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Bethabara
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For the Moravian settlement in North Carolina, see Bethabara Historic District.
Bethabara
Al-Maghtas ruins on the Jordanian side of the Jordan River are the location for the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist.
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name
Baptism Site “Bethany Beyond the Jordan” (Al-Maghtas)
Location
Jordan
Coordinates
31°50′13″N 35°32′50″E / 31.836944444444°N 35.547222222222°E / 31.836944444444; 35.547222222222
Criteria
Cultural: (iii), (vi)
Reference
1446
Inscription
2015 (39th Session)
Location of Bethabara
[edit on Wikidata]
Part of the Madaba Map showing Bethabara, Βέθαβαρά το τού άγίου Ιωάννου τού βαπτίσματος: Bethabara, the place of St. John's baptising
Bethabara (/bɛθˈæbərə/ beth-AB-ər-ə; בית עברה; bēt ‛ăbārāh; Βηθαβαρά; Bēthabará; "house of the ford, place of crossing") is the name used by some versions of the New Testament for the site "beyond (i.e. east of) the Jordan" where John the Baptist preached and performed baptisms, where he met with a group of priests and Levites sent by the Pharisees to investigate his ministry, and where he baptised Jesus.[1] The name "Bethabara" also appears on the 6th-century Madaba Map and in the Talmud.
The most likely location of Bethabara is Al-Maghtas in Jordan.
Traditions based on interpretations of the scriptural texts connect the site with two other miracles: the crossing of the River Jordan, whose waters were divinely restrained, by the Israelites under the command of Joshua (Joshua 3); and Prophet Elijah being taken to heaven by chariots of fire (2 Kings 2:9, 11). Bethabara is also mentioned as the location of Jesus' baptism in The Book of Mormon, as foretold by the first prophet in the Book of Mormon, Lehi, approximately 600 years before Jesus' birth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Attempts at identifying Bethabara
2 Archaeological discoveries
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Attempts at identifying Bethabara[edit]
Different ancient manuscripts containing the Gospel of John are using two different names, either Bethabara or Bethany, for the place where John was baptising "with water" and where he named Jesus "the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world."(John 1:28-29)
According to the King James Version (following Textus Receptus of the New Testament, which follows the New York and Moscow uncials, corrected forms of Ephraemi and Athos, along with uncial fragments from St Petersburg, Paris, minuscule 1, and family 13, backed up by Eusebius, Cyril, some Byzantine texts and lectionaries, and the Curetonian Old Syriac, Aramaic Peshitta, Armenian, and Georgian manuscripts, among others,[2] "Bethabara" is the place where John the Baptist baptized those who came to hear him preach. The word only appears once in the New Testament, at John 1:28), and is used in modern texts based on the King James Version, in the Geneva Bible and in the Jubilee Bible 2000. However, the same verse in the Revised Version, the New International Version and the English Standard Version reads "Bethany".[3] It is distinguished in some text versions from the Bethany of Lazarus and his sisters with a footnote stating that these are distinct locations.[4]
The reading Bethabara became current owing to the advocacy of both Origen (3rd century) [5] and John Chrysostom (4th century),[6] and that same Bethabara is attested in both the 6th-century Madaba Map[7] and in the Jewish Talmud.[8]
G. A. Smith suggests in his "Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land" (HGHL; 1915) that Bethany (house of the ship) and Bethabara (house of the ford) are names for the same place.
Bethabara has also been identified with Beth-barah, which, however, was probably not on the Jordan River but among the streams flowing into it (Judges 7:24).
The Greek Septuagint Codex Vaticanus (LXXB) reads, Baithabara for Hebrew Masoretic Text Bēth-‛ărābhāh, one of the cities of Benjamin (Joshua 18:22). If this is correct, the site is in Judea.
Another possible solution is the corruption of the name into Bethany and Bethabara, the name having the consonants n, b and r after Beth. In Joshua 13:27 (Septuagint, Codex Vaticanus) we find, Baithanabra for Bethnimrah (Massoretic Text), and Sir George Grove in Dictionary of the Bible (arts. "Bethabara" and "Beth-nimrah") identifies Bethabara and Beth-nimrah. The site of the latter was a few miles above Jericho (see Beth-nimrah), immediately accessible to Jerusalem and all Judea (compare Matthew 3:5; Mark 1:5). This view has much in its favor.
George Frederick Wright observes: "The traditional site is at the ford east of Jericho; but as according to John 1:29, John 1:35, John 1:43 it was only one day's journey from Cana of Galilee, while according to John 10:40; John 11:3, John 11:6, and John 11:17, it was two or three days from Bethany, it must have been well up the river toward Galilee. Conder discovered a well-known ford near Beisan called Abarah, near the mouth of the valley of Jezreel. This is 20 miles from Cana and 60 miles from Bethany, and all the conditions of the place fit in with the history."
Archaeological discoveries[edit]
In the late 1990s, when mine clearing operations east of the Jordan enabled archaeological digs to unearth an ancient church marking baptism on a site where the Jordan River flowed in the first century, matching the place marked on the Madaba map. The local Arabic name of the site is Al Maghtas, "the immersion/baptism". This rapidly led to a growing consensus among archaeologists, scholars and church leaders that this site, just east of the Jordan River and slightly north of the place where it empties into the Dead Sea, is most likely to be the place where John the Baptist was baptizing.[9]
See also[edit]
Ænon, a baptism site mentioned in the Gospel of John
Baptism of Jesus
Chronology of Jesus
Ministry of Jesus
New Testament places associated with Jesus
Qasr el Yahud
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John 1:28-29
Jump up ^ Cited in The Greek New Testament, 4th ed. (1983)
Jump up ^ S. F. Hunter (1939). James Orr, John Nuelsen, Edgar Mullins, Morris Evans, Melvin Grove Kyle, eds. "Bethabara". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE). Retrieved 20 March 2015. (British and American) (with Tischendorf, Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in Greek following Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus, Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Ephraemi) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ See John 1:28 in the Contemporary English Version and Jerusalem Bible
Jump up ^ Bethany Beyond the Jordan - Catholic Encyclopedia article
Jump up ^ Bruce Metzger, Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 2nd ed. (1994), 171 and n. 5.
Jump up ^ Harper's Bible Dictionary (1985), 105
Jump up ^ Raymond Brown, Gospel According to John I-XII, Anchor Bible (1968), 44-45.
Jump up ^ "The Discovery of Bethany Beyond the Jordan River (Wadi Al-Kharrar)". Journals.ju.edu.jo. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-04-29.
External links[edit]
Media related to Bethabara at Wikimedia Commons
The baptism site of Jesus in Jordan. Religious and political building of a Christian pilgrimage site (PhD thesis) [1]
The Baptism of Christ - Uncovering Bethany beyond the Jordan - 47 min Documentary
The Baptism of Jesus Christ: Uncovering Bethany beyond the Jordan. Full film (Authorized by content owners.)
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Kalinga under the Mauryan
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Contents
[hide]
1 Pre-conquest
2 Conquest
3 Administration of Kalinga under Ashoka
4 Independence
5 References
Pre-conquest[edit]
During the era of Chandragupta and Vindusara, Kalinga enjoyed its freedom as a separate and independent state, although it is not sure whether it was ruled by one king or as a group of kingdoms or any democratic form of government.
Conquest[edit]
Ashoka and Kalinga Ashoka (son of Bindusara) wanted to annex Kalinga with Magadha for commercial reasons, although some folktales indicates that he invaded for personal reason. Because Kalinga has many sea ports which Magadha lacks and Kalinga is between north and south part of India and main trade routes goes through it, Ashoka attacked Kalinga in 261 B.C. and a battle occurred between two armies near the river Daya. This site is now identified near Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa. Although Ashoka was winner at the end of the day, the bloodshed and human suffering changed his mind forever.[citation needed]
Ashoka destroyed the old ruling structure of Kalinga and reorganized the territory.
Administration of Kalinga under Ashoka[edit]
After the war Kalinga become fifth province of Magadha empire. It seems Ashoka divided Kalinga into three sections each having its own headquarter.
Gangetic portion of Kalinga with the province of Prachi under his direct control.
Central Part of Kalinga empire (Macco Calingae) or Utkal, Odra (Western and central part of present Orissa) and Tosala region formed a new province with its headquarters located at Tosali near modern Dhauli.
Kalinga (Southern part) formed another administrative unit with headquarters at Samapa near Jaugada
Rock edits of Ashok are found in this administrative capital. Administration of Kalinga is almost similar to other Province of Magadha except that more humanitarian value is added to the same.
Independence[edit]
Almost immediately after the death of Ashoka, Kalinga broke away from the Mauryan Empire and claimed independence. As Mauryan rule ended, with it Buddhism also ended in Kalinga and most people reverted to the traditional practice of Jainism.
References[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalinga_under_the_Mauryan&oldid=801167318"
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Yellow line (road marking)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Yellow line road marking
Yellow lines are road markings used in various territories.
Contents
[hide]
1 Single yellow lines
2 Double yellow lines
2.1 Australia
2.2 Canada
2.3 Finland
2.4 Hong Kong
2.5 India
2.6 Ireland
2.7 Lebanon
2.8 Malaysia
2.9 Malta
2.10 Mauritius
2.11 Singapore
2.12 United Kingdom
2.12.1 History
2.13 United States
3 References
4 See also
Single yellow lines[edit]
Single yellow lines are common along residential streets near to workplaces
A single yellow line is a road marking that is present on the side of the carriageway in the United Kingdom. It indicates that parking or waiting at that roadside is prohibited at certain times of day. The exact times vary by area and are indicated by signs at the roadside. Stopping to load and to pick up or set down passengers is generally allowed unless additional restrictions apply.[1]
Countries formerly part of the British Empire are likely to retain a modified version of the British laws including the basic principles regarding road safety.[citation needed] In Malta for example, a single yellow line, means no waiting (i.e. no parking, but alighting of passengers is permitted). The sign is applicable all day.[2]
In New South Wales, Australia- single yellow lines indicate a clear way, where parking is strictly prohibited during certain times of the day and/or special events. Single yellow lines are also used in areas with high snow fall to mark the far left side of the road.
In Malaysia, single yellow line is used in most roads leading to cities or towns or busy areas to mark parking restriction for certain times.
In Canada, Japan, Lebanon, and in some areas in the United States a single yellow line is used to separate traffic coming from opposite directions, where passing is allowed but with extreme caution.
Double yellow lines[edit]
Australia[edit]
Yellow lines in Australia
Yellow road lines are used in the centre of the road in areas with large amounts of snow to contrast with the white colour of snow. These lines are white in areas where there is infrequent or no snow.
Canada[edit]
In Canada, a double yellow line in the centre of the road means that it is unsafe for traffic travelling in either direction to pass (overtake). This is usually found on rolling hills or through corners where visibility is limited.
In the province of British Columbia, it is against the law to touch or cross solid double yellow line at any time, except to avoid obstructions on the highway,[3] or when a vehicle is entering or exiting the highway, if the vehicle can safely do so without affecting the flow of other vehicles.[4]
Finland[edit]
In Finland, a double yellow line in the center of the road means that it is unsafe for traffic travelling in either direction to pass (overtake).
Hong Kong[edit]
Hong Kong is one of the regions outside the UK using double yellow lines on the side of carriageways.
India[edit]
A double yellow line, in contrast with a double white line, indicates a no-passing restriction. Double white is just a no-passing suggestion.
Ireland[edit]
Double yellow lines on the side of the road have a similar meaning (no parking at any time) as in the United Kingdom.[5] Single yellow line adjacent to a kerb means parking is restricted at certain times. A broken yellow line marks the edge of the carriageway.
Lebanon[edit]
In Lebanon, crossing a yellow line means you entered the area where traffic is coming from the opposite direction. A single solid yellow line means that passing is not advised but you may pass, with extreme caution. A single dashed yellow line means passing is allowed. A double solid yellow line means passing is not allowed under any circumstances. A double dashed line means passing is allowed only if there is no cars you can see coming from the opposite direction.
Malaysia[edit]
Malaysia was once part of the British Empire, and today still applies double yellow line to mark parking restriction for all times. This line can be found in major towns or cities like Kuala Lumpur.
Malta[edit]
A double yellow line means no stopping. This means that unloading of goods and alighting of passengers is not permitted.[2]
Mauritius[edit]
Mauritius was once a British colony, and today still applies double yellow lines to mark restricted parking areas at all hours on the sides of carriageways.
Singapore[edit]
Singapore, a former crown colony of the UK, also uses double yellow lines to indicate no parking at the sides.
United Kingdom[edit]
Double yellow lines in the UK indicate that parking is prohibited.
Double yellow lines along the edge of the carriageway indicate that waiting restrictions apply to the road[6] (which includes the carriageway, footway and verge). A driver may stop for passengers to board or alight and to load or unload (unless there are also 'loading restrictions' - see below). The regulation applies to all vehicles. The restriction applies from the centre of the carriageway to the back of the footway.
Loading and unloading is allowed on double yellow lines at any time, unless there are additional markings indicating that there are 'loading restrictions'. Two short yellow stripes at regular intervals across the kerb or edge of the carriageway indicate that loading and unloading is not permitted at any time (these are not accompanied by sign plates). A single short yellow stripe at regular intervals across the kerb or edge of the carriageway indicates that loading and unloading is not permitted at the times shown on accompanying black and white sign plates.[7] Loading/unloading time is restricted to either 20 or 40 minutes depending upon the location (borough) if loading is observed. One must not cause an obstruction to traffic or pedestrians.[8]
History[edit]
Double yellow lines mean no waiting at any time, unless there are signs that specifically indicate seasonal restrictions.[7] They were first introduced in the UK by section 51[9] of the Road Traffic Act 1960[10] (repealed in 1972 and replaced by later legislation).
Countries that were once part of the British Empire are likely to retain a modified version of the British laws including the basic principles regarding road safety.
United States[edit]
A double yellow center line in the United States indicates that passing is prohibited
A yellow line (solid or dashed) indicates that crossing the line will place a driver in a lane where opposing traffic is coming at the driver. A double yellow line is a painted marking separating two lanes of a road. It consists of two parallel, solid yellow lines, and its presence usually indicates a no-passing restriction or no passing zone, where crossing the line is prohibited. Obvious exceptions to this no-passing restriction include emergency maneuvers or temporary traffic flow changes due to road work. Often the double yellow line has sections where one of the lines becomes dashed (in which case it is no longer a "double yellow"), indicating to the drivers traveling on the side closest to the dashed line that they may pass when it is safe. Double-yellow lines may be used to separate lanes of traffic traveling in opposite directions where passing would be dangerous, or to restrict access to lanes traveling in the same direction, such as HOV and express lanes on a highway.
Two municipalities in the state of Rhode Island, Bristol and Warwick, replace the double yellow line with red, white, and blue striping along certain routes.
In some states, it is not against the law to overtake vehicles in the presence of solid yellow lines if it is safe to do so. For example, Vermont State Law also allows passing across the double yellow line when no traffic is on the opposing side, however, one must pass quickly and return to the proper side.[11] Pennsylvania does permit passing on double yellow lines when not also posted with "Do Not Pass" signage.[12][13] However, this is unusual as most states have a ban on crossing a double yellow line except when turning, when passing pedestrians or bicycles, or if an obstruction in the road makes it necessary. Overtaking another vehicle across a solid yellow line is usually considered a serious traffic violation in most states.[11]
Some parts of the US use a doubled set of double yellow lines to demarcate a painted median strip, which vehicles are not permitted to cross. This differs from a single set of double yellow lines, which may be crossed in certain circumstances.[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UK Highway Code -Signs and markings
^ Jump up to: a b "Traffic signs & carriageway markings regulations". Government of Malta. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act Section 155 BC Laws
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act Section 156 BC Laws
Jump up ^ "Traffic signs & road markings for parking". Road Safety Authority. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Waiting and parking (238 to 252)". Retrieved 2013-04-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Road markings" (PDF). direct.gov. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
Jump up ^ londoncouncils website
Jump up ^ "Road Traffic Act 1960 - 51 Traffic signs". Legislation.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "Parking Meter Zones (Double Yellow Lines)". Hansard. Mr. Marples: Double yellow lines on the carriageway in a parking meter zone indicate a ban on waiting at all times, except for the picking up or setting down of passengers; they also indicate a ban on loading or unloading between 8.30 a.m. and midnight. I have authorised the use of these carriageway markings under the powers given to me in Section 51 of the Road Traffic Act, 1960.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.dmv.vermont.gov
Jump up ^ http://www.dmv.state.pa.us/pdotforms/vehicle_code/chapter33.pdf
Jump up ^ http://blogs.mcall.com/roadwarrior/2011/03/reversing-mondays-reversal-on-double-yellow-passing-.html
Jump up ^ "Crossing double yellow lines", Spokesman-Review, April 28, 2014 .
See also[edit]
Highway Code
Red route
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Virunga National Park
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Virunga National Park
IUCN category II (national park)
Bukima Camp in the foothills of Mikeno Mountain, home of the Congolese mountain gorillas
Location
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Nearest city
Goma
Coordinates
0°55′S 29°10′E / 0.917°S 29.167°E / -0.917; 29.167Coordinates: 0°55′S 29°10′E / 0.917°S 29.167°E / -0.917; 29.167
Area
7,800 km2 (3,000 sq mi)
Established
1925
Governing body
Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria
Natural: (vii), (viii), (x)
Reference
63
Inscription
1979 (3rd Session)
Endangered
1994–
[edit on Wikidata]
The Virunga National Park (French: Parc National des Virunga), formerly named Albert National Park, is a 7,800-square-kilometre (3,000 sq mi) National Park that stretches from the Virunga Mountains in the south, to the Rwenzori Mountains in the north, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, bordering Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda and Rwenzori Mountains National Park and Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda.
The park was established in 1925 as Africa's first national park and is a UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site since 1979. In recent years, poaching and the Congo Civil War have seriously damaged its wildlife population. The park is managed by the Congolese National Park Authorities, the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) and its partner the Virunga Foundation, formerly known as the Africa Conservation Fund (UK). The current park director since 2008 is the Belgian Prince Emmanuel de Merode.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Geography
1.2 Biodiversity
2 Human conflict
2.1 Developments
2.2 Oil industry threat
2.3 Charcoal trade
3 In popular media
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The park was created in 1925 by King Albert I of Belgium as the first national park on the continent of Africa. It was founded primarily to protect the mountain gorillas[2] living in the forests of the Virunga Mountains controlled by the Belgian Congo, but later expanded north to include the Rwindi Plains, Lake Edward and the Rwenzori Mountains in the far north.[3]
Juvenile mountain gorilla
Kob
Children in Virunga National Park
In the first 35 years, the boundary of the park took shape, poaching was kept to a minimum, and sustainable tourism thrived due to the work of a large body of hand-picked Congolese rangers and dedicated wardens. Land remuneration and the use of park resources such as fishing and hunting by the local population became an ongoing problem and attempts were made to solve these issues.[citation needed]
When the Belgians granted Congo independence in 1960 the new state deteriorated rapidly, and so did the park. It was only in 1969 when President Mobutu began to take a personal interest in conservation, that the park was revived. In the process of Mobutu's Africanization campaign, it was renamed Virunga National Park, and the first Congolese Wildlife Authority was established.[citation needed]
Virunga fared well for the better part of the 1970s. Foreign investment helped to improve the park's infrastructure and training facilities, and the park became a popular destination for tourists, receiving on average 6500 visitors a year. In 1979 UNESCO designated the park as a World Heritage Site.[4]
In the mid-1980s the Mobutu regime began to lose its hold on power and the country began a long slide into chaos. The park suffered terribly. Poaching depleted Virunga's large mammal populations, infrastructure was destroyed, and many rangers were killed. The Congolese Wildlife Authority slowly lost control of Virunga and UNESCO changed the World Heritage Site status to "endangered."[4]
In 2013, the World Wildlife Fund raised concerns about plans by the UK based Soco International to carry out exploration for oil in the park.[5] Currently more than 80% of Virunga National Park has been allocated as oil concessions.[6] Soco International's own environmental impact assessment reports admit that oil exploration is likely to cause pollution, irreparably damage habitats and bring poaching to the park. The World Wildlife Fund have launched a campaign to petition[7] Soco to refrain exploring the world heritage area for oil, and thereby avoid these outcomes. As of August 30, 2014, SOCO demobilized its operations in the DRC.[citation needed]
World Wildlife Fund executives now acknowledge that the battle over Virunga is hardly over. SOCO has yet to relinquish its operating permits or commit to an unconditional withdrawal.[8]
Geography[edit]
Virunga National Park is unrivaled in its diversity of landscapes and ecosystems.
Virunga NP mountain gorillas
Bukima Camp is situated in the foothills of the Mikeno Mountain, the home of the Congolese mountain gorillas
Rwenzori Mountains
Silverback of the Rugendo family at Bukima patrol Post
The cabanes are situated at the edge of the crater in sight of the lava lake, the sight of which has an astounding effect on visitors
Two Congo lion males resting in an open area within the National Park near Rwindi
African elephant and African buffaloes
Southern Sector:
Montane Tropical forest (home to the mountain gorilla)
Alpine Forest (on the higher slopes of the Virunga Massive)
Old (and new) Lava flows
Central Sector
African Savanna
Marshland
Riverine Forest
Lake shores
Northern sector
Lake shores
African Savanna
Riverine (low land) forest
Alpine forest (Rwenzori Mountains)
Eternal snow (Glacier)
Biodiversity[edit]
A mountain gorilla in the park
The park is known for its exceptional biodiversity, containing more bird, mammal and reptile species than any protected area on the continent of Africa. Although mountain gorillas are now extremely rare and listed as one of the most critically endangered species, successful conservation work has helped to secure the remaining populations. Their populations actually increased during the years of political upheaval in the region (1994–2004), and have continued to do so even throughout the difficult period of 2007-2008. The 2010 mountain gorilla census has indicated that the conservation efforts of Virunga have been very successful regarding the gorilla population. Both savanna and forest elephants as well as chimpanzees and low land gorillas can still be found in Virunga, along with okapi, giraffes, buffaloes and many endemic birds. The neighboring Mount Hoyo area was managed with the park and is home to a population of Bambuti pygmy people, caves and waterfalls.[9]
Human conflict[edit]
Since the civil wars, the park has experienced an increase in land invasions and poaching. Since 1994, about 140 rangers have been killed in the line of duty protecting the park.[10] Amongst other military activity, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) used the park as a safe location when they have come under sustained attack, such as Laurent Nkunda's offensives against them in April–May 2007.[11] The park was occupied by Nkunda's forces on 26 October 2008, during the Battle of Goma.[citation needed]
Developments[edit]
Over the last three years[when?] the park has seen heavy investment in tourism development, social infrastructure as well as safety. Currently[when?] over 3000 tourists a year visit the southern sector of Virunga National Park to admire the gorillas as well as the lava lake of the Nyiragongo Volcano. In March 2015, the Virunga Foundation signed a 25-year agreement to manage the park. The park receives[when?] most of its funding from the European Union and the Howard G Buffett Foundation.[citation needed] A Mai Mai militia attacked a park facility and killed two park rangers and a Congolese soldier in October 2012. Five of the Mai Mai militiamen died in the attack. Congolese Revolutionary Army (also known as M23) allegedly has a base camp inside the park.
In 2008, Emmanuel de Mérode, a naturalist and member of the Belgian House of Mérode, became the director of the park. He survived an ambush carried out on April 15, 2014 on a road in the park; he was shot four times in the stomach and legs by unknown assailants.[12]
The Beni massacre occurred inside the national park.[13] Other massacares relatted to animals too place. Poachers targeted habituated gorillas since they are more docile than wild ones.[14]
Oil industry threat[edit]
Virunga is threatened by the U.K. oil company SOCO, which wishes to undergo oil exploration within the park.[15] Seismic tests were carried out by SOCO, and confirmed the presence of oil.[16] This announcement reignited the debate to the merits of exploring oil in the park.[16] This could involve disruptive seismic testing, forest clearing, and deep underground drilling.[16] This can put at risk hundreds of lesser known fragile species which are found in no other country. Also, if Lake Edwards is drilled, it can have a detrimental impact on the people of the region. 30,000 people benefit economically from fishing in the park. Another 20,000 benefit from commercial activities related to the fishing industry.[17] In response, a joint plea was launched by International environment and right groups to the Ugandan government and Republic of Congo to prevent oil drilling in or around the Virunga National park.[16] Regardless, the Ugandan government plans to receive bids on six new oil licenses.[16] To this day, no oil exploration has occurred.[16]
On March 13, 2015, BBC reported that the Democratic Republic of Congo wanted to redraw the boundaries of Virunga National Park to allow for oil exploration.[18]
Charcoal trade[edit]
Trees are being cut down at a rate of 2.3%. The country lost 14,331 square miles of forest between 2001 and 2010. The primary cause has been the charcoal industry,[19] which is worth almost two billion dollars. Virunga is the only source of charcoal for Rwanda, which passed a law banning the production of charcoal within its border. Trees are cut down, covered in mud, and set on fire in order to make charcoal. There is also a strong military presence near Virunga. Unpaid soldiers have turned to the charcoal trade and other illegal activities in order to support themselves. Many of the gorilla killings are fueled by the charcoal trade.[20] There have been reported executions of gorillas as act of sabotage by people in the charcoal business who want to see the gorillas dead.[21] Many park officials risk their lives to protect the park. However, some are in collaboration with the military and poachers. Poaching is a source of income for many people due to the economic instability in the country. Many of poachers are members of local militias. Most of money goes back to militias, and use the money to buy weapons.
In the hope of blunting the need for charcoal for cooking and heat, two hydroelectric dams have been constructed to provide electricity for factories, cooking, and heating.[22]
In popular media[edit]
The 2014 documentary Virunga explored the work of conservation rangers and the activities of British oil company SOCO International within the park. It has been screened internationally at film festivals and was released on streaming service Netflix on November 7, 2014.[23][24]
See also[edit]
Centre National d'Appui au Développement et à la Participation populaire
Augustin Kambale
Eugène Rutagarama
iGorilla
Tourism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Interview With Emmanuel de Merode, Director of Virunga National Park – National Geographic Blog". blog.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
Jump up ^ Denis, Armand. "On Safari: The story of my life". New York. Dutton, 1963, p. 76.
Jump up ^ "Virunga National Park | Overview, Location, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Virunga National Park - UNESCO World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Oil threat' to DR Congo's Virunga National Park". BBC Online. BBC News. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Save Virunga". Save Virunga. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Keep Oil Exploration Out of Virunga National Park · Causes". Causes.com. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past". 2014-11-15. Retrieved 2014-11-19.
Jump up ^ "THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE VIRUNGA VOLCANOES" (PDF). programs.wcs.org/.
Jump up ^ Gorilla Warfare (Newsweek article)[dead link]
Jump up ^ International Crisis Group, Congo: Bringing Peace to North Kivu, Africa Report No.133, 31 October 2007, p.11
Jump up ^ "Belgian Emmanuel de Merode shot in DR Congo ambush". BBC News. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Scores 'hacked to death' in machete attack in DR Congo". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Massacre of Congo's gorillas". The Guardian. 2007-09-01. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
Jump up ^ "What's In A Name? That Which We call A Rebel .." Retrieved 1 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "NGOs seek oil drilling ban in famed mountain gorilla national park". Mail Online. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Virunga National Park: Intact for nine decades, now more threatened than ever". wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
Jump up ^ "DR Congo seeks Virunga park boundary change". 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Deforestation of Virunga National Park". Deforestation of Virunga National Park. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
Jump up ^ "Congo Gorilla Killings Fueled by Illegal Charcoal Trade". news.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
Jump up ^ "Who Murdered the Virunga Gorillas? - National Geographic Magazine". ngm.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
Jump up ^ Yee, Amy (30 August 2017). "The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Screenings". Virunga (Official Website). Retrieved 20 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Sinha-Roy, Pifa (6 November 2014). "Netflix's 'Virunga' uncovers Congo's fight to protect resources". Reuters. Los Angeles. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virunga National Park.
Official website
ICCN
Tourism Website of Virunga National Park
UNEP-WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet[permanent dead link]
UNESCO Virunga National Park Site
National Geographic Channel
European Union in Virunga National Park[permanent dead link]
Robert Draper, "Inside the Fight to Save a Dangerous Park". 2016-06-15. Retrieved 2017-09-11. , National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 230, No. 1, July 2016.
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value: حديقة فيرونغا الوطنية – Arabic

value: Вирунга (национален парк) – Bulgarian

value: پارک ملی ویرونگا – Persian

value: 비룽가 국립공원 – Korean

value: Վիրունգայի ազգային պարկ – Armenian

value: विरुन्गा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान – Hindi

value: הפארק הלאומי וירונגה – Hebrew

value: ვირუნგის ეროვნული პარკი – Georgian

value: Вирунга – Kazakh

value: Pariki y’Ibirunga ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo – Kinyarwanda

value: Вирунга – Kyrgyz

value: Virungos nacionalinis parkas – Lithuanian

value: भिरुङ्गा राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज – Maithili

value: Национален парк Вирунга – Macedonian

value: വിരുംഗ ദേശീയോദ്യാനം – Malayalam

value: ဗီရွန်းဂါ အမျိုးသားဥယျာဉ် – Burmese

value: भिरुङ्गा राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज – Nepali

value: ヴィルンガ国立公園 – Japanese

value: ویرونگا نیشنل پارک – Western Punjabi

value: Вирунга (национальный парк) – Russian

value: Национални парк Вирунга – Serbian

value: Nacionalni park Virunga – Serbo-Croatian

value: อุทยานแห่งชาติวีรูงกา – Thai

value: Вірунга (національний парк) – Ukrainian

value: 維龍加國家公園 – Chinese

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