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Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
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This article is about the US naval base. For the titular locales, see Guantánamo (disambiguation).
"Gitmo" redirects here. For other uses, see Gitmo (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 19°54′N 75°9′W / 19.900°N 75.150°W / 19.900; -75.150
United States Naval Station
Guantanamo Bay
Guantánamo Bay, Cuba
Aerial view of McCalla Field, Guantanamo Bay (looking north-east)
Type
Military base
Site information
Controlled by
United States Navy
Site history
Built
1898
In use
1898–present
Battles/wars
Battle of Guantánamo Bay
Garrison information
Current
commander
Captain David Culpepper, USN
Map of Cuba showing location of Guantánamo Bay on the southeastern coast.
Map of Guantánamo Bay showing approximate U.S. Naval Base boundaries.
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (Spanish: Base Naval de la Bahía de Guantánamo), officially known as Naval Station Guantanamo Bay or NSGB (also called GTMO because of the airfield designation code or Gitmo because of the common pronunciation of this code by the U.S. military[1]), is a United States military base located on 45 square miles (120 km2) of land and water at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, which the U.S. leased for use as a coaling and naval station in 1903 for $2,000 in gold per year until 1934, when the payment was set to match the value in gold in dollars;[2] in 1974, the yearly lease was set to $4,085.[3] The base is on the shore of Guantánamo Bay at the southeastern end of Cuba. It is the oldest overseas U.S. Naval Base.[4] Since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the Cuban government has consistently protested against the U.S. presence on Cuban soil and called it illegal under international law, alleging that the base was imposed on Cuba by force.
Since 2002, the naval base has contained a military prison, the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, for unlawful combatants captured in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other places during the War on Terror.[5] Cases of torture of prisoners,[6] and their alleged denial of protection under the Geneva Conventions, have been condemned internationally.[7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Units and commands
1.1 Resident units
1.2 Assigned units
1.3 Homeported watercraft
1.4 Civilian contractors
2 History
2.1 Spanish colonial era
2.2 Guantanamo Bay during the Spanish–American War
2.3 Lease
2.4 World War II
2.5 1958–99
2.6 21st century
3 Geography
4 Cactus Curtain
5 Detention camp
6 Represented businesses
7 Airfields
8 Education
9 Climate
10 Notable persons
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
Units and commands[edit]
Resident units[edit]
Headquarters, Naval Station Guantanamo Bay
Customer Service Desk (CSD)[9]
Joint Task Force Guantanamo[9][10][11]
Headquarters, JTF Guantanamo
Joint Detention Group
Joint Intelligence Group
Joint Medical Group
Marine Corps Security Force Company[9]
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic Detachment Guantanamo Bay[9]
Naval Hospital Guantanamo Bay[10]
Navy Supply[9]
Naval Security Force
SEABEE Detachment
U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Detachment Guantanamo Bay
U.S. Coast Guard Marine Security Detachment Guantanamo Bay
Assigned units[edit]
Fleet Composite Squadron Ten (VC-10) (1965–1993)[10]
US Marine Corps Ground Defense Force (GDF) (1977–2009)[10][11]
Naval Security Group Activity (Company L) (1966–2001)[10][12]
Shore Intermediate Maintenance Activity (SIMA) (1903–1995)[10][13]
Fleet Training Group (FTG) (1943–1995)[10][14]
Homeported watercraft[edit]
YC 1639 (open lighter)[15][16][17]
Leeward (YFB-92) (ferry boat)[15][18]
Windward (YFB-93) (ferry boat)[15][19]
YON 258 (non-self propelled fuel oil barge)[15][20]
USS Wanamassa (YTB-820) (large Harbor Tug)[15][21]
LCU 1671 and MK-8: landing craft used as an alternate ferry for transportation to areas inaccessible by the primary ferry and for moving hazardous cargo.[22]
GTMO-5, GTMO-6 and GTMO-7 (50-ft. utility boats): used for personnel transportation during off-ferry hours.[22]
Civilian contractors[edit]
Besides servicemen, the base houses a large number of civilian contractors working for the military. Many of these contractors are migrant workers from Jamaica and the Philippines, and are thought to constitute up to 40% of the base's population.[23]
Major contractors working at NSGB have included the following:
KBR
Satellite Communication Systems Incorporated
Centerra
EMCOR
Islands Mechanical Contractor
Munilla Construction Management
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Guantánamo Bay and List of commanders of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
The base in 1916
US Fleet at anchor, 1927
United States training ship Monongahela, around 1903
An aerial view of the naval base with the Navy Exchange and McDonald's at left and an outdoor movie theater at bottom right, 1995
Victims from 2010 Haiti earthquake are unloaded at U.S. Naval Hospital Guantanamo Bay
Spanish colonial era[edit]
The area surrounding Guantanamo bay was originally inhabited by the Taíno people.[24] On 30 April 1494, Christopher Columbus, on his second voyage, arrived and spent the night. The place where Columbus landed is now known as Fisherman's Point. Columbus declared the bay Puerto Grande.[25] The bay and surrounding areas came under British control during the War of Jenkins' Ear. Prior to British occupation, the bay was referred to as Walthenham Harbor. The British renamed the bay Cumberland Bay. The British retreated from the area after a failed attempt to march to Santiago de Cuba.[25]
Guantanamo Bay during the Spanish–American War[edit]
Main articles: Spanish–American War and 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay
During the Spanish–American War, the U.S. fleet attacking Santiago secured Guantánamo's harbor for protection during the hurricane season of 1898. The Marines landed at Guantanamo Bay with naval support, and American and Cuban forces routed the defending Spanish troops. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, in which Spain formally relinquished control of Cuba. Although the war was over, the US maintained a strong military presence on the island. In 1901 the US government passed the Platt Amendment as part of an Army Appropriations Bill.[26] Section VII of this amendment read
That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States
After initial resistance by the Cuban Constitutional Convention, the Platt Amendment was incorporated into the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba in 1901.[27] The Constitution took effect in 1902, and land for a naval base at Guantanamo Bay was granted to the United States the following year.[28]
USS Monongahela (1862), the old warship served as a storeship at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba until totally destroyed by fire on March 17, 1908. A 4-inch gun was salvaged from her wreck and put on display at the Naval Station. Since the gun was deformed by the heat from the fire, it was nicknamed "Old Droopy". The gun was on display on Deer Point until the command disposed of it, judging its appearance less than exemplary of naval gunnery.
Lease[edit]
Agreement for the lease to the United States of lands in Cuba for coaling and naval stations
Signed
16 February 1903 (1903-02-16); 23 February 1903
Location
Havana; Washington
Effective
23 February 1903
Signatories
Cuba
United States
Citations
TS 418; 6 Bevans 1113
Agreement providing conditions for the lease of coaling or naval stations
Signed
2 July 1903 (1903-07-02)
Location
Havana
Effective
6 October 1903
Signatories
Cuba
United States
Citations
TS 426; 6 Bevans 1120
The 1903 lease agreement was executed in two parts. The first, signed in February, included the following provisions:[28]
a promise by Cuba to lease to the United States specified areas, including at Guantanamo Bay, "for the time required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations";
the right to acquire any privately owned land within the leased area "by purchase or by exercise of eminent domain with full compensation to the owners thereof";
the right to use the areas as naval stations, and for no other purpose, with a non-exclusive easement to adjacent waters;
consent on the part of Cuba to the US exercising "complete jurisdiction and control over" within the leased area;
recognition by the U.S. of Cuba's "ultimate sovereignty"[a] over the leased area.[28]
The second agreement, signed five months later in July 1903, established the amount of $2,000 to be paid to Cuba annually by the U.S.[29] Additional stipulations included the following:
payments were to be made in gold coin;
the US would pay to build and maintain fences marking the boundary of the leased area;
commercial and industrial activities in the area would be restricted;
mutual right of extradition
a duty-free zone, but not a port of entry for weapons or other goods into Cuba proper
Cuban shipping to have the right of access to the Bay
ratification to be within seven months.[29]
In 1934, the lease amount that formerly was paid in gold coin was instead paid with U.S. dollars per the Gold Reserve Act so it was adjusted to account for the value of gold into U.S. dollars, which set it at $3,386.25.[30] The lease amount was further adjusted in 1973 to $3,676.50 and in 1974 to $4,085, based on further revisions to the value of gold into U.S. dollars.[31] Payments have been sent annually, but only one lease payment has been accepted since the Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro claimed that this check was deposited due to confusion in 1959, and the Cuban government has not deposited any other lease checks since that time.[32]
World War II[edit]
During World War II, the base was set up to use a nondescript number for postal operations. The base used the Fleet Post Office, Atlantic, in New York City, with the address: 115 FPO NY.[33] The base was also an important intermediate distribution point for merchant shipping convoys from New York City and Key West, Florida, to the Panama Canal and the islands of Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Trinidad & Tobago.[34]
1958–99[edit]
The aircraft carrier USS Lexington departs Guantanamo in 1991
Until the 1953–59 revolution, thousands of Cubans commuted daily from outside the base to jobs within. In mid-1958, vehicular traffic was stopped; workers were required to walk through the base's several gates. Public Works Center buses were pressed into service almost overnight to carry the tides of workers to and from the gate.[35]
During the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, the families of military personnel were evacuated from the base. Notified of the evacuation on 22 October, evacuees were told to pack one suitcase per family member, to bring evacuation and immunization cards, to tie pets in the yard, to leave the keys to the house on the dining table, and to wait in front of the house for buses.[36] Dependents traveled to the airfield for flights to the United States, or to ports for passage aboard evacuation ships. After the crisis was resolved, family members were allowed to return to the base in December 1962.
From 1939, the base's water was supplied by pipelines that drew water from the Yateras River about 4.5 miles (7 km) northeast of the base. The U.S. government paid a fee for this; in 1964, it was about $14,000 a month for about 2,500,000 U.S. gallons (9,000 m3) per day. In 1964, the Cuban government stopped the flow. The base had about 14,000,000 U.S. gallons (50,000 m3) of water in storage, and strict water conservation was put into effect immediately. The U.S. first imported water from Jamaica by barge, then relocated a desalination plant from San Diego (Point Loma).[37] When the Cuban government accused the United States of stealing water, base commander John D. Bulkeley ordered that the pipelines be cut and a section removed. A 38 in (97 cm) length of the 14 in (36 cm) diameter pipe and a 20 in (51 cm) length of the 10 in (25 cm) diameter pipe were lifted from the ground and the openings sealed.
21st century[edit]
As of 2005[update], the military facilities at Guantanamo Bay employ over 9,500 U.S. sailors and Marines.[38] It is the only military base the U.S. maintains in a socialist country.
In 2005, the U.S. Navy completed a $12 million wind-energy project at the base, erecting four 950-kilowatt, 275-foot-tall wind turbines, reducing the need for diesel fuel to power the existing diesel generators (the base's primary electricity generation).[39][40] In 2006, the wind turbines reduced diesel fuel consumption by 650,000 gallons annually.[41]
By 2006, only two elderly Cubans, Luis Delarosa and Harry Henry, still crossed the base's North East Gate daily to work on the base, because the Cuban government prohibited new recruitment since its Revolution. They both retired at the end of 2012.[42]
In January 2009, President Obama signed executive orders directing the CIA to shut what remains of its network of "secret" prisons and ordering the closing of the Guantánamo detention camp within a year.[43] However, he postponed difficult decisions on the details for at least six months.[44] On 7 March 2011, President Obama issued an executive order that permits ongoing indefinite detention of Guantánamo detainees.[45] The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 authorized indefinite detention of suspected terrorists,[46] but enforcement of the relevant section was temporarily blocked by a federal court ruling in the case of Hedges v. Obama on 16 May 2012,[47] a suit brought by a number of private citizens, including Chris Hedges, Daniel Ellsberg, Noam Chomsky, and Birgitta Jónsdóttir.[48] After a series of decisions and appeals, the lawsuit was vacated because the plaintiffs lacked standing to file the suit.[49] As of December 2017[update], the detention center was in operation.
At the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2013, Cuba's Foreign Minister demanded the U.S. return the base and the "usurped territory", which the Cuban government considers to be occupied since the U.S. invasion of Cuba during the Spanish–American War in 1898.[50][51][52][53][54]
Geography[edit]
The Naval Base is divided into three main geographical sections: Leeward Point, Windward Point, and Guantánamo Bay. Guantánamo Bay physically divides the Naval Station into sections. The bay extends past the boundaries of the base into Cuba, where the bay is then referred to as Bahía de Guantánamo. Guantánamo Bay contains several cays, which are identified as Hospital Cay, Medico Cay, North Toro Cay, and South Toro Cay.
Leeward Point of the Naval Station is the site of the active airfield. Major geographical features on Leeward Point include Mohomilla Bay and the Guantánamo River. Three beaches exist on the Leeward side. Two are available for use by base residents, while the third, Hicacal Beach, is closed.
Windward Point contains most of the activities on the Naval Station. There are nine beaches available to base personnel. The highest point on the base is John Paul Jones hill at a total of 495 feet.[11] The geography of Windward Point is such that there are many coves and peninsulas along the bay shoreline providing ideal areas for mooring ships.
Cactus Curtain[edit]
U.S. Marines stack up landmines for disposal in July 1997.
"Cactus Curtain" is a term describing the line separating the naval base from Cuban-controlled territory. After the Cuban Revolution, some Cubans sought refuge on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. In the fall of 1961, Cuban troops planted an 8-mile (13 km) barrier of Opuntia cactus along the northeastern section of the 17-mile (27 km) fence surrounding the base to stop Cubans from escaping Cuba to take refuge in the United States.[55] This was dubbed the Cactus Curtain, an allusion to Europe's Iron Curtain,[56] the Bamboo Curtain in East Asia or the similar Ice Curtain in the Bering Strait.
U.S. and Cuban troops placed some 55,000 land mines across the "no man's land" around the perimeter of the naval base creating the second-largest minefield in the world, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere. On 16 May 1996, U.S. President Bill Clinton ordered the demining of the American field. They have since been replaced with motion and sound sensors to detect intruders on the base. The Cuban government has not removed its corresponding minefield outside the perimeter.[57][58]
Detention camp[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2013)
Main articles: Guantanamo Bay detention camp and Cuban refugees at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
The entrance to Camp 1 in detention camp's Camp Delta
One of the guard towers at Guantanamo Bay, 1991
In the last quarter of the 20th century, the base was used to house Cuban and Haitian refugees intercepted on the high seas. In the early 1990s, it held refugees who fled Haiti after military forces overthrew president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. These refugees were held in a detainment area called Camp Bulkeley until United States district court Judge Sterling Johnson, Jr. declared the camp unconstitutional on 8 June 1993. This decision was later vacated. The last Haitian migrants departed Guantanamo on 1 November 1995.
Beginning in 2002, some months after the War on Terror started in response to the attacks of September 11, 2001, a small portion of the base was used to detain several hundred enemy combatants at Camp Delta, Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and the now-closed Camp X-Ray. The U.S. military has alleged without formal charge that some of these detainees are linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban. In litigation regarding the availability of fundamental rights to those imprisoned at the base, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that the detainees "have been imprisoned in territory over which the United States exercises exclusive jurisdiction and control."[59] Therefore, the detainees have the fundamental right to due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. A district court has since held that the "Geneva Conventions applied to the Taliban detainees, but not to members of Al-Qaeda terrorist organization."[60]
On 10 June 2006, the Department of Defense reported that three Guantanamo Bay detainees committed suicide. The military reported the men hanged themselves with nooses made of sheets and clothes.[61] A study published by Seton Hall Law's Center for Policy and Research, while making no conclusions regarding what actually transpired, asserts that the military investigation failed to address significant issues detailed in that report.[62]
On 6 September 2006, President George W. Bush announced that alleged or non-alleged combatants held by the CIA would be transferred to the custody of Department of Defense, and held at Guantanamo Prison. Of approximately 500 prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, only 10 have been tried by the Guantanamo military commission, but all cases have been stayed pending the adjustments being made to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld.
President Barack Obama said he intended to close the detention camp, and planned to bring detainees to the United States to stand trial by the end of his first term in office. On 22 January 2009, he issued three executive orders. Only one of these explicitly dealt with policy at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, and directed the camp's closure within one year. All three could have possibly impacted the detention center, as well as how the United States holds detainees.
While mandating closure of the detention camp, the naval base as a whole is not subject to the order and will remain operational indefinitely. This plan was thwarted for the time being on 20 May 2009, when the United States Senate voted to keep the prison at Guantanamo Bay open for the foreseeable future and forbid the transfer of any detainees to facilities in the United States. Senator Daniel Inouye, a Democrat from Hawaii and chairman of the appropriations committee, said he initially favored keeping Guantanamo open until Obama produced a "coherent plan for closing the prison."[63] As of January 2017, 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo.[64]
Represented businesses[edit]
McDonald's at Guantanamo
A Baskin-Robbins ice cream store, which opened in the 1980s, was the first business franchise on the base.[citation needed] In 1986, Guantanamo became host to the first and only McDonald's restaurant within Cuba.[65][66] A Subway restaurant was opened in 2002.[67] In 2004, a combined KFC & A&W restaurant was opened at the bowling alley and a Pizza Hut Express was added to the Windjammer Restaurant.[68] There is a Taco Bell and the Triple C shop sells both Starbucks coffee and Breyers ice cream.
All the restaurants on the installation are franchises owned and operated by the Department of the Navy.[69] All proceeds from these restaurants are used to support morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) activities for service personnel and their families.[70] These restaurants are inside the base so are not accessible to Cubans.
Airfields[edit]
There are two airfields within the base, Leeward Point Field and McCalla Field. Leeward Point Field is the active military airfield, with the ICAO code MUGM and IATA code NBW.[71] McCalla Field was designated as the auxiliary landing field in 1970.[10]
Leeward Point Field was constructed in 1953 as part of Naval Air Station (NAS) Guantanamo Bay.[72] Leeward Point Field has a single active runway, 10/28, measuring 8,000 ft (2,400 m).[71] The former runway, 9/27 was 8,500 ft (2,600 m). Currently, Leeward Point Field operates several aircraft and helicopters supporting base operations. Leeward Point Field was home to Fleet Composite Squadron 10 (VC-10) until the unit was phased out in 1993. VC-10 was one of the last active-duty squadrons flying the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.
McCalla Field was established in 1931[72] and remained operational until 1970. Naval Air Station Guantanamo Bay was officially established 1 February 1941. Aircraft routinely operating out of McCalla included JRF-5, N3N, J2F, C-1 Trader,[73] and dirigibles. McCalla Field is now listed as a closed airfield. The area consists of 3 runways: 1/19 at 4,500 ft (1,400 m), 14/32 at 2,210 ft (670 m), and 10/28 at 1,850 ft (560 m). Camp Justice is now located on the grounds of the former airfield.
Access to the Naval Station is very limited and must be preapproved through the appropriate local chain of command with the Commander of the station as the final approval. Since berthing facilities are limited, visitors must be sponsored indicating that they have an approved residence for the duration of the visit.[74]
Education[edit]
Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) provides for the education of dependent personnel with two schools. Both schools are named for Rear Admiral William Thomas Sampson. W.T. Sampson Elementary School serves grades K–5 and W. T. Sampson High School serves grades 6–12. The Villamar Child Development Center provides child care for dependents from six weeks to five years old. MWR operates a Youth Center that provides activities for dependents.[75]
Some former students of Guantánamo have shared stories of their experiences with the Guantánamo Public Memory Project.[76] The 2013 documentary Guantanamo Circus directed by Christina Linhardt and Michael Rose reveals a glimpse of day-to-day life on GTMO as seen through the eyes of circus performers that visit the base.[77] It is used as a reference by the Guantánamo Public Memory Project.
Climate[edit]
U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay has an annual rainfall of about 61.5 cm (24 in).[78] The amount of rainfall has resulted in the base being classified as a semi-arid desert environment.[78] The annual average high temperature on the base is 31.2 °C (88.2 °F), the annual average low is 22.5 °C (72.5 °F).
[hide]Climate data for Guantanamo Bay
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °F (°C)
84
(29) 84
(29) 86
(30) 88
(31) 88
(31) 90
(32) 91
(33) 91
(33) 91
(33) 90
(32) 88
(31) 86
(30) 88.2
(31.2)
Average low °F (°C)
68
(20) 68
(20) 70
(21) 72
(22) 73
(23) 75
(24) 75
(24) 75
(24) 75
(24) 75
(24) 73
(23) 70
(21) 72.5
(22.5)
Average precipitation inches (cm)
0.98
(2.5) 0.91
(2.3) 1.2
(3) 1.3
(3.3) 3.58
(9.1) 2.09
(5.3) 1.1
(2.8) 1.89
(4.8) 3.1
(8) 5.1
(13) 1.81
(4.6) 1.1
(2.8) 24.4
(62)
Source: Weatherbase[79]
Notable persons[edit]
Notable people born at the naval base include actor Peter Bergman and American guitarist Isaac Guillory.
See also[edit]
United States Navy portal
Cuba portal
Cuba–United States relations
Platt Amendment
The Road to Guantanamo – A docudrama directed by Michael Winterbottom about the incarceration of three British detainees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.
Panama Canal Zone
Suez Canal Zone
Irish treaty ports
British Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (on, or in Cyprus)
Soviet Naval Base at Hanko
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The meaning "ultimate sovereignty" is controversial. The phrase in Spanish is "la soberanía definitiva".
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Elsea, Jennifer K.; Else, Daniel H. (November 17, 2016). Naval Station Guantanamo Bay: History and Legal Issues Regarding Its Lease Agreements (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Article 10: Right to fair public hearing by independent tribunal". BBC World Service. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Guantanamo Bay [GTMO] "GITMO"". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
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Jump up ^ Li, Darryl (2015), "Offshoring the Army: Migrant Workers and the U.S. Military", UCLA Law Review, 62: 124–174, SSRN 2459268
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^ Jump up to: a b M. E. Murphy. "The History of Guantanamo Bay 1494–1964". United States Navy. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
Jump up ^ 1901 Platt Amendment commentary at the US Archives online
Jump up ^ "The Platt Amendment is Accepted by Cuba". New York Times. 13 June 1901. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations, 1903.
^ Jump up to: a b Lease to the United States by the Government of Cuba of Certain Areas of Land and Water for Naval or Coaling Stations in Guantanamo and Bahia Honda US Federal Government, 1903.
Jump up ^ Central Bank Gold Reserves
Jump up ^ Strauss, Michael (2009). The Leasing of Guantanamo Bay. Praeger Security International. p. 246 and viii. ISBN 978-0-313-37782-2.
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Jump up ^ Hague, Arnold The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 Naval Institute Press 2000 ISBN 1-55750-019-3 p.111
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Jump up ^ M. E. Murphy. "The History of Guantánamo Bay 1494–1964: Chapter 19, "Cuban Crisis, 1962"". Retrieved 2006-03-15.
Jump up ^ John Pomfret, Captain, U.S. Marine Corps. "The History of Guantanamo Bay". Ch. 1, After the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1968. Retrieved 2008-03-31. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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Jump up ^ Annie Snider, Could Alternative Energy Be Gitmo's Next Legacy?, Greenwire (republished by the New York Times) (June 13, 2011).
Jump up ^ Wind turbines at U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay reduce fuel consumption by 650,000 gallons annually July 30, 2006
Jump up ^ Suzette Leboy; Ben Fox. "Era Ends: Base's last two Cuban commuters retire". Retrieved 2012-12-15.
Jump up ^ Shane, Scott (23 January 2009). "Obama Orders Secret Prisons and Detention Camps Closed". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
Jump up ^ Warren Richey (15 October 2009). "Obama's Guantánamo, Counterterror Policies Similar to Bush's?". Christian Science Monitor. .
Jump up ^ "President Obama Issues Executive Order Institutionalizing Indefinite Detention" (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. 7 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Obama Makes It Official: Suspected Terrorists Can Be Indefinitely Detained Without a Trial". The Atlantic. 31 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Judge Blocks Controversial NDAA". Courthousenews.com]. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Kuipers, Dean (18 April 2012). "Activists sue Obama, others over National Defense Authorization Act". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Hurley, Lawrence (28 April 2014). "Supreme Court rejects hearing on military detention case". Reuters. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Australian News, May 2013, Comments by Cuba to the UN Human Rights Council
Jump up ^ Granma, 26 January 2012 Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine., comments on an article in the New York Times on the continued occupation of Cuba
Jump up ^ New York Times, 10 January 2012, Give Guantanamo Back to Cuba, Jonathan M. Hansen, cited in Granma
Jump up ^ Guantanamo, Yankee naval base of crimes and provocations, 1970, (Cuban) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, translated 1977 by U.S. Joint Publications Research Service (PDF)
Jump up ^ Alfred de Zayas, "The Status of Guantanamo Bay and the Status of the Detainees" in University of British Columbia Law Review, vol. 37, July 2004, pp. 277–342;, A de Zayas Guantanamo Naval Base in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press 2012
Jump up ^ "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Ecological Crises". Trade and Environment Database. American University. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Yankees Besieged". Time. 16 March 1962.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Carol (29 June 1999). "Guantanamo base free of land mines". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Destination Guantanamo Bay". BBC News. 28 December 2001. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
Jump up ^ Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004).
Jump up ^ In re Guantanamo detainee Cases, 355 F.Supp.2d 443 (D.D.C. 2005).
Jump up ^ DOD Identifies 3 Guantanamo Suicides, Washington Post, 11 June 2006
Jump up ^ Death in Camp Delta, Seton Hall University School of Law. (18 MB)
Jump up ^ "Senate Nixes Obama's Guantanamo Plan". CBC News. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
Jump up ^ Myre, Greg (2017-01-16). "10 Guantanamo Prisoners Freed In Oman; 45 Detainees Remain".
Jump up ^ Warner, Margaret (14 October 2003). "INSIDE GUANTANAMO". Online NewsHour. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
Jump up ^ Joseph A. Morris (15 November 2002). "Profession of the Week: McDonald's workers" (PDF). The Wire (JTF-GTMO).
Jump up ^ Frank N. Pellegrini (22 November 2002). "Monday Night Football at Subways: Open until it is over" (PDF). The Wire.
Jump up ^ "Dining". JTF Guantanamo. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
Jump up ^ Andrew Selsky (27 November 2008). "Not just a prison, the Navy sees many uses for Guantanamo". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 30 November 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Morale, Welfare and Recreation. "Branded Food & Beverage Concepts". U.S. Navy. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Guantanamo Bay NS". WorldAeroData. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Guantanamo Bay" (PDF). Naval Aviation News. United States Navy. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Gillcrest, Paul (2000). "35 McCalla Field". Sea Legs. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4697-9797-7.
Jump up ^ "Section 1: General Entry Requirements" (PDF). United States Navy. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba". Department of Defense. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Guantánamo Stories". Guantánamo Public Memory Project. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
Jump up ^ Guantanamo Circus (2013) - IMDb IMDB
^ Jump up to: a b Stephen A. Lisio (June 1994). "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Ecological Crises". American University. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba". Weatherbase. 2011. Retrieved on 24 November 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Jonathan M. Hansen, Guantánamo: An American History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2011.
Alfred de Zayas, "The Status of Guantanamo Bay and the Status of the Detainees" in University of British Columbia Law Review, vol. 37, July 2004, pp. 277–34;, A de Zayas Guantanamo Naval Base in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press 2012)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.
Wikinews has news related to:
Guantanamo Bay
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Marines Signaling Under Fire at Guantanamo
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text:
List of Bates Motel characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Members of the cast, from left to right; upper row: Highmore, Farmiga, Thieriot, Cooke, Peltz, Carbonell, Vogel; lower row: Eklund, O'Neill, Robertson, Kwiatkowski, Vartan, Creskoff, and Johnson
The following is a list of characters that have appeared in the A&E drama-thriller television series Bates Motel, an adaptation of Robert Bloch's novel Psycho. The series was developed by Carlton Cuse, Kerry Ehrin, and Anthony Cipriano.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main characters
1.1 Norma Louise Bates
1.2 Norman Bates
1.3 Dylan Massett
1.4 Emma Decody
1.5 Alex Romero
1.6 Bradley Martin
1.7 Caleb Calhoun
2 Recurring characters
2.1 Introduced in season one
2.2 Introduced in season two
2.3 Introduced in season three
2.4 Introduced in season four
2.5 Introduced in season five
3 References
4 External links
Main characters[edit]
Character
Portrayed by
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
Norma Louise Bates Vera Farmiga Main
Norman Bates Freddie Highmore Main
Dylan Massett Max Thieriot Main
Emma Decody Olivia Cooke Main
Bradley Martin Nicola Peltz Main Recurring Does not appear
Alex Romero Nestor Carbonell Recurring Main
Caleb Calhoun Kenny Johnson Does not appear Recurring Main Guest Recurring
Norma Louise Bates[edit]
Further information: Norma Bates (Psycho)
Norma Louise Bates (portrayed by Vera Farmiga)[1] is the series' co-protagonist, alongside her son. Norma is depicted as a loving but extremely possessive mother who wants to keep Norman all to herself. As a child, she was abused by her parents and raped by her brother Caleb, and she was also abused by her second husband, Sam (Norman's father). She sees Norman as the only person in the world who loves her, and pulls him closer every time she is in distress.
Norman Bates[edit]
Further information: Norman Bates
Norman Bates (portrayed by Freddie Highmore)[2] is the series' co-protagonist, alongside his mother. Norman is depicted as a kind-hearted but deeply troubled boy who has an often unhealthy attachment to Norma. His mother has smothered and sheltered him his whole life, to the point that he is awkward and socially inept, especially around people his own age. As the series progresses, it becomes clear that Norman is mentally ill: he experiences blackouts, during which he hallucinates visions of Norma and behaves violently, before coming to with no recollection of his actions. In seasons three and four, it is becoming clear that he has a split personality, and that his other self – "Mother" – is gaining control.
Dylan Massett[edit]
Dylan Massett (portrayed by Max Thieriot)[3] is Norma's estranged son and Norman's half-brother. Having grown up largely on his own, he is resourceful, strong-willed and independent. He genuinely cares about Norman, but has a difficult relationship with Norma. He believes that Norma seeks out conflict and drama, and that her treatment of Norman will damage him. When he arrives to White Pine Bay, after recently being laid off, Dylan bonds with Norman and encourages him to have a life outside of Norma. He gets involved in the town's illicit marijuana business, and quickly rises up the ranks as he wins favor with his superiors. His world comes crashing down, however, when he learns from Norma that he is the product of an incestuous rape – his true father having been Norma's brother, Caleb – and distances himself from the family, moving out of the Bates' house. He eventually reconnects with his mother and brother in the second season finale. In season three, he becomes increasingly concerned with Norman's behavior, and tries to convince Norma to seek help for him. He also facilitates a reconciliation between Norma and Caleb after reconnecting with his father and starting a legal medicinal marijuana farm of his own, following a DEA raid which wipes out the town's cannabis trade. Throughout the season, he starts to grow close to Emma as she assists in looking after Norman, and attempts to raise the funds for her lung transplant, and the two subsequently form a romantic attachment. Dylan leaves for Seattle with Emma and the two subsequently get married and have a daughter. He finds out online that his mother committed suicide and is furious that Norman did not tell him. He returns to White Pine Bay after fearing for Norman's mental health. Norman later confesses to murder; Dylan visits Norman's hearing but is unable to listen to the charges against his brother. After Norman is freed, he goes to the motel and finds Norman in the kitchen with Norma's corpse. Norman attempts to stab Dylan but is fatally shot by his brother, whom he thanks as he passes away. Dylan then returns to Seattle to be with Emma and their daughter.
Emma Decody[edit]
Emma Decody (portrayed by Olivia Cooke)[4] is Norman's best friend. A sufferer of cystic fibrosis, Emma is often seen carrying an oxygen tank. Although Emma is British, having been born in Manchester (as was Cooke, in real life), she speaks with a local American dialect. Identifying with his unusual personality, troubled history and friendly nature, Emma is immediately infatuated with Norman and develops a friendship with him. Norman in turn finds himself warming to her, and, at the request of her father, respects her feelings for him. Seeing this, Norma becomes fond of her and employs Emma at the motel to keep her close to Norman, as well as to provide her with some much-needed maternal support and advice. Her friendship with Norman becomes strained, however, when he allows his feelings for Bradley Martin to get in the way. In addition, she becomes upset when Norma begins to blatantly keep secrets from her or tell her false stories to explain some of Norman's strange actions, and contemplates resigning from the motel. Norman ultimately reaffirms his loyalty to her when he angrily berates his girlfriend, Cody, for egging Emma to do a cliff jump into a lake, clogging her airway and nearly killing her. He later convinces her to stay at the motel by telling her the truth about Dylan's birth, explaining why Norma would not answer her questions. In season three, Emma has a short-lived relationship with Norman, but they later decide to remain friends. She soon grows close to Dylan, who becomes concerned when he learns that Emma's health has deteriorated severely, and takes it upon himself to raise the money she needs for a lung transplant. This, in turn, leads to the two starting a romantic relationship.
Alex Romero[edit]
Alex Romero (portrayed by Nestor Carbonell)[5] is White Pine Bay's sheriff in a very awkward position. He tolerates the town's open marijuana cultivation, but only because he knows that the town's economy depends on it, and comes down hard on any gang-related murders. He maintains a stoic, hardened demeanor, both on and off the job. His interaction with the Bates family does not go smoothly, when he suspects Norma's complicity in the disappearance (and death) of Keith Summers, his friend and the former motel owner. Over time, he comes to warm to Norma, but often finds himself having to clean up her messes, including murdering a man threatening her, or pinning the blame for one of Norman's murders on somebody else. When a call girl staying at the motel gets shot and, upon dying, gives Norma a USB drive that contains a financial ledger splitting up an investment return of at least $15 million (illegal revenue from the drug trade), Romero must protect Norma, while investigating those listed on it, including his imprisoned father who used to be sheriff. When it is revealed that Norma lied to him about her husband's death, their friendship suffers and is nearly at an end. Romero must also fight those seeking the ledger in order to keep his job and save his own life. In season four, after Norman is committed for psychiatric observation, Romero's relationship with Norma changes suddenly into a romantic one. He is eventually arrested on perjury charges and is sent to prison. He escapes in season 5 and kidnaps Norman and forces him to take him to where he hid Norman's body. After telling Norma that he will always love her, he is shot by Norman in his "mother" persona. Before he dies, Romero tells Norman that he killed his own mother and Norman can't hide from that.
Bradley Martin[edit]
Bradley Martin (portrayed by Nicola Peltz)[6] is a kind, attractive and popular classmate of Norman. Bradley immediately takes a shine to Norman, inviting him to his first party and introducing him to her boyfriend. Her world takes a turn for the worse, however, when her father is burned to death, and in her time of grief, she ends up having sex with Norman. Regretting it, she attempts to make amends with him, but accidentally alienates him further. She also wins the ire of Norma and Emma, who become jealous of the attention Norman gives her. With Dylan's help, she finds out who her father's murderer was, and ends up shooting him dead. With blood on her hands, Bradley turns to Norman once more, and, with his help, flees White Pine Bay to go into hiding in Boston. She later returns in season three and, lonely, seeks comfort in Norman. She asks him to speak to her mother, who thinks she's dead, but changes her mind upon learning that her mother has quickly adjusted to being without her husband and daughter. Afterwards, she feels the only person she has left in the world is Norman. She decides that it is best for her to leave town once again and pleads for Norman to come with her. He accepts, but Norman (in his "Mother" persona) kills Bradley by repeatedly bashing her head against a rock.
Caleb Calhoun[edit]
Caleb Calhoun (portrayed by Kenny Johnson)[7] is Norma's estranged older brother, Norman's uncle and Dylan's biological father. In season two, Caleb arrives at the Bates Motel but Norma immediately throws him out. However, Caleb bonds with Dylan, saying he helped protect Norma from their abusive father when they were children. Dylan defends Caleb to Norma, but he also repeatedly raped her for years during their childhood. This then escalates into a fight between Norman and Dylan until Norma intervenes by revealing that Caleb is Dylan's father. After Norman (in Norma's persona) attacks him for the rape, Caleb leaves town. He returns to help Dylan with a "pot farm" by building a barn. Dylan grows closer to Caleb and ponders telling Norma about his return, which is hastened by Norman and Emma spotting Caleb at the remote cabin. Norma and Caleb have an emotional reunion in which he apologizes to her, but she does not completely forgive him. After a curious neighbor to the farm seeks a gun runner to Canada, Caleb offers to take the job; however, Dylan also needs the money to help Emma so he accompanies him. The dropoff is supposed to have been the neighbor's demise, and Caleb manages to save Dylan. He then returns to beat the neighbor until he promises to leave Dylan alone and give them the promised money. Caleb leaves again, but not before telling Norma about Norman attacking him in the "Mother" persona.
Recurring characters[edit]
Introduced in season one[edit]
Deputy Zack Shelby (Mike Vogel)[5]
Jake Abernathy (Jere Burns)
Miss Blaire Watson (Keegan Connor Tracy)
Ethan Chang (Terry Chen)
Remo Wallace (Ian Tracey)
Gil Turner (Vincent Gale)
Will Decody (Ian Hart / Andrew Howard)
Jiao (Diana Bang)
Richard Sylmore (Richard Harmon)
Sam Bates (David Cubitt)
Gunner (Keenan Tracey)
Regina (Aliyah O'Brien)
Dr. Fumhiro Kurata (Hiro Kanagawa)
Lissa (Brittney Wilson)
Introduced in season two[edit]
George Heldens (Michael Vartan)[8]
Christine Heldens (Rebecca Creskoff)[9]
Jodi Morgan (Kathleen Robertson)[10]
Zane Morgan (Michael Eklund)[11]
Nick Ford (Michael O'Neill)[12]
Cody Brennan (Paloma Kwiatkowski)[13]
Amelia Martin (Lini Evans)
Jimmy Brennan (Michael Rogers)
Deputy Jeffcoat (Matthew Mandzij)
Declan Rogers (Francis X. McCarthy)
Deputy Patty Lin (Agam Darshi)
Introduced in season three[edit]
Charles "Chick" Hogan (Ryan Hurst)[14]
Bob Paris (Kevin Rahm)[15]
Liz Babbitt (Anika Noni Rose)
Annika Johnson (Tracy Spiridakos)[16]
James Finnigan (Joshua Leonard)[17]
Marcus Young (Adetomiwa Edun)
Introduced in season four[edit]
Dr. Gregg Edwards (Damon Gupton)[18]
Rebecca Hamilton (Jaime Ray Newman)[19]
Julian Howe (Marshall Allman)
Dickie Bolton (Terence Kelly)
Audrey Ellis (Karina Logue)
Nurse Penny (Kelly-Ruth Mercier)
Vicki Monroe (Fiona Vroom)
Howard Collins (Craig Erickson)
Doctor Guynan (Louis Ferreira)
Introduced in season five[edit]
Marion Crane (Rihanna)[20]
Madeleine Loomis (Isabelle McNally)[21]
Sam Loomis (Austin Nichols)[22]
Sheriff Jane Greene (Brooke Smith)[23]
Julia Ramos (Natalia Cordova-Buckley)[24]
Jim Blackwell (John Hainsworth)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 27, 2012). "Vera Farmiga to Star in A&E's 'Psycho' Prequel 'Bates Motel'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (September 14, 2012). "A&E's 'Psycho' Prequel 'Bates Motel' Finds its Young Norman". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (September 14, 2012). "A&E's 'Bates Motel' Adds Max Thieriot as Norman's Brother". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan (September 20, 2012). "'Psycho' TV prequel 'Bates Motel' adds 'Blackout' star Olivia Cooke". Digital Spy.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (October 2, 2012). "Mike Vogel & Nestor Carbonell Join A&E's 'Bates Motel', Trio To Recur On 'Shameless'". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (September 19, 2012). "'Bates Motel' Adds 'Last Airbender' Actress as Love Interest for Norman (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (July 25, 2014). "Kenny Johnson returns to 'Bates Motel' as series regular". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 23, 2013). "Exclusive: Alias' Michael Vartan Checks Into Bates Motel as Norma's New [Spoiler]". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 23, 2013). "Rebecca Creskoff, Kenny Johnson & Michael Vartan Join A&E's 'Bates Motel'". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Slezak, Michael (August 13, 2013). "Kathleen Robertson Checks Into Bates Motel". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 24, 2013). "Daniella Alonso Joins NBC's 'Night Shift', Michael Eklund Added To A&E's 'Bates Motel'". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (August 14, 2013). "Bates Motel Exclusive: Grey's Anatomy Menace to Raise Hell in Season 2". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 6, 2013). "'Bates Motel', 'Reign' Add Recurring Players". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "Roger Howarth Joins 'The Flash'; Ryan Hurst In 'Bates Motel'". Deadline.com. October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tory Kittles Moves To 'The Colony'; Kevin Rahm In 'Bates Motel'". Deadline.com. October 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 21, 2014). "Revolution Alum Joins Bates Motel". TVLine.
Jump up ^ "Joshua Leonard Checks Into 'Bates Motel'; Gbenga Akinnagbe Books 'The Following'". Deadline.com. December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 3, 2015). "Damon Gupton Joins 'Bates Motel'; Trieste Kelly Dunn In 'Blindspot'". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 18, 2015). "Jaime Ray Newman Checks Into 'Bates Motel'". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 22, 2016). "Rihanna To Play Iconic 'Psycho' Role In 'Bates Motel' Fifth & Final Season – Comic-Con". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 21, 2016). "Bates Motel Season 5: House of Cards Actress Cast as Norma's Doppelganger". TVLine. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (January 9, 2017). "'Bates Motel': 'The Walking Dead's Austin Nichols To Recur on Season 5". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 22, 2016). "Bates Motel Elects Grey's Anatomy Alum Brooke Smith (New) Sheriff". TVLine. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (March 21, 2017). "'Agents of Shield' Star Natalia Cordova-Buckley Joins 'Bates Motel' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
External links[edit]
Bates Motel on IMDb
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Tudor rose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the heraldic element. For the 1946 film, see Tudor Rose (film). For other uses, see Tudor rose (disambiguation).
The Tudor rose is a combination of the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York.
The Tudor rose (sometimes called the Union rose) is the traditional floral heraldic emblem of England and takes its name and origins from the House of Tudor, which united the House of York and House of Lancaster.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
1.1 Historical uses
1.2 Contemporary uses
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Origins[edit]
The white rose of the House of York
The red rose of the House of Lancaster
When Henry VII took the crown of England from Richard III in battle (1485), he brought the end of the retrospectively dubbed "Wars of the Roses" between the House of Lancaster (one monarch of which had sometimes used the badge of a red or gold rose) and the House of York (which had lately used a white-rose badge). Henry's father was Edmund Tudor from the House of Richmond (maternally), and his mother was Margaret Beaufort from the House of Lancaster; in January 1486 he married Elizabeth of York to bring all factions together. (In battle, Richard III fought under the banner of the boar, and Henry under the banner of the dragon of his native Wales.) The white rose versus red rose juxtaposition was Henry's invention.[1] The historian Thomas Penn writes:
The "Lancastrian" red rose was an emblem that barely existed before Henry VII. Lancastrian kings used the rose sporadically, but when they did it was often gold rather than red; Henry VI, the king who presided over the country's descent into civil war, preferred his badge of the antelope. Contemporaries certainly did not refer to the traumatic civil conflict of the 15th century as the "Wars of the Roses". For the best part of a quarter-century, from 1461 to 1485, there was only one royal rose, and it was white: the badge of Edward IV. The roses were actually created after the war by Henry VII.[1]
On his marriage, Henry VII adopted the Tudor rose badge conjoining the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. The Tudor rose is occasionally seen divided in quarters (heraldically as "quartered") and vertically (in heraldic terms per pale) red and white.[2] More often, the Tudor rose is depicted as a double rose,[3] white on red and is always described, heraldically, as "proper".
Historical uses[edit]
16th century woodcut of the coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon showing them with their respective badges: the Tudor rose and the pomegranate
During his reign, Henry VIII had the legendary "Round Table" at Winchester Castle – then believed to be genuine[4] – repainted. The new paint scheme included a Tudor rose in the centre. Though previous to this, his father Henry VII had built a chapel at Westminster Abbey dedicated to himself (it was later used for the site of his tomb) and it was decorated principally with the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis – as a form of propaganda to define his claim to the throne.
The Tudor rose badge may appear slipped and crowned: shown as a cutting with a stem and leaves beneath a crown; this badge appears in Nicholas Hilliard's "Pelican Portrait" of Elizabeth I and since an Order in Council (dated 5 November 1800), has served as the Royal Floral emblem of England.
The Tudor rose may also appear dimidiated (cut in half and combined with half another emblem) to form a compound badge. The Westminster Tournament Roll includes a badge of Henry and his first wife Catherine of Aragon with a slipped Tudor rose conjoined with Catherine's personal badge, the pomegranate;[5] their daughter Mary I bore the same badge.[6] James I of England and VI of Scotland used a badge consisting of a Tudor rose dimidiated with a thistle and surmounted by a royal crown.[7]
Contemporary uses[edit]
The crowned and slipped Tudor Rose is used as the plant badge of England, as Scotland uses the thistle, Ireland uses the shamrock, and Wales uses the leek. As such, it is seen on the dress uniforms of the Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London, and of the Yeomen of the Guard. It features in the design of the British Twenty Pence coin minted between 1982 and 2008, and in the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. It also features on the coat of arms of Canada.
The Tudor rose makes up part of the cap badge of the Intelligence Corps of the British Army. It is also notably used (albeit in a monochromatic form) as the symbol of the English Tourist Board.[8] and as part of the badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.
The Tudor Rose is used as the emblem of the Nautical Training Corps, a uniformed youth organisation founded in Brighton in 1944 with 20 units in South East England. The Corps badge has the Tudor Rose on the shank of an anchor with the motto "For God, Queen and Country". It is also used as part of the Corps' cap badge.
The borough of Queens in New York City uses a Tudor Rose on its flag and seal.
The Tudor rose is also used in the badges of some Portuguese Army units, after William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, namely Lisbon Classification and Selection Cabinet[9] and Graça Fort.[10]
The city of York, South Carolina is nicknamed "The White Rose City", and the nearby city of Lancaster, South Carolina is nicknamed "The Red Rose City".
Tudor rose "slipped and crowned" from the Pelican Portrait of Elizabeth I
Contemporary badge of the Yeomen of the Guard
Tudor rose badge, used by every English and British Monarch since Henry VII
The Tudor rose used on the chain in the portrait of Sir Thomas More by Hans Holbein the Younger
Tudor rose on a twenty pence piece of 1982
Tudor rose on a demi-cannon from the Mary Rose on display at the Mary Rose Museum
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tudor rose.
Flag of England
Red Rose of Lancaster
Tudor dynasty
Wars of the Roses
White Rose of York
Royal Badges of England
Floral emblem
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Penn, Thomas. "How Henry VII branded the Tudors", The Guardian, 2 March 2012
Jump up ^ Wise, p. 22
Jump up ^ Fox-Davies, The Complete Guide to Heraldry, p. 270
Jump up ^ Starkey, p. 41
Jump up ^ Fox-Davies (1909), p. 276
Jump up ^ Boutell, p. 229
Jump up ^ Fox-Davies (1907), p. 117.
Jump up ^ http://www.enjoyengland.com/
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ [1][permanent dead link] (disbanded unit)
References[edit]
Boutell, Charles; A.C. Fox-Davies; R B Utting (1914). The Handbook to English Heraldry (11th ed.). London: Reeves and Turner. OCLC 2034334.
Fox-Davies, A.C. (1904). The Art of Heraldry. London and Edinburgh: T C and E C Jack https://archive.org/details/artofheraldryenc00foxd |url= missing title (help).
Fox-Davies, A.C. (1907). Heraldic Badges|. London: John Lane. OCLC 4897294.
Fox-Davies, A.C. (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. London and Edinburgh: T C and E C Jack. OCLC 474004850.
Starkey, David (2008). Henry – Virtuous Prince. London: Harper. ISBN 0-00-729263-5.
Wise, Terence; Richard Hook; William Walker (1980). Medieval Heraldry. Osprey. ISBN 0-85045-348-8.
External links[edit]
Tudor Rose in SF Presidio, CH+D Magazine
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