the server will re-request the lost part. In TCP, there's either no missing data, or, in case of multiple timeouts, the connection is dropped. (This reliability however does not cover application layer, at which a separate acknowledgement flow control is still necessary)
Ordered – If two messages are sent over a connection in sequence, the first message will reach the receiving application first. When data segments arrive in the wrong order, TCP buffers delay the out-of-order data until all data can be properly re-ordered and delivered to the application.
Heavyweight – TCP requires three packets to set up a socket connection, before any user data can be sent. TCP handles reliability and congestion control.
Streaming – Data is read as a byte stream, no distinguishing indications are transmitted to signal message (segment) boundaries.
User Datagram Protocol is a simpler message-based connectionless protocol. Connectionless protocols do not set up a dedicated end-to-end connection. Communication is achieved by transmitting information in one direction from source to destination without verifying the readiness or state of the receiver.
Unreliable – When a UDP message is sent, it cannot be known if it will reach its destination; it could get lost along the way. There is no concept of acknowledgment, retransmission, or timeout.
Not ordered – If two messages are sent to the same recipient, the order in which they arrive cannot be predicted.
Lightweight – There is no ordering of messages, no tracking connections, etc. It is a small transport layer designed on top of IP.
Datagrams – Packets are sent individually and are checked for integrity only if they arrive. Packets have definite boundaries which are honored upon receipt, meaning a read operation at the receiver socket will yield an entire message as it was originally sent.
No congestion control – UDP itself does not avoid congestion. Congestion control measures must be implemented at the application level.
Broadcasts - being connectionless, UDP can broadcast - sent packets can be addressed to be receivable by all devices on the subnet.
See also[edit]
Computer networking portal
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
Reliable User Datagram Protocol (RUDP)
Reliable Data Protocol (RDP)
Comparison of transport layer protocols
UDP flood attack
UDP Data Transport
UDP-Lite – a variant that will deliver packets even if they are malformed
UDP Helper Address
Micro Transport Protocol (µTP)
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Kurose, J. F.; Ross, K. W. (2010). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-136548-3.
Jump up ^ content@ipv6.com. "UDP Protocol Overview". Ipv6.com. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Clark, M.P. (2003). Data Networks IP and the Internet, 1st ed. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Forouzan, B.A. (2000). TCP/IP: Protocol Suite, 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
Jump up ^ RFC 2675
^ Jump up to: a b Deering S. & Hinden R. (December 1998). "RFC 2460: Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification". Internet Engineering Task Force.
^ Jump up to: a b Postel, J. (August 1980). "RFC 768: User Datagram Protocol". Internet Engineering Task Force.
Jump up ^ "Compute 16-bit One's Complement Sum" (email). mathforum.org. John. 2002-03-20. Retrieved 2014-11-05.
Jump up ^ RFC 768, p2
Jump up ^ "The impact of UDP on Data Applications". Networkperformancedaily.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
RFC references[edit]
RFC 768 – User Datagram Protocol
RFC 2460 – Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
RFC 2675 – IPv6 Jumbograms
RFC 4113 – Management Information Base for the UDP
RFC 5405 – Unicast UDP Usage Guidelines for Application Designers
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about User Datagram Protocol
IANA Port Assignments
The Trouble with UDP Scanning (PDF)
Breakdown of UDP frame
UDP on MSDN Magazine Sockets and WCF
UDP connections
Authority control
GND: 4728148-0
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text:
Wind of Change (Scorpions song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Wind of Change"
Single by Scorpions
from the album Crazy World
B-side
"Tease Me Please Me"
Released
20 January 1991
Format
7"
CDM
CD
Recorded
1990; Wisseloord Studios
(Hilversum, Netherlands)
Goodnight LA Studios
(Los Angeles, California)
Genre
Hard rock
Length
5:10 (album version)
3:44 (radio edit)
Label
Vertigo
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
Klaus Meine
Producer(s)
Keith Olsen
Scorpions
Scorpions singles chronology
"Don't Believe Her"
(1990) "Wind of Change"
(1991) "Send Me an Angel"
(1991)
"Don't Believe Her"
(1990) "Wind of Change"
(1991) "Send Me an Angel"
(1991)
Music video
"Wind Of Change" on YouTube
"Wind of Change" is a power ballad by the German rock band Scorpions, recorded for their eleventh studio album, Crazy World (1990). The song was composed and written by the band's lead singer Klaus Meine and produced by Keith Olsen and the band. It was released as the album's third single in January 1991 and became a worldwide hit, just after the failed coup that would eventually lead to the collapse of the Soviet Communist regime. The song topped the charts in Germany and across Europe and peaked at number four in the United States on August 31, 1991 and number two in the United Kingdom. It later appeared on the band's 1995 live album Live Bites, their 2000 album with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Moment of Glory, and on their 2001 unplugged album Acoustica. With estimated sales of 14 million copies sold worldwide, "Wind of Change" is one of the best-selling singles of all time.[1] It holds the record for the best-selling single by a German artist.
The band presented a gold record of the single to Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991. As of April 2018[update], the video for "Wind of Change" has been viewed more than 550 million times on YouTube. The Scorpions were the first German band to receive over 100 million views.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Composition
3 Other versions
4 Legacy
5 Uses of the song
6 Track listings
7 Charts and sales
7.1 Peak positions
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Certifications
7.4 Chart successions
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Background and writing[edit]
The lyrics celebrate glasnost in the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War, and speaks of hope at a time when tense conditions had arisen due to the fall of Communist-run governments among Eastern Bloc nations beginning in 1989.[2]
The Scorpions were inspired to write the song on a visit to Moscow in 1989,[2] and the opening lines refer to the city's landmarks:
I follow the Moskva
Down to Gorky Park
Listening to the wind of change
The Moskva is the name of the river that runs through Moscow (both the city and the river are named identically in Russian), and Gorky Park is an urban park in Moscow named after the writer Maxim Gorky.
The song also contains a reference to the balalaika, which is a Russian stringed instrument somewhat like a guitar. The balalaika is mentioned in the following verse:
The wind of change blows straight
into the face of time,
Like a stormwind that will ring
the freedom bell for peace of mind.
Let your balalaika sing
What my guitar wants to say
Composition[edit]
"Wind of Change" opens with a clean guitar intro played by Matthias Jabs, which is played alongside Klaus Meine's flat whistle. The song's guitar solo is played by Rudolf Schenker.[citation needed]
Other versions[edit]
The band also recorded a Russian-language version of the song, under the title "Ветер перемен" ("Veter Peremen")[3] [4] [5] and a Spanish version called "Vientos de Cambio".
Legacy[edit]
In 2005, viewers of the German television network ZDF chose this song as the song of the century. It is the best-selling song ever in Germany, reportedly selling over 6 million copies in that country alone, and is frequently played on television shows presenting video footage of the fall of the Berlin Wall.[citation needed] In Germany, it is remembered as the song of German reunification and a message of hope.[6]
Uses of the song[edit]
Played in a scene from the 2010 film Gentlemen Broncos, when main character Benjamin Purvis walks out of a bookshop with his date.
Popular UK football show Soccer AM uses "Wind of Change" as its tribute to UK troops overseas.
Featured in the video game SingStar Rocks! and has been added as a downloadable content from the SingStore.
Featured in the episode "Chuck Versus the Seduction Impossible" of the TV show Chuck.
In series 15, episode 2 of Top Gear, the song can be heard during the introduction of The Stig's "German cousin".
In the independent film In Search of a Midnight Kiss (distributed by IFC in summer 2008), writer/director Alex Holdridge has characters in the film sing an impromptu version of "Wind of Change" as the movie concludes in celebration of the main character's changing fortune, and as the credits start to roll. Austin, Texas-based rock band Sybil performs a cover of the song.
Was used in the Berlin Wall trailer for Call of Duty: Black Ops (2010) in the "First Strike" DLC.
Hong Kong pop singer Alan Tam included a Cantonese version of the song called "再等幾天" (English: "Wait a few More Days") in his 1992 album Lover.
Played at the end of the 2014 film The Interview.
Played on the church bells of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam, Netherlands as part of the project 'Recording Heaven' by the artists Roos Blogg and Maia Lyon Daw in 2009.[7]
Track listings[edit]
CD maxi
Europe
"Wind of Change" – 5:10
"Tease Me Please Me" – 4:44
U.S.
"Wind of Change" – 5:10
"Restless Nights" – 5:44
"Big City Nights" (live) – 5:10
7" single
"Wind of Change" – 5:10
"Restless Nights" – 5:44
US[8] and Canada[9] 7" single
"Wind Of Change" – 5:10
"Money And Fame" – 5:06
Charts and sales[edit]
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (1991-1992)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[10] 7
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[11] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[12] 2
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[13] 10
France (SNEP)[14] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[15] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[16] 2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[17] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18] 17
Norway (VG-lista)[19] 1
Poland (LP3)[20] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[21] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[22] 1
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)[23] 2
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[24] 4
U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks[24] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1991)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[25] 43
Austrian Singles Chart[26] 1
Canadian Singles Chart[27] 94
French Singles Chart 3
German Singles Chart[28] 1
Dutch Top 40[29] 8
Swiss Singles Chart[30] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[31] 39
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Date
Sales
Australia[32] Platinum 1991 50,000
Austria[33] Platinum November 7, 1991 30,000
France[34] Gold 1991 250,000
Germany[35] Platinum 1991 500,000
UK[36] Silver October 1, 1991 200,000
U.S.[37] Gold April 9, 1991 500,000
Chart successions[edit]
[show]Order of precedence
Preceded by
"Sadeness Part I" by Enigma French SNEP number-one single
March 9, 1991 – April 20, 1991 (7 weeks) Succeeded by
"Désenchantée" by Mylène Farmer
Preceded by
"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)" by Cher Norwegian VG-Lista number-one single
21/1991 (1-week)
23/1991 (1-week) Succeeded by
"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)" by Cher
"Senza una donna (without a Woman)" by Paul Young and Zucchero
Preceded by
"Joyride" by Roxette Swedish number-one single
May 8, 1991 – June 19, 1991 (7 weeks) Succeeded by
"Senza una donna (without a Woman)" by Paul Young and Zucchero
Preceded by
"Joyride" by Roxette
"Joyride" by Roxette
"Ring Ring Ring (Ha Ha Hey)" by De la Soul Swiss number-one single
May 26, 1991 (1-week)
June 9, 1991 (1-week)
July 7, 1991 – July 14, 1991 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Joyride" by Roxette
"Ring Ring Ring (Ha Ha Hey)" by De la Soul
"Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)" by Crystal Waters
Preceded by
"Joyride" by Roxette German number-one single
May 31, 1991 – August 9, 1991 (11 weeks) Succeeded by
"Summer Dreaming (Bacardi Feeling)"
by Kate Yanai
Preceded by
"Joyride" by Roxette Eurochart Hot 100 number-one single
June 1, 1991 – June 15, 1991 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)" by Cher
Preceded by
"One More Try" by Timmy T Dutch Top 40 number-one single
June 1, 1991 – June 15, 1991 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)" by Crystal Waters
Preceded by
"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)" by Cher Austrian number-one single
July 7, 1991 – September 1, 1991 (9 weeks) Succeeded by
"Summer Dreaming (Bacardi Feeling)"
by Kate Yanai
See also[edit]
Glasnost
Perestroika
Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "SCORPIONS: WIND OF CHANGE Der Wende-Hit". abendblatt.de. Hamburger Abendblatt. Retrieved August 23, 2016. Von Jana-Sophie Brasseler 02.10.09
^ Jump up to: a b Bienstalk, Richard Scorpions' 'Wind of Change': The Oral History of 1990's Epic Power Ballad Rolling Stone. September 4, 2015
Jump up ^ The wind of change_Russian version
Jump up ^ The wind of change_Russian version
Jump up ^ فيديو ويند أوف شينج لسكوربيون (النسخة الروسية)
Jump up ^ German Rock Band Scorpions of ‘Wind of Change’ Fame to Break Up Bloomberg
Jump up ^ http://www.tidalspectrum.com/recording-heaven-project/
Jump up ^ Wind Of Change (US 7-inch Single liner notes). Scorpions. Mercury Records. 1990. 868 180-7.
Jump up ^ Wind Of Change (Canadian 7-inch Single liner notes). Scorpions. Mercury Records. 1990. 868 180-7.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Scorpions – Wind of Change". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Scorpions – Wind of Change" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Scorpions – Wind of Change" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.1570&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=tm0embfudemtsfk01edguknnb1
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Scorpions – Wind of Change" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Scorpions Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Scorpions" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Scorpions – Wind of Change". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Scorpions – Wind of Change". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego [1] (Retrieved November 16, 2014)
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Scorpions – Wind of Change". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Scorpions – Wind of Change". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard Allmusic.com (Retrieved August 8, 2008)
Jump up ^ 1991 Australian Singles Chart aria.com (Retrieved April 20, 2008)
Jump up ^ 1991 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at (Retrieved April 20, 2008)
Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2024&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=tm0embfudemtsfk01edguknnb1
Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.de/year.asp?cat=s&country=de&year=1991&x=39&y=10
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1991" (pdf) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ 1991 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch (Retrieved April 20, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1991". Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
Jump up ^ ARIA
Jump up ^ Austrian certifications ifpi.at Archived July 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved April 20, 2008)
Jump up ^ French certifications Infodisc.fr Archived July 13, 2012, at WebCite (Retrieved April 20, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank ('Wind+of+Change')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk (Retrieved August 8, 2008)
Jump up ^ U.S. certifications riaa.com Archived September 2, 2008, at WebCite (Retrieved April 20, 2008)
External links[edit]
Lyrics and guitar chords
"Wind of Change" music video on YouTube
[show]
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t
e
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Paweł Mąciwoda
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value: رياح التغيير (أغنية) – Arabic

value: Вятърът на промяната – Bulgarian

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value: باد دگرگونی – Persian

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value: ウィンド・オブ・チェンジ (スコーピオンズの曲) – Japanese

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