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United States Soccer Federation
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"USSF" redirects here. For other uses, see USSF (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 41°51′28″N 87°37′14″W / 41.857768°N 87.620445°W / 41.857768; -87.620445
United States Soccer Federation
CONCACAF
Founded
April 5, 1913; 104 years ago (1913-04-05)[1]
Headquarters
Chicago, Illinois
FIFA affiliation
Provisional: August 2, 1913
Full member: June 27, 1914
CONCACAF affiliation
September 18, 1961
(original member)[2]
President
Sunil Gulati
Website
U.S. Soccer
The United States Soccer Federation (USSF), commonly referred to as U.S. Soccer, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and the official governing body of the sport of soccer in the United States. With headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, the FIFA member governs U.S. amateur and professional soccer, including the men's, women's, youth, beach soccer, futsal, and Paralympic national teams. U.S. Soccer sanctions referees and soccer tournaments for most soccer leagues in the United States. The U.S. Soccer Federation also administers and operates the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, which was first held in 1914.
Contents
[hide]
1 Organization and governance
1.1 Affiliate members of the U.S. Soccer Federation
1.1.1 Professional Council
1.1.2 Adult Council
1.1.3 Youth Council
1.1.4 Other affiliate members
2 History
3 National teams
3.1 U.S. men's national team
3.2 U.S. women's national team
3.3 Youth national teams
3.4 U.S. Paralympic National Team
4 Headquarters and national training center
5 Professional leagues
5.1 Men
5.2 Women
5.2.1 Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), 2001–2003
5.2.2 Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), 2009–2011
5.2.3 National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), 2013–present
6 Controversies
6.1 Concussions
6.2 MLS relationship
6.3 International competitiveness
7 Coaches and technical staff
8 Presidents
9 Current sponsorships
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Organization and governance[edit]
U.S. Soccer is governed by a Board of Directors that administers the affairs of U.S. Soccer. People in key leadership positions include:[3]
Sunil Gulati — President
Carlos Cordeiro — Executive Vice President[4]
Dan Flynn — CEO and Secretary General
U.S. Soccer members comprise individuals and affiliate organizations. The National Council is the representative membership body of the federation. It elects the president and vice president, amends the bylaws, approves the budgets, decides on policies adopted by the Board, and affirms actions of the Board.
U.S. Soccer is a member of the worldwide soccer body FIFA and the North American soccer body CONCACAF, and also has a relationship with the U.S. Olympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee.[5]
The federation convenes in an annual meeting, usually held in February. Every four years, the annual meeting's attendees hold an election for the federation's president and vice president.[6]
Affiliate members of the U.S. Soccer Federation[edit]
USSF recognizes the following affiliate members:[7]
Professional Council[edit]
Major League Soccer (MLS)
National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)
North American Soccer League (NASL)
United Soccer League (USL)
Adult Council[edit]
United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA)
Youth Council[edit]
United States Youth Soccer Association (USYSA)
American Youth Soccer Organization (AYSO)
US Club Soccer
Soccer Association for Youth, USA (SAY)
Other affiliate members[edit]
American Amputee Soccer Association
Armed Forces Sports Council
United Soccer Coaches (formerly: National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA))
United States Power Soccer Association (USPSA)
U.S. Soccer Foundation (USSF)
United States Futsal Federation
United States Specialty Sports Association - Soccer
United States of America Deaf Soccer Association (USA Deaf Soccer)
History[edit]
United States Soccer Federation headquarters building, known as U.S. Soccer House, 1801 South Prairie Avenue in Chicago
See also: Names for association football § North America
U.S. Soccer was originally known as the United States Football Association. It formed on April 5, 1913[8] and on August 15 of that year was accepted as one of the earliest member organizations of FIFA and the first from North and Central America. The affiliation was temporary and at the following year's FIFA Congress in 1914, the USFA, as it was abbreviated at the time, was accepted as a full FIFA member.[9] The governing body of the sport in the United States added the word "soccer" to its name in 1945, when it became the United States Soccer Football Association. It dropped the word football from its name in 1974 to become known as the United States Soccer Federation.[10]
U.S. Soccer has hosted several global soccer tournaments, including the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the FIFA Women's World Cup in 1999 and 2003, and the Summer Olympics in 1984 and 1996.
National teams[edit]
U.S. men's national team[edit]
Main article: United States men's national soccer team
The United States national team was first assembled in 1885 to play Canada in the first international match held outside the United Kingdom.[11]
The men's national team was invited to the inaugural World Cup in 1930 and qualified for the World Cup in 1934, finishing third place in 1930 out of 13 teams participating. In 1950 the United States scored one of its most surprising victories with a 1–0 win over heavily favored England, who were amongst the world's best sides at the time.
The United States failed to reach another World Cup until an upstart team qualified for the 1990 World Cup with the "goal heard around the world" scored by Paul Caligiuri against Trinidad and Tobago, which started the modern era of soccer in the United States. The 1990 men's national team was quickly disposed of at the World Cup, but nonetheless had qualified for its first World Cup in 40 years.
The United States hosted the 1994 World Cup, setting total and average attendance records that still stand, including drawing 94,194 fans to the final. The United States made a surprising run to the second round with a shocking victory over Colombia which saw Andrés Escobar, the player responsible for the United States' first goal (an own goal), later shot to death in his homeland.
1998 saw another disappointing addition to the history of the men's national team as it finished last out of the 32 teams that qualified for the World Cup. This embarrassment, which included a total collapse of team chemistry and leadership, led to the firing of manager Steve Sampson.
The U.S. team hired Bruce Arena, who had won the first two MLS Cups in Major League Soccer history, and who went on to become the most successful United States men's national team manager in history. In 2002 Bruce Arena led a mix of veterans and MLS-seasoned youth to a quarterfinal appearance, dispatching contenders Portugal in group play and archrivals Mexico in the Round of 16, before losing a closely fought game with eventual runners-up Germany in the quarterfinal.
The team looked to match or surpass that feat in 2006; the U.S. was drawn into a group with Italy, the Czech Republic and Ghana. The United States lost to the Czech Republic 3–0 in their opening game, drew Italy, 1–1, in their second game (a match that saw two U.S. players and an Italian player red carded), and lost to Ghana, 2–1. The United States did not advance out of the group, but were the only team to face eventual winner Italy without losing. In the wake of the team's disappointing performance, Arena's contract was not renewed.
Bob Bradley, Chivas USA manager and Arena's assistant manager with the men's national team, eventually succeeded Arena in 2007. The U.S. qualified for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa,[12] winning the CONCACAF qualifying tournament. At the World Cup, the Americans tied England 1–1, tied Slovenia, 2–2. and then won their group by defeating Algeria 1–0 on a stoppage time goal by Landon Donovan. In the Round of 16, the United States played Ghana, and fell 2–1 in extra time.
Entering the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, the U.S team won all three friendly "send-off" matches leading up to the competition: 2–0, over Azerbaijan, 2–1, over Turkey, and 2–1 over fellow World Cup participant and defending African champions Nigeria. They were led at the time by Jürgen Klinsmann, who helped lead West Germany to victory in the 1990 World Cup and was the first player to score at least three goals in three consecutive World Cups.
During the 2014 World Cup, the U.S. won their first match against Ghana, 2–1. Clint Dempsey scored in the first minute of the match giving the U.S. the early lead. Ghana did not respond until the 82nd minute scoring the equalizer goal. The U.S. then reclaimed the lead, thanks to John Brooks scoring the game-winning goal off his head just four minutes later in the 86th minute to regain the lead and take the match. The U.S. gained three points for their win and was off to a great start in the "Group of Death" claimed by critics for the teams the U.S. would have to go through (Germany, Ghana, and Portugal).
The second match of the World Cup for the U.S. was a different story. Portugal claimed the early lead, with Nani scoring in the 5th minute to take the early 1–0 lead. It wasn't till the 64th minute till the U.S. scored the equalizing goal, thanks to Jermaine Jones, tying the match at 1 apiece. The U.S. then claimed the lead on a goal by Clint Dempsey again, scoring in the 81st minute to take a 2–1 lead. However, in the final minute of extra time, the world player of the year, Cristiano Ronaldo drilled a perfect cross to teammate Silvestre Varela who headed in the tying goal, making the final score 2–2. The tie gave each team a point in the overall standings, bringing the U.S. to 4 points total, and gave Portugal their first point of the World Cup having lost their opening match to Germany, 4–0. The U.S. claimed a spot in the knockout round in spite of a 1–0 loss to eventual champion Germany in their final group game due to them winning the tiebreaker with Portugal. However, they bowed out the tournament in the round of 16 in a 2–1 loss to Belgium. Goalkeeper Tim Howard helped the U.S. keep a 0–0 tie at full time. In extra time, there were two Belgian goals. The U.S. struck back with a goal by 19-year-old phenom Julian Green but could not manage another goal. Klinsman was let go as USMNT Director of Coaching and was replaced by Bruce Arena in November 2016.
The U.S. finished in fifth place in the fifth round of the CONCACAF qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which concluded in October 2017. This marks the first time that the U.S. failed to qualify for the World Cup since 1986. As a result of the fifth-place finish, Bruce Arena was let go as USMNT Director of Coaching later that month.
U.S. women's national team[edit]
Main article: United States women's national soccer team
The women's national team has won three FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments in 1991, 1999 and 2015 (placing second in 2011 and third in 1995, 2003, and 2007); the Olympic Gold Medal in 1996, 2004, 2008, and 2012; and seven Algarve Cups and six CONCACAF Women's Gold Cups.
The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991, and the women's national team became the first team to win the prize after beating Norway in the final.
In 1999, the United States hosted the FIFA Women's World Cup for the first time. During their tournament run, the women's national team established a new level of popularity for the women's game, culminating in a final against China that drew 90,185 fans, an all-time attendance record for a women's sports event, to a sold-out Rose Bowl. After neither team scored in regulation or extra time, the final went to a penalty shootout, which the United States won 5–4. The celebration by Brandi Chastain after she converted the winning penalty, in which she took off her shirt, revealing her sports bra in the process, is one of the more famous images in U.S. women's sports.
Youth national teams[edit]
U.S. Soccer Federation oversees and promotes the development of the following national youth teams:[13]
U.S. Under-23 Men
U.S. Under-23 Women
U.S. Under-20 Men
U.S. Under-20 Women
U.S. Under-18 Men
U.S. Under-18 Women
U.S. Under-17 Men
U.S. Under-17 Women
U.S. Under-15 Boys
U.S. Under-15 Girls
U.S. Under-14 Boys
U.S. Under-14 Girls
U.S. Paralympic National Team[edit]
Main article: United States men's Paralympic soccer team
The U.S. Paralympic Soccer Team is an elite level program for men that selects players from across the United States in preparation for International standard competition. The team competes in 7-a-side football. The squad is composed of athletes who have cerebral palsy or have suffered a stroke or traumatic brain injury. The program is Coached by Stuart Sharp under the oversight of the U.S. Soccer Federation.[14]
Headquarters and national training center[edit]
U.S. Soccer House is located in two refurbished mansions at 1801 South Prairie Avenue in Chicago, Illinois and serves as the headquarters for the U.S. Soccer Federation.[15]
In 2003, U.S. Soccer opened their National Training Center at StubHub Center in Carson, California. The $130 million facility includes a soccer-specific stadium, home to the MLS team Los Angeles Galaxy. Additionally, four grass soccer fields, a FieldTurf soccer field and a general training area are specifically dedicated to U.S. Soccer. Both the senior and youth men's and women's US national teams hold regular camps at StubHub Center.[16]
U.S. Soccer was also exploring a possibility of building the National Training and Coaching Development Center in Kansas City, Kansas.[17] On April 9, 2015, the Training Center received final approval from the local governments. U.S. Soccer agreed to a 20-year lease, with the project set to break ground in 2016 and finishing some time in 2017.[18][19]
Professional leagues[edit]
Despite the growth of men's and women's professional soccer in the United States in the last few decades, by far the largest category of soccer in the United States, at least in terms of participation, is boys and girls youth soccer. Though organized locally by organizations all over the United States, there are two main youth soccer organizations working nationwide through affiliated local associations. The United States Youth Soccer Association boasts over three million players between the ages of five and 19, while American Youth Soccer Organization has more than 300,000 players between the ages of four and 19. This makes soccer one of the most played sports by children in the United States.
Men[edit]
Further information: Major League Soccer, North American Soccer League, and United Soccer League
The professional first-division league in North America is Major League Soccer which, as of the 2016 season, had 17 teams in the U.S. and 3 in Canada. The league expanded to 22 teams for the 2017 season with the addition of Atlanta United FC and Minnesota United FC. The league operates as a single-entity league, which means MLS, and not the individual teams, holds the contracts on players.
The two sanctioned second-division men's outdoor soccer leagues are the North American Soccer League (NASL) and the United Soccer League (USL). The new NASL has no official tie to the former NASL that operated from 1968 to 1984; though, some of the teams share names with their historic counterparts. Unlike MLS that is a single-entity operation, the new NASL, like the old NASL, has no salary cap and players are contracted by the individual teams.[20] The season is a split format (similar to that of many leagues in Latin America) that features seven teams, including one Puerto Rican team. Previous to the reorganization of the NASL in 2009, the USL First Division operated as the professional second-division league in the United States. However, a dispute among its teams and ownership led to the creation of the NASL which applied for and was awarded by USSF second division status. The 2010 season was played as a combined USL/NASL league format before NASL officially separated in 2011.[21]
The United Soccer Leagues (USL) were a collection of five leagues spanning the lower divisions of men's professional soccer, as well as women's soccer and youth soccer. After the 2010 season, the USL folded its former First and Second Divisions into a new professional third-division league, USL Pro, that launched in 2011. At launch, it had 15 teams: 11 on the U.S. mainland, three in Puerto Rico, and one in Antigua and Barbuda. The Puerto Rican teams, plagued by ownership and economic issues, were dropped from the league after 2011, and the Antigua team discontinued operations after a winless 2013 season. In January 2013, USL and MLS reached an agreement to integrate USL Pro league competition with the MLS Reserve League spawning the creation of secondary teams directly affiliated with MLS franchises. This was done primarily to improve player development in North America, strengthen league competition and build ties between divisions in the American soccer pyramid. This multi-year deal encourages MLS and USL Pro team affiliations and player loans, and it will lead to more games for teams and to the development of American players. The deal has proven to be a boon for USL Pro, and in 2015, after a rebrand to USL, 24 teams were participating in a healthy and stable 3rd division.[22][23] USL was provisionally sanctioned as a second-division league for 2017, claiming that their final applications met all the standards for second-division sanctioning.[24][25]
There are currently no sanctioned third-division leagues. Two leagues have indicated that they will seek third-division status. United Soccer Leagues, administrator of the USL and PDL leagues, announced that they would start a new league, tentatively called D3, and seek third-division certification and targeting 2019 as the first season for the new league.[26] National Independent Soccer Association (NISA) led by former Chicago Fire general manager Peter Wilt plans on fielding 8-10 teams in 2018 and has stated that it will seek third-division certification.[27]
A fourth-division league in the United States is the USL Premier Development League, which as of 2015 is expected to have 58 U.S. teams, and six Canadian teams. Though the PDL does have some paid players, it also has many teams that are made up entirely or almost entirely of college soccer players who use the league as an opportunity to play competitive soccer in front of professional scouts during the summer, while retaining amateur status and NCAA eligibility. Another fourth-division league in the United States is the National Premier Soccer League.
In addition to MLS and the USL, the United States Adult Soccer Association governs amateur soccer competition for adults throughout the United States, which is effectively the amateur fifth-division of soccer in the United States. The USASA sanctions regional tournaments that allow entry into the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, the oldest continuous national soccer competition in the United States. Since 1914, the competition has been open to all U.S. Soccer affiliated clubs, and currently pits teams from all five levels of the American soccer pyramid against each other each year, similarly to England's FA Cup.
Women[edit]
Further information: Women's soccer in the United States
Women's soccer in the United States has been played at the professional level in three separate leagues since 2001. The first two attempts at professional leagues lasted three seasons each.
Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), 2001–2003[edit]
Main article: Women's United Soccer Association
The Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) was founded in 2001. Headlined by the stars of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup-winning team, $30 million dollars was initially invested by numerous cable tv networks and owners.[28] The league's inaugural match was held between the Washington Freedom featuring Mia Hamm and the Bay Area CyberRays (featuring Brandi Chastain) at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C.. In addition to the 34,148 fans in attendance being greater than any MLS game that weekend, the Turner Network Television (TNT) broadcast reached 393,087 households: more than two MLS games broadcast on ESPN and ESPN2.[29] The league folded in 2003.
Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), 2009–2011[edit]
Boston Breakers squad featuring Kristine Lilly before a match, 2009
Main article: Women's Professional Soccer
The second attempt, Women's Professional Soccer, was founded in 2009, and featured involvement of many former WUSA figures. The champion of WPS' first season in 2009 was Sky Blue FC, out of the New York–New Jersey area. They defeated the Los Angeles Sol 1–0 at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California. WPS launched with seven teams, all based in the United States. The Sol folded after the league's inaugural season, and two new teams joined for 2010, bringing WPS to eight teams. However, the 2010 season saw considerable instability, with another charter team, Saint Louis Athletica, folding during the season, champions FC Gold Pride folding after the season, and the Chicago Red Stars deciding to regroup in the second-tier Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL). The 2011 season, in which six teams based along the East Coast played, was marked by low attendance for most of the season and conflict with Dan Borislow, who had purchased the former Washington Freedom, moved the team to South Florida, and renamed it magicJack. The dispute between WPS and Borislow led the league to suspend the magicJack franchise, with Borislow responding by suing. The legal battle led WPS to suspend its 2012 season, with hopes of returning in 2013, but WPS soon decided to fold completely.
National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), 2013–present[edit]
Main article: National Women's Soccer League
Portland Thorns players before a match, April 2015
On November 21, 2012, U.S. Soccer, in conjunction with the Canadian Soccer Association (CSA) and Mexican Football Federation (FMF), announced the formation of a new professional league for the 2013 season.[30] The league, unnamed at the time of the initial announcement but later unveiled as the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), launched in April 2013 with eight teams.[30] Like WUSA and WPS, NWSL teams are privately owned with some owned by existing MLS teams.[31] The American and Canadian federations pay the salaries for many of their respective national team members. U.S. Soccer initially committed to funding up to 24 national team members, with the CSA committing to paying 16 players and FMF pledging support for at least 12 and possibly as many as 16.[31][32] In addition, U.S. Soccer housed the league's front office for the first four years, and scheduled matches to avoid any possible conflict with international tournaments.[31] Four of the league's charter teams had WPS ties—the Boston Breakers, Chicago Red Stars, Sky Blue FC, and the Western New York Flash. The other four initial teams were located in the Kansas City, Portland, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. markets with the Portland team run by the Portland Timbers of MLS.[31] The NWSL expanded to nine teams for 2014 by adding the Houston Dash, run by the Houston Dynamo of MLS. In 2016, it expanded to 10 with the addition of another MLS-backed team, the Orlando Pride. Ahead of the 2017 season, A&E Networks announced it had taken an equity stake in the league and Lifetime would begin broadcasting games to a national television audience.[33] As of 2017[update], additional expansion teams were being discussed by Los Angeles FC, Vancouver Whitecaps, and FC Barcelona.[34][35][36]
Controversies[edit]
Concussions[edit]
In 2014 parents and former players filed a Class Action Lawsuit against the United States Soccer Federation, FIFA, and other Soccer Organizations for failure to create policies that would prevent, evaluate and manage concussion injuries.[37] Soccer is second only to American football in the number of concussion injuries per year.[38]
MLS relationship[edit]
The USSF has been accused by representatives of the North American Soccer League, among others, of unfairly protecting MLS's leading role in American professional soccer. Among their concerns is that the USSF benefits from financial dealings with MLS that it does not have with other leagues, giving it an apparent incentive to protect MLS from competition.[39] This includes the contract that the USSF has with MLS's Soccer United Marketing (SUM) subsidiary in which most USSF sponsorship, television licensing and royalty revenues (outside of its apparel deal with Nike, Inc.) are paid through SUM. The USSF reported $15,433,754 in revenues through the SUM relationship in its 2014 audited financial report.[40]
In 2015, the NASL took issue with proposed USSF rule changes reportedly making it harder to gain co-equal "Division 1" status with MLS that would increase the NASL's influence within the USSF as well as presumably allow more access to international competition and larger media and sponsorship contracts, calling the draft proposal "...an anti-competitive bait and switch, with the purpose of entrenching MLS’s monopoly position at the very time when the NASL is threatening to become a significant competitor."[41] Seats on the USSF's Professional Council governing committee are also based proportionally on pyramid level, giving MLS more votes when choosing the two professional league representatives on the USSF's Board of Directors. In 2015, those representatives are MLS Commissioner Don Garber and Alec Papadakis, CEO of the United Soccer League that announced an affiliation with MLS in 2015.
International competitiveness[edit]
High-profile international soccer figures including former USMNT Head Coach Jürgen Klinsmann,[42] former LA Galaxy head coach and USMNT Head Coach Bruce Arena[43] and Manchester City manager and former FIFA World Coach of the Year Pep Guardiola,[44] have expressed beliefs that the top-down structure of soccer developed and managed by the USSF in the United States, including pressure to have the best American players in MLS rather than higher-quality leagues in other countries, is hampering the nation's competitiveness in international soccer.
Conversely, Klinsmann has been criticized in turn by MLS representatives for recommending that American players leave MLS development systems to pursue professional careers in Europe in order to test themselves against higher levels of players in preparation for international competition. In 2015, MLS Commissioner Don Garber said, "I do believe our national team coach has a short-term objective. That's what he's hired to do. That doesn't mean next week, but it's to win the Gold Cup, it's to have the best possible team in 2018. And our goals and objectives are broader than that, and that's why we agree on some things but don't agree on others."[45]
Coaches and technical staff[edit]
Men's coaches
Level
Name
Notes
Senior vacant
Under-23 Andi Herzog
Under-20 Tab Ramos
Under-19 vacant
Under-18 Omid Namazi
Under-17 John Hackworth
Under-16 Shaun Tsakiris
Under-15 Dave Van Den Bergh
Under-14 Brian Johnson
Futsal Keith Tozer
Beach Eddie Soto
Paralympic vacant
Women's coaches
Level
Name
Notes
Senior Jill Ellis
Under-23 vacant
Under-20 Jitka Klimková
Under-19 Keri Sarver
Under-18 Jaime Frias
Under-17 Mark Carr
Under-16 Kacey White
Under-15 Tracey Kevins
Under-14 Jill Ellis
Technical Staff
Level
Name
Notes
Technical director vacant
Youth technical director Tab Ramos
Technical advisor Brian Johnson
Technical advisor Carson Porter
Director of scouting Tony Lepore
Director of coaching education Dave Chesler
Director of youth national teams Jim Moorhouse
Women's technical director April Heinrichs
Women's youth development director Jill Ellis
Women's yead development coach April Kater
Presidents[edit]
United States Soccer Federation (1974–present)
Sunil Gulati (2006–present)
Robert Contiguglia (1998–2006)
Alan Rothenberg (1990–1998)
Werner Fricker (1984–1990)
Gene Edwards (1974–1984)
United States Soccer Football Association (until 1974)
James McGuire (1952–54 & 1971–1974)
Erwin Single (1969–71)
Bob Guelker (1967–69)
George Fishwick (1963–65)
Gene Ringsdorf (1961–63)
Jack Flamhaft (1959–61)
Current sponsorships[edit]
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Nike
Continental
Coca-Cola
Powerade
Liberty Mutual
AT&T
Thorne
See also[edit]
Soccer in the United States portal
Women's association football portal
Association football portal
American Football Association
U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year
USWNT All-Time Best XI
National Soccer Hall of Fame
U.S. Soccer Development Academy
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Jump up ^ "Sources: With Mia Hamm's influence, LAFC set for NWSL expansion". Soccer Wire. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Heitner, Darren. "Class Action Concussion Lawsuit Filed Against FIFA And U.S. Soccer Associations".
Jump up ^ Gessel, LM; Fields, SK; Collins, CL; Dick, RW; Comstock, RD (2007). "Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes". J Athl Train. 42 (4): 495–503. PMC 2140075  . PMID 18174937.
Jump up ^ Vinton, Nathaniel (August 31, 2015). "MLS rival accuses league of violating antitrust laws". Daily News. New York. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "United States Soccer Federation, Inc. Financial Statements, Years Ended March 31, 2015 and 2014" (PDF). Major League Soccer. September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Scannell, Kara (August 31, 2015). "League cries foul at US Soccer Federation's new rules". Financial Times. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carlisle, Jeff (November 14, 2014). "Jurgen Klinsmann firm on young player advice as MLS frustration grows". ESPN FC. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dell'Apa, Frank (June 3, 2015). "BRUCE ARENA ON USMNT: 'WE'RE NOT THERE YET'". One World Sports. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Borg, Simon (July 22, 2014). "Bayern Munich manager Pep Guardiola says focus of US soccer should be on coaching and academies". MLSSoccer.com. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Garber: MLS to pursue USMNT stars despite Klinsmann objections". ESPN FC. April 24, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
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Brisket
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American cuts of beef including the brisket
Kansas City-style Angus beef brisket and burnt ends dinner from the Q39 restaurant
British cuts of beef including the brisket
Brisket is a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest of beef or veal. The beef brisket is one of the nine beef primal cuts, though the precise definition of the cut differs internationally. The brisket muscles include the superficial and deep pectorals. As cattle do not have collar bones, these muscles support about 60% of the body weight of standing/moving cattle. This requires a significant amount of connective tissue, so the resulting meat must be cooked correctly to tenderize the connective tissue.
According to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition, the term derives from the Middle English brusket which comes from the earlier Old Norse brjósk, meaning cartilage. The cut overlies the sternum, ribs, and connecting costal cartilages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Method of cooking
2 Other variations
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Method of cooking[edit]
A pan of beef brisket
Beef brisket noodles (Philippines)
Brisket can be cooked many ways, including baking, boiling and roasting. Basting of the meat is often done during the cooking process. This normally tough cut of meat, due to the collagen fibers that make up the significant connective tissue in the cut, is tenderized when the collagen gelatinizes, resulting in more tender brisket. The fat cap, which is often left attached to the brisket, helps to keep the meat from drying during the prolonged cooking necessary to break down the connective tissue in the meat. Water is necessary for the conversion of collagen to gelatin, which is the hydrolysis product of collagen.
Popular methods in the United States include rubbing with a spice rub or marinating the meat, then cooking slowly over indirect heat from charcoal or wood. This is a form of smoking the meat. A hardwood, such as oak, pecan, hickory, or mesquite, is sometimes added, alone or in combination with other hardwoods, to the main heat source. Sometimes, they make up all of the heat source, with chefs often prizing characteristics of certain woods. The smoke from these woods and from burnt dripping juices further enhances the flavor. The finished meat is a variety of barbecue. Smoked brisket done this way is popular in Texas barbecue. Once finished, pieces of brisket can be returned to the smoker to make burnt ends. Burnt ends are most popular in Kansas City-style barbecue, where they are traditionally served open-faced on white bread. The traditional New England boiled dinner features brisket as a main-course option. Brisket is also cooked in a slow cooker, as this also tenderizes the meat due to the slow cooking method, which is usually 8 hours for a 3-lb brisket.
In the US, the whole boneless brisket, based on the Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications (IMPS), as promulgated by the USDA, has the meat-cutting classification IMPS 120. The North American Meat Processors Association publishes a photographic version of IMPS called the Meat Buyer's Guide.[1] The brisket muscles are sometimes separated for retail cutting: the lean "first cut" or "flat cut" is the deep pectoral, while the fattier "second cut", "point", "fat end", or "triangular cut" is the superficial pectoral. For food service use, they are IMPS 120A and 120B, respectively.
Other variations[edit]
Brisket has a long history in the United States dating back to the indigenous Indians of southern Texas. Brisket is synonymous with Texas culture and has long been a standing staple for residents of the Lone Star State.
In traditional Jewish cooking, brisket is most often braised as a pot roast, especially as a holiday main course, usually served at Rosh Hashanah, Passover, and Sabbath. For reasons of economics and kashrut, it was historically one of the more popular cuts of beef among Ashkenazi Jews. Brisket is also the most popular cut for corned beef, which can be further spiced and smoked to make pastrami. The Jewish community in Montreal also makes Montreal-style smoked meat, a close relative of pastrami, from brisket.[2]
In Hong Kong, it is cooked with spices over low heat until tender, and is commonly served with noodles in soup or curry.[3]
In Korean cuisine, traditionally it is first boiled at low temperature with aromatic vegetables, then pressed with a heavy object in a container full of a soy sauce-based marinade. The ensuing preserved meat is served in match-length strips as an accompaniment (banchan) to a meal. This is called jang jorim. Brisket is also the main ingredient in a spicy soup called yuk ke jang, part of the class of soups that are complete meals in Korean cuisine. Nowadays, it is also popular to cook thin slices of it quickly over a hot plate.
In Thai cuisine, it is used to prepare suea rong hai, a popular grilled dish originally from Isan.
In New Zealand cuisine, it is used in a boil-up. Boiled in seasoned water with green vegetables and potatoes, it is popular amongst the Maori people.
It is a common cut of meat used in Vietnamese phở soup.
In Britain, it is not generally smoked, but is one of a number of low-cost cuts normally cooked very slowly in a lidded casserole dish with gravy. The dish, known as a pot roast in the US, but more commonly as braised or stewed beef in the UK, is often accompanied by root vegetables. Good results may also be achieved in a slow cooker. Cooked brisket, being boneless, carves well after refrigeration, and is a versatile, cheaper cut.
In Italian cuisine, brisket is used to prepare bollito misto, a typical Northern Italy recipe.
In Pakistan it is used in nihari, a national dish.
In Germany, brisket is braised in dark German beer and cooked with celery, carrots, onions, bay leaves, and a small bundle of thyme.
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of steak dishes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Meat Buyers Guide". Chefs-Resources.com. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
Jump up ^ Rabinovitch, Lara (2009), "Montreal-Style Smoked Meat:An interview with Eiran Harris conducted by Lara Rabinovitch, with the cooperation of the Jewish Public Library Archives of Montreal", Cuizine: The Journal of Canadian Food Cultures / Cuizine : revue des cultures culinaires au Canada, 1 (2)
Jump up ^ 40 Hong Kong foods we can't live without, CNN Go, 13 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-09
Further reading[edit]
Moskin, Julia (August 19, 2014). "Brisket Is Worth the Wait". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
Green, Aliza (2005). Field Guide to Meat. Philadelphia: Quirk Books. ISBN 1-931686-79-3.
External links[edit]
Media related to Brisket of beef at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of brisket at Wiktionary
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