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Transformers: The Last Knight
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Transformers: The Last Knight
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Michael Bay
Produced by
Don Murphy
Tom DeSanto
Lorenzo di Bonaventura
Ian Bryce
Screenplay by
Art Marcum
Matt Holloway
Ken Nolan
Story by
Akiva Goldsman
Art Marcum
Matt Holloway
Ken Nolan
Based on
Transformers
by Hasbro
Starring
Mark Wahlberg
Josh Duhamel
Stanley Tucci
Anthony Hopkins
Music by
Steve Jablonsky[1]
Cinematography
Jonathan Sela[2]
Edited by
Mark Sanger
John Refoua
Adam Gerstel
Debra Neil-Fisher
Roger Barton
Calvin Wimmer
Production
company
di Bonaventura Pictures
Hasbro
Angry Films
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18) (Odeon Leicester Square)[3]
June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21) (United States)
Running time
154 minutes[4]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$217–260 million[5][6][7][8]
Box office
$605.4 million[9]
Transformers: The Last Knight is a 2017 American science fiction action film based on the Transformers toy line created by Hasbro. It is the fifth installment of the live-action Transformers film series, the second film in the sequel trilogy and the sequel to 2014's Transformers: Age of Extinction. Like its predecessors, the film is directed by Michael Bay, featuring Mark Wahlberg returning from Age of Extinction, with Josh Duhamel, John Turturro, and Glenn Morshower all reprising their roles from the first three films, with Laura Haddock and Anthony Hopkins both joining the cast. Bay and Wahlberg have stated they will not return for another sequel.[10]
The film premiered at Odeon Leicester Square in London on June 18, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on June 21, 2017, by Paramount Pictures in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D. Like its predecessors, the film received negative reviews from critics and, with an approval rating of 15% on Rotten Tomatoes, it is the worst-reviewed film of the series. The film grossed over $605 million worldwide, making it the 11th highest-grossing film of 2017, but also the lowest of the franchise.
A spin-off/prequel, entitled Bumblebee, is scheduled for release on December 21, 2018. An untitled sixth film, a direct sequel to The Last Knight, is set to release on June 28, 2019.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Humans
2.2 Transformers
2.2.1 Autobots
2.2.2 Dinobots
2.2.3 Decepticons
2.2.4 Others
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Effects
4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
7 Controversy
8 Sequel and spin-off
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In 484 AD, King Arthur and his knights struggle in a battle against the Saxons. Meanwhile, Merlin begs for help from the Knights of Iacon, a group of twelve Transformers who have hidden on Earth. They give Merlin an alien staff and combine themselves into a huge dragon to help Arthur triumph over the Saxons, but not before warning Merlin that a great evil will one day come for the staff.
In the present, three years after the Hong Kong battle, the Transformers are declared outlaws by all governments on Earth, to which the Transformer Reaction Force (TRF) is formed from the fallen Cemetery Wind to eradicate the alien robots, despite more Transformers continuously arriving on Earth. All the while, enormous metallic horns begin to rise from different parts of the world. In a part of war-torn Chicago, a group of children find a ship with a knight inside before being caught by a TRF drone. Izabella, a survivor of the Battle of Chicago, saves the children along with her Transformers companions Sqweeks and Canopy. The drone mistakes Canopy for a Decepticon and kills him before Bumblebee and Cade Yeager (who are also being hunted by the TRF) arrive and help the children, Izabella, and Sqweeks escape from the drones. While fending off the TRF, Cade finds the knight in the ship, who attaches a talisman to his arm. The Decepticon Barricade observes this act and reports the discovery to Megatron. Cade then returns to his junkyard in South Dakota (with Izabella and Sqweeks hitching a ride with him) where the remaining Autobots are hiding from the TRF, including Bumblebee, Hound, Drift, Crosshairs, Wheelie, Grimlock, Slug, Daytrader, Trench, and three Mini-Dinobots.
In deep space, Optimus Prime crash-lands on Cybertron, discovering that it is heading directly for Earth. He encounters Quintessa, the self-proclaimed creator of the Transformers, who brainwashes Optimus and renames him Nemesis Prime. Quintessa charges him with recovering the staff from the Knights who stole it from her. Earth, she reveals, is actually Cybertron’s ancient enemy Unicron and she intends to drain its life force using the staff, so that Cybertron can be restored.
TRF member and former Autobot ally William Lennox brokers a deal between the TRF and Megatron so he can find Cade and recover the talisman. In exchange, Megatron demands the release of a squad of Decepticons, including Nitro Zeus, Dreadbot, Mohawk, and Onslaught (Megatron tries to get Berserker, but they won't let him because he is far too dangerous). Megatron and the TRF locate Cade, his coworker Jimmy, Izabella, Sqweeks, and the Autobots thanks to a tracker planted on Bumblebee during the fight in Chicago. They flee to an abandoned town where they discover Bumblebee's tracking device. In the ensuing battle, Dreadbot, Onslaught, Mohawk, and several TRF soldiers are killed by Grimlock, Slug, Crosshairs, Drift, and Bumblebee. As a result, Megatron, Nitro Zeus, and Barricade are forced to retreat. While fighting off TRF drones, Cade is approached by Cogman, a Transformer envoy who takes him and Bumblebee to England to meet his master, Sir Edmund Burton. There, Burton arranges a meeting between Cade and Viviane Wembly, an Oxford professor, who had just been kidnapped by the Autobot Hot Rod under Burton's orders. Burton introduces himself as the last living member of the "Witwiccan" order, an ancient brotherhood dedicated to guarding the secret history of Transformers on Earth. He also reveals that Viviane is Merlin’s last descendant and that she must find and use his staff to prevent the impending destruction of Earth by Cybertron.
After fleeing from the TRF, Barricade, and the police (causing many car accidents along the way), Cade, Viviane, Bumblebee, and Cogman follow the clues left by Viviane’s father and take the museum submarine HMS Alliance (after Burton shuts down the attraction and evicts the tourists) into the sea to find the Cybertronian Knights' sunken ship while the TRF pursue them with submarines of their own. Burton meets with the Prime Minister to engage the military at Stonehenge, which he deduces is the access point to Unicron. In the ship, Cade and Vivian discover the tomb of Merlin and the staff. Viviane activates the staff, and the ship rises to the surface. The TRF confronts the group and attempts to take the staff from them before a mind-controlled Optimus intervenes and forces them to hand over the staff. Bumblebee chases after Optimus and the two Autobots fight each other. Before Optimus can kill Bumblebee, the mute Autobot finally speaks, freeing Optimus from Quintessa’s control. Megatron, revealed to be conspiring with Quintessa and unhappy with Optimus's failure, arrives to steal the staff and flees while the Knights attack Optimus for his presumed betrayal. Cade stops the Knights with the talisman, which transformed into the sword Excalibur, and the Knights yield to Cade as the last Knight. He then urges Optimus to fight for Earth once more.
As Cybertron anchors itself to Earth, Megatron, Nitro Zeus, and Barricade deliver the staff to Quintessa, who begins draining the life force of Earth from Unicron. Burton and the British military intervene, and Megatron shoots Burton, who dies with Cogman at his side. The Autobots arrive to join the fight with the TRF, Cade, Viviane, Izabella, and Sqweeks, landing on Cybertron and battling against Megatron and Quintessa’s minions, the Infernocons. Vanquishing their foes with help from the Knights as the dragon, the Autobots reach the chamber where the staff and Quintessa are. Optimus defeats Megatron by kicking him through the Ignition Chamber's wall, sending him flying to Earth, while Bumblebee kills Nitro Zeus. Together, Optimus and Bumblebee seemingly kill Quintessa. Viviane removes the staff, stopping Cybertron's destruction of Earth but leaving both worlds connected. Optimus declares that humans and Transformers must now work together to rebuild their worlds and sends a message calling any surviving Autobots to come home.
In a mid-credits scene, scientists inspect one of Unicron's horns in a desert. Quintessa, who has survived and is disguised as a human, arrives and offers them a way to destroy Unicron.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Transformers film series characters
Humans[edit]
Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager, a single father and inventor, who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction.
Josh Duhamel as William Lennox, a former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger captain, who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction, and now a U.S. Army Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformer Reaction Force (TRF).
Stanley Tucci as Merlin, King Arthur's wizard and Viviane's ancestor.[12] Tucci was originally reported to be reprising his role as Joshua Joyce from Age of Extinction.[13]
Anthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton, 12th Earl of Folgan, an astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth.[14][15][16]
Laura Haddock as Viviane Wembly, a Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player, who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin.[17][18][19] Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane.
Isabela Moner as Izabella, a street-wise tomboy who was orphaned with Sqweeks and Canopy, her only friends, until meeting Cade.[20][21]
Jerrod Carmichael as Jimmy, a young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired through a want ad.[22]
Santiago Cabrera as Santos, a former Delta Force operative and commander of the TRF, who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction.[23][24][18][25]
John Turturro as Seymour Simmons, a former government agent with Sector Seven and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba, and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction.[26]
Glenn Morshower as General Morshower, the director of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations.
Liam Garrigan as King Arthur, the legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon.[27]
Additionally, Mitch Pileggi,[28]Tony Hale, and Gil Birmingham appear as a TRF group leader, a JPL engineer, and Chief Sherman, respectively. Nicola Peltz has a vocal cameo as Tessa Yeager, Cade's daughter, who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction,[29] while Sam Witwicky's photograph is seen in Burton's mansion.[30] Tyrese Gibson was cast to return as Robert Epps, but was unable to appear in the film due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious.[31]
Transformers[edit]
Autobots[edit]
Peter Cullen voices Optimus Prime, the leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a blue and red 2014 Western Star 5700 Custom semi-trailer truck while searching for the truth about his Creators.[32]
Erik Aadahl voices Bumblebee, an Autobot scout and Optimus Prime's second-in-command, who transforms into a custom-built yellow and black 2016 Chevrolet Camaro.[33][34]
Jim Carter voices Cogman, a polite sociopathic, human-sized headmaster who serves as the faithful butler to Sir Edmund Burton, and while despite not even having a larger robot mode, he transforms into an Aston Martin DB11 in the toyline.[35][36][37][38][39]
Omar Sy voices Hot Rod, an Autobot who transforms into a Citroën DS, before upgrading into a 2017 Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4. He is brother-in-arms with Bumblebee and speaks in a thick French accent.[40][35][41]
Ken Watanabe voices Drift, a Samurai-motif Autobot tactician and former Decepticon who transforms into a black and red 2017 Mercedes-AMG GT R.[42]
John Goodman voices Hound, a trigger-happy Autobot commando and field medic who transforms into an olive green Mercedes-Benz Unimog military tactical ambulance.[43]
John DiMaggio voices Crosshairs, a cocky Autobot paratrooper and sniper who transforms into a green and black 2016 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray, equipped with a custom split-spoiler. His ego lends him a misplaced belief in his future command of the Autobots. [44]
Reno Wilson voices Sqweeks, a small Autobot and Izabella's closest friend who can't transform and only says "Chihuahua" due to prior damage.[45]
Tom Kenny voices Wheelie, a former Decepticon turned Autobot who survived the Chicago battle in Dark of the Moon, and transforms into a blue monster truck toy.
Steve Buscemi voices Daytrader, a Cybertronian scavenger who transforms into a cloaked rusty Mercedes-Benz LK Model 1920 dump truck.[46] He is held in disregard by the Autobots for being annoying despite his skill in finding good material.
Steven Barr voices Topspin, an Autobot Wrecker who resides in Cuba with Simmons that once transformed into a #48 Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's/Kobalt car. In the film he is credited as "Volleybot" and grew a metallic beard that resembles his fallen comrade, Leadfoot.
Mark Ryan voices "Bulldog", an Autobot veteran of World War I and World War II, and a sentry for Burton's castle, who transforms into an army Mark IV tank and suffers from 'robot dementia'.[47]
An uncredited actor voices Canopy, an Autobot refugee and a friend of Izabella who camouflages into a shielding pile of rubble.[48] Additionally, an elderly Autobot that transforms into a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane cameos at Burton's castle, whose voice actor is also uncredited. A Transformer who turns into the HMS Alliance appears, though not seen in robot mode. Trench, an Autobot who resembles the Construction Scrapper and transforms into an excavator, makes a cameo at Cade's junkyard. A picture of Ironhide is seen in Burton's castle.
Dinobots[edit]
Grimlock, the leader of the Dinobots, who transforms into a mechanical horned, fire-breathing Tyrannosaurus.[18]
Slug, the savage Dinobot destroyer who transforms into a mechanical spiked and bestial Triceratops.[49]
Mini-Dinobots, the Mini versions of Grimlock, Slug, and Strafe.[50]
Decepticons[edit]
Frank Welker voices Megatron, the reborn leader of the Decepticons, who possessed a KSI Drone in Age of Extinction and transforms into a Cybertronian jet.[51][52]
John DiMaggio voices Nitro Zeus, a Decepticon hunter who transforms into an JAS 39 Gripen Fighter Jet.[53] In alternate cuts of the film, Steven Barr voices Nitro Zeus.
Jess Harnell voices Barricade, a Decepticon scout who survived the Chicago War in Dark of the Moon. He transforms into a 2016 Ford Mustang police car, featuring a new robot mode.[54]
Reno Wilson voices Mohawk, a Decepticon foot soldier who transforms into a Confederate P51 Combat Fighter Motorcycle.[55]
Dreadbot, a Decepticon thug who transforms into a rusty Volkswagen Type 2.[56][57]
Uncredited actors both voice Onslaught, a Decepticon tactician who transforms into a green Western Star 4900SF tow truck,[58][53] and Berserker, a monstrous Decepticon commando who transforms into a Chevy Tahoe emergency vehicle,[53] each speaking only a single line. Starscream's severed head is shown being boasted by Daytrader, and later held by Megatron. In Sir Edmund Burton's castle, a picture of Shockwave is seen; both Shockwave and Soundwave are briefly mentioned by Viviane.
Others[edit]
Gemma Chan as Quintessa, a Cybertronian Sorceress and the true leader of the Decepticons who wants to destroy "Unicron" and rebuild Cybertron.[59]
Various uncredited actors voice the Knights of Iacon, a group of twelve Cybertronian Knights who protects the Staff and merge to form the three-headed dragon, Dragonstorm. They include Dragonicus, Stormreign, Steelbane, and Skullitron.[60]
Infernocons, Quintessa's demon-like guardians who combine to form Infernocus.[59]
Unicron, a giant planet-destroying Transformer who is mentioned at various points throughout the film; six of his mechanical horns are seen on Earth.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Michael Bay announced that the film will be his last of the Transformers series.
In March 2015, Deadline.com reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Oscar winner Akiva Goldsman (A Beautiful Mind) to pitch new ideas for the Transformers franchise's future installments. The studio intends to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three Avatar sequels, and what Disney has done to revive Star Wars, with sequels and spin-offs. Paramount wants to have their own cinematic universe for Transformers, similar to Marvel's/Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe (which had been one of Paramount's previous film series), and DC Comics/Warner Bros.' DC Extended Universe. Goldsman is the head of the future projects, and worked with franchise director Michael Bay, executive producer Steven Spielberg, and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a "writers' room" that incubates ideas for potential Transformers sequels, prequels and spin-offs. The writers' room members include: Christina Hodson, Lindsey Beer, Andrew Barrer, and Gabriel Ferrari (Ant-Man), Robert Kirkman (The Walking Dead), Art Marcum & Matt Holloway, Zak Penn (Pacific Rim: Uprising), Jeff Pinkner (The Amazing Spider-Man 2), Ken Nolan, and Geneva Robertson-Dworet.[61] Kirkman left the room after just one day to undergo throat surgery.[62] In July 2015, Akiva Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner were announced as the fifth Transformers film's screenwriters.[63] However, on November 20, due to Goldsman's commitments creating a writers' room for G.I. Joe and Micronauts properties, Paramount began to negotiate with Art Marcum and Matt Holloway (Iron Man), as well as Ken Nolan (Black Hawk Down), to write the film. Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson-Dworet were also brought aboard for writing duties.[64]
"I think I brought the concern to the movie studio and certainly to the writers. Perhaps...Transformers 5 and 6 movies will go back more to its roots. There was an occasion where one line [in Transformers: Age of Extinction] which Optimus Prime had, I did not want to say. It was my gut instinct and certainly my commitment to the character... not to say the line. But I was told to say. You can't fight the big boys. I think you all know what that line was."
— Peter Cullen on a question from a fan on the future of the franchise from Sac-Anime 2015[65]
After Transformers: Age of Extinction, Bay had decided not to direct any future Transformers films. But in early January 2016, in an interview with Rolling Stone, he stated that he would return to direct the fifth film, and that it will be his last Transformers film.[66] Paramount Pictures spent $80 million on production in Michigan, in return for $21 million in state incentives, under agreements entered into before the state legislature eliminated the film office incentive program in July 2015.[67] In April 2016, Paramount hired cinematographer Jonathan Sela.[68] On May 17, Bay revealed the official title of the film to be The Last Knight on his Instagram account, where he also posted a production video showing a close-up of Optimus Prime's face with purple eyes instead of blue, and his face mostly discolored.[69] The official Twitter account showed a 19-second short video in morse code that translates to "I'm coming for you May 31".[70] On May 31, it was revealed that Megatron would return in the sequel.[51]
Casting[edit]
In December 2014, Mark Wahlberg confirmed that he would return in the sequel.[71] In February 2016, there were casting calls for new lead and supporting roles in Los Angeles and London, and Peter Cullen was announced as returning to voice Optimus Prime.[72] Approximately 850 cast and crew were hired, 450 of whom were Michigan residents, equating to 228 full-time positions.[73] Additionally, 700 extras were hired from among Detroit residents, as part of Paramount's incentive deal with the state.[74] On April 13, TheWrap reported that Isabela Moner was in talks to star as Izabella.[20] The site also reported that Bay was eyeing Jean Dujardin, Stephen Merchant, and Jerrod Carmichael for supporting roles.[75][76] On May 17, 2016, it was confirmed that Josh Duhamel would reprise his role in the film, and Jerrod Carmichael was cast.[77][22] In June 2016, Anthony Hopkins, Mitch Pileggi, Santiago Cabrera, and Laura Haddock joined the cast, and Tyrese Gibson stated that he will return as Robert Epps.[78][79][28][17][14] In August 2016, Liam Garrigan was confirmed to play King Arthur, a different version from his role as the same character on the television series Once Upon a Time.[27] On September 4, 2016, Stanley Tucci confirmed his return.[13] On October 14, 2016, Bay announced that John Turturro would reprise his role as Seymour Simmons from the first three films, and that John Goodman would return to voice Hound.[26] A month before the film's release, Bay revealed that the character Cogman would be voiced by Downton Abbey actor Jim Carter, at the request of co-writer Matt Holloway, who is a fan of the series.[37] On June 9, 2017, Reno Wilson confirmed via Twitter that he would have a voice role in the film.[80] On June 16, 2017, Gibson revealed that despite closing a deal for the film, he was unable to appear as Epps due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious.[31]
Filming[edit]
Alnwick Castle in Alnwick, Northumberland, one of the many locations used in the film.
Principal photography began on May 25, 2016, in Havana, Cuba, with a few scenes shot by a "small team".[81][82][83] Filming continued on June 6, 2016, in Phoenix, Arizona, and on June 19, 2016, in Detroit, Michigan, under the working title E75,[72][73][84] with additional filming taking place in Chicago, Illinois.[85] In Detroit, filming took place in the Michigan Motion Pictures Studio, Packard Plant, Michigan Central Station, Cafe D'Mongo's Speakeasy, and MGM Grand Detroit.[86] Production moved to Europe on August 21, and filming commenced on August 22 in Scotland and Wales. In England, filming took place in North Yorkshire, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, London, Gosport and Stonehenge. Between August and October, filming occurred in Ireland, and Preikestolen, Trolltunga and Atlanterhavsveien in Norway.[87][88][89]
In early September 2016, filming took place in Alnwick Castle in Alnwick Northumberland in England, including car chase scenes.[90] Production continued at St Aidan's Church, Seahouses, where Walhberg spent an hour inside the church and reportedly donated £200. Rev Father Des McGiven said: "I didn't even know he was in church until he left. One of my parishioners, Danielle Love, recognised him and explained who he was. It's great that we had him in for the service, and we appreciate his generosity towards our church." Car chases were also filmed at the monument area of Newcastle upon Tyne, where Josh Duhamel was filming, while Wahlberg and Sir Anthony Hopkins continued at Alnwick, Seahouses and the Bamburgh Region of Northumberland.[91] In late September 2016, filming was spotted in Gosport, Hampshire at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum. On October 5, 2016 filming was spotted at St Bartholomew-the-Great, London. London filming wrapped on October 27, 2016.[92] Principal photography wrapped on December 4, 2016.[93]
Effects[edit]
As with previous Transformers installments, Industrial Light & Magic served as the main visual effects company for Transformers: The Last Knight. In early 2016, the company showed Bay an underwater rendering of a crash-landed alien spaceship and a new dump-truck Transformer with a cloak.[66]
Music[edit]
Main article: Transformers: The Last Knight – Music from the Motion Picture
On September 27, it was confirmed that Steve Jablonsky would return to write the score, having composed the music for the first four films. The score was released digitally on the film's original release date, Friday June 23, 2017, and a limited-edition two-disc CD set of 3,000 units will be released by La-La Land Records on July 11, 2017. Unlike the previous films' scores, which contained anywhere from fourteen to twenty-three tracks, the film's soundtrack contains thirty-four tracks, amounting to over two hours of music.
On the score, Jablonsky said, "I met with Michael before he started shooting 'Transformers: The Last Knight.' He showed me some amazing concept art and explained how the story connects the history of Transformers all the way back to the times of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. I loved the idea because it gave me the opportunity to explore new musical ideas. The storyline allowed me to write melodies that are a bit more 'classical' than I've written for the other Transformers films, which was a lot of fun for me. Another important aspect of the story revolves around massive skyscraper-sized 'horns from hell' that start emerging from the Earth. They look like gigantic animal horns, but no one knows what they are or why they have appeared. I wanted to create an unsettling sense of mystery and tension with the music."The film also featured the song Torches by X Ambassadors. [94]
Release[edit]
Transformers: The Last Knight was released on June 21, 2017, after being moved up from its original June 23 release date.[95][96][97] The teaser trailer of the film was released on December 5, 2016, and was later attached to Rogue One.[98]
Marketing[edit]
The first teaser trailer aired on Monday, December 5, during ESPN's Monday Night Football, and was released online shortly thereafter. With 24 hours of its release, the trailer garnered a record-breaking 93.6 million views from social media platforms, such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Instagram, making it the third-highest-viewed trailer of 2016, falling behind Disney's Beauty and the Beast remake (127.6 million views) and Universal's Fifty Shades Darker (114 million views in 24 hours), but surpassing Marvel Studios' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 trailer, which scored 81 million views in its first 24 hours online.[99] Following the trailer's release, the film trended on all major social media sites, including YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. It was Weibo's No. 1 trending topic in China, where the preview was viewed 16 million times its first day of release.[100] Television spots for the filmed started airing ahead of the Super Bowl spot on February 3, 2017. An extended TV spot for the Super Bowl aired during Super Bowl LI, on February 5, 2017.[101] On March 11, 2017, a new TV spot and clip were shown at Nickelodeon's 2017 Kids' Choice Awards. A new trailer aired with the release of Beauty and the Beast on March 17, 2017, while the third trailer was released on April 13, 2017.[102] The international trailer was released on May 17th, 2017, and a smaller trailer was released shortly after, on June 4, 2017. After that, various TV spots were released.
Home media[edit]
Transformers: The Last Knight was released on Digital HD on September 12, 2017, and on DVD and Blu-Ray on September 26, 2017.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Transformers: The Last Knight grossed $130.2 million in the United States and Canada and $475.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $605.4 million, against a production budget of $217 million.[9] It is the lowest grossing film of the Transformers film series.
In North America, The Last Knight was originally projected to gross $70–75 million from 4,069 theaters over its first five days, which would have been the lowest debut of the franchise.[103] However, after the film grossed a franchise-low $15.7 million on its first day (including $5.5 million from Tuesday night previews), opening estimates were lowered to $60–65 million. On Thursday, it grossed $8.1 million, potentially dropping the five-day debut to under $60 million.[104] It ended up having an opening weekend of $45.3 million, the lowest debut of the franchise by $25 million (and lowest since the first film's $70.5 million). The film's five-day gross of $68.4 million was also lower than every three-day opening of the previous four films.[105] The film grossed $16.9 million in its second weekend, dropping 62.2% and finishing third at the box office,[106] and $6.4 million in its third, dropping an identical 62.2% and finishing 5th.[107]
Internationally, The Last Knight opened in its first 42 foreign territories alongside its United States debut, including major markets China, the UK, Russia, Australia, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Hong Kong, and was projected to have an opening of $167–200 million.[5][6] Due to its predecessor's success in China, expectations were high for the film in the country. Box office observers and trackers believed the film would open to $80–100 million,[6] and end its run there with anywhere between $290[108] to $400 million.[109] The film ended up having a global debut of $265.3 million ($196.2 million from overseas), including $123.4 million from China, representing 63% of the film's foreign opening. In the film's second week in China, it fell 76% and had a running cume of $147.6 million.[110] As of August 6, 2017[update], the film's largest markets outside North America are: China ($228.84 million), South Korea ($19.24 million), Russia ($15.89 million), Germany ($15.42 million), Mexico ($15.33 million), U.K. ($12.19 million), Brazil ($13.70 million), Indonesia ($11.71 million), Japan ($15.69 million) and France ($10.99 million). In India, the film was given an adult certificate and, hence, it was not successful at the Indian box office (4.87 million) as compared to Age of Extinction (10.23 million) and other Transformers movies (3.01 million TF1, 2.80 million ROTF, 6.88 million DOTM).[111]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 196 reviews, with an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Cacophonous, thinly plotted, and boasting state-of-the-art special effects, The Last Knight is pretty much what you'd expect from the fifth installment of the Transformers franchise."[112] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 28 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[113] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[105]
Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, criticizing its running time and incoherent plot, writing: "I have no proof Transformers: The Last Knight will kill your brain cells, but I wouldn’t be surprised to learn that it does and I’d proceed with caution just in case. But I can say with absolute certainty that after watching, your head will hurt."[114] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film's sloppiness, saying, "...fear not, fans of the franchise: if you’re here for the director’s trademark chaos editing (where fights go from points A to D to Q), toxic masculinity (and female objectification), comedy scenes rendered tragic (and vice versa), and general full-volume confusion, you’ll get all those things in abundance."[115]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave a rare zero-star review to the film (as he did to the previous films), saying "Every time Michael Bay directs another Transformers abomination (this is the fifth), the movies die a little. This one makes the summer's other blockbuster misfires look like masterpieces."[116]
Variety gave the film a lukewarm review stating, "The fifth time may not quite be the charm, but the latest entry in Michael Bay's crunched-metal robot-war mega-series is badder, and therefore better."[117]
The New Yorker acknowledged the film's flaws but noted there was almost something impressive about them, saying: "The absolute tastelessness of Bay’s images, their stultifying service to platitudes and to merchandise, doesn’t at all diminish their wildly imaginative power."[118]Times Of India gave the movie 2.5 stars out of 5 stars.
Controversy[edit]
Blenheim Palace, where Britain's former wartime Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill was born, was draped in huge Nazi flags.
On September 21, 2016, shooting for a particular scene took place in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire in England, the home of Sir Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister during World War II. The mansion was dressed as a Nazi swastika-draped headquarters for Adolf Hitler for filming. This evoked both anger and criticism for being "symbolically disrespectful to Churchill", according to Colonel Richard Kemp, who said Churchill "will be turning in his grave",[119] while Tony Hayes of the UK Veterans Association stated that surviving World War II ex-servicemen and women would be "appalled".[120] Churchill's grandson and British Parliament member Sir Nicholas Soames dismissed the controversy entirely, stating, "They’ve no idea what my grandfather would have thought!"[121] Churchill was buried less than a mile away, at St Martin's Church, Bladon.[122]
Sequel and spin-off[edit]
A spin-off/prequel, entitled Bumblebee which stars Hailee Steinfeld and John Cena is set for release on December 21, 2018. The movie's working title is 'Brighton Falls' and will wrap up shooting in November 2017, while a direct sequel to The Last Knight, the yet-to-be-titled Transformers 6 is scheduled to be released on June 28, 2019.[95][123][11]
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External links[edit]
Official website
Transformers: The Last Knight at Rotten Tomatoes
Transformers: The Last Knight on IMDb
Transformers: The Last Knight at the TCM Movie Database
Watch online|http://cinemacommander.us/m-movies-online/335988/transformers-the-last-knight.html
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Nonaqueous titration
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Nonaqueous titration is the titration of substances dissolved in solvents other than water. It is the most common titrimetric procedure used in pharmacopoeial assays and serves a double purpose: it is suitable for the titration of very weak acids and very weak bases, and it provides a solvent in which organic compounds are soluble.
The most commonly used procedure is the titration of organic bases with perchloric acid in anhydrous acetic acid. These assays sometimes take some perfecting in terms of being able to judge the endpoint precisely.
For obvious reasons Karl Fischer titration for water content is nonaqueous, usually done in methanol or sometimes in ethanol.
Contents
[hide]
1 Theory
1.1 Acid-base reactions
1.2 Organic solvents
2 Nonaqueous solvents used
3 Titration of halogen acid salts of bases
4 Visual indicators
5 Potentiometric titration
6 See also
7 External links
8 Further reading
Theory[edit]
Acid-base reactions[edit]
The theory is that water behaves as both a weak acid and a weak base; thus, in an aqueous environment, it can compete effectively with very weak acids and bases with regard to proton donation and acceptance, as shown below:
H2O + H+ ⇌ H3O+
Competes with RNH2 + H+ ⇌ RNH3+
or
H2O + B ⇌ OH− + BH+
Competes with ROH + B ⇌ RO− + BH+
The effect of this is that the inflection in the titration curves for very weak acids and very weak bases is small, because they approach the pH limits in water of 14 or 0 respectively, thus making endpoint detection relatively more difficult.
A general rule is that bases with pKa < 7 or acids with pKa > 7 cannot be determined accurately in aqueous solution.
Substances which are either too weakly basic or too weakly acidic to give sharp endpoints in aqueous solution can often be titrated in nonaqueous solvents. The reactions which occur during many nonaqueous titrations can be explained by means of the concepts of the Brønsted-Lowry theory. According to this theory an acid is a proton donor, i.e. a substance which tends to dissociate to yield a proton, and a base is proton acceptor, i.e. a substance which tends to combine with a proton. When an acid HB dissociates it yields a proton together with the conjugate base B of the acid:
HB ⇌ H+ + B−
acid proton base
Alternatively, the base B will combine with a proton to yield the conjugate acid HB of the base B, for every base has its conjugate acid and, every acid has its conjugate base.
It follows from these definitions that an acid may be either:
an electrically neutral molecule, e.g. HCl, or
a positively charged cation, e.g. C6H5NH3+, or
a negatively charged anion, e.g. HSO4−.
A base may be either:
an electrically neutral molecule, e.g. C6H5NH2, or
an anion, e.g. Cl−.
Substances which are potentially acidic can function as acids only in the presence of a base to which they can donate a proton. Conversely basic properties do not become apparent unless an acid also is present.
Organic solvents[edit]
Various organic solvents may be used to replace water since they compete less effectively with the analyte for proton donation or acceptance.
Nonaqueous solvents used[edit]
Aprotic solvents are neutral, chemically inert substances such as benzene and chloroform. They have a low dielectric constant, do not react with either acids or bases and therefore do not favor ionization. The fact that picric acid gives a colorless solution in benzene which becomes yellow on adding aniline shows that picric acid is not dissociated in benzene solution and also that in the presence of the base aniline it functions as an acid, the development of yellow color being due to formation of the picrate ion.
Since dissociation is not an essential preliminary to neutralization, aprotic solvents are often added to 'ionizing' solvents to depress solvolysis (which is comparable to hydrolysis) of the neutralization product and so sharpen the endpoint.
Protophilic solvents are basic in character and react with acids to form solvated protons.
HB + Sol. ⇌ Sol.H+ + B−
Acid + Basic solvent ⇌ Solvated proton + Conjugate base of acid
A weakly basic solvent has less tendency than a strongly basic one to accept a proton. Similarly a weak acid has less tendency to donate protons than a strong acid. As a result, a strong acid such as perchloric acid exhibits more strongly acidic properties than a weak acid such as acetic acid when dissolved in a weakly basic solvent. On the other hand, all acids tend to become indistinguishable in strength when dissolved in strongly basic solvents owing to the greater affinity of strong bases for protons. This is called the leveling effect. Strong bases are leveling solvents for acids, weak bases are differentiating solvents for acids.
Protogenic solvents are acidic substances, e.g. sulfuric acid. They exert a leveling effect on bases.
Amphiprotic solvents have both protophilic and protogenic properties. Examples are acetic acid and the alcohols. They are dissociated to a slight extent. The dissociation of acetic acid, which is frequently used as a solvent for titration of basic substances, is shown in the equation below:
CH3COOH ⇌ H+ + CH3COO−
Here the acetic acid is functioning as an acid. If a very strong acid such as perchloric acid is dissolved in acetic acid, the latter can function as a base and combine with protons donated by the perchloric acid to form protonated acetic acid, an onium ion:
HClO4 ⇌ H+ + ClO4−
CH3COOH + H+ ⇌ CH3COOH2+ (onium ion)
Since the CH3COOH2+ ion readily donates its proton to a base, a solution of perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid functions as a strongly acidic solution.
When a weak base, such as pyridine, is dissolved in acetic acid, the acetic acid exerts its levelling effect and enhances the basic properties of the pyridine. It is possible, therefore, to titrate a solution of a weak base in acetic acid with perchloric acid in acetic acid, and obtain a sharp endpoint when attempts to carry out the titration in aqueous solution are unsuccessful.
HClO4 + CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COOH2+ + ClO4−
C5H5N + CH3COOH ⇌ C5H5NH+ + CH3COO−
CH3COOH2+ + CH3COO− ⇌ 2CH3COOH
Adding HClO4 + C5H5N ⇌ C5H5NH+ + ClO4−
Titration of halogen acid salts of bases[edit]
The halide ions - chloride, bromide and iodide - are too weakly basic to react quantitatively with acetous perchloric acid. Addition of mercuric acetate (which is undissociated in acetic acid solution) to a halide salt replaces the halide ion by an equivalent quantity of acetate ion, which is a strong base in acetic acid.
2R.NH2.HCl ⇌ 2RNH3+ + 2Cl−
(CH3COO)2Hg(undissociated) + 2Cl− → HgCl2 (undissociated) + 2CH3COO−
2CH3COOH2+ + 2CH3COO− ⇌ 4CH3COOH
Visual indicators[edit]
The following indicators are in common use:
Indicator
Color change
Color change
Color change
basic neutral acidic
Crystal violet (0.5 per cent in glacial acetic acid) violet blue-green yellowish-green
α-Naphtholbenzein (0.2 per cent in glacial acetic acid) blue or blue-green orange dark-green
Oracet Blue B (0.5 per cent in glacial acetic acid) blue purple pink
Quinaldine Red (0.1 per cent in methanol) magenta almost colorless
Potentiometric titration[edit]
The end point of most titrations is detected by the use of visual indicator but the method can be inaccurate in very dilute or colored solutions. However under the same conditions, a potentiometric method for the detection of the equivalence point can yield accurate results without difficulty. The electrical apparatus required consists of a potentiometer or pH meter with a suitable indicator and reference electrode. The other apparatus consists of a burette, beaker and stirrer.
The actual potential of the reference electrode need not be known accurately for most purposes and usually any electrode may be used provided its potential remains constant throughout the titration. The indicator electrode must be suitable for the particular type of titration (i.e. a glass electrode for acid-base reactions and a platinum electrode for redox titrations), and should reach equilibrium rapidly.
The electrodes are immersed in the solution to be titrated and the potential difference between the electrodes is measured. Measured volumes of titrant are added, with thorough (magnetic) stirring, and the corresponding values of emf (electromotive force) or pH recorded. Small increments in volume should be added near the equivalence point which is found graphically by noting the burette reading corresponding to the maximum change of emf or pH per unit change of volume. When the slope of the curve is more gradual it is not always easy to locate the equivalent point by this method. However, if small increments (0.1 cm³ or less) of titrant are added near the end point of the titration and a curve of change of emf or pH per unit volume against volume of titrant is plotted, a differential curve is obtained in which the equivalence point is indicated by a peak.
See also[edit]
Titration
External links[edit]
Nonaqueous Acid-Base Titrations, Hardy Research Group, Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron
Further reading[edit]
Watson, David G. (2005) Pharmaceutical Analysis - A Textbook for Pharmacy Students and Pharmaceutical Chemists, Churchill Livingstone, 2nd Edition. ISBN 0-443-07445-3
Harris, Daniel C. (2007) Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W.H. Freeman, 7th Edition. ISBN 0-7167-7694-4
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