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Speculation
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This article is about the financial term. For other uses, see Speculation (disambiguation).
"Speculator" redirects here. For the Montana mining incident, see Speculator Mine disaster. For the village in New York, see Speculator, New York. For the archaic tactic in rugby, see Field goal (rugby).
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v
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Speculation is the purchase of an asset (a commodity, goods, or real estate) with the hope that it will become more valuable at a future date. In finance, speculation is also the practice of engaging in risky financial transactions in an attempt to profit from short term fluctuations in the market value of a tradable financial instrument—rather than attempting to profit from the underlying financial attributes embodied in the instrument such as capital gains, dividends, or interest.
Many speculators pay little attention to the fundamental value of a security and instead focus purely on price movements. Speculation can in principle involve any tradable good or financial instrument. Speculators are particularly common in the markets for stocks, bonds, commodity futures, currencies, fine art, collectibles, real estate, and derivatives.
Speculators play one of four primary roles in financial markets, along with hedgers, who engage in transactions to offset some other pre-existing risk, arbitrageurs who seek to profit from situations where fungible instruments trade at different prices in different market segments, and investors who seek profit through long-term ownership of an instrument's underlying attributes.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Speculation and investment
3 Economic benefits
3.1 Sustainable consumption level
3.2 Market liquidity and efficiency
3.3 Bearing risks
3.4 Finding environmental and other risks
3.5 Shorting
4 Economic disadvantages
4.1 Winner's curse
4.2 Economic bubbles
5 Government responses and regulation
5.1 Food security
5.2 Regulations
5.3 Proposals
6 Books
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
With the appearance of the stock ticker machine in 1867, which removed the need for traders to be physically present on the floor of a stock exchange, stock speculation underwent a dramatic expansion through the end of the 1920s. The number of shareholders increased, perhaps, from 4.4 million in 1900 to 26 million in 1932.[1]
Speculation and investment[edit]
The view of what distinguishes investment from speculation and speculation from excessive speculation varies widely among pundits, legislators and academics. Some sources note that speculation is simply a higher risk form of investment. Others define speculation more narrowly as positions not characterized as hedging.[2] The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission defines a speculator as "a trader who does not hedge, but who trades with the objective of achieving profits through the successful anticipation of price movements."[3] The agency emphasizes that speculators serve important market functions, but defines excessive speculation as harmful to the proper functioning of futures markets.[4]
According to Benjamin Graham in The Intelligent Investor, the prototypical defensive investor is "...one interested chiefly in safety plus freedom from bother." He admits, however, that "...some speculation is necessary and unavoidable, for in many common-stock situations, there are substantial possibilities of both profit and loss, and the risks therein must be assumed by someone." Thus, many long-term investors, even those who buy and hold for decades, may be classified as speculators, excepting only the rare few who are primarily motivated by income or safety of principal and not eventually selling at a profit.[5]
Speculation is condemned on ethical-moral grounds as creating money from money and thereby promoting the vices of avarice and gambling.[6]
There is opinion that it serves no purposes from a human and economic perspective [7][8]
Economic benefits[edit]
Sustainable consumption level[edit]
Speculation usually involves more risks than investment.
Nicholas Kaldor[9] has long recognized the price-stabilizing role of speculators, who tend to even out "price-fluctuations due to changes in the conditions of demand or supply," by possessing "better than average foresight." This view was later echoed by the speculator Victor Niederhoffer, in "The Speculator as Hero",[10] who describes the benefits of speculation:
Let's consider some of the principles that explain the causes of shortages and surpluses and the role of speculators. When a harvest is too small to satisfy consumption at its normal rate, speculators come in, hoping to profit from the scarcity by buying. Their purchases raise the price, thereby checking consumption so that the smaller supply will last longer. Producers encouraged by the high price further lessen the shortage by growing or importing to reduce the shortage. On the other side, when the price is higher than the speculators think the facts warrant, they sell. This reduces prices, encouraging consumption and exports and helping to reduce the surplus.
Another service provided by speculators to a market is that by risking their own capital in the hope of profit, they add liquidity to the market and make it easier or even possible for others to offset risk, including those who may be classified as hedgers and arbitrageurs.
Market liquidity and efficiency[edit]
If any market, such as pork bellies, had no speculators, only producers (hog farmers) and consumers (butchers, etc.) would participate. With fewer players in the market, there would be a larger spread between the current bid and ask price of pork bellies. Any new entrant in the market who wanted to trade pork bellies would be forced to accept this illiquid market and might trade at market prices with large bid-ask spreads or even face difficulty finding a co-party to buy or sell to.
By contrast, a commodity speculator may profit the difference in the spread and, in competition with other speculators, reduce the spread. Some schools of thought argue that speculators increase the liquidity in a market, and therefore promote an efficient market.[11] This efficiency is difficult to achieve without speculators. Speculators take information and speculate on how it affects prices, producers and consumers, who may want to hedge their risks, needing counterparties if they could find each other without markets it certainly would happen as it would be cheaper. A very beneficial by-product of speculation for the economy is price discovery.
On the other hand, as more speculators participate in a market, underlying real demand and supply can diminish compared to trading volume, and prices may become distorted.[11]
Bearing risks[edit]
Speculators perform a risk bearing role that can be beneficial to society. For example, a farmer might be considering planting corn on some unused farmland. However, he might not want to do so because he is concerned that the price might fall too far by harvest time. By selling his crop in advance at a fixed price to a speculator, he is now able to hedge the price risk and so he can plant the corn. Thus, speculators can actually increase production through their willingness to take on risk (not at the loss of profit).
Finding environmental and other risks[edit]
Speculative hedge funds that do fundamental analysis "are far more likely than other investors to try to identify a firm's off-balance-sheet exposures" including "environmental or social liabilities present in a market or company but not explicitly accounted for in traditional numeric valuation or mainstream investor analysis". Hence, they make the prices better reflect the true quality of operation of the firms.[12]
Shorting[edit]
Shorting may act as a "canary in a coal mine" to stop unsustainable practices earlier and thus reduce damages and forming market bubbles.[12]
Economic disadvantages[edit]
Winner's curse[edit]
Auctions are a method of squeezing out speculators from a transaction, but they may have their own perverse effects by the winner's curse. The winner's curse, is however, not very significant to markets with high liquidity for both buyers and sellers, as the auction for selling the product and the auction for buying the product occur simultaneously, and the two prices are separated only by a relatively small spread. That mechanism prevents the winner's curse phenomenon from causing mispricing to any degree greater than the spread.
Economic bubbles[edit]
Speculation is often associated with economic bubbles.[13] A bubble occurs when the price for an asset exceeds its intrinsic value by a significant margin,[14] although not all bubbles occur due to speculation.[15] Speculative bubbles are characterized by rapid market expansion driven by word-of-mouth feedback loops, as initial rises in asset price attract new buyers and generate further inflation.[16] The growth of the bubble is followed by a precipitous collapse fueled by the same phenomenon.[14][17] Speculative bubbles are essentially social epidemics whose contagion is mediated by the structure of the market.[17] Some economists link asset price movements within a bubble to fundamental economic factors such as cash flows and discount rates.[18]
In 1936, John Maynard Keynes wrote: "Speculators may do no harm as bubbles on a steady stream of enterprise. But the situation is serious when enterprise becomes the bubble on a whirlpool of speculation. (1936:159)"[19] Keynes himself enjoyed speculation to the fullest, running an early precursor of a hedge fund. As the Bursar of the Cambridge University King's College, he managed two investment funds, one of which, called Chest Fund, invested not only in the then 'emerging' market US stocks, but to a smaller extent periodically included commodity futures and foreign currencies (see Chua and Woodward, 1983). His fund was profitable almost every year, averaging 13% per year, even during the Great Depression, thanks to very modern investment strategies, which included inter-market diversification (it invested in stocks, commodities and currencies) as well as shorting (selling borrowed stocks or futures to profit from falling prices), which Keynes advocated among the principles of successful investment in his 1933 report: "a balanced investment position... and if possible, opposed risks".[20]
It is controversial whether the presence of speculators increases or decreases short-term volatility in a market. Their provision of capital and information may help stabilize prices closer to their true values. On the other hand, crowd behavior and positive feedback loops in market participants may also increase volatility.
Government responses and regulation[edit]
The economic disadvantages of speculators have resulted in a number of attempts over the years to introduce regulations and restrictions to try to limit or reduce the impact of speculators. Such financial regulation is often enacted in response to a crisis as was the case with the Bubble Act 1720, which was passed by the British government at the height of the South Sea Bubble to try to stop speculation in such schemes. It was left in place for over a hundred years until it was repealed in 1825. Another example was the Glass–Steagall Act passed in 1933 during the Great Depression in the United States; most of the Glass-Steagall provisions were repealed during the 1980s and 1990s. The Onion Futures Act bans the trading of futures contracts on onions in the United States, after speculators successfully cornered the market in the mid-1950s; it remains in effect as of 2013[update].
Food security[edit]
Main article: food security
Some nations have moved to limit foreign ownership of cropland to ensure that food is available for local consumption while others have sold food land and depend on the World Food Programme.[21]
In 1935, the Indian government passed a law allowing the government partial restriction and direct control of food production (Defence of India Act, 1935). It included the ability to restrict or ban the trading in derivatives on food commodities. After independence, in the 1950s, India continued to struggle with feeding its population and the government increasingly restricted trading in food commodities. Just at the time the Forward Markets Commission was established, the government felt that derivative markets increased speculation, which led to increased food costs and price instabilities. In 1953, it finally prohibited options and futures trading altogether.[22] The restrictions were not lifted until the 1980s.
Regulations[edit]
In the US, following passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) has proposed regulations aimed at limiting speculation in futures markets by instituting position limits. The CFTC offers three basic elements for their regulatory framework: "the size (or levels) of the limits themselves; the exemptions from the limits (for example, hedged positions) and; the policy on aggregating accounts for purposes of applying the limits."[23] The proposed position limits apply to 28 physical commodities traded in various exchanges across the US.[24]
Another part of the Dodd-Frank Act established the Volcker Rule, which deals with speculative investments of banks that do not benefit their customers. Passed on 21 January 2010, it states that those investments played a key role in the financial crisis of 2007–2010.[25]
Proposals[edit]
See also: Speculative attack, Currency crisis, Black Wednesday, Fictitious capital, Financial transaction tax, Currency transaction tax, Tobin tax, and Spahn tax
A number of proposals made in the past to try to limit speculation that were never enacted:
The Tobin tax is a tax intended to reduce short-term currency speculation, ostensibly to stabilize foreign exchange.
In May 2008 German leaders planned to propose a worldwide ban on oil trading by speculators, blaming the 2008 oil price rises on manipulation by hedge funds.[26]
On 3 December 2009, Representative Peter DeFazio, who blamed "reckless speculation" for the 2008 financial crisis, proposed the introduction of a financial transaction tax, which would specifically target speculators by taxing financial market securities transactions.
Books[edit]
Covel, Michael. The Complete Turtle Trader. HarperCollins, 2007. ISBN 9780061241703
Douglas, Mark. The Disciplined Trader. New York Institute of Finance, 1990. ISBN 0-13-215757-8
Gunther, Max The Zurich Axioms Souvenir Press (1st print 1985) ISBN 0-285-63095-4.
Fox, Justin. The Myth of the Rational Market. HarperCollings, 2009. ISBN 9780060598990
Lefèvre, Edwin. Reminiscences of a Stock Operator John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005 (1st print 1923) ISBN 0471678767
Neill, Humphrey B. The Art of Contrary Thinking Caxton Press 1954.
Niederhoffer, Victor Practical Speculation John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005 ISBN 0-471-67774-4
Sobel, Robert The Money Manias: The Eras of Great Speculation in America, 1770-1970 Beard Books 1973 ISBN 1-58798-028-2
Patterson, Scott The Quants, How a New Breed of Math Whizzes Conquered Wall Street and Nearly Destroyed it Crown Business, 2010 ISBN 9780307453372
Schwartz, Martin "Buzzy". Pit Bull: Lessons from Wall Street's Champion Trader HarperCollins, 2007 ISBN 9780061844638
Schwager, Jack D. Trading with the Market Wizards: The Complete Market Wizards Series John Wiley & Sons 2013 ISBN 9781118582978
Tharp, Van K. Definitive Guide to Position Sizing International Institute of Trading Mastery, 2008. ISBN 0935219099
See also[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Speculation
Adventurer
Behavioral finance
Black Wednesday
Bull (stock market speculator)
Carbon credits
Currency crisis
Currency transaction tax
DeFazio financial transaction tax
Domain name speculation
Equity (finance)
European crime
Fictitious capital
Financial market
Financial regulatory reform
Day trading
George Soros
Jesse Lauriston Livermore
Seasonal traders
Short selling
Slippage (finance)
Spahn tax
Speculative attack
Stock market bubble
Stock trader
Tobin tax
Tulip mania
Volcker Rule
References[edit]
Citations
Jump up ^ Stäheli 2013, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Szado, Edward (2011). "Defining Speculation: The First Step toward a Rational Dialogue". The Journal of Alternative Investments. CAIA Association.
Jump up ^ "CFTC Glossary: A guide to the language of the futures industry". cftc.gov. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Staff Report on Commodity Swap Dealers & Index Traders with Commission Recommendations" (PDF). U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Graham, Benjamin (1973). The Intelligent Investor. HarperCollins Books. ISBN 0-06-055566-1.
Jump up ^ Investment vs. Gambling, the Gambling Culture, pp. 37-44
Jump up ^ A discussion of stock market speculation by P. J. Proudhon
Jump up ^ http://www.jstor.org/stable/2376347?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Jump up ^ Nicholas Kaldor, 1960. Essays on Economic Stability and Growth. Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe.
Jump up ^ Victor Niederhoffer, The Wall Street Journal, 10 February 1989 Daily Speculations
^ Jump up to: a b http://chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/understanding_derivatives/understanding_derivatives_chapter_1_derivatives_overview.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b Unlikely heroes - Can hedge funds save the world? One pundit thinks so, The Economist, 16 February 2010
Jump up ^ Teeter, Preston; Sandberg, Jorgen (2017). "Cracking the enigma of asset bubbles with narratives". Strategic Organization. 15 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1177/1476127016629880.
^ Jump up to: a b Hollander, Barbara Gottfried (2011). Booms, Bubbles, & Busts (The Global Marketplace). Heinemann Library. pp. 40–41. ISBN 1432954776.
Jump up ^ Lei, Noussair & Plott 2001, p. 831: "In a setting in which speculation is not possible, bubbles and crashes are observed. The results suggest that the departures from fundamental values are not caused by the lack of common knowledge of rationality leading to speculation, but rather by behavior that itself exhibits elements of irrationality."
Jump up ^ Rosser, J. Barkley (2000). From Catastrophe to Chaos: A General Theory of Economic Discontinuities: Mathematics, Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, and Finance. p. 107.
^ Jump up to: a b Shiller, Robert J. (23 July 2012). "Bubbles without Markets". Retrieved 29 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Journal (2003). "What Is an Asset Price Bubble? An Operation Definition" (PDF). European Financial Management. 9 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1111/1468-036x.00206.
Jump up ^ Dr. Stephen Spratt of Intelligence Capital (September 2006). "A Sterling Solution". Stamp Out Poverty report. Stamp Out Poverty Campaign. p. 15. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Chua, J. H. and R. S. Woodward (1983). "The Investment Wizardry of J.M. Keynes". 39. Financial Analysts Journal: 35–37. JSTOR 4478643.
Jump up ^ Valente, Marcela. "Curbing foreign ownership of farmland." IPS, 22 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Frida Youssef (October 2000). "Integrated report on Commodity Exchanges And Forward Market Commission (FMC)". FMC.
Jump up ^ "Speculative Limits". U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "CFTC Approves Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Regarding Regulations on Aggregation for Position Limits for Futures and Swaps". U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
Jump up ^ David Cho and Binyamin Appelbaum (22 January 2010). "Obama's 'Volcker Rule' shifts power away from Geithner". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (26 May 2008). "Germany in call for ban on oil speculation". The Daily Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
Bibliography
Lei, Vivian; Noussair, Charles N.; Plott, Charles R. (2001). "Nonspeculative Bubbles in Experimental Asset Markets: Lack of Common Knowledge of Rationality Vs. Actual Irrationality". Econometrica. 69 (4): 831–859. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00222. JSTOR 2692246.
Stäheli, Urs (2013). Spectacular Speculation: Thrills, the Economy, and Popular Discourse. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-77131-3.
External links[edit]
Look up speculation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Hidden Collective Factors in Speculative Trading
Understanding Derivatives: Markets and Infrastructure Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Financial Markets Group
Food Commodities Speculation and Food Price Crises
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2018 Winter Olympics
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XXIII Olympic Winter Games
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Korean: 하나된 열정. (Hanadoen Yeoljeong)
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Pyeongchang
Location in South Korea
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
Hangul
평창 동계 올림픽
Hanja
平昌 冬季 올림픽
Revised Romanization
Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik
McCune–Reischauer
P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik
Part of a series on
2018 Winter Olympics[show]
Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Concerns and controversies
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
IOC
KOC
POCOG
v
t
e
The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIIIèmes Jeux olympiques d'hiver; Hangul: 제23회 동계 올림픽; RR: Je-isipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018[1] ([pʰjʌŋ.tɕʰaŋ]), is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, South Korea.
The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. Pyeongchang won its bid on the first round of voting, receiving more votes than both Munich, Germany and Annecy, France combined.
These will be South Korea's second Olympic Games and its first Winter Games; Seoul hosted the Summer Games in 1988. Pyeongchang will be the third Asian city to host the Winter Games; the first two were in Japan, at Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Bidding
1.1 Host city election
2 Tickets
3 Preparations
3.1 Torch relay
4 Venues
4.1 Pyeongchang (Mountain cluster)
4.1.1 Alpensia Sports Park
4.1.2 Stand-alone venues
4.2 Gangneung (Coastal cluster)
5 Sports
6 Participating National Olympic Committees
7 Calendar
8 Marketing
8.1 Branding
8.2 Mascots
9 Broadcasting rights
10 Concerns and controversies
10.1 Security
10.2 Jeongseon Alpine Centre Ecological Issues
10.3 Russian doping
10.3.1 Official sanctions
10.3.2 Reaction in Russia
10.3.3 Criticism
11 See also
12 Notes and references
13 External links
Bidding[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics
Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games but lost in the final rounds of voting by three and four votes respectively. Pyeongchang won its bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in the first round of voting, receiving 63 of the 95 votes cast, giving it the majority required to be elected host city.
Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched a bid, but failed to secure public support from local citizens. Their bid received seven votes.
Host city election[edit]
Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting.
2018 Winter Olympics bidding results
City
Nation
Votes
Pyeongchang South Korea 63
Munich Germany 25
Annecy France 7
Tickets[edit]
Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016, ranging from ₩20,000 (approximately US$17) to ₩900,000 (US$776). Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies range from ₩220,000 (US$190) to ₩1.5 million (US$1293). The exact prices were determined through market research; around 50% of the tickets are expected to cost about ₩80,000 (US$69) or less, and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region, such as biathlon and luge, will be made cheaper in order to encourage attendance. By contrast, figure skating and the men's hockey gold-medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games.[3]
As of 11 October 2017, domestic ticket sales for the Games have been slow. Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans, only 20.7% have been sold. International sales have been better, with 59.7% of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold. In total, 61% of tickets have been sold. Sales of tickets to the Paralympic Games are increasing slowly, with 37% of them sold.[4]
Preparations[edit]
On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission.[5][6] On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues.[7] The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village.[8][9] In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.[10]
Olympic venues 2018
The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012.[11] Then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013.[12]
On 27 June 2014 the Pyeongchang Olympic Committee announced their mascot selection contest.[13] The contest ran from 15 September 2014 to 30 September 2014. The 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang.
The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles.[14]
Torch relay[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay
Venues[edit]
Main article: Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
Dragon Valley Ski Resort
Pyeongchang (Mountain cluster)[edit]
Alpensia Sports Park[edit]
The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon will be the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.[15][16]
Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium – opening and closing ceremonies[17]
Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre – ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding (big air)
Alpensia Biathlon Centre – biathlon
Alpensia Cross-Country Centre – cross-country skiing, Nordic combined
Alpensia Sliding Centre – luge, bobsleigh, and skeleton
Olympic Village
Yongpyong Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom)
Stand-alone venues[edit]
Bokwang Snow Park – freestyle skiing and snowboard
Jeongseon Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (downhill, super-G, and combined)
Gangneung (Coastal cluster)[edit]
The coastal cluster is located in the city of Gangneung. The Gangneung Olympic Park will include the following four venues:
Gangneung Hockey Centre – ice hockey (men competition)
Gangneung Curling Centre – curling
Gangneung Oval[17] – speed skating
Gangneung Ice Arena – short track speed skating and figure skating
In addition, a stand-alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University:
Kwandong Hockey Centre – ice hockey (women competition)
Sports[edit]
The 2018 Winter Olympics will feature 102 events in 15 sports. Four new disciplines in existing sports will be introduced in Pyeongchang, including big air snowboarding, mixed doubles curling, mass start speed skating, and mixed team alpine skiing.[18]
For the first time since 1998, the National Hockey League will not provide accommodations (including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics) to allow its players to participate in the men's ice hockey tournament. The NHL's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participate in the Games. Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi, the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang, and was concerned that the NHL's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow. NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics.[19][20][21] The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC, who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters.[22][23]
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports discipline.
Alpine skiing (11) (details)
Biathlon (11) (details)
Bobsleigh (3) (details)
Cross-country skiing (12) (details)
Curling (3) (details)
Figure skating (5) (details)
Freestyle skiing (10) (details)
Ice hockey (2) (details)
Luge (4) (details)
Nordic combined (3) (details)
Short track speed skating (8) (details)
Skeleton (2) (details)
Ski jumping (4) (details)
Snowboarding (10) (details)
Speed skating (14) (details)
Participating National Olympic Committees[edit]
A total of 90 teams have qualified at least one athlete so far (89 nations, and the delegation from Russia which will compete under the IOC flag).
Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, and Singapore are scheduled to make their Winter Olympics debut if they decide to participate.
North Korean athletes will be allowed to cross the DMZ into South Korea since two North Korean figure skaters qualified.[24][25] North Korea agreed in negotiations with South Korea to send the qualified athletes for the Winter Olympics.[26]
Russia's status remained unclear due to the state-sponsored doping scandal.[27] On 5 December 2017 it was announced that the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended effective immediately. Individual athletes who qualified and can demonstrate they have complied with the IOC's doping regulations will be allowed to compete as "Olympic Athletes from Russia," (OAR) under a neutral flag and with the Olympic anthem played in any ceremony.[28]
[hide]Participating National Olympic Committees[29][30][31][32][33]
Albania
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bermuda
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominica
Ecuador
Eritrea
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malaysia
Malta
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Netherlands
New Zealand
North Korea
Norway
Olympic Athletes from Russia
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Romania
San Marino
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea (host)
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Chinese Taipei
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
Uzbekistan
Calendar[edit]
All dates are KST (UTC+9)
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony
February
8th
Thu
9th
Fri
10th
Sat
11th
Sun
12th
Mon
13th
Tue
14th
Wed
15th
Thu
16th
Fri
17th
Sat
18th
Sun
19th
Mon
20th
Tue
21st
Wed
22nd
Thu
23rd
Fri
24th
Sat
25th
Sun
Events
Ceremonies OC CC N/A
Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Biathlon 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Bobsleigh ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 3
Cross country skiing 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 12
Curling ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 3
Figure skating ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 EG 5
Freestyle skiing ● 1 1 ● 1 1 2 ● 1 1 1 1 10
Ice hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● 1 2
Luge ● 1 ● 1 1 1 4
Nordic combined 1 1 1 3
Short track speed skating 1 1 2 1 3 8
Skeleton ● 1 1 2
Ski jumping ● 1 1 ● 1 1 4
Snowboarding ● 1 1 1 1 1 1 ● ● ● 1 3 10
Speed skating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 14
Total events
5
7
8
8
6
7
5
9
6
3
5
7
8
6
8
4
102
Cumulative total
5
12
20
28
34
41
46
55
61
64
69
76
84
90
98
102
February
8th
Thu
9th
Fri
10th
Sat
11th
Sun
12th
Mon
13th
Tue
14th
Wed
15th
Thu
16th
Fri
17th
Sat
18th
Sun
19th
Mon
20th
Tue
21st
Wed
22nd
Thu
23rd
Fri
24th
Sat
25th
Sun
102 events
Marketing[edit]
Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics
Branding[edit]
The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013. It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ㅍ p and ㅊ ch, being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang. Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven, earth and humanity (Korean: 천지인 cheon-ji-in), and the right symbol a crystal of ice.[34]
The name of the host city has been intentionally formatted in all official materials as "PyeongChang", rather than "Pyeongchang". This is to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang, the similarly-named capital of neighbouring North Korea.[1]
The official pictograms for 24 sports across 15 disciplines were revealed in January 2017 and are designed using the Korean alphabet as inspiration.[35]
Mascots[edit]
Main article: Soohorang and Bandabi
The official mascots for the Games, Soohorang (수호랑), a white tiger, and Bandabi (반다비), an Asiatic black bear, were unveiled on 2 June 2016.[36]
Broadcasting rights[edit]
Main article: List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters
Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long-term broadcast rights deals, including the Games' local rightsholder SBS—which extended its rights to the Olympics in July 2011 through 2024.[37]
On 29 June 2015, the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across Europe, excluding Russia, from 2018 through 2024 on all platforms. Discovery's rights deal will, initially, not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games. Unlike previous pan-European deals, such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive, Discovery will not serve solely as a reseller, as it intends to carry coverage on its regional properties, such as Eurosport and DMAX,[38] but it has committed to sub-license at least 100 hours of coverage to free-to-air networks.[39][40][41] In the United Kingdom, Discovery will hold exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC; in return, the BBC will sub-license the free-to-air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery.[42]
In the United States, the Games will once again be broadcast by NBC under a long-term contract with NBCUniversal; it will be NBC's first Olympics without long-time primary host Bob Costas, who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico.[43][44] On 28 March 2017, NBC also announced that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States, rather than tape-delayed for the West Coast.[45]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Security[edit]
On 20 September 2017, South Korea's President Moon Jae-in said the country is pushing to ensure security at the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games amid rising tensions over North Korea's nuclear tests and a series of missile launches.[46] However, on the next day, French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Laura Flessel-Colovic said France's Winter Olympics team will boycott the games unless South Korea's security is guaranteed.[47]
On 22 September 2017, Austria and Germany joined France in considering not attending the Games. Karl Stoss, head of Austria's national Olympic committee, said that "if the situation worsens and the security of our athletes is no longer guaranteed, we will not go to South Korea." The German interior ministry said the security question and the possibility of keeping the German team at home would be addressed "in good time" by the government. Several days later, Laura Flessel-Colovic reaffirmed France's participation in the games. Both countries have yet to decide on reaffirming.[48]
In early December 2017, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley, told Fox News that it was an "open question" whether the United States was going to participate in the games, citing security concerns in the region.[49] However, days later the White House Press Secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, stated that the United States "looks forward to participating" and will attend.[50]
Jeongseon Alpine Centre Ecological Issues[edit]
Environmental groups have raised concerns surrounding the deforestation from the slopes of Gariwang mountain to build the Jeongseon Alpine Centre. Officials claim it is necessary as it is the only slope that will accommodate Olympic requirements and the forest will be restored after the games are done. Environmental groups are sceptical as the forest includes old growth of ancient and rare species. [51]
Russian doping[edit]
Main articles: Doping in Russia, McLaren Report, Oswald Commission, Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Official sanctions[edit]
Proposed OAR logo
On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended effective immediately from the 2018 Winter Olympics.[52] Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an "Olympic Athlete from Russia" (OAR).[52][53] Under the terms of the decree, Russian government officials were barred from the Games, and neither the country's flag nor anthem would be present.[53] The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem will be used instead,[52] and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternate logo for the uniforms (seen at right).[54] IOC President Thomas Bach said that "after following due process [the IOC] has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes."[55]
Reaction in Russia[edit]
In the past, Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag.[56] However, his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed.[53] After the IOC decision was announced, Ramzan Kadyrov, the head of Chechnya, announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag.[57] On 6 December, Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals, but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott.[58][59][60][61]
Criticism[edit]
The IOC's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson, primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency, who said that the IOC has issued "a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the [IOC’s] and Russia’s commercial and political interests". He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that "99 percent of [their] national-level teammates were doping." According to Robertson, "[WADA] has discovered that when a Russian athlete [reaches] the national level, he or she [has] no choice in the matter: [it is] either dope, or you’re done". "There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state-sponsored doping program has ceased", he added.[62] It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov's (main whistleblower) extradition to Russia.[63]
See also[edit]
Olympics portal
2018 Winter Paralympics
2018 Summer Youth Olympics
Notes and references[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Gunilla Lindberg to Chair PyeongChang 2018 Coordination Commission". Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Coordination Commissions". Olympic.org. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Construction Begins on High-Speed Railway, Critical for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "IPC Orientates PyeongChang 2018". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
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Jump up ^ "2018평창동계올림픽대회 및 장애인동계올림픽대회 마스코트 아이디어 공모".
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^ Jump up to: a b "Pyeongchang 2018 move venue for Opening and Closing Ceremonies | Winter Olympics 2018". insidethegames.biz. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to: a b c Ruiz, Rebecca C.; Panja, Tariq (5 December 2017). "Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
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Jump up ^ "IOC accused of cowardice for failing to address Russian retaliation against Rodchenkov". Inside the Games. 26 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
External links[edit]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=819510807"
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