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Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18
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Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18
South Africa India
Dates
5 January 2018 – 24 February 2018
Captains
Faf du Plessis (Tests and ODIs)[n 1]
JP Duminy (T20Is) Virat Kohli[n 2]
Test series
Result
South Africa won the 3-match series 2–1
Most runs
AB de Villiers (211) Virat Kohli (286)
Most wickets
Vernon Philander (15)
Kagiso Rabada (15) Mohammed Shami (15)
Player of the series
Vernon Philander (SA)
One Day International series
Results
India won the 6-match series 5–1
Most runs
Hashim Amla (154) Virat Kohli (558)
Most wickets
Lungi Ngidi (8) Kuldeep Yadav (17)
Player of the series
Virat Kohli (Ind)
Twenty20 International series
Results
India won the 3-match series 2–1
Most runs
JP Duminy (122) Shikhar Dhawan (143)
Most wickets
Junior Dala (7) Bhuvneshwar Kumar (7)
Player of the series
Bhuvneshwar Kumar (Ind)
The India cricket team toured South Africa in January and February 2018[1][2] to play three Tests, six One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches.[3][4] In January 2017, Cricket South Africa (CSA) revealed that this tour would replace the scheduled visit by Sri Lanka due to costs and scheduling congestion.[5] The Test series was played for the Freedom Trophy, with South Africa winning the trophy following victories in the first two Tests.[6] South Africa went on to win the Test series 2–1.[7] It was the first Test series of three matches or more in which all 40 wickets fell in each match of the series.[8] With India's win the third Test, they retained the number one place in the ICC Test Championship, taking an unassailable lead before the April 2018 cut-off date for next season's rankings.[9]
In August 2017, it was announced that the traditional Boxing Day Test at Kingsmead will not take place, as India's home series against Sri Lanka will not conclude until 24 December 2017.[10] The following month it was announced that tour would likely to start on 5 January 2018.[11] CSA confirmed the fixtures in September 2017.[4][12][13] Before the Test matches, India were scheduled to play in a two-day warm-up match at Boland Park, Paarl. However, this was cancelled, as India opted to do training sessions instead of the match.[14]
The Test series marked Dale Steyn's return to international cricket. He last played in a Test match for South Africa in November 2016 against Australia in Perth, where he suffered a shoulder injury.[15] However, on day two of the first Test, Steyn damaged his left heel.[16] This ruled him out of the rest of the Test,[17] with a recovery time of 4 to 6 weeks.[18] Two days later, he was ruled out of the rest of the series.[19]
During the first ODI, South Africa's captain, Faf du Plessis, suffered a finger injury and was ruled out of the remaining ODI matches.[20] Aiden Markram was named as South Africa's captain for the remaining ODI fixtures, becoming the second-youngest South African to lead South Africa in ODIs.[21][22][23]
India ensured an ODI series victory after beating South Africa by 73 runs in the fifth match, after they had already won the first three fixtures. This resulted in India's first ODI series win in South Africa, with India maintaining their number one ranking in the ICC ODI Championship.[24][25] India went on to win the ODI series 5–1.[26] Virat Kohli scored the most runs in a bilateral ODI series by a player, with 558.[27] India were also victorious in the T20I matches, winning the series 2–1.[28]
Contents
[hide]
1 Squads
2 Test series
2.1 1st Test
2.2 2nd Test
2.3 3rd Test
3 ODI series
3.1 1st ODI
3.2 2nd ODI
3.3 3rd ODI
3.4 4th ODI
3.5 5th ODI
3.6 6th ODI
4 T20I series
4.1 1st T20I
4.2 2nd T20I
4.3 3rd T20I
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Squads[edit]
Tests
ODIs
T20Is
South Africa[29]
India[30]
South Africa[31]
India[32]
South Africa[33]
India[34]
Faf du Plessis (c)
Hashim Amla
Temba Bavuma
Theunis de Bruyn
Quinton de Kock (wk)
AB de Villiers
Dean Elgar
Keshav Maharaj
Aiden Markram
Morné Morkel
Chris Morris
Duanne Olivier
Lungi Ngidi
Andile Phehlukwayo
Vernon Philander
Kagiso Rabada
Dale Steyn
Virat Kohli (c)
Ajinkya Rahane (vc)
Ravichandran Ashwin
Jasprit Bumrah
Shikhar Dhawan
Ravindra Jadeja
Dinesh Karthik
Bhuvneshwar Kumar
Hardik Pandya
Parthiv Patel
Cheteshwar Pujara
K. L. Rahul
Wriddhiman Saha (wk)
Mohammed Shami
Ishant Sharma
Rohit Sharma
Murali Vijay
Umesh Yadav
Faf du Plessis (c)
Hashim Amla
Farhaan Behardien
Quinton de Kock (wk)
AB de Villiers
JP Duminy
Imran Tahir
Heinrich Klaasen
Aiden Markram
David Miller
Morné Morkel
Chris Morris
Lungi Ngidi
Andile Phehlukwayo
Kagiso Rabada
Tabraiz Shamsi
Khaya Zondo
Virat Kohli (c)
Rohit Sharma (vc)
Jasprit Bumrah
Yuzvendra Chahal
Shikhar Dhawan
MS Dhoni (wk)
Shreyas Iyer
Kedar Jadhav
Dinesh Karthik
Bhuvneshwar Kumar
Manish Pandey
Hardik Pandya
Axar Patel
Ajinkya Rahane
Mohammed Shami
Shardul Thakur
Kuldeep Yadav
JP Duminy (c)
Farhaan Behardien
Junior Dala
AB de Villiers
Reeza Hendricks
Christiaan Jonker
Heinrich Klaasen (wk)
David Miller
Chris Morris
Dane Paterson
Aaron Phangiso
Andile Phehlukwayo
Tabraiz Shamsi
JJ Smuts
Virat Kohli (c)
Rohit Sharma (vc)
Jasprit Bumrah
Yuzvendra Chahal
Shikhar Dhawan
MS Dhoni (wk)
Bhuvneshwar Kumar
Dinesh Karthik
Manish Pandey
Hardik Pandya
Axar Patel
K. L. Rahul
Suresh Raina
Shardul Thakur
Jaydev Unadkat
Kuldeep Yadav
Duanne Olivier and Lungi Ngidi were added to South Africa's squad for the second Test after Dale Steyn suffered an injury during the first Test.[35] Dinesh Karthik was called up as replacement to India's Test squad for Wriddhiman Saha after Saha was ruled out of the series due to an injury in training.[36] Temba Bavuma suffered a finger injury in a domestic one-day game and was ruled out of South Africa's squad ahead of the third and final Test.[37] South Africa's AB de Villiers was ruled out of first three ODIs due to a finger injury.[38] He was added back into South Africa's squad for the final three matches.[39]
Following the first ODI, Faf du Plessis was ruled out of South Africa's squad for the remaining ODI matches and the T20I series, after suffering a finger injury.[20] Du Plessis was replaced by Farhaan Behardien in the ODI squad and Heinrich Klaasen was added to South Africa's squad as a reserve wicket-keeper.[20][40] Aiden Markram was named as captain of South Africa for the remaining ODIs in du Plessis' absence.[21] South Africa's Quinton de Kock suffered an injury during the second ODI and was ruled out of the rest of the ODI matches and the T20I series.[41]
AB de Villiers was ruled out of South Africa's squad for the T20I series after suffering an injury before the fifth ODI match.[42]
Test series[edit]
1st Test[edit]
5–9 January 2018[n 3]
Scorecard
South Africa
v
India
286 (73.1 overs)
AB de Villiers 65 (84)
Bhuvneshwar Kumar 4/87 (19 overs)
209 (73.4 overs)
Hardik Pandya 93 (95)
Vernon Philander 3/33 (14.3 overs)
130 (41.2 overs)
AB de Villiers 35 (50)
Mohammed Shami 3/28 (12 overs)
135 (42.4 overs)
Ravichandran Ashwin 37 (53)
Vernon Philander 6/42 (15.4 overs)
South Africa won by 72 runs
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
Umpires: Michael Gough (Eng) and Richard Kettleborough (Eng)
Player of the match: Vernon Philander (SA)
South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
No play was possible on day 3 due to rain.
Jasprit Bumrah (Ind) made his Test debut.
Wriddhiman Saha became the first wicket-keeper for India to take ten catches in a single Test.[43]
2nd Test[edit]
13–17 January 2018
Scorecard
South Africa
v
India
335 (113.5 overs)
Aiden Markram 94 (150)
Ravichandran Ashwin 4/113 (38.5 overs)
307 (92.1 overs)
Virat Kohli 153 (217)
Morné Morkel 4/60 (22.1 overs)
258 (91.3 overs)
AB de Villiers 80 (121)
Mohammed Shami 4/49 (16 overs)
151 (50.2 overs)
Rohit Sharma 47 (74)
Lungi Ngidi 6/39 (12.2 overs)
South Africa won by 135 runs
SuperSport Park, Centurion
Umpires: Michael Gough (Eng) and Paul Reiffel (Aus)
Player of the match: Lungi Ngidi (SA)
South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
Rain and bad light ended play early on day 3.
Lungi Ngidi (SA) made his Test debut.
Mohammed Shami (Ind) took his 100th wicket in Tests.[44]
Cheteshwar Pujara became the first batsman for India to be run out in both innings of a Test.[45]
Lungi Ngidi became the 23rd bowler for South Africa to take a five-wicket haul on Test debut.[46]
3rd Test[edit]
24–28 January 2018[n 3]
Scorecard
India
v
South Africa
187 (76.4 overs)
Virat Kohli 54 (106)
Kagiso Rabada 3/39 (18.4 overs)
194 (65.5 overs)
Hashim Amla 61 (121)
Jasprit Bumrah 5/54 (18.5 overs)
247 (80.1 overs)
Ajinkya Rahane 48 (68)
Morné Morkel 3/47 (21 overs)
177 (73.3 overs)
Dean Elgar 86* (240)
Mohammed Shami 5/28 (12.3 overs)
India won by 63 runs
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Ian Gould (Eng)
Player of the match: Bhuvneshwar Kumar (Ind)
India won the toss and elected to bat.
Vernon Philander (SA) played in his 50th Test.[47]
Jasprit Bumrah (Ind) took his first five-wicket haul in Tests.[48]
Virat Kohli became the leading run-scorer as captain of India in Tests (3,456).[49]
Dean Elgar became the first South African to carry his bat twice in Tests since 1992.[8]
ODI series[edit]
1st ODI[edit]
1 February 2018
13:00 (D/N)
Scorecard
South Africa
269/8 (50 overs)
v
India
270/4 (45.3 overs)
Faf du Plessis 120 (112)
Kuldeep Yadav 3/34 (10 overs)
Virat Kohli 112 (119)
Andile Phehlukwayo 2/42 (8 overs)
India won by 6 wickets
Kingsmead Cricket Ground, Durban
Umpires: Ian Gould (Eng) and Bongani Jele (SA)
Player of the match: Virat Kohli (Ind)
South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
2nd ODI[edit]
4 February 2018
10:00
Scorecard
South Africa
118 (32.2 overs)
v
India
119/1 (20.3 overs)
JP Duminy 25 (39)
Yuzvendra Chahal 5/22 (8.2 overs)
Shikhar Dhawan 51* (56)
Kagiso Rabada 1/24 (5 overs)
India won by 9 wickets
SuperSport Park, Centurion
Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Adrian Holdstock (SA)
Player of the match: Yuzvendra Chahal (Ind)
India won the toss and elected to field.
Khaya Zondo (SA) made his ODI debut.
Aiden Markram became the second-youngest player to captain South Africa in ODIs.[23]
This was South Africa's lowest total at home in ODIs.[50]
Yuzvendra Chahal (Ind) took his first five-wicket haul in ODIs.[50] His figures of 5/22 were the second-best by any spinner in South Africa after Nicky Boje's 5/21 in 2002.[51]
This was India's biggest winning margin against South Africa in ODIs, in terms of wickets (9).[52]
3rd ODI[edit]
7 February 2018
13:00 (D/N)
Scorecard
India
303/6 (50 overs)
v
South Africa
179 (40 overs)
Virat Kohli 160* (159)
JP Duminy 2/60 (10 overs)
JP Duminy 51 (67)
Kuldeep Yadav 4/23 (9 overs)
India won by 124 runs
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
Umpires: Ian Gould (Eng) and Adrian Holdstock (SA)
Player of the match: Virat Kohli (Ind)
South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
Heinrich Klaasen and Lungi Ngidi (SA) both made their ODI debuts.
Virat Kohli (Ind) scored his 34th ODI century and most as captain of India in ODIs (12).[53]
MS Dhoni became the first wicket-keeper for India to effect 400 dismissals in ODIs.[54]
This was India's biggest win, in terms of runs, against South Africa in South Africa.[55]
4th ODI[edit]
10 February 2018
13:00 (D/N)
Scorecard
India
289/7 (50 overs)
v
South Africa
207/5 (25.3 overs)
Shikhar Dhawan 109 (105)
Lungi Ngidi 2/52 (10 overs)
Heinrich Klaasen 43* (27)
Kuldeep Yadav 2/51 (6 overs)
South Africa won by 5 wickets (D/L method)
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Bongani Jele (SA)
Player of the match: Heinrich Klaasen (SA)
India won the toss and elected to bat.
Rain set South Africa a revised target of 202 runs from 28 overs.
Shikhar Dhawan (Ind) played in his 100th ODI and became the first batsman for India to score a century in his 100th ODI.[56][57]
5th ODI[edit]
13 February 2018
13:00 (D/N)
Scorecard
India
274/7 (50 overs)
v
South Africa
201 (42.2 overs)
Rohit Sharma 115 (126)
Lungi Ngidi 4/51 (9 overs)
Hashim Amla 71 (92)
Kuldeep Yadav 4/57 (10 overs)
India won by 73 runs
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
Umpires: Shaun George (SA) and Ian Gould (Eng)
Player of the match: Rohit Sharma (Ind)
South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
6th ODI[edit]
16 February 2018
13:00 (D/N)
Scorecard
South Africa
204 (46.5 oves)
v
India
206/2 (32.1 overs)
Khaya Zondo 54 (74)
Shardul Thakur 4/52 (8.5 overs)
Virat Kohli 129* (96)
Lungi Ngidi 2/54 (8 overs)
India won by 8 wickets
SuperSport Park, Centurion
Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Shaun George (SA)
Player of the match: Virat Kohli (Ind)
India won the toss and elected to field.
Virat Kohli (Ind) scored his 35th century in ODIs.[58]
Virat Kohli also became the fastest player, in terms of innings, to score 17,000 runs in international cricket (363).[59]
Virat Kohli scored the most runs in a bilateral ODI series by a player (558).[27]
T20I series[edit]
1st T20I[edit]
18 February 2018
14:30
Scorecard
India
203/5 (20 overs)
v
South Africa
175/9 (20 overs)
Shikhar Dhawan 72 (39)
Junior Dala 2/47 (4 overs)
Reeza Hendricks 70 (50)
Bhuvneshwar Kumar 5/24 (4 overs)
India won by 28 runs
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
Umpires: Shaun George (SA) and Adrian Holdstock (SA)
Player of the match: Bhuvneshwar Kumar (Ind)
South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
Junior Dala and Heinrich Klaasen (SA) both made their T20I debuts.
This was India's highest total against South Africa in T20Is.[60]
Bhuvneshwar Kumar (Ind) took his first five-wicket haul in T20Is.[61]
2nd T20I[edit]
21 February 2018
18:00 (D/N)
Scorecard
India
188/4 (20 overs)
v
South Africa
189/4 (18.4 overs)
Manish Pandey 79* (48)
Junior Dala 2/28 (4 overs)
Heinrich Klaasen 69 (30)
Jaydev Unadkat 2/42 (3.4 overs)
South Africa won by 6 wickets
SuperSport Park, Centurion
Umpires: Bongani Jele (SA) and Allahudien Paleker (SA)
Player of the match: Heinrich Klaasen (SA)
South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
Shardul Thakur (Ind) made his T20I debut.
Yuzvendra Chahal conceded the most runs by an Indian bowler in a T20I.[62]
3rd T20I[edit]
24 February 2018
18:00 (D/N)
Scorecard
India
172/7 (20 overs)
v
South Africa
165/6 (20 overs)
Shikhar Dhawan 47 (40)
Junior Dala 3/35 (4 overs)
JP Duminy 55 (41)
Bhuvneshwar Kumar 2/24 (4 overs)
India won by 7 runs
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
Umpires: Shaun George (SA) and Bongani Jele (SA)
Player of the match: Suresh Raina (Ind)
South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
Christiaan Jonker (SA) made his T20I debut.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Aiden Markram was named as South Africa's captain, after Faf du Plessis was injured in the first ODI.
Jump up ^ Rohit Sharma captained India for the third T20I.
^ Jump up to: a b While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, the first and third Tests reached a result within four days.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka's return visit could impact India's tour to South Africa". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Unhappy BCCI Not to Play Boxing Day Test in South Africa". News18. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Future Tours Programme" (PDF). International Cricket Council. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "CSA and BCCI announce India Tour Itinerary". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "SA invite India for 2017-18 instead of SL". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Debutant Ngidi's 6 for 39 seals series for South Africa". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ruthless India finish third win in South Africa". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "A first in Test history: 120 wickets up for grabs, 120 wickets taken". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "India retain ICC Test Championship mace". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "South Africa v India: Boxing Day out, New Year likely to begin late". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "South Africa-India New Year's Test likely from January 5". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kingsmead not to host India Test". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "CSA announces Zimbabwe and India tour itineraries". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "India opt out of warm-up game ahead of SA Tests". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The late reappearance of Steyn magic". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Steyn won't bowl further in first Test, could miss rest of series". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dale Steyn ruled out of first Test". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Steyn ruled out of Newlands Test, probably series". Sport24. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Steyn sidelined for remainder of India series". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Finger injury rules Du Plessis out of India ODI and T20 Series". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aiden Markram to fill in as South Africa captain". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Markram appointed captain for remainder of ODI series". Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aiden Markram to fill in as South Africa's ODI captain". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rohit, wristspin fetch India first ODI series win in SA". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "India seals number-one ODI ranking". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kohli's 35th ODI ton helps India wallop South Africa 5–1". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stats: Most runs by a player in a bilateral ODI series". CricTracker. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "India vs South Africa, 3rd T20, Cape Town, full cricket score: IND beat SA by 7 runs, win series 2-1". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Du Plessis, Steyn in full-strength SA Test squad". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bumrah earns call-up for SA Tests". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "South Africa pick Ngidi and Zondo for India ODIs". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shami, Thakur picked for India's ODIs in South Africa". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "South Africa call up Jonker, Dala and Klaasen for India T20Is". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Raina returns for SA T20s; Shreyas Iyer dropped". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Olivier, Ngidi added to South Africa squad for second Test". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Karthik to join Test squad in South Africa; Saha injured". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bavuma fractures finger, sidelined from final India Test". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Injured de Villiers ruled out of first three ODIs". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "De Villiers returns for last three ODIs". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Du Plessis out of India series with fractured finger". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "De Kock ruled out of ODIs, T20s against India". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "AB de Villiers ruled out of T20I series against India". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Wriddhiman Saha breaks MS Dhoni's record of most dismissals by an Indian wicketkeeper in a Test". Times of India. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "India v South Africa, 2nd Test: Mohammed Shami reaches 100 Test wickets". Times of India. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "India vs South Africa: Cheteshwar Pujara Sets Unwanted Record in Centurion Test". News18. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bowling records: Test matches (South Africa)". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "CONGRATS! 50-up for Proteas' Philander". Sports24. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jasprit Bumrah makes a statement in Test cricket with maiden 5-wicket haul". India Today. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kohli becomes India's highest scoring Test captain". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "India vs South Africa: Yuzvendra Chahal's five-wicket haul leaves Sehwag in awe". India Today. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "South Africa's lowest total at home". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "In Stats: Chahal, Kuldeep Run Riot as South Africa Hit Record Low". The Quint. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Virat Kohli slams ODI century number 34; most by India captain". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "India vs South Africa: MS Dhoni Becomes First Indian Wicket-keeper to Effect 400 Dismissals in ODIs". News18. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kohli, wristspinners trample South Africa again". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shikhar Dhawan's 100th ODI: His top five centuries". Times of India. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shikhar Dhawan scores century in his 100th ODI, first Indian to do so". TimesNow. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Virat Kohli hits 35th ODI century, 13th as captain of India". Indian Express. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "India vs South Africa: Virat Kohli quickest to 17000 international runs". India Today. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "South Africa vs India, 2018: 1st T20I – Statistical Highlights". CricTracker. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bhuvneshwar Kumar five-wicket haul helps India beat SA by 28 runs". India Today. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "2nd T20I Stats: Yuzvendra Chahal, Rohit Sharma create unwanted records". Sportskeeda. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Series home at ESPN Cricinfo
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Cellular respiration
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Typical eukaryotic cell
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.[1] The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process, as weak so-called "high-energy" bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, most of which are redox reactions themselves. Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions.
Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the most common oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) is molecular oxygen (O2). The chemical energy stored in ATP (its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form, thereby transferring energy for use by the cell) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Aerobic respiration
1.1 Aerobic Respiration Summed Up
1.2 Glycolysis
1.3 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
1.4 Citric acid cycle
1.5 Oxidative phosphorylation
2 Efficiency of ATP production
3 Fermentation
4 Anaerobic respiration
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration (red arrows) is the main means by which both fungi and animals utilize chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis (green arrow).
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2
Simplified reaction: C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat
ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6
The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.
The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.[2]
Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose). However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
Aerobic Respiration Summed Up
1. Glycosis:
--- 2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs
2. Formation of Acetyl CoA:
--- 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen
3. Krebs Cycle:
--- 2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs
4. Electron Transport System:
--- 12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs
Overall Reaction:
--- Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs
Glycolysis
Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA. It then mixes with CO2 and makes 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH. From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase, which produces the enzyme. The NADH pulls the enzyme's electrons to send through the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain pulls H+ ions through the chain. From the electron transport chain, the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an end result of 32 ATP. O2 attracts itself to the left over electron to make water. Lastly, ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria.
Main article: Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat
Starting with glucose, 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 6-phosphate. An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate.
Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting".[3]
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
Main article: Pyruvate decarboxylation
Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2 is formed.
Citric acid cycle
Main article: Citric acid cycle
This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur.[4] When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2, are created during this cycle.
The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes.[4] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate.
The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Main articles: Oxidative phosphorylation, Electron transport chain, Electrochemical gradient, and ATP synthase
In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.
Efficiency of ATP production
The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.
Step
coenzyme yield
ATP yield
Source of ATP
Glycolysis preparatory phase −2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis pay-off phase 4 Substrate-level phosphorylation
2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation
Krebs cycle 2 Substrate-level phosphorylation
6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation
2 FADH2 3 Oxidative phosphorylation
Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.
Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient.
Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H2PO4−; Pi) for OH− or symport of phosphate and protons (H+) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force.
The ATP-ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.
The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H+ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons.[5] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.
Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell. [6] Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules, C6 is glucose C6H12O6, C1 carbon dioxide CO2. Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted.
According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [6], because:
ATP : NADH+H+ and ATP : FADH2 ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2, but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. Unlike in the substrate-level phosphorylation, the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish.
ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H+. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi (antiport with OH− or symport with H+) mediated by ATP–ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H+ / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer, so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H+.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H+ / 1 NADH+H+ (4 + 2 + 4) or 6 H+ / 1 FADH2 (2 + 4).
So the final stoichiometry is
1 NADH+H+ : 10 H+ : 10/4 ATP = 1 NADH+H+ : 2.5 ATP
1 FADH2 : 6 H+ : 6/4 ATP = 1 FADH2 : 1.5 ATP
ATP : NADH+H+ coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is
1.5, as for FADH2, if hydrogen atoms (2H++2e−) are transferred from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2.5 in case of malate-aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial NAD+
So finally we have, per molecule of glucose
Substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP (directly GTP) from Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
2 NADH+H+ from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle)
2 NADH+H+ from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle: 8 × 2.5 ATP
2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle: 2 × 1.5 ATP
Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose
The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO2), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm.[6]
Fermentation
Main article: Fermentation
Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen.
Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation. Ethanol, for example, can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting.
Anaerobic respiration
Main article: Anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.
Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used. Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean.
See also
Maintenance respiration: maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration
Pasteur point
Respirometry: research tool to explore cellular respiration
Tetrazolium chloride: cellular respiration indicator
Complex 1: NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductes
References
Jump up ^ Bailey, Regina. "Cellular Respiration".
^ Jump up to: a b c Rich, P. R. (2003). "The molecular machinery of Keilin's respiratory chain". Biochemical Society Transactions. 31 (Pt 6): 1095–1105. doi:10.1042/BST0311095. PMID 14641005.
Jump up ^ Reece1 Urry2 Cain3 Wasserman4 Minorsky5 Jackson6, Jane1 Lisa2 Michael3 Steven4 Peter5 Robert6 (2010). Campbell Biology Ninth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 168.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cellular Respiration" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Porter, R.; Brand, M. (1 September 1995). "Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+/O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes". The Biochemical Journal (Free full text). 310 (Pt 2): 379–382. doi:10.1042/bj3100379. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1135905  . PMID 7654171.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry (fourth ed.). New York – Basingstoke: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0716720096.
External links
A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation
Kimball's online resource for cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College
Library resources about
Cellular respiration
Resources in your library
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Where Have You Been (All My Life)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Rihanna song, see Where Have You Been.
"Where Have You Been (All My Life)"
Single by Arthur Alexander
B-side
"Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)"
Released
1962
Genre
Soul
Length
2:43
Label
Dot Records
Songwriter(s)
Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil
Producer(s)
Noel Ball (uncredited)[1]
Arthur Alexander singles chronology
"You Better Move On"
(1961) "Where Have You Been (All My Life)"
(1962) "Anna (Go to Him)"
(1962)
"You Better Move On"
(1961) "Where Have You Been (All My Life)"
(1962) "Anna (Go to Him)"
(1962)
"Where Have You Been (All My Life)" is a song written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil.
Arthur Alexander version[edit]
"Where Have You Been (All My Life)" was first released by Arthur Alexander in 1962 as the B-side of "Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)" on Dot Records (London Records in the UK).[2] Alexander biographer Richard Younger describes the song as "a classic example of sixties pop songwriting that captures the thrill of first love."[3] Billboard Magazine described the song as "an emotion-packed theme with solid female chorus work," and also praised the feeling Alexander imbues his vocal with.[3] Younger praises the "maturity" of Alexander's vocal performance, comparing it favorably to that on the earlier "You Better Move On," particularly how Alexander handles the "intricate melody, which ascends from the opening lines of revelation...to a chorus that is half-plea and half-exclamation."[3] Producer Noel Ball claimed to have taken Alexander "way uptown" with the recording, creating what Younger describes as "a thrilling production that builds from a stark bass and drum into a mini-symphony with strings reminiscent of The Drifters' "There Goes My Baby."[3] The song peaked at #58 on the Billboard Hot 100.[3] Authors David Hatch and Stephen Millward see a resemblance between "Where Have You Been (All My Life)" and early songs written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.[4]
Covers[edit]
The Beatles covered both "Where Have You Been (All My Life)" and "Soldier of Love" live early in their career.[5] "There is a live version by the Beatles on the bootleg album Live 31 December 1962 at the Star Club, Hamburg, Germany with John Lennon on lead vocal.[6][7][8] Music critic Richie Unterberger described the song as "cool" and "moody" but complained that the sound on this recording was too "muddy" to be able to figure out the lyrics.[8]
The song was recorded by Gene Vincent on Columbia Records,[9] and by Gerry and the Pacemakers on Laurie.[10][3]
Roy Clark made a version in 1978, for his Labor of Love album.
Russian group Tardis covered that song.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Younger, R. "Arthur Alexander". Retrieved 2015-01-11.
Jump up ^ A.Alexander single at YouTube
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Younger, Richard (2000). Get a shot of rhythm and blues: the Arthur Alexander story. University of Alabama Press. pp. 59–60, 67. ISBN 9780817310233.
Jump up ^ Hatch, David & Millward, Stephen (1987). From Blues to Rock: An Analytical History of Pop Music. Manchester University Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780719014895. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sulpy, Doug & Schweighardt, Ray (1999). Get Back: The Unauthorized Chronicle of the Beatles' " Let It Be" Disaster. MacMillan. pp. 235–236. ISBN 9780312199814. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Where Have You Been All My Life - Star Club tapes remaster". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Beatles Lyric, Jiri Wagner © 1999 - 2010 at boskowan.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Unterberger, Richie (2014). The Unreleased Beatles: Music and Film (Revised & Expanded Ebook Edition). BookBaby. ISBN 9780991589265.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XD7j335qhlQ G.Vincent single at YouTube
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ_YfeLxIlc Gerry EP at YouTube
[hide]
v
t
e
Arthur Alexander
Studio albums
Arthur Alexander
Singles
"You Better Move On"/"A Shot of Rhythm and Blues"
"Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)"/"Where Have You Been (All My Life)"
"Anna"
"Go Home Girl"
"Detroit City"/"You Don't Care"
"Every Day I Have to Cry Some"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Have_You_Been_(All_My_Life)&oldid=796249775"
Categories:
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This page was last edited on 19 August 2017, at 14:51.
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