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Papa Was a Rollin' Stone
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"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
Single by The Undisputed Truth
Released
Early 1972
Recorded
1971
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
Single by The Temptations
from the album All Directions
Released
September 28, 1972
Format
7" single
Recorded
Detroit, Michigan
Hitsville USA (Studio A); May 15, June 14, June 22 and June 28, 1972
Genre
Psychedelic soul[1][2]
Length
6:54 (Single edit)
12:02 (Album mix)
Label
Gordy G 7121
Songwriter(s)
Norman Whitfield
Barrett Strong
Producer(s)
Norman Whitfield
The Temptations singles chronology
"Mother Nature"
(1972) "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
(1972) "Masterpiece"
(1973)
"Mother Nature"
(1972) "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
(1972) "Masterpiece"
(1973)
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone '87"
Single by The Temptations
A-side
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone '87"
Released
1987
Format
7" single
12" single
CD
Genre
Soul
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Norman Whitfield
Barrett Strong
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" is a psychedelic soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. This version of "Papa" was released as a single in early 1972 and peaked at #63 on the Pop Charts and #24 on the R&B Charts, and was included on The Undisputed Truth's 1973 album Law of the Land.
Later that year, Whitfield, who also produced the song, took "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" and remade it as a 12-minute record for The Temptations, which was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and won three Grammy Awards in 1973. While the original Undisputed Truth version of the song has been largely forgotten, The Temptations' version of the song has been an enduring and influential soul classic. It was ranked number 168 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, one of the group's three songs on the list. In retrospect, The Temptations' Otis Williams considers "Papa" to be the last real classic the group recorded (it would be the Temptations' last number one hit and would win them their second and final Grammy Award in a competitive category).
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Release and awards
3 Notable covers and remixes
4 Chart performance
4.1 The Temptations version
4.2 Remix version
4.3 Was (Not Was) version
5 Personnel
5.1 Undisputed Truth version
5.2 Temptations version
6 Sample
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
Beginning with an extended instrumental introduction (3:53 in length), each of the song's three verses is separated by extended musical passages, in which Whitfield brings various instrumental textures in and out of the mix. A solo plucked bass guitar part, backed by hi-hat cymbals drumming, establishes the musical theme, a simple three-note figure; the bass is gradually joined by other instruments, including a blues guitar, wah-wah guitar, Wurlitzer Electric Piano notes, handclaps, horns, and strings; all are tied together by the ever-present bass guitar line and repeating hi-hat rhythm. An unusual characteristic about this song is that it uses only one chord throughout — B-flat minor.
Vocal duties are performed in a true ensemble style: Temptations singers Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Richard Street (who was a frequent fill-in for Paul Williams and his eventual replacement) and Damon Harris (who had replaced Eddie Kendricks as the group's falsetto singer the previous year) alternate vocal lines, taking the role of siblings questioning their mother about their now-dead father; their increasingly pointed questions, and the mother's repeated response ("Papa was a rollin' stone/wherever he laid his hat was his home/and when he died, all he left us was alone") paint a somber picture for the children who have never seen their father and have "never heard nothing but bad things about him."
Friction arose during the recording of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" for a number of reasons. The Temptations did not like the fact that Whitfield's instrumentation had been getting more emphasis than their vocals on their songs at the time, and that they had to press Whitfield to get him to produce ballads for the group. Norman Whitfield forced Dennis Edwards to re-record his parts dozens of times until he finally got the angered, bitter grumble he desired out of the usually fiery-toned Edwards.[3] Whitfield's treatment of the group eventually led to his dismissal as their producer.[3] Legend has it that Edwards was angered by the song's first verse: "It was the third of September/That day I'll always remember/'cause that was the day/that my daddy died", as his father was said to have died on that date. It actually was on the third of October, however. [3]
The guitar parts were played by a young Paul Warren[4] and Melvin "Wah-Wah Watson" Ragin[5] The Temptations' version of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" followed in the extended-length "cinematic soul" tradition of the work of Isaac Hayes and others, and future songs like Donna Summer's 14-minute "Love to Love You Baby" and the instrumentals of MFSB expanded upon the concept in the mid-1970s.
Release and awards[edit]
A seven-minute edited version of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" was released as a single in September 1972. For this mix, congas were added to bolster the song's sparse percussion; this version appeared on the 1973 Anthology triple LP. The Temptations' box set Emperors of Soul has the edited version in stereo, but without the congas. The B-side was the instrumental backing by The Funk Brothers without the Temptations' vocals (except for a single "Unngh!" at the end of the second verse). "Papa" rose to number one on the U.S. pop charts and number five on the U.S. R&B charts, becoming the Temptations' final pop number-one hit. The song, the anchor of the 1972 Temptations album All Directions, won three 1973 Grammys: its a-side won for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group; its B-side won for Best R&B Instrumental (awarded to Whitfield and arranger/conductor Paul Riser); and Whitfield and Barrett Strong won for Best R&B Song as the song's composers.
Notable covers and remixes[edit]
A number of notable covers of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" have been recorded:
The Pioneers made a rocksteady cover of this song[6] on a 1973 single produced by Joe Gibbs.
Issac Hayes and Charlotte Kelly (of Soul II Soul) recorded a version of this song. In January 1995, they also performed the song live on Taratata.
The record producer and remixer Dr. Heinz Funkenpumpe released a remix of The Pioneers version in 2009.
Bill "Wolf" Wolfer created an electronic cover of the number for his 1982 debut album, Wolf. The single peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1983.[7] Michael Jackson provided backing vocals.[8]
Luis Miguel recorded a Spanish-language version during the recording sessions of Soy como quiero ser in 1987. It remains unreleased.
The group Was (Not Was) covered the song on their 1990 album Are You Okay?, and their version reached number 12 in the UK.[9]
George Michael performed the song during the Cover to Cover tour in 1991, where it was blended with the Adamski hit "Killer". It was released on the EP Five Live. This arrangement was also performed by Seal.
In the "Battle of the Groups" segment of the TV special Motown Returns to the Apollo in 1985 the Four Tops sang the coda, much to the (feigned) outrage of the Temptations. Levi Stubbs, leader of the Tops, responded, "I know this is your song, Temps, but get on out the way because we're going to sing it. So get on out the way". As soon as they finished, the Temptations responded by singing the Tops' hit, "Baby I Need Your Loving".
The rap group Run-DMC re-worked and sampled "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" for their song "Papa Crazy", off their 1988 album Tougher Than Leather.
David Lindley and his band El Rayo-X covered the song on their 1988 album Very Greasy.
The song was parodied by comedian Bob Rivers in 1994 on Twisted Tunes: 1994 The Year in Review as "Grandpa Loved the Rolling Stones".
The song was covered by Los Lobos in 1999 on DET Live! Vol. 1 Exclusive Live Performances from the Studios of WDET-FM.
Lisa Fischer recorded the song and the version was featured on A Twist of Motown in 2003.
Rockapella performed the song on their concert album Live in Japan (2004); it is a staple at their live shows. George Baldi III, the current bass for Rockapella, sings lead.
Lee Ritenour, Chris Botti, Kenya Hathaway, Grady Harrell, Taylor Dayne, and Nathan East recorded the song and the version on the album Overtime in 2005.[10][11]
This song was covered in the episode 33 of Live from Daryl's House, featuring Daryl Hall and the group Train, on August 15, 2010.
Phil Collins' 2010 Motown-covers album Going Back includes a cover of the song.[12]
Craig David recorded a version on his 2010 cover album Signed Sealed Delivered.[13]
The song was covered by David Hernandez on American Idol (2008) during the top 10 males week and by Allison Iraheta in 2009 during Motown week.
Sublime's song "Same in the End" references the song: "Daddy was a rolling rolling stone, he rolled away one day and he never came home".
Ugly Kid Joe covered the song for their 2015 release Uglier Than They Used ta Be with Dallas Frasca on guest vocals.
Marcus Miller included his version of the song on his 2015 album Afrodeezia.
Rare Earth also covered "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", one of the very few all white bands signed by Motown, but the only one with major success.
In 1997, the instrumental part of this song was sampled in the song of Montenegrin singer Knez with lyrics "Automatic".
Format:B created a Tech house cover titled "Rolling Clone". Released: 22 December 2014 [Formatik Records]
Chart performance[edit]
The Temptations version[edit]
Chart (1972–73)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[14] 16
Canadian RPM Top Singles[15] 12
France (SNEP)[16] 42
Germany (Official German Charts)[17] 11
Italy (FIMI)[18] 12
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[19] 5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[20] 3
New Zealand (Listener)[21] 6
South African Chart[22] 6
UK (Official Charts Company)[23] 14
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 1
US Billboard Hot R&B Singles[24] 5
Remix version[edit]
Charts (1987)
Peak position
UK (Official Charts Company)[23] 31
Chart (2010)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Back Catalogue Singles Wallonia)[25] 19
Was (Not Was) version[edit]
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[26] 15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[27] 40
Canadian RPM Top Singles[28] 57
Irish Singles Chart[29] 11
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[30] 13
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[31] 14
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[32] 22
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[33] 6
UK (Official Charts Company)[9] 12
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[34] 10
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[34] 43
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles[34] 60
Personnel[edit]
Undisputed Truth version[edit]
Lead and background vocals by Joe Harris, Billie Rae Calvin, and Brenda Joyce
Temptations version[edit]
Lead vocals by Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Richard Street, and Damon Harris
Background vocals by Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Richard Street, Damon Harris, and Otis Williams
Arranged and conducted by Paul Riser
Instrumental by The Funk Brothers and The Detroit Symphony Orchestra
Sample[edit]
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" -- Undisputed Truth version
Released in 1972 as a single from Law of the Land
Problems playing this file? See media help.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dimery, Robert (2011). Hachette UK, ed. 1001 Songs: You Must Hear Before You Die. "this seven-minute single (a U.S. No. 1) and its near-twelve-minute album version remain the apex of the psychedelic soul era."
Jump up ^ Clifford, Tyler. "Local legendary Motown Sound trumpeter Maurice Davis dies at the age of 71". Wxyz.com. The E.W. Scripps Co. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2013. "Maurice Davis was involved in producer Norman Whitfield's transition of the Motown Sound into a psychedelic soul label. Whitfield placed much emphasize on instrumentation over vocals, which allowed Davis and the Funk Brothers to shine. The Temptations were a major element in this endeavor, including the production of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone.""
^ Jump up to: a b c Ribowsky, Mark (2010). Ain't Too Proud to Beg: The Troubled Lives and Enduring Soul of the Temptations. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-26117-0. p. 232
Jump up ^ "About". The Paul Warren Project. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ "A brief history of Wah Wah Watson". Wah Wah Watson Music. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneers's Papa Was a Rolling Stone cover of The Temptations's Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". WhoSampled.com. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Music: Top 100 Songs | Billboard Hot 100 Chart". Billboard.com. 1983-01-15. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ Halstead, Craig; Chris Cadman (2003). Michael Jackson: The Solo Years. Authors OnLine. ISBN 075520091-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "1990 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 9th June 1990". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Overtime overview". Allmusic.com. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Tauss, Lucy (July–August 2005). "Overtime Lee Ritenour". JazzTimes.com. JazzTimes, Inc. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Going Back review on Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Craig David's Papa Was a Rolling Stone cover of The Temptations's Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". WhoSampled.com. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Temptations – Papa Was A Rollin' Stone" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Papa was a rollin' stone in Canadian Top Singles Chart" (PDF). Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Papa was a rollin' stone in French Chart". Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013. You have to use the index at the top of the page and search "Temptations"
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Temptations – Papa Was A Rollin' Stone". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "The best-selling singles of 1973 in Italy". HitParadeItalia (it). Retrieved 5 June 2013.
62. Papa was a rolling stone - The Temptations [#12]
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Temptations" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Temptations – Papa Was A Rollin' Stone" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 12 February 1973
Jump up ^ Samson, John. "Papa was a rollin' stone in South African Chart". Retrieved 6 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Temptations". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "All Directions awards on Allmusic". Allmusic. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "50 Back Catalogue Singles – 7 February 2009". Ultratop 50. Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Was (Not Was) – Papa Was A Rolling Stone" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Was (Not Was) – Papa Was A Rolling Stone" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Papa was a rolling stone in Canadian Top Singles Chart". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Papa was a rolling stone in Irish Chart". IRMA. Retrieved 16 June 2013. Only one result when searching "Papa was a rolling stone"
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Was Not Was" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Was (Not Was) – Papa Was A Rolling Stone" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Was (Not Was) – Papa Was A Rolling Stone". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Was (Not Was) – Papa Was A Rolling Stone". Swiss Singles Chart.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Are You Okay? awards on Allmusic". Allmusic. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"I Can See Clearly Now" by Johnny Nash Billboard Hot 100 number one single (The Temptations version)
December 2, 1972 (one week) Succeeded by
"I Am Woman" by Helen Reddy
[show]
v
t
e
The Temptations
Otis Williams
Ron Tyson
Terry Weeks
Larry Braggs
Willie Green
Melvin Franklin
Eddie Kendricks
Paul Williams
Elbridge Bryant
David Ruffin
Dennis Edwards
Ricky Owens
Richard Street
Damon Harris
Glenn Leonard
Louis Price
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Studio albums
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Puzzle People
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Sky's the Limit
Solid Rock
All Directions
Masterpiece
1990
A Song for You
House Party
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Hear to Tempt You
Power
The Temptations
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The Temptations in a Mellow Mood
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(US/UK Top 10)
"My Girl"
"Get Ready"
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg"
"Beauty Is Only Skin Deep"
"(I Know) I'm Losing You"
"All I Need"
"You're My Everything"
"I Wish It Would Rain"
"I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)"
"Cloud Nine"
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me"
"Run Away Child, Running Wild"
"I Can't Get Next to You"
"Psychedelic Shack"
"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)"
"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)"
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
"Masterpiece"
"Let Your Hair Down"
"Happy People"
"Shakey Ground"
"Treat Her Like a Lady"
"The Motown Song"
"My Girl" (reissue)
Related
The Temptations (miniseries)
Discography
The Supremes
The Undisputed Truth
Norman Whitfield
Barrett Strong
Sly Stone
George Clinton
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
The Temptations singles discography
1960s
"Oh Mother of Mine" (1961)
"Check Yourself" (1961)
"(You're My) Dream Come True" (1962)
"Mind Over Matter (I'm Gonna Make You Mine)" (1962)
"Paradise" (1962)
"I Want a Love I Can See" (1963)
"Farewell My Love" (1963)
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (1964)
"I'll Be in Trouble" (1964) / "The Girl's Alright with Me" (1964)
"Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)" (1964)
"My Girl" (1964)
"It's Growing" (1965)
"Since I Lost My Baby" (1965) / "You've Got to Earn It" (1965)
"My Baby" (1965) / "Don't Look Back" (1965)
"Get Ready" (1966)
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg" (1966)
"Beauty Is Only Skin Deep" (1966)
"(I Know) I'm Losing You" (1966)
"All I Need" (1967)
"You're My Everything" (1967) / "I've Been Good To You" (1967)
"(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need" (1967)
"I Wish It Would Rain" (1968) / "I Truly, Truly Believe" (1968)
"I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)" (1968)
"Please Return Your Love to Me" (1968)
"Cloud Nine" (1968)
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (1968) / "Silent Night" (1968)
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" (1969)
"Runaway Child, Running Wild" (1969)
"I'll Try Something New" (1969)
"Don't Let the Joneses Get You Down" (1969)
"I Second That Emotion" (1969)
"I Can't Get Next to You" (1969)
"The Weight" (1969)
1970s
"Psychedelic Shack" (1970)
"Why (Must We Fall in Love)" (1970)
"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)" (1970)
"Ungena Za Ulimwengu (Unite the World)" (1970) / "Hum Along and Dance" (1970)
"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" (1971)
"It's Summer" (1971)
"Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)" (1971)
"Take a Look Around" (1972)
"Mother Nature" (1972) / "Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On" (1972)
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (1972)
"Masterpiece" (1973)
"Plastic Man" (1973)
"Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)" (1973)
"Law of the Land" (1973)
"Let Your Hair Down" (1973)
"Heavenly" (1974)
"You've Got My Soul on Fire" (1974)
"Happy People" (1974)
"Shakey Ground" (1975)
"Glasshouse" (1975)
"Keep Holdin' On" (1976)
"Up the Creek (Without a Paddle)" (1976)
"Who are You (and What are You Doing the Rest of Your Life)" (1976)
"In a Lifetime" (1977)
"Think for Yourself" (1977)
"Bare Back" (1978)
"Ever Ready Love" (1978)
1980s
"Power" (1980)
"Struck By Lightning Twice" (1980)
"Aiming At Your Heart" (1981)
"Oh What A Night" (1981)
"Standing On The Top - Pt. 1" (1982)
"More On The Inside" (1982)
"Money's Hard To Get" (1982)
"Love On My Mind Tonight" (1983)
"Surface Thrills" (1983)
"Miss Busy Body (Get Your Body Busy)" (1983)
"Sail Away" (1984)
"Treat Her Like a Lady" (1984)
"My Love Is True (Truly For You)" (1985)
"How Can You Say That It's Over" (1985)
"Do You Really Love Your Baby" (1985)
"Deeper Than Love" (1985)
"Touch Me" (1986)
"I'm Fascinated" (1986)
"A Fine Mess" (1986)
"My Girl" (re-issue) (1986)
"Lady Soul" (1986)
"To Be Continued..." (1986)
"Someone" (1987)
"I Wonder Who She's Seeing Now" (1987)
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (re-issue) (1987)
"Look What You Started" (1987)
"Do You Wanna Go With Me" (1988)
"All I Want From You" (1989)
"Special" (1989)
"Loveline" (1989)
1990s
"Soul to Soul" (1990)
"One Step At A Time (Remix)" (1990)
"The Motown Song" (1991)
"The Jones" (1991)
"My Girl" (re-issue) (1992)
"Hoops of Fire" (1992)
"Error of Our Ways" (1994)
"Silent Night" (1995)
"Stay" (1998)
"This is My Promise" (1998)
"How Could He Hurt You" (1999)
2000s
"I'm Here" (2000)
[show]
v
t
e
The Undisputed Truth
Joe Harris
Billie Rae Calvin
Brenda Joyce Evans
Virginia "V" McDonald
Tyrone "Big Ty" Douglas
Tyrone "Lil Ty" Barkeley
Calvin "Dhaak" Stephenson
Taka Boom
Marcy Thomas
Melvin Stewart
Lloyd Williams
Studio albums
The Undisputed Truth (1971)
Face to Face With the Truth (1972)
Law of the Land (1973)
Down to Earth (1974)
Cosmic Truth (1975)
Higher Than High (1975)
Method to the Madness (1976)
Smokin' (1979)
Singles
"Save My Love for a Rainy Day" (1971)
"Smiling Faces Sometimes" (1971)
"You Make Your Heaven and Hell Right Here on Earth" (1971)
"What It Is" (1972)
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (1972)
"Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)" (1972)
"Girl, You're Alright" (1972)
"Mama, I Got a Brand New Thing (Don't Say No)" (1973)
"Law of the Land" (1973)
"Help Yourself" (1974)
"I'm a Fool for You" (1974)
"Lil' Red Riding Hood" (1974)
"UFOs" (1975)
"Higher Than High" (1975)
"Boogie Bump Boogie" (1975)
"You + Me = Love" (1976)
"Let's Go Down to the Disco" (1976)
"Sunshine" (1977)
"Show Time" (1979)
"I Can't Get Enough of Your Love" (1979)
Related articles
Norman Whitfield
The Temptations
Book:The Undisputed Truth
[show]
v
t
e
Was (Not Was)
David Was
Don Was
"Sweet Pea" Atkinson
Harry Bowens
Studio albums
Was (Not Was)
Born to Laugh at Tornadoes
What Up, Dog?
Are You Okay?
Boo!
Singles
"Wheel Me Out"
"Out Come the Freaks"
"Where Did Your Heart Go?"
"Tell Me That I'm Dreaming"
"Smile"
"Knocked Down, Made Small (Treated Like a Rubber Ball)"
"(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks"
"Robot Girl"
"Spy in the House of Love"
"Walk the Dinosaur"
"Out Come the Freaks (Again)"
"Anything Can Happen"
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
"How the Heart Behaves"
"I Feel Better Than James Brown"
"Listen Like Thieves"
"Shake Your Head"
"Somewhere in America (There's a Street Named after My Dad)"
Contributions
A Christmas Record
That's The Way I Feel Now: A Tribute to Thelonious Monk
Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films
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Peptidoglycan
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Not to be confused with glycopeptide, proteoglycan, or glycoprotein.
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) . Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids. The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh-like layer.[1] Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall, giving structural strength, as well as counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm. A common misconception is that peptidoglycan gives the cell its shape; however, whereas peptidoglycan helps maintain the structural strength of the cell, it is actually the MreB protein that facilitates cell shape.[2][3][4] Peptidoglycan is also involved in binary fission during bacterial cell reproduction.
The peptidoglycan layer is substantially thicker in Gram-positive bacteria (20 to 80 nanometers) than in Gram-negative bacteria (7 to 8 nanometers), with the attachment of the S-layer. Peptidoglycan forms around 90% of the dry weight of Gram-positive bacteria but only 10% of Gram-negative strains. Thus, presence of high levels of peptidoglycan is the primary determinant of the characterisation of bacteria as Gram-positive.[5] In Gram-positive strains, it is important in attachment roles and serotyping purposes.[6] For both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particles of approximately 2 nm can pass through the peptidoglycan.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Biosynthesis
3 Inhibition
4 Similarity to pseudopeptidoglycan
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
Peptidoglycan.
The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc or NAGA) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc or NAMA). The alternating sugars are connected by a β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond. Each MurNAc is attached to a short (4- to 5-residue) amino acid chain, containing L-alanine, D-glutamic acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid, and D-alanine in the case of Escherichia coli (a Gram-negative bacterium) or L-alanine, D-glutamine, L-lysine, and D-alanine with a 5-glycine interbridge between tetrapeptides in the case of Staphylococcus aureus (a Gram-positive bacterium). Peptidoglycan is one of the most important sources of D-amino acids in nature.
Cross-linking between amino acids in different linear amino sugar chains occurs with the help of the enzyme DD-transpeptidase and results in a 3-dimensional structure that is strong and rigid. The specific amino acid sequence and molecular structure vary with the bacterial species.[8]
The structure of peptidoglycan. NAG = N-acetylglucosamine (also called GlcNAc or NAGA), NAM = N-acetylmuramic acid (also called MurNAc or NAMA).
Gram-positive cell wall
Penicillin binding protein forming cross-links in newly formed bacterial cell wall.
Biosynthesis[edit]
The peptidoglycan monomers are synthesized in the cytosol and are then attached to a membrane carrier bactoprenol. Bactoprenol transports peptidoglycan monomers across the cell membrane where they are inserted into the existing peptidoglycan.[9]
In the first step of peptidoglycan synthesis, glutamine, which is an amino acid, donates an amino group to a sugar, fructose 6-phosphate. This turns fructose 6-phosphate into glucosamine-6-phosphate. In step two, an acetyl group is transferred from acetyl CoA to the amino group on the glucosamine-6-phosphate creating N-acetyl-glucosamine-6-phosphate.[10] In step three of the synthesis process, the N-acetyl-glucosamine-6-phosphate is isomerized, which will change N-acetyl-glucosamine-6-phosphate to N-acetyl-glucosamine-1-phosphate.[10]
In step 4, the N-acetyl-glucosamine-1-phosphate, which is now a monophosphate, attacks UTP. Uridine triphosphate, which is a pyrimidine nucleotide, has the ability to act as an energy source. In this particular reaction, after the monophosphate has attacked the UTP, an inorganic pyrophosphate is given off and is replaced by the monophosphate, creating UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (2,4). (When UDP is used as an energy source, it gives off an inorganic phosphate.) This initial stage, is used to create the precursor for the NAG in peptidoglycan.
In step 5, some of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is converted to UDP-MurNAc (UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid) by the addition of a lactyl group to the glucosamine. Also in this reaction, the C3 hydroxyl group will remove a phosphate from the alpha carbon of phosphoenolpyruvate. This creates what is called an enol derivative that will be reduced to a “lactyl moiety” by NADPH in step six.[10]
In step 7, the UDP–MurNAc is converted to UDP-MurNAc pentapeptide by the addition of five amino acids, usually including the dipeptide D-alanyl-D-alanine.[10] Each of these reactions requires the energy source ATP.[10] This is all referred to as Stage one.
Stage two occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane. It is in the membrane where a lipid carrier called bactoprenol carries peptidoglycan precursors through the cell membrane. Bactoprenol will attack the UDP-MurNAc penta, creating a PP-MurNac penta, which is now a lipid. UDP-GlcNAc is then transported to MurNAc, creating Lipid-PP-MurNAc penta-GlcNAc, a disaccharide, also a precursor to peptidoglycan.[10] How this molecule is transported through the membrane is still not understood. However, once it is there, it is added to the growing glycan chain.[10] The next reaction is known as tranglycosylation. In the reaction, the hydroxyl group of the GlcNAc will attach to the MurNAc in the glycan, which will displace the lipid-PP from the glycan chain. The enzyme responsible for this is transglycosylase.[10]
Inhibition[edit]
Some antibacterial drugs such as penicillin interfere with the production of peptidoglycan by binding to bacterial enzymes known as penicillin-binding proteins or DD-transpeptidases.[6] Penicillin-binding proteins form the bonds between oligopeptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan. For a bacterial cell to reproduce through binary fission, more than a million peptidoglycan subunits (NAM-NAG+oligopeptide) must be attached to existing subunits.[11] Mutations in genes coding for transpeptidases that lead to reduced interactions with an antibiotic are a significant source of emerging antibiotic resistance.[12]
Lysozyme, which is found in tears and constitutes part of the body's innate immune system exerts its antibacterial effect by breaking the β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan (see above).
Similarity to pseudopeptidoglycan[edit]
Some archaea have a similar layer of pseudopeptidoglycan (also known as pseudomurein), in which the sugar residues are β-(1,3) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid. This makes the cell walls of such archaea insensitive to lysozyme.[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Animation of Synthesis of Peptidoglycan Layer
Jump up ^ Popp D, Narita A, Maeda K, Fujisawa T, Ghoshdastider U, Iwasa M, Maéda Y, Robinson RC (2010). "Filament structure, organization, and dynamics in MreB sheets". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (21): 15858–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.095901. PMC 2871453  . PMID 20223832. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ van den Ent F, Amos LA, Löwe J (2001). "Prokaryotic origin of the actin cytoskeleton". Nature. 413 (6851): 39–44. doi:10.1038/35092500. PMID 11544518.
Jump up ^ van den Ent F, Johnson CM, Persons L, de Boer P, Löwe J (2010). "Bacterial actin MreB assembles in complex with cell shape protein RodZ". EMBO J. 29 (6): 1081–90. doi:10.1038/emboj.2010.9. PMC 2845281  . PMID 20168300.
Jump up ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC
^ Jump up to: a b Salton MR, Kim KS (1996). Baron S, et al., eds. Structure. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
Jump up ^ Demchick PH, Koch AL (1 February 1996). "The permeability of the wall fabric of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis". Journal of Bacteriology. 178 (3): 768–73. PMC 177723  . PMID 8550511.
Jump up ^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
Jump up ^ "II. THE PROKARYOTIC CELL: BACTERIA". Retrieved 1 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h White, D. (2007). The physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotes (3rd ed.). NY: Oxford University Press Inc.
Jump up ^ Bauman R (2007). 2nd, ed. Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-7679-8.
Jump up ^ Spratt BG (April 1994). "Resistance to antibiotics mediated by target alterations". Science. New York. 264 (5157): 388–93. doi:10.1126/science.8153626. PMID 8153626.
Jump up ^ Madigan, M. T., J. M. Martinko, P. V. Dunlap, and D. P. Clark. Brock biology of microorganisms. 12th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2009.
External links[edit]
Diagrammatic representation of peptidoglycan structures.
Structure of MurNAc 6-Phosphate Hydrolase (MurQ) from Haemophilus influenzae with a Bound Inhibitor.
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Greek city-state patron gods
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Ancient and archaic Greek poleis would be dedicated to the worship of a particular city-state patron god, to whom the population would show reverence in addition to the god or gods of their own personal adherence. The patron gods of Greece are the equivalent of today's patron saints.[1]
Ancient Greek temples were dedicated to a certain deity. A typical temple would have a statue inside. An altar would be placed outside, upon which offerings would be placed as sacrifices to the city's patron deity. The Parthenon is a famous example of an Ancient Greek temple.
Athena and Apollo are among the most common choices of patron gods of the ancient Greek cities.[2]
Examples of city-state patron gods[edit]
Athens worshipped Athena, the goddess of wisdom, as a patron city-state god.[3] The designation of Athena as patron of Athens occurred during the Great Panathenaea in 566 B.C., potentially coinciding with construction of the Altar of Athena Polias.[4] An epithet of Athena commonly referred to as Athena Alea, served as patron of the cities of Alea, Mantinea and Tegea.
Sparta worshipped Artemis as their patron goddess, under the epithet "Athena Poliachos" (Athena Protector of the City). [5] However, while he was not the chief deity, Apollo was widely worshipped in the most important religious celebrations in the polis. [6]
Elis and Olympia had Zeus as their city god. The statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.[7]
Syracuse, as with Athens, worshipped Athena. Reference to Athena can be seen on their city-state banner.[8]
Thespiae was a city/state that worshiped Eros. Due to this, the Thespian hoplites would bear the crescent moon symbol on their shield, the crescent moon was "the lunar Aphrodite". The was a bull's foot. Another name for Dionysus was Axios Tauros, which translates as 'worthy bull'.[9]
Corinth chose Poseidon, lord of the sea, as their city-state patron god.[10]
The patron god of Thebes was Dionysus, also called Bacchus and Iacchos. Dionysus' mother, Semele, was a Theban princess. Sophocles' includes in his play Antigone an ode to Dionysus, the guardian of Thebes; in that ode Dionysus is claimed to have Thebes as his most honoured city.[11]
Megara worshipped Apollo as their patron god, and as such, he is lauded by the poet Theognis of Megara in his collection of works Theognidea as guardian of the city.[12]
The polis of Argos was dedicated to the worship of Hera.[13]
The island city-state of Samos, in the Aegean Sea, worshipped Hera too as their patron.[14]
Rhodes was a city on an island, which built the Colossus of Rhodes, a giant statue, in honor to their patron god, Helios.[15]
Both Eretria and Epidauros worshipped Apollo as their patron god. Eretria, as Apollo Daphnephoros; and Epidauros as Apollo Maleatas (Apollo's son, Asklepios, was also worshipped at Epidauros).[16]
The patron god of the city of Miletus, in Asia Minor, was Apollo. The sanctuary and oracle of Didyma, devoted to Apollo, was within Miletus' territory.[17]
The patron goddess of Ephesus, also in Asia Minor, was Artemis, who had been identified with an oriental mother goddess, like Cybele.[18] The Temple of Artemis, or Artemision, in Ephesus was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The city of Cnidus, in Asia Minor, worshipedΆ Aphrodite as their patron.[19]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Lawson 2012, pp.54-55
Jump up ^ Cole 1995, p.300
Jump up ^ Buckley 2010, p. 103
Jump up ^ Buckley 2010, p. 110
Jump up ^ Cartledge 2002, p. 309
Jump up ^ Pettersson 1992
Jump up ^ Connolly & Solway 2001
Jump up ^ Hansen 2006
Jump up ^ Rhodes 2007
Jump up ^ Kearns 2009
Jump up ^ "Antigone". Sophocles. Translated by Robin Bond.
Jump up ^ Zhou 2010, pp.76-77
Jump up ^ Burkert 1985, p. 139
Jump up ^ Cole 1995, p.295
Jump up ^ Connolly & Solway 2001
Jump up ^ Cole 1995, p.300
Jump up ^ Cartledge 2011, p.40
Jump up ^ Fine 1983, p.128
Jump up ^ Cole 1995, p.295
References[edit]
Buckley, Terry (2010). Aspects of Greek History: 750-323 BC. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415549776.
Burke rt, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674362810.
Cartledge, Paul (2002). Sparta and Livonia: A Regional History 1300-362 BC. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415263565.
Cartledge, Paul (2011). Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199601349.
Cole, Susan Guetel (1995). Hansen, Mogens Herman, ed. Civic Cult and Riv Duty. In "Sources for the Ancient Greek City-State: Symposium August, 24-27 1994, Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre". Kg l. Dansk Deliberateness Sealskin. ISBN 9788773042670.
Connolly, Peter; Sol way, Andrew (2001). Ancient Greece. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199108107.
Fine, John V.A. (1983). The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674033116.
Yearns, Emily (2009). Ancient Greek religion: A source book. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1405149280.
Lawson, John Schubert (2012). Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion. A Study in Survivals. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107677036.
Michelson, Jon (2009). "Ancient Greek religion"
Ostler, Nicholas (2005). "Empires of the World: A Language History of the World"
Peterson, Michael (1992). Cults of Apollo at Sparta: The Hyacinth, the Dairymaid and the Karnataka. ABM Homers. ISBN 9179160271.
Price, Simon (1999). "Religions of the Ancient Greeks"
Zhou, Unique (2010). Festivals, Feasts, and Gender Relations in Ancient China and Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107665507.
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