text:
Plate smashing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Plate smashing is a Greek custom involving the smashing of plates or glasses during celebratory occasions. In popular culture, the practice is most typical of foreigners' stereotypical image of Greece, and while it occurs more rarely today, it continues to be seen on certain occasions, such as weddings, although plaster plates are more likely to be used.
Contents
[hide]
1 History in Greece
1.1 Ancient and medieval
1.2 Modern times
2 In popular culture
3 See also
4 External links
History in Greece[edit]
Ancient and medieval[edit]
The custom probably derives from an ancient practice of ritually "killing" plates on mourning occasions, as a means of dealing with loss. Breaking plates may also be related to the ancient practise of conspicuous consumption, a display of one's wealth, as plates or glasses are thrown into a fireplace following a banquet instead of being washed and reused.
Modern times[edit]
In 1969, the military dictatorship of Georgios Papadopoulos, that had suspended democracy and ruled Greece autocratically from 1967 to 1974, banned plate smashing[citation needed]. Nowadays specially-produced plaster plates are used. Another modern variation on the custom is for diners at small Greek restaurants or tavernas to buy trays of flowers that they can throw at singers and each other[citation needed].
In popular culture[edit]
In the Three's Company episode "Opening Night," (November 16, 1982) Larry Dallas invites his family, visiting from Greece, to Jacks Bistro. The large family gathering ends with the Greek celebratory custom of the breaking of plates. Reluctant at first because of all the money it will cost to replace the plates, Jack joins in the celebration when Larry says they will cover the bill for each plate. Jack then looks at Janet who shows him the final cost of all the plates that were broken. Jack, while clenching the remaining two plates he owns, throws them up in the air and says "Opa!" and lets them break as well.
In Part I of The Love Boat S6 E18 episode (February 5, 1983) titled: "Isaac's Aegean Affair/The Captain and the Kid/Poor Rich Man/The Dean and the Flunkee," Gopher initiates plate smashing in a Greek restaurant.
In the Full House episode, "Greek Week", there is a scene at a Greek family party where Rebecca Donaldson smashes a one plate. Then Joey Gladstone leads the crowds in plate smashing while Danny Tanner frantically tries to clean up the broken plates off the floor.
In the Frasier episode "Beware of Greeks," (March 17, 1998), Frasier's Greek cousin is getting married and his cousin's mother smashes plates at the wedding reception.
In Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, episode 2.6 (November 12, 2005 ), Coconut Head smashes a plate on his head for his presentation on Greece.
The 2009 Australian stop motion animated dark comedy film Mary and Max features a plate smashing scene.
In Packed to the Rafters, episode 4.1 (February 8, 2011), the character Nick 'Carbo' Karandonis and his fiancée have an engagement party which includes smashing plaster plates and the mistaken smashing of porcelain plates.
In Come Dine with Me Canada, episode 2.16 (October 3, 2011), the evening ended with plate smashing "in keeping with the Greek ritual."
In Kitchen Cabinet, episode 2.3 (July 16, 2013), independent Australian Senator Nick Xenophon and host Annabel Crabb end a dinner discussion at a Greek "yiros" restaurant with an impromptu plate smashing.
See also[edit]
Zeibekiko, a Greek folk dance by the groom
Breaking the glass at Jewish weddings
Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines
Marriage and wedding customs in Greece
Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines
Nightclubs in Greece
External links[edit]
"Kefi - The Spirit of Greece," about.com.
"Having a Smashing Time in Greece. Why do Greeks break plates?," about.com.
"Breaking Plates in Greek Tavernas," greecetravel.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plate_smashing&oldid=814978458"
Categories:
Greek culture
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Ελληνικά
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 December 2017, at 00:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: b

attr: href title

attr: href class title

tag: p

attr: role tabindex class

value: button 0 togglelink

tag: span

attr: class dir xml:lang

value: toctitle ltr en

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Rebecca_Donaldson
mw-redirect
Rebecca Donaldson

value:
/wiki/Joey_Gladstone
mw-redirect
Joey Gladstone

value:
/wiki/Danny_Tanner
mw-redirect
Danny Tanner

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Plate_smashing
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: Σπάσιμο πιάτων – Greek

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Plate_smashing rootpage-Plate_smashing skin-vector action-view


text:
YouTube Play Button
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 April 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
YouTube Play Buttons, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards,[1] are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels.
These are distinct from the YouTube Awards, which are intended to recognize the best quality videos. YouTube Creator Rewards are based on a channel's subscriber count, but are awarded at the sole discretion of YouTube. Each channel is reviewed before an award is issued, to ensure that the channel follows the YouTube community guidelines.[1]
Awards[edit]
When a verified YouTuber reaches a specific milestone and is deemed eligible for a YouTube Creator Reward,[1] they are awarded a relatively flat trophy in a metal casing with a YouTube play button symbol. The trophies are of different sizes: each button and plaque gets progressively bigger the more subscribers the channel gets.[2]
There are currently three different tiers of rewards,[1] plus a fourth that has been awarded only once:
The Silver Play Button, for channels that surpass 100,000 subscribers. The old version was made of nickel-plated cupronickel alloy.[3]
The Gold Play Button, for channels that surpass 1,000,000 subscribers. It is made of gold-plated brass.[3]
The Diamond Play Button, for channels that surpass 10,000,000 subscribers. It is made of silver-plated metal inset with a large piece of crystal in the shape of a play button triangle.
The Ruby Play Button. In December 2016, YouTuber PewDiePie received a ruby trophy as a gift for reaching 50,000,000 subscribers. YouTube makes these play button as a custom play button. Each of the play button is different, and it resembles the channel.[citation needed] It was made in the shape of his channel's logo: a hand giving a "bro fist", or a fist bump. It also came with several mini-awards to be gifted to subscribers that had been subscribed the longest and were still active. It is not referenced in the Creators Award page, and it is unknown if such a trophy will be given out to any other YouTuber who surpasses the milestone in the future.[4][5]
Notes[edit]
Acuna, Kirsten (July 19, 2012). "YouTube Is Rewarding Its Most Popular Users With Gold". Business Insider. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Brouwer, Bree (July 24, 2015). "YouTube Gives New Diamond Play Button To Channels With 10 Million Subscribers". Tubefilter. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Cohen, Joshua (June 29, 2012). "YouTube Gives 24-Karat Gold 'Play Button' to Channels with 1M+ Subs". Tubefilter. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Dillon, Poppy (August 3, 2015). "YouTube Announced Diamond Play Button". TenEighty. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "YouTube Creator Rewards". YouTube. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Creator Hub". YouTube. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is the Gold Play Button REALLY Made Of?". YouTube. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PewdiePie's video on receiving the award". Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers". TubeFilter. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
YouTube
History
Censorship
Copyright issues
Social impact
Founders
Steve Chen
Chad Hurley
Jawed Karim
Channels
Personalities
Most-subscribed channels
Spotlight
Original channels
YouTube Red (List of original programs)
YouTube TV
Culture and
videos
Elsagate
Play Buttons
YouTube Poop
YouTube Rewind
Vevo
Lists
Most-viewed videos
Most-liked videos
Most-disliked videos
Most-viewed Vevo videos
Multi-channel networks
Events
Awards
CNN/YouTube presidential debates
Comedy Week
Live
Music Awards
Orchestra
Playlist Live
VidCon
Related articles
API
Viacom conflict
Viral video
YouTube Kids
YouTube Music
YouTube headquarters shooting
This Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube_Play_Button&oldid=838480654"
Categories:
YouTube
Awards established in 2012
Internet stubs
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Cebuano
Español
فارسی
Français
Português
Русский
Türkçe
Українська
3 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 08:49.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

tag: img

attr: class src alt title

value: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attr: id class src style alt

attr: class href

tag: i

attr: id style class

value: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: sup

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.youtube.com/yt/creators

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/File:YouTube_Logo_2017.svg
image
YouTube Logo

value:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: List of most-subscribed YouTube channels

value: List of original programs distributed by YouTube Red

value: Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

value:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/YouTube_Play_Button
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

value: درع اليوتيوب – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

value: دکمه پخش یوتیوب – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-YouTube_Play_Button rootpage-YouTube_Play_Button skin-vector action-view


text:
Gerald Foos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gerald Foos is the former owner of the Manor House Motel, which operated in Aurora, Colorado. He was the subject of Gay Talese's 2016 article "The Voyeur's Motel" in The New Yorker, in which Talese disclosed that Foos was a long time voyeur of people staying in his hotel, having installed grilles in the ceiling of most of the rooms that enabled him to view his guests without their knowledge.[1][2] Foos' observational focus was the sexual activities of those staying at the Manor House.
Both Talese's publication of the article and Foos' actions sparked controversy.[3] Foos justified his actions as a means of conducting research concerning sexual behaviors.[4] Talese released a book about Foos and his motel in July 2016, also titled The Voyeur's Motel.
In April 2016, Steven Spielberg purchased the rights to create a film based on Foos' life, with director Sam Mendes tapped to direct.[5] The film was cancelled in November 2016 after Spielberg and Mendes learned of an upcoming documentary feature about the same subject.[6] In regard to the decision to cancel the film, Mendes expressed frustration that no one had advised them of the documentary's existence, but said "it has so many things that are wonderful and can only be achieved by a documentary...the story became infinitely more interesting and more complicated, but impossible to tell in a narrative movie."[6]
The New Yorker article was expanded into a book by the same name. Concerning the book, author and critic Michelle Dean wrote in:[7]
[S]hortly before the book appeared, The Washington Post published [8] an article [by Paul Farhi] that called Foos’s veracity into question. The reporter pointed out that Foos hadn’t owned the hotel for part of the time recorded in his journals. Talese, confronted with this information, did nothing less than freak out. “I’m not going to promote this book,” he told Farhi. “How dare I promote it when its credibility is down the toilet?"
However, Gay Talese discovered that the person who had owned the hotel for that period was still alive, and contacted him and reported that the person said that Gerald had a key and complete access over this period. Gay Talese stated that he had overreacted. Gerald Foos claimed that he had not brought it up as he had not wanted this person's name connected to the voyeurism.[9] The documentary film, directed by Miles Kane and Josh Koury, was released on Netflix Dec. 1, 2017, with the title Voyeur.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Talese, Gay (11 April 2016). "The Voyeur's Motel". The New Yorker. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Colleen (5 April 2016). "Aurora motel owner for decades spied on guests having sex, author says". The Denver Post. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Chotiner, Isaac (9 April 2016). "Gay Talese's Other Problem". Slate. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "'People called me a Peeping Tom... I was a voyeur': Motel owner spent 30 years spying on guests having sex". The Sun. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Tom (27 May 2016). "Confessions of a voyeur: The married father who spied on couples in his motel for years then gave his diaries to a top author... and now Spielberg's turning them into a film". Daily Mail. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming, Mike (23 Nov 2016). "Sam Mendes, DreamWorks Drop Gay Talese 'Voyeur's Motel' Movie After Being Blindsided By Documentary". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 25 Nov 2016.
Jump up ^ Dean, Michelle (3 April 2017). "The Serendipiter's Journey". The Nation. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Fahri, Paul (3 June 2016). "Author Gay Talese disavows his latest book amid credibility questions". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Voyeur (2017)- Netflix
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7588790/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Foos&oldid=820776834"
Categories:
Living people
People from Aurora, Colorado
American hoteliers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 16 January 2018, at 15:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Gerald_Foos
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gerald_Foos rootpage-Gerald_Foos skin-vector action-view


text:
Electrical conduction system of the heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Electrical conduction system of the heart
Heart; conduction system. 1. SA node. 2. AV node. 3. Bundle of His. 8. Septum
Details
Identifiers
Latin
systema conducens cordis
MeSH
D006329
TA
A12.1.06.002
FMA
9476
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The electrical conduction system of the heart transmits signals generated usually by the sinoatrial node to cause contraction of the heart muscle. The pacemaking signal generated in the sinoatrial node travels through the right atrium to the atrioventricular node, along the Bundle of His and through bundle branches to cause contraction of the heart muscle. This signal stimulates contraction first of the right and left atrium, and then the right and left ventricles. This process allows blood to be pumped throughout the body.
The conduction system consists of specialised heart muscle cells, and is situated within the myocardium. There is a skeleton of fibrous tissue that surrounds the conduction system which can be seen on an ECG. Dysfunction of the conduction system can cause irregular, fast, or slow heart [cardiac] rhythms.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Development
2 Function
2.1 Action potential generation
2.2 Requirements for effective pumping
3 ECG
3.1 SA node: P wave
3.2 AV node and bundles: PR interval
3.3 Purkine fibers/ventricular myocardium: QRS complex
3.4 Ventricular repolarization
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Arrhythmia
4.1.1 Speed
4.1.2 Physiological
4.2 Pacemakers
5 See also
6 References
Structure[edit]
Overview of the system of electrical conduction which maintains the rhythmical contraction of the heart
Electrical signals arising in the SA node (located in the right atrium) stimulate the atria to contract and travel to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is located in the interatrial septum. After a delay, the stimulus diverges and is conducted through the left and right bundle of His to the respective Purkinje fibers for each side of the heart, as well as to the endocardium at the apex of the heart, then finally to the ventricular epicardium.[1]
On the microscopic level, the wave of depolarization propagates to adjacent cells via gap junctions located on the intercalated disc. The heart is a functional syncytium (not to be confused with a true "syncytium" in which all the cells are fused together, sharing the same plasma membrane as in skeletal muscle). In a functional syncytium, electrical impulses propagate freely between cells in every direction, so that the myocardium functions as a single contractile unit. This property allows rapid, synchronous depolarization of the myocardium. While advantageous under normal circumstances, this property can be detrimental, as it has potential to allow the propagation of incorrect electrical signals. These gap junctions can close to isolate damaged or dying tissue, as in a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Development[edit]
Embryologic evidence of generation of the cardiac conduction system illuminates the respective roles of this specialized set of cells. Innervation of the heart begins with a brain only centered parasympathetic cholinergic first order. It is then followed by rapid growth of a second order sympathetic adrenergic system arising from the formation of the thoracic spinal ganglia. The third order of electrical influence of the heart is derived from the vagus nerve as the other peripheral organs form.[2]
Function[edit]
Action potential generation[edit]
Main article: Cardiac action potential
Cardiac muscle has some similarities to neurons and skeletal muscle, as well as important unique properties. Like a neuron, a given myocardial cell has a negative membrane potential when at rest. Stimulation above a threshold value induces the opening of voltage-gated ion channels and a flood of cations into the cell. The positively charged ions entering the cell cause the depolarization characteristic of an action potential. Like skeletal muscle, depolarization causes the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and release of Ca2+ from the t-tubules. This influx of calcium causes calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and free Ca2+ causes muscle contraction. After a delay, potassium channels reopen, and the resulting flow of K+ out of the cell causes repolarization to the resting state.[3][4]
There are important physiological differences between nodal cells and ventricular cells; the specific differences in ion channels and mechanisms of polarization give rise to unique properties of SA node cells, most important, the spontaneous depolarizations necessary for the SA node's pacemaker activity.
Requirements for effective pumping[edit]
In order to maximize efficiency of contractions and cardiac output, the conduction system of the heart has:
Substantial atrial to ventricular delay. This will allow the atria to completely empty their contents into the ventricles; simultaneous contraction would cause inefficient filling and backflow. The atria are electrically isolated from the ventricles, connected only via the AV node which briefly delays the signal.
Coordinated contraction of ventricular cells. The ventricles must maximize systolic pressure to force blood through the circulation, so all the ventricular cells must work together.
Ventricular contraction begins at the apex of the heart, progressing upwards to eject blood into the great arteries. Contraction that squeezes blood towards the exit is more efficient than a simple squeeze from all directions. Although the ventricular stimulus originates from the AV node in the wall separating the atria and ventricles, the Bundle of His conducts the signal to the apex.
Depolarization propagates through cardiac muscle very rapidly. Cells of the ventricles contract nearly simultaneously.
The action potentials of cardiac muscle are unusually sustained. This prevents premature relaxation, maintaining initial contraction until the entire myocardium has had time to depolarize and contract.
Absence of tetany. After contracting, the heart must relax to fill up again. Sustained contraction of the heart without relaxation would be fatal, and this is prevented by a temporary inactivation of certain ion channels.
ECG[edit]
See also: Electrocardiogram
The ECG complex. P=P wave, PR=PR interval, QRS=QRS complex, QT=QT interval, ST=ST segment, T=T wave
Principle of ECG formation. Note that the red lines represent the depolarization wave, not bloodflow.
An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart.
SA node: P wave[edit]
Under normal conditions, electrical activity is spontaneously generated by the SA node, the cardiac pacemaker. This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the right atrium, and through Bachmann's bundle to the left atrium, stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract. The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave.[3][5]
As the electrical activity is spreading throughout the atria, it travels via specialized pathways, known as internodal tracts, from the SA node to the AV node.
AV node and bundles: PR interval[edit]
The AV node functions as a critical delay in the conduction system. Without this delay, the atria and ventricles would contract at the same time, and blood wouldn't flow effectively from the atria to the ventricles. The delay in the AV node forms much of the PR segment on the ECG, and part of atrial repolarization can be represented by the PR segment.
The distal portion of the AV node is known as the bundle of His.[6] The bundle of His splits into two branches in the interventricular septum: the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch. The left bundle branch activates the left ventricle, while the right bundle branch activates the right ventricle.
The left bundle branch is short, splitting into the left anterior fascicle and the left posterior fascicle. The left posterior fascicle is relatively short and broad, with dual blood supply, making it particularly resistant to ischemic damage. The left posterior fascicle transmits impulses to the papillary muscles, leading to mitral valve closure. As the left posterior fascicle is shorter and broader than the right, impulses reach the papillary muscles just prior to depolarization, and therefore contraction, of the left ventricle myocardium. This allows pre-tensioning of the chordae tendinae, increasing the resistance to flow through the mitral valve during left ventricular contraction.[3] This mechanism works in the same manner as pre-tensioning of car seatbelts.
Purkine fibers/ventricular myocardium: QRS complex[edit]
The two bundle branches taper out to produce numerous Purkinje fibers, which stimulate individual groups of myocardial cells to contract.[3]
The spread of electrical activity through the ventricular myocardium produces the QRS complex on the ECG.
Atrial repolarization occurs and is masked during the QRS complex by ventricular depolarization on the ECG.
Ventricular repolarization[edit]
The last event of the cycle is the repolarization of the ventricles. It is the restoring of the resting state. In the ECG, repolarization includes the J point, ST segment, and T and U waves.[7]
The transthoracically measured PQRS portion of an electrocardiogram is chiefly influenced by the sympathetic nervous system. The T (and occasionally U) waves are chiefly influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system guided by integrated brainstem control from the vagus nerve and the thoracic spinal accessory ganglia.
An impulse (action potential) that originates from the SA node at a relative rate of 60-100bpm is known as normal sinus rhythm. If SA nodal impulses occur at a rate less than 60bpm, the heart rhythm is known as sinus bradycardia. If SA nodal impulses occur at a rate exceeding 100bpm, the consequent rapid heart rate is sinus tachycardia. These conditions are not necessarily bad symptoms, however. Trained athletes, for example, usually show heart rates slower than 60bpm when not exercising. If the SA node fails to initialize, the AV junction can take over as the main pacemaker of the heart. The AV junction consists of the AV node, the bundle of His, and the surrounding area; it has a regular rate of 40 to 60bpm. These "junctional" rhythms are characterized by a missing or inverted P wave. If both the SA node and the AV junction fail to initialize the electrical impulse, the ventricles can fire the electrical impulses themselves at a rate of 20 to 40bpm and will have a QRS complex of greater than 120 ms. This is necessary for the heart to be in good function.
Clinical significance[edit]
Arrhythmia[edit]
Main article: Cardiac arrhythmia
An 'arrhythmia' refers to an abnormal rhythm or speed of rhythm of the heartbeat. An abnormal rhythm or speed is defined as one which is not physiological.
Speed[edit]
Main articles: Bradycardia and Tachycardia
A resting heart that beats slower than 60 beats per minute, or faster than 100 beats per minute, is regarded as having an arrhythmia. A heartbeat slower than 60 beats per minute is known as bradycardia, and a heartbeat faster than 100 is known as a tachycardia.
Physiological[edit]
Some individuals, for example trained athletes, may have heart beats slower than 60 beats per minute when not exercising. If the SA node fails to initialize, the AV junction can take over as the main pacemaker of the heart. The AV junction "surrounds" the AV node (the AV node is not able to initialize its own impulses) and has a regular rate of 40 to 60 bpm. These "junctional" rhythms are characterized by a missing or inverted P-Wave. If both the SA node and the AV junction fail to initialize the electrical impulse, the ventricles can fire the electrical impulses themselves at a rate of 20 to 40 bpm and will have a QRS complex of greater than 120 ms.
Pacemakers[edit]
Main article: Artificial cardiac pacemaker
In the event of arrhythmia, a pacemaker may be surgically inserted into the conduction system.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Your Heart's Electrical System". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health. November 17, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Innervation of the heart". Human Embryology: Organogenesis: Functional development of the heart.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity". OpenStax CNX: Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax CNX. November 7, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardiac Muscle Fibers". ZY 560 Mammalian Physiology. Auburn University. Archived from the original on June 1, 2005. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardiac Cycle". ECG Tutorial. University of Michigan Health System. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Robert H.; Mori, Shumpei (2016). "Wilhelm His Junior and his bundle". Journal of Electrocardiology. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.06.003. ISSN 0022-0736.
Jump up ^ Kowey, P., Yan, Gan-Xin. "Ventricular repolarization components on the electrocardiogram". Retrieved 2013-03-08.
[show]
v
t
e
Physiology of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Cardiac output
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Stroke volume
End-diastolic volume
End-systolic volume
Afterload
Preload
Frank–Starling law
Cardiac function curve
Venous return curve
Wiggers diagram
Pressure volume diagram
Ultrasound
Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension
End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension
Aortic valve area calculation
Ejection fraction
Cardiac index
Heart rate
Cardiac pacemaker
Chronotropic (Heart rate)
Dromotropic (Conduction velocity)
Inotropic (Contractility)
Bathmotropic (Excitability)
Lusitropic (Relaxation)
Conduction
Conduction system
Cardiac electrophysiology
Action potential
cardiac
atrial
ventricular
Effective refractory period
Pacemaker potential
Electrocardiography
P wave
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
Hexaxial reference system
Chamber pressure
Central venous
Right
atrial
ventricular
pulmonary artery
wedge
Left
atrial
ventricular
Aortic
Other
Ventricular remodeling
Vascular system/
Hemodynamics
Blood flow
Compliance
Vascular resistance
Pulse
Perfusion
Blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
Mean arterial pressure
Jugular venous pressure
Portal venous pressure
Regulation of BP
Baroreflex
Kinin–kallikrein system
Renin–angiotensin system
Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators
Autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Cerebral autoregulation
Paraganglia
Aortic body
Carotid body
Glomus cell
[hide]
Anatomy of the heart
General
Surface
base
apex
sulci
coronary
interatrial
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular
borders
right
left
Internal
atria
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
terminal sulcus
ventricles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
valves
cusps
atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton
intervenous tubercle
Chambers
Right heart
(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers
Endocardium
heart valves
Myocardium
Conduction system
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
Bachmann's bundle
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity
pericardial sinus
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
sternopericardial ligaments
serous pericardium
epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart&oldid=836859221"
Categories:
Cardiac electrophysiology
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
Articles needing additional references from October 2013
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Lietuvių
മലയാളം
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Українська
中文
17 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 08:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class

tag: td

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: small

tag: tr

tag: tbody

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value:
/wiki/Heart_muscle
mw-redirect
Heart muscle

value:
/wiki/Right_atrium
mw-redirect
Right atrium

value:
/wiki/Right_ventricle
mw-redirect
Right ventricle

value:
/wiki/Left_ventricle
mw-redirect
Left ventricle

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Thoracic spinal ganglia (page does not exist)

value: Edit section: Action potential generation

value:
/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channels
mw-redirect
Voltage-gated calcium channels

value: Edit section: Requirements for effective pumping

value:
/wiki/Systole_(medicine)
mw-redirect
Systole (medicine)

value:
/wiki/Atrium_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Atrium (anatomy)

value: Edit section: AV node and bundles: PR interval

value: Edit section: Purkine fibers/ventricular myocardium: QRS complex

value: Edit section: Ventricular repolarization

value:
/wiki/Spinal_accessory_ganglia
mw-redirect
Spinal accessory ganglia

value:
/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia
mw-redirect
Cardiac arrhythmia

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0736

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Pressure_volume_diagram
mw-redirect
Pressure volume diagram

value:
/wiki/End-diastolic_dimension
mw-redirect
End-diastolic dimension

value:
/wiki/End-systolic_dimension
mw-redirect
End-systolic dimension

value:
/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressure
mw-redirect
Right ventricular pressure

value:
/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressure
mw-redirect
Pulmonary artery pressure

value:
/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressure
mw-redirect
Left ventricular pressure

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Base_of_the_heart
mw-redirect
Base of the heart

value:
/wiki/Apex_of_the_heart
mw-redirect
Apex of the heart

value:
/wiki/Cusps_of_heart_valves
mw-redirect
Cusps of heart valves

value:
/wiki/Right_heart
mw-redirect
Right heart

value:
/wiki/Right_atrial_appendage
mw-redirect
Right atrial appendage

value:
/wiki/Limbus_of_fossa_ovalis
mw-redirect
Limbus of fossa ovalis

value:
/wiki/Left_atrium
mw-redirect
Left atrium

value:
/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage
mw-redirect
Left atrial appendage

value:
/wiki/Systemic_circulation
mw-redirect
Systemic circulation

value:
/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium
mw-redirect
Fibrous pericardium

value:
/wiki/Serous_pericardium
mw-redirect
Serous pericardium

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2013

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: نظام التوصيل الكهربائي للقلب – Arabic

value: Sistem električne provodljivosti srca – Bosnian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

value: Sistema de conducció elèctrica del cor – Catalan

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value: Sistema de conducción eléctrica del corazón – Spanish

value: سیستم هدایت الکتریکی قلب – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: Sistema de condución do corazón – Galician

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: Sistema di conduzione del cuore – Italian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: מערכת ההפעלה וההולכה החשמלית של הלב – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value: ആവേഗ പ്രസരണ വ്യവസ്ഥ (ഹൃദയം) – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value: Układ bodźcotwórczo-przewodzący serca – Polish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Sistema de condução elétrica do coração – Portuguese

value: Проводящая система сердца – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value: Спроводни систем срца – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: இதய மின்கடத்துகை ஒருங்கியம் – Tamil

value: ระบบการนำไฟฟ้าหัวใจ – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value: Провідна система серця – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: 心臟電傳導系統 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart rootpage-Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart skin-vector action-view


text:
Roman type
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bembo is a roman typeface (shown with italic) dating to 1928 based on punches cut by Francesco Griffo in 1495.[1][2][3]
In Latin script typography, roman is one of the three main kinds of historical type, alongside blackletter and italic. Roman type was modelled from a European scribal manuscript style of the 15th century, based on the pairing of inscriptional capitals used in ancient Rome with Carolingian minuscules developed in the Holy Roman Empire.[4]
During the early Renaissance, roman (in the form of Antiqua) and italic type were used separately. Today, roman and italic type are mixed, and most typefaces are composed of an upright roman style with an associated italic or oblique style.
Early roman typefaces show a variety of designs, for instance characters resembling what would now be considered blackletter.[5][6][7] Printers and typefounders such as Nicolas Jenson and Aldus Manutius in Venice and later Robert Estienne in France codified the modern characteristics of Roman type, for instance an 'h' with a nearly straight right leg, serifs on the outside of the capital 'M' and 'N', and 'e' with level cross stroke, by the 1530s.[8][9]
Popular roman typefaces include Bembo, Baskerville, Caslon, Jenson, Times New Roman and Garamond.
The name roman is customarily applied uncapitalized distinguishing early Italian typefaces of the Renaissance period and most subsequent upright types based on them, in contrast to Roman letters dating from classical antiquity.[10][11]
See also[edit]
Look up roman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Serif
History of western typography
Gaelic type
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Amert, Kay (April 2008). "Stanley Morison's Aldine Hypothesis Revisited". Design Issues. 24 (2): 53–71. doi:10.1162/desi.2008.24.2.53.
Jump up ^ Vervliet, Hendrik D.L. (2008). The palaeotypography of the French Renaissance. Selected papers on sixteenth-century typefaces. 2 vols. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 90–91, etc. ISBN 978-90-04-16982-1. [On Robert Estienne's typefaces of the 1530s]: Its outstanding design became standard for Roman type in the two centuries to follow...From the 1540s onwards French Romans and Italics had begun to infiltrate, probably by way of Lyons, the typography of the neighbouring countries. In Italy, major printers replaced the older, noble but worn Italian characters and their imitations from Basle.
Jump up ^ Bergsland, David. "Aldine: the intellectuals begin their assault on font design". The Skilled Workman. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Bringhurst, p 124.
Jump up ^ Boardley, John. "The first roman fonts". ilovetypography. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Boardley, John. "Unusual fifteenth-century fonts: part 1". i love typography. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Boardley, John. "Unusual fifteenth-century fonts: part 2". i love typography. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Olocco, Riccardo. "The Venetian origins of roman type". Medium. C-A-S-T. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Carter, Harry (1969). A View of Early Typography up to about 1600 (Second edition (2002) ed.). London: Hyphen Press. pp. 72–4. ISBN 0-907259-21-9. De Aetna was decisive in shaping the printers' alphabet. The small letters are very well made to conform with the genuinely antique capitals by emphasis on long straight strokes and fine serifs and to harmonise in curvature with them. The strokes are thinner than those of Jenson and his school...the letters look narrower than Jenson's, but are in fact a little wider because the short ones are bigger, and the effect of narrowness makes the face suitable for octavo pages...this Roman of Aldus is distinguishable from other faces of the time by the level cross-stroke in 'e' and the absence of top serifs from the insides of the vertical strokes of 'M', following the model of Feliciano. We have come to regard his small 'e' as an improvement on previous practice.
Jump up ^ Bringhurst.
Jump up ^ Nesbitt.
References[edit]
Bringhurst, Robert (2008), The Elements of Typographic Style (version 3.2). Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. Often referred to simply as "Bringhurst", Elements is widely respected as the current English-language authority on typographic style.
Nesbitt, Alexander The History and Technique of Lettering (1957), Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-40281-9. The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. under the title Lettering: The History and Technique of Lettering as Design
[hide]
v
t
e
Typography terminology
Page
Canons of page construction
Column
Even working
Margin
Page numbering
Pagination
Pull quote
Recto and verso
Paragraph
Alignment
Justification
Leading
River
Sentence spacing
Widows and orphans
Character
Typeface anatomy
Counter
Diacritics
Dingbat
Glyph
Initial
Kerning
Letter-spacing
Ligature
Subscript and superscript
Swash
Text figures
Tittle
Capitalization
ALL CAPS
Camel Case
Letter case
Petite caps
Small caps
Visual distinction
Italics
Oblique
Bold
Color
Underline
𝔹𝕝𝕒𝕔𝕜𝕓𝕠𝕒𝕣𝕕 𝕓𝕠𝕝𝕕
𝕭𝖑𝖆𝖈𝖐𝖑𝖊𝖙𝖙𝖊𝖗
Infɑnt
Vertical aspects
Ascender
Baseline
Cap height
Descender
Median
Overshoot
x-height
Classifications
Roman type
Antiqua (old style)
Didone (modern)
Sans-serif
Script
Serif
Slab serif
Transitional
Reverse-contrast
Blackletter type
Fraktur
Rotunda
Schwabacher
Textualis
Gaelic type
Insular
Uncial
Specialist
Record type
Punctuation
Dashes
Hanging punctuation
Hyphen-minus
Hyphenation
Prime mark
Quotation mark
Typesetting
Calligraphy
etaoin shrdlu
Font
computer
monospaced
Font catalog
Letterpress
Lorem ipsum
Microtypography
Movable type
Pangram
Phototypesetting
Punchcutting
Type color
Type design
Typeface
Microprint
list
Typographic units
Agate
Cicero
Em
En
Figure space
Measure
Paren space
Pica
Point
traditional point-size names
Thin space
Digital typography
Character encoding
Font formats
Hinting
Rasterization
Typesetting software
Typographic features
Web typography
Related
Intentionally blank page
Style guide
Type foundry
Category
Commons
Portal
This typography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_type&oldid=822618379"
Categories:
Typography
Typography stubs
Hidden categories:
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Français
Frysk
한국어
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 January 2018, at 13:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: /wiki/File:BemboMT.svg internal Enlarge

attr: class style

value:
/wiki/Carolingian_minuscules
mw-redirect
Carolingian minuscules

value:
/wiki/History_of_western_typography
mw-redirect
History of western typography

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1162%2Fdesi.2008.24.2.53

value:
/wiki/Bringhurst,_Robert
mw-redirect
Bringhurst, Robert

value:
/wiki/Petite_caps
mw-redirect
Petite caps

value:
/wiki/Measure_(typography)
mw-redirect
Measure (typography)

value:
/wiki/Digital_typography
mw-redirect
Digital typography

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

value:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Roman_type
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Roman_type rootpage-Roman_type skin-vector action-view