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Tom Hagen
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Tom Hagen
Robert Duvall portraying Tom Hagen
First appearance
The Godfather
Last appearance
The Godfather's Revenge
Created by
Mario Puzo
Portrayed by
Robert Duvall
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Lawyer/Consigliere
Family
Corleone family
Spouse(s)
Theresa Hagen
Children
Frank Hagen
Andrew Hagen
Gianna Hagen
Relatives
Martin Hagen (father)
Bridget Hagen (mother)
unnamed sister
Vito Corleone (adopted father)
Carmela Corleone (adopted mother)
Sonny Corleone (adopted brother)
Fredo Corleone (adopted brother)
Michael Corleone (adopted brother)
Connie Corleone (adopted sister)
See also: Thomas Hayden
Thomas "Tom" Hagen is a fictional character in Mario Puzo's novel Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's films The Godfather and The Godfather Part II. He is portrayed by Robert Duvall in the films.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Character overview
2 Appearances
2.1 The Godfather (novel and film)
2.2 Sequel films
2.2.1 The Godfather Part II
2.2.2 The Godfather Part III
2.3 Sequel novels
2.3.1 The Godfather Returns
2.3.2 The Godfather's Revenge
3 Behind the scenes
4 Family
5 References
Character overview[edit]
Hagen is the informally adopted son of the mafia don Vito Corleone. He is a qualified lawyer and the consigliere to the Corleone mafia family. Mild-mannered and soft-spoken, he serves as the voice of reason within the family. The novel and first film establish that he is of German-Irish ancestry.
Sonny Corleone befriends 11-year-old Tom, who was living on the street after running away from an orphanage. When Sonny brings Tom home and demands he be taken in, the Corleone family allows him to stay. Hagen considers Vito his true father, although Vito never formally adopts him, believing it would be disrespectful to Hagen's deceased parents.
After law school, Hagen goes to work in the Corleone "family business". His non-Italian ancestry precludes his formal membership in the mafia family, but when the consigliere Genco Abbandando dies, Hagen is given his position. Consequently, the other New York families deride the Corleones as "The Irish Gang".
Though Hagen immerses himself in the Sicilian-American lifestyle and speaks Sicilian, he does not look Italian. In fact, his Northern European physical appearance is advantageous to his work, allowing him to travel and conduct family business openly without potential witnesses remembering him.
While Hagen loves all the Corleones, he idolizes Sonny and blames himself for Sonny's murder. When Vito semi-retires in 1954 and his youngest son, Michael, succeeds him as the operating head of the family, Michael removes Hagen as consigliere, preferring his father informally assume the role; Michael claims Hagen is not a "war-time" consigliere. Hagen is thus restricted to handling the family's legitimate business.
The novel and first film portray Hagen aiding Vito and Michael Corleone in warring against the other ruling New York Mafia families. In The Godfather Part II, set in the late 1950s, Hagen serves as Michael's right-hand man during his power struggle with Hyman Roth. In The Godfather Part III, set in 1979-1980, he is said to have died some years before in an unspecified manner. His role in the story between the second and third films, including his death, is portrayed in Mark Winegardner's sequel novels, The Godfather Returns and The Godfather's Revenge.
Appearances[edit]
The Godfather (novel and film)[edit]
In both the novel and film, Hagen is introduced as an important member of the Corleone family. As a child he grew up in a broken family, the son of an abusive alcoholic. Sonny Corleone finds the orphaned Hagen living on the street and suffering from a bad eye infection, takes him home, and demands he live with the Corleone family. Vito Corleone becomes a surrogate father to Hagen, but never officially adopts him out of respect for the boy's father.
In the novel, Hagen asks to work for Vito after graduating from law school, knowing full well that his adoptive father is the most powerful Mafia chief in the nation. Vito is more than willing to take Hagen into his employ, having often said that lawyers can steal more than a phalanx of gangsters. Hagen marries an Italian woman, Theresa, with whom he has two sons, Frank and Andrew, and a daughter, Gianna.
After Vito's longtime consigliere Genco Abbandando is diagnosed with terminal cancer, Hagen becomes acting consigliere and succeeds to the post formally after Abbandando's death. Vito is initially reluctant to give Hagen the post full-time, considering Hagen is not a Sicilian.
When famous singer/actor Johnny Fontane seeks his godfather Vito's help in securing a movie role that could revitalize his sagging career, Vito dispatches Hagen to Hollywood to persuade Jack Woltz, a big-time movie producer, to cast Johnny in his new war film. Hagen offers his benefactor's help with Woltz's union problems and also informs him that one of his actors has graduated from marijuana to heroin; a deleted scene in the movie shows that this information would be used to damage Woltz's studio. Woltz rebuffs Hagen but becomes cordial after learning he works for the Corleones. Woltz still refuses to cast Fontane, who slept with one of Woltz's protégées, but offers to do any other favor for Vito Corleone. Hagen declines, and soon afterward, Woltz awakens in bed with his prized racing stallion's severed head planted under the covers, intimidating him into casting Fontane in the film.
Tom arranges a meeting between Vito and drug kingpin Virgil Sollozzo. Sollozzo wants Vito to help finance his narcotics business and provide legal protection and political influence. Sollozzo commends Hagen for discovering that Sollozzo is also collaborating with the Tattaglia Family, a rival to the Corleones. Vito ultimately rejects the deal, however, on the grounds that Vito would lose his influence over the judges and police if they knew he was in the drug trade.
Sollozzo has Luca Brasi murdered, Vito shot, and Hagen kidnapped off the street. Sollozzo informs Hagen that Vito has been shot and killed outside his office and tasks Hagen to persuade Sonny to make peace and accept his narcotics deal. Hagen says he'll do his best but warns Sollozzo that Luca Brasi, the Don's fanatically loyal bodyguard and hitman, will launch a violent reprisal. Unbeknownst to Hagen, Sollozzo and Bruno Tattaglia have murdered Brasi. The meeting is interrupted when Sollozzo receives word that Vito has survived the shooting, ruining Sollozzo's original plan. Hagen is allowed to leave unharmed, with Sollozzo telling him to make a deal.
Tom meets with Sonny, Michael, and Corleone caporegimes Peter Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio advises that if Vito dies Sonny should agree to Sollozzo's deal and that the other Mafia families would most likely support Sollozzo to avoid a long, bloody war. Two fish wrapped in Luca Brasi's bulletproof vest arrives at the Corleone compound revealing that Brasi has been murdered by Sollozzo. Sonny orders Clemenza to execute Vito's traitorous bodyguard Paulie Gatto.
After Michael stops a second assassination attempt on Vito by Sollozzo, he calls the Corleone compound to warn Sonny. Tom goes to the hospital with private detectives that are licensed to carry firearms to protect Vito and stops Captain Mark McCluskey, a corrupt NYPD officer on Sollozzo's payroll, from taking Michael into police custody. Sonny then orders Bruno Tattaglia, son and underboss of Sollozzo's ally Philip Tattaglia, to be murdered. Sollozzo requests a meeting and proposes that Michael to be sent to broker a truce. Sonny, believing it is a trick, refuses and demands that the other Mafia families hand over Sollozzo to the Corleone family or else face war. Tom successfully convinces Sonny to wait because McCluskey has agreed to be Sollozzo's bodyguard and warns Sonny that killing McCluskey would violate a long-standing Mafia rule not to kill members of law enforcement and the backlash from rival Mafia families and law enforcement would be severe. Michael suggests they agree to Sollozzo's meeting but insists its a public place with people where he will murder Sollozzo and McCluskey, whom Michael successfully argues that is fair game because he is a corrupt cop mixed up in the drug trade and serving as Sollozzo's bodyguard. Sonny agrees and approves the hit.
Tom is unable to find the meeting location in advance and is cautious about putting Michael at risk but Sonny discovers the location from a policeman on the Corleone payroll in McCluskey's precinct. Sonny suggests they violently shoot up the car prior to the meeting but Tom says Sollozzo might not be in the car and Clemenza warns its too dangerous cause Sollozzo will be on alert for a violent reaction from the Corleones.
The killing of Sollozzo and McCluskey and the subsequent Mafia war between the Corleone family and the Five Families sparks a massive crackdown by law enforcement. Michael hides in Sicily and Vito returns home. Tom informs Vito that the police have cracked down on all Mafia operations. The Corleones put material in the newspapers about McCluskey's ties to Sollozzo and the drug trade. Sonny informs Vito that Fredo is being sent to Las Vegas to learn the casino business. When asked, Tom informs Vito that it was Michael who killed Sollozzo and McCluskey and thus had to flee. Sonny tells Tom to discover Philip Tattaglia's hideout but Tom advises against further violence and that Vito can negotiate but Sonny disagrees and insults Tom's abilities as a wartime consigliere but immediately apologizes. At Sunday dinner Sonny tells Tom that the blacks in Harlem are enjoying the Corleone policy banks, driving new Cadillacs and paying 50% off on bets.
Michael's girlfriend Kay Adams arrives at the Corleone compound wanting to contact Michael. Tom denies knowledge of Michael's whereabouts and refuses her letter. Tom advises she be patient and that Michael will eventually contact her.
Connie's husband, Carlo Rizzi, helps Corleone rival Emilio Barzini set a trap for Sonny when he has a girlfriend call their apartment and a fight ensues during which Carlo savagely beats up a pregnant Connie. Afterward she calls the Corleone compound crying, injured and asking Sonny for help. An enraged Sonny, having previously severely beaten up Carlo upon learning he abused Connie, speeds towards Connie's apartment in Hell's Kitchen ahead of his bodyguards. Tom orders Sonny's bodyguards to follow Sonny. At the Long Beach Causeway toll plaza, Barzini's men ambush Sonny and gun him down before Sonny's bodyguards are able to catch up.
Tom is devastated after Sonny's murder and tearfully informs Vito of his son's death. Tom and Vito view Sonny's body at the funeral home of Amerigo Bonasera, where Vito has Bonasera repair Sonny's body prior to his funeral. Vito orders no retaliation for Sonny's murder and has Tom organize a meeting with the other Mafia bosses to end the war. Vito makes peace with Philip Tattaglia and gives his word won't break the peace. After the meeting Tom asks Vito about the drug middlemen having clean records when he meets with the Tattaglia family but Vito corrects him saying Tattaglia was a pimp that never could've beaten Sonny and that it was Emilio Barzini who masterminded Sonny's murder.
Vito semi-retires in 1954 and Michael becomes operating head of the family. Michael removes Hagen as consigliere in favor of having Vito fill the position, restricting Tom to handling the family's legal business in Nevada, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Michael and Vito explain that the Corleones risk inciting a fight with the planned move to Nevada, and they need a "wartime consigliere". Tom accepts the decision and remains loyal but is deeply hurt. In truth, Michael and Vito have been secretly continuing Sonny's plan to wipe out the other New York Dons that will establish the Corleone family as the most powerful crime family in the country. Vito explains he advised Michael on removing Tom as consigliere and although Vito considered Tom a good consigliere and like Michael has all of Vito's confidence there are reasons why Tom must not have any part of the plan and Tom accepts the decision. In the novel (and in a deleted scene from the film), Tom notices that bodyguard Rocco Lampone has been secretly promoted to caporegime and hitman Al Neri reports directly to Michael and rather than through Clemenza and Tessio. Vito reminds Michael that he warned him these details wouldn't escape Tom's attention.
Tom is present when Tessio is taken away to be executed for betraying the family and is also present when Connie's husband, Carlo Rizzi, is killed for his complicity in Sonny's death years earlier. Although Tom is hardened to violence and accepts that treachery is never forgiven, in the novel he feels sickened by Tessio's imminent death and had even asked if Tessio could be spared.
In the novel, Michael's wife, Kay learns that Michael ordered his brother-in-law Carlo's death and flees to her parents' home in New Hampshire. Michael sends Tom there to persuade Kay to return. Tom ultimately risks his own life by "hypothetically" revealing some family secrets to Kay so she can understand Michael's motives.
Sequel films[edit]
The Godfather Part II[edit]
In The Godfather Part II, Hagen remains Michael's lawyer after their move to Nevada, but his role in the family has been reduced. For instance, he is excluded from the negotiations with Hyman Roth to legitimize the Corleone family by going into business with Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. After an assassination attempt is made on Michael's life, Michael realizes he cannot trust anyone in his inner circle. Assuring their fraternal bond and explaining that he withholds information from him out of admiration, Michael proclaims Hagen acting Don while he leaves and attempts to uncover his betrayer. Hagen's promotion marks his renewed influence in the family and secures the formerly abrasive Senator Pat Geary's forced cooperation.
The fall of Batista's regime in Cuba forces Michael to temporarily abandon his plans to become a legitimate businessman, and he resumes his role as the Don of the Corleone family. During the Senate hearings on the Mafia, Hagen is instrumental as the defense for a questioned Michael. Near the end of the film, Hagen is unable to disguise his displeasure over Michael's increasing ruthlessness and paranoia, questioning the need to kill an already dying Hyman Roth. In response, Michael confronts Hagen about his competing job offers, and obliquely threatens to inform Hagen's wife about his mistress. Challenged point blank to confirm his loyalty to the Corleone Family, Hagen responds to Michael (in Sicilian) that he remains loyal. He dutifully fulfills his role as legal adviser, and also in the consigliere's traditional role as dispassionate family envoy. He gives Frank Pentangeli, who had betrayed Michael, the "idea" of committing suicide so that Pentangeli's family will be taken care of, while agreeing with Pentangeli that at one point the Corleone Family "was like the Roman Empire".
In a deleted subplot, Sonny's widow Sandra Corleone becomes Tom's mistress, a fact that Michael uses to blackmail Hagen into remaining loyal despite Sandra urging Hagen to abandon the Corleone family.
The Godfather Part III[edit]
According to The Godfather Part III, Hagen has already died before the timeframe of the film, 1979–1980. There is no specific indication in the film as to when or how he died, except that it was prior to his son, Andrew, being ordained a Roman Catholic priest.
Sequel novels[edit]
The Godfather Returns[edit]
The Godfather Returns, Mark Winegardner's 2004 sequel to Puzo's original novel, portrays Hagen's role as consigliere in the first few years after Michael ascends to the head of the family. The novel, which covers the period from 1955-1962, portrays Hagen once again acting as Michael's right-hand adviser and taking an important role in the Corleones' dealings with a powerful political family, the Sheas (analogous to the Kennedys). Hagen makes a deal with patriarch Mickey Shea (Joseph Kennedy) that the Corleone family would help get his son, James, (John F. Kennedy) elected President on condition that his youngest son, Danny (Robert Kennedy), the new attorney general, would take a soft stance on organized crime. Meanwhile, Hagen has sights on a political career, running for a Congressional seat in Nevada (which Hagen was initially appointed to) with the ultimate goal of becoming the state's governor; he is badly defeated, however, and abandons any hopes of holding public office.
The novel also portrays Hagen covering up for Michael's brother Fredo when he kills a man in San Francisco, and bailing him out of jail when he attacks his wife's lover. Hagen and Fredo get into an intense argument over Fredo's recklessness and Hagen's blind loyalty to Michael. When Michael has Fredo killed (as originally portrayed in The Godfather Part II), Hagen guesses what really happened, but remains willfully ignorant.
Toward the end of the novel, Hagen personally murders Corleone rival Louie Russo, who conspired with the novel's antagonist, traitorous Corleone caporegime Nick Geraci.
The Godfather's Revenge[edit]
In Winegardner's 2006 novel The Godfather's Revenge, Hagen acts as Michael's right-hand man in dealing with the Shea family, especially Attorney General Danny Shea, who publicly declares war on organized crime. When Hagen's longtime mistress, Judy Buchanan, is murdered by thugs working for Don Carlo Tramonti, Hagen becomes a person of interest in the investigation.
In August 1964, Geraci kidnaps Hagen and drowns him in the Florida Everglades. Geraci then sends Michael a package containing a dead baby alligator along with Hagen's wallet. This message is similar to the one Sonny received in the original novel following Luca Brasi's death, in which Brasi's bulletproof vest containing two dead fish was delivered to the Corleone compound. Michael later has Geraci ambushed and murdered.
The novel also expands on how Hagen became an unofficial member of the Corleone family. Hagen recalls that when he was living on the streets, he saved Sonny Corleone from a pimp who was notorious for raping and murdering boys. Sonny was so grateful that he brought Hagen home to live with his family.
Behind the scenes[edit]
The Hagen character was originally intended to have been featured in The Godfather Part III, but was written out due to a salary dispute between Duvall and the film's producers. Coppola has stated that Part III was to feature a split between Michael and Hagen as its central plot, as seeds of dissension were planted in the first two films.
Coppola stated in the film's commentary that Duvall demanded the same salary as Al Pacino (who portrayed Michael Corleone). However, Duvall said in an interview that he was happy for Pacino to earn twice his salary, but not triple or quadruple it for the same film.[2]
Family[edit]
Vito Corleone – Unofficial adopted father
Carmela Corleone – Unofficial adopted mother
Santino, Michael, Fredo, and Connie Corleone – Unofficial adopted siblings
Theresa Hagen – Wife
Frank and Andrew Hagen – Sons
Gianna Hagen – Daughter
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Godfather (1972)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Robert Duvall". Comxa.com.
Preceded by
Michael Corleone Head of the Corleone crime family
The Godfather
ca. 1958–1959 Succeeded by
Michael Corleone
Preceded by
Genco Abbandando Consigliere of the Corleone crime family
The Godfather
1945–1955 Succeeded by
Vito Corleone
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Gastrointestinal wall
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This article is one of a series on the
Gastrointestinal wall
General structure[hide]
Epithelium
Mucosa
Submucosa
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Serosa
Adventitia
Specific[show]
Meissner's plexus
Auerbach's plexus
Organs[show]
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
v
t
e
The gastrointestinal wall surrounding the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is made up of four layers of specialised tissue – from the lumen outwards:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular layer
Serosa (if the tissue is intraperitoneal) / Adventitia (if the tissue is retroperitoneal) -- these last two tissue types differ slightly in form and function according to the part of the gastrointestinal tract they belong to (see the section below for more detail)
The epithelium, the most exposed part of the mucosa, is a glandular epithelium with many goblet cells. Goblet cells secrete mucus, which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes. In the small intestine, villi are folds of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestine. The villi contain a lacteal, a vessel connected to the lymph system that aids in the removal of lipids and tissue fluids. Microvilli are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place. Numerous intestinal glands as pocket-like invaginations are present in the underlying tissue. In the large intestines, villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed. Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria, which contains myofibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and several different immune cells, and the muscularis mucosa which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued peristalsis and catastalsis along the gut.
The submucosa contains nerves including the submucous plexus (Meissner's plexus), blood vessels and elastic fibres with collagen, that stretches with increased capacity but maintains the shape of the intestine.
Surrounding this is the muscular layer, which comprises both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle that also helps with continued peristalsis and the movement of digested material out of and along the gut. In between the two layers of muscle lies the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus).
Lastly, there is the serosa/adventitia which is made up of loose connective tissue and coated in mucus so as to prevent any friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue. Holding all this in place are the mesenteries which suspend the intestine in the abdominal cavity and stop it being disturbed when a person is physically active.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Mucosa
1.1.1 Epithelium
1.2 Submucosa
1.3 Muscular layer
1.4 Serosa/Adventitia
2 Clinical relevance
3 Additional images
4 References
Structure[edit]
The general structure of the intestinal wall
The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy.
Mucosa[edit]
Main article: Mucosa
Image of the gastric mucosa.
The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It surrounds the lumen of the tract, and comes into direct contact with digested food (chyme). The mucosa itself is made up of three layers: [1] :264
The epithelium is the innermost layer. It is where most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes occur.
Lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue within the mucosa. Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue
Muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle.
Epithelium[edit]
The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions. The most variation is seen in the epithelium:[1]:265
In the oesophagus, pharynx and external anal canal the epithelium is stratified, squamous and non-keratinising, for protective purposes.
In the stomach, the epithelium is simple columnar, and is organised into gastric pits and glands to deal with secretion.[1]:265
In the small intestine, epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption. The epithelium is arranged into villi, creating a brush border and increasing the area for absorption. Each cell also has microvilli. it is organised into plicae circulares and villi, and the enterocytes have microvilli. This creates a brush border which greatly increases the surface area for absorption. The epithelium is simple columnar with microvilli. In the ileum there are occasionally Peyer's patches in the lamina propria. Brunner's glands are found in the duodenum but not in other parts of the small intestine.[1]:265
In the colon, epithelium is simple columnar and without villi. Goblet cells, which secrete mucous, are also present.[1]:265
The appendix has a mucosa resembling the colon but is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes.
Transition between the different types of epithelium occurs at the junction between the oesophagus and stomach; between the stomach and duodenum, between the ileum and caecum, and at the pectinate line of the anus.[1]:264
Submucosa[edit]
Main article: Submucosa
The submucosa consists of a dense and irregular layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscular layer. It contains the submucous plexus, and enteric nervous plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscular layer.[1]:263
Muscular layer[edit]
Main article: Muscular layer
The muscular layer (also known as the muscularis propria[2] ) consists of two layers of muscle, the inner and outer layer. The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract, whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally. The stomach has an extra layer, an inner oblique muscular layer.[1]:263 Between the two muscle layers are the myenteric or Auerbach's plexus. This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (basal electrical rhythm) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can of course be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system.
The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch.
The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as chyme. In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces. The circular muscle layer prevents food from travelling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract.
The thickness of the muscular layer varies in each part of the tract:
In the colon, for example, the muscular layer is much thicker because the faeces are large and heavy, and require more force to push along. The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into 3 discontinuous longitudinal bands, known as taeniae coli (bands of the colon). This is one of the 3 features helping to distinguish between the large and small intestine.
Occasionally in the large intestine (2-3 times a day) there will be mass contraction of certain segments, moving a lot of faeces along. This is generally when one gets the urge to defecate.
The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer: the pyloric sphincter. Alone among the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer. This is the inner oblique layer, and helps churn the chyme in the stomach.
Serosa/Adventitia[edit]
Main articles: Serosa and Adventitia
The outermost layer of the GI tract consists of several layers of connective tissue and is either adventitia or serosa.[1]:263[3]
Intraperitoneal regions of the digestive tract (aka those parts suspended by peritoneum) are covered with serosa. This structure consists of connective tissue covered by a simple squamous epithelium, called the mesothelium, which reduces frictional forces during digestive movements. The intraperitoneal regions include most of the stomach, first part of the duodenum, all of the small intestine, caecum and appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue. These parts of the tract have a mesentery.
Retroperitoneal regions of the digestive tract (aka those parts that are firmly attached to surrounding structures by connective tissue fibers) parts are covered with adventitia. They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position (for example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the transpyloric plane). The retroperitoneal regions include the oral cavity, esophagus, pylorus of the stomach, distal duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon and anal canal.
Clinical relevance[edit]
Inflammatory bowel disease affects the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in different ways. Ulcerative colitis involves the colonic mucosa. Crohn's disease may produce inflammation in all layers in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and so can result in transmural fistulae.
A perforated ulcer is one that has eroded through the layers of the gastrointestinal tract.
Invasion of tumours through the layers of the gastrointestinal wall is used in staging of tumour spread. This is associated with prognosis.
The normal thickness of the small intestinal wall is 3-5 mm,[4] and 1-5 mm in the large intestine.[5] Focal, irregular and asymmetrical gastrointestinal wall thickening suggests a malignancy.[5] Segmental or diffuse gastrointestinal wall thickening is most often due to ischemic, inflammatory or infectious disease.[5]
Additional images[edit]
General organisation of GI tract
The wall of the stomach.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Deakin, Barbara Young ... [et al.] ; drawings by Philip J. (2006). Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas (5th ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-4430-6-8508.
Jump up ^ "Oral: Four layers of the G.I. tract". The Histology Guide. University of Leeds. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Gartner and Hiatt; (2014). Color Atlas and Text of Histology (6th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-1343-3.
Jump up ^ Ali Nawaz Khan. "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape. Retrieved 2017-03-07. Updated: Sep 22, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Fernandes, Teresa; Oliveira, Maria I.; Castro, Ricardo; Araújo, Bruno; Viamonte, Bárbara; Cunha, Rui (2014). "Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis". Insights into Imaging. 5 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y. ISSN 1869-4101.
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List of house types
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This is a list of house types. Houses can be built in a large variety of configurations. A basic division is between free-standing or Single-family houses and various types of attached or multi-user dwellings. Both may vary greatly in scale and amount of accommodation provided. Although there appear to be many different types, many of the variations listed below are purely matters of style rather than spatial arrangement or scale. Some of the terms listed are only used in some parts of the English-speaking world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Detached single-unit housing
2 Semi-detached dwellings
3 Attached single-unit housing
4 Attached multi-unit housing
5 Movable dwellings
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Detached single-unit housing[edit]
Main article: Single-family detached home
A-frame: so-called because the steep roofline, reaching to or near the ground, makes the gable ends resemble a large A.
Addison house: a type of low-cost house with metal floors and concrete block cavity walls, mostly built in the United Kingdom and in Ireland during 1920 through 1921 to provide housing for soldiers, sailors, and airmen who had returned home from the First World War.
Airey house: a type of low-cost house that was developed in the United Kingdom during in the 1940s by Sir Edwin Airey, and then widely constructed between 1945 and 1960 to provide housing for soldiers, sailors, and airmen who had returned home from World War II. These are recognizable by their precast concrete columns and by their walls made of precast "ship-lap" concrete panels.[1]
American Colonial: a traditional style of house that originated in the East Coast of the United States.
Georgian Colonial
German Colonial
Hall and parlor house
New England Colonial
Spanish Colonial
French Colonial
American Craftsman house
American Foursquare house
Assam-type House: a house commonly found in the northeastern states of India.[2]
Barraca: a traditional style of house originated in Valencia, Spain. Is a historical farm house from the 12th century BC to the 19th century AD around said city.
Barndominium: a type of house that includes living space attached to either a workshop or a barn, typically for horses, or a large vehicle such as a recreational vehicle or a large recreational boat.
Bay-and-gable: a type of house typically found in the older areas of Toronto.
Bungalow: any simple, single-storey house without any basement.
California Bungalow
Cape Cod: a popular design that originated in the coastal area of New England, especially in eastern Massachusetts.
Cape Dutch: popular in the Western Cape, South Africa, region.
Castle: primarily a defensive structure/dwelling built during the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages, and also during the 18th century and the 19th century.
Cave dwelling, Chinese: called a Yaodong and of two types, 1) built into rock on the side of a hill or 2) earth sheltered with a courtyard.
Chalet bungalow: popular in the United Kingdom, a combination of a house and a bungalow.
Charleston single house: originating in Charleston, South Carolina, a narrow house with its shoulder to the street and front door on the side.
Chattel house: a small wooden house occupied by working-class people on Barbados. Originally relocatable; personal chattel (property) rather than fixed real property.
Conch house: a vernacular style in Key West and Miami, derived from the Bahamian clapboard house.
Converted barn: an old barn converted into a house or other use.
Cottage: usually a small country dwelling, although weavers' cottages are three-storied townhouses with the top floor reserved for the working quarters.
Creole cottage: a type of house native to the Gulf Coast of the United States, roughly corresponding to the location of the former colonial settlements of the French in Louisiana, Southern Mississippi, and Lower Alabama.
Cracker house: a style of wood-framework house built rather widely in the 19th century in Florida and Southern Georgia. Note that the former Atlanta Crackers pro baseball team was named because of the many "crackers" who lived in Georgia decades ago.
Dacha: cottage-type house in Russia and former union republics of the Soviet Union
Dogtrot house: divided house with an open, roofed breezeway between the two sections.
Dwór (manor house): the most iconic type of house in pre-communist Poland.
Earth sheltered: houses using dirt ("earth") piled against it exterior walls for thermal mass, which reduces heat flow into or out of the house, maintaining a more steady indoor temperature.
Eyebrow house: a style of house found in Key West, Florida in which the roof overhangs the windows reducing the view, but providing more shade.
Farmhouse: the main residence house on a farm, or a house built with the same type of styling and located anywhere.
Faux chateau (originating in the 1980s): a notably inflated in size and price American suburban house with non-contextual French Provençal architectural elements.
Federal
Flounder house
Frutighaus: a farmhouse type in the Frutigland region of Switzerland.
Gablefront house (or a Gablefront cottage): a generic house type that has a gable roof that faces its street or avenue.[3] See the novel The House of Seven Gables, by the American author Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Gambrel: including variants like Dutch Gambrel.
Geodesic dome: a rugged domed design, using strong metal components, that was pioneered by the architect Buckminster Fuller in the United States in the mid-20th century.
Georgian house: built with the style of Georgian architecture that became popular during the time of King George I through King George IV and King William IV of the United Kingdom.
Geestharden house: one of the three basic house types in Schleswig-Holstein region of Germany
Hall house: a medieval house, usually timber-framed, in which the principal room was a hall as high as the building, with the smoke from a central hearth rising through the hall.
Hanok: a traditional Korean house.
Hawksley BL8 bungalow: an aluminum siding-clad timber-framed house built in Great Britain mostly during the 1950s as housing for soldiers, sailors, and airmen who had returned home from World War II.[1]
I-house: a traditional British folk house,[citation needed] which became popular in the Middle Atlantic and the Southern American Colonies before the beginning of the American Revolutionary War.[4]
Igloo: an Inuit, Yup'ik, and Aleut seasonal or emergency shelter that was made of knife-sliced blocks of packed snow and/or ice in the Arctic regions of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Siberian Russia.
Indian vernacular
Izba: a traditional Russian wooden country house.
Kit house: a type of pre-fabricated house made of pre-cut, numbered pieces of lumber.
Konak: a type of Turkish house that was widely built during the time of the Ottoman Empire in Turkey, northern Greece, Albania, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, northern Iraq, Macedonia etc.
Kulla: Albanian house in Albania, province of Kosovo and Metohia, Macedonia etc.
Laneway house: a type of Canadian house that is constructed behind a normal single-family home that opens onto a back lane.
Link-detached: adjacent detached properties that do not have a party wall, but which are linked by their garages - and so presenting a single frontage to their street or avenue.
Linked houses: "row-houses" or "semi-detached houses" that are linked structurally only in their foundations. Above ground, these houses appear to be detached houses. Linking up their foundations cuts the cost of constructing them.
Log home, Log cabin: a house built by American, Canadian, and Russian frontiersmen and their families which was built of solid, unsquared wooden logs and later as a well crafted style of dwelling.
Lustron house: a type of prefabricated house.
Manor house: a large medieval country house, or one built later of a similar design, which used to be the primary dwelling of the nobleman and his family, and also the administrative hub of a Feudal manor, and which was also the lowest unit of land organization and use in the feudal system during the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages in Europe: in other words, before the ride of the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment both of which caused the fall of the feudal system and serfdom, except in Russia, where the serfs and vassals were not set free until the second half of the 19th century (the 1850s through the 1890s).
Mansion: a quite large and usually luxurious detached house. See also: Manor house, and Georgian House above
Maisonette: a flat or apartment in England, that occupies two floors of a building, and so typically has internal stairs.
McMansion: a formulaic, inflated suburban house with references to historical styles of architecture, such as Georgian architecture and the Manor House mentioned above.
Manufactured house: a prefabricated house that is assembled on the permanent site on which it will sit.
Mews property: an urban stable-block that has often been converted into residential properties. The houses may have been converted into ground floor garages with a small flat above which used to house the ostler or just a garage with no living quarters.
Microhouse: a dwelling that fulfills all the requirements of habitation (shelter, sleep, cooking, heating, toilet) in a very compact space. These are quite common in densely populated Asian countries such as Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
Monolithic dome: a structure cast in one piece, generally made out of shotcrete inside an airform.
Microapartment: rather common in the same countries where microhouses (above) are popular. These small single-room dwellings contain a kitchen, a bathroom, a sleeping area, etc., in one place, usually in a multistorey building.
Minka: a general term for traditional houses in Japan.
The interior of an Iraqi mudhif
Mudhif: a traditional reed house made by the Madan people of Iraq.
Octagon house: a house of symmetrical octagonal floor plan, popularized briefly during the 19th century by Orson Squire Fowler.
Ontario Cottage: a one- or one-and-a-half-storey house with a symmetrical rectangular floor plan and a gable centred over the door, popular in small-town Ontario during the 19th century.
Patio house
Pit-house: a prehistoric house type used on many continents and of many styles, partially sunken into the ground.
Plank house: a general term for houses built using planks in a variety of ways, this article as of 2012 only discusses Native American plank houses.
Pole house: a timber house in which a set of vertical poles carry the load of all of its suspended floors and roof, allowing all of its walls to be non-load-bearing.
Prefabricated house: a house whose main structural sections were manufactured in a factory, and then transported to their final building site to be assembled upon a concrete foundation, which had to be poured locally.
Queenslander: a house most commonly built in the tropical areas of Australia, especially in the State of Queensland and in the Northern Territory. These are constructed on top of high concrete piers or else upon the stumps of felled trees in order to allow cooling breezes to flow beneath them, and often they have a wide veranda, or porch, that runs partially or completely the way around the house. See the Cracker House, above, which was quite similar to this one.
Ranch: a rambling single-storey house, often containing a garage and sometimes constructed over a basement.
Roundhouse: a house built with a circular plan. This kind was constructed in Western Europe before the Conquest by the Roman legions. After this conquest, houses were usually built in the Roman style that came from Italy.
Saltbox: a wooden house that was widespread during Colonial Times in New England.
Split-level house: a design of house that was commonly built during the 1950s and 1960s. It has two nearly equal sections that are located on two different levels, with a short stairway in the corridor connecting them. This kind of house is quite suitable for building on slanted or hilly land.
"Sears Catalog Home": an owner-built "kit" houses that were sold by the Sears, Roebuck and Co. corporation via catalog orders from 1906 to 1940.
Shack: a small, usually rundown, wooden building.
Shotgun house: a style of house that was initially popular in New Orleans starting around 1830, and spread from there to other urban areas throughout the Southern U.S. Its peak period of popularity ran from the Civil War to the Great Depression. This house typically follows the structure of living room, bedrooms, then the bathroom, and kitchen as the last room of the house. The reason for the name is because it all sits in one straight line from front to back.[5]
Single-family detached home: any free-standing house that is structurally separated from its neighboring houses, usually separated by open land, making it distinctive from such dwellings as duplexes, townhouses, and condominiums.
Souterrain: an earthen dwelling typically deriving from Neolithic Age or Bronze Age times.
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture: based on the Spanish Colonial architecture from the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the Spanish Colonial Revival style updated these forms and detailing for a new century and culture.
Stilt houses or Pile dwellings: houses raised on stilts over the surface of the soil or a body of water.
Snout house: a house with the garage door being the closest part of the dwelling to the street.
Splits
Backsplit: multi-level house that appears as a bungalow from the front elevation.
Frontsplit: multi-level house that appears as a two-storey house in front and a bungalow in the back. It is the opposite of a backsplit and is a rare configuration.
Sidesplit: multi-level house where the different levels are visible from the front elevation view.
Storybook house: 1920s houses inspired by Hollywood set design.
Tipi
Tree house: a house built among the branches or around the trunk of one or more mature trees and does not rest on the ground.
Trullo: a traditional Apulian stone dwelling with conical roof.
Tudor Revival architecture: modern variants of Tudor architecture.
Tuscan
Umgebinde also known as Upper Lusatian housea unique type of combined log and timber frame construction in Germany-Czech Republic-Poland region.
Underground home: a dwelling dug and constructed underground.
Unit: a type of medium-density housing that is usually found in Australia and New Zealand.
Unity house: a type of low-cost dwelling built in the United Kingdom during the 1940s and 1950s. These contain walls made of stacked concrete panels between concrete pillars. About 19,000 of these houses were constructed in the UK.[1]
Uthland-Frisian house: a sub type of Geestharden house of northwest Germany and Denmark
Vernacular house: house built to local style without academically trained architects.
Example of an early Victorian "Gingerbread House" in the USA, built in 1855.
Victorian house
Villa: originally an upper-class country house, though since its origins in Roman times the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably.
Villa Palladiana: a group of Venetian villas designed by ANDREA PALLADIO in the 16th century. A.D. These villas have influenced World Architecture to the point that throughout the centuries Ville and palaces "Neo-Palladiani" have been built throughout the globe (from USA to Russia). The most important Palladian villas have been declared Unesco Heritage sites.
Villa Veneta: a heterogeneous set of luxurious residences set up in Veneto (Italy) by the rich families of the Republic of Venice between the 15th and the late 18th century AD. Some of these homes were real Royal Palaces. To date there are still fewer than 5,000 Venetian Villas. Some Venetian Villas have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Wealden hall house: a type of vernacular medieval timber-framed yeoman's hall house traditional in the south east of England.
Wimpey house: a low-cost house built in the UK from the 1940s onwards. The walls are of no-fines concrete. About 300,000 were constructed.[1]
Yaodong: a dugout used as an abode or shelter in northern China, especially on the Loess Plateau.
Yurt: a nomadic house of Central Asia
Semi-detached dwellings[edit]
Main article: Semi-detached
Council house: in United Kingdom and Ireland. Social housing built by the local authority, normally part of a council estate, for rental to low-income families. See also Council flat.
Duplex house: commonly refers to two separate residences, attached side-by-side, but the term is sometimes used to mean stacked apartments on two different floors (particularly in urban areas such as New York and San Francisco). (See Two decker) The duplex house often looks like either two houses put together, or as a large single home, and both legally and structurally, literally shares a wall between halves. The duplex home can appear as a single townhouse section with two different entrances, though the occasional duplex with a shared common entrance and entry hall have been constructed. The jargon terms "triplex" and "four-plex" are contrived names that refer to similar structures with three or four housing units, or floors if referring to apartments, and again the characteristic sharing of structural walls, as are the townhouse and six pack forms that adapted the savings in materials and costs of a shared load bearing wall.
Two-family home or two-family house: the generic American real estate business jargon for a small apartment house or a duplex house that contain two dwelling units. In advertisements, "two-family home" is the generally used jargon.
Two decker (a Double decker building plan): since real-estate advertising generally specifies correctly whether the two-family home is a duplex-house type these are usually more desirable for both rentals or purchases.
Semi-detached: two houses joined together; compare duplex.
Attached single-unit housing[edit]
Byre-dwelling: farmhouse with people and livestock under one roof.
Connected farm: type of farmhouse common in New England.
Housebarn: combined house and barn, see article for many types.
Longhouse: historical house type typically for family groups or as a housebarn.
Attached multi-unit housing[edit]
Main article: Multi-family residential
Specific terms under various American federal, state, or local laws dealing with fair housing, truth in advertising, and so forth, have been prescribed and engender specific legal meanings. For example, in American housing codes, all "apartments" must contain a kitchen, bathing facilities, and a sleeping area, or else that term may not be used. This generates various differences within the English-speaking world, and the terms such as "single-family", "two-family", or "three-family" building, residence, house, home, or property can be generic and thus convey little or no building plan (style of building) information. Such terminology is most common in advertising and real-estate markets that offer leasing of such units, or sales of such buildings.
Apartment: a relatively self-contained housing unit in a building which is often rented out to one person or a family, or two or more people sharing a lease in a partnership, for their exclusive use. Sometimes called a flat or digs (slang). Some locales have legal definitions of what constitutes an apartment. In some locations, "apartment" denotes a building that was built specifically for such units, whereas "flat" denotes a unit in a building that had been originally built as a single-family house, but later on subdivided into some multi-unit house type.[6]
Apartment building, Block of flats: a multi-unit dwelling made up of several (generally four or more) apartments. Contrast this with the two-family house and the three-family dwelling.
Aul: a type of fortified village found throughout the Caucasus Mountains, especially in Dagestan.
Barracks: a type of military housing, which used to connoting a large "open bay" with rows of bunk beds and attached bathroom facilities, but during the most recent several decades for the American Armed Forces most of the new housing units for unmarried servicemen have been constructed with a dormitory-style layout housing two to four servicemembers. This dormitory-styling providing additional privacy has been found to promote the retention of trained personnel in the all-volunteer Armed Forces of the United States.
Basement apartment: an apartment located below street level, underneath another structure—usually an apartment building, but possibly a house or a business.
Brownstone: a New York City term for a rowhouse: see rowhouse.
Bedsit: a British expression (short for bed-sitting room) for a single-roomed dwelling in a sub-divided larger house. The standard type contains a kitchenette or basic cooking facilities in a combined bedroom/living area, with a separate bathroom and lavatory shared between a number of rooms. Once common in older Victorian properties in British cities, they are less frequently found since the 1980s as a result of tenancy reforms, property prices and renovation grants that favour the refurbishment of such properties into self-contained flats for leasehold sale.
Choultry: a South-Indian Hindu-Caravanserai
Close: Term used in Glasgow for high density slum housing built 1800-1870. Tenements usually 3 or 4 stories, terraced, back-to-back, around a short cul-de-sac.[7]
Cluster house: an older form of the Q-type house (see below)[8]
Condominium: a form of ownership with individual apartments for everyone, and co-ownership (by percentages) of all of the common areas, such as corridors, hallways, stairways, lobbies, recreation rooms, porches, rooftops, and any outdoor areas of the grounds of the buildings.
Court: high density slum housing built in the UK, 1800-1870. Two or more stories, terraced, back-to-back, around a short alley at right angles to the main street. Once common in cities like Liverpool[9] and Leeds.
Deck access: a block of "flats" which are accessed from a walkway that is open to the elements.
Flat: In Great Britain and Ireland, this means exactly the same as an "apartment". In and around San Francisco, CA, this term means an apartment that takes up an entire floor of a large house, usually one that has been converted from an older Victorian house.
2-Flat, 3-Flat, and 4-Flat houses: houses or buildings with 2, 3, or 4 flats, respectively, especially when each of the flats takes up one entire floor of the house. There is a common stairway in the front and often in the back providing access to all the flats. 2-Flats and sometimes 3-flats are common in certain older neighborhoods.
Four Plus One: an apartment building consisting of four stories above a parking lot. The four floors containing the apartment units are of wood-frame and masonry construction. It was particularly popular in Chicago during the 1960s and 1970s, especially on the city's north side.[10]
Garage-apartment: an apartment over a garage; if the garage is attached, the apartment will have a separate entrance from the main house.
Garalow: a portmanteau word "garage" + "bungalow"; similar to a garage-apartment, but with the apartment and garage at the same level.
Garden apartment: a building style usually characterized by two story, semi-detached buildings, each floor being a separate apartment.
Garden flat: a flat which is at garden (ground) level in a multilevel house or apartment building, especially in the case of Georgian and Victorian terraced housing which has been sub-divided into separate dwellings.
Housing cooperative (or Co-op): a form of ownership in which a non-profit corporation owns the entire apartment building or development and residents own shares in the corporation that correspond to their apartment and a percentage of common areas. In Australia this corresponds with a "company title" apartment.
Housing project: a North American term for government-owned housing for low-income tenants (aka Public housing or Social housing).
Live Work: a townhouse / row house having a retail, office or workshop on the ground floor with living premises of the building proprietor and occupier (the one person) of the ground floor commercial space above e.g. like the traditional high street Victorian grocer. Normally with fire rated separation.
Ksar: a village consisting of generally attached houses, widespread among the oasis populations of the Maghreb (northern Africa)
Loft or warehouse conversion can be an apartment building wherein part of the unit, usually consisting of the bedroom(s) and/or a second bedroom level bath is sub-divided vertically within the structurally tall bay between the structural floors of a former factory or warehouse building. The lofts created in such are locally supported by columns and bearing walls and not part of the overall original load bearing structure.
Maisonette: an apartment / flat on two levels with internal stairs, or which has its own entrance at street level.
Mess: a building or flat with single bedroom per tenant and shared facilities like toilets and kitchens. These are popular with students, bachelors or low wage earners in the Indian subcontinent. It is similar to the bedsit in the UK. Some variants include multiple tenants per bedroom and inclusion of a centralized maid service or cooked meals with tenancy.
Mother-in-law apartment: small apartment either at the back, in the basement, or on an upper level subdivision of the main house, usually with a separate entrance (also known as a "Granny flat" in the UK, Australia New Zealand and South Africa). If it is a separate structure from the main house, it is called a 'granny cottage' or a 'doddy house'. Such Secondary suites are often efficiency or two room apartments but always have kitchen facilities (which is usually a legal requirement of any apartment).
Officetel: small apartment providing a combined work and living area in one place, especially in South Korea.
Penthouse: the top floor of multi-story building
Plattenbau (East German) / Panelák (Czech, Slovak): a communist-era tower block that is made of slabs of concrete put together.
Q-type: townhouse built mainly in housing estates in the UK beginning in the late 20th century. The houses are arranged in blocks of four with each house at a corner of the block. Similar to the earlier cluster house (see above).
Railroad apartment (or railroad flat): a type of apartment that is in a building built on a very narrow lot (usually about as wide as a railroad car, or Pullman car sections thereof).
Rooming house: a type of Single Room Occupancy building where most washing, kitchen and laundry facilities are shared between residents, which may also share a common suite of living rooms and dining room, with or without board arrangements. When board is provided (no longer common), a common dining time and schedule is imposed by the landlord who in such cases also serves as an innkeeper of sorts. In Australia and the United States, any housing accommodation with 4 or more bedrooms can be regarded as a rooming house if each bedroom is subject to individual tenancy agreements. In the U.S., rooming house lease agreements typically run for very short periods, usually week to week, or a few days at a time. Transient housing arrangements for longer term tenancies are implemented by a "rider" on a case by case basis, if local laws permit.
Rowhouse (USA); also called "Terraced home" (USA); also called "Townhouse": 3 or more houses in a row sharing a "party" wall with its adjacent neighbour. In New York City, "Brownstones" are rowhouses. Rowhouses are typically multiple stories. The term townhouse is currently coming into wider use in the UK, but terraced house (not "terraced home") is more common.
Shophouse: the name given in Southeast Asia to a terraced two to five story urban building featuring a shop or other public activity on the street level, with residential accommodation on upper floors.
Single Room Occupancy or SRO: a studio apartment, usually occurring with a block of many similar apartments, intended for use as public housing. They may or may not have their own washing, laundry, and kitchen facilities. In the United States, lack of kitchen facilities prevents use of the term "apartment", so such would be classified as a boarding house or hotel.
Six-pack: in New England (USA), this refers to a stick-built block of 6 apartments comprising (duplexed) two three story Triple deckers built side by side sharing one wall, a common roof, lot, yards (lawns and gardens, if any), parking arrangements, and basement, but possessing separately metered electric, and separate hot water and heating or air conditioning. In Australia, it refers to a style of apartments that were constructed during the 1960s, 70s and early 80s, usually comprising a single, masonry-built block containing 4 to 8 walk-up apartments (though sometimes, many more), of between 2 and 3 stories in height, with car parking at the side or rear.
Studio apartment or Studio flat (UK), or Bachelor apartment or Efficiency apartment: a suite with a single room that doubles as living/sitting room and bedroom, with a kitchenette and bath squeezed in off to one side. The unit is designed for a single occupant or possibly a couple. Especially in Canada and South Africa, also called bachelor, or bachelorette if very small.
Tenement: a multi-unit dwelling usually of frame construction, quite often brick veneered, made up of several (generally many more than four to six) apartments (i.e. a large apartment building) that can be up to five stories. Tenements do not generally have elevators. In the United States the connotation sometimes implies a run-down or poorly cared-for building. It often refers to a very large apartment building usually constructed during the late 19th to early 20th century era sited in cities or company towns.
Example of late Victorian terrace in Moss Side, Manchester, UK.
Terraced house: since the late 18th century is a style of housing where (generally) identical individual houses are conjoined into rows - a line of houses which abut directly on to each other built with shared party walls between dwellings whose uniform fronts and uniform height created an ensemble that was more stylish than a "rowhouse". However this is also the UK term for a "rowhouse" regardless of whether the houses are identical or not.
Back-to-back: terraced houses which also adjoin a second terrace to the rear. They were a common form of housing for workers during the Industrial Revolution in England.
Tower block or Apartment tower: a high-rise apartment building.
Townhouse: also called Rowhouse (US). In the UK, a townhouse is a traditional term for an upper class house in London (in contrast with country house), and is now coming into use as a term for new terraced houses, which are often three or more stories tall and may include a garage on the ground floor.
Stacked townhouse: units are stacked on each other; units may be multilevel; all units have direct access from the outside.
Three family home or Three family house: U.S. real estate and advertising term for several configurations of apartment classed dwelling buildings including:
Triple decker: a three-family apartment house, usually of frame construction, in which all three apartment units are stacked on top of one another. (For additional characteristics, also see Multifamily home features below.)
Two decker: a two family house consisting of stacked apartments that frequently have similar or identical floor plans. Some two deckers, usually ones starting as single-family homes, have one or both floors sub-divided and are therefore three or four-family dwellings. Some have external stairways giving a totally separate entrance, and some, usually those which have been a single-family house now sub-divided, are similar to the Maisonette plan but sharing a common external 'main entrance' door and lock, and a main internal hall with stairways letting to the separate apartments. (For additional characteristics, also see Multifamily home features below.)
Tyneside flat: a pair of single-storey flats in a two-storey terrace, distinctively with two separate front doors to the street rather than a shared lobby. Notably found on Tyneside, North Eastern England.
Multifamily home features
Tenants usually have some portion of the basement and/or common attic.
Fire regulations strictly require a separate emergency egress for all apartments under U.S. laws and national fire codes.
Utilities are either paid as part of the rent, or (now predominant) the units have separately provided heat, air conditioning, electrical distribution panels and meters, and sometimes (uncommonly) water metering, separating all secondary housing costs by rental unit. Common lighting may or may not be off a separate meter and circuitry in subdivided former single-family dwellings.
Leasehold documents will specify other common factors such as specific parking rights, rights to common spaces such as lawn and gardens on the premises, storage or garage (usually a detached unit, that cannot economically be converted into an additional housing unit) facilities and details such as who has responsibility for upkeep, snow removal, lawn care, and so forth.
Tong Lau(唐樓 / 騎樓): a type of shophouse found in southern China and old parts of Hong Kong. It has shops on the first floor, no basement, no garage and about 3-4 floors. It had to be short for the Tong Laus in Hong kong is very close to the old Kai Tak airport, but it is now a cruise terminal and newer and higher buildings have sprung up there. The government has also been destroying the old Tong Laus and rebuilding.
"Toothpick Apartments": a type of apartment about 10-20 stories high and usually has one flat on each story. It is very thin, and surrounded by many other shorter buildings (Tong Lau), therefore nicknamed "Toothpick Apartments". They exist in Hong Kong, and are mostly private apartments. They have about 1-3 levels of car parks.
Unit: a type of Medium-density housing found in Australia and New Zealand.
Vatara: a housing complex, mainly found in urban Karnataka, India, similar to an apartment complex, but with mostly two stories and homes in a row on each floor.
Movable dwellings[edit]
Park home, also called Mobile home: a prefabricated house that is manufactured off-site.
Tent: usually a lightweight, movable fabric structure.
Tiny house: varies, but usually less than 8x20 ft, individually custom styled and on wheels (avoids building permit).
Travel trailer or Caravan
Yurt or Ger: used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia.
Houseboat: includes float houses
See also[edit]
Housing portal
Cohousing
Company town
City block
Home
House
Gated community
Intentional Community
List of house styles
Planned Unit Development
Real estate
List of human habitation forms
Spite house, which may or may not be attached to other structures
Sustainable design
Timeshare, form of vacation property
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "HOUSING REPORT : Assam-type House" (PDF). World-housing.net. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "West Central Neighborhood Association of Fort Wayne". Westcentralneighborhood.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Shotgun Houses". Gnocdc.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow". Special.lib.gla.ac.uk. 1905-07-19. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
Jump up ^ "English Heritage Online thesauruswebsite=Thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk". Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Local History Articles". Discover Liverpool. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Defining the Four Plus One | Forgotten Chicago | History, Architecture, and Infrastructure". Forgotten Chicago. 2009-01-27. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
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