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A market economy is an economic system where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on the interplay of supply and demand,[1] which determines the prices of goods and services.[2] The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that investment decisions, or the allocation of producer good, are primarily made through capital and financial markets.[3] This is contrasted with a planned economy, where investment and production decisions are embodied in an integrated plan of production established by a state or other organizational body that controls the factors of production.
Market economies can range from free market systems to regulated markets and various forms of interventionist variants. In reality, free markets do not exist in pure form, since societies and governments all regulate them to varying degrees.[4][5] Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding and regulating market economies and addressing the inequalities the market naturally produces. Most existing market economies include a degree of state-directed activity or economic planning, and are thus classified as mixed economies. The term free-market economy is sometimes used synonymously with market economy.[6]
Market economies do not logically presuppose the existence of private ownership of the means of production. A market economy can and often does include various types of cooperatives, collectives, or autonomous state agencies that acquire and exchange capital goods in capital markets. These all utilize a market-determined free price system to allocate capital goods and labor.[3] In addition, there are many variations of market socialism, some of which involve employee-owned enterprises based on self-management; as well as models that involve the combination of public ownership of the means of production with factor markets.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Capitalism
1.1 Laissez-faire
1.2 Free-market economy
1.3 Welfare capitalism
1.4 Regional models
1.4.1 Anglo-Saxon model
1.4.2 East Asian model
1.4.3 Social market economy
2 Market socialism
2.1 Public ownership models
2.2 Cooperative socialism
2.3 Socialist market economy
3 Criticisms
4 See also
5 References
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Capitalism generally refers to an economic system where the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for a profit, structured on the process of capital accumulation. In general, in capitalist systems investment, distribution, income, and prices are determined by markets, whether regulated or unregulated.
There are different variations of capitalism with different relationships to markets. In Laissez-faire and free market variations of capitalism, markets are utilized most extensively with minimal or no state intervention and regulation over prices and the supply of goods and services. In interventionist, welfare capitalism and mixed economies, markets continue to play a dominant role but are regulated to some extent by government in order to correct market failures or to promote social welfare. In state capitalist systems, markets are relied upon the least, with the state relying heavily on either indirect economic planning and/or state-owned enterprises to accumulate capital.
Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but most feel[who?] that the term "mixed economies" more precisely describes most contemporary economies, due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises. In capitalism, prices determine the demand-supply scale. For example, higher demand for certain goods and services lead to higher prices and lower demand for certain goods lead to lower prices.
Laissez-faire[edit]
Main articles: Laissez-faire and Economic liberalism
Laissez-faire is synonymous with what was referred to as strict capitalist free market economy during the early and mid-19th century[citation needed] as a classical liberal (right-libertarian) ideal to achieve. It is generally understood that the necessary components for the functioning of an idealized free market include the complete absence of government regulation, subsidies, artificial price pressures, and government-granted monopolies (usually classified as coercive monopoly by free market advocates) and no taxes or tariffs other than what is necessary for the government to provide protection from coercion and theft, maintaining peace and property rights, and providing for basic public goods. Right-libertarian advocates of anarcho-capitalism see the state as morally illegitimate and economically unnecessary and destructive.
Free-market economy[edit]
See also: Free market
Free-market economy refers to an economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets, private ownership of productive enterprises. Laissez-faire is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights.
Welfare capitalism[edit]
Main article: Welfare capitalism
Welfare capitalism refers to a capitalist economy that includes public policies favoring extensive provisions for social welfare services. The economic mechanism involves a free market and the predominance of privately owned enterprises in the economy, but public provision of universal welfare services aimed at enhancing individual autonomy and maximizing equality. Examples of contemporary welfare capitalism include the Nordic model of capitalism predominant in Northern Europe.[8]
Regional models[edit]
Anglo-Saxon model[edit]
Main article: Anglo-Saxon economy
Anglo-Saxon capitalism refers to the form of capitalism predominant in Anglophone countries and typified by the economy of the United States. It is contrasted with European models of capitalism such as the continental Social market model and the Nordic model. Anglo-Saxon capitalism refers to a macroeconomic policy regime and capital market structure common to the Anglophone economies. Among these characteristics are low rates of taxation, more open financial markets, lower labor market protections, and a less generous welfare state eschewing collective bargaining schemes found in the continental and northern European models of capitalism.[9]
East Asian model[edit]
Main article: East Asian model of capitalism
The East Asian model of capitalism involves a strong role for state investment, and in some instances involves state-owned enterprises. The state takes an active role in promoting economic development through subsidies, the facilitation of "national champions", and an export-based model of growth. The actual practice of this model varies by country. This designation has been applied to the economies of Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and the People's Republic of China.
A related concept in political science is the developmental state.
Social market economy[edit]
Main article: Social market economy
This model was implemented by Alfred Müller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard after World War II in West Germany. The social market economic model (sometimes called "Rhine capitalism") is based upon the idea of realizing the benefits of a free market economy, especially economic performance and high supply of goods, while avoiding disadvantages such as market failure, destructive competition, concentration of economic power and the socially harmful effects of market processes. The aim of the social market economy is to realize greatest prosperity combined with best possible social security. One difference from the free market economy is that the state is not passive, but takes active regulatory measures.[10] The social policy objectives include employment, housing and education policies, as well as a socio-politically motivated balancing of the distribution of income growth. Characteristics of social market economies are a strong competition policy and a contractionary monetary policy. The philosophical background is Neoliberalism or Ordoliberalism[11]
Market socialism[edit]
Main article: Market socialism
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Market socialism refers to various types of economic systems where the means of production and the dominant economic institutions are either publicly owned or cooperatively owned but operated according to the rules of supply and demand. This type of market economy has its roots in classical economics and in the works of Adam Smith, the Ricardian socialists, and Mutualist philosophers.[12]
The distinguishing feature between non-market socialism and market socialism is the existence of a market for factors of production and the criteria of profitability for enterprises. Profits derived from publicly owned enterprises can variously be used to reinvest in further production, to directly finance government and social services, or be distributed to the public at large through a social dividend or basic income system.[13]
Public ownership models[edit]
In the 1930s the economists Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner developed a model of socialism that posited that a public body (dubbed the "Central Planning Board") could set prices through a trial-and-error approach until they equaled the marginal cost of production in order to achieve perfect competition and pareto optimality. In this model of socialism, firms would be state-owned and managed by their employees, and the profits would be disbursed among the population in a social dividend. This model came to be referred to as "market socialism" because it involved the use of money, a price system, and simulated capital markets; all of which were absent from traditional of non-market socialism.
A more contemporary model of market socialism is that put forth by the American economist John Roemer, referred to as Economic democracy. In this model, social ownership is achieved through public ownership of equity in a market economy. A Bureau of Public Ownership (BPO) would own controlling shares in publicly listed firms, so that the profits generated would be used for public finance and the provision of a basic income.
Cooperative socialism[edit]
Libertarian socialists and left-anarchists often promote a form of market socialism in which enterprises are owned and managed cooperatively by their workforce so that the profits directly remunerate the employee-owners. These cooperative enterprises would compete with each other in the same way private companies compete with each other in a capitalist market. The first major elaboration of this type of market socialism was made by Pierre Joseph Proudhon and was called "mutualism".
Self-managed market socialism was promoted in Yugoslavia by economists Branko Horvat and Jaroslav Vanek. In the self-managed model of socialism, firms would be directly owned by their employees and the management board would be elected by employees. These cooperative firms would compete with each other in a market for both capital goods and for selling consumer goods.
Socialist market economy[edit]
Following the 1978 reforms, the People's Republic of China developed what it calls a "socialist market economy", in which most of the economy is under state ownership, with the state enterprises organized as joint-stock companies with various government agencies owning controlling shares through a shareholder system. Prices are set by a largely free-price system and the state-owned enterprises are not subjected to micromanagement by a government planning agency. A similar system called "socialist-oriented market economy" has emerged in Vietnam following the Đổi Mới reforms in 1986. This system is frequently characterized as "state capitalism" instead of market socialism because there is no meaningful degree of employee self-management in firms, because the state enterprises retain their profits instead of distributing them to the workforce or government, and because many function as de facto private enterprises. The profits neither finance a social dividend to benefit the population at large, nor do they accrue to their employees.
In the People's Republic of China, this economic model is presented as a "preliminary stage of socialism" to explain the dominance of capitalistic management practices and forms of enterprise organization in both the state and non-state sectors.
Criticisms[edit]
The economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that markets suffer from informational inefficiency and the presumed efficiency of markets stems from the faulty assumptions of neoclassical welfare economics, particularly the assumption of perfect and costless information, and related incentive problems. Neoclassical economics assumes static equilibrium, and efficient markets require that there be no non-convexities, even though nonconvexities are pervasive in modern economies. Stiglitz's critique applies to both existing models of capitalism and to hypothetical models of market socialism. However, Stiglitz does not advocate replacing markets, but states that there is a significant role for government intervention to boost the efficiency of markets and to address the pervasive market failures that exist in contemporary economies.[14] A fair Market Economy is in fact a Martingale or a Brownian motion model and for a participant competitor in such a model there is no more than 50% of success chances at any given moment. Due to the fractal nature of any fair market and being market participants subject to the law of competition, which impose reinvesting an increasing part of profits, the mean statistical chance of bankruptcy within the half life of any participant is also 50% [15] and 100% whether an infinite sample of time is considered.
Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that "markets inherently produce class division."[16] Albert states that even if everyone started out with a balanced job complex (doing a mix of roles of varying creativity, responsibility and empowerment) in a market economy, class divisions would arise.
Without taking the argument that far, it is evident that in a market system with uneven distribution of empowering work, such as Economic Democracy, some workers will be more able than others to capture the benefits of economic gain. For example, if one worker designs cars and another builds them, the designer will use his cognitive skills more frequently than the builder. In the long term, the designer will become more adept at conceptual work than the builder, giving the former greater bargaining power in a firm over the distribution of income. A conceptual worker who is not satisfied with his income can threaten to work for a company that will pay him more. The effect is a class division between conceptual and manual laborers, and ultimately managers and workers, and a de facto labor market for conceptual workers.[16]
David McNally argues that the logic of the market inherently produces inequitable outcomes and leads to unequal exchanges, arguing that Adam Smith's moral intent and moral philosophy espousing equal exchange was undermined by the practice of the free markets he championed. The development of the market economy involved coercion, exploitation and violence that Adam Smith's moral philosophy could not countenance. McNally also criticizes market socialists for believing in the possibility of "fair" markets based on equal exchanges to be achieved by purging "parasitical" elements from the market economy, such as private ownership of the means of production. McNally argues that market socialism is an oxymoron when socialism is defined as an end to wage-based labor.[17]
See also[edit]
Economic freedom
Economic liberalism
Free market
Grey market
Market socialism
Market structure
Mixed economy
Neoclassical economics
Planned economy
Price system
Regulated market
Social market economy
Socialist market economy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (2004). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, Seventh Edition. George Hoffman. p. 538. ISBN 0-618-26181-8. Market Economy: Economy in which fundamentals of supply and demand provide signals regarding resource utilization.
Jump up ^ Altvater, E. (1993). The Future of the Market: An Essay on the Regulation of Money and Nature After the Collapse of "Actually Existing Socialism. Verso. p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul M. Johnson (2005). "A Glossary of Political Economy Terms, Market economy". Auburn University. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Altvater, E. (1993). The Future of the Market: An Essay on the Regulation of Money and Nature After the Collapse of "Actually Existing Socialism. Verso. pp. 237–238.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Irvin B. p 491. Macroeconomics for Today. West Publishing. p. 491
Jump up ^ "market economy", Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary
Jump up ^ Bock man, Johanna (2011). Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3.
Jump up ^ "The surprising ingredients of Swedish success - free markets and social cohesion" (PDF). Institute of Economic Affairs. June 25, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Anglo-Saxon capitalism, Business Dictionary on BusinessDictionary.com: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Anglo-Saxon-capitalism.html
Jump up ^ keyword "social market economy" = “Soziale Marktwirtschaft” Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. Grundlagenwissen für Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag. 2. Aufl. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus 2004. Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2004.
Jump up ^ Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z: Eintrag: keyword "social market economy" = Soziale Marktwirtschaft
Jump up ^ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2. ...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.
Jump up ^ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.
Jump up ^ Michie, Jonathan (January 1, 2001). Reader’s Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. p. 1012. ISBN 978-1579580919. Stiglitz criticizes the first and second welfare theorems for being based on the assumptions of complete markets (including a full set of futures and risk markets) and perfect and costless information, which are simply not true. Incentives are dubious too. Thus, capitalist markets are also not efficient and there is some role for government intervention. The ability to decentralize using the price system requires that there be no nonconvexities, but nonconvexities are pervasive.
Jump up ^ Podobnik, Boris; Horvatic, Davor; Petersen, Alexander M.; Urošević, Branko; Stanley, H. Eugene (2010-10-26). "Bankruptcy risk model and empirical tests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (43): 18325–18330. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011942107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2972955  . PMID 20937903.
^ Jump up to: a b Weiss, Adam (2005-05-04). "A Comparison of Economic Democracy and Participatory Economics". ZMag. Retrieved 2008-06-26. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2.
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String Quartets, Op. 76 (Haydn)
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The six String Quartets, Op. 76 by Joseph Haydn were composed in 1797 or 1798 and dedicated to the Hungarian count Joseph Georg von Erdődy[n 1] (1754–1824). They form the last complete set of string quartets that Haydn composed. At the time of the commission, Haydn was employed at the court of Prince Nicolaus Esterházy II and was composing the oratorio The Creation as well as Princess Maria Hermenegild Esterházy's annual mass.
Although accounts left by visitors to the Esterházy estate indicate that the quartets were completed by 1797, an exclusivity agreement caused them not to be published until 1799.[1] Correspondence between Haydn and his Viennese publishers Artaria reveal confusion as regards their release: Haydn had promised Messrs. Longman Clementi & Co. in London the first publishing rights, but a lack of communication led him to worry that their publication in Vienna might also be, unintentionally, their first appearance in full. In the event, their publication in London and Vienna was almost simultaneous.[1]
The Op. 76 quartets are among Haydn's most ambitious chamber works, deviating more than their predecessors from standard sonata form and each emphasizing their thematic continuity through the seamless and near-continual exchange of motifs between instruments.[2] The set is one of the most renowned of Haydn's string quartet collections.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Opus 76, No. 1
2 Opus 76, No. 2 ("Fifths")
3 Opus 76, No. 3 ("Emperor")
4 Opus 76, No. 4 ("Sunrise")
4.1 First movement analysis
5 Opus 76, No. 5
6 Opus 76, No. 6
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Footnotes
10 References
11 External links
Opus 76, No. 1[edit]
This G-major quartet is numbered variously as No. 60, No. 40 (in the FHE) and No. 75 (in the Hoboken catalogue, where its full designation is Hob.III:75). It consists of four movements:
Allegro con spirito
Adagio sostenuto
Menuetto. Presto
Allegro ma non troppo
Although its opening key signature indicates that the work is in G major, the quartet moves in and out of G minor and the last movement begins in the key of G minor.[4]
The first movement, an alla breve in G major, is in sonata form. After a short introduction, the exposition begins in measure 3, ending in the dominant key of D major in measure 88. The development section lasts from measure 89-139, with the recapitulation beginning in G major in measure 140.
The second movement is in C major and 2/4 time and again uses sonata form. It has a hymn-like character and has been compared with the slow movements of Mozart's Jupiter symphony and Haydn's own 99th symphony.[1]
The third movement in G major is the minuet, but, unusual in a minuet written at this time, the tempo indication is Presto, giving it the feel of a scherzo when played. The trio section is more lyrical and features the first violin playing a Ländler while accompanied pizzicato.[1]
The finale, alla breve and in sonata form, is written in G minor rather than the expected G major, producing an unusual, darker ambience until G major returns for the movement's coda.[1]
Opus 76, No. 2 ("Fifths")[edit]
This quartet in D minor is numbered as No. 61, No. 41 (in the FHE) and Hob.III:76. In a reference to the falling perfect fifths at its start, it is known as the Fifths (or, in German, die Quinten) quartet. The movements are:
Allegro
Andante o più tosto allegretto
Menuetto. Allegro ma non troppo
Vivace assai
The first movement is in D minor, common time and sonata form. The falling fifths motif dominates the exposition and is featured heavily in the development using inversion, stretto and other devices.[1]
The second movement is a ternary variation form in D major and 6/8 time.
The third movement, a D-minor minuet in 3/4 time with trio in D major, has been called the "Witches' Minuet" ("Hexenminuett").[5] The minuet is a two-part canon: the two violins play (in parallel octaves) above the viola and cello (also playing in parallel octaves) who follow one measure behind the violins. Haydn previously used a two-part canon with the lower string trailing the upper strings by a single bar in the minuet of his 44th Symphony.
The last movement, in D minor and 2/4 time, uses sonata allegro form. It ends in D major.
Opus 76, No. 3 ("Emperor")[edit]
The Quartet No. 62 in C major, Op. 76, No. 3, boasts the nickname Emperor, because in the second movement is a set of variations on "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God Save Emperor Francis"), an anthem he wrote for Emperor Francis II. This same melody is known to modern listeners for its later use in the German national anthem, the Deutschlandlied. The quartet consists of four movements:
I. Allegro
II. Poco adagio; cantabile
III. Menuetto. Allegro
IV. Finale. Presto
The first movement of the quartet is in the home key of C major, in common time, and is written in sonata form. The second movement, in G major cut time, is in strophic variation form, with the "Emperor's Hymn" as the theme. The third movement, in C major and A minor, is a standard minuet and trio. The fourth movement, in C minor and C major, is in sonata form.
Samuel Adler has singled out this work's second movement as an outstanding example of how to score for string instruments, observing of the movement's final variation:
This is a wonderful lesson in orchestration, for too often the extremes in the range are wasted too early in a work, and the final buildup is, as a result, anticlimactic. The other formal factor to notice is that the entire structure is an accumulation of the elements which have slowly entered the harmonic and contrapuntal scheme in the course of the variations and have become a natural part of the statement [i.e. theme].[6]
Opus 76, No. 4 ("Sunrise")[edit]
The Quartet No. 63 in B flat major, Op. 76, No. 4, is nicknamed Sunrise due to the rising theme over sustained chords that begins the quartet. It consists of four movements:
I. Allegro con spirito
II. Adagio
III. Menuetto. Allegro
IV. Finale. Allegro, ma non troppo
First movement analysis[edit]
Exposition
The opening of the movement begins in a way that seemingly contradicts the allegro con spirito marking. Violin II, viola, and cello sustain a tonic chord while the first violin plays the melody (the "sunrise" motif) on top. In measure 7, the same instruments sustain a dominant 7th chord while the first violin again plays a rising solo on top. In measure 22, all instruments reach forte, and allegro con spirito character is apparent through the 16th-note movement and lively staccato eighth-notes trading off between the parts. In measure 37, the opening sunrise theme returns, this time with the solo in the cello and the sustained chords in the violins and viola. The lively 16th-note section returns in measure 50, beginning with 16th-notes in the cello which move to the viola, and finally, the violins. In measure 60, all instruments drop to piano for a six-measure staccato eighth-note section before jumping to an all 16th-note ff in measure 66 to finish off the exposition.
Development
The development in measure 69 begins with the same texture as does the opening of the movement—with the 2nd violin, viola, and cello sustaining a chord while the 1st violin plays a solo on top. The first chord, sustained from bars 69-72, is a d minor chord, the relative minor of the dominant F major. The second chord, sustained from bars 75-79, is an F sharp diminished seventh chord, resolving to G minor in measure 80, which signifies the return of trading moving 16th-notes. The following 5 measures revolve around G minor, only to modulate to E-flat major in measure 86. The major tonality lasts but two measures, as it shifts to F minor in measure 88, F sharp diminished in 89, and G minor in measure 90. In measure 96, the violins play staccato eighth-notes followed by eighth note rests, while the viola and cello fill in the violins' eighth note rests with their own eighth notes. This sets up a pattern for the rest of the development section, in which one instrument, mainly the 1st violin (in measures 98-102), fills in an eighth-rest with a lone eighth-note, thus giving each measure a steady eighth-note pulse. Throughout this section, the dynamic gradually drops from forte to pianissimo by means of a poco a poco decrescendo. When the pianissimo is finally reached in measure 105, the retransition to the recapitulation begins, ending on the dominant seventh chord (F) of the original key, B flat Major.
Recapitulation
In measure 108, the beginning of the recapitulation begins just as the beginning of the exposition does—the 2nd violin, viola, and cello sustaining a tonic chord while the 1st violin plays the sunrise motif above it. In measure 135, the allegro con spirito 16th-note section returns in the 1st violin, punctuated by staccato eighth-notes in the other instruments. The 16th-notes trade off to the 2nd violin, culminating in an all-instrument unison in measure 140. After this, the opening theme returns again, with the solo line beginning with the cello and moving up through the viola to the 2nd violin. In measure 151, all strings crescendo to the returning 16th-note theme in measure 152. In measure 162, the staccato eighth-note trade-off section returns, in the tonic key and piano dynamic. A fortissimo appears in measure 172, beginning the lead into the I7 chord fermata. Beginning in the following measure, the viola, and two violins pass each other the opening sunrise motif for a measure at a time, while the remaining instruments sustain chords. The tonic returns in measure 181, with a brief teaser of the staccato eighth-note theme, to be replaced by the 16th-notes played by all instruments in the fortissimo dynamic. In the final three bars, all four instruments play a succession of tonic B flat major chords.
Opus 76, No. 5[edit]
The Quartet No. 64 in D major, Op. 76, No. 5, consists of four movements:
I. Allegretto
II. Largo. Cantabile e mesto
III. Menuetto. Allegro
IV. Finale. Presto
The first movement (in D major, 6/8 time) departs from the sonata form of the first four to what Robin Golding can only describe as "unorthodox variations".[citation needed] The second movement, written in F-sharp major in cut time, is in sonata form. The third movement, in D major and D minor, is a standard minuet and trio, while the fourth movement's D Major, cut time Presto is in an irregular sonata form.[7]
Opus 76, No. 6[edit]
The Quartet No. 65 in E-flat major, Op. 76, No. 6, consists of four movements:
I. Allegretto - Allegro
II. Fantasia. Adagio
III. Menuetto. Presto
IV. Finale. Allegro spiritoso
The first movement, written in 2/4 time, is in the strophic variation form.
The second movement is a 3/4 time Fantasia written in the key of B major (without a key signature). According to Keller, author of The Great Haydn Quartets, the composer quotes in a different key his own second movement from Op. 76, no. 4 "Sunrise" Quartet. Indeed, the two basic motifs are identical aside from the difference in key signature: the first violin begins on the note of the key in each, goes down a half step, and returns to the original note in both movements, all under a slur in 3/4 time. Additionally, in both pieces, the viola and cello play in slurred succession the notes in the 3rd, 4th, 3rd and 1st, 2nd, 1st scale degrees, respectively. All of this occurs while the 2nd violin holds the 5th scale degree for the duration of the measure.
The third movement is written in an old minuet form in which an Alternativo section replaces the more common trio. The alternativo section is built upon a series of ascending and descending iambic scales.
The finale, in 3/4 time, is in sonata form.
See also[edit]
List of string quartets by Joseph Haydn
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In full, Joseph Georg Erasmus Adrian Gabriel Michael Anton Franz von Erdödy.
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Heartz, Daniel, Mozart, Haydn and Early Beethoven 1781-1802, p. 212-215, Norton (2009), ISBN 978-0-393-06634-0
Jump up ^ Grave, p. 312.
Jump up ^ Staines, Joe (2010). The Rough Guide to Classical Music. Penguin. p. 252. ISBN 1405383216.
Jump up ^ Keller, p. 208.
Jump up ^ Gleason, Harold; Becker, Warren (January 1988). Chamber Music from Haydn to Bartók. Alfred Publishing Company. p. 12. ISBN 0899172679.
Jump up ^ Samuel Adler, The Study of Orchestration (New York: Norton, 1989), 110-115, quotation at 113.
Jump up ^ Grave, p. 305
References[edit]
Barrett-Ayres, Reginald. Joseph Haydn and the String Quartet. New York: Schirmer Books, 1974. pp. 297–312.
Berger, Melvin. Guide to Chamber Music. New York: Dover, 1985. pp. 217–224.
Grave, Floyd, and Margaret Grave. The String Quartets of Joseph Haydn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. pp. 301–322.
Keller, Hans. The Great Haydn Quartets: Their Interpretation. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1986. pp. 208–234.
Webster, James. "Haydn, (Franz) Joseph" at Grove Music Online (ed. L. Macy), accessed 20 March 2007.
External links[edit]
String Quartets, Op. 76 (Haydn): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Peter Gutmann. Article on the Op. 76 Quartets at Classicalnotes.net
[hide]
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String quartets by Joseph Haydn
Op. 1
Op. 2
Op. 9
Op. 17
Op. 20 ("Sun")
Op. 33 ("Russian")
Op. 42
Op. 50 ("Prussian")
Op. 51
Op. 54 & 55 ("Tost I")
Op. 64 ("Tost II")
Op. 71 & 74 ("Apponyi")
Op. 76 ("Erdődy")
Op. 77 ("Lobkowitz")
Incomplete
Op. 103
Spurious: Op. 3 (by Romanus Hoffstetter)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=String_Quartets,_Op._76_(Haydn)&oldid=804151823"
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text:
List of Carolina Hurricanes seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the season history before the team relocated in 1997, see List of Hartford Whalers seasons.
President George W. Bush poses for a photo on February 2, 2007, with the Carolina Hurricanes, winners of the 2006 Stanley Cup, in the East Room of the White House.
The Carolina Hurricanes are a professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh, North Carolina. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division in the Eastern Conference of the NHL. This list documents the records and playoff results for all 17 seasons the Carolina Hurricanes have completed in the NHL since their relocation from Hartford, Connecticut in 1997. The Hurricanes franchise was founded in 1971 as the New England Whalers, and played seven seasons in the World Hockey Association. The team moved to the National Hockey League in 1979, and changed names to the Hartford Whalers. The franchise played a total of 18 seasons before moving to North Carolina and changing their names to the Carolina Hurricanes. The Hurricanes are the only major pro sports team located in Raleigh.[1] They are also the only North Carolina-based major pro sports team to ever win a championship.
Carolina played its first season in the Northeast Division before moving to the Southeast Division when the NHL realigned in 1998. The Hurricanes won one Stanley Cup, in 2005–06, and two Prince of Wales Trophy as Eastern Conference champions: 2001–02 and 2005–06. Carolina has finished atop its division three times in its history. The Hurricanes have played in over 1,200 games and qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs five times. The team's all time playoff series record in North Carolina is 41–37. The 2014–15 season represents the 18th in North Carolina.
Contents
[hide]
1 Season-by-season
2 Notes
3 See also
4 References
Season-by-season[edit]
Stanley Cup Champions Prince of Wales Trophy Division Champions
Season
Team
Conference
Division
Regular season[2]
Post season[3]
Div.
Finish
Conf.
Finish
GP
W
L
T[4]
OT[5]
Pts
GF
GA
GP
W
L
GF
GA
Result
Relocated from Hartford
1997–98 1997–98 Eastern Northeast 6th 9th 82 33 41 8 — 74 200 219 Did not qualify
1998–99 1998–99 Eastern Southeast 1st 3rd 82 34 30 18 — 86 210 202 6 2 4 8 18 Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Bruins)
1999–2000 1999–2000 Eastern Southeast 3rd 9th 82 37 35 10 — 84 217 216 Did not qualify
2000–01 2000–01 Eastern Southeast 2nd 8th 82 38 32 9 3 88 212 225 6 2 4 8 20 Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Devils)
2001–02 2001–02 Eastern Southeast 1st 3rd 82 35 26 16 5 91 217 217 23 13 10 47 43 Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Devils)
Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–2 (Canadiens)
Won in Conference Finals, 4–2 (Maple Leafs)
Lost in Stanley Cup Finals, 1–4 (Red Wings)
2002–03 2002–03 Eastern Southeast 5th 15th 82 22 43 11 6 61 171 240 Did not qualify
2003–04 2003–04 Eastern Southeast 3rd 11th 82 28 34 14 6 76 172 209 Did not qualify
2004–05 2004–05 Eastern Southeast Season cancelled due to 2004–05 NHL lockout
2005–06 2005–06 Eastern Southeast 1st 2nd 82 52 22 — 8 112 294 260 25 16 9 73 60 Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Canadiens)
Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–1 (Devils)
Won in Conference Finals, 4–3 (Sabres)
Won in Stanley Cup Finals, 4–3 (Oilers)
2006–07 2006–07 Eastern Southeast 3rd 11th 82 40 34 — 8 88 241 253 Did not qualify
2007–08 2007–08 Eastern Southeast 2nd 9th 82 43 33 — 6 92 252 249 Did not qualify
2008–09 2008–09 Eastern Southeast 2nd 6th 82 45 30 — 7 97 239 226 18 8 10 42 50 Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–3 (Devils)
Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–3 (Bruins)
Lost in Conference Finals, 0–4 (Penguins)
2009–10 2009–10 Eastern Southeast 3rd 11th 82 35 37 — 10 80 230 256 Did not qualify
2010–11 2010–11 Eastern Southeast 3rd 9th 82 40 31 — 11 91 236 239 Did not qualify
2011–12 2011–12 Eastern Southeast 5th 12th 82 33 33 — 16 82 213 243 Did not qualify
2012–13 2012–13 Eastern Southeast 3rd 13th 48 19 25 — 4 42 128 160 Did not qualify
2013–14 2013–14 Eastern Metropolitan 7th 13th 82 36 35 — 11 83 201 225 Did not qualify
2014–15 2014–15 Eastern Metropolitan 8th 14th 82 30 41 — 11 71 188 226 Did not qualify
2015–16 2015–16 Eastern Metropolitan 6th 10th 82 35 31 — 16 86 198 226 Did not qualify
2016–17 2016–17 Eastern Metropolitan 7th 12th 82 36 31 — 15 87 215 236 Did not qualify
2017–18 2017–18 Eastern Metropolitan 6th 10th 82 36 35 — 11 83 228 256 Did not qualify
Totals[6]
1606
707
659
86
154
1654
4262
4583
78
41
37
122
141
5 Playoff Appearances
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Professional Sports". Things To Do. Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
Jump up ^ Code explanation; GP—Games Played, W—Wins, L—Losses, T—Tied games, OT—Overtime/Shootout losses, GF—Goals For, GA—Goals Against, Pts—Points
Jump up ^ The result of the playoff series shows the Hurricanes' result first regardless of the outcome, followed by opposite team in parentheses.
Jump up ^ Beginning in 2005, all games have a winner. Ties were eliminated
Jump up ^ Beginning in 1999, overtime (and later shootout) losses are worth one point
Jump up ^ Totals as of the completion of the 2017–18 season
See also[edit]
List of Hartford Whalers seasons
References[edit]
"Carolina Hurricanes season statistics and records". The Internet Hockey Database. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
"Carolina Hurricanes Franchise Timeline". Carolina Hurricanes - NHL. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
2007–08 Carolina Hurricanes Media Guide. Carolina Hurricanes. 2007.
[show]
v
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Carolina Hurricanes
Formerly the New England/Hartford Whalers
Founded in 1972
Based in Raleigh, North Carolina
Franchise
Team
General managers
Coaches
Players
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Seasons
Current season
History
Records
Award winners
Retired numbers
Personnel
Owners
Thomas Dundon (majority)
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General manager
Vacant
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Bill Peters
Team captain
Justin Faulk & Jordan Staal
Current roster
Arenas
Greensboro Coliseum
PNC Arena
Affiliates
AHL
Charlotte Checkers
ECHL
Florida Everblades
Media
Fox Sports South
ESPN The Fan (99.9 FM)
The Buzz (620 AM)
Culture and lore
Miracle at Molson
0.2 Seconds
[show]
v
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Carolina Hurricanes seasons
Pre-1997
Hartford Whalers
1990s
1990–91 . 1991–92 . 1992–93 . 1993–94 . 1994–95 . 1995–96 . 1996–97 . 1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000s
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010s
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship
[hide]
v
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NHL seasons by team
Western Conference Eastern Conference
Pacific
Anaheim
Arizona
Calgary
Edmonton
Los Angeles
San Jose
Vancouver
Vegas
Central
Chicago
Colorado
Dallas
Minnesota
Nashville
St. Louis
Winnipeg
Atlantic
Boston
Buffalo
Detroit
Florida
Montreal
Ottawa
Tampa Bay
Toronto
Metropolitan
Carolina
Columbus
New Jersey
NY Islanders
NY Rangers
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Washington
Relocated (still active)
Atlanta Flames (Calgary)
Atlanta Thrashers (Winnipeg)
Hartford Whalers (Carolina)
Kansas City Scouts/Colorado Rockies (New Jersey)
Minnesota North Stars (Dallas)
Quebec Nordiques (Colorado)
Winnipeg Jets (Arizona)
Defunct teams
California Golden Seals/Cleveland Barons
Hamilton Tigers
Montreal Maroons
New York Americans
Ottawa Senators/St. Louis Eagles
Pittsburgh Pirates/Philadelphia Quakers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carolina_Hurricanes_seasons&oldid=836164964"
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text:
Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 April 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the newly constructed bridge spanning the Hudson River. For the old bridge it replaced, see Tappan Zee Bridge (1955–2017).
Tappan Zee Bridge
The new Tappan Zee Bridge, one week before its official opening
Coordinates
41°04′17″N 73°53′28″W / 41.07139°N 73.89111°W / 41.07139; -73.89111Coordinates: 41°04′17″N 73°53′28″W / 41.07139°N 73.89111°W / 41.07139; -73.89111
Carries
8 lanes (4 northbound/westbound, 4 southbound/eastbound) of I-87 / I-287 / New York Thruway
Crosses
Hudson River
Locale
Connecting South Nyack (Rockland County) and Tarrytown (Westchester County)
Official name
Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge
Other name(s)
New NY Bridge; New Tappan Zee Bridge
Maintained by
New York State Thruway Authority
Characteristics
Design
dual-span cable-stayed twin bridge
Total length
16,368 ft (4,989 m); 3.1 mi (5.0 km)[1]
Width
183 ft (56 m), total of both decks: 87 ft (27 m) and 96 ft (29 m)
Height
419 ft (128 m)
Longest span
1,200 ft (370 m)
Clearance above
unlimited
Clearance below
139 ft (42 m)[2]
History
Construction start
2013
Construction cost
$3.9 billion (2013 project budget)[1]
Opened
August 26, 2017 (westbound span)[3]
June 15, 2018 (project completion)[1]
Replaces
Tappan Zee Bridge (1955–2017)
Statistics
Daily traffic
138,000+ (2011 est)
The Tappan Zee Bridge, officially named the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge after former New York Governor Mario Cuomo, is a twin cable-stayed bridge being built to replace the original Tappan Zee Bridge over New York's Hudson River. The new twin spans will be located to the north of–and roughly parallel to–the existing Tappan Zee Bridge, crossing the Hudson River in a parallel east–west direction.
In the new bridge's final configuration, the north span will carry the northbound and westbound automobile traffic of I-87 and I-287; it will also carry a shared-use path for bicycles and pedestrians. The south span will carry the southbound and eastbound automobile traffic of I-87 and I-287.
Tappan Zee Constructors began construction in 2013. The north span officially opened to westbound traffic on August 26, 2017; it also opened to eastbound traffic on October 6, 2017. Tappan Zee Constructors then began demolishing the old bridge. Eastbound traffic will be switched to the south span upon its completion. Both spans are expected to be operational by June 15, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Construction progress
3 Public transportation
4 Naming
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
The original Tappan Zee Bridge, built in a period of material shortages during the Korean War
The original Tappan Zee Bridge was a cantilever bridge built during 1952–1955. The bridge was 3 miles (4.8 km) long and spanned the Hudson at its second-widest point. The Tappan Zee river crossing was named by 17th century Dutch settlers. The Tappan Zee Bridge, along with the smaller Bear Mountain Bridge, are the only crossings of the stretch of the Hudson between Westchester and Rockland counties, both of which are part of New York City's populous northern suburbs.
The deteriorating structure bore an average of 138,000 vehicles per day, substantially more traffic than its designed capacity. During its first decade, the bridge carried fewer than 40,000 vehicles per day. Part of the justification for replacing the bridge stemmed from its construction immediately following the Korean War on a low budget of only $81 million. Unlike other major bridges in metropolitan New York, the Tappan Zee Bridge was designed to last only 50 years.[4] The new bridge is intended to last at least 100 years.[5]
The collapse of Minnesota's I-35W Mississippi River bridge in 2007 raised worries about the Tappan Zee Bridge's structural integrity.[6] These concerns, together with traffic overcapacity and increased maintenance costs, escalated the serious discussions already ongoing about replacing the Tappan Zee with a tunnel or a new bridge.[7][8] Six options were identified and submitted for project study and environmental review.[9]
Construction progress[edit]
Aerial view of the new Tappan Zee Bridge being constructed next to the existing Tappan Zee Bridge (August 2016)
The Federal Highway Administration issued a report in October 2011 designating the Tappan Zee's replacement to be a dual-span twin bridge. The new bridge is now under construction a few yards to the north of the existing bridge, and will connect to the existing highway approaches of the New York State Thruway (I-87/I-287) on both river banks.[10] Construction began as scheduled during October 2013,[11][12] with completion targeted for 2017.[13] After some delays, the project is currently expected to be completed by June 15, 2018,[14] at a cost of $3.98 billion.[15]
Originally, some motorists thought that bridge tolls could more than double (to $12-$15 for automobiles, eastbound only), rising to those of New York City's Hudson River crossings.[5] However, the state passed legislation freezing the toll on the bridge at $5 through 2020 in its 2016 legislative session.[16]
The new Tappan Zee Bridge was proposed to include four vehicle lanes on each span, for a total of eight lanes, as well as a shared-use bicycle and pedestrian path. Like its predecessor, the new Tappan Zee Bridge is to be administered by the New York State Thruway Authority. The authority is the project co-sponsor, along with the state Department of Transportation.[10]
The New York Metropolitan Transportation Council added the Tappan Zee Bridge to its list of projects eligible for federal funds in August 2012.[17] The United States Department of Transportation approved the plan on September 25, 2012. The approval process took fewer than 10 months as opposed to the traditional multi-year process as a result of being placed on a "fast track" for approval by the Obama Administration.[18] On December 17, 2012, New York state officials dropped their proposal for a 45 percent increase on the state Thruway toll for trucks, while advancing a $3.14 billion project to replace the bridge.[19]
The new Tappan Zee Bridge was built by Tappan Zee Constructors, a design-build LLC composed of Fluor Corporation, American Bridge Company, Granite Construction Northeast and Traylor Bros. The Left Coast Lifter was used to install groups of pre-assembled girders one full span at a time.[20] By the end of 2013, General Electric had completed four seasons of dredging to remove contaminants from the river bottom. Approximately 70 percent of the sediments targeted for dredging were removed (totaling more than 1,900,000 cubic yards (1,500,000 m3) of sediment).[21]
The project timeline originally indicated that the old bridge would be closed in 2016 and that the demolition of the old bridge would begin in February 2017,[22] however, that timeline has since been amended. The first span of the bridge opened to westbound traffic on August 26, 2017,[3] and the project is expected to be completed by June 15, 2018.[14]
Under construction, day view (left, May 2017) and night view (right, September 2016)
When completed, the new Tappan Zee Bridge will be one of the widest cable-stayed bridges in the world, having a combined width across both decks of 183 feet (56 m).[2] The new spans will equal the width of the relatively short-span, cable-stayed Leonard Zakim Bridge in downtown Boston.[23] Turkey's 3rd Bosphorus bridge, completed in 2016, has a single deck about 192 feet (59 m) wide. The new Tappan Zee Bridge will also be one of the longest cable-stayed spans in the nation.[2][not in citation given]
On July 19, 2016, a crane used for the construction of the bridge collapsed onto the existing older bridge. Five people were injured, including three drivers and two bridge workers; no one was killed or critically injured.[24][25]
The new northbound/westbound span opened on August 26, 2017.[3][26] Southbound/eastbound traffic remained on the existing span until October 6, 2017, when it was shifted to the new northbound/westbound span to allow for the completion of the new southbound/eastbound span.[27]
Public transportation[edit]
West of the Tappan Zee, the 680,000 residents of Rockland and Orange counties currently have very limited mass transit to New York City via NJ Transit's Port Jervis Line and Pascack Valley Line commuter rail services or Coach USA's Rockland Coaches bus services. The bridge plan includes as an objective merely, "Providing a crossing that does not preclude future trans-Hudson transit services."[10]
A proposed bus rapid transit system using the new bridge was shelved as too expensive. However, the bridge was structurally built for expansion with BRT and/or commuter rail at a later date. The existing Tarrytown station of the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line is located about 2,000 feet (610 m) from the new bridge's eastern landing. In 2011, the state estimated that a bus connector to the station would cost about $151 million, about 3 percent of the bridge's projected cost.[28] Responding to widespread concerns about the lack of new public transit service, bridge planners agreed only to build one "dedicated express bus lane" in each direction for use during rush hour.[29]
Naming[edit]
During construction, the project's website referred to the crossing as the "New NY Bridge".[30] However, other sources referred to the crossing as the "New Tappan Zee Bridge".[31][32]
Governor Andrew Cuomo was successful in passing legislation to name the bridge after his father, former Governor Mario Cuomo, on June 29, 2017.[33] This has been met with stiff criticism as a Reclaim New York Initiative poll of Rockland and Westchester county residents found only 14.7% of respondents support the new name.[34] Many have cited the timing of the New York State legislature vote at the last session before the summer term ended and the last chance to enact a state budget.[35] As of November 29, 2017, over 100,000 people have signed a Change.org petition called "Return the Cuomo Bridge its original name: The Tappan Zee. That bridge is our history."[36][37]
On December 6, 2017, State Assemblyman Kevin Byrne, a Republican from Mahopac in Putnam County, announced that he would introduce legislation to revert the name of the bridge to "Malcolm Wilson Tappan Zee Bridge", after former Governor Malcolm Wilson.[38] The old Tappan Zee Bridge had been named for Wilson from 1994 to June 2017.[39]
See also[edit]
Bridges portal
Hudson Valley portal
New York portal
List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c "About the Project". The New NY Bridge. New York State Thruway Authority. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Design Features". The New NY Bridge. New York State Thruway Authority. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Opening day on new Tappan Zee Bridge shows sleek design, new features". Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ McGeehan, Patrick (January 17, 2006). "A Bridge That Has Nowhere Left to Go". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "NY proposes steep toll increases for new Tappan Zee bridge". Reuters. August 4, 2012. Some alternatives to the Tappan Zee bridge are already more expensive. The George Washington Bridge, which crosses the Hudson River south of the Tappan Zee, has a cash toll of US$12, which is expected to rise to $15 in 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tappan Zee Bridge has received 'poor' ratings". Poughkeepsie Journal. Gannett News Service. August 3, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ Thruway Authority; MTA Metro-North Railroad (June 2003). "Long List of Level 1 Alternatives". Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement. New York State. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Zhao, Yilu (July 24, 2003). "From 156 Options, Down to 15 Ways to Go on Tappan Zee". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dept of Transportation; Thruway Authority; MTA Metro-North Railroad (January 2006). "Alternatives Analysis Report, Level 2". Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement. New York State. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c US Federal Highway Administration (October 13, 2011). "Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing Project Scoping Information Packet" (PDF). Retrieved October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Governor Cuomo Announces Beginning of Formal Construction of the New NY Bridge to Replace Tappan Zee". Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. 2014-09-28. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ "New Tappan Zee construction starts". New York Post. Associated Press. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ Haughney, Christine (October 11, 2011). "U.S. Says It Will Expedite Approval to Replace Deteriorating Tappan Zee Bridge". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2011. The state will pay for the project by issuing $3 billion in bonds against its toll revenues; the remaining $2.2 billion will be financed with loans from labor pension funds and the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act.
^ Jump up to: a b DeWitt, Scott Willis, Karen. "Gov. Cuomo Opens Thruway Bridge Across the Hudson Amid Questions About Tolls".
Jump up ^ "About". The New NY Bridge Project. October 12, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tappan Zee tolls frozen until 2020". News 12 Westchester. News 12 Networks. April 7, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Plotch, Philip Mark. Politics Across the Hudson: The Tappan Zee Megaproject. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey (2015). p. 165-168
Jump up ^ [1] Bloomberg Businessweek, September 25, 2012
Jump up ^ "New York State Advances $3.1 Billion Plan To Replace Tappan Zee Bridge". CBS News New York. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing". October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hudson River PCB Dredging Project". Hudsondredging.com. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About the project". New York State Thruway Authority. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Massachusetts Department of Transportation. "MassDOT — The Big Dig — Tunnels and Bridges — The Cable-stayed Bridge". Retrieved April 5, 2014. Girders, floor beams and two planes of cables support the bridge's 745-foot-long, 183-foot-wide main span.
Jump up ^ "Crane collapse on Tappan Zee Bridge injures at least 5; all lanes closed in both directions". NY Daily News. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Four Hurt When Crane collapses onto Tappan Zee Bridge". NY Post. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Watch drone video of New York's new Tappan Zee Bridge". USA TODAY. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rockland-bound traffic to begin traveling on new Tappan Zee Bridge". ABC7 New York. August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kazis, Noah (July 12, 2012). "Even a Paltry $150M For Tappan Zee Transit Is Too Much For Andrew Cuomo". Streetsblog NYC. OpenPlans. Retrieved August 4, 2012. 'This is a red herring that it’s going to cost $5 billion to do BRT and therefore we’re not going to do anything,' said Jeff Zupan, a senior fellow with the Regional Plan Association.
Jump up ^ Nicosia, Mareesa (August 15, 2012). "New Tappan Zee Bridge: Nyack residents voice traffic, noise, toll concerns". The Journal News. Westchester & Rockland Counties, New York. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2012. [E]ight general-purpose lanes would be flanked on each side by wide shoulders, which would allow emergency vehicles to pass traffic. One shoulder on each side of the bridge would serve as a dedicated express bus lane.
Jump up ^ "The New NY Bridge Project". www.newnybridge.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Tappan Zee Bridge to Open Westbound Side Aug 25, 2017 - Visit Nyack". August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Views From the New Tappan Zee Bridge".
Jump up ^ Berger, Joseph (August 24, 2017). "Bridge of Grand Ambitions Is Set to Open at the Tappan Zee". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Poll: Downstate residents dislike naming Tappan Zee bridge for Mario Cuomo". Capitol Confidential. 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Tappan Zee Bridge gets new name: The Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge". Lohud/The Journal News. June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Petition drive to change Gov. Mario Cuomo Bridge back to the Tappan Zee". WABC-TV. November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Conley, Kirstan; Musumeci, Natalie (November 13, 2017). "Thousands sign petition to change Cuomo Bridge back to Tappan Zee". New York Post. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wilson, David McKay (December 6, 2017) "Tax Watch: Lawmaker plans bill to rename Cuomo Bridge as Tappan Zee Bridge" lohud.com
Jump up ^ "Daughter wants to keep Malcolm Wilson's name on Tappan Zee Bridge". Lohud. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
Further reading
Plotch, Philip Mark (2015). Politics Across the Hudson - The Tappan Zee Megaproject. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-7249-9. Archived from the original on July 17, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present).
The New NY Bridge (official Tappan Zee Bridge replacement project site)
Tappan Zee Bridge/I-287 Environmental Review project site (archived March 15, 2016)
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Crossings of the Hudson River
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Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry
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