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The Jungle Book
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The Jungle Book
Embossed cover of first edition with artwork by John Lockwood Kipling
Author
Rudyard Kipling
Illustrator
John Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father)
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
The Jungle Books
Genre
Children's book
Publisher
Macmillan
Publication date
1894
Preceded by
"In the Rukh"
Followed by
The Second Jungle Book
The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by English author Rudyard Kipling. The stories are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to give moral lessons. A principal character is the boy or "man-cub" Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves. Other characters include Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear. The book has been adapted many times for film and other media.
Contents
[hide]
1 Context
2 Book
2.1 Description
2.2 Origins
2.3 Chapters
2.4 Characters
3 Reception
4 Adaptations in other media
4.1 Books
4.2 Audio
4.3 Comic books
4.4 Films and television
4.5 Theatre
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Context
The stories were first published in magazines in 1893–94. The original publications contain illustrations, some by the author's father, John Lockwood Kipling. Rudyard Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there. After about ten years in England, he went back to India and worked there for about six-and-a-half years. These stories were written when Kipling lived in Naulakha, the home he built in Dummerston, Vermont, in the United States.[1] There is evidence that Kipling wrote the collection of stories for his daughter Josephine, who died from pneumonia in 1899, aged 6; a rare first edition of the book with a handwritten note by the author to his young daughter was discovered at the National Trust's Wimpole Hall in Cambridgeshire, England, in 2010.[2]
Book
Description
The tales in the book (as well as those in The Second Jungle Book, which followed in 1895 and includes five further stories about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to teach moral lessons. The verses of "The Law of the Jungle", for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families, and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or "heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle".[3] Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time.[4]
Origins
A letter written and signed by Rudyard Kipling in 1895 was put up for auction in 2013 by Andrusier. In this letter, Kipling confesses to borrowing ideas and stories in the Jungle Book: "I am afraid that all that code in its outlines has been manufactured to meet 'the necessities of the case': though a little of it is bodily taken from (Southern) Esquimaux rules for the division of spoils," Kipling wrote in the letter. "In fact, it is extremely possible that I have helped myself promiscuously but at present cannot remember from whose stories I have stolen."[5]
Chapters
The book is arranged with a story in each chapter. Each story is followed by a poem that serves as an epigram.
Contents
Story
Description
Epigrammatic poem
Mowgli's Brothers A boy is raised by Indian wolves in the Indian jungle with the help of Baloo the bear and Bagheera the black panther, and then has to fight the tiger Shere Khan. This story has also been published as a short book in its own right: Night-Song in the Jungle. "Hunting-Song of the Seeonee Pack"
Kaa's Hunting This story takes place before Mowgli fights Shere Khan. When Mowgli is abducted by the Bandar-logs, Baloo and Bagheera set out to rescue him with the aid of Chil the kite and Kaa the python. "Road Song of the Bandar-Log"
Tiger! Tiger! Mowgli returns to the human village and is adopted by Messua and her husband who believe him to be their long-lost son Nathoo. But he has trouble adjusting to human life, and Shere Khan still wants to kill him. The story's title is taken from the poem "The Tyger" by William Blake. "Mowgli's Song"
The White Seal Kotick, a rare white-furred northern fur seal, searches for a new home for his people, where they will not be hunted by humans.[6] Many names in the story are Russian,[a] as the Pribilof Islands had been bought (with Alaska) by the United States in 1867, and Kipling had access to books about the islands.[6] "Lukannon"
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi Rikki-Tikki the mongoose defends a human family living in India against a pair of cobras. This story has also been published as a short book. "Darzee's Chaunt"
Toomai of the Elephants Toomai, a ten-year-old boy who helps to tend working elephants, is told that he will never be a full-fledged elephant-handler until he has seen the elephants dance. This story has also been published as a short book. "Shiv and the Grasshopper"
Her Majesty's Servants[b] On the night before a military parade, a British soldier eavesdrops on a conversation between the camp animals. "Parade-Song of the Camp Animals" is set to the tunes of several well-known songs.[c]
Characters
Main article: List of The Jungle Book characters
Many of the characters are named simply for the Hindi names of their species: for example, Baloo is a transliteration of Hindi भालू Bhālū, "bear".
Akela – An Indian wolf
Bagheera – A black panther
Baloo — A bear
Bandar-log – A tribe of monkeys
Chil – A kite, in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, "battle")
Chuchundra – A muskrat
Darzee – A tailorbird
Father Wolf – The father wolf who raised Mowgli as his own cub
Grey brother – One of Mother and Father Wolf's cubs
Hathi – An Indian elephant
Ikki – An Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine (mentioned only)
Kaa – A reticulated python
Karait – A common krait
Kotick – A white seal
Mang – A bat
Mor – An Indian peafowl
Mowgli – Main character, the young jungle boy
Nag – A male black cobra
Nagaina – A female king cobra, Nag's mate
Raksha – The Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi – An Indian mongoose
Sea Catch – A northern fur seal and Kotick's father
Sea Cow – A Steller's sea cow
Sea Vitch – A walrus
Shere Khan — A royal Bengal tiger
Tabaqui – An Indian jackal who is Shere Khan's sidekick.
Reception
Sayan Mukherjee, writing for the Book Review Circle, calls The Jungle Book "One of the most enjoyable books of my childhood and even in adulthood, highly informative as to the outlook of the British on their 'native population'."[8]
The Jungle Book came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling at the request of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement; the name is traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.[9]
Adaptations in other media
Books
Robert Heinlein got the idea for his science fiction novel, Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), when he and his wife, Virginia, were brainstorming one evening in 1948; she suggested a new version of Kipling's The Jungle Book (1894), but with a child raised by Martians instead of wolves, and he decided to go further with the idea and worked on the story on and off for more than a decade.[10] In 1962, it received the Hugo Award for Best Novel.[11]
Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book (2008) is inspired by The Jungle Book. It follows a baby boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery. It has many scenes that can be directly linked back to Kipling, but with Gaiman's dark twist. Mr. Gaiman has spoken in some detail about this on his website.[12]
Audio
Jungle Book cycle (1958), was written by the Australian composer Percy Grainger, an avid Kipling reader[13]
The Jungle Book, a BBC Radio adaptation first broadcast on 14 February 1994 and released as a BBC audiobook in 2008,[14] was directed by Chris Wallis with a cast that includes Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Eartha Kitt as Kaa, Freddie Jones as Baloo, and Jonathan Hyde as Bagheera, with music by John Mayer[15]
Comic books
The book's text has often been edited or adapted for younger readers, and there have been several comic book adaptations:
The DC Comics Elseworlds' story, "Superman: The Feral Man of Steel", alludes to the Jungle Book stories. The infant Superman, like Mowgli, is raised by wolves. Bagheera, Akela, and Shere Khan make appearances.[16]
Marvel Comics published several Jungle Book adaptations by Mary Jo Duffy and Gil Kane in the pages of Marvel Fanfare (vol. 1). These strips were collected in the one-shot Marvel Illustrated: The Jungle Book (2007).[17]
Bill Willingham's comic book series, Fables, features The Jungle Book's Mowgli, Bagheera, and Shere Khan.[18]
Films and television
Many motion pictures have been based on Kipling's stories:
Heroes of the Soviet animation film on a postal stamp of Russia
Elephant Boy (1937) – directed by Robert J. Flaherty and Zoltan Korda, based on "Toomai of the Elephants"
Jungle Book (1942) – directed by Zoltán Korda, starring Sabu Dastagir as Mowgli
The Jungle Book (1967), Walt Disney Animation Studios' animated film version of the Mowgli stories
Mowgli (Russian: Маугли; published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US) is an animated adaptation, first released in the Soviet Union and known as the "heroic" version of the story. Five animated shorts of about 20 minutes each were released between 1967 and 1971, and combined into a single 96-minute feature film in 1973.
Chuck Jones's made for-TV cartoons Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1975),[19] The White Seal (1975),[20] and Mowgli's Brothers (1976)[21] stick to the original storylines more closely than most adaptations[citation needed]
Elephant Boy (1973), television series based on "Toomai of the Elephants" [22]
Jungle Book Shonen Mowgli (broadcast in 1989) is a Japanese anime television series, whose adaptation represents a compromise between the original stories and the Walt Disney version[citation needed]
Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book (1994), starring Jason Scott Lee as Mowgli, is the second Jungle Book film produced by Disney
The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli and Baloo (1997) stars Jamie Williams as Mowgli
The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998) stars Brandon Baker as Mowgli
Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998) is a live-action television series starring Sean Price-McConnell as Mowgli
The Jungle Book is a BBC adaptation that began production in September 2007 and continued for two years[23]
The Jungle Book (2016) is Walt Disney Pictures' live-action/CGI adaptation of the Mowgli stories, scripted by Justin Marks and directed by Jon Favreau
Jungle Book (to be released on 19 October 2018) is a live-action version Warner Bros. is developing, written by Callie Kloves and directed by Andy Serkis
Theatre
Stuart Paterson wrote a stage adaptation in 2004, first produced by the Birmingham Old Rep in 2004 and published in 2007 by Nick Hern Books.[24]
See also
Children's literature portal
Feral children in mythology and fiction
Just So Stories
Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, near Seoni (Madhya Pradesh) (Seeonee is said to be the forest where the Seeonee wolf pack lives)
The Third Jungle Book
Works of Rudyard Kipling
Notes
Jump up ^ Many of the 'animal language' words and names in this story are a phonetic spelling of Russian (probably as spoken with an Aleut accent), for example 'Stareek!' (Старик!) 'old man!'; 'Ochen scoochnie' (said by Kotick) 'I am very lonesome' Очень скучный (correctly means 'very boring'); holluschick (plural -ie) 'bachelor male seal' (холощик) from холостой ('unmarried'); Matkah (Kotick's mother, матка, 'dam', 'mother of an animal', or 'womb')
Jump up ^ Originally titled "Servants of the Queen"
Jump up ^ "Cavalry Horses" is set to Bonnie Dundee. "Elephants of the Gun-Teams" fits the tune and has a similar first line to The British Grenadiers, as does "Gun-Bullocks". "Screw-Gun Mules" is set to the tune of The Lincolnshire Poacher.[7]
References
Jump up ^ Rao, K. Bhaskara (1967). Rudyard Kipling's India. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
Jump up ^ "Kipling first edition with author's poignant note found". BBC New. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Gilmour, David (2003). The Long Recessional: the Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6518-8.
Jump up ^ Hjejle, Benedicte & Fddbek, Ole (Editor) & Thomson, Niels (Editor) (1983). "Kipling, Britisk Indien og Mowglihistorieine". Feitskrifi til Kristof Glamann. Odense, Denmark: Odense Universitetsforlag. pp. 87–114. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (31 May 2013). "Rudyard Kipling 'admitted to plagiarism in Jungle Book'". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The White Seal". The Kipling Society. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Page 1 of 38 The Musical Settings of Kipling’s Verse" (PDF). The Kipling Society. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Mukherjee, Sayan. "Book: The Jungle Book". Book Review Circle. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of Cub Scouting". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 30 October 2016. A strong influence from Kipling's Jungle Book remains today. The terms "Law of the Pack," "Akela," "Wolf Cub," "grand howl," "den," and "pack" all come from the Jungle Book.
Jump up ^ "Biography: Robert A. Heinlein". Heinlein Society.
Jump up ^ "1962 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Journal: The Graveyard Book". Neil Gaiman's Journal. 13 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "CD Review. Percy Grainger. Jungle Book". Classical Net. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "BBC Press Office - new releases". bbc.co.uk. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Diversity Website - Radio Plays - The Jungle Book". suttoelm.org.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Superman Annual. DC Comics. 1994.
Jump up ^ "The Jungle Book". Fanfare #8–11, 64 pages,. Marvel. April 2007.
Jump up ^ SPH Magazines (2007). GameAxis Unwired. SPH Magazines. p. 78. ISSN 0219-872X.
Jump up ^ "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (TV 1975) – IMDB". Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "The White Seal (TV 1975) – IMDB". Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mowgli's Brothers (TV 1976) – IMDB". Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Elephant Boy". IMDB. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC, Pathe team for 'Jungle Book' – Entertainment News, Film News, Medi". Variety.
Jump up ^ Stuart Paterson – complete guide to the Playwright and Plays
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Jungle Book
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Jungle Book.
The Jungle Book at Project Gutenberg
The Jungle Book public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[show]
v
t
e
Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book
Books
The Jungle Book (1894)
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
All the Mowgli Stories (1933)
Mowgli stories
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
Other stories
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
"The White Seal"
Characters
Mowgli
Baloo
Bagheera
Akela
Raksha
Kaa
Hathi
Shere Khan
Bandar-log
King Louie
Disney franchise
Film
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Jungle Book (1994)
The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Television
TaleSpin (1990–91)
Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)
Soundtrack
"Colonel Hathi's March"
"The Bare Necessities"
"I Wan'na Be like You"
"Trust in Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"My Own Home"
"Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai"
Video games
The Jungle Book (1993)
The Jungle Book Groove Party (2000)
Other
The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic
Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost
Other adaptations
Film
Elephant Boy (1937)
Jungle Book (1942)
Elephant Boy (1973)
Adventures of Mowgli (1973)
The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo (1997)
Jungle Book (2018)
Television
Mowgli's Brothers (1976)
Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli (1989–90)
episodes
Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998)
The Jungle Book (2010–)
Other
The Third Jungle Book (1992)
A dzsungel könyve
Djungelboken
Related
Law of the jungle
Mowgli syndrome
The Graveyard Book (2008)
[show]
v
t
e
Rudyard Kipling
Novels
The Light that Failed (1891)
Captains Courageous (1896)
Kim (1901)
Collections
Plain Tales from the Hills (1888)
Soldiers Three (1888)
The Story of the Gadsbys (1888)
In Black and White (1888)
The Phantom 'Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales (1888)
Under the Deodars (1888)
Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1888)
From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel (1889)
Barrack-Room Ballads (1892, poetry)
Many Inventions (1893)
The Jungle Book (1894)
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
All the Mowgli Stories (c. 1895)
The Seven Seas (1896, poetry)
The Day's Work (1898)
Stalky & Co. (1899)
Just So Stories (1902)
The Five Nations (1903, poetry)
Puck of Pook's Hill (1906)
Rewards and Fairies (1910)
The Fringes of the Fleet (1915, non-fiction)
Debits and Credits (1926)
Limits and Renewals (1932)
Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition (1940)
A Choice of Kipling's Verse (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)
Poems
"The Absent-Minded Beggar"
"The Ballad of the "Clampherdown""
"The Ballad of East and West"
"The Beginnings"
"The Bell Buoy"
"The Betrothed"
"Big Steamers"
"Boots"
"Cold Iron"
"Dane-geld"
"Danny Deever"
"A Death-Bed"
"The Female of the Species"
"Fuzzy-Wuzzy"
"Gentleman ranker"
"The Gods of the Copybook Headings"
"Gunga Din"
"Hymn Before Action"
"If—"
"In the Neolithic Age"
"The King's Pilgrimage"
"The Last of the Light Brigade"
"The Lowestoft Boat"
"Mandalay"
"My Boy Jack"
"Recessional"
"A Song in Storm"
"The Sons of Martha"
"Submarines"
"The Sweepers"
"Tommy"
"Ubique"
"The White Man's Burden"
"The Widow at Windsor"
Short stories
".007"
"The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly"
"Baa Baa, Black Sheep"
"Bread upon the Waters"
"The Broken Link Handicap"
"The Butterfly that Stamped"
"Consequences"
"The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin"
"Cupid's Arrows"
"The Devil and the Deep Sea"
"The Drums of the Fore and Aft"
"Fairy-Kist"
"False Dawn"
"A Germ-Destroyer"
"His Chance in Life"
"His Wedded Wife"
"In the House of Suddhoo"
"Kidnapped"
"Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris"
"Lispeth"
"The Man Who Would Be King"
"A Matter of Fact"
"Miss Youghal's Sais"
"The Mother Hive"
"Ortheris"
"The Other Man"
"The Rescue of Pluffles"
"The Ship that Found Herself"
"The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo"
"The Taking of Lungtungpen"
"Three and – an Extra"
"The Three Musketeers"
"Thrown Away"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
"Watches of the Night"
"Wireless"
"Yoked with an Unbeliever"
Related
Bibliography
Bateman's home
Indian Railway Library
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer
Iron Ring
Law of the jungle
Aerial Board of Control
My Boy Jack (1997 play)
Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale (2006 documentary)
My Boy Jack (2007 film)
Family
Elsie Bambridge (daughter)
John Kipling (son)
John Lockwood Kipling (father)
MacDonald sisters (mother's family)
Stanley Baldwin (cousin)
Georgiana Burne-Jones (aunt)
Edward Burne-Jones (uncle)
Philip Burne-Jones (cousin)
Edward Poynter (uncle)
Alfred Baldwin (uncle)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 72145857800523020097
LCCN: n79129910
GND: 4326028-7
BNF: cb121621071 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book&oldid=804602717"
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The Jungle Book
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Jane Levy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jane Levy
Levy at the 2013 WonderCon in Anaheim, California
Born
Jane Colburn Levy
(1989-12-29) December 29, 1989 (age 28)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2011–present
Spouse(s)
Jaime Freitas (m. 2011; div. 2013)
Jane Colburn Levy (born December 29, 1989)[1] is an American actress. In early 2011, she received popular recognition starring as Tessa Altman, a leading character on the ABC comedy series Suburgatory (2011-14).
In 2012, Levy appeared in the films Fun Size and Nobody Walks. In 2013, Levy starred in the supernatural horror film Evil Dead directed by Fede Álvarez. In 2016, she teamed up with Alvarez again and starred in the horror film Don't Breathe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 2011–2015
2.2 2016–present
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Levy was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of Mary (née Tilbury), an artist, and Lester Levy, a musician.[2] Her father is Jewish. Her mother is of English, Scottish, and Irish descent.[3] She attended Sir Francis Drake High School in San Anselmo, California. While in school, she was on the hip hop dancing team and was captain of the soccer team,[4][5] and appeared in community theatre productions of Annie and The Wizard of Oz.[4] She describes herself at school as being a "floater",[6] someone who got along with everyone. While at high school she visited England for five months.[6] She attended Goucher College for a semester before transferring to the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York City where she graduated from the Conservatory.[7]
Career[edit]
2011–2015[edit]
Levy moved back to Los Angeles after two years in New York City. Levy was cast as Mandy Milkovich in a five-episode role on the Showtime series Shameless within a few weeks of returning to the West Coast.[4] In March 2011, she landed the first lead role of her career on the sitcom Suburgatory, with Jeremy Sisto and Cheryl Hines.[8][9] Since being in the show she has been compared to Emma Stone, due in part to her red hair.[10] On May 9, 2014, Suburgatory was canceled by ABC after three seasons.
Levy was named by both TV Guide and TheInsider.com as one of the breakout stars of 2011,[11][12] and was included on the top eleven list of funniest women compiled by AOL.[13] Forbes named her as one of the handful of entertainment stars on their list of 30 under 30 who are "reinventing the world" (a list of the brightest stars of the future).[14][15] Noting that Suburgatory was "one of the big hits of the new [TV] season" and that Levy would be seen in two upcoming films, Forbes called her "one to watch".[16]
Levy appeared in two films in 2012, Fun Size and Nobody Walks; the former was the first feature from Gossip Girl creator Josh Schwartz.[10] Released before Halloween, Fun Size co-starred Victoria Justice and comedian Chelsea Handler.[17] While filming it, Levy was disappointed that she failed to meet co-star Johnny Knoxville, as he was on set for the one week of shooting that she was not.[17] Levy later starred in the 2013 remake of the horror classic The Evil Dead,[18] as the drug-dependent Mia, replacing Lily Collins, who had originally been cast.[19] The following year, she starred in two independent films, About Alex and Bang Bang Baby. [20][21] In 2015, Levy co-starred opposite Rene Russo in Frank and Cindy.[22]
2016–present[edit]
In 2016, Levy starred in her Evil Dead director Fede Alvarez's horror film Don't Breathe, the story of friends who break into the house of a wealthy blind man.[23] A sleeper hit, Don't Breathe also received positive reviews from critics and grossed over $156 million.[24] Also that year, she starred with Lucas Till in Monster Trucks, Paramount Animation's first live-action/CGI film, directed by Ice Age's Chris Wedge.[25][26] The film was filmed in 2014.
In 2017, Levy has appeared in I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore directed by Macon Blair, and will star in zombie comedy Office Uprising.[27] She played the female lead in the Pretenders, a romantic drama directed by James Franco.[28] Also in 2017, Levy appeared in the Showtime series Twin Peaks.[29]
Personal life[edit]
On March 3, 2011, Levy married actor Jaime Freitas. According to court documents, the couple separated on October 31, 2011. In April 2013, Levy filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences.[30][31]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
2012 Nobody Walks Caroline Ry Russo-Young
2012 Fun Size April Martin-Danzinger-Ross Josh Schwartz
2013 Evil Dead Mia Allen Fede Álvarez
2014 About Alex Kate Jesse Zwick
2014 Bang Bang Baby Stepphy Jeffrey St. Jules
2015 Nicholas & Hillary Hillary Elizabeth Orr Short film
2015 Here Now Mel Gregg Araki Short film
2015 Frank and Cindy Kate G.J. Echternkamp
2016 Don't Breathe Rocky Fede Álvarez
2016 Monster Trucks Meredith Chris Wedge
2017 I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore Dez Macon Blair
2018 Pretenders Catherine James Franco In post-production
TBA Office Uprising Samantha Lin Oeding In post-production
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011 Shameless Mandy Milkovich 5 episodes (season 1)[1]
2011–14 Suburgatory Tessa Altman Main cast; 57 episodes
2014 Kroll Show Madison Episode: "Krolling Around with Nick Klown"
2016 Swedish Dicks Taylor Slow / Ruth Episode: "Episode 5"
2017 Twin Peaks Elizabeth Episode: "Part 5"
2017 There's...Johnny! Joy Greenfield Main cast
2018 Castle Rock Jackie Main cast
^[1] Replaced by Emma Greenwell after Season 1
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jane Levy - Awards & Bio". Gold Derby. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Clehane, Diane (November 5, 2011). "Hipster in Wonderland". New York Post. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gerri Miller (August 24, 2016). "Hollywood Now: Adam Brody's New Series, Jane Levy's Thriller and Gold-Medal Olympians Ervin & Ledecky". InterfaithFamily.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tessa Altman played by Jane Levy". ABC. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marechel, A. J. (October 20, 2011). "Jane Levy: 21-year-old moves to 'Suburgatory'". Variety. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Gerri (September 28, 2011). "Jeremy Sisto & Jane Levy: Conserving is all in the family". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (September 28, 2011). "'Suburgatory' Star Jane Levy Isn't Afraid the Show Will Offend Suburbanites". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 9, 2011). "Jeremy Sisto To Star In ABC Comedy Pilot 'Suburgatory'". Deadline. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wightmann, Caroline (March 17, 2011). "Ana Gasteyer lands 'Suburgatory' role". Digital Spy. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Nussbaum, Danielle. "Jane Levy on Her Breakout Role in Suburgatory". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Breakout Stars of 2011". TV Guide. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2011's Biggest Breakout Stars!: Jane Levy". TheInsider.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Top 11 in '11: TV's Funniest Women". AOL TV. November 30, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Forbes' Names Stars Under 30 Who Are 'Reinventing the World'". East Idaho News. December 20, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Noer, Michael (December 19, 2011). "The 30 Under 30". Forbes. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pomerantz, Dorothy; Ozanian, Michael K.; Ewalt, David M. "30 Under 30: Entertainment". Forbes. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rothman, Michael (January 4, 2012). "An Interview with 'Suburgatory' Star Jane Levy". Hollywood.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Barton, Steve (April 24, 2012). "Jane Levy Talks Evil Dead Remake". Dread Central. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (February 3, 2012). "Jane Levy Is New Star Of 'Evil Dead' Remake". Deadline. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Alex". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bang Bang Baby". August 19, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Dennis (February 25, 2016). "Film Review: 'Frank and Cindy'". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Collis, Clark (August 17, 2016). "Jane Levy was tormented for real while making horror-thriller Don't Breathe". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ "Don't Breathe (2016) - Box Office Mojo". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Paramount Wants Lucas Till & Jane Levy in 'Monster Trucks' Toy Movie". firstshowing.net. February 19, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lucas Till - Lucas Till and Jane Levy to star in Monster Trucks". contactmusic. April 29, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Evil Dead's Jane Levy Joins Steven C. Miller's Office Uprising - Dread Central". February 8, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Calvario, Liz. "James Franco to Direct 'The Pretenders' With Jane Levy - IndieWire". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael; Ausiello, Michael (April 25, 2016). "Twin Peaks Revival: Complete Cast List Revealed (and It's Bananas)". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nessif, Brue (May 6, 2013). "Suburgatory's Jane Levy Files for Divorce from Husband After 7 Months". E! Online. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Monde, Chiderah (May 6, 2013). "'Suburgatory' actress Jane Levy files for divorce after secret marriage". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jane Levy.
Jane Levy on IMDb
Jane Levy at TVGuide.com
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 297460508
LCCN: no2013027060
ISNI: 0000 0004 0212 6520
BNF: cb16731049d (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Levy&oldid=821587511"
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text:
Stefan Salvatore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Stefan Salvatore
The Vampire Diaries character
First appearance
Novels:
The Awakening
Television:
"Pilot"
Last appearance
Novels:
The Salvation: Ummasked
Television:
"I Was Feeling Epic"
Created by
L. J. Smith
Portrayed by
Paul Wesley
Sawyer Bell (10 years old)
Luke Judy (Little Kid)
Information
Species
Vampire (Seasons 1-8)
Human (Season 8)
Doppelgänger (Season 5-6)
Gender
Male
Occupation
High school student (Seasons 1-4)
Automobile repairman (Season 6)
Family
Giuseppe Salvatore (father)
Lillian (Lily) Salvatore (mother)
Damon Salvatore (brother)
Caroline Forbes-Salvatore (wife)
Zach Salvatore (nephew)
Silas (ancestor)
Tom Avery (doppelgänger of)
Significant other(s)
Katherine Pierce (ex-girlfriend)
Valerie Tulle (ex-girlfriend)
Rebekah Mikaelson (few encounters)
Elena Gilbert (ex- girlfriend/friend)
Caroline Forbes (wife)
Relatives
Silas (Doppelgänger of)
Sarah Salvatore (great-niece)
Nationality
American
Status
Deceased
Stefan Salvatore is a fictional character from L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Paul Wesley in the television series of the same name. Born on November 5, 1846, Stefan was turned into a vampire in 1864, at the age of 17, by Katherine Pierce, with his brother Damon Salvatore.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting and reception
2 Development
2.1 Characterization
2.2 Relationships
2.3 Blood addiction
3 Television series
3.1 Backstory
3.2 Storyline
3.2.1 Season 1-3
3.2.2 Season 4
3.2.3 Season 5
3.2.4 Season 6
4 References
5 External links
Casting and reception[edit]
On March 27, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Paul Wesley had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Stefan.[1] He was the last main cast member whose casting was announced.[1] Wesley has become popular with viewers. Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times noted that he spent "10 years as a successful but under-the-radar TV actor" but shortly after the show premiered, he was "everywhere". MacKenzie wrote: "Last summer his face was on more than 30 "Vampire Diaries" posters at the Century City/Westfield mall alone, not to mention billboards over seemingly every major boulevard in Hollywood".[2] In November 2011, Wesley's ex-wife Torrey DeVitto joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries in the recurring role of Dr. Meredith Fell, who is "intrigued by" Alaric Saltzman (Matt Davis).[3][4]
Development[edit]
Characterization[edit]
Stefan was described as a "beautiful young man" who turns out to be a Vampire 162 years old, who develops a "strong connection" with "tragic heroine" Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev).[1] Wesley described the young Stefan as "naive and willing to ride whatever wave life threw" him, because he was "easily manipulated" and "innocent" with a "beautiful young soul". However, Stefan at the age of 160 years has more wisdom in him.[2] Stefan consumes animal blood, refusing to kill humans due to the guilt that he killed his own father. However, Damon on the other hand, does feed on humans.[5]
Relationships[edit]
Stefan has a love-hate relationship with his brother, Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder). Wesley "adores" Somerhalder, who he said he has "natural chemistry" with. Wesley stated: "The dynamic of the characters is so interesting because they love each other, but they hate each other [...] There's always this thing in Stefan's head where he hopes that one day Damon can just be as normal and functioning as possible".[2] However, he also described their relationship as "beautiful" in their flashbacks from the past, because they "loved each other so much back then".[2] Stefan begins a romance with Elena on the show's first episode, without telling her he was a vampire.[6] She was later shocked to find out that he was a vampire, and briefly ended their relationship before getting back together.[7] As the show progressed, Elena began developing feelings for Damon as well. Wesley described Damon and Stefan as having a "silent understanding of the fact that they both are in love with the same girl", and "that was Stefan's girl, and now Damon is suddenly a real factor, he's really in the picture".[8] Wesley's favorite episode of The Vampire Diaries is "The Turning Point" because it was "really beautiful" for Stefan and Elena as a couple.[2] In the episode, Stefan turns around "because he's ashamed of his face" with blood rushing through his eyes and his veins popping out. Wesley said "he's terrified, and he hates himself for it. He runs from that part of himself, but she turns him around and tells him not to be afraid. She touches his face, and she thinks he's beautiful. It's so intimate, that moment, because she accepts the darkest part of him."[2]
Wesley with Nina Dobrev (Elena) and Ian Somerhalder (Damon).
When the original vampire Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan) is feared dead, it is revealed that everyone in his bloodline will die, including Stefan and Damon. In what International Business Times called "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon. She ended up choosing Stefan.[9] When Elena became a vampire, her feelings for Damon heightened, and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him.[10] Elena and Stefan broke up, and she began a romance with Damon. Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[11] Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope, stating: "The fans should definitely maintain some hope. The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is so strong, and it was sort of the core of Season 1 — you can’t entirely disregard that".[12] The show's head writer, Julie Plec, said "They love each other as deeply as two people can love each other, but that doesn’t mean that their relationship is infallible".[13]
Blood addiction[edit]
In 1864, Stefan "hadn't yet learned the careful control that rules his life now" and was an avid consumer of human blood, which was considered a "dark past" by Zap2it. Of his blood addiction, Wesley said: "It's awesome. It's a drug. He's a drug addict. I get to play a drug addict, which I love. I'm going back to his days of usage, heavy usage. When I'm in my lustful state, it's so much fun. I felt like I got to play a role that I'd never played before. I felt like I was doing something different. I just love it, and I hope it comes out the way that I envisioned."[14] The show's executive producer Kevin Williamson revealed that he was "looking forward to Stefan eventually falling off the wagon and drinking human blood again" after spending decades of consuming only animal blood. Wesley said "everybody has a dark side, especially a vampire, and it'd be unrealistic not to explore that".[2] Stefan became addicted to human blood again, but got it under control with the help of Elena, who began letting him feed off her in small amounts to build up discipline.[14]
However, in the show's third season, Stefan's addiction returned. His humanity was taken away by Klaus, and the audience met "The Ripper", his "bloodthirsty, ruthless alter-ego who had previously only been legend" according to Zap2it, who found "this sociopath version of our hero far more compelling than his usual compassionate martyr self".[8] Wesley, who enjoyed "Ripper Stefan" more, said it "bums me out" when Stefan quit human blood again. He said "Good Stefan doesn't feel as natural in terms of what I want to be doing on screen, and what I want to be saying. I feel a little stifled, myself, whenever he's resisting the urge to do vampiresque things."[8]
Television series[edit]
Backstory[edit]
Stefan Salvatore was born on November 5, 1846 and raised in Mystic Falls, Virginia to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore. Stefan is the younger brother of Damon. When Stefan and Damon were human, they were very close and were best friends in life. Damon always confided and trusted in Stefan and they always defended each other, especially to their father, and was fiercely loyal to him. However, this all seemed to change when Stefan and Damon fell in love with the same girl, Katherine Pierce, who turned out to be a vampire. Stefan fell deeply in love with Katherine before finding out she was a vampire. Katherine, however, compelled Stefan to not be afraid, also to keep her secret and go on as they were. It was also revealed that Katherine compelled Stefan to drink her vampire blood against his will. Damon, on the other hand, drank Katherine's blood willingly, wanting and desiring the immortal life in order to spend an eternity with Katherine. In 1864, Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father, Giuseppe, along with his brother, Damon with Katherine's blood in his system, before accidentally killing his father during a visit to tell him that he was going to let himself die. Damon, who turned into a vampire as well, promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan. A newborn vampire with uncontrollable blood lust, Stefan was unable to resist the temptations of human blood and became severely out of control and addicted (later on known as the Ripper) to the blood, killing many people because of his lack of control and extreme bloodlust. However, Stefan learned to change his ways when he was taught to control it by a vampire named Alexia "Lexi" Branson, who later on became Stefan's best friend and companion. In 1942, Stefan enlisted in the Army to fight in World War II (4x08 "We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"). After decades of absence from the town he called home, Stefan returned to Mystic Falls to visit his home and Zach. On May 23, 2009, Stefan heard the Gilbert's car accident at Wickery Bridge. It was then and there that Stefan fatefully encountered Elena Gilbert for the first time. After only being able to save Elena, Stefan noticed that she looked exactly like Katherine.
Storyline[edit]
Season 1-3[edit]
Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he revealed to her that he is a vampire. However, Damon returns to Mystic Falls, too, and also falls in love with Elena. Further on in the series, Damon and Stefan start to bond as brothers again and it becomes apparent that they do love each other. Because of his addiction to human blood, Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series, which made him weaker than other vampires. In season two, Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength. When Katherine returns it is discovered that she had always loved Stefan and not Damon; however, Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine. Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire. After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite, he turns Stefan into a Ripper again.
Stefan starts working for him as he agreed to do to save Damon, and hopes it might also protect Elena by making sure Klaus never returns to Mystic Falls, since he believes her to be dead. Klaus later finds out and compels Stefan to kill her, but when he is able to resist the compulsion, Klaus makes him turn his humanity and emotions off. However, he is later able to get his humanity back, which is seen when he saves Klaus's life to protect Damon, but yet he pretends not to care about Elena anymore. He then takes it upon himself to kill Klaus. He steals Klaus's family as retaliation, and uses them as blackmail, when that fails (the witches give Klaus the coffins when he threatens to end the Bennett line), Stefan threatens to drive Elena off Wickery Bridge with vampire blood in her system if Klaus doesn't get his hybrids out of town, Klaus agrees at the last minute. He and Elena get into a fight. In the season three finale, he kisses Elena. In the end, Elena chooses Stefan over Damon, but when Rebekah causes Matt's truck to drive off Wickery Bridge, she is trapped underwater. Stefan barely gets there in time, but Elena makes him save Matt first and she drowns. It is later revealed Dr. Fell gave Elena vampire blood, meaning she died with vampire blood in her system. Then she became a vampire.
Season 4[edit]
In the season four premiere, Stefan tries to get Bonnie to save her from becoming a full vampire, however, she along with several other vampires are captured by the Founder's Council. As Elena begins to die and out of desperation to keep Elena alive, Stefan kills a guard and uses his blood to allow Elena to feed and to complete her transition into a vampire. Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring, which was made by Bonnie, in order to protect Elena from the sun. Stefan tries to assure Elena that everything will be okay and that they'll take Elena's newborn vampirism one day at a time. During the second episode of season 4, Stefan tries to help Elena cope with her hunger for human blood. After his "bunny diet" disagrees with Elena stomach she seeks help from Damon to find an alternative blood source. When blood bags and Damon's own blood fails too, she ends up feeding on Matt under extreme circumstances. Stefan then discovers from Klaus and Rebekah that there is a possible cure for vampirism. Stefan "teams" up with Klaus in order to find the possible cure, so that Stefan can give Elena the choice of becoming human again.
Unfortunately, Klaus needs the vampire hunter Connor to stay alive because he holds the map to the cure in his tattoo, and Stefan must keep him alive at all costs when everyone else wants him dead. When Connor kidnaps Jeremy, April, and Matt, and keeps them hostage at the Grill, Stefan must stop Damon from rashly walking in and killing his chance at curing Elena. After tranquilizing Damon with vervain and taking his daylight ring, Stefan tries to take matters into his own hands and infiltrates the Grille by himself. With Jeremy at gunpoint, Elena comes in and takes Connor by surprise. Stefan manages to get Connor out, but Elena later kills him and is consumed with grief at being a murderer.
When Elena begins to hallucinate because of Connor's death, Klaus informs Stefan and Damon that she must be locked away to keep from killing herself, and kidnaps her before they can say no. Later, Stefan works with one of Klaus's hybrids, Chris, to free Elena who stabs him in the neck and runs away. Stefan sends Damon to find her and goes with Bonnie to see if the Professor Shane knows how to end the hallucinations. He informs them that a potential hunter must kill a vampire so he may take the place of that dead hunter, which is virtually impossible. Luckily, Stefan realizes that Jeremy is a potential hunter, and tells him that to save his sister, he must kill a vampire. Jeremy kills the hybrid Chris who originally helped them free Elena, and in turn her hallucinations end, and she is safe, but only barely.
Later then, Stefan breaks up with Elena because of her feelings for Damon. Stefan goes to Caroline for support since she loathes Damon, and they become closer. During the Miss Mystic Falls Pageant, Stefan Turns a criminal in the hospital and convinces Jeremy to kill him to make the hunter's mark on his arm grow. Afterward, Jeremy becomes anti-vampire and attempts to kill Elena. Stefan is there and saves her, but has to apologize for making him crazy. Elena tries to tell him that she doesn't need the cure if it means it hurts Jeremy.
That night Elena comes to stay at the Salvatore house, and Stefan leaves to crash at Caroline's. While there, he and Caroline realize that Elena is sired to Damon. When Stefan informs Damon of this, they go to New Orleans to find the witch that broke a sire bond years ago that Damon had. Stefan and Damon find that in order to break the bond, Damon has to convince Elena not to care about him, and leave her, which Damon agrees to do for Stefan. Post Jeremy's death, Damon convinces Elena to switch off her humanity leading to her becoming brutal and ruthless. Stefan and Damon try constantly to make her feel something again. Later after Elena's humanity comes back, she chooses Damon, leaving Stefan heartbroken. Then Stefan tries to dump Silas body in the river only to find that Silas is still alive. Silas then reveals that Stefan is his doppelganger. Silas was the one who created the immortality spell 2000 years ago however, as nature creates a balance for everything, it created a version of Silas that could be killed, a shadow-self which ends up being Stefan. Silas then locks Stefan into a vault and drowns him in the river. This incident tempts Stefan to turn his humanity off in order to escape. Stefan happens to be in the safe for 3 months where he keeps on hallucinating.
Season 5[edit]
In season 5, Damon and Elena manage to figure out that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe. When they go to rescue him, Stefan isn't there. Instead, a very powerful witch (Qyetsiyah) had opened the safe for him and fried his brain due to which he suffers from amnesia. Qyetsiyah (or Tessa) loved Silas but on the day of their marriage, he cheated on her and took the immortality spell for the women he actually loved, Amara, the original doppelgänger of Elena. Stefan returns to his old ways but when he saves Elena from Tessa, she wants revenge so he gives Stefan his memories back which gives Stefan Hallucinations of the safe. Caroline tries to help him but when that doesn't work, Katherine comes back in the picture and manages to cure Stefan but they have a one-night stand, which leads Katherine to believe that Stefan still loves her, however he rejects her. Later on, Katherine takes over Elena's body and breaks up with Damon so that she can get Stefan. After trying to woo him and failing, Stefan realises that Katherine is pretending to be Elena and Elena is with Nadia, Katherine's daughter. They rescue her somehow by killing Katherine and sending her to some sort of hell. Then Stefan volunteers himself to the travellers to give his blood as they needed doppelganger blood. Caroline and Enzo try to find and kill Tom Avery, Stefan's last doppelganger in order to save Stefan and they succeed due to which Stefan and Caroline grow even closer. Near the end of the season, Stefan and Elena keep seeing dreams of the two being together and of them as humans. They work out that the travellers planted those dreams there as it was always meant to be Stefan and Elena not Damon and Elena. Through the fight, Stefan and Elena are kidnapped by the travellers as they need their blood to finish their spell. However, Enzo and Caroline save them by killing Tom Avery, Stefan's doppelgänger. In 5x21, Stefan tries to save Caroline's life from Tyler (while a passenger, Julian, is in his body), during which Tyler kills him, sending him to the disintegrating Other Side. In the episode 'Home' he is Resseructed because Liv did a spell due to which he and his other friends can get back but Damon and Bonnie are left there leaving everyone broken.
Season 6[edit]
In season 6, Stefan moves away from Mystic Falls because of Damon's death and finds a new girlfriend called Ivy. However, Enzo and Caroline, find him and Caroline tells Stefan that he's a coward and the worst friend ever. She starts crying so Enzo goes and kills Ivy. Stefan vows revenge. He comes back to Whitmore, and uses Elena's help to find Enzo leaving him to be killed by a vampire hunter. However, Enzo survives. Ivy returns as a vampire and it is revealed that Enzo had fed her vampire blood against her will before killing her. Damon, then returns to Mystic Falls and meets Stefan first which brings Stefan back to his friends. To make things worse, Enzo tells the other vampire hunter about Ivy and all the other vampires and the vampire hunter kills Ivy but is killed by Damon before the vampire hunter would kill anyone else. Enzo, figures out that Stefan's niece, Sarah is alive and that Damon had thought that he had killed Sarah before she was born but Sarah was born before her mother died however, Stefan kept this from Damon and Enzo uses this against Stefan. Meanwhile, the vampires have another threat, a psycho killer, Kai. Added on top of that, Sheriff Liz Forbes (Caroline's mother) is diagnosed with cancer. Stefan supports Caroline through this in which they bond even more and share a passionate kiss however just then Liz dies. At the funeral, Stefan realises that he has fallen in love with Caroline but before he can confess, Caroline switches off her humanity switch after the funeral. Stefan and Elena try to bring Caroline back but it fails and Caroline vows revenge for them not giving her the year she wanted without any feelings. She kidnaps Stefan and Damon's niece, Sarah Salvatore, and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity to save her. At the end of the episode 'The Downward Spiral', he does and joins Caroline. Stefan decides to ruin Caroline's life because she has done the same to him. He wants her to lose control and become a Ripper. He eventually is able to and they sleep together for the first time. When Lily, Stefan and Damon's mother, is rescued from the 1903 prison world and turns out to be a vampire, she manages to turn on Stefan's humanity again. However, it later is revealed that Lily lied to get him back and doesn't love her sons any more and only wants her travelling companions back. Stefan then pretends to still have his emotions off to get Caroline back and somehow succeeds, but Caroline tries to avoid him as she feels guilty for everything she had done. Stefan then also tries to talk Damon out of being a human again only to be with Elena but Damon decides to take the cure.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Andreeva, Nellie (27 March 2009). "The CW's final beast is risen". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g MacKenzie, Carina (28 January 2010). "Paul Wesley on his 'Vampire Diaries' character's addiction and more". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (9 November 2011). "'The Vampire Diaries': 'Pretty Little Liars' Torrey DeVitto Joins Cast as Recurring Character (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney (9 November 2011). "Vampire Diaries Awkward Alert: Paul Wesley's Wife to Seduce Another Man!". E! Online, Entertainment Television, LLC. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman, Andrew Chambliss (writers), David Von Ancken (director) (15 April 2010). "The Vampire Diaries episode 18". The Vampire Diaries. Series 1. Episode 18. The CW.
Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson, Julie Plec (writers), Marcos Siega (director) (10 September 2009). "The Vampire Diaries episode 01". The Vampire Diaries. Series 1. Episode 1. The CW.
Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft, Gabrielle Stanton (writers), Kevin Bray (director) (8 October 2009). "The Vampire Diaries episode 05". The Vampire Diaries. Series 1. Episode 5. The CW.
^ Jump up to: a b c MacKenzie, Carina (14 March 2012). "'Vampire Diaries' star Paul Wesley tells us why it's so good to be bad -- and spills on Stefan's response to Damon/Elena". Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Remling, Amanda (10 May 2012). "Vampire Diaries? Season 3 Finale: Elena Turns Into A Vampire, Chooses Stefan Before She Dies". International Business Times, Etienne Uzac. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (5 October 2012). "'Vampire Diaries' Boss Previews Elena's Dilemmas, Dueling Salvatores and a 'Lonely' Damon". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (28 December 2012). "Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan's Anger, Jeremy's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler's Future". TVLine, PMC. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (21 March 2012). "The Vampire Diaries' Paul Wesley Reveals Why Stefan/Elena Fans Shouldn't Lose Hope". TVLine, PMC. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (11 October 2012). "Post Mortem: Vampire Diaries Boss on Explosive Premiere Cliffhanger, Klaus' New Role and More!". TVLine, PMC. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b MacKenzie, Carina (26 January 2011). "'The Vampire Diaries': Paul Wesley reveals Stefan's 'lustful' side". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
External links[edit]
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"Disturbing Behavior"
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Season 4
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"Memorial"
"The Rager"
"The Five"
"The Killer"
"We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes"
"My Brother's Keeper"
"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"
"O Come, All Ye Faithful"
"After School Special"
"Catch Me If You Can"
"A View to a Kill"
Season 5
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
"True Lies"
"Original Sin"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
"Monster's Ball"
"Handle with Care"
"Death and the Maiden"
"Dead Man on Campus"
"The Cell"
"Fifty Shades of Grayson"
"500 Years of Solitude"
"The Devil Inside"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
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"While You Were Sleeping"
"Rescue Me"
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"What Lies Beneath"
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Season 6
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"Yellow Ledbetter"
"Welcome to Paradise"
"Black Hole Sun"
"The World Has Turned and Left Me Here"
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
"Do You Remember the First Time?"
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Steatoda grossa
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Steatoda grossa
female Steatoda grossa
male Steatoda grossa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Family: Theridiidae
Genus: Steatoda
Species: S. grossa
Binomial name
Steatoda grossa
(C. L. Koch, 1838)
Female Steatoda grossa eating insect.
Steatoda grossa, commonly known as the cupboard spider, the dark comb-footed spider, the brown house spider (in Australia), or the false black widow (though several other species are known by these names), is a common species of spider in the genus Steatoda.
It is a cosmopolitan species found in many parts of the world, including North America, Australasia, and Europe. As one of this spider's common names indicates, the spider superficially resembles, and is frequently confused for, the black widow and other venomous spiders in the genus Latrodectus.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Habitat and range
3 Medical significance
4 In popular culture
5 Footnotes
6 References
7 External links
Description[edit]
Like black widows, the female S. grossa is 6-10.5 mm in length and dark colored with a round, bulbous abdomen. Typical coloration ranges from purplish brown to black, with light-colored markings. Unlike black widows, redbacks, and other Latrodectus species, S. grossa does not have a bright red hourglass pattern or any other bright markings. Like many spiders, the male is sometimes smaller but can many times be nearly as long as the females. It measures 4.1-10.0 mm in length and is thinner than the female. The two sexes are colored similarly; however, the sexually mature male almost always has lighter, more reddish-coloured legs than the female. S. grossa spiders may shed up to six times (instars) before reaching maturity. They can go several months without feeding, provided they have access to water. A well-fed female can lay three or more egg sacs each year. Each egg sac typically contains between 40-100 eggs. The mother can often be observed watching her eggs for hours, even days, at a time once the eggs start changing color and grow close to hatching. At normal household temp/humidity, an egg will usually hatch within a month of being laid. The spiderlings are independent from time of hatch.
Female S. grossa spiders can live up to six years; the typical lifespan for the male is 1-1.5 years. Males often die shortly after mating.
Habitat and range[edit]
As is common with other members of the family Theridiidae, S. grossa constructs a cobweb, i.e. an irregular tangle of sticky silken fibers. As with other web weavers, these spiders have very poor eyesight and depend mostly on vibrations reaching them through their webs to orient themselves to prey or warn them of larger animals that could pose a danger. They are not aggressive, and most injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched. It is possible that some bites may result when a spider mistakes a finger thrust into its web for its normal prey, but ordinarily intrusion by any large creature will cause these spiders to flee.
S. grossa is a cosmopolitan species and is found in many parts of the world, including all three coasts in North America, in Australia and New Zealand, and in Europe.
A related species, commonly found in North America, is Steatoda borealis. This spider is similar to S. grossa in shape, but slightly smaller, and is generally found in colder climates. This spider can be identified by colored markings on the dorsal side of its abdomen rather than on the ventral side.
Medical significance[edit]
The bite of S. grossa is known to be medically significant in humans, but minor, without any long-lasting effects. Symptoms of bites include blistering at the site of the bite, muscle spasms, pain, fever, sweating, and/or a general malaise lasting for several days. Latrodectus antivenom was shown to be effective in treating bites from Steatoda grossa after it was mistakenly administered to a S. grossa bite victim who was erroneously believed to have been bitten by the far more dangerous redback.[1]
In popular culture[edit]
A specimen of S. grossa (painted with nontoxic blue and red stripes and "wrangled" by Steven R. Kutcher ("The Spider-Man Behind Spider-Man") was used as the spider which bit Peter Parker in the Sam Raimi-directed Spider-Man film released in 2002.[2]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Graudins A, Gunja N, Broady KW, Nicholson GM (June 2002). "Clinical and in vitro evidence for the efficacy of Australian red-back spider (Latrodectus hasselti) antivenom in the treatment of envenomation by a Cupboard spider (Steatoda grossa)". Toxicon. 40 (6): 767–75. PMID 12175614. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00280-X.
Jump up ^ http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BFU/is_5_88/ai_93919434 Star bugs: Steven Kutcher, Hollywood's top bug wrangler, trained the real spiders in Spider-Man
References[edit]
Levi, H.W. 1957. The spider genera Crustulina and Steatoda in North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 117(3):367-424
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steatoda grossa.
San Diego Natural History Museum: S. grossa
GeoSpecies Database University of Wisconsin: S. grossa photo
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q311833
ADW: Steatoda_grossa
Araneae: 542
BugGuide: 6932
EoL: 1187751
GBIF: 2157245
iNaturalist: 61997
ITIS: 867517
NCBI: 256750
WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:008055
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steatoda_grossa&oldid=799261930"
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