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Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode)
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"Angel"
Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode
Episode no.
Season 1
Episode 7
Directed by
Scott Brazil
Written by
David Greenwalt
Production code
4V07
Original air date
April 14, 1997
Guest appearance(s)
Mark Metcalf as Master
David Boreanaz as Angel
Kristine Sutherland as Joyce Summers
Julie Benz as Darla
Andrew J. Ferchland as Anointed One
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Pack" Next →
"I, Robot... You, Jane"
List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes
"Angel" is the seventh episode of season 1 of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by co-executive producer David Greenwalt and directed by Scott Brazil. The narrative follows Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar), vampire slayer, coming to terms with her feelings for Angel (David Boreanaz), who is revealed to be a vampire cursed with a soul. However, Darla (Julie Benz) is playing a deadly game manipulating both Buffy and Angel to the Master's (Mark Metcalf) will.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Broadcast and reception
4 Continuity
4.1 Arc significance
5 Cultural references
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The Master sends a trio of armoured warrior vampires after Buffy. They ambush her, but Angel arrives to help her. Angel is injured during the fight and Buffy invites him back to her house. When Angel takes his shirt off, Buffy notices a tattoo and asks him if he was stalking her, because she felt his presence at the Bronze. He shrugs it off. Buffy asks Angel why he fights vampires and he reveals that his family was killed by vampires.
The next morning, Giles informs the group that the vampire trio were known as The Three, warrior vampires controlled by the Master. The Master allows Darla to kill The Three, as a lesson in the use of power for Collin, the Anointed One.
The next day, Buffy returns to Angel. She notices her diary askew and tries to explain away entries that reveal fantasies about "A". Angel assures her that he did not read the diary. He then confesses his attraction towards her. They kiss. Suddenly, Angel pulls back with a snarl of distress, showing his vampire face. Buffy screams in shock and he dives out the window.
Giles researches Angel's history and notices the peculiarity that, although he was previously infamous as the sadistic killer known as Angelus, Angel has shunned the company of other vampires since coming to America and apparently has completely stopped preying on humans.
Darla cons Buffy's mother into inviting her in and bites her. Angel hears Joyce's cry and rushes in. Darla shoves the now-unconscious Joyce into Angel's arms and escapes out the back door. Angel resists the impulse to drink, but Buffy sees him and is horrified. At the hospital, Joyce's last memory is of inviting Buffy's "study friend" inside. Buffy misunderstands, thinking Joyce means Angel rather than Darla, and storms out to kill him.
Giles talks further with Joyce and learns that it was Darla, not Angel, who bit Joyce. With Xander and Willow in tow, he rushes to find Buffy to warn her of the trap. Buffy tracks Angel to the deserted Bronze and demands an explanation; Angel tells how he was cursed by Gypsies who restored his human soul so that he would be eternally tormented with the guilt of his past sins. He denies biting Joyce, yet confesses wanting to, as well as wanting to kill Buffy. The Slayer lays aside her crossbow and slowly offers her throat to him. Suddenly, Darla emerges from the shadows with a pair of handguns. Hearing gunfire, Giles, Willow and Xander rush in and distract Darla. Looming up from behind, Angel stakes Darla through the heart.
In their Hellmouth lair, Collin consoles the Master for his loss of Darla at Angel's hands. Spying Angel across the crowded room at the Bronze, Buffy goes to thank him — and to tell him goodbye. Their banter trails to silence and they deeply kiss one last time. Buffy doesn't notice that the cross she's wearing — the one Angel gave her weeks ago at their first meeting — was scorching his chest.
Production[edit]
During the production of this episode, it took the makeup department 60 to 90 minutes to apply the vampire prosthetic on David Boreanaz.[1] Angel’s Hugo Boss duster is worth over $1,000.[1]
Broadcast and reception[edit]
"Angel" was first broadcast on The WB on April 14, 1997. It earned a Nielsen rating of 2.3 on its original airing.[2]
Noel Murray of The A.V. Club gave "Angel" a grade of A, calling it the best episode thus far. He praised how Buffy inviting Angel into her home was used as a metaphor, how that "ambiguity" was used to tease the audience, and the "multitude of character touches, funny bits of dialogue, and milieu-enriching moments".[3] DVD Talk's Phillip Duncan called the episode "excellent", highlighting the "well-crafted" dialogue-heavy part and the "poignant ending".[4] A review from the BBC praised the way the episode was constructed and noted the importance of it character-wise, but called it "rather mundane".[5]
Continuity[edit]
Buffy invites Angel into her house in this episode, an invitation she will later revoke in "Passion".
Buffy mentions The Three in the Season Three episode "Faith, Hope & Trick" when describing past experiences with slaying to Faith.
Arc significance[edit]
This episode provides many revelations about Angel. It is revealed that Angel is a vampire with a soul who was named Angelus (The One with the Angelic Face) and killed his own family when he first became a vampire. It is revealed that he is 240 years old and has a tattoo on his right shoulder blade. The origin of his gypsy curse, which will play a major role in Season Two, is also told.
It is revealed that Darla was once romantically involved with Angelus and that she made him a vampire.
Darla dies (for the second of four times, as revealed in later episodes of Buffy and the spin-off series Angel), but she returns at the end of the first season of Angel.
This episode is the first time Joyce Summers meets Giles and Angel.
Buffy first uses the crossbow: a weapon she continues to use throughout the series, and even favors in the season 4 episode "Fear, Itself"
Cultural references[edit]
The Three: The biblical Books of Samuel describe King David's warriors as being divided up into The Thirty and The Three. The fact that these vampires are warriors may indicate that they owe their origins to King David's warrior squad of the same name.
"I'm not going to be fighting Friar Tuck": Friar Tuck is a legendary companion of Robin Hood's. Tuck, among others of the Merry Men, especially Little John, sometimes fights using a quarterstaff; a deprecation of such fighting as literally mediæval is implied.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Golden, Christopher, and Nancy Holder. The Watcher's Guide, Vol. 1. New York: Pocket Books, 1998.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Ratings for Buffy's First Season". Archived from the original on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Murray, Noel (19 June 2008). ""Angel", etc". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Duncan, Phillip (21 January 2002). "Buffy the Vampire Slayer — Season 1". DVD Talk. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Angel: Review". BBC. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
External links[edit]
"Angel" on IMDb
"Angel" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes
Season 1
"Welcome to the Hellmouth"
"The Harvest"
"Witch"
"Teacher's Pet"
"Never Kill a Boy on the First Date"
"The Pack"
"Angel"
"I, Robot... You, Jane"
"The Puppet Show"
"Nightmares"
"Out of Mind, Out of Sight"
"Prophecy Girl"
Season 2
"When She Was Bad"
"Some Assembly Required"
"School Hard"
"Inca Mummy Girl"
"Reptile Boy"
"Halloween"
"Lie to Me"
"The Dark Age"
"What's My Line, Parts One and Two"
"Ted"
"Bad Eggs"
"Surprise"
"Innocence"
"Phases"
"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered"
"Passion"
"Killed by Death"
"I Only Have Eyes for You"
"Go Fish"
"Becoming, Parts One and Two"
Season 3
"Anne"
"Dead Man's Party"
"Faith, Hope & Trick"
"Beauty and the Beasts"
"Homecoming"
"Band Candy"
"Revelations"
"Lovers Walk"
"The Wish"
"Amends"
"Gingerbread"
"Helpless"
"The Zeppo"
"Bad Girls"
"Consequences"
"Doppelgangland"
"Enemies"
"Earshot"
"Choices"
"The Prom"
"Graduation Day, Parts One and Two"
Season 4
"The Freshman"
"Living Conditions"
"The Harsh Light of Day"
"Fear, Itself"
"Beer Bad"
"Wild at Heart"
"The Initiative"
"Pangs"
"Something Blue"
"Hush"
"Doomed"
"A New Man"
"The I in Team"
"Goodbye Iowa"
"This Year's Girl"
"Who Are You"
"Superstar"
"Where the Wild Things Are"
"New Moon Rising"
"The Yoko Factor"
"Primeval"
"Restless"
Season 5
"Buffy vs. Dracula"
"Real Me"
"The Replacement"
"Out of My Mind"
"No Place Like Home"
"Family"
"Fool for Love"
"Shadow"
"Listening to Fear"
"Into the Woods"
"Triangle"
"Checkpoint"
"Blood Ties"
"Crush"
"I Was Made to Love You"
"The Body"
"Forever"
"Intervention"
"Tough Love"
"Spiral"
"The Weight of the World"
"The Gift"
Season 6
"Bargaining, Parts One and Two"
"After Life"
"Flooded"
"Life Serial"
"All the Way"
"Once More, with Feeling"
"Tabula Rasa"
"Smashed"
"Wrecked"
"Gone"
"Doublemeat Palace"
"Dead Things"
"Older and Far Away"
"As You Were"
"Hell's Bells"
"Normal Again"
"Entropy"
"Seeing Red"
"Villains"
"Two to Go"
"Grave"
Season 7
"Lessons"
"Beneath You"
"Same Time, Same Place"
"Help"
"Selfless"
"Him"
"Conversations with Dead People"
"Sleeper"
"Never Leave Me"
"Bring On the Night"
"Showtime"
"Potential"
"The Killer in Me"
"First Date"
"Get It Done"
"Storyteller"
"Lies My Parents Told Me"
"Dirty Girls"
"Empty Places"
"Touched"
"End of Days"
"Chosen"
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Local government in the Philippines
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Philippines
This article is part of a series on the
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Provinces
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President of the Philippines
Rodrigo Duterte
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Local government hierarchy in the Philippines. The dashed lines emanating from the president means that the president only exercises general supervision on local government.
Map of the Philippines showing provinces
Officially local government in the Philippines, often called local government units or LGUs, are divided into three levels – provinces and independent cities; component cities and municipalities; and barangays. In one area, above provinces and independent cities, is an autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Below barangays in some cities and municipalities are sitios and puroks. All of these, with the exception of sitios and puroks, elect their own executives and legislatures. Sitios and puroks are often led by elected barangay councilors.
Provinces and independent cities are organized into national government regions but those are administrative regions and not separately governed areas with their own elected governments.
According to the Constitution of the Philippines, the local governments "shall enjoy local autonomy", and in which the Philippine president exercises "general supervision". Congress enacted the Local Government Code of the Philippines in 1991 to "provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of local units."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Levels of local government
1.1 Autonomous Regions
1.2 Provinces
1.3 Cities and municipalities
1.4 Barangays
2 Offices
2.1 Legislatures
2.2 Elected officials
2.3 Offices that are common to municipalities, cities and provinces
3 Responsibilities
4 Creation and modification of local governments
5 See also
6 References
Levels of local government[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of the Philippines
Autonomous Regions[edit]
Main article: Regions of the Philippines
Autonomous regions have more powers than other local governments. The constitution limits the creation of autonomous regions to Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras but only one autonomous region exists: the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). In 2001, a plebiscite in the ARMM confirmed the previous composition of the autonomous region and added Basilan (except for the city of Isabela) and Marawi City in Lanao del Sur. Isabela City remains a part of the province of Basilan despite rejecting inclusion in the ARMM. A Cordillera Autonomous Region has never been formed because no plebiscite has received the required support.
An autonomous region is governed by the regional governor and a legislature such as the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly.
Provinces[edit]
Main article: Provinces of the Philippines
Outside the lone autonomous region, the provinces are the highest-level local government. The provinces are organized into component cities and municipalities. A province is governed by the governor and a legislature known as the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.
Cities and municipalities[edit]
Main articles: Cities of the Philippines and Municipalities of the Philippines
Municipal government in the Philippines is divided into three – independent cities, component cities, and municipalities (sometimes referred to as towns). Several cities across the country are "independent cities" which means that they are not governed by a province, even though like Iloilo City the provincial capitol might be in the city. Independent city residents do not vote for nor hold provincial offices. Far more cities are component cities and are a part of a province. Municipalities are always a part of a province except for Pateros which was separated from Rizal to form Metro Manila.
Cities and municipalities are governed by mayors and legislatures, which are called the Sangguniang Panlungsod in cities and the Sangguniang Bayan in municipalities.
Barangays[edit]
Main article: Barangay
Every city and municipality in the Philippines is divided into barangays, the smallest of the Local Government Units. Barangays can be further divided into sitios and puroks but those divisions do not have leaders elected in formal elections supervised by the national government.
A barangay's executive is the Punong Barangay or barangay captain and its legislature is the Sangguniang Barangay, composed of barangay captain, the Barangay Kagawads (barangay councilors) and the SK chairman. The SK chairman also leads a separate assembly for youth, the Sangguniang Kabataan or SK.
Offices[edit]
Local governments have two branches: executive and legislative. All courts in the Philippines are under the Supreme Court of the Philippines and therefore there are no local-government controlled judicial branches. Nor do local governments have any prosecutors or public defenders, as those are under the jurisdiction of the national government.
The executive branch is composed of the regional governor for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, governor for the provinces, mayor for the cities and municipalities, and the barangay captain for the barangays.[2]
Legislatures[edit]
The legislatures review the ordinances and resolutions enacted by the legislatures below. Aside from regular and ex-officio members, the legislatures above the barangay level also have three sectoral representatives, one each from women, agricultural or industrial workers, and other sectors.[2]
Level of government
Legislature
Composition[2]
Head
Autonomous region Regional Legislative Assembly[a]
total of 24 members:[3]
Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao (excluding Cotabato City), Sulu: 6 each, 3 elected from each assembly district
Basilan (except Isabela City), Tawi-Tawi: 3 each, elected at-large
Sectoral representatives
Assembly speaker
Province Sangguniang Panlalawigan[b]
varies, as of 2016:[3]
Cavite and Cebu: 14 SP members, 2 elected from each district
Batangas, Negros Occidental and Pangasinan:[c] 12 SP members, 2 elected from each district
All other provinces of the first and second income classes:[d] 10 SP members, with seat distribution among districts varying.[e]
Provinces of the third and fourth income classes:[f] 8 SP members, with seat distribution among districts varying.[e]
Provinces of the fifth and sixth income classes: 6 SP members, 3 per district
President of the provincial chapter of the Liga ng mga Barangay
President of the provincial chapter of the League of Councilors
President of the provincial federation of the Sangguniang Kabataan
Sectoral representatives
Vice governor
City Sangguniang Panlungsod[g]
varies, as of 2016:[3]
Manila and Quezon City: 36 councilors, 6 elected from each district
Davao City: 24 councilors, 8 elected from each district
Antipolo, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Makati, Muntinlupa, Parañaque, Taguig, Zamboanga City: 16 councilors, 8 elected from each district
Bacoor, Calbayog, San Jose del Monte, and all other cities in Metro Manila: 12 councilors, 6 elected from each district
Samal, Sorsogon City: 12 councilors, 4 elected from each district
Bacolod, Baguio, Batangas City, Biñan, Dasmariñas, General Santos, Iligan, Iloilo City, Imus, Lapu-Lapu, Lipa, San Fernando (La Union), Tuguegarao: 12 councilors, elected at-large
All other cities: 10 councilors, elected at-large
President of the city chapter of the Liga ng mga Barangay
President of the city federation of the Sangguniang Kabataan
Sectoral representatives
Vice mayor
Municipality Sangguniang Bayan
varies, as of 2016:[3]
Pateros, Metro Manila: 12 councilors, 6 elected from each district
All other municipalities: 8 councilors, elected at-large
President of the municipal chapter of the Liga ng mga Barangay
President of the municipal federation of the Sangguniang Kabataan
Sectoral representatives
Vice mayor
Barangay Sangguniang Barangay
7 members elected at-large
Sangguniang Kabataan chairperson
Barangay captain
Sangguniang Kabataan
7 members elected at-large
Sangguniang Kabataan chairperson
Jump up ^ The boundaries of ARMM assembly districts are coterminous with the existing congressional districts, except for the 1st Assembly District of Maguindanao (which excludes Cotabato City and the Lone Assembly District of Basilan (which excludes Isabela City).
Jump up ^ Provinces that comprise a single congressional district are divided into two SP districts. For provinces comprising multiple congressional districts, boundaries of SP and congressional districts are coterminous, with the exception of the following:
• Independent cities which are not allowed by law to participate in electing provincial officials are excluded from SP districts.
• The cities of Biñan and San Jose del Monte, despite forming their separate congressional districts, remain part of the 1st SP district of Laguna and the 4th SP district of Bulacan.
Jump up ^ Dagupan is excluded from the 4th SP district of Pangasinan.
Jump up ^ Independent cities excluded from provincial elections:
• Naga from Camarines Sur—3rd
• Santiago from Isabela—4th
• Tacloban from Leyte—1st
• Ormoc from Leyte—4th
• Cotabato City from Maguindanao—1st
• Puerto Princesa from Palawan—3rd
• Angeles from Pampanga—1st
• General Santos from South Cotabato—1st.
^ Jump up to: a b The manner of seat distribution varies, per Republic Act No. 7166:[4]
• For provinces comprising multiple congressional districts and need no boundary adjustments due to independent cities being excluded: each district receives the same number of members first, then any remainder will get assigned to the districts with higher population counts.
• For provinces comprising multiple congressional districts but have district boundary adjustments: seats are distributed according to the population size of each SP district after factoring out the independent cities.
• For provinces comprising a single congressional district: seats are usually distributed equally between the two SP districts drawn by COMELEC, although proportional allocation exists in cases where geography and circumstance have resulted in grossly uneven SP district population distributions (e.g. Benguet's and Sarangani's SP districts).
Jump up ^ Butuan is excluded from the 1st SP district of Agusan del Norte.
Jump up ^ The number of city council members and districts varies per city, as determined by different statutes. For cities comprising multiple congressional districts, boundaries of city council districts are coterminous with congressional districts, with the exception of the Legislative district of Taguig-Pateros which encompasses the 2nd SP district of Taguig and the 1st and 2nd SB districts of Pateros. By law, some cities that are not divided into multiple congressional districts are specifically divided into two (Bacoor, Calbayog, Las Piñas, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Pasay, Pasig, San Juan, San Jose del Monte, Valenzuela) or three (Samal, Sorsogon City) city council districts.
Elected officials[edit]
All elected officials have 3-year terms, and can only serve a maximum of three consecutive terms before being ineligible for reelection.[5]
LGU
Official
Minimum age (18 is the voting age[6])
Autonomous region Regional governor 35 years old on election day[7]
Regional vice governor Same as regional governor
Regional legislative assembly member 21 years old on election day[7]
Provinces Governor 23 years old on election day[5]
Vice governor Same as governor
Sangguniang Panlalawigan member Same as governor
Highly urbanized cities Mayor Same as governor
Vice mayor Same as governor
Sangguniang Panlungsod member (Councilor) Same as governor
Independent component and component cities Mayor 21 years old on election day
Vice mayor Same as independent component and component city mayor[5]
Sangguniang Panlungsod member (Councilor) Same as independent component and component city mayor
Municipalities Mayor Same as independent component and component city mayor
Vice mayor Same as independent component and component city mayor
Sangguniang Bayan member (Councilor) Same as independent component and component city mayor
Barangay Barangay captain 18 years old on election day
Barangay kagawad Same as barangay captain
Sangguniang Kabataan chairperson 15 to 21 years old on election day*
Sangguniang Kabataan member Same as Sangguniang Kabataan chairperson*
*a Sangguniang Kabataan official who has surpassed 21 years of age while in office is allowed to serve for the rest of the term.[2]
Offices that are common to municipalities, cities and provinces[edit]
There are 21 offices in a government, whether it is municipal, city or provincial. There are some mandatory and optional offices to the government.
Office
Head
Municipality
City
Province
Office of the Secretary to the Sanggunian Secretary to the Sanggunian √ √ √
Treasurer's Office Treasurer √ √ √
Assessor's Office Assessor √ √ √
Accounting Office Accountant √ √ √
Budget Office Budget Officer √ √ √
Planning and Development Office Planning and Development Coordinator √ √ √
Engineer's Office Engineer √ √ √
Health Office Health Officer √ √ √
Office of the Civil Registry Civil Registrar √ √ X
Office of the Administrator Administrator √ √ √
Office of the Legal Services Legal Officer ? √ √
Office of Agricultural Services/Office of the Agriculturist Agriculturist ? ? √
(Office of) Social Welfare and Development Office Social Welfare and Development Officer √ √ √
(Office of) Environment and Natural Resources Office Environment and Natural Resources Officer ? ? ?
Office of Architectural Planning and Design Architect ? ? ?
Office of Public Information Information Officer ? ? ?
Office for the Development of Cooperatives/Cooperatives Development Office Cooperatives Officer X ? ?
Population Office Population Officer ? ? ?
Veterinary Office/Office of Veterinary Services Veterinarian X √ √
(Office of) Public Safety Office Public Safety Officer ? ? ?
(Office of) General Services Office General Services Officer X √ √
Legend:
√ - Mandatory
? - Optional
X - Not Applicable
Source: Local Government Code of 1991[8]
Responsibilities[edit]
Among the social services and facilities that local government should provide, as stipulated in Section 17 of the Local Government Code, are the following:
facilities and research services for agriculture and fishery activities, which include seedling nurseries, demonstration farms, and irrigation systems;
health services, which include access to primary health care, maternal and child care, and medicines, medical supplies and equipment;
social welfare services, which include programs and projects for women, children, elderly, and persons with disabilities, as well as vagrants, beggars, street children, juvenile delinquents, and victims of drug abuse;
information services, which include job placement information systems and a public library;
a solid waste disposal system or environmental management system;
municipal/city/provincial buildings, cultural centers, public parks, playgrounds, and sports facilities and equipment;
infrastructure facilities such as roads, bridges, school buildings, health clinics, fish ports, water supply systems, seawalls, dikes, drainage and sewerage, and traffic signals and road signs;
public markets, slaughterhouses, and other local enterprises;
public cemetery;
tourism facilities and other tourist attractions; and
sites for police and fire stations and substations and municipal jail.
Creation and modification of local governments[edit]
As a matter of principle, higher legislative entities have the power to create, divide, merge, abolish, or substantially alter boundaries of any lower-level local government through a law or ordinance, all subject to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite to be conducted by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) in the local government unit or units directly affected.[2] The Local Government Code has also set requisites for creating local government units.[2] A summary can be found in the table below:
Local government
Area
Population
Income
Legislative bodies that can create, merge, abolish or substantially alter the boundaries of the LGU
Province 2,000 square kilometers* 250,000* P20 million for the last two (2) consecutive years based on 1991 constant prices
Congress^
City 100 square kilometers* 150,000* P100 million for the last two (2) consecutive years based on 2000 constant prices[9]
Congress^
Municipality 50 square kilometers 25,000 P2.5 million for the last two (2) consecutive years based on 1991 constant prices
Congress
ARMM Regional Assembly
Barangay None 5,000 (Metro Manila and highly urbanized cities)
2,000 (rest of the country) None
Congress
ARMM Regional Assembly
Sangguniang Panlalawigan, with recommendation from the concerned Sangguniang Bayan(s) required
Sangguniang Panlungsod
*either area or population; meeting only one of these requirements is sufficient
^The ARMM Regional Assembly was conferred by Congress (through Article VI, Section 19 of Republic Act 9054[7]) the power to create or modify lower-level LGUs under its jurisdiction, including provinces and cities. However, the Supreme Court's decision on the unconstitutionality of the now-defunct province of Shariff Kabunsuan[10] has effectively confined the regional assembly's powers to creating or modifying only municipalities and barangays.
See also[edit]
List of primary local government units of the Philippines
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". www.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Local Government Code of the Philippines, Book III Archived 2014-10-31 at the Wayback Machine., Department of Interior and Local Government official website.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Commission on Elections (18 August 2015). "COMELEC Resolution No. 9982". Republic of the Philippines - Commission on Elections. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Congress of the Philippines (26 November 1991). "Republic Act No. 7166 - An Act Providing for Synchronized National and Local Elections and for Electoral. Reforms, Authorizing Appropriations Therefor, And For Other Purposes". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Local Government Code, Book I Archived 2008-05-08 at the Wayback Machine., Department of Interior and Local Government official website.
Jump up ^ Quismundo, Terra (29 May 2007). "Election law must prevail over culture, says Abalos". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Republic Act 9054
Jump up ^ "Local Government Code of 1991 (Book III: Local Government Units)". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Republic Act 9009, Chanrobles Law Library.
Jump up ^ Creation of the province of Shariff Kabunsuan voided Archived 2009-04-01 at the Wayback Machine.
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