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Renaissance humanism
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Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) shows the correlations of ideal human body proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in his De Architectura. Vitruvius described the human figure as being like the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture.
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Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. The term Renaissance humanism is contemporary to that period — Renaissance (rinascimento, "rebirth") and "humanist" (whence modern humanism; also Renaissance humanism to distinguish it from later developments grouped as humanism).[1]
Renaissance humanism was a response to the utilitarian approach and what came to be depicted as the "narrow pedantry" associated with medieval scholasticism.[2] Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging in the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy.
According to one scholar of the movement,
Early Italian humanism, which in many respects continued the grammatical and rhetorical traditions of the Middle Ages, not merely provided the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name (Studia humanitatis), but also increased its actual scope, content and significance in the curriculum of the schools and universities and in its own extensive literary production. The studia humanitatis excluded logic, but they added to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member of the whole group.[3]
Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a small elite, a program to revive the cultural legacy, literary legacy, and moral philosophy of classical antiquity. There were important centres of humanism in Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Genoa, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Paganism and Christianity in the Renaissance
3 Humanists
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
7 External links
Origin[edit]
Some of the first humanists were great collectors of antique manuscripts, including Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Coluccio Salutati, and Poggio Bracciolini. Of the four, Petrarch was dubbed the "Father of Humanism" because of his devotion to Greek and Roman scrolls. Many worked for the Catholic Church and were in holy orders, like Petrarch, while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities, and thus had access to book copying workshops, such as Petrarch's disciple Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence.
In Italy, the humanist educational program won rapid acceptance and, by the mid-15th century, many of the upper classes had received humanist educations, possibly in addition to traditional scholasticist ones. Some of the highest officials of the Catholic Church were humanists with the resources to amass important libraries. Such was Cardinal Basilios Bessarion, a convert to the Catholic Church from Greek Orthodoxy, who was considered for the papacy, and was one of the most learned scholars of his time. There were several 15th-century and early 16th-century humanist Popes[4] one of whom, Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II), was a prolific author and wrote a treatise on The Education of Boys.[5] These subjects came to be known as the humanities, and the movement which they inspired is shown as humanism.
The migration waves of Byzantine Greek scholars and émigrés in the period following the Crusader sacking of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 greatly assisted the revival of Greek and Roman literature and science via their greater familiarity with ancient languages and works.[6][7] They included Gemistus Pletho, George of Trebizond, Theodorus Gaza, and John Argyropoulos.
Italian humanism spread northward to France, Germany, the Low Countries, and England with the adoption of large-scale printing after the end of the era of incunabula (or books printed prior to 1501), and it became associated with the Protestant Reformation. In France, pre-eminent humanist Guillaume Budé (1467–1540) applied the philological methods of Italian humanism to the study of antique coinage and to legal history, composing a detailed commentary on Justinian's Code. Budé was a royal absolutist (and not a republican like the early Italian umanisti) who was active in civic life, serving as a diplomat for François I and helping to found the Collège des Lecteurs Royaux (later the Collège de France). Meanwhile, Marguerite de Navarre, the sister of François I, was a poet, novelist, and religious mystic[8] who gathered around her and protected a circle of vernacular poets and writers, including Clément Marot, Pierre de Ronsard, and François Rabelais.
Paganism and Christianity in the Renaissance[edit]
Many humanists were churchmen, most notably Pope Pius II (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini), Sixtus IV, and Leo X,[9][10] and there was often patronage of humanists by senior church figures.[11] Much humanist effort went into improving the understanding and translations of Biblical and early Christian texts, both before and after the Protestant Reformation, which was greatly influenced by the work of non-Italian, Northern European figures such as Desiderius Erasmus, Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, William Grocyn, and Swedish Catholic Archbishop in exile Olaus Magnus.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy describes the rationalism of ancient writings as having tremendous impact on Renaissance scholars:
Here, one felt no weight of the supernatural pressing on the human mind, demanding homage and allegiance. Humanity—with all its distinct capabilities, talents, worries, problems, possibilities—was the center of interest. It has been said that medieval thinkers philosophised on their knees, but, bolstered by the new studies, they dared to stand up and to rise to full stature.[12]
Inevitably, the rediscovery of classical philosophy and science would eventually challenge traditional religious beliefs. In 1417, for example, Poggio Bracciolini discovered the manuscript of Lucretius, De rerum natura, which had been lost for centuries and which contained an explanation of Epicurean doctrine, though at the time this was not commented on much by Renaissance scholars, who confined themselves to remarks about Lucretius's grammar and syntax.[13] Lorenzo Valla, however, puts a defense of epicureanism in the mouth of one of the interlocutors of one of his dialogues.[14] Valla's defense, or adaptation, of Epicureanism was later taken up in The Epicurean by Erasmus, the "Prince of humanists:"
If people who live agreeably are Epicureans, none are more truly Epicurean than the righteous and godly. And if it is names that bother us, no one better deserves the name of Epicurean than the revered founder and head of the Christian philosophy Christ, for in Greek epikouros means "helper." He alone, when the law of Nature was all but blotted out by sins, when the law of Moses incited to lists rather than cured them, when Satan ruled in the world unchallenged, brought timely aid to perishing humanity. Completely mistaken, therefore, are those who talk in their foolish fashion about Christ's having been sad and gloomy in character and calling upon us to follow a dismal mode of life. On the contrary, he alone shows the most enjoyable life of all and the one most full of true pleasure.[15]
This passage exemplifies the way in which the humanists saw pagan classical works, such as the philosophy of Epicurus, as being in harmony with their interpretation of Christianity.
Renaissance Neo-Platonists such as Marsilio Ficino (whose translations of Plato's works into Latin were still used into the 19th century) attempted to reconcile Platonism with Christianity, according to the suggestions of early Church fathers Lactantius and Saint Augustine. In this spirit, Pico della Mirandola attempted to construct a syncretism of all religions (he was not a humanist[clarification needed] but an Aristotelian trained in Paris), but his work did not win favor with the church authorities.
Historian Steven Kreis expresses a widespread view (derived from the 19th-century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt), when he writes that:
The period from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth worked in favor of the general emancipation of the individual. The city-states of northern Italy had come into contact with the diverse customs of the East, and gradually permitted expression in matters of taste and dress. The writings of Dante, and particularly the doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of intellectual freedom and individual expression. In the essays of Montaigne the individualistic view of life received perhaps the most persuasive and eloquent statement in the history of literature and philosophy.[16]
Two noteworthy trends in Renaissance humanism were Renaissance Neo-Platonism and Hermeticism, which through the works of figures like Nicholas of Kues, Giordano Bruno, Cornelius Agrippa, Campanella and Pico della Mirandola sometimes came close to constituting a new religion itself. Of these two, Hermeticism has had great continuing influence in Western thought, while the former mostly dissipated as an intellectual trend, leading to movements in Western esotericism such as Theosophy and New Age thinking.[17] The "Yates thesis" of Frances Yates holds that before falling out of favour, esoteric Renaissance thought introduced several concepts that were useful for the development of scientific method, though this remains a matter of controversy.
Though humanists continued to use their scholarship in the service of the church into the middle of the sixteenth century and beyond, the sharply confrontational religious atmosphere following the Protestant reformation resulted in the Counter-Reformation that sought to silence challenges to Catholic theology,[18] with similar efforts among the Protestant denominations. However, a number of humanists joined the Reformation movement and took over leadership functions, for example, Philipp Melanchthon, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and William Tyndale.
With the Counter Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent (1545-1563), positions hardened and a strict Catholic orthodoxy based on Scholastic philosophy was imposed. Some humanists, even moderate Catholics such as Erasmus, risked being declared heretics for their perceived criticism of the church.[19]
The historian of the Renaissance Sir John Hale cautions against too direct a linkage between Renaissance humanism and modern uses of the term humanism: "Renaissance humanism must be kept free from any hint of either "humanitarianism" or "humanism" in its modern sense of rational, non-religious approach to life ... the word "humanism" will mislead ... if it is seen in opposition to a Christianity its students in the main wished to supplement, not contradict, through their patient excavation of the sources of ancient God-inspired wisdom"[20]
Humanists[edit]
Main article: List of Renaissance humanists
See also[edit]
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Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The term la rinascita (rebirth) first appeared, however, in its broad sense in Giorgio Vasari's Vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani (The Lives of the Artists, 1550, revised 1568) Panofsky, Erwin. Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art, New York: Harper and Row, 1960. "The term umanista was used in fifteenth-century Italian academic slang to describe a teacher or student of classical literature and the arts associated with it, including that of rhetoric. The English equivalent 'humanist' makes its appearance in the late sixteenth century with a similar meaning. Only in the nineteenth century, however, and probably for the first time in Germany in 1809, is the attribute transformed into a substantive: humanism, standing for devotion to the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, and the humane values that may be derived from them" Nicholas Mann "The Origins of Humanism", Cambridge Companion to Humanism, Jill Kraye, editor [Cambridge University Press, 1996], p. 1–2). The term "Middle Ages" for the preceding period separating classical antiquity from its "rebirth" first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas.
Jump up ^ Craig W. Kallendorf, introduction to Humanist Educational Treatises, edited and translated by Craig W. Kallendorf (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London England: The I Tatti Renaissance Library, 2002) p. vii.
Jump up ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178. See also Kristeller's Renaissance Thought I, "Humanism and Scholasticism In the Italian Renaissance", Byzantion 17 (1944–45), pp. 346–74. Reprinted in Renaissance Thought (New York: Harper Torchbooks), 1961.
Jump up ^ They include Innocent VII, Nicholas V, Pius II, Sixtus IV, Alexander VI, Julius II and Leo X. Innocent VII, patron of Leonardo Bruni, is considered the first humanist Pope. See James Hankins, Plato in the Italian Renaissance (New York: Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, 1990), p. 49; for the others, see their respective entries in Sir John Hale's Concise Encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance (Oxford University Press, 1981).
Jump up ^ See Humanist Educational Treatises, (2001) pp. 126–259. This volume (pp. 92–125) contains an essay by Leonardo Bruni, entitled "The Study of Literature", on the education of girls.
Jump up ^ Byzantines in Renaissance Italy
Jump up ^ Greeks in Italy
Jump up ^ She was the author of Miroir de l'ame pecheresse (The Mirror of a Sinful Soul), published after her death, among other devotional poetry. See also "Marguerite de Navarre: Religious Reformist" in Jonathan A. Reid, King's sister--queen of dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549) and her evangelical network (Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions, 1573-4188; v. 139). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009. (2 v.: (xxii, 795 p.) ISBN 978-90-04-17760-4 (v. 1), 9789004177611 (v. 2)
Jump up ^ Löffler, Klemens (1910). "Humanism". The Catholic Encyclopedia. VII. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 538–542.
Jump up ^ See note two, above.
Jump up ^ Davies, 477
Jump up ^ "Humanism". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. 1999. p.397 quotation:
The unashamedly humanistic flavor of classical writings had a tremendous impact on Renaissance scholar.
Jump up ^ Only in 1564 did French commentator Denys Lambin (1519–72) announce in the preface to the work that "he regarded Lucretius's Epicurean ideas as 'fanciful, absurd, and opposed to Christianity". Lambin's preface remained standard until the nineteenth century. (See Jill Kraye's essay, "Philologists and Philosophers" in the Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism [1996], p. 153.) Epicurus's unacceptable doctrine that pleasure was the highest good "ensured the unpopularity of his philosophy" (Kraye [1996] p. 154.)
Jump up ^ Charles Trinkhaus regards Valla's "epicureanism" as a ploy, not seriously meant by Valla, but designed to refute Stoicism, which he regarded together with epicureanism as equally inferior to Christianity. See Trinkaus, In Our Image and Likeness Vol. 1 (University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 103–170
Jump up ^ John L. Lepage (5 December 2012). The Revival of Antique Philosophy in the Renaissance. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-137-28181-4.
Jump up ^ Kreis, Steven (2008). "Renaissance Humanism". Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ Plumb, 95
Jump up ^ "Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture: Humanism". The Library of Congress. 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Humanism". Encyclopedic Dictionary of Religion. F–N. Corpus Publications. 1979. p. 1733. ISBN 0-9602572-1-7.
Jump up ^ Hale, 171. See also Davies, 479-480 for similar caution.
Further reading[edit]
Bolgar, R. R. The Classical Heritage and Its Beneficiaries: from the Carolingian Age to the End of the Renaissance. Cambridge, 1954.
Cassirer, Ernst. Individual and Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy. Harper and Row, 1963.
Cassirer, Ernst (Editor), Paul Oskar Kristeller (Editor), John Herman Randall (Editor). The Renaisssance Philosophy of Man. University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Cassirer, Ernst. Platonic Renaissance in England. Gordian, 1970.
Celenza, Christopher S. The Lost Italian Renaissance: Humanism, Historians, and Latin's Legacy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004 ISBN 978-0-8018-8384-2
Celenza, Christopher S. Petrarch: Everywhere a Wanderer. London: Reaktion. 2017
Erasmus, Desiderius. "The Epicurean". In Colloquies.
Garin, Eugenio. Science and Civic Life in the Italian Renaissance. New York: Doubleday, 1969.
Garin, Eugenio. Italian Humanism: Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. Basil Blackwell, 1965.
Garin, Eugenio. History of Italian Philosophy. (2 vols.) Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, 2008. ISBN 978-90-420-2321-5
Grafton, Anthony. Bring Out Your Dead: The Past as Revelation. Harvard University Press, 2004 ISBN 0-674-01597-5
Grafton, Anthony. Worlds Made By Words: Scholarship and Community in the Modern West. Harvard University Press, 2009 ISBN 0-674-03257-8
Hale, John. A Concise Encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance. Oxford University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-500-23333-0.
Kallendorf, Craig W, editor. Humanist Educational Treatises. Cambridge, Mass.: The I Tatti Renaissance Library, 2002.
Kraye, Jill (Editor). The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Kristeller, Paul Oskar. Renaissance Thought and Its Sources. Columbia University Press, 1979 ISBN 978-0-231-04513-1
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni. Oration on the Dignity of Man. In Cassirer, Kristeller, and Randall, eds. Renaissance Philosophy of Man. University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Skinner, Quentin. Renaissance Virtues: Visions of Politics: Volume II. Cambridge University Press, [2002] 2007.
McManus, Stuart M. "Byzantines in the Florentine Polis: Ideology, Statecraft and Ritual during the Council of Florence". Journal of the Oxford University History Society, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009).
Melchert, Norman (2002). The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-19-517510-7.
Nauert, Charles Garfield. Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History). Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Plumb, J. H. ed.: The Italian Renaissance 1961, American Heritage, New York, ISBN 0-618-12738-0 (page refs from 1978 UK Penguin edn).
Rossellini, Roberto. The Age of the Medici: Part 1, Cosimo de' Medici; Part 2, Alberti 1973. (Film Series). Criterion Collection.
Symonds, John Addington.The Renaissance in Italy. Seven Volumes. 1875-1886.
Trinkaus, Charles (1973). "Renaissance Idea of the Dignity of Man". In Wiener, Philip P. Dictionary of the History of Ideas. ISBN 0-684-13293-1. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
Trinkaus, Charles. The Scope of Renaissance Humanism. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983.
Wind, Edgar. Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance. New York: W.W. Norton, 1969.
Witt, Ronald. "In the footsteps of the ancients: the origins of humanism from Lovato to Bruni." Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2000
External links[edit]
Humanism 1: An Outline by Albert Rabil, Jr.
"Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture: Humanism". The Library of Congress. 2002-07-01
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Cowboy Bebop: The Movie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Shinichirō Watanabe
Produced by
Masuo Ueda
Masahiko Minami
Minoru Takanashi
Screenplay by
Keiko Nobumoto
Based on
Cowboy Bebop
by Hajime Yatate
Starring
Kōichi Yamadera
Megumi Hayashibara
Unshō Ishizuka
Aoi Tada
Ai Kobayashi
Tsutomu Isobe
Renji Ishibashi
Mickey Curtis
Music by
Yoko Kanno
Cinematography
Yōichi Ōgami
Edited by
Shūichi Kakesu
Production
company
Bones
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan
Release date
September 1, 2001 (2001-09-01)
Running time
115 minutes[1]
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Box office
$3 million[2]
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie, known in Japan as Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door (Japanese: カウボーイビバップ 天国の扉, Hepburn: Kaubōi Bibappu: Tengoku no Tobira, lit. Cowboy Bebop: Heaven's Door), is a 2001 Japanese animated science fiction film based on the 1998 anime series Cowboy Bebop created by Hajime Yatate. Multiple staff from the original series worked on the film, including director Shinichirō Watanabe, writer Keiko Nobumoto, character designer/animation director Toshihiro Kawamoto, and composer Yoko Kanno. The original Japanese and English voice cast also reprised their roles.
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie is set between episodes 22 and 23 of the original series.[3] The plot centers on a mysterious terrorist planning to destroy the human population on Mars using an unknown pathogen. The bounty hunter crew of the spaceship Bebop work to find the terrorist and discover the source of the pathogen before the attack can take place.
The film was conceived by Watanabe as an extension of his work on the television series, which he treated as a series of miniature films. So as not to alienate fans of the series, a large amount of aesthetic material was incorporated, while also adjusting it to make it accessible to newcomers. Increased budget and production facilities enabled the use of filming styles associated with live action films and a higher animation quality than the series. Arabic thematic elements were incorporated to contrast against the series, which entailed Watanabe traveling to Morocco for research. The Arabic atmosphere was also used in Kanno's music.
The film was produced by studios Sunrise, which had previously developed the original series, Bones, a later studio founded by former Sunrise staff, and Bandai Visual. Cowboy Bebop: The Movie was released to theaters in Japan on September 1, 2001 and in the United States on August 11, 2002. It went on to gross over $3 million worldwide, and when released on DVD, it ranked high on Japanese and US charts. The film received generally positive reviews from mainstream and anime critics and was nominated for the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Animated Film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Voice cast
3 Development
3.1 Music
4 Release
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie is set on Mars in 2071, 49 years after Earth was mostly abandoned after a catastrophe. Humanity has settled on other planets and moons in the solar system. The film's protagonists are legalized bounty hunters who travel together on the spaceship Bebop. They are Spike Spiegel, a former associate of the Red Dragon crime syndicate; Jet Black, a former police officer and owner of the Bebop; Faye Valentine, a woman who was once a fugitive from bounty hunters; Edward Wong Hau Pepelu Tivrusky IV (Ed for short), a girl with genius computer skills; and Ein, an artificially enhanced "data dog" with human-level intelligence.
Days before Halloween, a man explodes a truck in Mars' capital city, spreading what is assumed to be a new pathogen that kills or sickens over three hundred people. In response, the Mars government issues a record bounty of 300 million woolong for the culprit's capture. Faye, who was pursuing Lee Sampson, a hacker that was apparently driving the truck, sees the terrorist and the Bebop crew decide to take on the bounty. Each follows different lines of inquiry. Ed, using a tattoo on the attacker's wrist, manages to identify him as Vincent Volaju, a former member of a military squad apparently killed in the Titan War. In reality, Vincent was the only survivor of a test involving the pathogen, having been immunized with a test vaccine: made an amnesiac, he suffers from hallucinations, and his inability to tell dreams from reality eventually drove him insane.
Jet learns that the truck was the property of Cherious Medical Pharmaceutical Company, who illegally manufactured the pathogen as a biological weapon. Looking for information on the pathogen, Spike is given a sample by a man named Rashid, who was the former lead on its development. Spike also encounters Elektra Ovilo, an agent of Cherious Medical. Upon examination, the "pathogen" proves to be a type of protein-based nanomachine that mimics human lymphocytes then breaks down into protein after death, making it undetectable. Attempting to infiltrate Cherious Medical, Spike fights with Elektra, planting a listening device on her. Elektra, who is sent by Cherious Medical to kill Vincent, is tailed by Spike, who attempts to take down Vincent on a train. Vincent easily defeats Spike, severely wounding him and throwing him from the train before releasing another cloud of the nanomachines: everyone in the train dies except Elektra, who was unknowingly immunized when she had been in a relationship with Vincent prior to the test on Titan. She secretly gives a friend in the company a sample of her blood to prepare a stock of vaccine.
During this time, Faye relocates Sampson, who has been working with Vincent, but fails to catch him. Ein and Ed manage to find him again, but the two run off before Faye can get there. She arrives just as Vincent breaks one of the nanomachine containers with him, killing Sampson. Although Faye is also infected, Vincent gives her some of his blood through a kiss, immunizing her.
After Spike recovers and has a final talk with Rashid, he and Elektra are captured by Cherious Medical, who want to suppress all knowledge of the nanomachines' existence. The two escape from Cherious Medical, grabbing the newly produced vaccine on the way. In turn, Faye escapes after Vincent goes to trigger an attack on the city that will eventually kill everyone on Mars. After the group reunites, it is determined that Vincent will spread the nanomachines by exploding the giant jack-o'-lantern balloons used in the Halloween parade: Jet has a troop of old aircraft spread the antibodies over the city while Faye heads for the weather control center and causes it to rain on the city, aiding the spread of the vaccine. Spike and Elektra separately head to confront Vincent. Spike arrives first and the two battle to a standstill, then the nanomachines are released and Spike is temporarily weakened by them. As Vincent prepares to kill him, Elektra arrives and shoots Vincent. Having wanted to die since Titan, Vincent does not defend himself and thanks Elektra for their time together before dying.
Voice cast[edit]
Main article: Cowboy Bebop characters
Character
Japanese voice cast[3]
English voice cast[4][5]
Spike Spiegel Kōichi Yamadera Steven Blum[6]
Jet Black Unshō Ishizuka Beau Billingslea
Faye Valentine Megumi Hayashibara Wendee Lee
Edward Wong Aoi Tada Melissa Fahn
Vincent Volaju Tsutomu Isobe Daran Norris
Elektra Ovilo Ai Kobayashi Jennifer Hale
Rashid Mickey Curtis Nicholas Guest
Lee Sampson Yūji Ueda Dave Wittenberg[7]
Development[edit]
The idea for a film was in the mind of director Shinichirō Watanabe during the development of the original Cowboy Bebop series, which he had originally envisioned as a film.[8] Watanabe treated each episode of the series as a miniature film, so to progress onto a feature-length film seemed natural to him. So as not to disappoint fans, the film incorporated as much of the series as possible while making it accessible to newcomers.[9] He had thought up some of the story and the character of Vincent during the production of the series.[8] After the series ended and there was worldwide demand for a continuation, the decision was made by the series creators to make a film.[10] Watanabe was aiming towards a live-action look for the film despite its medium, using camera tricks, visual effects and character expression impossible in the series while keeping "the Bebop flavor".[11] According to Kōichi Yamadera, the Japanese voice actor for Spike, the only real changes made by the team in the portrayal were to show off the characters, including Spike, in different ways: Spike, in particular, displayed more of his inner thoughts and showed a gentler side than he did in the series, as there was more time available to express such details.[9] Watanabe personally chose the voice actors for Elektra and Vincent. Vincent was partially intended as a type of villain that could not be done in the series, even though Watanabe felt he was not "particularly unique".[11]
Because of increased running time, budget and facilities, the team were able to include more cels in animations, as well as longer and more intricate action sequences.[9] The film included difficult sequences that Watanabe could not do along with the rest of the film, so two guest directors were brought in for them: Hiroyuki Okiura, who handled the opening sequence, and Tensai Okamura, who created a cinematic Western shown at a drive-in theater during the film. Watanabe wanted to give the film an Arabic feel, in contrast to the series which often used New York and Hong Kong for inspiration. To this end, Watanabe went on a research trip to Morocco.[11] The character Rashid was based on the guide who had shown the research team round the city.[3] Working on the film was different for Watanabe when compared to the series in a positive way: while he had to put the entire story in a twenty-minute episode for the series, the team were able to create a longer, more detailed narrative.[12]
Cowboy Bepop: The Movie was first announced in September 1999: the majority of the series' staff were carried over along with Watanabe, including producer Masahiko Minami, character designer/animation director Toshihiro Kawamoto, and writer Keiko Nobumoto. The original Japanese cast also returned.[3][13] The writing process was finished and production began in July 2000.[14] It was produced by the studios Sunrise, Bones and Bandai Visual.[3] While Sunrise worked on the original series, Bones was founded in 1998 after the series' completion by Minami, Kawamoto and Hiroshi Ōsaka.[15] The length of the film's production allowed the team to ensure its high quality.[16]
Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Cowboy Bebop
The music for Cowboy Bebop: The Movie was composed by Yoko Kanno, composer for the original series, and performed by her band Seatbelts.[13] She used the same mixture of music genres (western, opera, jazz) as with the TV series, but also added Arabic elements in keeping with the film's thematic feel. She used Arabic and English for the music lyrics. Alongside these, the soundtrack made use of a large amount of rock instruments.[16][17] Five tracks from the film were released on the Seatbelts mini-album Ask DNA, released on July 25, 2001.[18][19] The soundtrack's official release, Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door OST Future Blues, was released on August 22, 2001. Both these albums were reissued in December 2012.[18]
Release[edit]
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie was first released in cinemas in Japan on September 1, 2001. After the film's international release, this date was subject to debate in the western fanbase due to its proximity to the September 11 attacks.[20] It was first shown to the west at the 2002 AnimeCon, where it was announced that the original English cast would reprise their roles.[21][22] Its Japanese subtitle, "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", was changed for the western release due to sharing its name with the 1973 Bob Dylan song of the same name. Instead of creating a new subtitle, the team settled with using "The Movie".[16] During its initial screening at the event, it sold out completely, prompting a second screening later in the event.[21] The film received a limited theatrical release in the United States, opening on April 4, 2003. During its opening weekend, it reached 19th place in the box office chart, bringing in $12,338 per screening.[23] The film's total gross in America was $1,000,045. Its worldwide gross totals $3,007,903.[2]
Critical response[edit]
Reception of the film has been positive, earning a 65% critic score on Rotten Tomatoes. The consensus reads, "This may be strictly for anime junkies, but they'll find much to like about Cowboy Bebop's casual violence and cool dialogue."[24] Fellow aggregate site Metacritic gave the film a score of 61/100 based on 23 critic reviews indicating "generally positive reviews".[25] The film was nominated at the Online Film Critics Society Awards 2003 in the Best Animated Film category, though it lost the award to Finding Nemo.[26] Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies praised the music of the movie, calling it "the show's secret weapon", and stated that "the movie's only real fault is that it's about half an hour too long".[27]
Critic reviews have generally been positive. Andy Patrizio of IGN gave the film a score of 9 of 10, saying that the developers "did a superb job of fleshing out the story", as well as praising it for "not succumbing to melodrama like many of its live-action counterparts". He also commented that the film's subject matter of terrorism in the face of the September 11 attacks "smacked way too close to home". The music also received praise.[28] Mike Crandol of Anime News Network echoed many of these sentiments. His main criticism stemmed from the fact that Jet, Faye and Ed were relegated to supporting roles, and that it was difficult getting them all into the story. He also said that the team had outdone themselves with the animation quality in a few scenes, such as the final fight between Spike and Vincent.[29] Robert Koehler of Variety, reviewing an undubbed subtitled release, praised the visuals and writing, although he found some sections a little long.[30]
Lawrence van Gelder of New York Times gave the film a mixed review, saying that he enjoyed the experience, but found it a little frivolous when compared to both its subject matter and events at the time. His ultimate impression from the English-dubbed version was that the film could easily have been set in present-day New York.[31] Chris Beveridge of Mania.com said that the film "[played] out like a much expanded episode but without feeling like its being padded to do so", generally praising the plot along with Vincent's characterization and Spike's expanded portrayal.[32] Jamie Russell, writing for the BBC, gave it 4 out of 5 stars, saying it was "good enough to deserve mention in the same breath as Akira, Ghost in the Shell, and Spirited Away". The most praise went to the use of live-action camera angles. Though he found the film's story sometimes slowed noticeably, the soundtrack and visual references to other notable action films made it "an example of anime at its very best."[33] Other newspapers of the time, including the Los Angeles Times, Toronto Star, Chicago Tribune and web magazine Salon generally shared opinions with other reviewers: several praised the plot and animation, while others were mixed. Others, including the Toronto Star and Newark Star-Ledger, noted its connection to science fiction films.[34]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD in Japan on February 7, 2002, immediately reaching the top of the DVD/VHS charts. Sunrise and Bandai Visual underestimated the possible sales, with the first print being used up soon after release, prompting a second print for mid-February.[35] The DVD distribution rights in the west were acquired by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment.[36] In 2006, it was ranked as the sixth best-selling anime DVD in the United States.[37] It did not receive a theatrical release in the United Kingdom, instead being released as a direct-to-DVD feature.[38] It was released in the UK on June 27, 2003.[1] The film was later released on Blu-ray disc in Japan on July 25, 2008.[39] It was released in North America on June 28, 2011.[40]
Beveridge generally praised the DVD's quality and extras were generally praised, summing it up as a "top notch release".[32] Alex Brotman of AnimeFringe.com, reviewing the Japanese DVD release, called the film great, but was disappointed in the lack of special features for the DVD, particularly citing the lack of interviews with cast and crew members, and not being able to view the storyboards, in contrast to the DVD release of the original series.[41] Patrizio was highly positive about the North American release, calling the video transfer "excellent", the Dolby Digital 5.1 sound setup "just super", and praised the extra features.[28]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Cowboy Bebop". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cowboy Bebop (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Cowboy Bebop - Heaven's Door - About the Movie". CowboyBebop.org. Archived from the original on November 17, 2002. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop: The Movie (2001) - Shinichiro Watanabe - Cast and Crew - AllMovie". AllMovie. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop: The Movie". TVGuide.com. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miss Mecha Zero. "Big Shiny Robot - Cowboy Bebop - The Movie shown at the Aero Theater with special guests Steve Blum and Peter Ramsey". bigshinyrobot.com. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dave Wittenberg". crystalacids.com. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Animatrix Director: Kid's Story and A Detective's Story". The Animatrix official website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "From the Small Screen to the Big Screen". Cowboy Bebop: The Movie (DVD). Culver City, California: Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment. 2003.
Jump up ^ Bricken, Robert (January 2003). "Behind the Bebop - Murder, Mars and All That Jazz". Anime Invasion. Wizard (#5).
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Director's Voice: Shinichiro Watanabe Interview". Cowboy Bebop: The Movie website (English). Archived from the original on March 7, 2003. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Cowboy Bebop' director Watanabe talks anime". The Daily Texan. February 14, 2006. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Further Cowboy Bebop details released". Anime News Network. September 25, 1999. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop Movie Begins Production". Anime News Network. July 28, 2000. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop Helmer Shinichiro Watanabe, BONES Plan New TV Anime". Anime News Network. October 16, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cowboy Bebop Panel". Anime on DVD.com. February 14, 2006. Archived from the original on June 5, 2003. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Khan, Ridwan (March 2002). "Animefringe Reviews: Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' On Heaven's Door Original Soundtrack - Future Blues". Animefringe. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Green, Scott (November 13, 2012). "Out of Print "Cowboy Bebop" Soundtracks Reissued". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "More Details and corrections on Cowboy Bebop Soundtracks". Anime News Network. July 30, 2001. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Beck, Jerry (October 28, 2005). The Animated Movie Guide (1 ed.). Chicago Review Press. p. 60. ISBN 1-55652-591-5.
^ Jump up to: a b "Anime Cons continue to grow". ICv2. August 29, 2002. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop: The Movie English Cast Announced". Anime News Network. July 16, 2002. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Numbers". Anime News Network. April 8, 2003. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop: The Movie - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop the Movie: Knockin' on Heaven's Door". Metacritic. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2003 Awards (7th Annual)". Online Film Critics Society. 2003. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Helen (2009). 500 Essential Anime Movies: The Ultimate Guide. Harper Design. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-06-147450-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Patrizio, Andy (July 16, 2003). "Cowboy Bebop: The Movie". IGN. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Crandol, Mike (February 4, 2002). "Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door (movie)". Anime News Network. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Koehler, Robert (August 14, 2002). "Review: 'Cowboy Bebop – The Movie'". Variety. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ van Gelder, Lawrence (April 4, 2003). "Futuristic Cowboys From Mars on a Mission". New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Beveridge, Chris (June 18, 2003). "Cowboy Bebop Movie: Knocking On Heaven's Door". Mania.com. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Russell, Jamie (June 17, 2003). "Cowboy Bebop: The Movie (2003)". Retrieved February 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mays, Jonathan (April 4, 2003). "Feature: Cowboy Bebop Theatrical Reviews". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Anime Briefs: March 2002". Animefringe. March 2002. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Columbia Tristar has Cowboy Bebop movie ... it seems". Anime News Network. January 25, 2002. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Anime DVD Movies". Anime News Network. January 31, 2006. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Animejin News - 12th July 2002". AnimeJin. July 12, 2002. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop Knockin' on Heaven's Door Blu-ray Disc". Bandai Visual. Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cowboy Bebop: The Movie". High-Def Digest. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brotman, Alex (April 2002). "Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door". AnimeFringe. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cowboy Bebop: The Movie
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie at AllMovie
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie at Box Office Mojo
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie at Metacritic
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie at Rotten Tomatoes
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie on IMDb
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie (film) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
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Fullmetal Alchemist (2003–2004)
Mars Daybreak (2004)
Kurau Phantom Memory (2004)
Eureka Seven (2005–2006)
Ouran High School Host Club (2006)
Jyu-Oh-Sei (2006)
Ghost Slayers Ayashi (2006–2007)
Darker than Black (2007)
Skull Man (2007)
Soul Eater (2008–2009)
Nijū Mensō no Musume (2008)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood (2009–2010)
Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 (2009)
Darker than Black: Gemini of the Meteor (2009)
Heroman (2010)
Star Driver (2010–2011)
Gosick (2011)
No. 6 (2011)
Un-Go (2011)
Eureka Seven: AO (2012)
Blast of Tempest (2012–2013)
Tenkai Knights (2013–2015)
Space Dandy (2014)
Noragami (2014)
Captain Earth (2014)
Soul Eater Not! (2014)
Chaika - The Coffin Princess (2014)
Chaika - The Coffin Princess: Avenging Battle (2014)
Blood Blockade Battlefront (2015)
Show by Rock!! (2015)
Snow White with the Red Hair (2015–2016)
Noragami Aragoto (2015)
Concrete Revolutio (2015)
Concrete Revolutio: The Last Song (2016)
My Hero Academia (2016–present)
Bungo Stray Dogs (2016)
Show by Rock!! Short!! (2016)
Mob Psycho 100 (2016–present)
Show by Rock!!♯ (2016)
Blood Blockade Battlefront & Beyond (2017)
Dragon Pilot: Hisone and Masotan (2018)
Carol & Tuesday (2019)
OVAs/ONAs
RahXephon Interlude: Her and Herself/Thatness and Thereness (2003)
Wolf's Rain (2004)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Premium Collection (2006)
Ayashi Divine Comedy (2007)
Darker than Black: Beneath the Fully Bloomed Cherry Blossoms (2008)
Xam'd: Lost Memories (2008–2009)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood (2009–2010)
Halo Legends (animated sequence) (2010)
Darker than Black: Gaiden (2010)
Chaika - The Coffin Princess (2015)
Snow White with the Red Hair (2016)
Blood Blockade Battlefront (2016)
My Hero Academia (2017)
Bungo Stray Dogs (2017)
A.I.C.O. -Incarnation- (2018–present)
Mob Psycho 100 Reigen -The Miraculous Unknown Psychic- (2018)
Blood Blockade Battlefront & Beyond (2018)
Films
Escaflowne (2000)
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie (2001)
RahXephon: Pluralitas Concentio (2003)
Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa (2005)
Sword of the Stranger (2007)
Eureka Seven: Pocketful of Rainbows (2009)
Towa no Quon (film series) (2011)
Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos (2011)
Un-Go episode:0 Inga chapter (2011)
Star Driver: The Movie (2013)
Eureka Seven: Hi-Evolution (film series) (2017–2019)
Bungo Stray Dogs: Dead Apple (2018)
My Hero Academia the Movie: The Two Heroes (2018)
Video games
Robot Alchemic Drive (2002)
Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel (2003)
Fullmetal Alchemist 2: Curse of the Crimson Elixir (2004)
Fullmetal Alchemist 3: Kami o Tsugu Shōjo (2005)
Liberation Maiden (2012)
Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney (2012)
Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies (2013)
Persona 4: Dancing All Night (2015)
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Sunrise
1970s
Hazedon (1972–1973)
Zero Tester (1973–1974)
La Seine no Hoshi (1975)
Brave Raideen (1975–1976)
Kum-Kum (1975–1976)
Chōdenji Robo Combattler V (1976–1977)
Dinosaur Expedition Born Free (1976–1977)
Robot Child Beeton (1976–1977)
Chōdenji Machine Voltes V (1977–1978)
Invincible Super Man Zambot 3 (1977–1978)
Majokko Tickle (1978–1979)
Tōshō Daimos (1978–1979)
Invincible Steel Man Daitarn 3 (1978–1979)
Cyborg 009 (1979–1980)
Mobile Suit Gundam (1979–1980)
The Ultraman (1979–1980)
Scientific Adventure Team Tansar 5 (1979–1980)
1980s
Invincible Robo Trider G7 (1980–1981)
Space Runaway Ideon (1980–1981)
Strongest Robo Daiohja (1981–1982)
Fang of the Sun Dougram (1981–1983)
Combat Mecha Xabungle (1982–1983)
Aura Battler Dunbine (1983–1984)
Armored Trooper Votoms (1983–1984)
Ginga Hyōryū Vifam (1983–1984)
Heavy Metal L-Gaim (1984–1985)
Giant Gorg (1984)
Panzer World Galient (1984–1985)
Choriki Robo Galatt (1984–1985)
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985–1986)
Dirty Pair (1985)
Blue Comet SPT Layzner (1985–1986)
Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ (1986–1987)
Metal Armor Dragonar (1987–1988)
City Hunter (1987–1988)
Mister Ajikko (1987–1989)
Mashin Hero Wataru (1988–1989)
Ronin Warriors (1988–1989)
City Hunter 2 (1988–1989)
Jushin Liger (1989–1990)
Madö King Granzört (1989–1990)
City Hunter 3 (1989–1990)
Patlabor: The TV Series (1989–1990)
1990s
Brave Exkaiser (1990–1991)
Mashin Hero Wataru 2 (1990–1991)
The Brave Fighter of Sun Fighbird (1991–1992)
Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991)
City Hunter '91 (1991)
Armored Police Metal Jack (1991)
Matchless Raijin-Oh (1991–1992)
Mama is a 4th Grader (1992)
The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn (1992–1993)
Genki Bakuhatsu Ganbaruger (1992–1993)
The Brave Express Might Gaine (1993–1994)
Nekketsu Saikyō Go-Saurer (1993–1994)
Mobile Suit Victory Gundam (1993–1994)
Shippū! Iron Leaguer (1993–1994)
Brave Police J-Decker (1994–1995)
Haō Taikei Ryū Knight (1994–1995)
Mobile Fighter G Gundam (1994–1995)
The Brave of Gold Goldran (1995–1996)
Wild Knights Gulkeeva (1995)
Mobile Suit Gundam Wing (1995–1996)
Brave Command Dagwon (1996–1997)
The Vision of Escaflowne (1996)
After War Gundam X (1996)
Ganbarist! Shun (1996–1997)
Raideen the Superior (1996–1997)
The King of Braves GaoGaiGar (1997–1998)
Ultra Mashin Hero Wataru (1997–1998)
Outlaw Star (1998)
Ginga Hyōryū Vifam 13 (1998)
Sentimental Journey (1998)
Brain Powerd (1998)
DT Eightron (1998)
Gasaraki (1998–1999)
Cowboy Bebop (1998–1999)
Crest of the Stars (1999)
Space Pirate Mito (1999)
Aesop World (1999)
Angel Links (1999)
Betterman (1999)
Turn A Gundam (1999–2000)
Seraphim Call (1999)
The Big O (1999–2000)
Infinite Ryvius (1999–2000)
2000s
Mighty Cat Masked Niyander (2000–2001)
Banner of the Stars (2000)
Dinozaurs: The Series (2000)
Brigadoon: Marin & Melan (2000–2001)
Argento Soma (2000–2001)
Gear Fighter Dendoh (2000–2001)
Inuyasha (2000–2004)
Z.O.E. Dolores,i (2001)
Banner of the Stars II (2001)
s-CRY-ed (2001)
Crush Gear Turbo (2001–2003)
Witch Hunter Robin (2002)
Overman King Gainer (2002–2003)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED (2002–2003)
The Big O II (2003)
Machine Robo Rescue (2003–2004)
Crush Gear Nitro (2003–2004)
Tank Knights Fortress (2003–2004)
Planetes (2003–2004)
Superior Defender Gundam Force (2004)
Kaiketsu Zorori (2004–2005)
Sgt. Frog (2004–2011)
My-HiME (2004–2005)
Onmyō Taisenki (2004–2005)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny (2004–2005)
Yakitate!! Japan (2004–2006)
Majime ni Fumajime Kaiketsu Zorori (2005–2007)
GaoGaiGar Final -Grand Glorious Gathering- (2005)
Cluster Edge (2005–2006)
My-Otome (2005–2006)
Zegapain (2006)
Gin Tama (2006–2010)
Intrigue in the Bakumatsu – Irohanihoheto (2006–2007)
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (2006–2007)
Kekkaishi (2006–2008)
Dinosaur King (2007–2008)
Idolmaster: Xenoglossia (2007)
Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (2007–2008)
Dinosaur King D-Kids Adventure: Pterosaur Legend (2008)
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 (2008)
Battle Spirits: Shounen Toppa Bashin (2008–2009)
Tales of the Abyss (2008–2009)
Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Second Season (2008–2009)
The Girl Who Leapt Through Space (2009)
Black God (2009)
Battle Spirits: Shounen Gekiha Dan (2009–2010)
Inuyasha: The Final Act (2009–2010)
Hipira (2009)
2010s
SD Gundam Sangokuden Brave Battle Warriors (2010–2011)
Battle Spirits: Brave (2010–2011)
Tiger & Bunny (2011)
Gintama' (2011–2012)
Sacred Seven (2011)
Battle Spirits: Heroes (2011–2012)
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere (2011)
Mobile Suit Gundam AGE (2011–2012)
Phi Brain: Puzzle of God (2011–2014)
Daily Lives of High School Boys (2012)
Natsuiro Kiseki (2012)
Accel World (2012)
Good Luck Girl! (2012)
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere Season 2 (2012)
Battle Spirits: Sword Eyes (2012–2013)
Gintama': Enchousen (2012–2013)
Aikatsu! (2012–2016)
Love Live! (2013–2014)
Valvrave the Liberator (2013)
Battle Spirits: Saikyou Ginga Ultimate Zero (2013–2014)
Gundam Build Fighters (2013–2014)
Buddy Complex (2014)
KERORO (2014)
Mobile Suit Gundam-san (2014)
Buddy Complex: The Final Chapter (2014)
Tribe Cool Crew (2014–2015)
Gundam Reconguista in G (2014–2015)
Gundam Build Fighters Try (2014–2015)
Cross Ange: Rondo of Angels and Dragons (2014–2015)
Gintama° (2015–2016)
Battle Spirits: Burning Souls (2015–2016)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans (2015–2017)
Brave Beats (2015–2016)
Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn RE:0096 (2016)
Battle Spirits: Double Drive (2016–2017)
Aikatsu Stars! (2016–2018)
Love Live! Sunshine!! (2016–2017)
Heybot! (2016–2017)
ClassicaLoid (2016–present)
Magic-kyun Renaissance (2016)
Gintama. (2017)
Gintama: Porori-hen (2017)
Gintama: Shirogane no Tamashii-hen (2018)
Gundam Build Divers (2018)
Aikatsu Friends! (2018)
Films
Mobile Suit Gundam (1981)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Soldiers of Sorrow (1981)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters in Space (1982)
The Ideon: A Contact (1982)
The Ideon: Be Invoked (1982)
Crusher Joe (1983)
Dougram: Documentary of the Fang of the Sun (1983)
Choro-Q Dougram (1983)
Xabungle Graffiti (1983)
Arion (1986)
Dirty Pair: Project Eden (1986)
Bats & Terry (1987)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack (1988)
Mobile Suit SD Gundam (1988)
The Five Star Stories (1989)
City Hunter: .357 Magnum (1989)
Mobile Suit SD Gundam's Counterattack (1989)
Gunhed (1989)
Mobile Suit Gundam F91 (1991)
Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: The Last Blitz of Zeon (1992)
Mobile Suit SD Gundam Festival (1993)
Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz -Special Edition- (1998)
Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team: Miller's Report (1998)
Firefighter! Daigo of Fire Company M (1999)
Crest of the Stars: SPECIAL (2000)
Escaflowne: A Girl in Gaea (2000)
Banner of the Stars: SPECIAL (2001)
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie (2001)
Inuyasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time (2001)
Turn A Gundam: Earth Light (2002)
Turn A Gundam: Moonlight Butterfly (2002)
Crush Gear: Kaizaban's Challenge (2002)
Inuyasha the Movie: The Castle Beyond the Looking Glass (2002)
Inuyasha the Movie: Swords of an Honorable Ruler (2003)
Steamboy (2004)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Special Edition: The Empty Battlefield (2004)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Special Edition: The Far-Away Dawn (2004)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Special Edition: The Rumbling Sky (2004)
Inuyasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island (2004)
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam A New Translation: Heirs to the Stars (2005)
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam A New Translation II: Lovers (2005)
Keroro Gunsō the Super Movie (2006)
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam A New Translation III: Love is the Pulse of the Stars (2006)
Kaiketsu Zorori: The Battle for the Mysterious Treasure (2006)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny Special Edition: The Shattered World (2006)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny Special Edition: Their Respective Swords (2006)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny Special Edition: Flames of Destiny (2006)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny Special Edition: The Cost of Freedom (2007)
Keroro Gunsō the Super Movie 2: The Deep Sea Princess (2007)
Chibi Kero: Secret of the Kero Ball!? (2007)
SOS! Tokyo Metro Explorers: The Next (2007)
Keroro Gunso the Super Movie 3: Keroro vs. Keroro Great Sky Duel (2008)
Musha Kero: Debut! Sengoku Planet Ran Big Battle!! (2008)
Armored Trooper VOTOMS: The Pailsen Files Movie (2009)
Keroro Gunso the Super Movie 4: Gekishin Dragon Warriors (2009)
Kero 0: Depart! Assembly of Everyone!! (2009)
Keroro Gunso the Super Movie: Creation! Ultimate Keroro, Wonder Space-Time Island (2010)
Chō Denei-ban SD Gundam Sangokuden Brave Battle Warriors (2010)
Gintama: The Movie (2010)
King of Thorn (2010)
Colorful (2010)
Mobile Suit Gundam 00 the Movie: A Wakening of the Trailblazer (2010)
s-CRY-ed: Alteration TAO (2011)
Sacred Seven: Wings of Gingetsu (2012)
s-CRY-ed: Alteration QUAN (2012)
Tiger & Bunny: The Beginning (2012)
Nerawareta Gakuen (2012)
Zorori's Big Big Big Big Adventure! (2012)
Gintama: The Movie: The Final Chapter: Be Forever Yorozuya (2013)
Short Peace (2013)
Kaiketsu Zorori: Protect It! The Dinosaur Egg (2013)
Tiger & Bunny: The Rising (2014)
Aikatsu! The Movie (2014)
Love Live! The School Idol Movie (2015)
Aikatsu! Music Awards - The Show Where Everyone Gets an Award! (2015)
Kaiketsu Zorori: Uchū no Yūsha-tachi (2015)
Mobile Suit Gundam Thunderbolt: December Sky (2016)
Accel World: Infinite Burst (2016)
Aikatsu! The Targeted Magical Aikatsu Card (2016)
Aikatsu Stars! The Movie (2016)
Zegapain Adaptation (2016)
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (2017–2018)
Mobile Suit Gundam Thunderbolt: Bandit Flower (2017)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Twilight Axis Red Trace (2017)
Eiga Kaiketsu Zorori ZZ no Himitsu (2017)
Mobile Suit Gundam Narrative (2018)
City Hunter (2019)
OVAs/ONAs
Shiroi Kiba White Fang Monogatari (1982)
VIFAM: News from Kachua (1984)
VIFAM: The Gathered 13 (1984)
VIFAM: The Missing 12 (1985)
VOTOMS: The Last Red Shoulder (1985)
VIFAM: Kate's Memory (1985)
Dirty Pair: Affair of Nolandia (1985)
GALIENT: Chapter of Ground (1986)
GALIENT: Chapter of Sky (1986)
VOTOMS: Big Battle (1986)
GALIENT: Chapter of Iron (1986)
LAYZNER: Eiji 1996 (1986)
LAYZNER: Le Caine 1999 (1986)
LAYZNER: Engraved 2000 (1986)
L-GAIM: Pentagona Window + Lady Gablae (1986)
L-GAIM: Farewell My Lovely + Pentagona Dolls (1987)
Dirty Pair: With Love from the Lovely Angels (1987–1988)
Dougram vs. Round-Facer (1987)
L-GAIM: Fullmetal Soldier (1987)
Dead Heat (1987)
Dirty Pair 2 (1987–1988)
VOTOMS: Roots of Ambition (1988)
New Story of Aura Battler Dunbine (1988)
Mobile Suit SD Gundam (1988–1990)
Starship Troopers (1988)
Armor Hunter Mellowlink (1988–1989)
Crusher Joe: The Ice Prison (1989)
Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket (1989)
Ronin Warriors Gaiden (1989)
Crusher Joe: The Ultimate Weapon: Ash (1989)
Wataru Majinzan (1989)
Ronin Warriors: Legend of the Inferno Armor (1989–1990)
Dirty Pair: Flight 005 Conspiracy (1990)
SD Gundam Gaiden (1990–1991)
Obatarian (1990)
City Hunter: Bay City Wars (1990)
City Hunter: Million Dollar Conspiracy (1990)
GRANZORT: The Final Magical Battle (1990)
GRANZORT: Non-Stop Rabi (1990)
Patlabor: The New Files (1990–1992)
Mobile Suit SD Gundam Scramble (1991)
Ronin Warriors MESSAGE (1991)
Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory (1991–1992)
GRANZORT: The Mado Stone (1992)
Raijin-Oh FINAL (1992–1993)
Future GPX Cyber Formula 11 (1992–1993)
Mashin Hero Wataru: The Endless Story (1993–1994)
Dirty Pair Flash (1994–1996)
VOTOMS: Shining Heresy (1994)
Future GPX Cyber Formula ZERO (1994–1995)
Ryū Knight: Adeu's Legend (1994–1995)
Iron Leaguer: Under of The Banner of Silver Light (1994–1995)
Ryū Knight: Adeu's Legend II (1995–1996)
City Hunter: The Secret Service (1996)
Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team (1996–1999)
The Silent Service (1996–1998)
Future GPX Cyber Formula EARLY DAYS RENEWAL (1996)
Gundam Wing: Operation Meteor (1996)
Ryū Knight: Adeu's Legend Final - Onsen Dungeon no Kettō (1996)
Future GPX Cyber Formula SAGA (1996–1997)
Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz (1997)
City Hunter: Good-Bye My Sweetheart (1997)
DAGWON: The Boy with Crystal Eyes (1997)
Gundam: Mission to the Rise (1998)
Dinozone (1998–2000)
Future GPX Cyber Formula SIN (1998–2000)
Z-Mind (1999)
City Hunter: Death of the Vicious Criminal Ryo Saeba (1999)
The King of Braves GaoGaiGar Final (2000–2003)
Passage of the Stars - Birth (2000)
G-Saviour (2000)
Zone of the Enders: 2167 Idolo (2001)
Afro-Dog (2001)
Kanzen Shouri Daiteioh (2001)
Gundam Evolve (2001–2007)
Argento Soma: Alone and by myself (2002)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray (2004)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED AFTER PHASE (2004)
Mobile Suit Gundam MS IGLOO: The Hidden One Year War (2004)
Hotori: Tada Saiwai wo Koinegau (2005)
Banner of the Stars III (2005)
Gin Tama (2005–2016)
The Wings of Rean (2005–2006)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny: FINAL PLUS (2005)
Mobile Suit Gundam MS IGLOO: Apocalypse 0079 (2006)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED C.E. 73: Stargazer (2006)
Cluster Edge Specials (2006)
My-Otome Zwei (2006–2007)
Freedom Project (2006–2008)
Armored Trooper Votoms: Pailsen Files (2007–2008)
Code Geass: Black Rebellion (2008)
My-Otome 0: S.ifr (2008)
Mobile Suit Gundam MS IGLOO: The Gravity Front (2008–2009)
Urusei Yatsura: The Obstacle Course Swim Meet (2008)
Code Geass: Zero Requiem (2009)
Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Special Edition (2009–2010)
Black God: Tiger and Wings (2009)
My-HiME: The Black Dance/The Last Supper (2010)
My-Otome: The Holy Maiden's Prayer (2010)
VOTOMS: Phantom Chapter (2010)
Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn (2010–2014)
Model Suit Gunpla Builders Beginning G (2010)
VOTOMS: Case;Irvine (2010)
Votoms Finder (2010)
VOTOMS: Alone Again (2011)
Coicent (2011)
Five Numbers! (2011)
Code Geass: Nunnally in Wonderland (2012)
Code Geass: Akito the Exiled (2012–2016)
Accel World (2012–2013)
Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team: Battle in Three Dimensions (2013)
Mobile Suit Gundam AGE: Memory of Eden (2013)
Love Live! (2013)
Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin (2015–2016)
Mobile Suit Gundam Thunderbolt (2015–2017)
Gundam Build Fighters Try: Island Wars (2016)
Dream Festival! (2016)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Twilight Axis (2017)
Gundam Build Fighters: Battlogue (2017)
Dream Festival! R (2017)
Gundam Build Fighters: GM's Counterattack (2017)
Mobile Suit Gundam The Origin: Loum Arc (2017–2018)
Gundam Build Divers: Prologue (2018)
Isekai Izakaya ~Koto Aitheria no Izakaya Nobu~ (2018)
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Feature films
Macross Plus: Movie Edition (1995)
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Celebs Go Dating
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the most recent series, see Celebs Go Dating (series 4).
Celebs Go Dating
Genre
Dating
Reality television
Created by
E4
Written by
Rob Beckett
Directed by
Jamie Wiggins
Starring
See below
Narrated by
Rob Beckett
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
4
No. of episodes
55 as of 4 February 2018
Production
Executive producer(s)
Kalpna Patel-Knight
Phil Harris
Sharon Powers
Location(s)
London
Cape Verde (for the last episode of series 4)
Editor(s)
Justin Saculles
Lyndon Tovey
Nick Walker
Camera setup
Multi camera
Running time
65 minutes (includes adverts)
Production company(s)
Lime Pictures
Distributor
All3Media
Release
Original network
E4 (2016–present)
Picture format
1080i HDTV
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
29 August 2016 (2016-08-29) – present
External links
Website
Celebs Go Dating is a British reality television dating program. It began broadcasting on 29 August 2016. The first series had 15 episodes and was shown at 10 pm on weekdays on E4. In November 2016, it was confirmed that Celebs Go Dating had been renewed for two more series, with the second airing in spring of 2017 and the third airing in late 2017.[1] The second series finished on 10 March 2017.[2] The third series began on 4 September 2017 and finished on 29 September 2017.
It was confirmed on 27 September 2017 that the show was renewed for a fourth series to air in 2018.[3] The fourth series is due to begin on 4 February 2018[4] The fourth series will be the first series to air during the week and weekend, but there would be no episode on Fridays or Saturdays.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series
1.1 Series 1 (2016)
1.2 Series 2 (2017)
1.3 Series 3 (2017)
1.4 Series 4 (2018)
2 Agents, psychologists and presenters
3 Development and production
4 Broadcasts
5 References
Series
Year
Series
Number of episodes
First aired
Last aired
2016 Series 1 15 29 August 2016 16 September 2016
2017 Series 2 20 13 February 2017 10 March 2017
Series 3 19 4 September 2017 29 September 2017
2018 Series 4 20 4 February 2018 1 March 2018
Series 1 (2016)
Main article: Celebs Go Dating (series 1)
The first series of the show was confirmed in March 2016, and began airing on 29 August 2016. It concluded after fifteen episodes on 16 September 2016. Shortly after the series it was announced that E4 had commissioned a further two series to air in 2017.[5]
The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the first series.
Celebrity
Notability
Charlotte Crosby Reality TV star (Geordie Shore)
Jack Jones YouTube personality
Joey Essex Reality TV star (The Only Way Is Essex)
Paisley Billings Reality TV star (Tattoo Fixers)
Stephanie Pratt Reality TV star (The Hills)
Tyger Drew-Honey Actor (Outnumbered)
Series 2 (2017)
Main article: Celebs Go Dating (series 2)
The second series of the show was confirmed on 7 November 2016,[6] and began on 13 February 2017.[7] It concluded after twenty episodes on 10 March 2017. Along with the announcement of the cast for the series, it was confirmed that Joey Essex would be returning, having previously appeared in the first series. Stephen Bear was also removed from the series during the eighteenth episode for breaking the show rules by dating a celebrity outside of the agency.[8]
The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the second series.[9]
Celebrity
Notability
Ferne McCann Reality TV star (The Only Way Is Essex)
Joey Essex Reality TV star (The Only Way Is Essex)
Jonathan Cheban Reality TV star (Keeping Up with the Kardashians)
Jorgie Porter Actress (Hollyoaks)
Melody Thornton The Pussycat Dolls singer
Perri Kiely Diversity member
Stephen Bear Reality TV star (Ex on the Beach)
Series 3 (2017)
Main article: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)
The third series of the show was confirmed on 7 November 2016[10] along with the announcement of the second series, and began airing on 4 September 2017.[11] It concluded after nineteen episodes on 29 September 2017. An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. It was later reported that the episode was cancelled as one of the daters featured had been abusive in a previous relationship and accused of a serious crime.[12] Bobby-Cole Norris also became the first gay cast member to take part in the series.[13]
The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the third series.[14]
Celebrity
Notability
Bobby-Cole Norris Reality TV star (The Only Way Is Essex)
Calum Best Model and TV personality
Charlotte Dawson Reality TV star (Ex on the Beach)
Courtney Stodden US media personality
Frankie Cocozza Singer
Georgia "Toff" Toffolo Reality TV star (Made in Chelsea)
James "Arg" Argent Reality TV star (The Only Way Is Essex)
Sarah-Jane Crawford TV presenter
Series 4 (2018)
Main article: Celebs Go Dating (series 4)
The fourth series of the show was confirmed on 28 September 2017,[15] and will begin airing on 4 February 2018. It is the first series to air at the weekends, however there will be no episode on Fridays or Saturdays. The following is a list of celebrities who will feature in the fourth series.[16]
It was confirmed that each celeb gets to take one date with them to the series finale at Cape Verde.
Jonathan Lipnicki took Becca to Los Angeles, America and before he left for Los Angeles, Lipnicki left the agency after finding a suitable girlfriend. Gemma Collins stood up Lawrence who was due to host the date in Paris, France and left him waiting on the Eurostar platform at St Pancras.
Celebrity
Notability
Gemma Collins Reality TV star (The Only Way Is Essex)
Jade Jones Taekwondo athlete
Jonathan Lipnicki Actor
London Hughes TV presenter
Mike Thalassitis Reality TV star (Love Island)
Ollie Locke Reality TV star (Made in Chelsea)
Sam Thompson Reality TV star (Made in Chelsea)
Seb Morris Racing driver
Tallia Storm Singer
Agents, psychologists and presenters
Cast member
Role
Series
1
2
3
4
Eden Blackman Dating expert
Nadia Essex Dating expert
Tom Read Wilson Receptionist (Series 1—3)
Junior Client Coordinator (Series 4—present)
Rob Beckett Narrator
Joey Essex Online presenter
Dr Pam Spurr Psychologist
Judi James Psychologist
Note: Joey made an appearance via video call in the third series but was not credited
= Agent/psychologist/presenter is a main cast member
= Agent/psychologist/presenter is a recurring cast member
= Agent/psychologist/presenter does not feature in this series
= Presenter was a cast member in this series
= Narrator features in this series
Development and production
It was announced in March 2016 that E4 had commissioned a new reality dating show which see celebrities go on dates with members of the public. Filming for the first series started in August 2016, with the show airing later that month. The show is filmed a few weeks in advance. The first series was made up of 15 episodes airing every weekday.
In 2017, a second and third series was confirmed to air in early and late 2017 unlike the first series the second and third series would last one week longer with 20 episodes. Filming began for the second series in late January with the series launching in February 2017, with filming finishing in early March.
Series two saw the return of Joey Essex who broke the rules in the first series when he started dating a celebrity on the show. During the filming of series two, Stephen Bear brought many problems to the dating agency, breaking the rules of the show by dating another celebrity outside of the show; this led to his removal from the show.
It was announced on the official Celebs Go Dating Twitter account that the third series of the show will feature same-sex relationships for the first time.
In September 2017 it was confirmed that the series would return for a fourth series in 2018.[17] The fourth series does also feature same-sex relationships. It started on 4 February 2018.
Broadcasts
The first and second series of Celebs Go Dating aired every week night on E4 with a repeat at the weekend on Sunday morning.
The third series was due to end on 29 September 2017, however an episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. The show's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening's episode hours before airing. An E4 spokesman cited "editorial reasons" and said the show will return on Monday 17 September.[18]
The fourth series will be the first series to air during the week and weekend, however there would be no episode on Fridays or Saturdays.
References
Jump up ^ "Digital Spy - Showbiz news, showbiz pictures, showbiz interviews".
Jump up ^ "Ferne McCann on Twitter".
Jump up ^ Dating, Celebs Go (28 September 2017). "Would you want to date a celeb? YOU could be on the next series of #CelebsGoDating".
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/E4Tweets/status/956539660850753536
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/795597751627186176
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/795597751627186176
Jump up ^ https://tellymix.co.uk/reality-tv/celebs-go-dating/301070-celebs-go-dating-2017-cast-start-time-spoilers-series-2-e4-ep19.html
Jump up ^ https://tellymix.co.uk/reality-tv/celebs-go-dating/306171-stephen-bear-fined-1500-kicked-off-celebs-go-dating.html
Jump up ^ https://closeronline.co.uk/entertainment/soaps/celebs-go-dating-back-season-2-line/
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/795597751627186176
Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/09/04/celebs-go-dating-whats-new-when-is-it-on-what-channel-and-line-up-6897592/
Jump up ^ "Celebs Go Dating forced to abruptly cancel last week's show because contestant was accused of committing a serious crime". The Sun. 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/05/11/bobby-norris-becomes-first-ever-gay-star-to-sign-up-to-celebs-go-dating-6629789/
Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/celebs-go-dating-series-3-10921349
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/913521284570664960
Jump up ^ https://tellymix.co.uk/reality-tv/celebs-go-dating/340601-whos-celebs-go-dating-cast-celebrities-series-4-confirmed.html
Jump up ^ "12 behind the scenes secrets from Celebs Go Dating - revealed by Eden Blackman". 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Emmeline (2017-09-16). "Reason Celebs Go Dating was pulled from E4 schedule without warning revealed". mirror. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebs_Go_Dating&oldid=836080809"
Categories:
2016 British television programme debuts
2010s British reality television series
British dating and relationship reality television series
E4 reality television programmes
English-language television programs
Television series by All3Media
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