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Brent Barry
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Brent Barry
Barry in December 2005
Personal information
Born
(1971-12-31) December 31, 1971 (age 46)
Hempstead, New York
Nationality
American
Listed height
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
Listed weight
209 lb (95 kg)
Career information
High school
De La Salle (Concord, California)
College
Oregon State (1990–1995)
NBA draft
1995 / Round: 1 / Pick: 15th overall
Selected by the Denver Nuggets
Playing career
1995–2009
Position
Shooting guard
Number
31, 17
Career history
1995–1998
Los Angeles Clippers
1998
Miami Heat
1999
Chicago Bulls
1999–2004
Seattle SuperSonics
2004–2008
San Antonio Spurs
2008–2009
Houston Rockets
Career highlights and awards
2× NBA champion (2005, 2007)
NBA All-Rookie Second Team (1996)
NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion (1996)
First-team All-Pac-10 (1995)
Career statistics
Points
8,488 (9.3 ppg)
Rebounds
2,780 (3.0 rpg)
Assists
2,892 (3.2 apg)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com
Brent Robert Barry (born December 31, 1971) is an American retired professional basketball player.[1] He is the son of former NBA player Rick Barry. The 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m), 210 lb (95 kg; 15 st) shooting guard played professionally in the National Basketball Association, winning two championships with the San Antonio Spurs. He also won the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest.
Barry now works as a sports commentator for NBA on TNT and is a studio host for the NBA TV show NBA Gametime.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 NBA career
2.1 Los Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)
2.2 Miami Heat (1998)
2.3 Chicago Bulls (1999)
2.4 Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)
2.5 San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)
2.6 Houston Rockets (2008–2009)
3 Post-playing career
4 NBA career statistics
4.1 Regular season
4.2 Playoffs
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Personal life[edit]
Barry, born in Hempstead, New York, is the son of Hall of Famer Rick Barry, and was arguably the best player of the five basketball-playing Barry sons, the others being Scooter, Jon, Drew, and Canyon. His stepmother, Lynn Barry, also was an accomplished basketball player in college. Brent, the second youngest, played his high school basketball at athletic powerhouse De La Salle High School in Concord, California, and graduated in 1990. Barry played four years on the Beavers basketball team of Oregon State University after redshirting his freshman season. Barry graduated from Oregon State with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1995.[3]
Brent and Erin Barry were married in 1998, after being together from the time they were both in high school.[4] They have two sons. In 2010, it was reported that Brent Barry had filed for divorce,[5] citing "irreconcilable differences". In December 2010 Erin Barry issued a statement[6] denying the reports[7][8] about an extra-marital affair being the cause of their separation. The divorce became final on January 5, 2011, in Texas; they have joint custody of the children.
NBA career[edit]
Brent Barry was selected by the Denver Nuggets in the first round (15th pick) of the 1995 NBA draft, but was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers on draft night in a 4-player trade with Rodney Rogers for the No. 2 overall pick in the draft (Antonio McDyess) and Randy Woods.[9] Barry was generally considered a good passer and had three seasons where he averaged more than 5 assists per game. Barry was also a strong three-point shooter; he currently ranks 13th all-time in career three-point field goals made and shot 40% from behind the arc for his career. These two strengths, combined with Barry's 6'7" frame, allowed him to play a variety of positions, including point guard, shooting guard, and small forward; because he was taller than most traditional point guards, he was often considered a point forward when he was running the offense. He was on the San Antonio Spurs championship teams in 2005 and 2007. He won the Slam Dunk Contest in the NBA All-Star Weekend in 1996 with a Julius Erving-inspired slam dunk in which he took off from the free throw line to sail in and dunk one-handed.[10] He was the first caucasian player to win the competition.[11]
Los Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)[edit]
After being drafted by the Denver Nuggets, Barry was traded immediately to the Los Angeles Clippers. In his rookie season, Brent made 123 3-pointers, which broke the current rookie record. There Brent would average 10.4 ppg and 38% 3-pt field goal in 179 games. In his second season, he and the Clippers attempted a playoff run where Brent would average 11.7 ppg, his highest in the postseason. The Clippers only played in 3 games (one series; 1996-1997) during the postseason while Barry was there.[12][12]
Miami Heat (1998)[edit]
Barry was traded to the Miami Heat the day before the February 20th trade deadline from Los Angeles for Isaac Austin. In Miami, Barry would only play 17 games, not starting any of the games, averaging only 4.1 ppg.[13][13]
Chicago Bulls (1999)[edit]
Barry signed with the Bulls on January 25, 1999 and signed a 6-year $27 million contract. After sustaining an injury, he played only 37 of the 50 games played that season, starting 30 of those games, averaging 11.1 ppg. Failing to fill the void of a Jordan-less Bulls, the team traded Brent for Hersey Hawkins and James Cotton from Seattle on August 12, 1999.[14]
Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)[edit]
Brent spent 4 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics. Brent would begin his Seattle career as a back-up for fellow Oregon State alumnus Gary Payton. He would eventually move to play the point position as a starter, and filled in when needed as a small forward. There he would average 11.2 ppg, make 669 3-point shots, and start the majority of his NBA career (296 out of 328 games), and total 4,107 points. In Seattle he would play 10 postseason games, starting 8 of those, the most in his career thus far.[15][15]
San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)[edit]
In the summer of 2004, Barry was signed as a free agent by the San Antonio Spurs, where he spent most of the season as a backup. After losing their first playoff game to the Denver Nuggets in the 2005 NBA Playoffs, San Antonio inserted Barry into the starting lineup. The Spurs' new lineup helped them beat the Nuggets in the series four games to one. Later in those same playoffs, Barry earned his first championship ring when the Spurs defeated the Detroit Pistons in the 2005 NBA Finals. Brent and his father, Rick Barry, are the second father-son duo to each win an NBA Championship as a player; the first was Matt Guokas, Sr. and his son Matt Guokas, Jr.. The only other father-son duos are Bill Walton and his son Luke Walton, and Mychal Thompson and his son Klay Thompson.
In June 2007, he won his second NBA championship ring when the Spurs swept the Cleveland Cavaliers 4–0.
In January 2008, Barry tore his right calf muscle. On February 20, 2008, (not too long after his injury) Barry, along with Francisco Elson and a 2009 first round draft pick, were traded by the San Antonio Spurs back to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for forward/center Kurt Thomas. Barry was waived the following day by the Sonics. After a mandatory 30-day waiting period, he re-signed with San Antonio on March 24, 2008 for 1 year with the possibility for the 2009–2010 season at Veteran Minimum.[16]
Coming off of injury Barry did not see very much playing time in the first 2 rounds of the 2008 NBA Playoffs. Barry would shine against the Lakers in the Western Conference finals, however, getting 23 points in Game 4, with a controversial no-call foul with 2 seconds on the clock. The Spurs would lose the series in 5 games, however.
San Antonio provided Barry with the most playoff experience (71 games) of his career. He totaled 356 3-point shots made and 1,888 points.
Houston Rockets (2008–2009)[edit]
Barry opted out of his contract and became a free agent on July 1, 2008. On July 10, Barry signed a 2-year contract with the Houston Rockets, becoming the third member of the family to join the franchise.[17] His father, Rick, ended his career playing two seasons with the Rockets (1978–80) and his older brother, Jon, also finished his career with the Rockets, playing from 2004–06.[18] Financial terms were not released.[18]
On October 23, 2009, Brent Barry's career ended when he was cut by the Rockets at the end of training camp, leading Barry to later remark that "all the Barrys were buried in Houston".
Post-playing career[edit]
In 2013, Barry began making regular appearances on NBA TV's The Starters in his own segment: The Bone Zone.[citation needed]
NBA career statistics[edit]
Legend
GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game
FG% Field goal percentage 3P% 3-point field goal percentage FT% Free throw percentage
RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game
BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high
† Denotes seasons in which Barry won an NBA championship
Regular season[edit]
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
1995–96 L.A. Clippers 79 44 24.0 .474 .416 .810 2.1 2.9 1.2 .3 10.1
1996–97 L.A. Clippers 59 0 18.5 .409 .324 .817 1.9 2.6 .9 .3 7.5
1997–98 L.A. Clippers 41 36 32.7 .428 .400 .844 3.5 3.2 1.2 .6 13.7
1997–98 Miami 17 0 15.2 .371 .353 1.000 1.6 1.2 .8 .2 4.1
1998–99 Chicago 37 30 31.9 .396 .302 .772 3.9 3.1 1.1 .3 11.1
1999–00 Seattle 80 74 34.1 .463 .411 .809 4.7 3.6 1.3 .4 11.8
2000–01 Seattle 67 20 26.5 .494 .476 .816 3.1 3.4 1.2 .2 8.8
2001–02 Seattle 81 81 37.5 .508 .424 .846 5.4 5.3 1.8 .5 14.4
2002–03 Seattle 75 68 33.1 .458 .403 .795 4.0 5.1 1.5 .2 10.3
2003–04 Seattle 59 53 30.6 .504 .452 .827 3.5 5.8 1.4 .3 10.8
2004–05† San Antonio 81 8 21.5 .423 .357 .837 2.3 2.2 .5 .2 7.4
2005–06 San Antonio 74 5 17.0 .452 .396 .661 2.1 1.7 .5 .4 5.8
2006–07† San Antonio 75 28 21.7 .475 .446 .880 2.1 1.8 .7 .2 8.5
2007–08 San Antonio 31 1 17.9 .481 .429 .950 1.8 1.7 .5 .1 7.1
2008–09 Houston 56 1 15.3 .407 .374 .950 1.7 1.4 .4 .1 3.7
Career 912 449 25.9 .460 .405 .823 3.0 3.2 1.0 .3 9.3
Playoffs[edit]
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
1997 L.A. Clippers 3 0 28.0 .407 .455 .889 2.3 3.3 1.3 .0 11.7
2000 Seattle 5 3 31.0 .364 .400 .714 2.6 3.0 .6 .6 8.4
2002 Seattle 5 5 29.8 .412 .438 1.000 4.6 2.8 .6 .8 7.8
2005† San Antonio 23 8 24.1 .457 .424 .810 2.4 1.9 .7 .2 6.1
2006 San Antonio 13 2 23.2 .557 .500 .762 2.5 1.7 .7 .2 7.8
2007† San Antonio 19 0 11.8 .350 .306 1.000 1.3 1.1 .2 .1 3.1
2008 San Antonio 16 0 14.2 .491 .463 .800 1.1 1.1 .4 .1 5.2
2009 Houston 4 0 8.8 .500 .375 .000 1.0 .8 .5 .0 3.3
Career 88 18 19.7 .446 .416 .802 2.0 1.7 .5 .2 5.8
See also[edit]
List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Houston Rockets waive G Brent Barry
Jump up ^ "Brent Barry joins NBA TV's studio analyst crew" Archived 2010-11-23 at the Wayback Machine. NBA.com, 2 November 2009
Jump up ^ "Brent Barry bio". NBA. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Erin Barry stands up for kids, a comfy home court, true love (and basketball)" San Antonio Woman, July–August 2006
Jump up ^ "Two married Spurs couples are calling it quits" Archived December 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. KENS5.com San Antonio, 17 November 2010
Jump up ^ "Erin Barry: 'I Did Not Have an Affair With Tony Parker'" Archived December 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. OK magazine, 3 December 2010
Jump up ^ "Eva Longoria's First Words on Her Divorce" Extra TV, 17 November 2010
Jump up ^ "Tony Parker’s Mistress Erin Barry" Archived December 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. USA News Buzz, 19 November 2010
Jump up ^ Chris Baker (October 3, 1995). "Rookie Guard Brent Barry Signs Three-Year Deal With Clippers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Solomon: Rockets’ Budinger proves he belongs in dunking event
Jump up ^ "Brent Barry: A White Man That Can Jump" "Bleacher Report", 11 June 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Brent Barry Signs with Clippers
^ Jump up to: a b Brent Barry Traded to Heat
Jump up ^ Brent Barry Signs with Bulls
^ Jump up to: a b Brent Barry Signs with Sonics
Jump up ^ Spurs re-sign veteran guard Barry just over a month after trading him to Seattle
Jump up ^ Barry signs with Houston, is third family member to play for Rockets
^ Jump up to: a b Brent Barry Signs with Rockets
External links[edit]
Career statistics and player information from NBA.com, or Basketball-Reference.com
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
1995 NBA draft
First round
Joe Smith
Antonio McDyess
Jerry Stackhouse
Rasheed Wallace
Kevin Garnett
Bryant Reeves
Damon Stoudamire
Shawn Respert
Ed O'Bannon
Kurt Thomas
Gary Trent
Cherokee Parks
Corliss Williamson
Eric Williams
Brent Barry
Alan Henderson
Bob Sura
Theo Ratliff
Randolph Childress
Jason Caffey
Michael Finley
George Zidek
Travis Best
Loren Meyer
David Vaughn
Sherell Ford
Mario Bennett
Greg Ostertag
Cory Alexander
Second round
Lou Roe
Dragan Tarlać
Terrence Rencher
Junior Burrough
Andrew DeClercq
Jimmy King
Lawrence Moten
Frankie King
Rashard Griffith
Donny Marshall
Dwayne Whitfield
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San Antonio Spurs 2004–05 NBA champions
2 Mohammed
3 Robinson
4 Marks
5 Horry
8 Nesterović
9 Parker
11 Wilks
12 Bowen
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17 Barry
20 Ginóbili
21 Duncan (Finals MVP)
23 Brown
34 Massenburg
43 Johnson
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11 Vaughn
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15 Bonner
16 Elson
17 Barry
20 Ginóbili
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33 White
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1984: Nance
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2018: Mitchell
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D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation
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D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation
Members of D-8[1]
Formation
1996
1997 (Summit)
Headquarters
Istanbul, Turkey
Membership
8[show]
Bangladesh
Egypt
Indonesia
Iran
Malaysia
Nigeria
Pakistan
Turkey
Website
www.developing8.org
The D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, also known as Developing-8, is an organisation for development co-operation among the following countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. The objectives of D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation are to improve member states' position in the global economy, diversify and create new opportunities in trade relations, enhance participation in decision-making at international level, and improve standards of living. D-8 is a global arrangement rather than a regional one, as the composition of its members reflects. Organization for Economic Cooperation (D-8) is a forum with no adverse impact on bilateral and multilateral commitments of the member countries, emanating from their membership to other international or regional organisations.[2]
The combined population of the eight countries is about 1 billion or 60% of all Muslims, or close to 13% of the world's population and covering an area of 7.6 million square kilometer,5%of world land area.[3] In 2006, trade between the D-8 member states stood at $35 billion, and it was around $68 billion in 2010.[4] Transactions between the 8 developing countries account for 3.3 percent of world trade. The figure is projected to reach 10–15 percent in the next few years.[4][when?]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Purposes and objectives
3 Structure
4 D-8 Summits
5 Secretaries-General of D-8
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The idea of co-operation among major Muslim developing countries was mooted by Prof. Dr. Necmettin Erbakan, the then Prime Minister of Turkey, during a Seminar on "Cooperation in Development" which was held in Istanbul in October 1996. The group envisioned co-operation among countries stretching from South East Asia to Africa. Representatives from Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria and Pakistan attended the Seminar. This conference was the first step towards the establishment of D-8 and it was only after a series of preparatory meetings that D-8 was set up officially and began its activities with the Istanbul Declaration issued at the end of the summit of Heads of State and Government held in Istanbul on 15 June 1997
Purposes and objectives[edit]
As stated by the D-8 Facts and Figures Publication: "The objectives of D-8 are to improve developing countries' positions in the world economy, diversify and create new opportunities in trade relations, enhance participation in decision-making at the international level, and provide better standards of living." The main areas of co-operation include finance, banking, rural development, science and technology, humanitarian development, agriculture, energy, environment, and health.[3]
In the first Summit Declaration (Istanbul, 1997), the main objective of D-8 is stated to be socio-economic development in accordance with following principles:
Peace instead of conflict.
Dialogue instead of confrontation.
Cooperation instead of exploitation.
Justice instead of double-standard.
Equality instead of discrimination.
Democracy instead of oppression.
By the same token, D-8 is a forum with no adverse impact on bilateral and multilateral commitments of the member countries, emanating from their membership of other regional or international organisations.
The fifth D-8 Summit Declaration (Bali, 2006) produced the following, as illustration of the application of the group's objectives:
Commitment to work together to solve the problem of economic disparities within our countries.
Reaffirm commitment to enhance co-operation in the field of energy to develop alternative and renewable energy resources.
Emphasise the importance of D-8 in contributing to the economic development of its member countries and ensure that it promotes global trade.[5]
Structure[edit]
The Developing 8 is organised into three bodies:[6]
The Summit
The Council
The Commission
The Summit, which is convened every two years, has the highest level of authority, and is composed of the leaders of each member state.
The Council is the principal decision-making body and forum for consideration of issues relating to the D-8, and is composed of the foreign affairs ministers of each member state.
The Commission has executive authority, and is composed of Commissioners appointed by each member state's government. Commissioners are responsible for promoting compliance with D8 directives in their respective nation. Finally, an executive director is appointed by D-8 members to facilitate communication and to act in a supervisory capacity during each summit or lower-level assembly.
D-8 Summits[edit]
Date
Host country
Host leader
Location held
1 June 1997 Turkey Necmettin Erbakan Istanbul
2 March 1999 Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina Dhaka
3 February 2001 Egypt Hosni Mubarak Cairo
4 February 2004 Iran Mohammad Khatami Tehran
5 May 2006 Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Bali
6 July 2008 Malaysia Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Kuala Lumpur
7 July 2010 Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan Abuja
8 November 2013 Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari Islamabad
9 December 2016 Iran Hassan Rouhani Tehran
10 October 2017 Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Istanbul
Secretaries-General of D-8[edit]
No.
Name
Country of origin
Took office
Left office
1 Ayhan Kamel Turkey 1997 2006
2 Dipo Alam Indonesia 2006 2010
3 Widi Agoes Pratikto Indonesia 2010 2012
4 Seyed Ali Mohammad Mousavi Iran 2013 present
See also[edit]
Newly industrialised country
Next Eleven
D-8 Member States Statistics
D-8 Publications
Preferential Trade Agreement
Agriculture and Food Security
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The official website adopts the "G-15" orthography (with a hyphen) in order to distinguish an abbreviated reference to this group – contrasts with other similarly named entities.
Jump up ^ http://www.developing8.org/About.aspx/
^ Jump up to: a b "D8 ministerial summit opens today". Tehran Times. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Iran pledges €50m to D8 fund". tehran times. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.developing8.org/MissionStatement.aspx
Jump up ^ "Developing 8". Developing 8. 13 May 2006. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
External links[edit]
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Egypt
Indonesia
Iran
Malaysia
Nigeria
Pakistan
Turkey
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text:
Scrum (rugby union)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For a scrum in rugby league, see Scrum (rugby).
A scrum in an England versus Scotland international
In rugby union a scrum is a means of restarting play after a minor infringement. It involves up to eight players from each team, known as the pack or forward pack, binding together in three rows and interlocking with the free opposing teams forwards. At this point the ball is fed into the gap between the two forward packs and they both compete for the ball to win possession. Teams can be penalised for intentionally causing the scrum to collapse, and for not putting the ball into the scrum correctly. A scrum is most commonly awarded when the ball is knocked forward, or passed forward, or when a ball becomes trapped in a ruck or maul. Because of the physical nature of scrums, injuries can occur, especially in the front row.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Infringements
3 Players
4 Awarding
5 Safety
6 History
6.1 The scrum in the professional era
6.2 More recent scrum law changes
7 See also
8 Bibliography
9 Notes and references
Overview[edit]
Diagram showing the relative body positions of the players in a Rugby union scrum.
To prepare for a scrum, each team's eight forwards (referred to as the pack or forward pack) bind together in three rows — the front row, second row and back row. The front row is composed of the two props and the hooker. To the left is the loosehead prop with the hooker in the middle, and the tighthead prop on the right (jersey numbers one, two and three). The "tighthead" prop, number three, earns that name as his head and shoulders sits between the hooker and the loosehead prop of the opposing side, meaning he sits in a "tighter" scrum position. The loosehead prop, by contrast, has one shoulder open to the outside of the scrum, and so is in a "looser" scrum position. The three bind together tightly and there is no gap between the hooker and either prop.[1] According to the laws of the game; "When a player binds on a team-mate that player must use the whole arm from hand to shoulder to grasp the team-mate’s body at or below the level of the armpit."[2] Failing to bind properly results in a penalty, and the opposition team being awarded a free kick.
The two second row forwards (jersey numbers four and five) bind together and directly behind the front row with each putting their heads between the props and the hooker. They are more commonly referred to as locks as they "lock" the scrum. Lastly the back row is made up of the two flankers and the number eight. The flankers bind on each side of the scrum — next to a lock and behind a prop.[1] Generally the number seven flanker is referred to as the openside flanker, and with the number six flanker as the blindside flanker.[3] "Openside" and "blindside" refer to the wide and narrow side of the pitch respectively, as scrums usually occur closer to one of the touchlines than the other. The openside flanker's job is to get to the next ruck or maul as quickly as possible, so they will usually bind on that side. The number 8 binds behind the two locks, with his/her head between them.
To form a scrum the two forward packs approach to within an arms length of each other. The referee gives the command crouch and the opposing front rows then crouch so that their backs are parallel to the ground and their head and shoulders are no lower than their hips. Then the referee calls bind and "using their outside arm each prop binds onto the point of the opposing prop’s outside shoulder."[4] This command is to ensure that the two front rows are not too far apart. Finally the referee then says set (this is not a command, but rather permission to the front rows to engage) and the two front rows come together. When this happens both front rows thrust forward with the tighthead props heads going between the opposing hooker and loosehead prop. The props then bind by gripping the back or side of the opposing prop's jersey.[5]
The scrum-half from the team that has possession (referred to as having the feed or put in) then throws the ball in the gap formed between the two front rows, from the side where the hooker of his team is closest. [6] This gap is called the tunnel. With the ball in the tunnel the two hookers (and sometimes the props) compete for possession by trying to hook the ball backwards with their feet, while the entire pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards. The side that wins possession usually transfers the ball to the back of the scrum — which is done with their feet. Once at the back it is picked up either by the number 8, or by the scrum-half.[7] From here the ball is in play and the player with possession will either run, pass or kick the ball. On other occasions the forwards will hold the ball in the scrum and try to push the opposition backwards.
Infringements[edit]
There are a large number of rules regarding the specifics of what can and cannot be done during a scrum. This is mainly for safety reasons, because if a scrum is not conducted properly there is a greater chance of injury. Much of the rules regard behaviour of the front row. Front rowers must engage square on, rather than bore in on an angle. The tight-head prop doing this limits the movement of the opposing hooker. As well, a loose-head prop pushing into the opposition tight-head prop's chest causing their body to pop out of the scrum. Both infringements are punished with penalties.[8] Front-rowers are also banned from twisting their bodies, pulling opponents, or doing anything that might collapse the scrum. They must not push an opponent in the air.[2] Finally, the back row must remain bound until the ball has left the scrum. For flankers, this means keeping one arm, up to the shoulder, in contact with the scrum. The no. 8 must have both hands touching the scrum until the scrum has ended.
Other rules regard the scrum-halves and how they throw in the ball. The scrum must be stable, stationary and parallel to the goal-lines when they feed the ball; otherwise a free kick is awarded to the non-offending team. If the scrum is acceptable then the scrum-half must feed the ball into the scrum without delay. The referee will often warn a team and if the warning is not heeded the opposition is awarded a free kick. The ball must be fed into the middle of the tunnel with its major axis parallel to the ground and touchline. The ball must be thrown in quickly and in a single movement — this means that a feed cannot be faked. Once the ball has left the hands of the scrum-half the scrum has begun.
Players[edit]
The front row are usually the stockiest members of the scrum. Hookers are normally smaller than props so they may manoeuvre their lower bodies within the tight confines of the front row and tunnel. Props and locks both need to be strong, but the positions differ in their main criteria for selection. Since props are more directly involved in wrestling for position and channelling the drive forward, strength and weight are of prime importance for them. Strength is also important for locks, since they also push; however, height is more important for them than it is for front-row players. Locks are virtually always the tallest players on the team; they are used as the primary contestants for possession in another phase of the game, the line-out. Flankers and the number 8 do less of the pushing in the scrum, and need more speed, because their task is to quickly tackle or cover the opposing half-backs if the opposition wins the scrum. Approximately 40% of the power of the scrum is produced in the front row itself. In most professional teams the forward pack weighs at least 800 kg (1764 lbs).
Awarding[edit]
A scrum is awarded in a number of situations. The most common is if the ball has been knocked on (knocked forward) or passed forward. The two other major times when a scrum is called for is when someone is accidentally offside;[9] or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of it being retrieved. The scrum feed goes to the team that did not offend, except in the case of the ball being trapped in a ruck or maul. In this situation the feed is awarded to the team that was "going forward" — that is, the team that had the forward momentum at the ruck. If the ball is held up at a maul, the scrum is awarded to the team not in possession when the maul started.
If a penalty is awarded for a more serious offence, the team to which it is awarded may elect to have a scrum rather than take a penalty kick or free kick. This is usually happens when the attacking team is close to the opposition's goal-line, and wants to occupy all the opposition's forwards in one area to give the backs more space. They may also think they can force the scrum over the goal-line and score a "pushover" try.
A pushover try can occur the instant the ball touches the goal line. This is because a scrum is defined in the Laws of the Game to only exist within the field of play and not within the in-goal. Hence as soon as the ball reaches the line, the scrum ceases to exist and any player can ground the ball without risking a penalty for "handling in the scrum".
Pushover tries are rare, however, because scrums are awarded a minimum of five metres (16.4 ft) from either goal-line, and either touchline. This means for a pushover try to occur, the scrum must be forced several metres in one direction without collapsing.
Safety[edit]
Scrums are one of the most dangerous phases in rugby, since a collapse or improper engage can lead to a front row player damaging or even breaking his neck.[10] For this reason, only trained players may play in the front row to help avoid injuries. If a team is without sufficient specialist front row players, for example because of injury or sin-binning, all scrums may be "uncontested scrums".[11] In this situation, the packs engage, but do not push, and the team that still puts the ball into the scrum must win it without effort. Teams use a Scrum machine to train players.
Recently, a leading consultant surgeon in the UK has called for the ban of contested scrums, asserting they are too dangerous.[12] There is very significant support for contested scrums however — former England hooker Brian Moore argued that "You would change the whole nature of the game and it would no longer be a game for all shapes and sizes as it is, uniquely, today."[13]
History[edit]
A scrum in rugby sevens
Like many aspects of rugby union, the scrum has evolved since the sport's invention. Many of the rules regarding the scrum have been changed. These changes have not always had the desired long-term effect, as many have been changed quite frequently.[14]
Originally there was no distinction between an awarded or scrum and a loose scrum (today known as a ruck). The side awarded the scrum had one player put the ball on the ground and let go of it; there was no requirement of a tunnel. The onside line was dictated by the ball; so players were required to remain behind it. A scrum would most commonly be awarded when a stalemate occurred between the player with the ball, who would declare "held", and opposition holding him, who would call "Have it down". The early rules did not draw a clear distinction between players in or out of a scrum, and did not require players in the scrum to bind. The early rules of rugby, even after re-codification as "Laws of the Rugby Union", said the object of players in the scrum was to kick the ball towards their opponents' goal line. This provision remained in the laws for approximately 20 years after practice had changed in the late 19th century.
For a long time players did not have specific positions within a scrum. They adopted the "first up, first down" down method, with the first players to a scrum packing down in the front row and the rest of the forwards filling the remaining positions. Although the 1905 All Blacks are often credited with introducing specialised scrum positions, the 1888-1889 New Zealand Native football team had in fact practised this.[15] As well, Thomas Ellison, one of the Natives, invented the 2-3-2 scrum formation. This seven man scrum was very popular in New Zealand until being outlawed in 1932.[16] The extra man available because he was not in the scrum was called a wing forward and his job was to feed the ball into the scrum. Wing forwards were frequently accused of obstructing the opposing scrum-half, and this contributed to the International Rugby Football Board, later known as the International Rugby Board (IRB) and now as World Rugby (WR), outlawing a two-man front row.
Until the second half of the 20th century there were many configurations of scrum; including 3-2-3, 3-4-1 and 3-3-2.[16]
The 1906 Springboks became "the first national team to utilize the 3-4-1 formation".[17] South Africans credit Springbok Fairy Heatlie for developing the 3-4-1 formation in 1901 at the Villagers Rugby Club in Cape Town, fellow Villager Paddy Carolin for applying it on the 1906 South African tour of Britain, and Stellenbosch coach "Oubaas Mark" Markötter for perfecting it afterwards.[18] [19] Under Markötter's instigation, and that of his protegé Danie Craven, South Africa had by 1949 perfected the 3-4-1 scrum formation. The hooker bound very loosely, and could swing his body so that he could get his feet to the ball as soon as it was fed into the scrum. The two locks would not push on the hooker, but their props, to make this easier. This made it very difficult for the opposition to get anywhere near the ball before it was hooked to the back of the scrum. It was at this time the terms loosehead and tighthead entered rugby terminology. Ever since the team feeding the ball has had a significant advantage, and won their own ball much more frequently.[20]
In the 1960s rule changes were introduced to try and limit the effect the loose forwards were having on back play. There was no obligation to bind to a scrum for flankers at this time. The offside line was dictated by the position of the ball even when it was in the scrum, and so when it emerged at the back of the scrum the scrum-half would often find the opposition flankers and scrum-half arriving with it. The new offside line became the hindmost foot of the scrum. Only the opposition scrum-half could move forward of that point, and all flankers had to stay bound unless they remained behind the hindmost foot of the scrum.[21] Another rule change introduced allowed the number 8 or the rear-most bound forward to detach from a scrum with the ball, previously it could only be retrieved by the scrum-half.
The scrum in the professional era[edit]
Around 1996, the All Blacks came up with a strategy where their pack would push at the same time the hooker would strike for the ball. This not only meant they got the hooked ball, but also the opposition had to retreat to stay onside.[22]
Eventually, other teams found out what the All Blacks were doing and copied them. Referees stopped enforcing the straight feed into the scrum, and as a result scrum-halves started feeding the ball further on their side of the scrum.[22]
Opposing hookers gave up trying to hook for the ball and instead focused on adding power to the pack's drive. This turned the scrum from a hooking and pushing contest into one of power pushing, which led to a rise in collapsed scrums.[22]
In 2007 the scrum law was amended to a four-step, "crouch", "touch", "pause", "engage" process in an attempt to control scrum engagement. Prior to this, there was no obligation for each prop to touch the opposing props shoulder, and the distance between the two front rows was often larger. The new rule fixed the distance between the front rows and as a result cut the force of impact from the engagement.[23] The reason for the rule change was to reduce the number of serious neck injuries to front rowers.[24]
The IRB made further changes to the laws in 2009 in an attempt to eliminate uncontested scrums. Beginning in the 2007–08 season, the IRB sanctioned a trial of the following new rules in France:[25]
Matchday squads would be increased from the standard 22 to 23, with two props and one hooker required among the substitutes.
If a team lost all of their available front-row substitutes, uncontested scrums would take place, but with that team having to play with 14 players instead of 15, eliminating any possible advantage of uncontested scrums.
In the last season before the trial (2006–07), 145 matches in the country's three top divisions (Top 14, Pro D2, and Fédérale 1) ended with uncontested scrums. In 2007–08, only two matches out of 994 in the same divisions finished with uncontested scrums.[25]
In July 2009, the IRB authorised all of its member unions to adopt these changes in competitions that they completely control, and also allowed these changes in transnational club and provincial competitions (such as the Magners League and Super 14) with the permission of all unions involved.[25]
More recent scrum law changes[edit]
In March 2013, former England hooker Brian Moore wrote a scathing article on the BBC website about the state of scrums, in which he outlined his concerns that the rule changes had made things worse instead of better.[22]
Starting with the 2012–13 rugby season, the IRB issued trial law amendments, one of which affected the call sequence. The referee continued to start with "crouch" and "touch," but then issued the command "set," which replaced "engage" as the indication that the packs may push forward. "Pause" was removed in order to speed up the scrum and to minimize resets due to collapsed scrums.[26]
As of the 2013–14 rugby season, the calls were changed to crouch, bind and set. This change required the props to bind before the pack is allowed to push, reducing the impact between the two packs when they engage. The IRB stated that this change was expected to reduce the impact "by up to 25 per cent in elite competition."[27] In addition to changes in how the scrum is set, the IRB asked referees to renew their focus on the existing law, particularly preventing pushes before the ball is in and ensuring that the ball is fed in straight.[28]
More recently, World Rugby announced that starting in 2017–18, it would conduct a worldwide trial of changes to the scrum law as part of a larger trial of law changes. These changes will be used for at least a year before WR decides on whether to make them permanent.[29]
The scrum-half must still throw the ball in straight, but is allowed to align his or her shoulder on the middle line of the scrum. This will allow the scrum-half to stand on his or her own side of the middle line.
Once the ball touches the ground, any front-row player—not just the hookers—may contest possession.
The number 8 may pick the ball up once it reaches the feet of the second-row players.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scrum (rugby).
Line-out
Playing rugby union
Rugby union positions
Bibliography[edit]
Verdon, Paul (2000). Born to Lead: The Untold Story of the All Black Test Captains. Auckland, New Zealand: Celebrity Books. ISBN 1-877252-05-0.
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Forming a scrum". bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Law 20 - Scrum". planetrugby.com. 22 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Jump up ^ This is not universally true, some teams operate a left and right flanker rather than openside and blindside.
Jump up ^ "Scrum Law changes". irb.com. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Rees, Paul (20 March 2013). "Props say urgent scrum reform is needed before the game is ruined". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Feeding the scrum". bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Hooking the ball". bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The laws of scrummaging". bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Jump up ^ this is when a player who is offside cannot prevent themselves being touched by a team mate or the ball — for example when retreating onside following another phase of play,
Jump up ^ Haylen, Paul (2004). "Spinal injuries in rugby union, 1970–2003: lessons and responsibilities". The Medical Journal of Australia. 181 (1): 48–50. PMID 15233614.
Jump up ^ "England seeks scrum rule change". bbc.co.uk. 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
Jump up ^ Rees, Paul (2006-08-30). "Hampson injury prompts move towards uncontested scrums". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
Jump up ^ Fenton, Ben (2006-05-27). "Is this the final collapse for the rugby scrum?". London: telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
Jump up ^ Verdon (2000), pg 262.
Jump up ^ Verdon (2000), pg 263.
^ Jump up to: a b Verdon (2000), pg 266.
Jump up ^ Nauright, John (1997). Sport, cultures and identities in South Africa (1. publ. ed.). London [u.a.]: Leicester Univ. Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780718500498.
Jump up ^ Carolin, Harold William (1990). Lappe Laubscher; Gideon Nieman, eds. The Carolin papers: a diary of the 1906/07 Springbok tour. Pretoria: Rugbyana. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9780620145015.
Jump up ^ Harris, Tim (2009). Players: 250 Men, Women and Animals Who Created Modern Sport. Random House. ISBN 9780224082778.
Jump up ^ Verdon (2000), pg 267.
Jump up ^ Verdon (2000), pg 269.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Moore, Brian (28 March 2013). "What's gone wrong with the scrum?".
Jump up ^ "IRB to introduce new scrum law". tvnz.co.nz. 2006-11-18. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
Jump up ^ "IRB happy with new scrummage laws". taipeitimes.com. 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c "IRB act on uncontested scrums". Scrum.com. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
Jump up ^ http://www.irblaws.com/2012/index.php?amendment=21
Jump up ^ "Crouch-Bind-Set Training". irblaws.com. International Rugby Board. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "New scrum laws: Fewer collapses this season, says Wayne Barnes". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Six law amendments added to global trial as northern hemisphere programme gets underway" (Press release). World Rugby. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
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