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List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players
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This article is about ATP number 1 rankings since 1973. For the all-time list, see World number 1 male tennis player rankings.
Rafael Nadal, the current world No. 1
The ATP rankings are the Association of Tennis Professionals' (ATP) merit-based method for determining the rankings in men's tennis. The top-ranked player is the player who, over the previous 52 weeks, has garnered the most ATP-ranking points. Points are awarded based on how far a player advances in tournaments and the category of those tournaments. The ATP has used a computerized system for determining the rankings since 23 August 1973.[1] Starting in 1979, an updated rankings list is released at the beginning of each week.[2]
Since 1973, 26 men have been ranked No. 1 by the ATP,[3][4] of which 17 have been year-end No. 1. The current world number one is Rafael Nadal.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Ranking method
2 Records and particularities
3 Number 1 ranked players
4 Weeks at No. 1
4.1 By player
4.2 By country
5 Year-end No. 1
6 No. 1 ranked players without a previous Grand Slam tournament title
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Ranking method[edit]
Since the introduction rankings the method used to calculate a player's ranking points has changed several times. As of 2011, the rankings are calculated by totaling the points a player wins in his best eighteen tournaments, subject to certain restrictions. For top players the counting tournaments are the four Grand Slam tournaments, the eight mandatory ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments, the player's best four eligible ATP World Tour 500 series tournaments (the non-mandatory ATP Masters 1000 event in Monte Carlo may be substituted for one of these), and his best two results from ATP World Tour 250 series. Lower-ranked players who are not eligible for some or all of the top tournaments may include additional ATP 500 and ATP 250 events, and also ATP Challenger Series, and Futures Series tournaments. The ranking points of players who qualify for the year-end ATP World Tour Finals also include any points gained at that tournament, increasing their counting tournament total to 19.[6]
Records and particularities[edit]
Roger Federer holds the records for both the most total weeks at No. 1 (302) and most consecutive weeks at No. 1 (237).[7] Pete Sampras holds the record for the most year-end No. 1 (six, all consecutive).[8][9] Patrick Rafter spent the fewest time at No. 1 (one week).
Lleyton Hewitt is both the youngest (20 years, 268 days) world No. 1 and youngest year-end No. 1,[10][11] while Rafael Nadal is the oldest (31 years, 211 days) year-end No. 1. Andre Agassi is the oldest No. 1 (33 years, 131 days).[12][13][14]
Only four players have regained the year-end No. 1 ranking after having lost it - Lendl in 1989, Federer in 2009, Nadal in 2010, and Djokovic in 2014. Only one player regained the year-end No. 1 ranking a second and third time, Nadal in 2013 and 2017.
Rafael Nadal is the ATP player with the longest time span between first and most recent dates at world No. 1 in the history of the ATP Tour. He regained the top ranking on August 21, 2017, nine years after first becoming No. 1 on August 18, 2008. On 11 September 2017, Nadal and Garbiñe Muguruza made Spain the first country in 14 years to simultaneously top both the ATP and the WTA rankings. The most recent previous such pairing were Andre Agassi and Serena Williams, from 28 April to 11 May 2003.[15]
Two players, Ivan Lendl and Marcelo Ríos, have reached No. 1 without previously having won a Grand Slam tournament.[16] Lendl reached No. 1 on February 21, 1983, but did not win his first Grand Slam title until the 1984 French Open.[17] Rios reached No. 1 on March 30, 1998 and is the only No. 1 player who never won a Grand Slam singles title.[18][19]
Since 1973 when the ATP ranking started, there have been twelve years when one player held the top spot for the entire year. In contrast, 1999 had the most No. 1 players of any year since the rankings started. There were five players who were No. 1 sometime during that year - Sampras, Carlos Moya, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Agassi and Rafter. John McEnroe held the No. 1 ranking on a record 14 different occasions and Pete Sampras was the only other player to hold it on 10 or more occasions with 11 different stints.
Number 1 ranked players[edit]
The statistics are updated only when the ATP website revises its rankings (usually every Monday morning except when tournament finals are postponed).
Roger Federer has spent a total of 302 weeks at world No. 1, including 237 consecutive weeks at the top of the ATP rankings, the most of any player.
Ilie Năstase became the first ATP No. 1 ranked player on 23 August 1973.
Pete Sampras spent a total of 286 weeks at the top of the ATP rankings and holds the record of 6 consecutive year end as No. 1
Ivan Lendl spent a total of 270 weeks at the top of the ATP rankings.
Jimmy Connors spent a total of 268 weeks at world No. 1, including 160 consecutive weeks (a record he held for 30 years before being overtaken by R. Federer in 2007).
Novak Djokovic, who spent 223 weeks at world No. 1.
Rafael Nadal is the ATP player with the longest time span between first and most recent dates at world No. 1 in the history of the ATP Tour. He did so on August 21, 2017, 9 years after first becoming No. 1 on August 18, 2008.
No.
Country
Player
Start date
End date
Weeks
Total
1 ROU Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase 000000001973-08-23-0000August 23, 1973 000000001974-06-02-0000June 2, 1974 40 40
2 AUS Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe 000000001974-06-03-0000June 3, 1974 000000001974-07-28-0000July 28, 1974 8 8
3 USA Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 000000001974-07-29-0000July 29, 1974 000000001977-08-22-0000August 22, 1977 160 160
4 SWE Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg 000000001977-08-23-0000August 23, 1977 000000001977-08-29-0000August 29, 1977 1 1
USA Jimmy Connors (2) 000000001977-08-30-0000August 30, 1977 000000001979-04-08-0000April 8, 1979 84 244
SWE Björn Borg (2) 000000001979-04-09-0000April 9, 1979 000000001979-05-20-0000May 20, 1979 6 7
USA Jimmy Connors (3) 000000001979-05-21-0000May 21, 1979 000000001979-07-08-0000July 8, 1979 7 251
SWE Björn Borg (3) 000000001979-07-09-0000July 9, 1979 000000001980-03-02-0000March 2, 1980 34 41
5 USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe 000000001980-03-03-0000March 3, 1980 000000001980-03-23-0000March 23, 1980 3 3
SWE Björn Borg (4) 000000001980-03-24-0000March 24, 1980 000000001980-08-10-0000August 10, 1980 20 61
USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (2) 000000001980-08-11-0000August 11, 1980 000000001980-08-17-0000August 17, 1980 1 4
SWE Björn Borg (5) 000000001980-08-18-0000August 18, 1980 000000001981-07-05-0000July 5, 1981 46 107
USA John McEnroe (3) 000000001981-07-06-0000July 6, 1981 000000001981-07-19-0000July 19, 1981 2 6
SWE Björn Borg (6) 000000001981-07-20-0000July 20, 1981 000000001981-08-02-0000August 2, 1981 2 109
USA John McEnroe (4) 000000001981-08-03-0000August 3, 1981 000000001982-09-12-0000September 12, 1982 58 64
USA Jimmy Connors (4) 000000001982-09-13-0000September 13, 1982 000000001982-10-31-0000October 31, 1982 7 258
USA John McEnroe (5) 000000001982-11-01-0000November 1, 1982 000000001982-11-07-0000November 7, 1982 1 65
USA Jimmy Connors (5) 000000001982-11-08-0000November 8, 1982 000000001982-11-14-0000November 14, 1982 1 259
USA John McEnroe (6) 000000001982-11-15-0000November 15, 1982 000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983 11 76
USA Jimmy Connors (6) 000000001983-01-31-0000January 31, 1983 000000001983-02-06-0000February 6, 1983 1 260
USA John McEnroe (7) 000000001983-02-07-0000February 7, 1983 000000001983-02-13-0000February 13, 1983 1 77
USA Jimmy Connors (7) 000000001983-02-14-0000February 14, 1983 000000001983-02-27-0000February 27, 1983 2 262
6 TCH Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl 000000001983-02-28-0000February 28, 1983 000000001983-05-15-0000May 15, 1983 11 11
USA Jimmy Connors (8) 000000001983-05-16-0000May 16, 1983 000000001983-06-05-0000June 5, 1983 3 265
USA John McEnroe (8) 000000001983-06-06-0000June 6, 1983 000000001983-06-12-0000June 12, 1983 1 78
USA Jimmy Connors (9) 000000001983-06-13-0000June 13, 1983 000000001983-07-03-0000July 3, 1983 3 268
USA John McEnroe (9) 000000001983-07-04-0000July 4, 1983 000000001983-10-30-0000October 30, 1983 17 95
TCH Ivan Lendl (2) 000000001983-10-31-0000October 31, 1983 000000001983-12-11-0000December 11, 1983 6 17
USA John McEnroe (10) 000000001983-12-12-0000December 12, 1983 000000001984-01-08-0000January 8, 1984 4 99
TCH Ivan Lendl (3) 000000001984-01-09-0000January 9, 1984 000000001984-03-11-0000March 11, 1984 9 26
USA John McEnroe (11) 000000001984-03-12-0000March 12, 1984 000000001984-06-10-0000June 10, 1984 13 112
TCH Ivan Lendl (4) 000000001984-06-11-0000June 11, 1984 000000001984-06-17-0000June 17, 1984 1 27
USA John McEnroe (12) 000000001984-06-18-0000June 18, 1984 000000001984-07-08-0000July 8, 1984 3 115
TCH Ivan Lendl (5) 000000001984-07-09-0000July 9, 1984 000000001984-08-12-0000August 12, 1984 5 32
USA John McEnroe (13) 000000001984-08-13-0000August 13, 1984 000000001985-08-18-0000August 18, 1985 53 168
TCH Ivan Lendl (6) 000000001985-08-19-0000August 19, 1985 000000001985-08-25-0000August 25, 1985 1 33
USA John McEnroe (14) 000000001985-08-26-0000August 26, 1985 000000001985-09-08-0000September 8, 1985 2 170
TCH Ivan Lendl (7) 000000001985-09-09-0000September 9, 1985 000000001988-09-11-0000September 11, 1988 157 190
7 SWE Wilander, MatsMats Wilander 000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988 000000001989-01-29-0000January 29, 1989 20 20
TCH Ivan Lendl (8) 000000001989-01-30-0000January 30, 1989 000000001990-08-12-0000August 12, 1990 80 270
8 SWE Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg 000000001990-08-13-0000August 13, 1990 000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991 24 24
9 GER Becker, BorisBoris Becker 000000001991-01-28-0000January 28, 1991 000000001991-02-17-0000February 17, 1991 3 3
SWE Stefan Edberg (2) 000000001991-02-18-0000February 18, 1991 000000001991-07-07-0000July 7, 1991 20 44
GER Boris Becker (2) 000000001991-07-08-0000July 8, 1991 000000001991-09-08-0000September 8, 1991 9 12
SWE Stefan Edberg (3) 000000001991-09-09-0000September 9, 1991 000000001992-02-09-0000February 9, 1992 22 66
10 USA Courier, JimJim Courier 000000001992-02-10-0000February 10, 1992 000000001992-03-22-0000March 22, 1992 6 6
SWE Stefan Edberg (4) 000000001992-03-23-0000March 23, 1992 000000001992-04-12-0000April 12, 1992 3 69
USA Jim Courier (2) 000000001992-04-13-0000April 13, 1992 000000001992-09-13-0000September 13, 1992 22 28
SWE Stefan Edberg (5) 000000001992-09-14-0000September 14, 1992 000000001992-10-04-0000October 4, 1992 3 72
USA Jim Courier (3) 000000001992-10-05-0000October 5, 1992 000000001993-04-11-0000April 11, 1993 27 55
11 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras 000000001993-04-12-0000April 12, 1993 000000001993-08-22-0000August 22, 1993 19 19
USA Jim Courier (4) 000000001993-08-23-0000August 23, 1993 000000001993-09-12-0000September 12, 1993 3 58
USA Pete Sampras (2) 000000001993-09-13-0000September 13, 1993 000000001995-04-09-0000April 9, 1995 82 101
12 USA Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi 000000001995-04-10-0000April 10, 1995 000000001995-11-05-0000November 5, 1995 30 30
USA Pete Sampras (3) 000000001995-11-06-0000November 6, 1995 000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996 12 113
USA Andre Agassi (2) 000000001996-01-29-0000January 29, 1996 000000001996-02-11-0000February 11, 1996 2 32
13 AUT Muster, ThomasThomas Muster 000000001996-02-12-0000February 12, 1996 000000001996-02-18-0000February 18, 1996 1 1
USA Pete Sampras (4) 000000001996-02-19-0000February 19, 1996 000000001996-03-10-0000March 10, 1996 3 116
AUT Thomas Muster (2) 000000001996-03-11-0000March 11, 1996 000000001996-04-14-0000April 14, 1996 5 6
USA Pete Sampras (5) 000000001996-04-15-0000April 15, 1996 000000001998-03-29-0000March 29, 1998 102 218
14 CHI Ríos, MarceloMarcelo Ríos 000000001998-03-30-0000March 30, 1998 000000001998-04-26-0000April 26, 1998 4 4
USA Pete Sampras (6) 000000001998-04-27-0000April 27, 1998 000000001998-08-09-0000August 9, 1998 15 233
CHI Marcelo Ríos (2) 000000001998-08-10-0000August 10, 1998 000000001998-08-23-0000August 23, 1998 2 6
USA Pete Sampras (7) 000000001998-08-24-0000August 24, 1998 000000001999-03-14-0000March 14, 1999 29 262
15 ESP Moyá, CarlosCarlos Moyá 000000001999-03-15-0000March 15, 1999 000000001999-03-28-0000March 28, 1999 2 2
USA Pete Sampras (8) 000000001999-03-29-0000March 29, 1999 000000001999-05-02-0000May 2, 1999 5 267
16 RUS Kafelnikov, YevgenyYevgeny Kafelnikov 000000001999-05-03-0000May 3, 1999 000000001999-06-13-0000June 13, 1999 6 6
USA Pete Sampras (9) 000000001999-06-14-0000June 14, 1999 000000001999-07-04-0000July 4, 1999 3 270
USA Andre Agassi (3) 000000001999-07-05-0000July 5, 1999 000000001999-07-25-0000July 25, 1999 3 35
17 AUS Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter 000000001999-07-26-0000July 26, 1999 000000001999-08-01-0000August 1, 1999 1 1
USA Pete Sampras (10) 000000001999-08-02-0000August 2, 1999 000000001999-09-12-0000September 12, 1999 6 276
USA Andre Agassi (4) 000000001999-09-13-0000September 13, 1999 000000002000-09-10-0000September 10, 2000 52 87
USA Pete Sampras (11) 000000002000-09-11-0000September 11, 2000 000000002000-11-19-0000November 19, 2000 10 286
18 RUS Safin, MaratMarat Safin 000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000 000000002000-12-03-0000December 3, 2000 2 2
19 BRA Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten 000000002000-12-04-0000December 4, 2000 000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001 8 8
RUS Marat Safin (2) 000000002001-01-29-0000January 29, 2001 000000002001-02-25-0000February 25, 2001 4 6
BRA Gustavo Kuerten (2) 000000002001-02-26-0000February 26, 2001 000000002001-04-01-0000April 1, 2001 5 13
RUS Marat Safin (3) 000000002001-04-02-0000April 2, 2001 000000002001-04-22-0000April 22, 2001 3 9
BRA Gustavo Kuerten (3) 000000002001-04-23-0000April 23, 2001 000000002001-11-18-0000November 18, 2001 30 43
20 AUS Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt 000000002001-11-19-0000November 19, 2001 000000002003-04-27-0000April 27, 2003 75 75
USA Andre Agassi (5) 000000002003-04-28-0000April 28, 2003 000000002003-05-11-0000May 11, 2003 2 89
AUS Lleyton Hewitt (2) 000000002003-05-12-0000May 12, 2003 000000002003-06-15-0000June 15, 2003 5 80
USA Andre Agassi (6) 000000002003-06-16-0000June 16, 2003 000000002003-09-07-0000September 7, 2003 12 101
21 ESP Ferrero, Juan CarlosJuan Carlos Ferrero 000000002003-09-08-0000September 8, 2003 000000002003-11-02-0000November 2, 2003 8 8
22 USA Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick 000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003 000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004 13 13
23 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer 000000002004-02-02-0000February 2, 2004 000000002008-08-17-0000August 17, 2008 237 ↑ 237
24 ESP Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 000000002008-08-18-0000August 18, 2008 000000002009-07-05-0000July 5, 2009 46 46
SUI Roger Federer (2) 000000002009-07-06-0000July 6, 2009 000000002010-06-06-0000June 6, 2010 48 285
ESP Rafael Nadal (2) 000000002010-06-07-0000June 7, 2010 000000002011-07-03-0000July 3, 2011 56 102
25 SRB Novak Djokovic 000000002011-07-04-0000July 4, 2011 000000002012-07-08-0000July 8, 2012 53 53
SUI Roger Federer (3) 000000002012-07-09-0000July 9, 2012 000000002012-11-04-0000November 4, 2012 17 302 ↑
SRB Novak Djokovic (2) 000000002012-11-05-0000November 5, 2012 000000002013-10-06-0000October 6, 2013 48 101
ESP Rafael Nadal (3) 000000002013-10-07-0000October 7, 2013 000000002014-07-06-0000July 6, 2014 39 141
SRB Novak Djokovic (3) 000000002014-07-07-0000July 7, 2014 000000002016-11-06-0000November 6, 2016 122 223
26 GBR Andy Murray 000000002016-11-07-0000November 7, 2016 000000002017-08-20-0000August 20, 2017 41 41
ESP Rafael Nadal (4) 000000002017-08-21-0000August 21, 2017 Present 23 164
No.
Country
Player
Start date
End date
Weeks
Total
Key
* Current No. 1 player as of January 22, 2018[update][20][21]
↑ ATP Ranking record
Weeks at No. 1[edit]
By player[edit]
The table on the left shows the total number of weeks that each player has been ranked No. 1 in their career by the ATP.[7]
The table on the right shows the number of consecutive weeks that each indicated player has been ranked No. 1 by the ATP. [7]
Rank
Player
Total
1. Federer, RogerRoger Federer 302
2. Sampras, PetePete Sampras 286
3. Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl 270
4. Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 268
5. Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic 223
6. McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe 170
7. Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 164
8. Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg 109
9. Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi 101
10. Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt 80
11. Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg 72
12. Courier, JimJim Courier 58
13. Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten 43
14. Murray, AndyAndy Murray 41
15. Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase 40
16. Wilander, MatsMats Wilander 20
17. Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick 13
18. Becker, BorisBoris Becker 12
19. Safin, MaratMarat Safin 9
20. Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe 8
Ferrero, Juan CarlosJuan Carlos Ferrero
22. Muster, ThomasThomas Muster 6
Ríos, MarceloMarcelo Ríos
Kafelnikov, YevgenyYevgeny Kafelnikov
25. Moyá, CarlosCarlos Moyá 2
26. Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter 1
* active players - current No. 1 in bold
Rank
Player
Consecutive
1. Federer, RogerRoger Federer 237
2. Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 160
3. Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl 157
4. Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic 122
5. Sampras, PetePete Sampras 102
6. Jimmy Connors (2) 84
7. Pete Sampras (2) 82
8. Ivan Lendl (2) 80
9. Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt 75
10. McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe 58
11. Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 56
12. John McEnroe (2) 53
Novak Djokovic (2)
14. Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi 52
15. Roger Federer (2) 48
Novak Djokovic (3)
17. Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg 46
Rafael Nadal (2)
19. Murray, AndyAndy Murray 41
20. Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase 40
* current streak in bold
as of January 22, 2018[update]
By country[edit]
Country
No. of
players
No. of
weeks
Players
Ref
1.
United States
6 896 Jimmy Connors, John McEnroe, Jim Courier, Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi, Andy Roddick [22]
2.
Switzerland
1 302 Roger Federer [22]
3.
Czechoslovakia
1 270 Ivan Lendl [22]
4.
Serbia
1 223 Novak Djokovic [22]
5.
Sweden
3 201 Björn Borg, Mats Wilander, Stefan Edberg [22]
6.
Spain
3 174 Carlos Moyá, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Rafael Nadal * [22]
7.
Australia
3 89 John Newcombe, Patrick Rafter, Lleyton Hewitt [22]
8.
Brazil
1 43 Gustavo Kuerten [22]
9.
United Kingdom
1 41 Andy Murray [22]
10.
Romania
1 40 Ilie Năstase [22]
11.
Russia
2 15 Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Marat Safin [22]
12.
Germany
1 12 Boris Becker [22]
13.
Austria
1 6 Thomas Muster [22]
Chile
1 6 Marcelo Ríos [22]
Active players are in bold.
* Current number 1 as of January 22, 2018[update].
Year-end No. 1[edit]
The ATP year-end No. 1 ranked player is determined as the player at the head of the ATP rankings following the completion of the final tournament of the calendar year, usually in November or December. Pete Sampras holds the record of six year-end No. 1 rankings, which were in consecutive years from 1993 through 1998.
Six players have stayed at ATP No. 1 in the rankings every week of a calendar year. Roger Federer is the only player to have been ranked No. 1 every week for three consecutive calendar years.
Only four players (Ivan Lendl, Federer, Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal) have achieved multiple year-end No. 1 rankings in non-consecutive years.
Key
(1)
Time as year-end number 1/Total times as year-end number 1
§
Ranked number 1 during every week of the calendar year
Active players [23][24]
John McEnroe finished the year as the No. 1- ranked player for four consecutive years from 1981 to 1984.
Lleyton Hewitt at age 20 became the youngest male player to hold the world No. 1 ranking. He obtained this in November 2001.
Year
Player
Ref(s)
1973
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
[25]
1974
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (1/5)
[26][27]
1975
Jimmy Connors § (2/5)
[26][27]
1976
Jimmy Connors § (3/5)
[26][27]
1977
Jimmy Connors (4/5)
[28]
1978
Jimmy Connors § (5/5)
[28]
1979
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg (1/2)
[28]
1980
Björn Borg (2/2)
[28]
1981
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (1/4)
[28][29]
1982
John McEnroe (2/4)
[28][29]
1983
John McEnroe (3/4)
[28][29]
1984
John McEnroe (4/4)
[28][29]
1985
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl (1/4)
[28][30]
1986
Ivan Lendl § (2/4)
[30]
1987
Ivan Lendl § (3/4)
[30]
1988
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
[29]
1989
Ivan Lendl (4/4)
[29]
1990
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (1/2)
[31]
1991
Stefan Edberg (2/2)
[31][32]
1992
Courier, JimJim Courier
[33]
1993
Sampras, PetePete Sampras (1/6)
[9]
1994
Pete Sampras § (2/6)
[34]
1995
Pete Sampras (3/6)
[9]
1996
Pete Sampras (4/6)
[9]
1997
Pete Sampras § (5/6)
[34]
1998
Pete Sampras (6/6)
[9]
1999
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
[35]
2000
Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten
[32][36]
2001
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt (1/2)
[37]
2002
Lleyton Hewitt § (2/2)
[10][38]
2003
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
[39]
2004
Federer, RogerRoger Federer (1/5)
[40]
2005
Roger Federer § (2/5)
[41]
2006
Roger Federer § (3/5)
[42]
2007
Roger Federer § (4/5)
[43][44]
2008
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (1/4)
[45]
2009
Roger Federer (5/5)
[46]
2010
Rafael Nadal (2/4)
[47][48]
2011
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (1/4)
[49]
2012
Novak Djokovic (2/4)
[50]
2013
Rafael Nadal (3/4)
[51]
2014
Novak Djokovic (3/4)
[52]
2015
Novak Djokovic § (4/4)
[53][54]
2016
Andy Murray
[55]
2017
Rafael Nadal (4/4)
[56]
Year
Number of Year-end No. 1 Player
6 Sampras, PetePete Sampras
5 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
4 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
2 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
1 Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
Courier, JimJim Courier
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
No. 1 ranked players without a previous Grand Slam tournament title[edit]
Player
Date of first No. 1 position
First Grand Slam final reached
First Grand Slam title
Ref
Ivan Lendl
February 28, 1983 1981 French Open (June 1981) (1st of 19) 1984 French Open (1st of 8)
Marcelo Ríos
March 30, 1998 1998 Australian Open (January 1998) None (retired in 2004) [16]
See also[edit]
World number 1 male tennis player rankings (includes rankings before 1973)
ATP Rankings
ATP players with highest rank of 2 to 5
ATP Rankings achievements – men's singles
List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players
ITF World Champions
List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players
References[edit]
General
"ATP World Tour – Singles Rankings (searchable database)". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
"ATP World Tour – Doubles Rankings (searchable database)". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
Specific
Jump up ^ "How It All Began". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved July 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rankings Explained". www.itftennis.com. International Tennis Federation (ITF).
Jump up ^ "ATP Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "ITF Tennis – How the Rankings Work". International Tennis Federation. August 27, 2003. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/nadal-talks-no-1-cincinnati-2017
Jump up ^ "ATP Ranking and Race Frequently Asked Questions". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved June 11, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of No. 1". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pete Sampras – Career Highlights". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved July 21, 2012. Became first player in ATP Rankings history to finish No. 1 for six consecutive years.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Plus: Tennis — ATP Tour World Championship; Sampras Is Assured Of No. 1 Ranking". The New York Times. November 27, 1998. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lleyton Hewitt – Career Highlights". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved July 21, 2012. [Y]oungest player (20 yrs., 8 mos.)...to finish No. 1 in history of ATP Rankings.
Jump up ^ "Lleyton Hewitt". BBC. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Buddell, James (July 16, 2012). "Federer Rises Above". London: ATP World Tour. Retrieved July 16, 2012. Andre Agassi, who remains the oldest player to have been No. 1 in the South African Airways ATP Rankings, at 33 years and 131 days in 2003, proved to be a great inspiration.
Jump up ^ "Andre Agassi". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. August 19, 2003. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Agassi out, Ferrero world number one". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. September 7, 2003. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Garbine Muguruza joins Rafael Nadal as World No 1". The Indian Express. 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Finn, Robin (March 30, 1998). "Tennis; Rios Dismantles Agassi and Seizes No. 1 Ranking". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2012. Rios...is the first man to earn the ranking without winning a Grand Slam tournament since Ivan Lendl in 1983.
Jump up ^ "Worthy of really high fives". Sports Illustrated. CNN. June 18, 1984. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wilstein, Steve (February 1, 1998). "Korda takes Australian Open title". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Player biography – Marcelo Ríos". International Tennis Federation. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Singles Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tennis Rankings world No. 1s". CBSSports.com. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Djokovic Becomes 25th Player In History To Rise To No. 1". ATP World Tour. July 4, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Singles Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tennis Rankings world No. 1s". CBSSports.com. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nastase, Vilas, Cooper to enter Tennis Hall of Fame". The Gainesville Sun. March 27, 1991. p. 2C. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Nastase...finished the 1973 season No. 1 in the world.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jimmy Connors – Career Highlights". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved September 5, 2012. He was clearly No. 1, a status he enjoyed from July 1974, for 159 straight weeks...
^ Jump up to: a b c Crouse, Karen (February 27, 2007). "Federer's Reign Goes on and History Follows". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Jimmy Connors was No. 1 for 160 straight weeks, from July 1974 to August 1977.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Hewitt jubilant as world's No. 1". The Age. November 15, 2002. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Only five other players – Stefan Edberg (1990–91), Ivan Lendl (1985–87), John McEnroe (1981–84), Bjorn Borg (1979–80) and Jimmy Connors (1974–78) – have achieved the mighty feat.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Robson, Douglas (June 29, 2009). "Federer may reclaim No. 1 rank, but can he keep hold of spot?". USA Today. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ford, Bonnie D. (April 9, 2010). "Tennis still imbued in Lendl's blood". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved September 6, 2012. In 1988, [Wilander] won a five-set endurance contest, breaking a six-match losing streak to Lendl. The win interrupted Lendl's three-year reign as world No. 1...
^ Jump up to: a b "Tennis; Winning Courier Stays No. 1". The New York Times. November 21, 1992. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Edberg, the No. 1 player at the end of 1990 and 1991.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarey, Christopher (December 4, 2000). "Tennis; A Victorious Kuerten Clinches No. 1". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2012. [Kuerten] is the first non-American to finish on top since the Swede Stefan Edberg in 1991.
Jump up ^ "Courier finishes year ranked No. 1 McNeil posts another upset in Slims". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. NewsBank. November 21, 1992. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Jim Courier became the first American since John McEnroe in 1984 to finish the year as the No. 1 tennis player in the world... (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b "Pete Sampras – Career Highlights". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved September 5, 2012. 1997 — Ranked No. 1 every week throughout year for second time (1994)
Jump up ^ Wilansky, Matt (August 31, 2006). "Inside the numbers". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved September 5, 2012. [I]n 1999 he won the French Open title, the only Major that had eluded him. He finished the year ranked No. 1 in the world for the first and only time in his career.
Jump up ^ "2000 ATP Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2001 ATP Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2002 ATP Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2003 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2004 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2005 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2006 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2007 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Federer will finish year at No. 1 after winning home tourney". CBS Sports. October 28, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2008 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2009 ATP World Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2010 ATP World Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nadal clinches year-end No. 1 for second time". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). September 16, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic Clinches Year-End No. 1 For First Time". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). October 13, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic to finish No. 1 in South African Airways ATP Rankings for 2nd straight year". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). October 29, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nadal Clinches Year-End No. 1 Emirates ATP Rankings". November 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic clinches year-end No. 1 ranking at ATP World Tour Finals". tennis.com. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic Clinches Year-End No. 1 Emirates ATP Ranking For Fourth Time". September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fendrich, Howard (14 September 2015). "Novak Djokovic clinches tennis' year-end No. 1 ranking". CBS Sports. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Murray beats Djokovic in London, finishes as year-end no. 1". November 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nadal Clinches Year-End No. 1 Emirates ATP Ranking For Fourth Time". November 1, 2017.
External links[edit]
ATP World Tour website
[show]
v
t
e
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) world No. 1 singles players
Ilie Năstase (1973/1974 – 40 w)
John Newcombe (1974 – 8 w)
Jimmy Connors (1974/1983 – 268 w)
Björn Borg (1977/1981 – 109 w)
John McEnroe (1980/1985 – 170 w)
Ivan Lendl (1983/1990 – 270 w)
Mats Wilander (1988/1989 – 20 w)
Stefan Edberg (1990/1992 – 72 w)
Boris Becker (1991 – 12 w)
Jim Courier (1992/1993 – 58 w)
Pete Sampras (1993/2000 – 286 w)
Andre Agassi (1995/2003 – 101 w)
Thomas Muster (1996 – 6 w)
Marcelo Ríos (1998 – 6 w)
Carlos Moyá (1999 – 2 w)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1999 – 6 w)
Patrick Rafter (1999 – 1 w)
Marat Safin (2000/2001 – 9 w)
Gustavo Kuerten (2000/2001 – 43 w)
Lleyton Hewitt (2001/2003 – 80 w)
Juan Carlos Ferrero (2003 – 8 w)
Andy Roddick (2003/2004 – 13 w)
Roger Federer (2004/2012 – 302 w)
Rafael Nadal (2008/2018 – 163 w)
Novak Djokovic (2011/2016 – 223 w)
Andy Murray (2016/2017 – 41 w)
ATP singles rankings incepted on August 23, 1973
(year first held/year last held – number of weeks (w))
current No. 1 in bold, as of week of January 15, 2018[update]
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Panic of 1837
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Whig cartoon showing the effects of unemployment on a family that has portraits of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren on the wall
The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down while unemployment went up. Pessimism abounded during the time. The panic had both domestic and foreign origins. Speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land bubble, international specie flows, and restrictive lending policies in Great Britain were all to blame.[1][2] On May 10, 1837, banks in New York City suspended specie payments, meaning that they would no longer redeem commercial paper in specie at full face value. Despite a brief recovery in 1838, the recession persisted for approximately seven years. Banks collapsed, businesses failed, prices declined, and thousands of workers lost their jobs. Unemployment may have been as high as 25% in some locales. The years 1837 to 1844 were, generally speaking, years of deflation in wages and prices.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes
2 Effects and aftermath
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Causes[edit]
The crisis followed a period of economic expansion from mid-1834 to mid-1836. The prices of land, cotton, and slaves rose sharply in these years. The origins of this boom had many sources, both domestic and international. Because of the peculiar factors (Specie Circular) of international trade at the time, abundant amounts of silver were coming into the United States from Mexico and China. Land sales and tariffs on imports were also generating substantial federal revenues. Through lucrative cotton exports and the marketing of state-backed bonds in British money markets, the United States acquired significant capital investment from Great Britain. These bonds financed transportation projects in the United States. British loans, made available through Anglo-American banking houses like Baring Brothers, fueled much of the United States's westward expansion, infrastructure improvements, industrial expansion, and economic development during the antebellum era.[4]
In 1836, directors of the Bank of England noticed that the Bank's monetary reserves had declined precipitously in recent years, possibly because of poor wheat harvests that forced Great Britain to import much of its food.[5] To compensate, the directors indicated that they would gradually raise interest rates from 3 to 5 percent. Conventional financial theory held that banks should raise interest rates and curb lending when faced with low monetary reserves. Raising interest rates, according to the laws of supply and demand, was supposed to attract specie since money generally flows where it will generate the greatest return (assuming equal risk among possible investments). In the open economy of the 1830s, characterized by free trade and relatively weak trade barriers, the monetary policies of the hegemonic power – in this case, Great Britain – were transmitted to the rest of the interconnected global economic system, included the U.S. The result was that as the Bank of England raised interest rates, major banks in the United States were forced to do the same.[6]
An 1837 caricature blames Andrew Jackson for hard times
When New York banks raised interest rates and scaled back on lending, the effects were damaging. Since the price of a bond bears an inverse relationship to the yield (or interest rate), the increase in prevailing interest rates would have forced down the price of American securities. Importantly, demand for cotton plummeted. The price of cotton fell by 25% in February and March 1837.[7] The United States economy, especially in the southern states, was heavily dependent on stable cotton prices. Receipts from cotton sales provided funding for some schools, balanced the nation's trade deficit, fortified the US dollar, and procured foreign exchange earnings in British pound sterling, the world's reserve currency at the time. Since the United States was still a predominantly agricultural economy centered on the export of staple crops and an incipient manufacturing sector,[8] a collapse in cotton prices would have caused massive reverberations.
Within the United States, there were several contributing factors. In July 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States (BUS), the nation's central bank and fiscal agent. As the BUS wound up its operations in the next four years, state-chartered banks in the West and South relaxed their lending standards, maintaining unsafe reserve ratios.[2] Two domestic policies, in particular, exacerbated an already volatile situation. The Specie Circular of 1836 mandated that western lands could be purchased only with gold and silver coin. The circular was an executive order issued by Andrew Jackson, and favored by Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri and other hard-money advocates. The intent was to curb speculation in public lands, but the circular set off a real estate and commodity price crash as most buyers were unable to come up with sufficient hard money or "specie" (gold or silver coins) to pay for the land. Secondly, the Deposit and Distribution Act of 1836 placed federal revenues in various local banks (derisively termed "pet banks") across the country. Many of these banks were located in western regions. The effect of these two policies was to transfer specie away from the nation's main commercial centers on the East Coast. With lower monetary reserves in their vaults, major banks and financial institutions on the East Coast had to scale back their loans, which was a major cause of the panic along with the real estate crash.[9]
Americans at the time attributed the cause of the panic principally to domestic political conflicts. Some blamed Jackson for refusing to renew the charter of the Bank, resulting in the withdrawal of government funds from the bank. Martin Van Buren, who became president in March 1837, was largely blamed for the panic even though his inauguration preceded the panic by only five weeks. Van Buren's refusal to use government intervention to address the crisis (such as emergency relief and increasing spending on public infrastructure projects to reduce unemployment) according to his opponents, contributed further to the hardship and duration of the depression that followed the panic. Jacksonian Democrats, on the other hand, blamed the national Bank, both in funding rampant speculation and in introducing inflationary paper money. Modern economists generally view Van Buren's deregulatory economic policy as successful in the long term for its importance in revitalizing banks after the panic.[10]
Effects and aftermath[edit]
The modern balaam and his ass, an 1837 caricature placing the blame for the Panic of 1837 and the perilous state of the banking system on outgoing President Andrew Jackson, shown riding a donkey, while President Martin Van Buren comments approvingly.
Virtually the whole nation felt the effects of the panic. Connecticut, New Jersey, and Delaware reported the greatest stress in their mercantile districts. In 1837, Vermont's business and credit systems had taken a hard blow. Vermont had a period of alleviation in 1838, but was hit hard again in 1839–1840. New Hampshire did not feel the effects of the panic as much as its neighbors did. It had no permanent debt in 1838, and did not have a lot of economic stress the following years. New Hampshire's greatest hardship was the circulation of fractional coins inside the state. Conditions in the South were much worse than the conditions in the East. Though the Old South was hit hard, the Cotton Belt was dealt the worst blow. In Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina the panic caused an increase in the interest of diversifying crops. New Orleans felt a general depression in business, and its money market stayed in bad condition throughout 1843. Several planters in Mississippi had spent much of their money in advance, leading to the complete bankruptcy of many planters. By 1839, many of the plantations were thrown out of cultivation. Florida and Georgia did not feel the effects as early as Louisiana, Alabama, or Mississippi. In 1837, Georgia had sufficient coin to carry on everyday purchases. Until 1839, citizens of Florida were able to boast about the punctuality of their payments. It was in the 1840s when Georgia and Florida began to feel the negative effects of the panic. At first the West did not feel as much pressure as the East or the South. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were agricultural states, and the good crops of 1837 were a relief to the farmers. In 1839, agricultural prices had fallen and the pressure had reached the agriculturalists.[11]
Within two months the losses from bank failures in New York alone aggregated nearly $100 million. Out of 850 banks in the United States, 343 closed entirely, 62 failed partially, and the system of state banks received a shock from which it never fully recovered.[12] The publishing industry was particularly hurt by the ensuing depression.[13]
In 1842, the American economy was able to rebound somewhat and overcome the five-year depression, but according to most accounts, the economy did not recover until 1843.[14][15]
Hard times token, late 1830s; privately minted, used in place of one cent coin during currency shortage; inscription reads "I Take the Responsibility", shows Andrew Jackson holding a drawn sword and a coin bag, emerging from a strongbox
Most economists also agree that there was a brief recovery from 1838 to 1839, which then ended as the Bank of England and Dutch creditors raised interest rates.[16] However, economic historian Peter Temin has argued that, when corrected for deflation, the economy actually grew after 1838.[17] According to economist and historian Murray Rothbard, between 1839 and 1843, real consumption increased by 21 percent and real gross national product increased by 16 percent, despite the fact that real investment fell by 23 percent and the money supply shrank by 34 percent.[18] The recovery from the depression intensified after the California gold rush started in 1848, which greatly increased the money supply. By 1850, the U.S. economy was booming again.
Many individual states defaulted on their bonds, which angered British creditors. For a brief time, the United States withdrew from international money markets. Only in the late 1840s did Americans re-enter these markets. These defaults, along with other consequences of the recession, carried major implications for the relationship between the state and economic development. In some ways, the panic undermined confidence in public support for internal improvements. While state investment in internal improvements remained common in the South up until the Civil War, northerners increasingly looked to private investment, rather than public, to finance growth. Moreover, the panic unleashed a wave of riots and other forms of domestic unrest. The ultimate result was an increase in the state's police powers, including more professional police forces.[19][20]
Intangible factors like confidence and psychology played powerful roles, helping to explain the magnitude and depth of the panic. Central banks had only limited abilities to control prices and employment at the time, making runs on banks common. When a few banks collapsed, alarm quickly spread throughout the community, heightened by partisan newspapers. Anxious investors rushed to other banks, demanding to have their deposits withdrawn. When faced with such pressure, even healthy banks had to make further curtailments – calling in loans and demanding payment from their borrowers. This only fed the hysteria even further, leading to a downward spiral or snowball effect. In other words, anxiety, fear, and a pervasive lack of confidence initiated devastating, self-sustaining feedback loops. Many economists today understand this phenomenon as an information asymmetry. Essentially, bank depositors reacted to imperfect information; they did not know if their deposits were safe, and fearing further risk, they withdrew their deposits, even as this caused more damage. The same concept of downward spiral was true for many southern planters, who speculated in land, cotton, and slaves. Many planters took out loans from banks under the assumption that cotton prices would continue to rise. When cotton prices dropped, however, planters could not pay back their loans, which jeopardized the solvency of many banks. These factors were particularly crucial given the lack of deposit insurance in banks. When bank customers are not assured that their deposits are safe, they are more likely to make rash decisions that can imperil the rest of the economy. Economists today have concluded that suspension of convertibility, deposit insurance, and sufficient capital requirements in banks can limit the possibility of bank runs.[21][22][23]
See also[edit]
Business and economics portal
State bankruptcies in the 1840s
Hard times token
Flour riot of 1837
History of the United States (1789–1849)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Timberlake, Jr., Richard H. (1997). "Panic of 1837". In Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. Business cycles and depressions: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 514–16. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Knodell, Jane (September 2006). "Rethinking the Jacksonian Economy: The Impact of the 1832 Bank Veto on Commercial Banking". The Journal of Economic History. 66 (3): 541. doi:10.1017/S0022050706000258.
Jump up ^ "Measuring Worth – measures of worth, prices, inflation, purchasing power, etc". Retrieved 27 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Jenks, Leland Hamilton (1927). The Migration of British Capital to 1875. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 66–95.
Jump up ^ "Ice-Core-Based Volcanic Atmospheric Loading for the Past 1500 Years". climate.envsci.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ Temin, Peter (1969). The Jacksonian Economy. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 122–147.
Jump up ^ Jenks, Leland Hamilton (1927). The Migration of British Capital to 1875. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 87–93.
Jump up ^ North, Douglass C. (1961). The Economic Growth of the United States 1790–1860. Prentice Hall. pp. 1–4.
Jump up ^ Rousseau, Peter L (2002). "Jacksonian Monetary Policy, Specie Flows, and the Panic of 1837". Journal of Economic History. 62 (2): 457–488. doi:10.1017/S0022050702000566.
Jump up ^ Hummel, Jeffery (1999). "Martin Van Buren The Greatest American President" (PDF). The Independent Review. 4 (n.2): 13–14. Retrieved 8-1-17. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ McGrane, Reginald (1965). The Panic of 1837: Some Financial Problems of the Jacksonian Era. New York: Russell & Russell. pp. 106–126.
Jump up ^ Hubert H. Bancroft, ed. (1902). The financial panic of 1837. The Great Republic By the Master Historians. 3.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Lawrance. Young Longfellow (1807–1843). New York: The Macmillan Company, 1938: 325.
Jump up ^ "Six Year Depression 1837–1843". The History Box.
Jump up ^ "Panic of 1837: Van Buren's First Challenge". United States American History.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Milton. A Program for Monetary Stability. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Temin, Peter. The Jacksonian Economy. p. 155.
Jump up ^ Rothbard, Murray. A history of money and banking in the United States: the colonial era to world war II (PDF). p. 102.
Jump up ^ Larson, John (2001). Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 195–264.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Alasdair (2012). America's First Great Depression: Economic Crisis and Political Disorder after the Panic of 1837. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 49–84; 137–174.
Jump up ^ Chen, Yehning; Hasan, Iftekhar (2008). "Why Do Bank Runs Look Like Panic? A New Explanation". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 40 (2–3): 537–538. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00126.x.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Douglas W.; Dybvig, Philip H. (1983). "Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity". Journal of Political Economy. 91 (3): 401–419. doi:10.1086/261155. JSTOR 1837095.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Itay; Pauzner, Ady (2005). "Demand-Deposit Contracts and the Probability of Bank Runs". Journal of Finance. 60 (3): 1293–1327. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00762.x.
Further reading[edit]
Balleisen, Edward J. (2001). Navigating Failure: Bankruptcy and Commercial Society in Antebellum America. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 1–49. ISBN 0-8078-2600-6.
Bodenhorn, Howard (2003). State Banking in Early America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514776-6.
Campbell, Stephen (2017). "The Transatlantic Financial Crisis of 1837," in William Beezley, ed., The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.399
Curtis, James C. (1970). The Fox at Bay: Martin Van Buren and the Presidency, 1837–1841. Univ. Press of Kentucky. pp. 64–151. ISBN 0-8131-1214-1.
Friedman, Milton (1960). A Program for Monetary Stability. New York: Fordham Univ. Press.
Goodhart, Charles (1988). The Evolution of Central Banks. MIT Press. pp. 1–19. ISBN 0-262-57073-4.
Jenks, Leland Hamilton (1927). The Migration of British Capital to 1875. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 66–95.
Kilbourne, Jr., Richard H. (2006). Slave Agriculture and Financial Markets in Antebellum America: The Bank of the United States in Mississippi, 1831–1852. Pickering and Chatto. pp. 57–105. ISBN 1-85196-890-3.
Lepler, Jessica (May 2012). "'The News Flew Like Lightning'". Journal of Cultural Economy. 5 (2): 179–195. doi:10.1080/17530350.2012.660784.
Lepler, Jessica M. The Many Panics of 1837: People, Politics, and the Creation of a Transatlantic Financial Crisis (Cambridge University Press; 2013) 337 pages; compares London, New York, and New Orleans between March and May 1837.
McGrane, Reginald C (1924). The Panic of 1837: Some financial problems of the Jacksonian era.
Remini, Robert V. (1967). Andrew Jackson and the Bank War. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 126–131. ISBN 0-393-09757-9.
Roberts, Alasdair (2012). America's First Great Depression: Economic Crisis and Political Disorder After the Panic of 1837. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5033-4.
Rousseau, Peter L (2002). "Jacksonian Monetary Policy, Specie Flows, and the Panic of 1837". Journal of Economic History. 62 (2): 457–488. doi:10.1017/S0022050702000566.
Schweikart, Larry (1987). Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction. LSU Press. ISBN 0-8071-1403-0.
Smith, Walter Buckingham (1953). Economic Aspects of the Second Bank of the United States. Harvard University Press. pp. 21–178.
External links[edit]
Common-place.org Special Issue on antebellum era recessions – Hard Times
Economic History.net – Richard Sylla's review of Peter Temin's seminal work on the Jacksonian Economy
"Panic of 1837". Primary source sets. Digital Public Library of America.
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