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List of presidents of the United States by age
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This is a list of presidents of the United States by age. The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration (first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms), upon leaving office, and at the time of death. Each president's lifespan (age at death) is measured in two ways, to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced. The first figure is the number of days between the president's date of birth and date of death, allowing for leap days; in parentheses, the same period is given in years and days, with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived, and the days being the number of days since the last birthday. Where the president is still living, their lifespan is calculated up to April 26, 2018. The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president, and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living.
Contents
[hide]
1 Age of U.S. presidents
1.1 Notes
2 Oldest living U.S. presidents
3 References
4 Sources
Age of U.S. presidents[edit]
See also: Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States
Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve (mean age marked by red line, c. 55.5 years)
The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.
Assassinated three years into his term, John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office (46 years, 177 days); the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt (50 years, 128 days). The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan (77 years, 349 days).
Born on May 29, 1917, John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors, the greatest number to date: Lyndon Johnson (8 years, 9 months, and 2 days); Ronald Reagan (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); Richard Nixon (4 years, 4 months, and 16 days); and Gerald Ford (3 years, 10 months, and 15 days).
Born on February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors, the greatest number to date: Richard Nixon (1 year, 11 months, and 7 days); Gerald Ford (2 years, 5 months, and 8 days); John F. Kennedy (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); and Jimmy Carter (13 years, 7 months, and 25 days).
Three presidents—Donald Trump, George W. Bush, and Bill Clinton—were born in 1946 (all within the span of 9 weeks). This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born. Two presidents—James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding—were born on November 2 (70 years apart). This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents.[1]
The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 93 years, 318 days). On November 25, 2017, he also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years, 165 days. The second oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 37 years, 96 days. He surpassed the previous record, held by Herbert Hoover (31 years, 230 days) on September 7, 2012. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 56 years, 265 days).
The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.
Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s. They are (in order of birth):
John Adams
(1735–1826)
Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)
Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan
1 Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington 000000001732-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1732[a] 000000001789-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1789 7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days 000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797 7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days 01,0151,015 days
(7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days) 000000001799-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1799 7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
(24,767 days)
2 Adams, John A.John Adams 000000001735-10-30-0000Oct 30, 1735[a] 000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797 7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days 000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801 7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days 09,2539,253 days
(7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days) 000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826 7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
(33,119 days)
3 Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson 000000001743-04-13-0000Apr 13, 1743[a] 000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801 7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days 000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809 7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days 06,3316,331 days
(7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days) 000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826 7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
(30,397 days)
4 Madison, JamesJames Madison 000000001751-03-16-0000Mar 16, 1751[a] 000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809 7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days 000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817 7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days 07,0567,056 days
(7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days) 000000001836-06-28-0000Jun 28, 1836 7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
(31,150 days)
5 Monroe, JamesJames Monroe 000000001758-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1758 000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817 7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days 000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825 7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days 02,3132,313 days
(7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days) 000000001831-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1831 7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
(26,729 days)
6 Adams, John Q. John Q. Adams 000000001767-07-11-0000Jul 11, 1767 000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825 7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days 000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829 7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days 06,9306,930 days
(7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days) 000000001848-02-23-0000Feb 23, 1848 7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
(29,446 days)
7 Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson 000000001767-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1767 000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829 7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days 000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837 7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days 03,0183,018 days
(7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days) 000000001845-06-08-0000Jun 8, 1845 7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
(28,574 days)
8 Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren 000000001782-12-05-0000Dec 5, 1782 000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837 7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days 000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841 7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days 07,8127,812 days
(7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days) 000000001862-07-24-0000Jul 24, 1862 7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
(29,085 days)
9 Harrison, William H.William H. Harrison 000000001773-02-09-0000Feb 9, 1773 000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841 7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days 000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841[b] 7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days 00,0000 days 000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841 7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
(24,890 days)
10 Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler 000000001790-03-29-0000Mar 29, 1790 000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841 7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days 000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845 7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days 06,1646,164 days
(7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days) 000000001862-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1862 7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
(26,227 days)
11 Polk, James K.James K. Polk 000000001795-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1795 000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845 7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days 000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849 7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days 00,103103 days 000000001849-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1849 7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
(19,583 days)
12 Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor 000000001784-11-24-0000Nov 24, 1784 000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849 7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days 000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850[b] 7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days 00,0000 days 000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850 7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
(23,967 days)
13 Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore 000000001800-01-07-0000Jan 7, 1800 000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850 7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days 000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853 7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days 07,6747,674 days
(7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days) 000000001874-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1874 7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
(27,088 days)
14 Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce 000000001804-11-23-0000Nov 23, 1804 000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853 7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days 000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857 7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days 04,6014,601 days
(7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days) 000000001869-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1869 7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
(23,695 days)
15 Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan 000000001791-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1791 000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857 7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days 000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861 7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days 02,6462,646 days
(7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days) 000000001868-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1868 7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
(28,163 days)
16 Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln 000000001809-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1809 000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861 7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days 000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865[b] 7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days 00,0000 days 000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865 7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
(20,516 days)
17 Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson 000000001808-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1808 000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865 7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days 000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869 7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days 02,3402,340 days
(7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days) 000000001875-07-31-0000Jul 31, 1875 7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
(24,320 days)
18 Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant 000000001822-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1822 000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869 7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days 000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877 7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days 03,0633,063 days
(7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days) 000000001885-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1885 7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
(23,098 days)
19 Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001822-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1822 000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877 7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days 000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881 7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days 04,3374,337 days
(7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days) 000000001893-01-17-0000Jan 17, 1893 7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
(25,673 days)
20 Garfield, James A.James A. Garfield 000000001831-11-19-0000Nov 19, 1831 000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881 7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days 000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881[b] 7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days 00,0000 days 000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881 7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
(18,202 days)
21 Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur 000000001829-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1829 000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881 7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days 000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885 7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days 00,624624 days
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days) 000000001886-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1886 7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
(20,863 days)
22 Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland 000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837 000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885 7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days 000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889 7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days 05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days) 000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)
23 Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison 000000001833-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1833 000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889 7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days 000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893 7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days 02,9302,930 days
(7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days) 000000001901-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1901 7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
(24,676 days)
24 Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland 000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837 000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893 7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days 000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897 7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days 05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days) 000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)
25 McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley 000000001843-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1843 000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897 7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days 000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901[b] 7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days 00,0000 days 000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901 7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
(21,412 days)
26 Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt 000000001858-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1858 000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901 7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days 000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909 7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days 03,5953,595 days
(7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days) 000000001919-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1919 7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
(21,985 days)
27 Taft, William H.William H. Taft 000000001857-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1857 000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909 7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days 000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days 06,2136,213 days
(7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days) 000000001930-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1930 7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
(26,471 days)
28 Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson 000000001856-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1856 000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913 7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days 000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921 7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days 01,0661,066 days
(7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days) 000000001924-02-03-0000Feb 3, 1924 7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
(24,507 days)
29 Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding 000000001865-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1865 000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921 7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days 000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923[b] 7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days 00,0000 days 000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923 7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
(21,091 days)
30 Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge 000000001872-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1872 000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923 7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days 000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929 7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days 01,4031,403 days
(7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days) 000000001933-01-05-0000Jan 5, 1933 7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
(22,099 days)
31 Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover 000000001874-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1874 000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929 7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days 000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933 7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days 11,55311,553 days
(7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days) 000000001964-10-20-0000Oct 20, 1964 7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
(32,943 days)
32 Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt 000000001882-01-30-0000Jan 30, 1882 000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933 7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days 000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945[b] 7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days 00,0000 days 000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945 7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
(23,082 days)
33 Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman 000000001884-05-08-0000May 8, 1884 000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945 7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days 000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953 7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days 07,2807,280 days
(7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days) 000000001972-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1972 7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
(32,373 days)
34 Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower 000000001890-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1890 000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953 7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days 000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961 7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days 02,9892,989 days
(7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days) 000000001969-03-28-0000Mar 28, 1969 7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
(28,654 days)
35 Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy 000000001917-05-29-0000May 29, 1917 000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961 7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days 000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963[b] 7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days 00,0000 days 000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963 7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
(16,978 days)
36 Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001908-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1908 000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963 7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days 000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969 7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days 01,4631,463 days
(7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days) 000000001973-01-22-0000Jan 22, 1973 7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
(23,524 days)
37 Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon 000000001913-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1913 000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969 7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days 000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974[d] 7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days 07,1967,196 days
(7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days) 000000001994-04-22-0000Apr 22, 1994 7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
(29,688 days)
38 Ford, GeraldGerald Ford 000000001913-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1913 000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974 7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days 000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977 7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days 10,93210,932 days
(7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days) 000000002006-12-26-0000Dec 26, 2006 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
(34,133 days)
39 Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter 000000001924-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1924 000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977 7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days 000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981 7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days 13,61013,610 days[e]
(7004136100000000000♠37 years, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004341750000000000♠93 years, 207 days
(34,175 days)
40 Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan 000000001911-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1911 000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981 7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days 000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989 7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days 05,6155,615 days
(7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days) 000000002004-06-05-0000Jun 5, 2004 7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
(34,088 days)
41 Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush 000000001924-06-12-0000Jun 12, 1924 000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989 7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days 000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993 7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days 09,2279,227 days[e]
(7003922700000000000♠25 years, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004342860000000000♠93 years, 318 days
(34,286 days)
42 Clinton, BillBill Clinton 000000001946-08-19-0000Aug 19, 1946 000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993 7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days 000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001 7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days 06,3056,305 days[e]
(7003630500000000000♠17 years, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004261830000000000♠71 years, 250 days
(26,183 days)
43 Bush, George W.George W. Bush 000000001946-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1946 000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001 7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days 000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009 7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days 03,3833,383 days[e]
(7003338300000000000♠9 years, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004262270000000000♠71 years, 294 days
(26,227 days)
44 Obama, BarackBarack Obama 000000001961-08-04-0000Aug 4, 1961 000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009 7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days 000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days 00,134461461 days[e]
(7002461000000000000♠1 year, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004207190000000000♠56 years, 265 days
(20,719 days)
45 Trump, DonaldDonald Trump 000000001946-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1946 000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017 7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days 2018-04-26 7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days 24,952 2018-04-26 7004262490000000000♠71 years, 316 days
(26,249 days)
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e As of April 26, 2018.
Oldest living U.S. presidents[edit]
See also: Living Presidents of the United States
Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.
On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the inauguration of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 49) and a former president (at age 50), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction, at the age of 90.
On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively). By contrast, the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford, who had been retired for 7003999800000000000♠27 years, 137 days.
President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington 000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789 – December 14, 1799 7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days 7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days 7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days
Adams, JohnJohn Adams 000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799 – July 4, 1826 7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days 7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days 7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days
Madison, JamesJames Madison 000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826 – June 28, 1836 7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days 7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days 7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days
Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson 000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836 – June 8, 1845 7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days 7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days 7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days
Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams 000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845 – February 23, 1848 7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days 7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days 7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren 000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848 – July 24, 1862 7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days 7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days 7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan 000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862 – June 1, 1868 7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days 7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days 7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days
Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore 000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868 – March 8, 1874 7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days 7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days 7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson 000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874 – July 31, 1875 7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days 7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days 7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days
Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant 000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875 – July 23, 1885 7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days 7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days 7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days
Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885 – January 17, 1893 7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days 7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days 7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison 000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893 – March 13, 1901 7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days 7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days 7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland 000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901 – June 24, 1908 7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days 7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt 000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908 – March 4, 1909 7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days 7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days 7002253000000000000♠253 days
Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft 000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days 7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson 000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913 – February 3, 1924 7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days 7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days 7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days
Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft 000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924 – March 8, 1930 7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days 7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days 7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days
Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge 000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930 – January 5, 1933 7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days 7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days 7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days
Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover 000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933 – October 20, 1964 7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days 7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days 7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman 000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964 – December 26, 1972 7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days 7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days 7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972 – January 22, 1973 7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days 7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days 7001270000000000000♠27 days
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon 000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973 – January 20, 1981 7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days 7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days 7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan 000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981 – June 5, 2004 7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days 7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days 7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days
Ford, GeraldGerald Ford 000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004 – December 26, 2006 7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days 7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush 000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006 – present 7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days Current 7003413900000000000♠11 years, 121 days
President
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Jump up ^ "Two former presidents share November 2 birthday". Indianapolis, Indiana: WTHR. November 2, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
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Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey, "The Presidents of the United States". The White House.
Robert S. Summers, "POTUS: Presidents of the United States". Internet Public Library.
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Islam and clothing
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Part of a series on
Islamic jurisprudence
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Tarawih)
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Mut'ah)
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Islam says that the believing women should lower their gaze, guard their modesty, not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband's fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or the slaves whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex; and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. 'And O ye Believers! turn ye all together towards God, that ye may attain Bliss.'|Sura 24 (An-Nur), ayat 30-31|Qur'an[1]}}
O Prophet! Tell thy wives and thy daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks close round them. That will be better, so that they may be recognized and not harassed. God is ever Forgiving, Merciful.
—  Sura 33 (Al-Ahzab), ayah 59, Qur'an[2]
The Qur'an admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their breasts and genitals but it doesn't require covering the head.[3] The Qur'an explicitly states that "O wives of the Prophet, you are not like anyone among women"[4] and as such has separate rules specifically for the wives of the Prophet. Wearing hijab, or al-khimar, is considered by some to be obligatory in Islam[citation needed], as the quote states "Tell the believing women to put their khimar over their bosoms", all the major Arab translations and dictionaries agree that "al-khimar" means a veil or scarf that a woman uses to cover her head, and "over their bosoms" implies women should cover their breasts, necks etc.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Islamic dress in Europe
2 Hijab
2.1 Hijab by country
2.1.1 Austria
2.1.2 Belgium
2.1.3 Bulgaria
2.1.4 France
2.1.5 Latvia
2.1.6 Netherlands
2.1.7 Turkey
2.1.8 Syria
2.1.9 Pakistan
2.1.10 Egypt
2.1.11 Saudi Arabia
2.1.12 Somalia
2.1.13 Hijab in the Americas
2.1.13.1 United States
2.1.13.2 Canada
2.1.13.3 South America
2.1.13.3.1 Argentina
2.1.13.3.2 Chile
2.2 Muslim women's views on hijab
2.3 Pro-hijab
2.4 Anti-hijab
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Islamic dress in Europe[edit]
Muslim women by Islamic dress code, wearing hijab and niqab.
Main article: Islamic dress in Europe
Islamic dress in Europe, notably the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women, has become a prominent symbol of the presence of Islam in western Europe. In several countries the adherence to hijab (an Arabic noun meaning "to cover") has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. The Netherlands government has decided to introduce a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", although it does not only apply to the Afghan-model burqa. Other countries, such as France and Australia are debating similar legislation, or have more limited prohibitions. Some of them apply only to face-covering clothing such as the burqa, chador, boushiya, or niqab; some apply to any clothing with an Islamic religious symbolism such as the khimar, a type of headscarf (some countries already have laws banning the wearing of masks in public, which can be applied to veils that conceal the face). The issue has different names in different countries, and "the veil" or "hijab" may be used as general terms for the debate, representing more than just the veil itself, or the concept of modesty embodied in hijab.
Although the Balkans and Eastern Europe have indigenous Muslim populations, most Muslims in western Europe are members of immigrant communities. The issue of Islamic dress is linked with issues of immigration and the position of Islam in western society. European Commissioner Franco Frattini said in November 2006, that he did not favour a ban on the burqa.[5] This is apparently the first official statement on the issue of prohibition of Islamic dress from the European Commission, the executive of the European Union. The reasons given for prohibition vary. Legal bans on face-covering clothing are often justified on security grounds, as an anti-terrorism measure.[6][7]
Ayaan Hirsi Ali sees Islam as incompatible with Western values, at least in its present form. She advocates the values of 'Enlightenment liberalism', including secularism and equality of women. For her, the burqa or chador are both a symbol of religious obscurantism and the oppression of women. Western Enlightenment values, in her view, require prohibition, regardless of whether a woman has freely chosen Islamic dress. Islamic dress is also seen as a symbol of the existence of parallel societies, and the failure of integration: in 2006 British Prime Minister Tony Blair described it as a "mark of separation".[8] Visible symbols of a non-Christian culture conflict with the national identity in European states, which assumes a shared (non-religious) culture. Proposals for a ban may be linked to other related cultural prohibitions: the Dutch politician Geert Wilders proposed a ban on hijabs, in Islamic schools, in new mosques, and in non-western immigration.
In France and Turkey, the emphasis is on the secular nature of the state, and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress. In Turkey, bans apply at state institutions (courts, civil service) and in state-funded education. In 2004, France passed a law banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" (including hijab) in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools,[9] but this law does not concern universities (in French universities, applicable legislation grants students freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved[10]). These bans also cover Islamic headscarves, which in some other countries are seen as less controversial, although law court staff in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear Islamic headscarves on grounds of 'state neutrality'. An apparently less politicised argument is that in specific professions (teaching), a ban on "veils" (niqab) is justified, since face-to-face communication and eye contact is required. This argument has featured prominently in judgements in Britain and the Netherlands, after students or teachers were banned from wearing face-covering clothing. Public and political response to such prohibition proposals is complex, since by definition they mean that the government decides on individual clothing. Some non-Muslims, who would not be affected by a ban, see it as an issue of civil liberties, as a slippery slope leading to further restrictions on private life. A public opinion poll in London showed that 75 percent of Londoners support "the right of all persons to dress in accordance with their religious beliefs".[11] In another poll in the United Kingdom by Ipsos MORI, 61 percent agreed that "Muslim women are segregating themselves" by wearing a veil, yet 77 percent thought they should have the right to wear it.[12]
Hijab[edit]
The Arabic word hijab (حجاب) literally translates into English as "veil".[13] Adherents of Islam believe that it was originally implemented by God in order to secure Muhammad's privacy and create a distinction between the public and private spheres of his life.[14] The word hijab applied to both men and women in terms of protecting both their private lives from outsiders and to protect one's own honor rather than in specific relation to one's sexual activity or desires.[13]
The veil re-emerged as a topic of conversation in the 1990s when there was concern regarding potential western infiltration of Muslim practices in Islamic countries.[15] The veil had a new purpose of shielding Muslim women from western influence. There were several religious leaders that reinforced that an additional purpose of the hijab was to protect the Islamic people and customs.
Hijab by country[edit]
Main article: Hijab by country
It has been suggested that this article be merged with Hijab by country. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2016.
Female art students in Afghanistan.
Hijab-wearing Bangladeshi women shopping at a department store in Comilla, Bangladesh.
Muslim girls at Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta
The hijab has different legal and cultural statuses in various countries. There are countries which have banned the wearing of all overt religious symbols, including the hijab (a Muslim headscarf, literally Arabic "to cover"), in public schools or universities or government buildings.
Austria[edit]
In 2017, a legal ban on face-covering Islamic clothing were adopted by the Austrian parliament.[16]
Belgium[edit]
On 31 March 2010 the Belgian Chamber Committee on the Interior unanimously approved legislation instating a nationwide ban on wearing the burqa in public.[17] The proposal was accepted by the Chamber of Representatives on 27 April 2010 with only two abstentions from Flemish Socialist MPs.[18]
Bulgaria[edit]
In 2016, a legal ban on face-covering Islamic clothing were adopted by the Bulgarian parliament.[19]
France[edit]
Main articles: Islamic scarf controversy in France and French ban on face covering
In April 2011, France became the first European nation to ban face covering in public space. Balaclavas, face-covering niqabs, full-body burqas and carnival masks (outside carnival season) are prohibited,[20][21][22] though hijab is permitted in public space, because it doesn't hide the face. The law was passed unanimously asserting that face-covering, including Muslim veils are contrary to the principles of security on which France is founded.[23] Sharp criticism had accompanied France's nearly year-long debate on banning burqa-style veils, with those opposed saying, among other things, that the entire process has stigmatized the nation's estimated 5 million Muslims – the largest Muslim population in western Europe. They also claim it is a political ploy because only an estimated 1,900 women wear veils that hide the face.[23]
Latvia[edit]
In 2016, a legal ban on face-covering Islamic clothing were adopted by the Latvian parliament.[24]
Netherlands[edit]
The Dutch government parliament in January 2012 enacted a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban".[25] Offenders can be fined up to 390 euro. The prohibition does not apply to face covering that is necessary for the health, safety or the exercise of a profession or practicing a sport. Excluded from the ban are also events such as Sinterklaas, Carnival, Halloween or when a mayor granted an exemption for a particular event. Also excluded from prohibition are places and buildings intended for religious purposes. The prohibition does not apply to passengers in airplanes and airports who are traveling through the Netherlands to their final destination.[26]
Turkey[edit]
Main articles: Yashmak and Headscarf controversy in Turkey
Turkish women who want to wear the hijab – the traditional Islamic headscarf covering the head and hair, but not the face – to civil service jobs and government offices will be able to do so now that the Turkish government has relaxed its decades-long restriction on wearing the headscarf in state institutions.[27] The new rules, which don’t apply to workers in the military or judiciary, came into effect in 2013, and were put into place to address concerns that the restrictions on hijab were discouraging women from conservative backgrounds from seeking government jobs or higher education.[27] "A dark time eventually comes to an end," Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said in a speech to the parliament. "Headscarf-wearing women are full members of the republic, as well as those who do not wear it."[27]
Syria[edit]
In 2011, Syrian President Bashar Assad reversed a decision that bans teachers from wearing the niqab. The move was seen as an attempt to appease religious conservatives in the Sunni majority as he faced down the uprising challenging his authoritarian rule. The government had banned the veil in July 2010. Syria was the latest in a string of nations from Europe to the Middle East to weigh in on the veil, perhaps the most visible symbol of conservative Islam.[28]
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, the topic of the hijab is extraordinarily controversial. The veil is constantly a topic of debate and has been for decades now. The PewResearchCenter gathered information on several countries, including Pakistan, and came back with results on how people’s perceptions of the veil differ across the world: "In Pakistan, there is an even split (31% vs. 32%) between woman #3 and woman #2, who is wearing a niqab that exposes only her eyes, while nearly a quarter (24%) choose woman #4."[29] The results show that there is still a lot of debate about what type of dress women perceive to be most appropriate, and it seems that the debate will continue to go on for many years to come.
Egypt[edit]
Egyptian store keeper in Cairo wearing a hijab.
On 8 January 2014, the Pew Research Center conducted a survey of Muslim women in various countries.[30] An overwhelming eighty-nine percent of Egyptian women who responded to the survey believed that women should show their face in public. Ten percent of the survey participants believed that women should be fully veiled when in public. Compared to other countries, Egypt is not as conservative as others, but only fourteen percent of the women surveyed believed that Egyptian women should be able to choose their own clothing. Compared to six other countries, Egypt was last in this category; the statistic (eighty-four percent) suggests that Egyptian women, in general, do not believe that women should have freedom to choose their clothing.
Saudi Arabia[edit]
Main article: Women's rights in Saudi Arabia § Hijab and dress code
Saudi Arabia is one of the few Muslim countries in which women are forced to cover in most parts of the country.[31] While opinion surveys in Saudi Arabia suggests a strong belief that women should be covered, paradoxically there is also a strong belief that women should have the right to choose what they wear.[32]
A survey done in 2011 by the Pew Research Center asked women of different Muslim countries to choose which of several dresses they think are most appropriate for their country. Among Saudi women, 11% of women said a fully headed burqa is most appropriate, 63% of women said the niqab that only exposes the eyes is appropriate, only 8% said a black hijab covering the hair and ears is appropriate, 10% said a less conservative white hijab covering the hair and ears is appropriate, a small 5% said an even less conservative hijab that is brown and shows some hair is appropriate and a mere 3% said not wearing any covering was appropriate. The niqab is the dress that the highest percent of Saudi women felt was appropriate dress for women in Saudi Arabia. In accordance with these statistics, the Saudi woman that is used in the video, cited above, to show the popular view of Saudi women was wearing this niqab that only exposed her eyes.[30]
Somalia[edit]
See also: Women in Somalia § Attire, and Islam in Somalia
Young Somali women wearing the hijab.
During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. In more formal settings such as weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac, which is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of cotton or polyester that is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Married women tend to sport head-scarves referred to as shash, and also often cover their upper body with a shawl known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb such as the hijab and the jilbab is also commonly worn.[33]
Hijab in the Americas[edit]
See also: Islam in the Americas
United States[edit]
The New York Times published a flip-book of illuminating photographs of Muslim women dressed in different levels of modesty.[34]
The Supreme Court of the United States ruled against an Abercrombie and Fitch dress policy that prohibited the job applicant Samantha Elauf from wearing a hijab.[35]
Canada[edit]
See also: Islam in Canada
In 2011, the Canadian government made it illegal for women to wear face-covering garments at citizenship ceremonies, because the judge must be able to see each person's face reciting their oath. In 2012, the Supreme Court issued a rare split decision on whether women could cover their faces on the witness stand. Four judges said it depended on the circumstances, two said witnesses should never cover their face, and one said a Muslim witness should never be ordered to remove her veil. Canada is considering a wider ban on veils in government offices, schools, and hospitals.[36] The provincial government of French-speaking Quebec this year has proposed a law that would outlaw all religious regalia — including Muslim scarves and veils, turbans, Jewish skullcaps and Christian crucifixes — from state buildings.
South America[edit]
See also: Latin American Muslims
Argentina[edit]
Argentina has proven to be a country that has given more freedom to its Muslim population relative to the more oppressive governments that exist. In 2011 Argentinian President Cristina Fernández pushed for legislation which allowed for Muslim women to wear hijab in public places.[37] According to the new law Argentine Muslim women can wear a hijab while being photographed for their national id cards. The law was created in order to help promote freedom of religion and expression in the country, and help the Muslim population, which is estimated to be between 450,000 and one million, feel more integrated into society.[37][38]
Chile[edit]
Chile has a minority Muslim population. Fuad Mussa, the President of the Islamic Cultural Centre, is quoted as saying that "there is a general ignorance among Chileans about Islam.[39] This was after a Chilean citizen was refused service at a bank because of her Hijab in 2010, and would not be served until she removed her Hijab.
Muslim women's views on hijab[edit]
There are many different views of Muslim women regarding the hijab. Some[40] women believe that the hijab is too constraining and accept other Muslim women's donning of the garment, whereas other women[40] are against both themselves and other women wearing the hijab due to its oppressive nature. On the other hand, some women[40] embrace the hijab as a way to celebrate their religion and feel that it helps them maintain their intellectuality rather than becoming a sex object in society, and do not understand why other Muslim women do not wear the hijab. Other Muslim women[40] wear the hijab because it has been part of their family tradition, and they do not want to give up something that is sacred to their family. There are women[40] that wear the hijab that do not judge those that do not and believe it is in all Muslim women's best interest to choose for themselves regarding whether they will don the veil or not. The subject is complex and layered, and below are a few anecdotes to provide real Muslim women's experiences with the hijab and their views.
Pro-hijab[edit]
Muslim women do not necessarily view the hijab as oppressive garment that is forced upon them as many westerners believe. Syima Aslam, a Muslim businesswoman from England, feels a special place for the hijab in her heart and feels that it directly connects her to Islam. Although she garners some disdain and disapproval of her choice to wear the hijab from some business partners, she stands firmly by her choice to don the hijab.[41] Another young woman by the name of Rowaida Abdelaziz explains that the hijab is something that she has decided to wear herself and she "does not wear it because [she] is submissive".[42] Another young woman by the name of Sarah Hekmati says that the hijab gives her a sense of freedom and that she likes the idea that a man should know a woman through her intellectual prowess rather than her looks.[42] In her book, Do Muslim Women Need Saving?, Abu-Lughod mentions a former Muslim, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, who wrote an autobiography titled Infidel. Hirsi Ali writes about the positive experience she has had living as Muslim and wearing the black garments and veil. Hirsi Ali says, "[the Islamic dress] had a thrill to it, a sensuous feeling. It made me feel empowered... I was unique [...] it made me feel like an individual. It sent out a message of superiority [...]". Hirsi Ali is among those who support the hijab. When she wore it, she did not feel oppressed, but instead empowered and individualized.[43] There seems to be a trend of modern Muslim women standing up for their right to wear the hijab and a desire to show pride for Islam and to show their devotion to Islam in wearing the hijab, and expressing their positive sentiments regarding the hijab in the media.
Hana Tajima, a Muslim fashion icon in her interview with Vision says that fashion-conscious Muslims are proving that you can be cool and modest, stylish and individual without compromising faith. She started her own fashion label Maysaa in 2011, and blogs about her far-reaching influences and inspirations. Twenty-six-year-old Tajima epitomises the new Muslim hipster, glamorous yet edgy, elegant yet quirky. The trend straddles the big cities of the world from London’s Dalston to New York’s Williamsburg - or the glitz of Dubai.[44]
Anti-hijab[edit]
There are some Muslim women that believe that the hijab indeed hinders their personal freedom as a woman. A Muslim woman by the name of Rasmieyh Abdelnabi explains that she decided to stop wearing the hijab because she felt that it was putting too much pressure on her to "represent an entire community".[45] She further explains that she feels that hijab is not representative of Islam but more so of the Arab culture[46] Another belief of some women that wear the hijab is that it could potentially "strip them of their individuality"[46] and turn them into a figurehead for their religion. Some women do not want to have to deal with this on a daily basis, and it is another reason that some Muslim women decided to un-veil themselves. In an article written in September 2013, Nesrine Malike explains her discontent with being forced to wear the niqab, a kind of dress that only exposes the eyes, her whole life. Malike says, "I would rather no one wore a niqab. I would rather that no woman had effectively to disappear, from a young age, because that is the norm in her family. [...] I would rather that Islam be purged of the niqab and all its permutations." Malike is among the Muslim women who feel as though the act of veiling hides women; she would like to ban the niqab from Islam.[47]
A recent incident in Germany reflects the extent of the issue on an international scale: "An administrative court in the southern German city of Munich has banned a female Muslim student from wearing a facial veil in class."[48] Although Germany does not have an official ban on the hijab, according to the nation’s highest courts federal states have permission to ban Muslim state employees wearing clothing they deem inappropriate. This rule leaves flexibility for German legislators to essentially make their own rules concerning clothing/dress in the country.
Iran is another country with strict[citation needed] rules on the hijab, and many women feel pressured from the government to dress in a certain style. One[who?] Iranian woman decided to protest the Iranian government through her own artistic display.[49]
See also[edit]
Islam portal
Fashion portal
Taqiyah
Fez
List of types of sartorial hijab
Blangkon
Awrah
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Quran 24:30–31
Jump up ^ Quran 33:59
Jump up ^ Martin et al. (2003), Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World, Macmillan Reference, ISBN 978-0028656038
Jump up ^ Quran 33:32
Jump up ^ Reformatorisch dagblad: Brussel tegen boerkaverbod, 30 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Dutch Consider Ban on Burqas in Public GREGORY CROUCH, New York Times (18 November 2006)
Jump up ^ Minister says burka is 'alien', prompting applause from Libs DEBBIE GUEST, JODIE MINUS, THE AUSTRALIAN, (APRIL 11, 2011)
Jump up ^ Blair's concerns over face veils BBC News Online. 17 October 2006.
Jump up ^ French MPs back headscarf ban BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Education Code. L811-1 §2" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 1984-01-26. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
Jump up ^ Guardian: Livingstone decries vilification of Islam, 20 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Ipsos MORI Muslim Women Wearing Veils.
^ Jump up to: a b "Islam and Hijab". BBC. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Mernissi, Fatima (1991). The Veil and the Male Elite. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. p. 86.
Jump up ^ Mernissi, Fatima (1991). The Veil and the Male Elite. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 99–100.
Jump up ^ Welt.de: Österreich stellt Tragen von Burka und Nikab unter Strafe (German)
Jump up ^ Kamercommissie keurt verbod op dragen boerka's goed (in Dutch). De Morgen, 31 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Edward Cody. Belgian lawmakers vote to ban full-face veils in public. The Washington Post, 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places, Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Are prohibited, without being exhaustive, wearing balaclava,veils (burqa, niqab ...), masks or any other accessories or clothes that have the effect, in isolation or in combination with others, to hide the face". Circulaire du 2 mars 2011 relative à la mise en œuvre de la loi n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public. "JORF n°0052 du 3 mars 2011 page 4128". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French).
Jump up ^ "LOI n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public - Legifrance". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Circulaire du 2 mars 2011 relative à la mise en œuvre de la loi n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public - Legifrance". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Veil Ban in France". Huffington Post. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women". Independent.co.uk. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-‘burqa-ban’
Jump up ^ (in Dutch) Kabinet akkoord met verbod gelaatsbedekkende kleding, Rijksoverheid. Retrieved 5 June 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c "Why Turkey Lifted its Ban on Islamic Headscarf". National Geographic News. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Syria Bans Full Islamic Veil". The World Post. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Poushter, Jacob. "How people in Muslim countries prefer women to dress in public". Retrieved 2014-04-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Poushter, Jacob. "How people in Muslim countries prefer women to dress in public". PewResearchCenter. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Saudi: OK to uncover face in anti-burqa countries". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
Jump up ^ Greene, Richard (10 January 2014). "No burqa required: Muslim world weighs in on women's dress". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.117-118.
Jump up ^ Hossein Fatemi. "Veiled Truths". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. October 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Canada Bans Veils at Citizenship Oath". BBC News. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Argentina Introduces Hijab-Friendly Law". PressTV. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
Jump up ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2014". United States Department of State. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Rivera de La Fuente, Vanessa. "Should Chilean banks force 'no hijab' on Muslim women customers?". Women's News Network.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e (un)Veiled: Muslim Women Talk About Hijab. Directed by Ines Hofmann Kanna. Produced by Ines Hoffmann Kanna. Documentary Educational Resources (DER), 2007. Accessed 5 August 2016. http://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/764342
Jump up ^ Aslam, Syima. "To hijab or not to hijab- A Muslim Businesswoman's View". theguardian.com. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Blake, John. "Muslim women uncover myths about the hijab". CNN. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Abu-Lughod, Lila (2013). Do Muslim Women Need Saving?. United States of America: President and Fellows of Harvard College. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-674-72516-4.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Elliott (March 2013). "Style trailblazers: Muslim fashion". Vision.ae. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Khalid, Asma. "Muslim Women Explain Their Choice". NPR.
^ Jump up to: a b Khalid, Asma. "Muslim Women Explain Their Choice".
Jump up ^ Malik, Nesrine. "I was forced to wear the veil and I wish no other woman had to suffer it". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
Jump up ^ Haider, Jaan. "German court bans facial veil in class". Retrieved 2014-04-30.
Jump up ^ "An artistic woman's protest to imposed forced hijab by Iranian Islamic regime". Iranian.com. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Soravia, Bruna, "Dress", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 153–156.
Theodore Gabriel; Rabiha Hannan (21 April 2011). Islam and the Veil: Theoretical and Regional Contexts. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-8225-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic male dress.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic female dress.
Islam101: Hijab In The Workplace Q&A
Traditional Islamic Clothing
BBC News: Graphic of the different styles of Muslim headscarf
Islamic Clothing Article
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