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List of rivers of India
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This is a List of rivers of India starting with the Bay of Bengal west moving along the Indian coast southward to Kanyakumari, then northward along the Arabian Sea. Tributary rivers are listed hierarchically in upstream order: the lower in the list, the more upstream.
The biggest major rivers of India are:
flowing into the Bay of Bengal: Brahmaputra, Kaveri, Ganga (with its main tributaries Ramganga, Kali or Sharda, Gomti, Yamuna, Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Tons, Ghaghara, Gandaki, Burhi Gandak, Koshi, Mahananda, Tamsa, Son, Bagmati), Meghna, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna (and their main tributaries)
flowing into the Arabian Sea:Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati
The remaining rivers are as follows:
Flowing into the Inner part of
Coastal rivers.
By proud to have rivers
Contents
[hide]
1 Rivers flowing into Bay of Bengal
1.1 Meghna River Basin
1.2 Brahmaputra River Basin
1.3 Ganges River Basin
1.4 West Bengal Coastal
1.5 Odisha Coastal
1.6 Godavari River Basin
1.7 Krishna River Basin
1.8 Pennar River Basin
1.9 Kaveri River Basin
1.10 Tamil Nadu Coastal Rivers
2 Rivers flowing into Arabian Sea
2.1 Karnataka Coastal Rivers
2.2 Kerala Coastal Rivers
2.3 Coastal rivers of Goa
2.4 Maharashtra Coastal Rivers
2.5 Tapi River Basin
2.6 Narmada River Basin
2.7 Mahi River Basin
2.8 Sabarmati River Basin
2.9 Indus River Basin
3 Rivers flowing into inner part of India
4 Alphabetical list
4.1 A - D
4.2 E - H
4.3 I - L
4.4 M - P
4.5 Q - T
4.6 U - W
4.7 X - Z
5 Unsorted list by Tributary
6 See also
7 References
Rivers flowing into Bay of Bengal[edit]
Karnaphuli River from Mizoram and Bangladesh
Meghna River Basin[edit]
The Meghna-Surma-Barak River System is located in India and Bangladesh.
Meghna River (in Bangladesh)
Padma River (main Ganges
Dhaleshwari River
Dakatia River
Gumti River
Feni River
(Old) Brahmaputra River (in Bangladesh)
Titas River, also called the Haora River
Surma River
Kangsha River
Someshwari River
Kushiyara River
Manu River
Barak River
Tuivai River
Irang River
Brahmaputra River Basin[edit]
Brahmaputra River, called Jamuna River in Bangladesh
Bhugdoi River (or Bhogdoi), also called Gelabill (previously called Desoi)
Kakodonga River
Dhansiri River
Mora Dhansiri River
Dharla River (Bangladesh)
Jaldhaka (India)
Dibang River
Dikhou River (or Dikhu)
Namdang River
Dihing River, also called Burhidihing, Buri Dihing, and Noa Dihing in its earlier course through Namdapha National Park
Tirap River
Namphuk River
Disang River
Dorika River
Kameng River, also called Jia Bhoreli (previously called Bhareli)
Kopili River
Kolong River
Lohit River (or Luhit)
Manas River
Pagladiya River
River Diphlu
River Mora Diphlu
Sankosh (also Sankhosh)
Raidāk River
Subansiri River
Teesta River (also Tista)
Rangeet River
Lachen River
Lachung River
Torsa River (also Torsha), called Kaljani in Bangladesh
Ghargharia River
Buri Torsa
Upriver of the Dibang the Brahmaputra is known as the Dihang River and, China, the Yarlung Tsangpo River
Yamuna
Ganges River Basin[edit]
Map of the Ganges (orange), Brahmaputra (violet), and Meghna (green) drainage basins.
Yamuna River drainage basin map.
Ganges River
Hooghly River (distributary)
Damodar River
Barakar River
Jahanavi river It is named as jahanvi in Sultanganj, Bihar
Jalangi River
River Churni
Ichamati River
Rupnarayan River
Ajay River
Mayurakshi River
Dwarakeswar River
Mundeswari River
Meghna River (distributary)
Padma River (distributary)
Punarbhaba River
Atrai River
Mahananda River
Kosi River
Bagmati River
Bhurhi Gandak River
Phalgu
Gandaki River (also Gandak, known as Narayani in Nepal)
Son River
North Koel River
Amanat River
Rihand River
Gopad River
Goini River
Neur River
Banas River
Johilla River
Ghaghara River (sometimes spelled Gogra), called Karnali River in Nepal
West Rapti River
Rohni River
Sarda River (also known as Chauka), called Mahakali in Nepal, also known as the Kali River along the India–Nepal border
Ladhiya River
Sarayu River, or Sarju River
Gori Ganga River (or Goriganga)
Darma River (also Dhauliganga, Darmaganga)
Gomati River (also spelled Gomti)
Sarayan River
Kathna River
Yamuna River
Ban Ganga River
Ken River
Betwa River
Dhasan River
Halali River
Kaliasote River
Sindh River
Kwari River
Hindon River, Ghaziabad in western Uttar Pradesh
Karban River, Agra region Uttar Pradesh
Pahuj River in Bhind District Madhya Pradesh
Chambal River
Kuno River
Banas River
Berach River
Bandi River
Mashi River
Morel River
Kotari River
Shipra River
Ahar River
Kali Sindh River
Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)
Gambhir River
Parbati River (Rajasthan)
Ramganga River
Khoh River
Mandal River
Alaknanda River
Mandakini River
Pindar River
Nandakini River
Dhauliganga River
Rishiganga River
Bhagirathi River
Bhilangna River
Jahnavi River
West Bengal Coastal[edit]
Subarnarekha River
Kharkai River
Kangsabati River
Bhagirathi
Hughli
Thenad River
Mahananda River, North Bengal
Odisha Coastal[edit]
Baitarani
Bhargavi
Brahmani
Daya
Devi
Hasdeo
Ib
Jonk
Kathajodi
Koina
Kuakhai
Kushabhadra
Mand
North Karo
Ong
Pairi
Sankh
Shivnath
Sondur
Surubalijora
South Karo
South Koel
Tel River
Six Major Rivers Of Odisha (AKA Gift Of Six Rivers)
Subarnarekha
Budhabalanga
Baitarni
Brahmani
Mahanadi
Rushikulya
Godavari River Basin[edit]
Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, one of the widest rivers in India
Godavari River in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh states
Left bank tributaries:
Purna River
Pranahita River
Wainganga River
Kanhan River
Kolar River
Pench River
Kulbehra River
Nag River
Wardha River
Penganga River
Pedda Vagu River
Indravati River
Bandiya River
Sabari River
Right Bank Tributaries:
Pravara River
Manjira River
Manair River
Other minor tributaries:
Taliperu River
Kinnerasani River
Darna River
Sindphana River
Krishna River Basin[edit]
Krishna River originated in Mahabaleshwar at Satara District in Maharashtra & flowing through Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
Main Tributary rivers in Maharashtra are—Right side tributary:-
Koyna
Venna River
Varna River
Panch ganga i.e. Kumbhi, Kasari, Bhogawati, Saraswati
Vedganga river
Tillari
-Left side tributary:-
Bhima
Agrani
Yerala
Main Tributary rivers in Karnataka
Varada River
Tungabhadra River
Tunga River
Bhadra River
Vedavathi River
Suvarnamukhi River
Veda River
Avathi River
Bhima River in Maharashtra and Karnataka
Sina River
Nira River
Mula-Mutha River
Mula River
Mutha River
Chandani River
Kamini River
Moshi River
Ambi River
Bori River
Man River
Bhogwati River
Indrayani River
Kundali River
Kumandala River
Ghod River
Bhama River
Pavna River
Malaprabha River
Ghataprabha River
Varma River
Venna River
Urmodi River
Koyna River in Satara district of Maharashtra state
Pennar River Basin[edit]
Pennar River
Kaveri River Basin[edit]
Hogenakkal Falls, on the Kaveri River.
Kaveri River (Cauvery)
Kollidam (distributary)
Amaravati River
Arkavathy River
Mettur Dam
Bhavani River
Sarabanga River
Noyyal River
Hemavati River
Kabini River
Lakshmana Tirtha Rive
Tamil Nadu Coastal Rivers[edit]
Thamirabarani River
Palar River
Vaigai River
Vaippar river
Vellar River
Vasishta Nadi
Swetha river
Cooum River
Adyar River
Ponnaiyar River
Cauvery
Noyyal River
Rivers flowing into Arabian Sea[edit]
Karnataka Coastal Rivers[edit]
The rivers flowing through three coastal districts of Karnataka join Arabian sea.
Kali River
Netravati River
Sharavathi River
Aghanashini River
Gangavalli River
List of rivers of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts
Kerala Coastal Rivers[edit]
See also : List of rivers of Kerala
The rivers flowing through three coastal districts of Kerala to join Arabian sea.
Periyar River
Bharathapuzha River
Pamba River
Chaliyar River
Chandragiri River
Karyangod River
Coastal rivers of Goa[edit]
Tiracol
Chapora
Baga
Mandovi River
Mandovi River, known as Mhadai in Western Ghats of Goa and Karnataka, has three sources: the Degao, the Nanevadichi Nhõi (nhõi means river in Konkani) and Gavali; the last two sources go dry in summer season. The main origin of the river, in the form of a spring, even during Summer season, is at Bavtyacho Dongor hills near Degao village in Khanapur Taluka of Belgaum Dist in Karnataka State.
The three streams confluence at the Kabnali village whereafter it is known as Mhadai, which has an easterly flow initially, then flows north and finally turns to the west on entering Goa. Mhadai River enters Goa between Krisnapur (Karnataka) and Kadval (Goa) villages. The tributaries of the Mhadai are the Nersa Nala, the Chapoli and Kapoli nala, the Bail Nala, the Volo Panshiro ( Karnataka), the Suko Panshiro, the Harparo, the Nanodyachi Nhõi, the Vellsachi Nhõi, the Valpoichi Nhõi, the Ghadghadyachi Nhõi, the Valvanti/ Volvot, the Divcholchi Nhõi, the Asnoddchi Nhõi, the Khandeaparchi Nhõi, the Mhapxechi Nhõi, Xinkerchi Nhõi etc. It is the longest River of Goa with a reported length of 105 km.
Zuari River
Sal
Talpona
Galgibag
Maharashtra Coastal Rivers[edit]
Shastri River
Gad River
Vashishti River
Savitri River
Kundalika River
Gandhari River
Patalganga River
Ulhas River
Thane Creek (distributary)
Vasai Creek (distributary)
Mithi River or Mahim River
Oshiwara River
Dahisar River
Tansa River in Thane
Vaitarna River
Surya River
Chenna River
Terna river
Tapi River Basin[edit]
Tapi River and its tributaries
Tapi River (or Tapi) in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
Gomai River in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra
Arunavati River in Dhule district of Maharashtra
Panzara River in Dhule district of Maharashtra
Kaan River in Dhule district.
Aner River in Jalgaon, Dhule districts
Girna River in Nashik, Malegaon, Jalgaon districts
Titur River in Jalgaon district
Waghur River in Jalgaon, Aurangabad districts
Purna River in Amravati, Akola, Buldhana, Jalgaon, Navsari districts of Gujarat, Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh
Nalganga River in Buldhana district
Vaan River in Buldhana, Akola, Amravati districts of Maharashtra
Morna River in Akola, Washim districts
Katepurna River in Akola, Washim districts
Umaa River in Akola, Washim districts
Sangiya River in Amravati district of Maharashtra
Narmada River Basin[edit]
The following rivers are part of the Narmada River's basin:[1][2]
Tributary
Bank
Source elevation above MSL (m)
Catchment area (km²)
Length (km)
Kharmer Left - 557 64
Silgi Right - 531 65
Burhner Left 900 4228 177
Banjar Left 600 3282 183
Balai Right - 531 46
Temur Left 550 892 54
Gaur Right 690 1107 79.5
Soner Left - 581 51
Hiran Right 500 4795 188
Sher Left 650 2903 129
Biranjo Right - 1172 62
Shakkar Left 900 2294 161
Dudhi Left 900 1542 129
Sukhri Left - 609 39
Tendoni Right 500 1633 177
Barna River Right 450 1789 105
Tawa Left 600 6338 172
Hather Left - 645 37.5
Kolar Right 600 1348 101
Ganjal Left 700 1931 89
Sip Right - 879 45
Jamner Right 470 671 30
Chankesher Right 600 1249 30
Anjal Left - 1203 62.5
Machak Left 550 1112 87.5
Chhota Tawa Left 400 5055 169
Khari Right - 754 41
Kenar Right - 1581 62.5
Kaveri Left - 954 32.5
Choral Right - 601 55
Kharkia Left - 1099 24
Kundi Left 900 3973 120
Karan Right - 858 45
Board Left - 866 62.5
Man Right 550 1529 89
Deb Left 350 969 82.5
Uri Right - 2004 74
Goi Left 800 1892 129
Hatni Right 350 1944 30
Orsang Right 300 3946 101
Karjan Left 200 1490 93
Mahi River Basin[edit]
Mahi River
Som River
Gomati Riverty5h65
Sabarmati River Basin[edit]
Sabarmati River
Wakal River
Sei River
Harnav River
Indus River Basin[edit]
Map of the main rivers of the Indus Basin.
Indus River (largely in Pakistan)
Panjnad River (Pakistan)
Sutlej River (Northern India and Pakistan)
Beas River
Parbati River (Himachal Pradesh)
Chenab River (largely in Pakistan)
Ravi River (largely in Pakistan)
Jhelum River (in Pakistan and India)
Neelum River or Kishanganga
Suru River
Dras River
Shingo River
Yapola River
Zanskar River
Markha River
Khurna River
Tsarap River
Doda River
Hanley River
Marutsudha River (also called Wadwan River) a tributary of Chenab.
Rivers flowing into inner part of India[edit]
Ghaggar River in Haryana, Rajasthan
Musi River at Hyderabad, India
Samir River, India/ india
Luni River at [Rajasthan]
Bhavani River at Tamil Nadu
Alphabetical list[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
!! Indian rivers
A - D[edit]
Aarpa
Achan Kovil River
Adyar River
Aganashini
Ahar River
Ajay River
Aji River
Alaknanda River
Amanat River
Amaravathi River
Arkavati River
Atrai River
Baitarani River
Balan River
Banas River
Barak River
Barakar River
Baruna River
Beas River
Berach River
Betwa River
Bhadar River
Bhadra River
Bhagirathi River
Bharathappuzha
Bhargavi River
Bhavani River
Bhilangna River
Bhima River
Bhugdoi River
Brahmaputra River
Brahmani River
Burhi Gandak River
Cauvery River
Chambal River
Chenab River
Cheyyar River
Chaliya River
Coovum River
Damanganga River
Devi River
Daya River
Damodar River
Doodhna River
Dhansiri River
Dudhimati River
Dravyavati River
Surya River
E - H[edit]
Falgu River
Gadananathi River
Gambhir River
Gandak
Ganges River
Gayathripuzha
Ghaggar River
Ghaghara River
Ghataprabha
Girija River
Girna River
Godavari River
Gomti River
Gosthani River in Vizianagaram,Andhrapradesh
Gunjavni River
Halali River
Hoogli River
Hindon River
Hiran River
Hiranyakeshi River,Karnataka
gursuti river
I - L[edit]
IB River
Indus River
Indravati River
Indrayani River
Jaldhaka
Jhelum River
Jayamangali River
Jambhira River
Kabini River
Kadalundi River
Kaagini River
Kali River- Gujarat
Kali River- Karnataka
Kali River- Uttarakhand
Kali River- Uttar Pradesh
Kali Sindh River
Kaliasote River
Karmanasha
Karban River
Kallada River
Kallayi River
Kalpathipuzha
Kameng River
Kanhan River
Kamla River
Kannadipuzha
Karnaphuli River
Kaveri River (Karnataka)
Kelna River
Kathajodi River
Kelo River
Khadakpurna River
Kodoor River
Koel River
Kolab River
Kolar River (Madhya Pradesh)
Kolar River (Maharashtra)
Kollidam River
Kosi River
Kuakhai River
Koyna River
Krishna River
Kundali River
Kaushiga River
Kuwanav River
Kshipra River
Ken River
Karha River
Lachen River
Lachung River
Lakshmana Tirtha River
Luni River
Kayadu river ( Start near Narsinamdev meets penganga near Sangam Chincholi)
Khan nadhi (River ) Aurangabad Maharashtra
M - P[edit]
Machchhu River
Madira Puja
Mahanadi River
Mahananda River
Mahakali River
Mahi River
Mandovi River
Manjira River
Markanda River, Haryana
Markanda River, Tamil Nadu
Markhandeya River, Karnataka
Marutsudha River
Meenachil River
Meghna River
Mithi River
Mula River
Musi River
Mutha River
Muvattupuzha River
Malaprabha
Mani River
Manorama River
Moyar River
Narmada River
Nethravathi River
Nag River
Nagavali River
Nirguda River
Palar River
Pamba River
Pahuj River
Pavana River
Penganga River
Man River
Pamba River
Mandakini River (Uttarakhand)
Pallikkal Aaru River
Panchganga River
Panjnad River
Panzara River
Parambikulam River
Parbati River (Himachal Pradesh)
Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)
Parbati River (Rajasthan)
Payaswini
Pench River
Penganga River
Penner River
Periyar River
Phalgu
Pluest River (Poonch J&K)
Ponnaiyar River
Pranhita River
Punarbhaba River
Purna River (tributary of Godavari)
Purna River (tributary of Tapti)
Q - T[edit]
Rapti River
Sutlej River
suvarnamukhi river
Sabarmati River
Shalmali River near Sode, Sirsi, Karnataka
Saravati River
Shetrunji River
Son river
Sharda Rivaer
Shimsha River (Karnataka)
Subarnarekha River
Tapi River
Thamirabarani River
Tangri River
Thate puthra River
Tungabadhra River
U - W[edit]
Vaan River
Vaigai River
Vamsadhara River
Varuna River
Vashishti River
Vedavathi River
Vrishabhavathi River
Vishwamitri River
Vaitarna
Udyavara river
Ulhas River
Ural River
Uttara Cauvery River
Wainganga River
Wagh River
Wardha River
Wehashli River
X - Z[edit]
Yagachi River (Karnataka)
Yamuna River
Zuari River
Unsorted list by Tributary[edit]
See earlier section
See also[edit]
Rivers of India
Major rivers of India
List of rivers in India by discharge
List of dams and reservoirs in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Integrated Water Year Book - Narmada Basin (June 2015-May 2016), p. 9-10. Published by Central Water Commission, Narmada Basin Organization in April 2017.
Jump up ^ K. Sankaran Unni (1996). Ecology of River Narmada. APH. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-81-7024-765-4.
Bhalerao, S.M., Bharatiya Sarita Kosh (in Marathi), (Encyclopedia of Indian Rivers)
Vol. 1: Scientific Information, pages 1–788 + 16 pages of colour photographs (ISBN 978-81-89959-50-0),
Vol. 2: Scientific Information, pages 789-1660 + 16 pages of colour photographs (ISBN 978-81-89959-51-7),
Vol. 3: Scientific, Cultural, Historical Information, pages 1661-2468, + 36 pages of colour photographs (ISBN 978-81-89959-52-4)
Book of 60 Maps (ISBN 978-81-89959-57-9), Published Nov. 2007, Diamond Publications, 1691 Sadashiv Peth, Shankar
Prasad Society, Tilak Road, Pune 411 030, INDIA
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Star Wars Battlefront II (2017 video game)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 2017 video game. For the 2005 video game of the same name, see Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game).
Star Wars Battlefront II
Developer(s)
EA DICE
Publisher(s)
Electronic Arts
Director(s)
Bernd Diemer
Producer(s)
Paul Keslin
Craig McLeod
James Salt
Designer(s)
Niklas Fegraeus
Linus Josephson
Programmer(s)
Jonas Kjellström
Artist(s)
Andrew Hamilton
Writer(s)
Walt Williams[1]
Mitch Dyer[1]
Composer(s)
Gordy Haab
Series
Star Wars: Battlefront
Engine
Frostbite 3
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
WW: November 17, 2017
Genre(s)
First-person shooter, third-person shooter
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
Star Wars Battlefront II is an action shooter video game based on the Star Wars film franchise. It is the fourth major installment of the Star Wars: Battlefront series and seventh overall, and a sequel to the 2015 reboot of the series. It was developed by EA DICE, in collaboration with Criterion Games and Motive Studios, and published by Electronic Arts. The game was released worldwide on November 17, 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.
Upon release, Battlefront II received mixed reviews from critics. The game was also subject to widespread criticism regarding the status of loot boxes, which could give players substantial gameplay advantages if they purchased the loot boxes with real money. A reply from EA's community team on Reddit on the topic became the single most downvoted comment in the site's history – and in response, EA decided to temporarily remove microtransactions from the game until a later date.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Multiplayer
2 Campaign
2.1 Plot
2.2 Resurrection
3 Development and marketing
4 Reception
4.1 Accolades
5 Monetization controversy
5.1 Government response
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay
Star Wars Battlefront II features gameplay from the Star Wars prequel films, a feature absent in the game's predecessor.
Star Wars Battlefront II features a single-player story mode, a customizable character class system, and content based on The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi movies.[2] It also features vehicles and locations from the original, prequel, and sequel Star Wars movie trilogies. It also features heroes and villains that can be played based on characters from the Star Wars movies; the hero roster includes Luke Skywalker, Leia Organa, Han Solo, Chewbacca, Lando Calrissian, Yoda, and Rey, while the villain roster includes Darth Vader, Emperor Palpatine, Boba Fett, Bossk, Iden Versio, Darth Maul, and Kylo Ren at launch.[3]
The game features a full campaign story mode unlike 2015's Battlefront. The game's single player protagonist, Iden Versio (Janina Gavankar), leader of an Imperial Special Forces group known as Inferno Squad, participates in multiple events in the 30 years leading up to The Force Awakens. There will be segments in the campaign where the player will be able to control other characters such as Luke Skywalker and Kylo Ren. Players can also play in arcade mode – an offline single player or local co-op where players can choose which side to play on and which battle to play in. Battles vary from team battles to onslaughts. Alternatively, players can choose to do a custom match, where they can change some of the settings and location.
Instead of the paid Season Pass downloadable content (DLC) seen in the 2015 predecessor, this game is expanded with free DLC provided to all players with a free EA account.[4][5] Lead actress Janina Gavankar stated that the DLC would be free to all players, using a seasonal structure similar to Overwatch and Rainbow Six Siege. The first season, set to be released in December 13, 2017, will be based on the upcoming movie Star Wars: The Last Jedi, and will include Finn and Captain Phasma as heroes, the planet Crait as a ground map, and a space map above D'Qar.[6]
Multiplayer
Star Wars Battlefront II features five multiplayer game modes with the largest supporting up to 40 simultaneous players. Galactic Assault is centered around unique set pieces set across the eleven planets and locations featuring all three Star Wars eras involving a team of 20 attackers against 20 defenders. In Starfighter Assault, battles take place in space and planetary atmospheres involving 12 attackers against 12 defenders, both teams being reinforced with an additional 20 AI ships. Strikes are battles in close quarter scenarios involving a team of eight attackers aiming to capture a unique objective from a team of eight defenders; essentially one team capture the flag. Heroes vs. Villains is a team deathmatch mode involving the heroes and villains in Star Wars Battlefront II based off Star Wars characters; four light side heroes fight four dark side villains. Blast, the final mode, is standard team deathmatch between two teams of 10 players in which teams try to reach 100 total combined eliminations before the enemy team can.
Campaign
The single-player story mode campaign in Star Wars Battlefront II takes place in the Star Wars galaxy, beginning around the time of Return of the Jedi, but largely between it and Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Emperor Palpatine plots to lure an unsuspecting Rebel Alliance fleet into a trap using himself and the second Death Star, being constructed above the Forest Moon of Endor, as bait, seeking to crush the Rebellion against his Galactic Empire once and for all. The Imperial Special Forces commando unit Inferno Squad, led by Commander Iden Versio, daughter of Admiral Garrick Versio, and made up of Agents Gideon Hask and Del Meeko, is crucial to the success of this planned Battle of Endor, but the Empire underestimates the strength of the Rebellion as its fleet gathers at Sullust.
Plot
Iden Versio is being interrogated for the codes to unlock an Imperial transmission aboard a Rebel Mon Calamari Star Cruiser. She activates her droid, which sneaks to her cell and frees her. Iden had allowed herself to be captured in order to erase the Imperial transmission, which would reveal the Emperor's plan at Endor. She successfully erases it, then escapes the ship by launching herself into space where she is intercepted by the Corvus, the flagship of Inferno Squad. Iden confirms the mission's success to Gideon Hask and Del Meeko, other members of her squad.
Later on Endor, Iden, Hask, and Meeko secure the perimeter around the ruined shield generator, and watch with shock and horror as the second Death Star explodes. Vice Admiral Sloane orders a full retreat, and Inferno Squad recovers TIE fighters to escape the planet, which is being overrun by Rebel forces. The Corvus is attacked during their escape, but Inferno fends off Rebel bombers. Iden meets with her father, Admiral Garrick Versio, on his Star Destroyer Eviscerator.
Admiral Versio confirms to Iden that the Emperor has died. A messenger droid displays a hologram of the late Emperor issuing his last command: to begin Operation: Cinder. Admiral Versio sends Iden to an Imperial shipyard to protect Moff Raythe and his Star Destroyer Dauntless, which hosts experimental satellites vital to the success of Operation: Cinder. The Dauntless comes under attack from a Rebel Star Cruiser, but Iden is able to board it with Hask and disable its ion cannons. Afterwards, they are ordered to attack the Imperial shipyard in order to free the Star Destroyer from the locked clamps. Afterwards, the Dauntless opens fire on the Rebel cruiser, destroying it.
Meeko is sent to Pillio and ordered to destroy one of the Emperor's hidden bases. He encounters Luke Skywalker, who helps him disarm the base's defenses and fend off the local wildlife. They discover that the base contains the Emperor's spoils of conquest. Meeko and Luke part amicably, and Meeko begins to question the Empire's goals and motives. Following this, Iden and Inferno Squad are sent to the Imperial-controlled world of Vardos, in order to retrieve Protectorate Gleb. As the satellites for Operation Cinder begin destroying the planet with terrible storms, Iden and Meeko try to evacuate the civilians in addition to Gleb, causing Agent Hask to betray them. Disillusioned by the Empire's attack on Vardos, Iden and Meeko escape off world, now traitors to the Empire. They seek out the Rebel Alliance and are taken to General Lando Calrissian, who gives them the choice to help stop Operation: Cinder, or to escape and make new lives for themselves. Choosing to help, they aid Leia Organa in protecting Naboo, destroying the satellites for Operation: Cinder and reactivating the planet's defenses. After Naboo is liberated, Inferno Squad joins the New Republic.
Iden and Inferno Squad are then sent to Takodana to find Han Solo, who was extracting an Imperial defector carrying critical data in hopes of liberating Kashyyyk and freeing the Wookiees. The data also reveals that Admiral Versio is commanding Imperial operations on Bespin and Sullust. Iden and Del infiltrate Bespin with the intent of capturing Admiral Versio, but he and Hask manage to escape. Meanwhile, Lando investigates the hidden Imperial weapons cache on Sullust, only to find a weapons factory which he destroys. These operations cripple the Imperial fleet, which makes a last stand at Jakku. During the battle, Iden shoots down Hask and boards the Eviscerator, intending to rescue her father. Admiral Versio decides to go down with his ship, and urges Iden to escape and live a new life. Iden takes an escape pod and reunites with Del at the end of the battle. The two embrace and kiss.
Many decades later, Del is captured on Pillio by Protectorate Gleb, who hands him over to Kylo Ren and the First Order. Ren uses the Force to interrogate Del about the location of the map leading to Luke Skywalker. Once Ren succeeds, he leaves Del in the custody of Hask, who survived getting shot down at Jakku. Hask expresses disgust at Del choosing to father a daughter with Iden instead of becoming a soldier and kills him, but not before Del warns him not to confront Iden. Hask then warns Gleb that the Republic cannot find out about "Project Resurrection" and orders her to leave the Corvus on Pillio as bait to lure Iden out of hiding.
Resurrection
Shriv, now an agent for the Resistance, discovers the abandoned Corvus and informs Iden and her daughter, Zay. Shriv also reveals that Del had been helping the Resistance investigate rumors of mass disappearances that may be connected to Project Resurrection before disappearing himself. They head to Athulla, where Del was last seen, to investigate. However, they are ambushed by a Jinata Security fleet. Iden and Zay destroy the fleet and capture the flagship. The surviving Jinata Security crew admit that they had been kidnapping children on the behalf of the First Order, and that Project Resurrection had been moved to Vardos.
Iden, Zay, and Shriv return to Vardos. Iden has Zay stay behind on the Corvus while she and Shriv investigate the surface, where they see a bright red light appear in the sky. Iden and Shriv discover Gleb's dead body and are then captured by Hask, who taunts them by telling them that he killed Gleb and Del and the First Order has already destroyed the Senate and the Hosnian System- the red lights from earlier. He then orders his star destroyer the Retribution to destroy the Corvus along with Zay. Jinata Security personnel, angry at the First Order betraying them, attack Hask's men, giving Iden and Shriv an opportunity to escape. They rescue Zay who managed to eject in an escape pod before the Corvus was destroyed, and they board the Retribution.
Iden fights her desire to get revenge on Hask and instead focuses on stealing any useful data from the ship to aid the Resistance. They hack a computer terminal and discover that Project Resurrection is an operation by the First Order to kidnap children from across the galaxy and indoctrinate them into stormtroopers. In addition, they discover that the First Order has built up a massive fleet large enough to retake the galaxy. Finally, they find the plans for a First Order Dreadnought and steal them. Shriv then goes to secure an escape craft while Iden and Zay plant explosive charges on the Retribution's hyperspace generators. Hask ambushes them but is killed by Iden. The destruction of the hyperspace generators pulls the Retribution out of hyperspace near Starkiller Base right as the Resistance destroys it. Iden reveals that she had been mortally wounded during the battle with Hask. She gives the Dreadnought plans to Zay and orders her to escape without her before dying.
Zay and Shriv link up with the Resistance and hand over the Dreadnought plans to Leia. She then orders them to head to the Outer Rim to gather more allies for the Resistance.
Development and marketing
On May 10, 2016, the development of Star Wars Battlefront II was announced, led by EA DICE in collaboration with Criterion Games and Jade Raymond's Motive Studios.[7] The sequel to 2015's rebooted Star Wars Battlefront features content from the sequel trilogy of films.[8] Creative director Bernd Diemer has stated that the company has replaced the Season Pass system of paid expansion of content, because that system was determined to have "fragmented" the player community of the 2015 predecessor game. The new expansion system is designed to allow all players "to play longer".[5] Executive producer Matthew Webster announced on April 15, 2017 at Star Wars Celebration that the worldwide release of the game would be November 17, 2017.[9] The Battlefront II beta test period started on October 4, 2017, for players who pre-ordered the game. It was expanded to an open beta on October 6, and ran until October 11.[10][11] A 10-hour trial version was made available to EA Access and Origin Access subscribers on November 9, 2017.[12]
A tie-in novel, Star Wars Battlefront II: Inferno Squad, was released on July 25, 2017. Written by Christie Golden, it serves as a direct prelude to the game and follows the exploits of the Galactic Empire's titular squad as it seeks to eliminate what was left of Saw Gerrera's rebel cell after the events of the 2016 film Rogue One.[13]
On November 10, 2017, Electronic Arts announced the first in a series of free downloadable content for the game, featuring the planets D'Qar and Crait and the playable hero characters Finn and Captain Phasma. This content is a direct tie-in to December's Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[14]
Reception
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PS4) 68/100[15]
(XONE) 69/100[16]
(PC) 67/100[17]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 5/10[22]
EGM 7/10[18]
Game Informer 6.5/10[19]
Game Revolution [20]
GameSpot 6/10[23]
GamesRadar [21]
IGN 6.5/10[24]
PC Gamer (US) 63/100[25]
Star Wars Battlefront II received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[17][15][16] Metacritic user reviews reached a low rating of 0.8/10, labelled as "overwhelming dislike", due to the controversies and review bombing.[26][27]
In his 4/5 star review for GamesRadar, Andy Hartup praised the multiplayer but criticized the single player modes, saying the game has a "very strong multiplayer offering tarnished by overly complicated character progression, and a lavish, beautiful story campaign lacking in substance or subtlety."[21] GameRevolution felt the campaign started strong but weakened as it progressed, praising the multiplayer gameplay while criticizing the micro-transactions, loot box progression system, and locking of heroes.[20]
For EGM's review, Nick Plessas praised the multiplayer combat, balancing, and variety, but criticized the game's sustained focus around loot crates.[18] Andrew Reiner of Game Informer gave the game 6.5/10, writing "Answering the call for more content, Star Wars Battlefront II offers a full campaign and more than enough multiplayer material, but the entire experience is brought down by microtransactions."[19] IGN's Tom Marks also gave the game 6.5/10, saying "Star Wars Battlefront 2 has great feeling blasters, but its progression system makes firing them an unsatisfying grind."[24]
In Game Informer's Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, fewer readers voted for the game for "Best Co-op Multiplayer".[28]
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref
2017 Game Critics Awards Best Action Game Nominated [29][30]
Best Online Multiplayer Won
Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Nominated [31]
IGN's Best of 2017 Awards Best Shooter Nominated [32]
Best Graphics Nominated [33]
Best Multiplayer Nominated [34]
Giant Bomb's 2017 Game of the Year Awards Most Disappointing Game Nominated [35]
2018 Game Informer 2017 Shooter of the Year Awards Best Graphics Won [36]
Best Audio Won
Biggest Disappointment Won
Monetization controversy
During pre-release beta trials, the game's publisher EA was criticized by gamers and the gaming press for introducing a loot box monetization scheme that gives players substantial gameplay advantages through items purchased in-game with real money.[37] Although such items could also be purchased with in-game currency, players would on average have to "grind" for approximately 40 hours to unlock a single player character such as Darth Vader.[38] Responding to the controversy, developers had adjusted the number of in-game items a player receives through playing the game. However, after the game went into pre-release a number of players and journalists who received the pre-release copy of the game reported various controversial gameplay features, such as rewards being unrelated to the player's performance in the game.[39] The poorly weighed reward system combined with a weak inactivity detection allowed many players to use rubber bands to tightly tie their game controllers for automatically farming points during multiplayer battles, ruining the experience of other active online players.[40]
On November 12, 2017, a Reddit user complained that although they spent US$80 to purchase the Deluxe Edition of the game, Darth Vader remained inaccessible for play, and the use of this character required a large amount of in-game credits. Players estimated that it would take 40 hours of gameplay to accumulate enough credits to unlock a single hero.[41] In response to the community's backlash, EA's Community Team defended the controversial changes by saying their intent to make users earn credits to unlock heroes was to give users a sense of "pride and accomplishment" after unlocking a hero.[42][43] This led to many Reddit users becoming frustrated at the response, which generated more than 674,000 downvotes,[44] making it the most downvoted comment in the site's history.[45][46][47] In response to the community's outrage, EA lowered the cost of credits to unlock heroes by 75%.[48][49] However, the credits rewarded for completing the campaign were also reduced.[50]
On the day before release, EA disabled micro-transactions entirely, citing players' concerns that they gave buyers unfair advantages. They stated their intent to reintroduce them at a later date after unspecified changes had been made.[51]
The uproar from social media and poor press reception on its microtransactions had a negative impact on EA's share price which dropped by 2.5% on the launch day of the game. Analysts in Wall Street also lowered their expectation of the game's financial prospect.[52] A Wall Street analyst writing for CNBC noted how video games are still the cheapest entertainment medium per hour of use, and even with the added microtransactions, playing Battlefront II was still notably cheaper than paying to see the theatrical release of a film.[53]
By the end of November 2017, EA had lost $3 billion in stock value since the launch of the game.[54]
Government response
On November 15, two days before release, the Belgian gambling regulator announced that it was investigating the game, alongside Overwatch, to determine whether loot boxes constituted unlicensed gambling. In response to the investigation, EA claimed that Battlefront II's loot boxes do not constitute gambling.[55] The Minister of Justice of Belgium Koen Geens expressed that if they prove loot boxes violate gambling laws he would start working on banning loot boxes in any future video games sold in the entire European Union.[56][57]
Reacting to the conclusion of the Belgian gambling regulator's investigation, the head of Dutch Gambling commission announced a start of their own investigation of Battlefront II and the issue in general, and asked parents "to keep an eye at the games their children play".[58] Chris Lee, a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives, called Star Wars: Battlefront II "an online casino designed to trap little kids" and announced his intention to ban such practices in the state of Hawaii.[59] Another representative compared playing Battlefront II to smoking cigarettes, saying: "We didn't allow Joe Camel to encourage your kids to smoke cigarettes, and we shouldn't allow Star Wars to encourage your kids to gamble."[60][61] Singapore's National Council on Problem Gambling are currently monitoring the situation following the uproar on the game, as loot boxes currently do not fall under the Remote Gambling Act.[62] Authorities in Australia are also investigating the situation.[63]
References
^ Jump up to: a b "Star Wars Battlefront 2's Writers Revealed". gamespot.com. April 18, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Walton, Mark (June 11, 2017). "Star Wars: Battlefront 2: Free DLC, better weapons, and new character classes". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ EA Star Wars (April 15, 2017). Star Wars Battlefront II: Full Length Reveal Trailer. Retrieved April 16, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Strawhun, Aiden (June 10, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2's DLC Plans Hinted In Origin Store Page". GameSpot. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenberg, Adam. "It looks like 'Star Wars: Battlefront II' will ditch the Season Pass". Mashable. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (June 10, 2017). "E3 2017:Star Wars: Battlefront 2's DLC Maps, Modes, And Characters Are Free". GameSpot. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Alice (June 12, 2016). "Star Wars-O-Rama: Battlefront 2 And Beyond". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (May 10, 2016). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 Confirmed, Features Content From "The New Movies"". GameSpot. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Star Wars (April 15, 2017). Star Wars Celebration Orlando 2017 Live Stream – Day 3 The Star Wars Show LIVE!. Retrieved April 16, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Battlefront 2 beta hits in October with ground and space battles". Polygon. July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Battlefront 2 Beta Extended For PS4, Xbox One, And PC; Here's When It Ends". Gamespot. October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Faller, Patrick (November 10, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 Origin/EA Access Trial Gives You 10 Hours Of Playtime On Xbox One And PC". GameSpot. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Faller, Patrick. "Star Wars: Battlefront 2's Campaign Is Set Up In A New Novel". GameSpot. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Purchese, Robert (November 10, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2's free The Last Jedi DLC gets a release date". Eurogamer. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Star Wars Battlefront II for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Star Wars Battlefront II for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Star Wars Battlefront II for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Plessas, Nick (November 14, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront II review". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Reiner, Andrew (November 14, 2017). "The Dark Side Of Gaming - Star Wars Battlefront II - Xbox One". Game Informer. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Faulkner, Jason (November 15, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 Review – Born to Lose, Pay-to-Win". Game Revolution. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hartup, Andy (November 13, 2017). "Star Wars: Battlefront II Review". GamesRadar. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.destructoid.com/review-star-wars-battlefront-ii-473576.phtml
Jump up ^ Fillari, Alessandro (November 20, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront II Review". GameSpot. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Marks, Tom (November 17, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 Review". IGN. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wilde, Tyler (November 17, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 Review". PC Gamer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin, Liam (November 18, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 news: Fans score HUGE loot box victory after review backlash". Express.co.uk. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Grill, Scott (November 17, 2017). "'Star Wars Battlefront 2' Community Wins, DICE Turns Off Microtransactions After Massive Backlash". The Inquisitr. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Game Informer staff (January 4, 2018). "Reader's Choice Best Of 2017 Awards (Page 2)". Game Informer. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game Critics Awards: Best of E3 2017 (2017 Nominees)". Game Critics Awards. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game Critics Awards: Best of E3 2017 (2017 Winners)". Game Critics Awards. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gaito, Eri (November 13, 2017). "Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees". Best in Slot. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Shooter". IGN. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Graphics". IGN. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Multiplayer". IGN. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff (December 25, 2017). "Game of the Year 2017 Day One: Old, Disappointing, Shopkeepers, and Looks". Giant Bomb. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Game Informer staff (January 6, 2018). "The 2017 Shooter of the Year Awards". Game Informer. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Purchese, Robert (November 9, 2017). "The price and state of Star Wars Battlefront 2 loot crates at launch". Eurogamer. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Good, Owen S. (November 11, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 heroes come at a substantial cost". Polygon.
Jump up ^ "Here's how Star Wars Battlefront 2's progression will work: levels, loot crates, and Star Cards". gamesradar. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Battlefront 2 players are using elastic bands to cheat their way to credits". Eurogamer.net. 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ Gach, Ethan. "Unlocking Heroes In Star Wars Battlefront II Could Take A Long Time [Update]". Kotaku. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Good, Owen S. (November 11, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 heroes come at a substantial cost". Polygon. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Matney, Lucas. "EA response to 'Battlefront II' complaint is the most downvoted comment in Reddit history". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Seriously? I paid 80$ to have Vader locked? • r/StarWarsBattlefront". reddit. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "EA's defense of Star Wars: Battlefront II is now Reddit's most downvoted comment | GamesBeat". venturebeat.com. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "EA Now Has Most Downvoted Comment in Reddit History After Defending Battlefront 2 - GameRevolution". GameRevolution. November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Salinis, Sara (November 13, 2017). "EA's new Star Wars game is so unpopular a developer is apparently getting death threats". CNBC. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Arts, Electronic (November 13, 2017). "Change will be a Constant in Star Wars Battlefront II". ea.com. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kim, Matt (November 13, 2017). "EA Lowers the Cost of Unlocking Star Wars Battlefront 2 Heroes by 75 Percent". Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, James (November 14, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 has reduced the credits awarded for finishing the campaign". Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (November 16, 2017). "Star Wars: Battlefront 2 Removes Microtransactions, But They're Coming Back Later". Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wall Street is freaking out as EA caves again to social media outrage over its 'Star Wars' game". CNBC. November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kim, Tae (November 20, 2017). "Gamers are overreacting to EA's 'Star Wars' controversy; publishers should raise prices: Analyst". CNBC. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chalk, Andy (November 28, 2017). "Electronic Arts stock sheds $3 billion in value after Battlefront 2". PCGamer. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Dustin (November 15, 2017). "The Dutch Gaming Authority is investigating whether online loot boxes constitute gambling". PCGamesN. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Geens wil gokken in games verbieden". VTM NIEUWS. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Belgium says loot boxes are gambling, wants them banned in Europe". pcgamer. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zorgen online games voor een gokverslaving bij kinderen?". Zorgen online games voor een gokverslaving bij kinderen? (in Dutch). Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Chris (November 21, 2017). Highlights of the predatory gaming announcement. Honolulu. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke. "Hawaii Wants To Fight The "Predatory Behavior" Of Loot Boxes". Kotaku. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "State Legislators Weigh Law to Block Sale of 'Battlefront II' to Children". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hio, Lester (2017-12-10). "Loot boxes in video games: Cool rewards or gambling trap?". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
Jump up ^ "Video games could fall foul of anti-gambling laws". The Economist. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
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Ramman (festival)
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Ramman performance
Ramman is a religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal region in India. It is a festival of the Hindu community in the Saloor Dungra village of the Painkhanda Valley in the Chamoli district in Uttarakhand, India.
The festival and the eponymous art form are conducted as an offering to the village deity, Bhumiyal Devta, in the courtyard of the village temple. The Ramman is unique to the village and is neither replicated nor performed anywhere else in the Himalayan region.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 The deity
2 Festivities and dances
3 Community participation
4 A threatened and unique tradition
5 References
The deity[edit]
The guardian deity of Saloor Dungra is Bhumichetrapal, also known as Bhumiyal Devta. The festival is held in her honour every year after Baisakhi, a harvest festival that also marks the beginning of the Hindu Solar New Year. On the day of Baisakhi, the village priest announces the date for the Ramman festival which falls on the ninth or the eleventh day after Baisakhi.[2] The Bhumiyal Devta comes out in a procession to the temple on the day of Baisakhi. The second day, people offer hariyali (sprouted barley plants), to the deity who, in turn, promises prosperity to all, including agricultural yield and forest produce. Every day of the festival, the Devta takes a round of the village. The festival lasts for ten days during which time the local epic of Rama is sung and masked dances depicting different aspects of life take place in the courtyard of the Bhumiyal Devta's temple
Festivities and dances[edit]
The Ramman begins with an invocation to Ganesha, the remover of obstacles followed by the dance of Ganesha and Parvati. This is followed by the dance of the Sun God, an enactment of the creation-myth of the birth of Brahma and Ganesha. The other dances include the dance of the Bur Deva along with Gopi Chand (Krishna) and Radhika, the Mwar-Mwarin dance that showcases the travails of the buffalo herders and the Baniya-Baniyain Nritya (dance of the trader-couple) that shows the hardships faced by the common people.[3] After these initial performances, the focus now shifts to the enactment of the local Ramkatha. Episodes from Rama’s life, beginning with his visit to Janakpur and culminating with his coronation following his return from exile, are sung to a total of 324 beats and steps. Another important aspect of these performances is the singing of Jagar, a musical rendition of local legends.[3] There are also other dances and episodes like the Maal Nritya, Koorjogi and Narsingh Pattar Nritya that follow the Ramkatha. In the Maal Nritya, a historical battle between the Gurkhas of Nepal and the local Garhwalis is comically enacted by a troupe of four dancers dressed in red and white. It is mandatory to have a red Maal from the Kunwar caste of Saloor village, as it is believed that this hamlet supported the Gorkhas while the other three are selected by the panches of the Gram Panchayat.[3]
In the Koorjogi ceremony, weeds (koor) from the village fields are pulled out by a Koorjogi, a character who carries a sack full of these weeds. There is much merriment as people throw these weeds at each other in a spirit of a communal sport.[3]
Community participation[edit]
The villagers of Saloor-Dungra are the inheritors, organizers and financers of the Ramman festival. All households, irrespective of caste and community, offer prayers and perform rituals to the main deities of the Ramman. The roles of the various castes in the festival are however well established. Talented youth and elders selected by village heads are the performers at Ramman. The Brahmin priests conduct the rituals and prepare and serve prasada to the deity. Baaris are charged with the organization and collection of funds while the Dhaaris are a group that assists the baaris in organizing the event. The baaris and dhaaris are assigned their duties by the Gram panchas. It is also these panchas who select the residence of the Bhumiyal Devta till the next Ramman festival. The family where Bhumiyal Devta resides for the year has to maintain a strict daily routine and a place in the house is demarcated and consecrated for the deity. The Jagar is sung by the Jagaris or Bhallas of the Rajput caste who are professional bards. The playing of drums is central to the festivities and this is done by drummers of the Das community, the lowest caste, whose status is elevated during the performance.[3]
The festival ends with a feast where the prasada of the deity is distributed as a sacrament.
A threatened and unique tradition[edit]
Ramman combines the sacred and the social, the ritualistic with revelry and expresses the history, faith, lifestyle, fears and hopes of the Saloor Dungra villagers through a mesh of oral, literary, visual, kinetic and traditional craft forms. It is an annual affair that children learn by watching. The various skills it involves in terms of dance, singing and drumming are passed down across hereditary communities orally. The onslaught of globalization and technology and lack of financial or artistic compensation have adversely impacted the ritual and traditional performances of the Ramman. Being peripheral to mainstream art forms, the awareness of the Ramman beyond its immediate borders is small and it stands the risk of becoming extinct in time.[4]
In 2009, UNESCO inscribed Ramman on its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091029/dplus.htm#1
Jump up ^ http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00281#identification
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nomination No. 00281 for inscription on the Representative List in 2009. UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage , Abu Dhabi 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_ramman.html
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article27604.ece
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramman_(festival)&oldid=793142663"
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