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List of airports in India
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Airports and seaports in India
The busiest Indian airports (2015-16).
This list of airports in India includes existing and former, commercial airports, flying schools, military bases, etc. As per AAI data from Nov 2016, following are being targeted for the scheduled commercial flight operations under UDAN-RCS, including the following:
486 existing airports targeted as potential airport for UDAN-RCS,[1]
406 Unserved RCS airports,[1]
18 Underserved RCS airports (mostly tier-2 regional cities),[2]
62 NON-RCS airports participating in RCS, mostly tier-2 major city airports or customs airports in tier-2 cities,[3] can still participate in RCS as long as both source and destination are not NON-RCS airports.
98 total operational (70 with scheduled civilian flights, including some with dual civilian and army use) airports including civilian and army airports before the UDAN-RCS scheme (2016),[4]
131 total operational (106 with scheduled civilian flights including some with dual civilian and army use, 3 newly made operational) airports including civilian and army airports by the end of UDAN-RCS Phase-I (Dec 2017).[4]
29 international airports.
Contents
[hide]
1 Contents
2 List
2.1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands
2.2 Andhra Pradesh
2.3 Arunachal Pradesh
2.4 Assam
2.5 Bihar
2.6 Chandigarh
2.7 Chhattisgarh
2.8 Daman and Diu
2.9 Delhi
2.10 Goa
2.11 Gujarat
2.12 Haryana
2.13 Himachal Pradesh
2.14 Jammu & Kashmir
2.15 Jharkhand
2.16 Karnataka
2.17 Kerala
2.18 Lakshadweep
2.19 Madhya Pradesh
2.20 Maharashtra
2.21 Manipur
2.22 Meghalaya
2.23 Mizoram
2.24 Nagaland
2.25 Odisha
2.26 Puducherry
2.27 Punjab
2.28 Rajasthan
2.29 Sikkim
2.30 Tamil Nadu
2.31 Telangana
2.32 Tripura
2.33 Uttarakhand
2.34 Uttar Pradesh
2.35 West Bengal
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Contents[edit]
This list contains the following information:
City served – The city generally associated with the airport. This is not always the actual location since some airports are located in smaller towns outside of the city they serve.
ICAO – The location indicator assigned by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). ICAO indicator: VA – West Zone, VE – East Zone, VI – North Zone, VO – South Zone
IATA – The airport code assigned by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Category – Category of the airport as defined by Airports Authority of India[5] as per the table below
Role – Role of the airport as given by the table below
Category of Airport
Category
Description
Customs Airports with Customs Checking and Clearance Facilities handling international flights but not elevated to International Airport status.
Defence Indian Armed Forces Handled Airport
Domestic Handles domestic flights
Future Proposed or Under Construction
International Handles International Flights
Private Private airport for specific purposes
Role of Airport
Role
Description
Civil enclave Civil Enclaves in a Military Airport. Handles Commercial Flights
Closed No longer in operation for Commercial Flights
Commercial Handles Commercial flights
Airbase Military Airbase
Flying School Airport used to train commercial and/or fighter pilots
Commercial service Airport has commercial service
Airport has no commercial service
List[edit]
Andaman & Nicobar Islands[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Car Nicobar Car Nicobar Air Force Base VOCX CBD Defence Air Base
Campbell Bay Campbell Bay Airport VO90[6] — Defence Air Base
Diglipur NAS Shibpur VODX IN-0053 Defence Air Base
Port Blair Veer Savarkar International Airport VOPB IXZ Domestic Commercial
Andhra Pradesh[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Kadapa Kadapa Airport VOCP CDP Domestic Commercial
Kurnool Kurnool Airport — — Future Future
Nagarjuna Sagar Nagarjuna Sagar Airport VONS — Domestic Closed
Nellore Nellore Airport — — Future Future
Puttaparthi Sri Sathya Sai Airport VOPN BEK Private Private
Rajahmundry Rajahmundry Airport VORY RJA Domestic Commercial
Srikakulam Srikakulam Airport — — Future Future
Tirupati Tirupati Airport VOTP TIR Domestic Commercial
Vijayawada Vijayawada Airport VOBZ VGA Domestic Commercial
Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Airport VOVZ VTZ International[5] Commercial
Bhogapuram Airport — — Future Future
Arunachal Pradesh[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Along Along Airport VEAN IXV Domestic Civil Enclave
Daporijo Daporijo Airport VEDZ DAE Domestic Closed
Itanagar Itanagar Airport — — Future Future
Pasighat Pasighat Airport VEPG IXT Domestic Civil Enclave
Tezu Tezu Airport VETZ TEI Domestic Closed
Ziro Ziro Airport VEZO ZER Domestic Closed
Assam[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Chabua Chabua Air Force Station VECA — Defence Air Base
Dhubri Rupsi Airport VERU RUP Domestic Closed
Dibrugarh Dibrugarh Airport VEMN DIB Domestic Commercial
Doom Dooma Sookerating Air Force Station — — Defence Air Base
Guwahati Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport VEGT GAU International[5] Commercial
Jorhat Jorhat Airport VEJT JRH Domestic Civil Enclave
North Lakhimpur Lilabari Airport VELR IXI Domestic Commercial
Shella Shella Airport — — Domestic Closed
Silchar Silchar Airport VEKU IXS Domestic Civil Enclave
Tezpur Tezpur Airport VETZ TEZ Domestic Civil Enclave
Bihar[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Bihta Bihta Air Force Station — — Defence Air Base
Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Airport — — Domestic Non Commercial
Darbhanga Darbhanga Airport VEDB — Defence/Domestic Air Base/Commercial
Gaya Gaya Airport VEGY GAY International Commercial
Jogbani Jogbani Airport — — Domestic Closed
Munger Munger Airport — — Domestic Non Commercial
Muzaffarpur Muzaffarpur Airport VEMZ MZU Future Future
Patna Jay Prakash Narayan Airport VEPT PAT International Int'l but handles domestic flights only
Purnea Purnea Airport VEPU[7] — Defence Air Base
Raxaul Raxaul Airport VERL — Domestic Closed
Chandigarh[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Chandigarh Chandigarh Airport VICG IXC International Commercial
Chhattisgarh[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Ambikapur Ambikapur Airport — — Domestic
Bhilai Bhilai Airport — — Domestic
Bilaspur Bilaspur Airport VEBU PAB Domestic Flying School
Jagdalpur Jagdalpur Airport VE46 JGB Domestic Closed
Jashpur Jashpur Airport — — Domestic
Korba Korba Airport — — Domestic
Raigarh Raigarh Airport VERH — Domestic
OP Jindal Airport — — Private
Raipur Swami Vivekananda Airport VERP RPR Domestic Commercial
Daman and Diu[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Daman Daman Airport VADN NMB Defence Air Base
Diu Diu Airport VA1P DIU Domestic Commercial
Delhi[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
New Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport VIDP DEL International[5] Commercial
Safdarjung Airport VIDD — Domestic Closed
Goa[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Goa, Dabolim Goa International Airport VOGO GOI International[5] Commercial
Mopa Mopa Airport — — International Future
Gujarat[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Ahmedabad Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport VAAH AMD International[5] Commercial
Amreli Amreli Airport — — Domestic Not Started
Bhavnagar Bhavnagar Airport VABV BHU Domestic Commercial
Bhuj Bhuj Airport VABJ BHJ Domestic Civil Enclave
Dholera Dholera International Airport — — International Future
Jamnagar Jamnagar Airport VAJM JGA Domestic Civil Enclave
Kandla Kandla Airport VAKE IXY Domestic Commercial
Keshod Keshod Airport VAKS IXK Domestic No flights scheduled
Mehsana Mehsana Airport — — Private Flying School
Mundra Mundra Airport VAMA — Private Commercial
Palanpur Palanpur Airport — — Domestic Closed
Porbandar Porbandar Airport VAPR PBD Domestic Commercial
Rajkot Rajkot Airport VARK RAJ Domestic Commercial
Rajkot Greenfield Airport - - Domestic Future
Surat Surat Airport VASU STV Domestic Commercial
Vadodara Vadodara Airport VABO BDQ International Commercial
Haryana[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Ambala
Ambala Air Force Station
VIAM — Defence Air Base
Bhiwani Bhiwani Airport VIHR HSS Domestic Flying School
Gurugram Gurugram Airstrip VIHR HSS Domestic Recreational airstrip
Hisar Hisar Airport VIHR HSS Domestic Flying School
Karnal Karnal Airport VI40 — Domestic Flying School
Narnaul Narnaul Airport VI40 — Domestic Flying School
Panchkula Pinjore Airport VI40 — Domestic Flying School
Sirsa
Sirsa Air Force Station
VIAM — Defence Air Base
Himachal Pradesh[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Kangra Gaggal Airport VIGG DHM Domestic Commercial
Kullu Bhuntar Airport VIBR KUU Domestic Commercial
Shimla Shimla Airport VISM SLV Domestic Commercial
Jammu & Kashmir[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Jammu Jammu Airport VIJU IXJ Domestic Commercial
Kargil Kargil Airport — VI65 Defence Air Base
Leh Kushok Bakula Rimpochhe Airport VILH IXL Domestic Commercial
Srinagar Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport VISR SXR International Commercial
Thoise Thoise Airbase — — Defence Air Base
Jharkhand[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Bokaro Bokaro Airport VEBK — Domestic Private
Chakulia Chakulia Airport VECK — Defence Closed
Deoghar Deoghar Airport IN-0090 — Domestic Commercial
Dhanbad Dhanbad Airport VEDB DBD Domestic Commercial
Dumka Dumka Airport IN-0100 — Domestic Commercial
Jamshedpur Sonari Airport VEJS IXW Domestic Commercial
Ranchi Birsa Munda Airport VERC IXR International Commercial
Karnataka[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Belgaum Belgaum Airport VABM IXG Domestic Commercial
Bellary Bellary Airport VOBI BEP Domestic Closed
Bengaluru Kempegowda International Airport VOBL BLR International[5] Commercial
HAL Airport VOBG — Defence Aerospace Engineering
Yelahanka Air Force Station VOYK — Defence Air Base
Jakkur Airfield VOJK — Domestic Flying School
Bidar Bidar Airport VOBR — Defence Air Base
Bijapur Bijapur Airport — — Domestic Future
Chitradurga Challakere Airport — — Defence Air Base
Gulbarga Gulbarga Airport — — Future Future
Harihar Harihar Airport VO52 — Private Private
Hassan Hassan Airport — — Future Future
Hubli Hubli Airport VAHB HBX Domestic Commercial
Karwar Karwar Airport — — Future Future
Koppal Koppal Airport — — Private Private
Mangalore Mangaluru Airport VOML IXE International[8] Commercial
Mysore Mysore Airport VOMY MYQ Domestic Commercial
Shimoga Shimoga Airport — — Domestic Future
Toranagallu Jindal Vijaynagar Airport VOJV VDY Private Private
Kerala[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Trivandrum Trivandrum International Airport VOTV TRV International Commercial
Kochi Cochin International Airport VOCI COK International[5] Commercial
Kochi INS Garuda VOCC — Defence Air Base
Kollam Kollam Airport — — Domestic Closed
Palakkad Palakkad Airport — — Domestic Future
Kottayam Sabarigiri International Airport — — International Future
Kozhikode Thiruvambady International Airport — — International Future
Calicut International Airport VOCL CCJ International[5] Commercial
Kannur Kannur International Airport VOKN CNN International[5] Future
Lakshadweep[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Agatti Agatti Airport VOAT AGX Domestic Commercial
Madhya Pradesh[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Bhopal Raja Bhoj Airport VABP BHO Domestic Commercial
Chhindwara Chhindwara Airport — — Domestic Closed
Damoh Damoh Airport — — Domestic Closed
Gwalior Gwalior airport VIGR GWL Domestic Commercial
Indore Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport VAID IDR International Commercial
Jabalpur Jabalpur Airport VAJB JLR Domestic Commercial
Khajuraho Khajuraho Airport VEKO HJR Domestic Commercial
Khandwa Khandwa Airport VADK IN-0061 Domestic No flights scheduled
Panna Panna Airport — — Domestic Closed
Sagar Dhana Airport — — Domestic Closed
Satna Satna Airport VEST TNI Domestic Commercial
Guna Guna Airstrip — — Domestic Closed
Ujjain Ujjain Airstrip — — Domestic Closed
Maharashtra[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Aamby Valley City Aamby Valley Airstrip — IN-0033 Private Private
Akola Akola Airport VAAK AKD AAI General Aviation
Amravati Amravati Airport IN-0065 — MADC General Aviation
Aurangabad Aurangabad Airport VAAU IXU Domestic Commercial
Baramati Baramati Airport — — Reliance Flying School
Chandrapur Chandrapur Airport VA1B — MADC General Aviation
Dhule Dhule Airport VA53 — MADC Flying School
Gondia Gondia Airport VAGD — AAI Flying School
Jalgaon Jalgaon Airport VAJL — AAI General Aviation
Kalyan Kalyan Airstrip — KYN AAI Closed
Karad Karad Airport VA1M — MADC Flying School
Kolhapur Kolhapur Airport VAKP KLH AAI General Aviation
Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport VABB BOM International[5] Commercial
Juhu Aerodrome VAJJ — AAI General Aviation
Navi Mumbai Navi Mumbai International Airport — — International Future
Nagpur Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport VANP NAG International[5] Commercial
Nanded Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport VAND NDC Domestic Commercial
Nashik Gandhinagar Airport VANR — Defence Commercial/Air Base
Ozar Airport VAOZ ISK International/Civil Aviation Air Base
Osmanabad Osmanabad Airport — OMN Reliance General Aviation
Parbhani Parbhani Airport VALT PBN MIDC Under Construction
Phaltan Phaltan Landing Ground — — MADC Closed
Pune Hadapsar Airport — — AAI Flying School
Pune Airport VAPO PNQ International Commercial
Chhatrapati Smbhaji Raje International Airport — — International Future
Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Airport VARG RTC Defence Coast Guard
Shirdi Shirdi Airport — — MADC Commercial
Shirpur Shirpur Airstrip — IN-0062 Private Private
Sindhudurg Sindhudurg Airport — — IRB Infrastructure Future
Solapur Solapur Airport VASL SSL MADC General Aviation
Yavatmal Yavatmal Airport VA78 YTL Reliance General Aviation
Latur Latur Airport — LTU AAI Closed
Manipur[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Imphal Koirengei Airstrip — — Domestic No scheduled flights
Imphal International Airport VEIM IMF International Commercial
Meghalaya[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Shillong Shillong Airport VEBI SHL Domestic Commercial
Tura Baljek Airport VETU - Domestic No flights scheduled
Mizoram[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Aizawl Lengpui Airport VELP AJL Domestic Commercial
Nagaland[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Dimapur Dimapur Airport VEMR DMU Domestic Commercial
Odisha[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Angul Savitri Jindal Airport VEAL IN-0073 Private
Balangir Nuagaon Airport VE63 — Domestic
Mayurbhanj Rasgovindpur Airstrip — IN-0057 Domestic
Barbil Barbil Tonto Aerodrome VEBL IN-0074 Private
Bhawanipatna Utkela Airstrip VEUK — Domestic
Bhubaneswar Biju Patnaik International Airport VEBS BBI International Commercial
Brahmapur Brahmapur Airport VEBM BMP Domestic
Cuttack Charbatia Air Base — — Defence Air Base
Hirakud/Sambalpur Hirakud Airstrip VEHK — Domestic
Jajpur Jajpur Airstrip — IN-0092 Private
Jeypore Jeypore Airport VEJP PYB Domestic
Jharsuguda Jharsuguda Airport VEJH JSA Domestic Commercial
Kendujhar Kendujhar Airstrip VEKJ — Private
Lanjigarh Lanjigarh Airstrip — IN-0093 Private
Nuapada Nawapara Airport VENP — Domestic
Phulbani Phulbani Airstrip VEPN — Private
Rourkela Rourkela Airport VERK RRK Private Commercial
Puducherry[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Karaikal Karaikal Airport — — Domestic Future
Puducherry Puducherry Airport VOPC PNY Domestic Commercial
Punjab[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Amritsar Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport VIAR ATQ International[5] Commercial
Bathinda Bathinda Airport VIBT BUP Domestic Commercial
Jalandhar Adampur Airport VIAX AIP Domestic Civil Enclave
Ludhiana Sahnewal Airport VILD LUH Domestic Commercial
Pathankot Pathankot Airport VIPK IXP Domestic Commercial
Patiala Patiala Airport VIPL — Domestic
Rajasthan[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Ajmer Kishangarh Airport VIKG KQH Domestic No scheduled flights
Bikaner Nal Airport VIBK BKB Domestic Commercial
Jaipur Jaipur International Airport VIJP JAI International[5] Commercial
Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Airport VIJR JSA Defence Air base
Jhalawar Kolana Airport — — Domestic No scheduled flights
Jodhpur Jodhpur Airport VIJO JDH Domestic Civil Enclave
Kota Kota Airport VIKO KTU Domestic No scheduled flights
Udaipur Maharana Pratap Airport VAUD UDR Domestic Commercial
Sikkim[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Gangtok Pakyong Airport — — Future Future
Tamil Nadu[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Arakkonam INS Rajali Naval Air Station VOTJ — Defence Air Base
Chennai Chennai International Airport VOMM MAA International[5] Commercial
Tambaram Air Force Station VOTX — Defence Air Base
Coimbatore Coimbatore International Airport VOCB CJB International[8] Commercial
Sulur Air Force Station VOSX — Defence Air Base
Hosur Hosur Airport VO95 HSR Domestic Commercial
Madurai Madurai International Airport VOMD IXM Domestic[8] Commercial
Neyveli Neyveli Airport VONV NYV Domestic Commercial
Salem Salem Airport VOSM SXV Domestic Commercial
Thanjavur Thanjavur Air Force Station VOTJ TJV Domestic Future
Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirappalli International Airport VOTR TRZ International[8] Commercial
Tuticorin Tuticorin Airport VOTK TCR Domestic Commercial
Uchipuli INS Parundu Naval Air Station NA NA Defence Air Base
Vellore Vellore Airport VOVR — Domestic Future [9]
Telangana[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Hyderabad Begumpet Airport VOHY BPM Domestic Civil Enclave
Dundigul Air Force Academy VODG — Defence Flying School
Hakimpet Air Force Station VOHK — Defence
Nadirgul Airport — — Domestic
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport VOHS HYD International[5] Commercial
Kothagudem Kothagudem Airport — — Future Future
Nizamabad Nizamabad Airport — — Future Future
Ramagundam Ramagundam Airport VORG — Domestic Not operational
Warangal Warangal Airport VOWA WGC Domestic Closed
Tripura[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Agartala Agartala Airport VEAT IXA Domestic Commercial
Kailashahar Kailashahar Airport VEKR IXH Domestic Closed
Khowai Khowai Airport — — Domestic Closed
Uttarakhand[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Chinyalisaur Maa Ganga Airstrip VI82 — Domestic No flights scheduled
Dehradun Jolly Grant Airport VIDN DED Domestic Commercial
Gauchar Gauchar Airstrip — — Future Future
Pantnagar Pantnagar Airport VIPT PGH Domestic Commercial
Pithoragarh Naini Saini Airstrip — — Future Future
Uttar Pradesh[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Agra Agra Air Force Station VIAG AGR Domestic Civil Enclave
Akbarpur Akbarpur Airport VI90 — Private Airfield
Aligarh Aligarh Airport — — Private Flying School
Allahabad Allahabad Airport VEAB IXD Domestic Civil Enclave
Azamgarh Azamgarh Airport — — Private Airfield
Bareilly Bareilly Airport VIBY BEK Domestic Under Construction
Etawah Saifai airstrip — — Domestic
Faizabad Ram Lala National Airport V125 FZD Domestic Civil Enclave
Farrukhabad Farrukhabad Airport — — Private Airfield
Ghazipur Ghazipur Airport — — Private Airfield
Ghaziabad Hindon Air Force Station VIXD — Defence Air Base
Gorakhpur Gorakhpur Airport VEGK GOP Domestic Civil Enclave
Jhansi Jhansi Airport VIJN — Defence Air Base
Kanpur Kanpur Civil Airport — — Domestic Flying School
IIT Kanpur Airport — — Private Aerospace Engineering
Kanpur Airport VIKA KNU Domestic/Defence Civil enclave/ Air Base
Kushinagar Kushinagar Airport — — Private Airfield
Lakhimpur Kheri Kheri Airport VI25 — Private Airfield
Lucknow Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport VILK LKO International[8] Commercial
Lucknow Air Force Station VIBL — Defence Air Base
Meerut Meerut Airport VI2B — Private Flying School
Moradabad Moradabad Airport — — Private Airfield
Raebareli Raebareli Airport VERB — Private Flying school
Saharanpur Sarsawa Air Base VISP — Defence Air Base
Shravasti Shravasti Airport — — Private Airfield
Sonbhadra Muirpur Airport VI1D — Private Private
Sultanpur Sultanpur Airport VESL — Private Airfield
Varanasi Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport VEBN VNS International[8] Commercial
West Bengal[edit]
City Served
Airport Name
ICAO
IATA
Category
Role
Asansol Burnpur Airport VE23 - Future Future
Balurghat Balurghat Airport VEBG RGH Domestic Closed
Barrackpore Barrackpore Air Force Station VEBR — Defence Air Base
Behala Behala Airport VEBA — Domestic Flying School
Cooch Behar Cooch Behar Airport VECO COH Domestic Closed
Durgapur Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport VEDG RDP Domestic Commercial
Hasimara Hasimara Air Force Station VE44 — Defence Air Base
Kanchrapara Kanchrapara Airfield — — Defence Closed
Kharagpur Kalaikunda Air Force Station VEDX — Defence Air Base
Kolkata Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport VECC CCU International[5] Commercial
Malda Malda Airport VEMH LDA Domestic Closed
Panagarh Panagarh Airport VEPH — Defence Airbase
Purulia Charra Airfield — — Defence Closed
Siliguri Bagdogra Airport VEBD IXB International[10] Commercial
See also[edit]
List of the busiest airports in India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Participating unserved UDAN-RCS airports, Airport Authority of India, Nov 2016.
Jump up ^ Underserved participating airports at the beginning of UDAN-RCS, Airport Authority of India, Nov 2016.
Jump up ^ Non-RCS airports including well served airports, Airport Authority of India, Nov 2016
^ Jump up to: a b State police to stand guard at Airports under UDAN scheme, Economic Times, 2 Dec 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Airport Authority of India". Aai.aero. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.flyvictor.com/en-us/private-jet-airports/campbell-bay-airport-(vo94)/
Jump up ^ https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airports/VEPU
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Cabinet grants international airport status to five airports". timesofindia-economictimes.
Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/nov/22/vellores-abandoned-airport-to-get-facelift-soon-flights-to-start-next-year-1707538.html
Jump up ^ "International status to Bagdogra airport hailed". The Times of India.
"Licensed Aerodromes in India" (PDF). Directorate General of Civil Aviation of India. 2008-11-10.
"Airports". Airports Authority of India. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
"ICAO Location Indicators by State" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 12 January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2012.
"UN Location Codes: India". UN/LOCODE 2009-1. UNECE. 2009-09-23. - includes IATA codes
Great Circle Mapper - IATA and ICAO codes
List of Indian Air Force Stations at GlobalSecurity.org
PilotFriend - Indian Airstrips
External links[edit]
List of airports mentioned by Airport Authority of India
[hide]
v
t
e
Airports in India
[show]
International
Central India
Lucknow
Varanasi
Eastern India
Bagdogra
Bhubaneswar
Gaya
Kolkata
Patna1
Northeastern India
Guwahati
Imphal
Northern India
Amritsar
Chandigarh1
Delhi
Jaipur
Srinagar
Southern India
Bangalore
Chennai
Coimbatore
Hyderabad
Kochi
Kozhikode
Madurai1
Mangaluru
Port Blair
Tiruchirappalli
Trivandrum
Vijayawada
Visakhapatnam1
Western India
Ahmedabad
Goa
Mumbai
Nagpur
Pune1
^1 Designated as a "restricted international airport" (customs airport); a limited number of international flights are permitted at these airports
[show]
Domestic
Central India
Chhattisgarh
Ambikapur
Bhilai
Bilaspur
Jagdalpur
Jashpur
Korba
Raigharh
Raipur
Madhya Pradesh
Bhopal
Gwalior
Indore
Jabalpur
Khajuraho
Panna
Satna
Uttar Pradesh
Agra
Akbarpur
Aligarh
Allahabad
Azamgarh
Bareilly
Faizabad
Ghazipur
Gorakhpur
Jhansi
Kanpur
Kanpur Civil
Kanpur IIT
Kushinagar
Lalitpur
Meerut
Moradabad
Muirpur
Raebareli
Saifai
Shravasti
Eastern India
Bihar
Munger
Muzaffarpur
Purnea
Raxaul
Jharkhand
Bokaro
Chakulia
Deoghar
Dumka
Dhanbad
Jamshedpur
Ranchi
Odisha
Angul
Balangir
Barbil
Berhampur
Bhawanipatna
Bhubaneswar
Cuttack
Jajpur
Jeypore
Jharsuguda
Kendujhar
Lanjigarh
Nuapada
Phulbani
Rourkela
Sambalpur
West Bengal
Asansol-Durgapur
Balurghat
Behala, Kolkata
Cooch Behar-Alipurduar
Malda
Siliguri-Jalpaiguri-Darjeeling
Northeastern India
Arunachal Pradesh
Along
Daporijo
Pasighat
Tezu
Zero
Assam
Dhubri
Dibrugarh
Jorhat
North Lakhimpur
Silchar
Tezpur
Meghalaya
Shillong
Tura
Mizoram
Aizawl
Nagaland
Dimapur
Sikkim
Gangtok
Tripura
Agartala
Kailashahar
Kamalpur
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Gas laws
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article outlines the historical development of the laws describing ideal gases. For a detailed description of the ideal gas laws and their further development, see ideal gas law.
The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases. Gases behave in a similar way over a wide variety of conditions because they all have molecules which are widely spaced, and the equation of state for an ideal gas is derived from kinetic theory. The earlier gas laws are now considered as special cases of the ideal gas equation, with one or more variables held constant.
Contents
[hide]
1 Boyle's Law
2 Charles' law
3 Gay-Lussac's law
4 Avogadro's law
5 Combined and ideal gas laws
6 Other gas laws
7 References
Boyle's Law[edit]
Main article: Boyle's law
In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature. He observed that volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure provided the temperature remains constant. Boyle's law, published in 1662, states that, at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant. It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container. It can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases: if a container, with a fixed number of molecules inside, is reduced in volume, more molecules will strike a given area of the sides of the container per unit time, causing a greater pressure.
A statement of Boyle's law is as follows:
The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely related to pressure when the temperature is constant.
The concept can be represented with these formulae:
V ∝ 1 P {\displaystyle V\propto {\frac {1}{P}}} , meaning "Volume is directly proportional to 1 divided by Pressure", or
P ∝ 1 V {\displaystyle P\propto {\frac {1}{V}}} , meaning "Pressure is directly proportional to 1 divided by Volume", or
P V = k 1 {\displaystyle PV=k_{1}} , or
P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 {\displaystyle P_{1}V_{1}=P_{2}V_{2}\,}
where P is the pressure, and V is the volume of a gas, and k1 is the constant in this equation (and is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations below).
Charles' law[edit]
Main article: Charles's law
Charles's law, or the law of volumes, was found in 1787 by Jacques Charles. It states that, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, assuming in a closed system.
The statement of Charles' law is as follows: the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas, at constant pressure (Pa), is directly proportional to its temperature (K). As a mathematical equation, Charles's law is written as either:
V ∝ T {\displaystyle V\propto T\,} , or
V / T = k 2 {\displaystyle V/T=k_{2}} , or
V 1 / T 1 = V 2 / T 2 {\displaystyle V_{1}/T_{1}=V_{2}/T_{2}} ,
where V is the volume of a gas, T is the absolute temperature and k2 is a proportionality constant (which is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article).
Gay-Lussac's law[edit]
Main article: Gay-Lussac's law
Gay-Lussac's law, Amontons' law or the pressure law was found by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1809. It states that, for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
As a mathematical equation, Gay-Lussac's law is written as either:
P ∝ T {\displaystyle P\propto T\,} , or
P / T = k {\displaystyle P/T=k} , or
K=P divided by T
P 1 / T 1 = P 2 / T 2 {\displaystyle P_{1}/T_{1}=P_{2}/T_{2}} ,
where P is the pressure, T is the absolute temperature, and k is another proportionality constant.
Avogadro's law[edit]
Main article: Avogadro's law
Avogadro's law states that the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of the gas present in the container. This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP (273.15 K, 1 atm) is about 22.4 L. The relation is given by
V 1 n 1 = V 2 n 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{1}}{n_{1}}}={\frac {V_{2}}{n_{2}}}\,}
where n is equal to the number of molecules of gas (or the number of moles of gas).
Combined and ideal gas laws[edit]
Main article: Ideal gas law
The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed mass (quantity) of gas:
p V = k 5 T {\displaystyle pV=k_{5}T\,}
This can also be written as:
p 1 V 1 T 1 = p 2 V 2 T 2 {\displaystyle \qquad {\frac {p_{1}V_{1}}{T_{1}}}={\frac {p_{2}V_{2}}{T_{2}}}}
With the addition of Avogadro's law, the combined gas law develops into the ideal gas law:
p V = n R T {\displaystyle pV=nRT\,}
where
p is pressure
V is volume
n is the number of moles
R is the universal gas constant
T is temperature (K)
where the proportionality constant, now named R, is the universal gas constant with a value of 8.3144598 (kPa∙L)/(mol∙K). An equivalent formulation of this law is:
p V = k N T {\displaystyle pV=kNT\,}
where
P is the pressure
V is the volume
N is the number of gas molecules
k is the Boltzmann constant (1.381×10−23 J·K−1 in SI units)
T is the temperature (K)
These equations are exact only for an ideal gas, which neglects various intermolecular effects (see real gas). However, the ideal gas law is a good approximation for most gases under moderate pressure and temperature.
This law has the following important consequences:
If temperature and pressure are kept constant, then the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas.
If the temperature and volume remain constant, then the pressure of the gas changes is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas present.
If the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant, then the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.
If the temperature changes and the number of gas molecules are kept constant, then either pressure or volume (or both) will change in direct proportion to the temperature.
Other gas laws[edit]
Graham's law states that the rate at which gas molecules diffuse is inversely proportional to the square root of its density at constant temperature.Combined with Avogadro's law (i.e. since equal volumes have equal number of molecules) this is the same as being inversely proportional to the root of the molecular weight.
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the pressure of a mixture of gases simply is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual components. Dalton's law is as follows:
P t o t a l = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 + . . . + P n ≡ ∑ i = 1 n P i {\displaystyle P_{total}=P_{1}+P_{2}+P_{3}+...+P_{n}\equiv \sum _{i=1}^{n}P_{i}\,} ,
or
P t o t a l = P g a s + P H 2 O {\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {total} }=P_{\mathrm {gas} }+P_{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }\,}
where PTotal is the total pressure of the atmosphere,
PGas is the pressure of the gas mixture in the atmosphere,
and PH2O is the water pressure at that temperature.
Amagat's law of partial volume states that the volume of a mixture of gases (or the volume of the container) simply is the sum of the partial volumes of the individual components. Amagat's law is as follows:
V t o t a l = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 + . . . + V n ≡ ∑ i = 1 n V i {\displaystyle V_{total}=V_{1}+V_{2}+V_{3}+...+V_{n}\equiv \sum _{i=1}^{n}V_{i}\,} ,
where VTotal is the total volume of the gas mixture, or the volume of the container,
Vi is the partial volume of the gas in the gas mixture at that pressure and that temperature.
Henry's law states that:
At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.
p = k H c {\displaystyle p=k_{\rm {H}}\,c}
Real gas law, formulated by Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1873).
References[edit]
Castka, Joseph F.; Metcalfe, H. Clark; Davis, Raymond E.; Williams, John E. (2002). Modern Chemistry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-056537-5.
Guch, Ian (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry. Alpha, Penguin Group Inc. ISBN 1-59257-101-8.
Zumdahl, Steven S (1998). Chemical Principles. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-83995-5.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&oldid=838306047"
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Daisy Bell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Bicycle Built for Two" redirects here. For the multi-rider bicycle, see Tandem bicycle.
"Daisy Bell"
Song
Released
1892
Songwriter(s)
Harry Dacre
"Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" is a popular song, written in 1892 by British songwriter Harry Dacre, with the well-known chorus, "Daisy, Daisy / Give me your answer, do. / I'm half crazy / all for the love of you", ending with the words, "a bicycle built for two".
The song is said to have been inspired by Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, one of the many mistresses of King Edward VII.[1][2]
It is the earliest song sung using computer speech synthesis, as later referenced in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Parody
2 In technology and culture
2.1 Computing and technology
2.2 Films
2.3 Musical recordings
2.4 Radio
2.5 Television
2.6 Literature
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
"Daisy Bell" was composed by Harry Dacre in 1892. As David Ewen writes in American Popular Songs:[3]
When Dacre, an English popular composer, first came to the United States, he brought with him a bicycle, for which he was charged import duty. His friend William Jerome, another songwriter, remarked lightly: "It's lucky you didn't bring a bicycle built for two, otherwise you'd have to pay double duty." Dacre was so taken with the phrase "bicycle built for two" that he soon used it in a song. That song, Daisy Bell, first became successful in a London music hall, in a performance by Katie Lawrence. Tony Pastor was the first to sing it in the United States. Its success in America began when Jennie Lindsay brought down the house with it at the Atlantic Gardens on the Bowery early in 1892.
The song was originally recorded and released by Dan W. Quinn in 1893.[4]
Daisy Bell
Sung by Edward M. Favor. Recorded by the Edison Phonograph Company on brown wax cylinder in 1894
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Parody[edit]
Even in original form this light-hearted song contains several puns ("tandem" as describing both a tandem bicycle and matrimony, bell/belle, weal/wheel, etc.), and almost from the beginning the song lent itself to parody and satire, with a great number of additional verses having been penned, ranging from the mildly humorous to the outright obscene. For example, the same year the song was published, an "answer" chorus appeared:
Michael, Michael, here is my answer true
You're half crazy if you think that that will do
If you can't afford a carriage
There won't be any marriage
Cause I'll be switched if I'll get hitched
On a bicycle built for two
Sometimes the songwriter's name—"Harry"—was used instead of "Michael" in this chorus.[5]
In technology and culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Computing and technology[edit]
In 1961, an IBM 704 at Bell Labs was programmed to 'sing' "Daisy Bell" in the earliest demonstration of computer speech synthesis.[6]
In 1974, auditory researchers used the melody of "Daisy Bell" for the first demonstration of "pure dichotic" (two-ear only) perception: they encoded the melody in a stereophonic signal in such a way that it could be perceived when listening with both ears but not with either ear alone.[7]
In 1985, Christopher C. Capon created a Commodore 64 program named "Sing Song Serenade", which caused the Commodore 1541 floppy disk drive to emit the tune of "Daisy Bell" directly from its hardware by rapidly moving the read/write head.[8]
Microsoft's personal assistant, Cortana, may sing the first line of Daisy when asked to sing a song.[9]
Films[edit]
Science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke witnessed the IBM 704 demonstration and referenced it in the 1968 novel and film 2001: A Space Odyssey, in which the HAL 9000 computer sings "Daisy Bell" during its gradual deactivation.[10]
In the 1986 film The Hitcher, the character John Ryder hums the song while being transported on the prison bus.
It is this very same connection to which the song most likely owes its appearance in the film, The Theory of Everything (2014), a drama about the life of the world renowned physicist Stephen Hawking, whereupon the fictionalized Hawking types out part of the song's lyric, in order to have the words subsequently "spoken", utilising his iconic text-to-synthesised-speech device.[original research?]
In the 2005 animated film Robots, the character Bigweld sings "Daisy Bell" briefly while Rodney repairs him.
Musical recordings[edit]
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album Join Bing and Sing Along (1959)
Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for a 1961 episode of The Alvin Show and their album The Chipmunk Songbook (1962).
Nat King Cole sang a cover for his album Those Lazy-Crazy-Hazy Days of Summer (1963).
Blur covered the song as a B-side on their single "Sunday Sunday" (1993).
Tin Hat recorded a rendition of the song for their album The Sad Machinery of Spring (2007), with the same lyrics but different music.
Jimmy Urine and Chantal Claret did a Hip-Hop rendition of the song for the YouTube series Pancake Mountain.
On May 3, 2014, an album composed entirely of covers of "Daisy Bell" entitled The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell was released in conjunction with pop artist Mark Ryden's exhibit "The Gay 90s". The album features covers of "Daisy Bell" by Katy Perry, Tyler, the Creator, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Nick Cave, Kirk Hammett of Metallica, Mark Mothersbaugh of Devo, Wall of Voodoo's Stan Ridgway, Danny Elfman and others. Profits from the album went to the nonprofit Little Kids Rock.[11]
Radio[edit]
The tune was played as the lead-in to Aunt Daisy's radio broadcasts in New Zealand, which ran from 1930 until her death in 1963.[12]
Television[edit]
In the Doctor Who episode "The Talons of Weng-Chiang" it is sung by the onstage performer.
In the Doctor Who episode "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" (8 September 2012), Solomon's robots sing the first line of the song when deactivated by the Doctor.
In the 2015 TV series Scream, the song is sung by a serial killer.
In the Sonic Boom episode, "Dude, Where's my Eggman", Cubot sings this song in order to gain money. However, he is unsuccessful.
In season 12 of Midsomer Murders, episode 4, "The Glitch", features this song, although the final line of the chorus is changed to be "a bicycle made for two" rather than "built for two".
In the Supernatural episode "Thin Lizzie" (Season 11, Episode 5), the song plays on an old record player during the murder of a couple at the beginning of the episode.
In 2016, model Daisy Lowe and her professional partner Aljaz Skorjanec danced a Viennese Waltz to "Daisy Bell" on the fourteenth series of the BBC hit show Strictly Come Dancing, earning Lowe her highest score in the competition.
In season four, episode 11 of Futurama, titled "Love and Rocket," Bender sings the song over a montage featuring a romance he had with the Planet Express Ship. The episode is inspired by the film 2001: A Space Odyssey.
In the video game Mass Effect 2, the character Joker makes a reference to the AI system "EDI" singing "Daisy Bell".
In season 2, episode 8 of Class of 3000, titled "Big Robot on Campus", B.R.O.C, a robot created by Philly Phil sings the song as he deactivates after falling off a biplane.
Literature[edit]
In the 2005 novel Anansi Boys by Neil Gaiman, one of the characters is named Daisy because her parents own and ride a tandem bicycle.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carroll, Leslie. Royal Affairs: A Lusty Romp Through the Extramarital Adventures That Rocked the British Monarchy. Edward VII and Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick 1861–1938: NAL Trade. ISBN 0-451-22398-5.
Jump up ^ "Local history: The socialist socialite". BBC. 22 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Ewen, David (1966). American Popular Songs. Random House. ISBN 0-394-41705-4.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Pop Memories 1890–1954. Record Research. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
Jump up ^ Cray, Ed (1992). The Erotic Muse. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-2520-178-11.
Jump up ^ National Recording Registry Adds 25 – The Library Today (Library of Congress)
Jump up ^ Kubovy, M.; Cutting, J. E.; McGuire, R. M. . (1974). "Hearing with the Third Ear: Dichotic Perception of a Melody without Monaural Familiarity Cues". Science. 186 (4160): 272–274. doi:10.1126/science.186.4160.272. PMID 4413641.
Jump up ^ "[CSDb] - Sing Song Serenade by Christopher C. Capon (1985)". Commodore 64 Scene Database. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sri San (2015-08-07), Daisy Daisy, retrieved 2016-10-24
Jump up ^ "Background: Bell Labs Text-to-Speech Synthesis". bell-labs.com. Lucent Technologies. March 1997. Archived from the original on 7 April 2000.
Jump up ^ Williams, Maxwell (May 2, 2014). "Katy Perry Featured on Pop Artist Mark Ryden's $100 'Gay Nineties' Album (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Basham, Maud Ruby – Biography". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Daisy Bell
Johns Hopkins University (March 30, 2007). "Daisy Bell. Song". Levy Sheet Music Collection, Box 140, Item 090.
"Works of Edward M. Favor". Internet Archive.
1894 recording of "Daisy Bell" (MP3)
Page featuring a recording of "Daisy Bell" sung and played by IBM computers at Bell Laboratories in the early 1960s (see last track on side 2 labeled "Synthesized computer speech demonstration (1963)")
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy_Bell&oldid=838523699"
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text:
Sandor Clegane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sandor Clegane
A Song of Ice and Fire character
Game of Thrones character
Rory McCann as Sandor Clegane
First appearance
Novel:
A Game of Thrones (1996)
Television:
"Winter Is Coming" (2011)
Last appearance
Novel:
A Feast for Crows (2005)
Created by
George R. R. Martin
Portrayed by
Rory McCann
(Game of Thrones)
Information
Aliases
The Hound
Dog
Gender
Male
Family
House Clegane
Relatives
Gregor Clegane (brother)
Kingdom
The Westerlands
Sandor Clegane, nicknamed The Hound, is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones.
Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Sandor is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane, from the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005).
Sandor Clegane is portrayed by Rory McCann in the HBO television adaptation.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Character description
2 Overview
3 Reception
4 Storylines
4.1 In the books
4.2 In the show
4.2.1 Season 1
4.2.2 Season 2
4.2.3 Season 3
4.2.4 Season 4
4.2.5 Season 6
4.2.6 Season 7
5 References
Character description[edit]
Sandor Clegane, known as the Hound, is a retainer to House Lannister and the younger brother of Gregor Clegane, a.k.a. The Mountain. He is regarded as one of the most dangerous and skilled fighters in Westeros. His face is distinguished by gruesome burn scars, which he received as a child when his brother pushed his head into a brazier. Consequently, he fears fire and hates his brother. He is also scornful of knight's vows, as his brother is a knight, who indulges in rape and murder in spite of his knightly vows. He is described as a tormented man driven by anger and hate, aspiring only to kill his brother.
Overview[edit]
Sandor Clegane is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Ned Stark, Sansa Stark, and Arya Stark. Sandor is mostly a background character in the novels.[2]
Reception[edit]
Sandor Clegane is played by the Scottish actor Rory McCann in the television adaptation of the series of books.[3] McCann has received acclaim for his role.[4]
Storylines[edit]
Coat of arms of House Clegane
In the books[edit]
In A Game of Thrones, he acts as bodyguard and servant to Prince Joffrey Baratheon, who calls him Dog. While escorting Sansa home, he reveals to her how his face was scarred and expresses much resentment of his brutish older brother and towards the concept of knighthood in general. Clegane leads the attack on the Stark forces in the Tower of the Hand.
He is named a knight of Joffrey's Kingsguard towards the end of A Game of Thrones. Clegane advises Sansa to do whatever Joffrey tells her to do as the best way of staying alive. He is often assigned to guard Sansa, trying to protect her from Joffrey's abuse in A Clash of Kings. He flees King's Landing during the Battle of the Blackwater, due to the widespread use of wildfire, a fictional substance similar to Greek fire.
In A Storm of Swords, he is captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners which sentences him to trial by combat. Sandor prevails and is set free. He later kidnaps Arya to ransom her to her brother Robb Stark and hopes to earn a place in Robb's service. He takes her to the Twins, where Robb is attending a wedding. However, just as they arrive, the Freys begin slaughtering the Starks. Sandor and Arya escape. They encounter three of Gregor's men at an inn, and Sandor is seriously injured in the ensuing fight. Arya abandons him to his apparent death.[5]
He is mentioned a few times in A Feast for Crows (2005), where the Elder Brother mentions to Brienne of Tarth that he found Sandor, who is now "at rest". However, the appearance of a mute gravedigger who matches Sandor physically and the Elder Brother's refusal to confirm if Sandor is dead imply that he may still be alive.
In the show[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Clegane accompanies the royal court on Robert Baratheon's visit to Winterfell. On the way back to King's Landing, Joffrey falsely accuses a butcher's boy, Mycah, of threatening him, and Clegane kills the boy, attracting the hatred of Mycah's friend Arya Stark. During the Tourney of the Hand, Sandor's sadistic elder brother Gregor tries to kill Ser Loras Tyrell after he is unhorsed, but Sandor defends Loras from Gregor until Robert orders the men to stop fighting. When Ned Stark accuses Joffrey of being a bastard born of incest and orders his arrest, Clegane assists the Lannister soldiers in the subsequent purge of the Stark household and Sansa Stark's capture, though he later comforts Sansa when Joffrey orders her beaten. With Joffrey's ascension to the throne, Clegane is named to the Kingsguard to replace the ousted Ser Barristan Selmy, though Clegane refuses to take his knight's vows.
Season 2[edit]
Sandor continues to defend Sansa, including by covering her after Joffrey orders her stripped and rescuing her from being gang-raped during the King's Landing riots. He participates in the Battle of the Blackwater against Stannis' Baratheon's forces, but is visibly horrified when Tyrion Lannister uses wildfire to incinerate much of Stannis' fleet, and ultimately deserts after witnessing a man burning alive in the battle. Before he leaves, he offers to take Sansa north to Winterfell, but she ultimately refuses.
Season 3[edit]
The costumes worn by Arya and her companion Sandor Clegane in the TV series Game of Thrones.
In the Riverlands, Clegane is arrested by the Brotherhood Without Banners, a group of knights and soldiers sent by Eddard Stark to kill his brother Gregor and restore order to the Riverlands. While being transported to their stronghold, he meets other members of the Brotherhood who are traveling with Arya Stark, and tells them of her true identity. At the Brotherhood's hideout, their leader Ser Beric Dondarrion accuses Clegane of being a murderer; though Clegane asserts that the murders were done in order to protect Joffrey, Arya testifies that he had killed Mycah despite the boy not harming Joffrey. Ser Beric sentences Clegane to a trial by combat, which Clegane wins to secure his freedom, although Ser Beric is immediately resurrected by the Red Priest Thoros of Myr. Clegane later captures Arya, intending to ransom her to King Robb Stark at the wedding of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey at The Twins. However, as they arrive at the Twins the Freys turn on the Starks and attack them, and Clegane and Arya barely escape the massacre.
Season 4[edit]
With the rest of House Stark believed dead and the Riverlands now under the rule of House Frey, Clegane decides to ransom Arya to her aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale. During their journey, Arya reveals to Clegane that she has not forgiven him for killing Mycah and has vowed to kill him. The duo arrive in the Vale to find that Lysa has ostensibly committed suicide. Returning from the Bloody Gate, they encounter Brienne of Tarth, sworn sword to Arya's mother Catelyn, who had promised to take the Stark children to safety. When Arya refuses to go with Brienne, she and Clegane engage in a brawl that culminates in her throwing Clegane off a cliff, gravely wounding him. Though he begs Arya to kill him, she instead leaves him to die.[6]
Season 6[edit]
It is revealed Clegane had been discovered by a warrior turned septon, Ray, who nursed him back to health. Clegane assists Ray and his followers in building a sept, but one day after a brief journey into nearby woods, he returns to the community to find the villagers slaughtered by members of the Brotherhood Without Banners. Clegane takes up arms again to hunt down those responsible, killing four of them before discovering the remaining three about to be hanged by Ser Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr, who inform him that the group were acting independently of the Brotherhood. Beric allows Clegane to kill two of the outlaws, and asks him to join the Brotherhood in their journey north to fight the White Walkers.
Season 7[edit]
During their journey north, the Brotherhood stops at a farm owned by a farmer that Clegane had previously robbed; inside, they find the bodies of the farmer and his daughter. Remorseful, Clegane digs them a grave with the help of Thoros. Thoros has Clegane look into the flames of Brotherhood's campfire, and in it he sees the White Walkers and their forces marching towards the Wall.
The Brotherhood attempts to cross the Wall via Eastwatch-by-the-Sea, but are intercepted by wildling scouts manning the castle and locked in the ice cells. Soon after, Jon Snow, Davos Seaworth, Jorah Mormont, and Gendry arrive at Eastwatch, intending to capture a wight to present to Cersei (now Queen of the Seven Kingdoms) as evidence of the White Walkers. Clegane, Beric, and Thoros are released to accompany Jon, Jorah, Gendry and Tormund Giantsbane beyond the Wall. The group soon captures a wight but are surrounded by the White Walkers and their army of wights, though not before Gendry flees to Eastwatch to request Daenerys Targaryen's aid. Daenerys arrives with her dragons before the group can be overrun, and flies them to safety. Clegane joins Jon, Daenerys and Davos as they sail to King's Landing.
At King's Landing, he meets Brienne of Tarth. Despite their previous brutal fight, they converse on civil terms. Sandor learns that Arya is alive and with her family, prompting a rare smile. During the summit in the Dragon Pit outside King's Landing, Sandor confronts his brother, promising that Sandor will eventually kill him. Sandor brings out the trunk containing the wight, revealing to Cersei and Jaime Lannister the threat that lies beyond the wall.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "HBO: Game of Thrones: Sandor Clegane ("The Hound"): Bio". HBO. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Viewer's Guide". HBO.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones': The Hound". Herocomplex. 25 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Collins, Sean T. (7 April 2014). "Sandor Clegane: 'Game of Thrones' actor talks". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ "A Read of Ice and Fire: A Storm of Swords, Part 48". Tor.com.
Jump up ^ "Rory McCann on The Hound and Brienne fighting dirty, and teaching Arya all too well". winteriscoming.net. 23 June 2014.
[show]
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text:
Lykan HyperSport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lykan HyperSport
Overview
Manufacturer
W Motors
Also called
Lykan
Production
2013–2017
Model years
2013–2017
Assembly
Lebanon
Body and chassis
Class
Supercar
Body style
2-door coupé
Layout
RMR layout
Powertrain
Engine
3.7L twin-turbo Flat-six engine
Transmission
6-speed Sequential manual transmission or 7-speed Dual-clutch transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,625 mm (103.3 in)
Length
4,480 mm (176.4 in)
Width
1,944 mm (76.5 in)
Height
1,170 mm (46.1 in)
Kerb weight
1,380 kg (3,042 lb)
Chronology
Successor
Fenyr SuperSport
Lykan Hypersport - Abu-Dhabi Police Edition on display at GITEX 2015
The Lykan Hypersport is a Lebanese limited production supercar built by W Motors, a United Arab Emirates based company, founded in 2012 in Lebanon with the collaboration of Lebanese, French[1] and Italian engineers.[2] It is the first supercar to be produced in the Middle East, and is featured in the film Furious 7, and the video games Project CARS, Driveclub, Asphalt 8: Airborne, Asphalt Nitro, Forza Motorsport 6, and GT Racing 2: The Real Car Experience, Forza Horizon 3, CSR Racing and CSR Racing 2.[3] The Lykan can also be briefly seen in the second Fate of the Furious trailer, however, the Lykan does not make an appearance, the footage is from the seventh movie, Fast and Furious 7. It is the first car to be designed and produced indigenously in the Arab World.[4]
W Motors plan to produce only seven units of the car.[5] The first pre-production Lykan HyperSport was launched at the Qatar Motor Show in February 2013.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Pricing
2 Performance
3 References
4 External links
Pricing[edit]
At US$3.4 million, the Lykan HyperSport is the third most expensive production car built to date, after the exclusive (seven created, three sold) Lamborghini Veneno (US$4.6 million)[7] and Maybach Exelero concept (US$8 million).[8] As reference, the Lykan Hypersport is twice as expensive as the Koenisegg Agera R (US$1.7 million).
Lykan HyperSport at Geneva Motor Show 2016
The HyperSport is the first car to have headlights with embedded jewels; they contain titanium LED blades with 420 diamonds (15cts).;[9] although buyers have a selection of rubies, diamonds, yellow diamonds, and sapphires to be integrated into the vehicle's headlights at purchase based on the color choice. The car also utilizes a holographic display system on the center console with interactive motion features, as well as gold stitching on the seats. There is a discrepancy among sources as to how many cars have been sold, with reports varying from four to seven sales. At least two of the cars have been sold, one to an anonymous buyer, as revealed in a YouTube video by W Motors, and the Abu Dhabi Police Edition.
Performance[edit]
The Lykan HyperSport is powered by a 3.7 litre (3746cc) twin-turbocharged Flat-six engine developed by RUF,[10] producing 581.6 kW (780 hp) and 960 N⋅m (708 lb⋅ft) of torque.[11] The manufacturer claims a top speed of 395 km/h (245 mph) and a time from 0 to 62.137 mph (0.000 to 100.000 km/h) in 2.8 seconds, however there have been no independent tests of the car's performance as of yet. There was a demonstration by W Motors in 2013 in Dubai, in which they claim to have recorded the car's performance. In June 2015, the Abu Dhabi police force purchased a Lykan HyperSport.[12] The Abu Dhabi Police car is included in the total of seven, meaning only six will be available for purchase.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Branden J. Peters (16 June 2014). "W Motors: A Conversation With The Designer Of The World's Most Controversial Supercar". Complex. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "CEO and Founder of W Motors on the Lykan Hypersport | Haute Dubai Magazine (Dubai, UAE)". www.hautedubaimagazine.com. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, James (15 February 2013). "How the Lykan Hypersport is the last word in luxury". The National. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "W Motors: The world's first Arab supercar manufacturer". CNN. 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "W Motors unveils US$3.4 million Lykan Hypersport". www.gizmag.com.
Jump up ^ "Lykan HyperSport" (PDF). W Motors. November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most expensive cars in the world". Daily News. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rapper pays $8m for one-off Maybach". Top Gear. 4 May 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lykan Hypersport". wmotors. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lykan Hypersport Specifications". W Motors. 3 February 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Specification sheet". W Motors. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Abu Dhabi police adds one of world's rarest cars, Lykan HyperSport, to garage". news.com.au. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Lykan Hypersport - Abu-Dhabi Police Edition on display at GITEX 2015
External links[edit]
W Motors Lykan Hypersport official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lykan_HyperSport&oldid=819474058"
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