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Cerys Matthews
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Cerys Matthews
MBE
Matthews in 2008
Background information
Birth name
Cerys Elizabeth Matthews
Born
(1969-04-11) 11 April 1969 (age 49)
Cardiff, Wales
Origin
Swansea, Wales
Genres
Alternative rock
Britpop
indie rock
pop rock
folk music
Occupation(s)
Singer
songwriter
Years active
1990–present
Associated acts
Catatonia
Website
www.cerysmatthews.co.uk
Cerys Elizabeth Matthews, MBE (/ˈkɛrɪs/; born 11 April 1969) is a Welsh singer, songwriter, author, and broadcaster. She was a founding member of Welsh rock band Catatonia and a leading figure in the "Cool Cymru" movement of the late 1990s.[1]
Matthews programmes and hosts a weekly music show on BBC Radio 6 Music and a show on BBC World Service, makes documentaries for television and radio and is a roving reporter for The One Show. She founded 'The Good Life Experience', a festival of culture and the great outdoors in Flintshire in 2014, with Charlie and Caroline Gladstone, writes a column for British Airways Highlife magazine and is author of Hook, Line and Singer published by Penguin and children's stories Tales From The Deep and Gelert, A Man's Best Friend, Gomer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Catatonia
2.2 2000s
2.3 Since 2010
2.4 Books
3 Solo discography
3.1 Albums
3.2 Compilation albums
3.3 Singles
3.4 Appearances on other original recordings
4 Catatonia discography
4.1 Studio albums
4.2 Compilation albums
4.3 Singles and EPs
4.4 Miscellaneous and promos
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Matthews was born in Cardiff, the second of four children. The family moved to Swansea when she was seven. She attended St Michael's, an independent school in Llanelli, and Ysgol Bro Gwaun when she lived in the Pembrokeshire village of Trefin.[2] She is fluent in English, Welsh, Spanish, and French.[3] She has cited her childhood heroes as being Pippi Longstocking and writers William Butler Yeats and Dylan Thomas.[4][5][6][7][8]
She learned to play the guitar at the age of nine, sang Welsh folk songs and taught herself traditional songs from all over the globe including blues and Irish folk songs.[9] She was a member of the West Glamorgan Youth Orchestra.[10] She had a stint in Spain as a nanny, where she learned to speak Catalan.[11]
Career[edit]
Catatonia[edit]
Main article: Catatonia (band)
Catatonia was formed in 1992. She subsequently sang lead vocals on, and co-wrote the music and lyrics for, the band's hits. Songs she co-wrote included "You've Got a Lot to Answer For", "Mulder and Scully", "Dead From the Waist Down", and "Road Rage". Matthews also played guitar on the earlier material before second guitarist Owen Powell joined the band. She also performed a single with the band Space named "The Ballad of Tom Jones", which tells the story of two lovers who want to kill each other, but then hear a Tom Jones song that defuses their homicidal feelings. Matthews later collaborated with Jones to record a version of Frank Loesser's "Baby, It's Cold Outside" on Jones' album Reload. Matthews was voted the "Sexiest Female in Rock" in a 1999 readers' poll in the now defunct magazine Melody Maker.[12]
After Catatonia's rise to fame with their second album International Velvet, and subsequent success with Equally Cursed And Blessed, the band returned in 2001 with their fourth studio album Paper Scissors Stone. In September 2001, the band officially split.[13]
2000s[edit]
Matthews joined The Pet Shop Boys on the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury in June 2000, performing a duet of their hit "What Have I Done To Deserve This".[14] In December 2001, she returned to the recording studio for the first time since Catatonia split up. She recorded a song in both English and Welsh for the pre-school cartoon series Sali Mali.[15] She provided guest vocals on the track "Cyclops Rock", from US alternative rock band They Might Be Giants 2001 album Mink Car. Her line was originally supposed to be provided by Joe Strummer of The Clash.[16]
Matthews moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 2001. On her arrival she began playing with Bucky Baxter, who had played lap steel guitar for Bob Dylan and Ryan Adams. She had already collected seventy-six traditional folk songs with the idea of making an album of folk covers. Her debut album, Cockahoop, ended up consisting mainly of her own songs. It was recorded in seven months and appeared on Blanco y Negro Records in the United Kingdom in May 2003. Whilst recording this album she met Seth Riddle, whom she married in Pembrokeshire in February 2003.[17] She toured the album around Britain with minimal promotion as she was several months pregnant at the time. The album's Stateside Records release followed in October 2004.
In December 2005, Matthews recorded a new version of Len Barry's 1960s UK and US top 10 hit "1-2-3" in Nashville. She released it as a download-single with all profits going to a children's charity.[18][19] In early 2006, Matthews introduced material from her upcoming album at SXSW in Austin, Texas.[citation needed]
In 2006, Matthews conducted a short tour of the UK to promote her new second solo album, Never Said Goodbye. The new album was preceded by the single "Open Roads". Band members included Kevin Teel on guitar, Ben Elkins playing keyboards, Mason Neely on drums, and Jeff Irwin playing bass. She headlined Cardiff's Big Weekend festival. During September and October 2006, Matthews embarked on a UK and Ireland tour, during which she played tracks from her first two solo albums as well as three Catatonia hits. She also embarked upon a short acoustic Welsh tour in November 2006 before returning to Nashville for Christmas.
Matthews appeared on the 2007 series of ITV's I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, which aired from 12 to 30 November. She was voted off one day before the final episode, coming fourth behind Jason "J" Brown, Janice Dickinson and eventual winner Christopher Biggins. Matthews became involved with fellow contestant Marc Bannerman after the show, but they split four months later. Matthews appeared at the live Guilty Pleasures concert at the Hackney Empire, London in 2007. She performed the Bonnie Tyler hit "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and the Dolly Parton/Kenny Rogers duet "Islands in the Stream" along with Terry Hall and the BBC Concert Orchestra
In an interview on the eve of the launch of her Welsh mini-album Awyren = Aeroplane, Matthews confirmed she had divorced from Riddle and temporarily moved back to her farm in Pembrokeshire.[20][21] Awyren = Aeroplane won her the 'Contemporary Composition' award in the National Eisteddfod. The award had been resurrected and presented for the first time since 1936. In 2007 Matthews became Vice-President of the Welsh homelessness charity Shelter Cymru.[22] She also accepted a role of Performing Arts Ambassador for Linden Lodge School, Wimbledon in the same year.
Matthews joined the Welsh band Manic Street Preachers onstage at The O2 on 28 February 2008 to sing the female vocals of their 2007 hit "Your Love Alone Is Not Enough". She replaced Nina Persson in both the awards ceremony (within indigO2) and at the following 'Big Gig' live show (within The O2 arena).
From November 2008, Matthews sat in for Stephen Merchant and Marc Riley on BBC 6 Music and went on to present George Lamb's slot in April 2009. In May 2009 she presented show A Month of Sundays With... Cerys Matthews. She then covered for Nemone on 6 Music from July 2009 while Nemone was on maternity leave.
Matthews began maternity leave from November 2009 and had to finish presenting the show a month early. In April 2010, Matthews returned to 6 Music to present a weekend show on Sunday mornings.She produces and presents radio documentaries and shows, including Hook Line and singer, where she shared her love of fishing on Radio 4.
Matthews released her first CD in two years in October 2009. The album, entitled Don't Look Down, was released in two versions, one in English and the other in Welsh (the title of the Welsh edition was Paid Edrych i Lawr). It was recorded in Providence, Rhode Island, Nashville, Seattle and London, and coincided with a two-week UK tour in October.
Since 2010[edit]
Matthews has covered Glastonbury Festival for both BBC Television and BBC 6 Music, she wrote and presented a BBC Two programme on poetry and presented TV documentaries on singer Dorothy Squires, the Mississippi River and Cuba. She wrote and presented a documentary on early blues players such as Memphis Minnie, children's character Pippi Longstocking, Mahalia Jackson and the celebrated British blues label 'Blue Horizon'. She has presented a documentary for BBC Radio 2 on Maida Vale studios. She frequently contributes to BBC Radio 4 programmes such as Feedback, Frontrow, Loose Ends and Saturday Live, also writing a column for world music magazine Songlines. She has curated festivals for the Tate Modern, the Shetland theatre and Womex.
In 2010, Matthews released Tir (in Welsh: 'territory' or 'land'), a collection of traditional Welsh songs, and of photographs from her family archive from the 1880s to 1940s of people at work and play.[23] They included "Calon Lân", "Cwm Rhondda", "Migldi-Magldi" (sung as a duet with Bryn Terfel), "Myfanwy" and "Sosban Fach".[24] This is the third release on her own label, Rainbow City.
Explorer is Matthews' fourth solo album (2011). In both selecting and writing the songs she delved into the influence of both the music she has heard round the globe, and the places she had visited. Recorded over seven days, the album from the outset had no pre-determined sound or calculated format.[25] On the album she incorporates a little Spanish, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, and American sensibilities, styles, and genres.[26] In April 2011, a video was released through Matthews' official YouTube Page[27] of the lead single from Explorer, "Sweet Magnolia".
Matthews played the Isle of Wight and Hay festivals in 2012, the latter with a Woody Guthrie tribute show, and collaborated with artists such as Arun Ghosh, Tunde Jegede, Attab Haddad, Frank Moon and the London Bulgarian Choir. 2012 also saw her play music from her acclaimed and popular selling collection of Welsh traditional songs 'Tir', with Ballet Cymru, ending in a show in Sadler's Wells, and a nomination for a Theatre Critics Award 2012.[28] She produced and arranged Christmas album Baby, it's Cold Outside (2012) to much acclaim, recognised by the Sunday Times as an "essential seasonal album"[citation needed]. Cerys played UK literary festivals including Dartington, Chester, Hay and Edinburgh and released an album of traditional Welsh reels and songs Hullabaloo'. Matthews sang Patsy Cline's Crazy and Dylan's Blowin' in the wind as part of the memorial service for esteemed War correspondent Marie Colvin, in May 2012. Matthews appeared as a celebrity guest mentor on the first series of the UK version of The Voice for Tom Jones's Team broadcast.[29]
Matthews won gold at the 2013 Sony Radio Academy Awards, winning in the 'Music Broadcaster of the year' category.[30] Baby it's Cold Outside, released for Christmas 2013 on the Rainbow City label, is a selection of Christmas carols and classic Christmas songs all arranged and produced by Matthews using instruments such as Chinese temple blocks, oud, celeste and coconut shells. She was Artistic Director for the opening ceremony of Womex 2013 representing Wales.
In 2014 Cerys co-founded a brand new interactive festival - THE GOOD LIFE EXPERIENCE with Charlie and Caroline Gladstone held every September on the Gladstone estate in Hawarden, Flintshire near the Cheshire border. It's a festival which celebrates the great outdoors-with plenty of abseiling, campfires, axe throwing, foraging, talk on survival, as well as cultural activities, crafts, books and music.
Matthews won a prestigious 'St David Award' - for her contribution to culture in 2014 - run by the Welsh government, in its inaugural year- 2014 Other prize winners on the night were Bryn Terfel and Lyn Evans.
She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to music.[31]
July 2014 Cerys was awarded an honorary degree from Swansea University.
Cerys won the Best Presenter Music award at the Audio Production Awards November 23, 2016.
In 2017 she was a guest presenter on the BBC's coverage of The Royal Welsh Show, along with Andi Oliver and Omar Hamdi.[32]
Books[edit]
Hook, Line and Singer, Cerys' collection of singalong classics published by Penguin, became a top 3 Sunday Times bestseller in 2013. The book includes personal anecdotes and song histories. Song examples are "Let's Go Fly A Kite", "Oh Susannah", and "Swing Low Sweet Chariot".
Tales from the deep is a duo of stories written in verse with paintings by Fran Evans, published by Gomer. It was nominated for a People's Choice Award. It was followed by Gelert, a man's best friend (Gomer, 2013)
Solo discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Cockahoop (UK No. 30, 5 weeks on Chart) (Blanco y Negro – 2003)
Never Said Goodbye (Rough Trade – 2006)
Awyren = Aeroplane (mini-album) (My Kung Fu 030 – 2007)
Don't Look Down (Rainbow City Recordings – 2009)
Tir (Rainbow City Recordings – 2010)
Explorer (Rainbow City Recordings – 2011)
Baby It's Cold Outside (Rainbow City Recordings − 2012)
Hullabaloo (Rainbow City Recordings – 2013)
Dylan Thomas : A Child's Christmas, Poems and Tiger Eggs (Marvels of the Universe – 2014)
Compilation albums[edit]
Brand New Boots and Panties!! (2001) – contributed "If I Was With a Woman"
Listen to Bob Dylan: A Tribute (2005) – contributed "I Believe in You", a Bob Dylan song from Slow Train Coming
Hands Across the Water (2006) – contributed "An Occasional Song"
Songs for the Young at Heart (2007) – contributed "White Horses", the theme song to The White Horses
Over the Rainbow (2007) – contributed "Secret Love"
Singles[edit]
1998 "The Ballad of Tom Jones" (with Space) UK No. 4
1999 "Baby, It's Cold Outside"
2003 "Caught in the Middle" UK No. 47
2005 "1-2-3"
2006 "Open Roads" UK No. 53
2007 "Some Kind of Wonderful" (with Aled Jones) (Universal Records)
2009 "Arlington Way" (Rainbow City Records)
2010 "Into The Blue"/"Mae Angen Llong Ar Gapten" (Rainbow City Records)
2011 "Sweet Magnolia" (Rainbow City Records)[27]
Appearances on other original recordings[edit]
1998 Space – Tin Planet, duetting on "The Ballad of Tom Jones"
1999 Tom Jones – Reload, on "Baby, It's Cold Outside"
2001 They Might Be Giants – Mink Car, guest vocals on "Cyclops Rock"
2007 Aled Jones – Reasons to Believe, duetting on "Some Kind of Wonderful" (Universal)
2008 The Fron Male Voice Choir – Voices of the Valley: Home, singing "Calon Lan"
2010 MAVIS presents Candi Staton & Cerys Matthews, singing "Nemesis Required" (!K7 Records)
Catatonia discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Year
Details
Peak chart position
Certifications
(sales thresholds)
UK
[33]
AUS
[34]
GER
[35]
IRL
[36]
NZL
[37]
1996 Way Beyond Blue
Released: 30 September 1996
Label: Blanco y Negro
32 — — — —
1998 International Velvet
Released: Feb 1998
Label: Blanco y Negro/WEA
1 27 — 39 32
UK: 3x Platinum[38]
1999 Equally Cursed and Blessed
Released: 28 March 2000
Label: Blanco y Negro/Atlantic
1 48 — — 28
UK: Platinum[38]
2001 Paper Scissors Stone
Released: 6 August 2001
Label: Blanco y Negro
6 — 55 37 —
UK: Silver[38]
"—" denotes releases that did not chart.
Compilation albums[edit]
Year
Details
Peak chart position
Certifications
(sales thresholds)
UK
[33]
AUS
[34]
GER
[35]
IRL
[36]
NZL
[37]
1995 The Sublime Magic of Catatonia
Released: 1995
Label: Nursery
— — — — —
1998 The Crai-EPs 1993/1994
Released: 19 October 1999
Label: Crai/M.I.L. Multimedia
— — — — —
2002 Greatest Hits
Released: 15 October 2002
Label: WEA
24 — — 43 —
2006 Platinum Collection
Released: 21 March 2006
Label: WEA
— — — — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart.
Singles and EPs[edit]
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Album
UK
[33][39]
AUS
[34]
IRL
[40]
NZL
[37]
1993 May "For Tinkerbell" (EP) — — — — Non-album EP
1994 Jun "Hooked" (EP) — — — — The Sublime Magic of Catatonia
Sep "Whale" (vinyl-only) — — — —
1995 Jan "Bleed" 158 — — —
Dec "Christmas '95" (fan club vinyl)1 — — — — Non-album single
1996 Apr "Sweet Catatonia" 61 — — — Way Beyond Blue
Jul "Lost Cat" 41 — — —
Oct "Bleed" (re-issue) 46 — — —
1997 Feb "You've Got A Lot To Answer For" 35 — — —
Oct "I Am the Mob" 40 — — — International Velvet
1998 Jan "Mulder and Scully" 3 — 17 —
May "Road Rage" 5 40 29 —
Jul "Strange Glue" 11 — — —
Oct "Game On" 33 — — —
1999 Apr "Dead From the Waist Down" 7 — — 44 Equally Cursed and Blessed
Jul "Londinium" 20 — — —
Oct "Karaoke Queen" 36 — — —
2000 Mar "Storm The Palace" (EP) — — — —
2001 Sep "Stone by Stone" 19 — — — Paper Scissors Stone
"—" denotes releases that did not chart.
1 – The A-side being "Blow the Millennium, Blow".
Miscellaneous and promos[edit]
"Tourist" (Japan EP) – 1996
"A's & B's of Catatonia" (Promo EP) – 1998
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "WALES | 1999 - the year of Cool Cymru". BBC News. 1999-12-25. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Biography". cerysmatthews.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Paul, Chris. "Cerys Matthews". Beat Review. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 4 - The Strongest Girl in the World". Bbc.co.uk. 2010-09-16. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Dylan Thomas". BBC. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
Jump up ^ Moore, Dylan. "Cerys Matthews". Wales Arts Review. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Cerys Matthews: A star is reborn". The Independent. 22 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "Expectant Cerys home for birth". BBC News. 7 August 2003.
Jump up ^ Rhodes, Giulia. "Cerys Matthews rocks the crib | Music | Entertainment | Daily Express". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
Jump up ^ Schweitzer, Louise (2012-12-17). "Cerys Matthews, The Old Market, Hove, December 15 (From The Argus)". Theargus.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Cerys Matthews profile: news, photos, style, videos and more – HELLO! Online". Hellomagazine.com. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
Jump up ^ "News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper". The Independent. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "MUSIC | Troubled Catatonia split up". BBC News. 2001-09-21. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "pet shop boys et cerys matthews à Glastonbury 2000". YouTube. 2007-05-11. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ Cartoon Sali Mali joins Channel 4, BBC News, 28 July 2009 Retrieved 23 November 2009
Jump up ^ "Cerys Matthews – TMBW: The They Might Be Giants Knowledge Base". TMBW. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Cerys arrives for wedding on tractor, BBC Wales – 22 February 2003
Jump up ^ "Jeremie Musyt Creative". Jmcreative.net. 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Divorced Cerys returns to Wales, BBC Wales – 15 October 2007
Jump up ^ "Cerys and Marc in Pembrokeshire". BBC. 8 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Morton, Cole (14 October 2007). "Cerys Matthews: 'My marriage is over. I'm coming home'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007.
Jump up ^ EccentricUK – Cerys Matthews Archived 13 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 February 2012
Jump up ^ "Cerys Matthews: The tracks of my life". Wales Online. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ CerysMatthews.co.uk = Explorer Biography Archived 18 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 February 2012
Jump up ^ Matthew Forss. "Inside World Music". insideworldmusic.blogspot.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cerys Matthews - Sweet Magnolia". YouTube. 2011-04-28. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Ballet inspired by Cerys Matthews shortlisted for award". South Wales Argus.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Alex (2012-04-04). "Voice mentors confirmed: Cerys Matthews, Ana Matronic to help coaches". Digitalspy.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Cerys Matthews wins Sony music radio broadcaster award". BBC News. 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "No. 60895". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 June 2014. p. b21.
Jump up ^ "RWAS - BBC". www.rwas.wales. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c "British chart positions". chartstats.com. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Australian chart positions". australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "German album positions". musicline.de. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Irish chart positions". irish-charts.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New Zealand chart positions". charts.org.nz. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "British certificates: searchable database". bpi.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "UK Chartlog: Chris C. – CZR". zobbel.de. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Irish singles positions". irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerys Matthews.
Official website
Cerys on 6 at BBC Programmes
BBC One Show profile
Cerys Matthews on IMDb
cerys-matthews-1 Cerys Matthews on Journalisted
August 2006 interview with Matthews
Cerys Matthews Interview[permanent dead link]
BBC Wales Music – Matthews microsite
Garvey, Jane (8 October 2007). "Woman's Hour" (RealAudio). BBC Radio 4.
[hide]
v
t
e
Catatonia
Cerys Matthews
Mark Roberts
Paul Jones
Owen Powell
Aled Richards
Dafydd Ieuan
Clancy Pegg
Daisy Hewitt
Studio albums
Way Beyond Blue
International Velvet
Equally Cursed and Blessed
Paper Scissors Stone
EPs
For Tinkerbell
Hooked
Tourist EP
Storm the Palace
A's & B's of Catatonia
Singles
"Whale"
"Bleed"
"Christmas '95"
"Sweet Catatonia"
"Lost Cat"
"You've Got a Lot to Answer For"
"I Am the Mob"
"Mulder and Scully"
"Road Rage"
"Strange Glue"
"Game On"
"Dead from the Waist Down"
"Londinium"
"Karaoke Queen"
"Stone by Stone"
Compilations
The Sublime Magic of Catatonia
The Crai-EPs 1993/1994
Greatest Hits
Platinum Collection
Related articles
Music of Cardiff
Blanco y Negro Records
"The Ballad of Tom Jones"
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LCCN: no2001062626
ISNI: 0000 0000 5544 7134
GND: 128348089
MusicBrainz: eae1dc26-f366-4b1a-916a-3d0a6723549f
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerys_Matthews&oldid=834421552"
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Cenozoic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cenozoic Era
66 - 0 million years ago
Events of the Cenozoic
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Mesozoic
Paleogene
Neogene
Quaternary
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Phanerozoic
An approximate timescale of key Cenozoic events.
Axis scale: millions of years before present.
The Cenozoic Era ( /ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk, ˌsɛ-/)[1][2] is the current geological era, covering the period from 66 million years ago to the present day.
The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals, because of the large mammals that dominate it. The continents also moved into their current positions during this era.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Divisions
2.1 Paleogene Period
2.2 Neogene
2.3 Quaternary
3 Animal life
4 Tectonics
5 Climate
6 Life
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Nomenclature[edit]
Cenozoic, meaning "new life," is derived from Greek καινός kainós "new," and ζωή zōḗ "life."[3] The era is also known as the Cænozoic, Caenozoic, or Cainozoic. /ˌkaɪnəˈzoʊɪk, ˌkeɪ-/;[4][5]
Divisions[edit]
The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary; and seven epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. The Quaternary Period was officially recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2009,[6] and the former Tertiary Period was officially disused in 2004 because of the necessity to divide the Cenozoic into periods more like that of the previous Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.[7][why?] The common use of epochs during the Cenozoic helps paleontologists better organize and group the many significant events that occurred during this comparatively short interval of time. There is also more detailed knowledge of this era than any other because of the relatively young, well-preserved rocks associated with it.
Paleogene Period[edit]
The Paleogene spans from the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, 66 million years ago, to the dawn of the Neogene, 23.03 million years ago. It features three epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene.
Basilosaurus
The Paleocene epoch ranged from 66 million to 56 million years ago. Modern placental mammals originated during this time.The Paleocene is a transitional point between the devastation that is the K-T extinction, to the rich jungles environment that is the Early Eocene. The Early Paleocene saw the recovery of the earth. The continents began to take their modern shape, but all the continents and subcontinent India were separated from each other. Afro-Eurasia was separated by the Tethys Sea, and the Americas were separated by the strait of Panama, as the isthmus had not yet formed. This epoch featured a general warming trend, with jungles eventually reaching the poles. The oceans were dominated by sharks[8] as the large reptiles that had once ruled became extinct. Archaic mammals filled the world such as creodonts (extinct carnivores, unrelated to existing Carnivora) and early primates that evolved during the Mesozoic, and as a result, there was nothing over 10 kilograms. Mammals were still quite small.[9]
The Eocene Epoch ranged from 56 million years to 33.9 million years ago. In the Early-Eocene, life was small and lived in cramped jungles, much like the Paleocene. There was nothing over the weight of 10 kilograms.[10] Among them were early primates, whales and horses along with many other early forms of mammals. At the top of the food chains were huge birds, such as Paracrax. The temperature was 30 degrees Celsius with little temperature gradient from pole to pole. In the Mid-Eocene, the Circumpolar-Antarctic current between Australia and Antarctica formed which disrupted ocean currents worldwide and as a result caused a global cooling effect, shrinking the jungles. This allowed mammals to grow to mammoth proportions, such as whales which, by that time, were almost fully aquatic. Mammals like Andrewsarchus were at the top of the food-chain. The Late Eocene saw the rebirth of seasons, which caused the expansion of savanna-like areas, along with the evolution of grass.[11][12] The end of the Eocene was marked by the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event, the European face of which is known as the Grande Coupure.
The Oligocene Epoch spans from 33.9 million to 23.03 million years ago. The Oligocene featured the expansion of grass which had led to many new species to evolve, including the first elephants, cats, dogs, marsupials and many other species still prevalent today. Many other species of plants evolved in this period too, such as the evergreen trees Conifers originated during the Carboniferous and dominated during the Mesozoic era. A cooling period was still in effect and seasonal rains were as well. Mammals still continued to grow larger and larger.[13]
Neogene[edit]
Animals of the Miocene (Chalicotherium, Hyenadon, Entelodont...). Mammals are the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Cenozoic.
The Neogene spans from 23.03 million to 2.58 million years ago. It features 2 epochs: the Miocene, and the Pliocene.[14]
The Miocene epoch spans from 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago and is a period in which grass spread further, dominating a large portion of the world, at the expense of forests. Kelp forests evolved, encouraging the evolution of new species, such as sea otters. During this time, perissodactyla thrived, and evolved into many different varieties. Apes evolved into 30 species. The Tethys Sea finally closed with the creation of the Arabian Peninsula, leaving only remnants as the Black, Red, Mediterranean and Caspian Seas. This increased aridity. Many new plants evolved: 95% of modern seed plants evolved in the mid-Miocene.[15]
The Pliocene epoch lasted from 5.333 to 2.58 million years ago. The Pliocene featured dramatic climactic changes, which ultimately led to modern species and plants. The Mediterranean Sea dried up for several million years (because the ice ages reduced sea levels, disconnecting the Atlantic from the Mediterranean, and evaporation rates exceeded inflow from rivers). Australopithecus evolved in Africa, beginning the human branch. The isthmus of Panama formed, and animals migrated between North and South America, wreaking havoc on local ecologies. Climatic changes brought: savannas that are still continuing to spread across the world; Indian monsoons; deserts in central Asia; and the beginnings of the Sahara desert. The world map has not changed much since, save for changes brought about by the glaciations of the Quaternary, such as the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Baltic sea.[16][17]
Quaternary[edit]
The Quaternary spans from 2.58 million years ago to present day, and is the shortest geological period in the Phanerozoic Eon. It features modern animals, and dramatic changes in the climate. It is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene and the Holocene.
Megafauna of the Pleistocene (mammoths, cave lions, woolly rhino, Megaloceros, horses)
The Pleistocene lasted from 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago. This epoch was marked by ice ages as a result of the cooling trend that started in the Mid-Eocene. There were at least four separate glaciation periods marked by the advance of ice caps as far south as 40 degrees N latitude in mountainous areas. Meanwhile, Africa experienced a trend of desiccation which resulted in the creation of the Sahara, Namib, and Kalahari deserts. Many animals evolved including mammoths, giant ground sloths, dire wolves, saber-toothed cats, and most famously Homo sapiens. 100,000 years ago marked the end of one of the worst droughts in Africa, and led to the expansion of primitive humans. As the Pleistocene drew to a close, a major extinction wiped out much of the world's megafauna, including some of the hominid species, such as Neanderthals. All the continents were affected, but Africa to a lesser extent. It still retains many large animals, such as hippos.[18]
The Holocene began 11,700 years ago and lasts to the present day. All recorded history and "the history of the world" lies within the boundaries of the Holocene epoch.[19] Human activity is blamed for a mass extinction that began roughly 10,000 years ago, though the species becoming extinct have only been recorded since the Industrial Revolution. This is sometimes referred to as the "Sixth Extinction". Over 322 species have become extinct due to human activity since the Industrial Revolution.[20][21]
Animal life[edit]
Early in the Cenozoic, following the K-Pg event, the planet was dominated by relatively small fauna, including small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. From a geological perspective, it did not take long for mammals and birds to greatly diversify in the absence of the dinosaurs that had dominated during the Mesozoic. Some flightless birds grew larger than humans. These species are sometimes referred to as "terror birds," and were formidable predators. Mammals came to occupy almost every available niche (both marine and terrestrial), and some also grew very large, attaining sizes not seen in most of today's terrestrial mammals.
Early animals were the Entelodon (a so-called "hell pig"), Paraceratherium (a hornless rhinoceros relative) and Basilosaurus (an early whale). The extinction of many large diapsid groups, such as flightless dinosaurs, Plesiosauria and Pterosauria allowed mammals and birds to greatly diversify and become the world's predominant fauna.
Tectonics[edit]
Geologically, the Cenozoic is the era when the continents moved into their current positions. Australia-New Guinea, having split from Pangea during the early Cretaceous, drifted north and, eventually, collided with South-east Asia; Antarctica moved into its current position over the South Pole; the Atlantic Ocean widened and, later in the era (2.8 million years ago), South America became attached to North America with the isthmus of Panama.
India collided with Asia 55 to 45 million years ago creating the Himalayas; Arabia collided with Eurasia, closing the Tethys Ocean and creating the Zagros Mountains, around 35 million years ago.[22]
The break-up of Gondwana in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic times led to a shift in the river courses of various large African rivers including the Congo, Niger, Nile, Orange, Limpopo and Zambezi.[23]
Climate[edit]
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at about 55.5 million years ago was a significant global warming event; however, since the Azolla event of 49 million years ago, the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of Drake Passage at 41 million years ago, when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the Oligocene, the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the Miocene, with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the Isthmus of Panama around 2.8 million years ago, the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents,[24] eventually leading to the glaciations of the Quaternary ice age, the current interglacial of which is the Holocene Epoch. Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.[25]
Life[edit]
During the Cenozoic, mammals proliferated from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals, giving this period its other name, the Age of Mammals, despite the fact that there are more than twice as many bird species as mammal species. The Cenozoic is just as much the age of savannas, the age of co-dependent flowering plants and insects, and the age of birds.[26] Grass also played a very important role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it. One group that diversified significantly in the Cenozoic as well were the snakes. Evolving in the Cenozoic, the variety of snakes increased tremendously, resulting in many colubrids, following the evolution of their current primary prey source, the rodents.
In the earlier part of the Cenozoic, the world was dominated by the gastornithid birds, terrestrial crocodiles like Pristichampsus, and a handful of primitive large mammal groups like uintatheres, mesonychids, and pantodonts. But as the forests began to recede and the climate began to cool, other mammals took over.
The Cenozoic is full of mammals both strange and familiar, including chalicotheres, creodonts, whales, primates, entelodonts, saber-toothed cats, mastodons and mammoths, three-toed horses, giant rhinoceros like Indricotherium, the rhinoceros-like brontotheres, various bizarre groups of mammals from South America, such as the vaguely elephant-like pyrotheres and the dog-like marsupial relatives called borhyaenids and the monotremes and marsupials of Australia.
See also[edit]
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary)
Geologic time scale
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Phanerozoic Eon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Cainozoic". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition, 1989
Jump up ^ Gibbard, P. L.; Head, M. J.; Walker, M. J. C. (2010). "Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma". Journal of Quaternary Science. 25 (2): 96–102. Bibcode:2010JQS....25...96G. doi:10.1002/jqs.1338.
Jump up ^ International Stratigraphic Chart
Jump up ^ Royal Tyrrell Museum (2012-03-28), Lamniform sharks: 110 million years of ocean supremacy, retrieved 2017-07-12
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Paleocene". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Eocene Epoch". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Eocene Climate". University of California.
Jump up ^ National Geographic Society. "Eocene". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Oligocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Neogene". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Miocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Pliocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Adams. "Pliocene climate". Oak Ridge National Library. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Pleistocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Holocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Scientific American. "Sixth Extinction extinctions". Scientific American.
Jump up ^ IUCN. "Sixth Extinction". IUCN.
Jump up ^ Allen, M. B.; Armstrong, H. A. (2008). "Arabia-Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid Cenozoic global cooling". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 265 (1–2): 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.021.
Jump up ^ Goudie, A.S. (2005). "The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous". Geomorphology. 67: 437–456.
Jump up ^ "How the Isthmus of Panama Put Ice in the Arctic". Oceanus Magazine.
Jump up ^ Chen, J.; Kravchinsky, V.A.; Liu, X. (2015). "The 13 million year Cenozoic pulse of the Earth". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 431: 256–263. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.431..256C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.033.
Jump up ^ "The Cenozoic Era".
Bibliography[edit]
British Caenozoic Fossils, 1975, The Natural History Museum, London.
Geologic Time, by Henry Roberts.
After the Dinosaurs: The Age of Mammals, by Donald R. Prothero, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-253-34733-6.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cainozoic.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cenozoic.
Western Australian Museum - The Age of the Mammals
[hide]
v
t
e
Geologic history of Earth
Cenozoic era¹
(present–66.0 Mya)
Quaternary (present–2.588 Mya)
Holocene (present–11.784 kya)
Pleistocene (11.784 kya–2.588 Mya)
Neogene (2.588–23.03 Mya)
Pliocene (2.588–5.333 Mya)
Miocene (5.333–23.03 Mya)
Paleogene (23.03–66.0 Mya)
Oligocene (23.03–33.9 Mya)
Eocene (33.9–56.0 Mya)
Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Mya)
Mesozoic era¹
(66.0–252.17 Mya)
Cretaceous (66.0–145.0 Mya)
Late (66.0–100.5 Mya)
Early (100.5–145.0 Mya)
Jurassic (145.0–201.3 Mya)
Late (145.0–163.5 Mya)
Middle (163.5–174.1 Mya)
Early (174.1–201.3 Mya)
Triassic (201.3–252.17 Mya)
Late (201.3–237 Mya)
Middle (237–247.2 Mya)
Early (247.2–252.17 Mya)
Paleozoic era¹
(252.17–541.0 Mya)
Permian (252.17–298.9 Mya)
Lopingian (252.17–259.8 Mya)
Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 Mya)
Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 Mya)
Carboniferous (298.9–358.9 Mya)
Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 Mya)
Mississippian (323.2–358.9 Mya)
Devonian (358.9–419.2 Mya)
Late (358.9–382.7 Mya)
Middle (382.7–393.3 Mya)
Early (393.3–419.2 Mya)
Silurian (419.2–443.8 Mya)
Pridoli (419.2–423.0 Mya)
Ludlow (423.0–427.4 Mya)
Wenlock (427.4–433.4 Mya)
Llandovery (433.4–443.8 Mya)
Ordovician (443.8–485.4 Mya)
Late (443.8–458.4 Mya)
Middle (458.4–470.0 Mya)
Early (470.0–485.4 Mya)
Cambrian (485.4–541.0 Mya)
Furongian (485.4–497 Mya)
Series 3 (497–509 Mya)
Series 2 (509–521 Mya)
Terreneuvian (521–541.0 Mya)
Proterozoic eon²
(541.0 Mya–2.5 Gya)
Neoproterozoic era (541.0 Mya–1 Gya)
Ediacaran (541.0-~635 Mya)
Cryogenian (~635-~720 Mya)
Tonian (~720 Mya-1 Gya)
Mesoproterozoic era (1–1.6 Gya)
Stenian (1-1.2 Gya)
Ectasian (1.2-1.4 Gya)
Calymmian (1.4-1.6 Gya)
Paleoproterozoic era (1.6–2.5 Gya)
Statherian (1.6-1.8 Gya)
Orosirian (1.8-2.05 Gya)
Rhyacian (2.05-2.3 Gya)
Siderian (2.3-2.5 Gya)
Archean eon² (2.5–4 Gya)
Eras
Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya)
Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Gya)
Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya)
Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)
Hadean eon² (4–4.6 Gya)
kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.¹ = Phanerozoic eon. ² = Precambrian supereon.
Source: (2015/01). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 July 2015. Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013.
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text:
List of polygons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A pentagon is a five sided polygon. A regular pentagon has 5 equal edges and 5 equal angles.
In geometry, a polygon /ˈpɒlɪɡɒn/ is traditionally a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to form a closed chain. These segments are called its edges or sides, and the points where two edges meet are the polygon's vertices (singular: vertex) or corners.
The word polygon comes from Late Latin polygōnum (a noun), from Greek πολύγωνον (polygōnon/polugōnon), noun use of neuter of πολύγωνος (polygōnos/polugōnos, the masculine adjective), meaning "many-angled". Individual polygons are named (and sometimes classified) according to the number of sides, combining a Greek-derived numerical prefix with the suffix -gon, e.g. pentagon, dodecagon. The triangle, quadrilateral and nonagon are exceptions, although the regular forms trigon, tetragon, and enneagon are sometimes encountered as well.
Contents
[hide]
1 Greek numbers
2 Systematic polygon names
3 List of n-gons by Greek numerical prefixes
4 See also
5 References
Greek numbers[edit]
Polygons are primarily named by prefixes from Greek numbers.
English-Greek numbers[1][2]
English cardinal number
English ordinal number
Greek cardinal number
Greek ordinal number
one first heis (fem. mia, neut. hen) protos
two second duo deuteros
three third treis tritos
four fourth tettares tetartos
five fifth pente pemptos
six sixth hex hektos
seven seventh hepta hebdomos
eight eighth okto ogdoös
nine ninth ennea enatos
ten tenth deka dekatos
eleven eleventh hendeka hendekatos
twelve twelfth dodeka dodekatos
thirteen thirteenth triskaideka dekatotritos
fourteen fourteenth tettareskaideka dekatotetartos
fifteen fifteenth pentekaideka dekatopemptos
sixteen sixteenth hekkaideka dekatohektos
seventeen seventeenth heptakaideka dekatohebdomos
eighteen eighteenth oktokaideka dekatoögdoös
nineteen nineteenth enneakaideka dekatoënatos
twenty twentieth eikosi eikostos
twenty-one twenty-first heiskaieikosi eikostoprotos
twenty-two twenty-second duokaieikosi eikostodeuteros
twenty-three twenty-third triskaieikosi eikostotritos
twenty-four twenty-fourth tetterakaieikosi eikostotetartos
twenty-five twenty-fifth pentekaieikosi eikostopemptos
twenty-six twenty-sixth hekkaieikosi eikostohektos
twenty-seven twenty-seventh heptakaieikosi eikostohebdomos
twenty-eight twenty-eighth oktokaieikosi eikostoögdoös
twenty-nine twenty-ninth enneakaieikosi eikostoënatos
thirty thirtieth triakonta triakostos
thirty-one thirty-first heiskaitriakonta triakostoprotos
forty fortieth tessarakonta tessarakostos
fifty fiftieth pentekonta pentekostos
sixty sixtieth hexekonta hexekostos
seventy seventieth hebdomekonta hebdomekostos
eighty eightieth ogdoëkonta ogdoëkostos
ninety ninetieth enenekonta enenekostos
hundred hundredth hekaton hekatostos
hundred and ten hundred and tenth dekakaihekaton hekatostodekatos
hundred and twenty hundred and twentieth ikosikaihekaton hekatostoikostos
two hundred two hundredth diakosioi diakosiostos
three hundred three hundredth triakosioi triakosiostos
four hundred four hundredth tetrakosioi tetrakosiostos
five hundred five hundredth pentakosioi pentakosiostos
six hundred six hundredth hexakosioi hexakosiostos
seven hundred seven hundredth heptakosioi heptakosiostos
eight hundred eight hundredth oktakosioi oktakosiostos
nine hundred nine hundredth enneakosioi enneakosiostos
thousand thousandth chilioi chiliostos
two thousand two thousandth dischilioi dischiliostos
three thousand three thousandth trischilioi trischiliostos
four thousand four thousandth tetrakischilioi tetrakischiliostos
five thousand five thousandth pentakischilioi pentakischiliostos
six thousand six thousandth hexakischilioi hexakischiliostos
seven thousand seven thousandth heptakischilioi heptakischiliostos
eight thousand eight thousandth oktakischilioi oktakischiliostos
nine thousand nine thousandth enneakischilioi enneakischiliostos
ten thousand ten thousandth myrioi myriastos
twenty thousand twenty thousandth dismyrioi dismyriastos
thirty thousand thirty thousandth trismyrioi trismyriastos
forty thousand forty thousandth tetrakismyrioi tetrakismyriastos
fifty thousand fifty thousandth pentakismyrioi pentakismyriastos
sixty thousand sixty thousandth hexakismyrioi hexakismyriastos
seventy thousand seventy thousandth heptakismyrioi heptakismyriastos
eighty thousand eighty thousandth oktakismyrioi oktakismyriastos
ninety thousand ninety thousandth enneakismyrioi enneakismyriastos
hundred thousand hundred thousandth dekakismyrioi dekakismyriastos
two hundred thousand two hundred thousandth ikosakismyrioi ikosakismyriastos
three hundred thousand three hundred thousandth triakontakismyrioi triakontakismyriastos
million millionth hekatontakismyrioi hekatontakismyriastos
two million two millionth diakosakismyrioi diakosakismyriastos
three million three millionth triakosakismyrioi triakosakismyriastos
ten million ten millionth chiliakismyrioi chiliakismyriastos
hundred million hundred millionth myriakismyrioi myriakismyriastos
Systematic polygon names[edit]
To construct the name of a polygon with more than 20 and fewer than 100 edges, combine the prefixes as follows. The "kai" connector is not included by some authors.
Tens
and
Ones
final suffix
-kai-
1 -hena-
-gon
20 icosi- (icosa- when alone) 2 -di-
30 triaconta- 3 -tri-
40 tetraconta- 4 -tetra-
50 pentaconta- 5 -penta-
60 hexaconta- 6 -hexa-
70 heptaconta- 7 -hepta-
80 octaconta- 8 -octa-
90 enneaconta- 9 -ennea-
Extending the system up to 999 is expressed with these prefixes.[3]
Polygon names
Ones
Tens
Twenties
Thirties+
Hundreds
10 deca- 20 icosa- 30 triaconta- 100 hecta-
1 hena- 11 hendeca- 21 icosi-hena- 31 triaconta-hena- 200 dihecta-
2 di- 12 dodeca- 22 icosi-di- 32 triaconta-di- 300 trihecta-
3 tri- 13 triskaideca- 23 icosi-tri- 33 triaconta-tri- 400 tetrahecta-
4 tetra- 14 tetrakaideca- 24 icosi-tetra- 40 tetraconta- 500 pentahecta-
5 penta- 15 pentakaideca- 25 icosi-penta- 50 pentaconta- 600 hexahecta-
6 hexa- 16 hexakaideca- 26 icosi-hexa- 60 hexaconta- 700 heptahecta-
7 hepta- 17 heptakaideca- 27 icosi-hepta- 70 heptaconta- 800 octahecta-
8 octa- 18 octakaideca- 28 icosi-octa- 80 octaconta- 900 enneahecta-
9 ennea- 19 enneakaideca- 29 icosi-ennea- 90 enneaconta-
List of n-gons by Greek numerical prefixes[edit]
List of n-gon names [4]
Sides
Names
1 monogon henagon
2 digon
3 trigon triangle
4 tetragon quadrilateral
5 pentagon
6 hexagon
7 heptagon septagon
8 octagon
9 enneagon nonagon
10
decagon
11 hendecagon undecagon
12 dodecagon
13 trisdecagon tridecagon
14 tetradecagon
15 pentadecagon pentedecagon
16 hexadecagon hexdecagon
17 heptadecagon
18 octadecagon
19 enneadecagon
20
icosagon
21 icosikaihenagon icosihenagon icosaisagon
22 icosikaidigon icosidigon icosadigon
23 icosikaitrigon icositrigon icosatrigon
24 icosikaitetragon icositetragon icosatetragon
25 icosikaipentagon icosipentagon icosapentagon
26 icosikaihexagon icosihexagon icosahexagon
27 icosikaiheptagon icosiheptagon icosaheptagon
28 icosikaioctagon icosioctagon icosaoctagon
29 icosikaienneagon icosienneagon icosaenneagon
30
triacontagon
31 triacontakaihenagon triacontahenagon tricontahenagon tricontaisagon
32 triacontakaidigon triacontadigon tricontadigon
33 triacontakaitrigon triacontatrigon tricontatrigon
34 triacontakaitetragon triacontatetragon tricontatetragon
35 triacontakaipentagon triacontapentagon tricontapentagon
36 triacontakaihexagon triacontahexagon tricontahexagon
37 triacontakaiheptagon triacontaheptagon tricontaheptagon
38 triacontakaioctagon triacontaoctagon tricontaoctagon
39 triacontakaienneagon triacontaenneagon tricontaenneagon
40
tetracontagon
tessaracontagon
41 tetracontakaihenagon tetracontahenagon
42 tetracontakaidigon tetracontadigon
43 tetracontakaitrigon tetracontatrigon
44 tetracontakaitetragon tetracontatetragon
45 tetracontakaipentagon tetracontapentagon
46 tetracontakaihexagon tetracontahexagon
47 tetracontakaiheptagon tetracontaheptagon
48 tetracontakaioctagon tetracontaoctagon
49 tetracontakaienneagon tetracontaenneagon
50
pentacontagon
pentecontagon
51 pentacontakaihenagon pentacontahenagon pentecontahenagon
52 pentacontakaidigon pentacontadigon pentecontadigon
53 pentacontakaitrigon pentacontatrigon pentecontatrigon
54 pentacontakaitetragon pentacontatetragon pentecontatetragon
55 pentacontakaipentagon pentacontapentagon pentecontapentagon
56 pentacontakaihexagon pentacontahexagon pentecontahexagon
57 pentacontakaiheptagon pentacontaheptagon pentecontaheptagon
58 pentacontakaioctagon pentacontaoctagon pentecontaoctagon
59 pentacontakaienneagon pentacontaenneagon pentecontaenneagon
60
hexacontagon
hexecontagon
61 hexacontakaihenagon hexacontahenagon hexecontahenagon
62 hexacontakaidigon hexacontadigon hexecontadigon
63 hexacontakaitrigon hexacontatrigon hexecontatrigon
64 hexacontakaitetragon hexacontatetragon hexecontatetragon
65 hexacontakaipentagon hexacontapentagon hexecontapentagon
66 hexacontakaihexagon hexacontahexagon hexecontahexagon
67 hexacontakaiheptagon hexacontaheptagon hexecontaheptagon
68 hexacontakaioctagon hexacontaoctagon hexecontaoctagon
69 hexacontakaienneagon hexacontaenneagon hexecontaenneagon
70
heptacontagon
hebdomecontagon
71 heptacontakaihenagon heptacontahenagon hebdomecontahenagon
72 heptacontakaidigon heptacontadigon hebdomecontadigon
73 heptacontakaitrigon heptacontatrigon hebdomecontatrigon
74 heptacontakaitetragon heptacontatetragon hebdomecontatetragon
75 heptacontakaipentagon heptacontapentagon hebdomecontapentagon
76 heptacontakaihexagon heptacontahexagon hebdomecontahexagon
77 heptacontakaiheptagon heptacontaheptagon hebdomecontaheptagon
78 heptacontakaioctagon heptacontaoctagon hebdomecontaoctagon
79 heptacontakaienneagon heptacontaenneagon hebdomecontaenneagon
80
octacontagon
ogdoecontagon
81 octacontakaihenagon octacontahenagon ogdoecontahenagon
82 octacontakaidigon octacontadigon ogdoecontadigon
83 octacontakaitrigon octacontatrigon ogdoecontatrigon
84 octacontakaitetragon octacontatetragon ogdoecontatetragon
85 octacontakaipentagon octacontapentagon ogdoecontapentagon
86 octacontakaihexagon octacontahexagon ogdoecontahexagon
87 octacontakaiheptagon octacontaheptagon ogdoecontaheptagon
88 octacontakaioctagon octacontaoctagon ogdoecontaoctagon
89 octacontakaienneagon octacontaenneagon ogdoecontaenneagon
90
enneacontagon
enenecontagon
91 enneacontakaihenagon enneacontahenagon enenecontahenagon
92 enneacontakaidigon enneacontadigon enenecontadigon
93 enneacontakaitrigon enneacontatrigon enenecontatrigon
94 enneacontakaitetragon enneacontatetragon enenecontatetragon
95 enneacontakaipentagon enneacontapentagon enenecontapentagon
96 enneacontakaihexagon enneacontahexagon enenecontahexagon
97 enneacontakaiheptagon enneacontaheptagon enenecontaheptagon
98 enneacontakaioctagon enneacontaoctagon enenecontaoctagon
99 enneacontakaienneagon enneacontaenneagon enenecontaenneagon
100
hectogon
hecatontagon
hecatogon
200 dihectagon diacosigon
300 trihectagon triacosigon
400 tetrahectagon tetracosigon
500 pentahectagon pentacosigon
600 hexahectagon hexacosigon
700 heptahectagon heptacosigon
800 octahectagon octacosigon
900 enneahectagon enacosigon
7003100000000000000♠1000
chiliagon
7003200000000000000♠2000 dischiliagon
7003300000000000000♠3000 trischiliagon
7003400000000000000♠4000 tetrakischiliagon
7003500000000000000♠5000 pentakischiliagon
7003600000000000000♠6000 hexakischiliagon
7003700000000000000♠7000 heptakischiliagon
7003800000000000000♠8000 octakischiliagon
7003900000000000000♠9000 enakischiliagon
7004100000000000000♠10000
myriagon
7006100000000000000♠1000000
megagon
∞
apeirogon
See also[edit]
Platonic solid
Dice
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Greek and Latin words for numbers". AWE. Hull University.
Jump up ^ Lozac'h, N. (1983). "Extension of Rules A-1.1 and A-2.5 Concerning Numerical Terms used in Organic Chemical Nomenclature" (PDF). iupac.org. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Jump up ^ "Naming Polygons and Polyhedra". The Math Forum. Drexel University.
Jump up ^ "Naming Polygons". The Math Forum. Drexel University.
NAMING POLYGONS
Benjamin Franklin Finkel, A Mathematical Solution Book Containing Systematic Solutions to Many of the Most Difficult Problems, 1888
[hide]
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Octacontagon (80)
Enneacontagon (90)
Enneacontahexagon (96)
Hectogon (100)
>100 sides
120-gon
257-gon
360-gon
Chiliagon (1,000)
Myriagon (10,000)
65537-gon
Megagon (1,000,000)
Apeirogon (∞)
Star polygons
(5–12 sides)
Pentagram
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World Cup of Hockey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the NHL sanctioned hockey world cup. For the field hockey world cup, see Hockey World Cup. For the annual IIHF-run ice hockey tournament, see Ice Hockey World Championships. For other hockey World Cups, see World Cup.
World Cup of Hockey
Logo of 2016 event
Tournament information
Sport
Ice hockey
Established
1992
Number of
tournaments
3
Teams
8
Website
www.wch2016.com
Current champion
Canada (2nd title)
Most recent tournament
2016 World Cup of Hockey
The World Cup of Hockey is an international ice hockey tournament. Inaugurated in 1996, it is the successor to the Canada Cup, which ran from 1976 to 1991 and was the first international hockey championship to allow nations to field their top players. The World Cup has occurred thrice before on an irregular basis, with the United States winning in 1996 and Canada winning in 2004 and 2016. Following the 2016 tournament, plans exist for future tournaments to be held on a regular basis every four years.
The World Cup of Hockey is organized by the National Hockey League (NHL) and the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA), unlike the annual World Ice Hockey Championships and quadrennial Olympic tournament, both run by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). World Cup games are played under NHL rules and not those of the IIHF, and the tournament occurs prior to the NHL pre-season, allowing all the NHL's players to be available, unlike the World Championships, which overlaps with the NHL's Stanley Cup playoffs.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Canada Cup
1.2 World Cup of Hockey
2 Trophy
3 Tournaments
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Canada Cup[edit]
Main article: Canada Cup
The World Cup of Hockey was preceded by the Canada Cup, which began in 1976 in a combined effort from Doug Fisher of Hockey Canada and Alan Eagleson of the NHL Players' Association.[1] Taking inspiration from soccer's FIFA World Cup, Eagleson proposed a new tournament that would bring together all the top hockey–playing nations. After successful negotiations with hockey officials from the Soviet Union in September 1974, Eagleson began arranging the Canada Cup tournament, which debuted in 1976.[2] It was the first international ice hockey tournament that allowed hockey nations to field their top players, as the Winter Olympics was a strictly amateur competition and the annual World Championships clashed with the Stanley Cup playoffs.
The tournaments, held every three to five years, took place in North American venues prior to the start of the National Hockey League (NHL) regular season. Six teams competed in each edition. Of the five Canada Cup tournaments, four were won by Canada, while the Soviet Union won one in 1981.
World Cup of Hockey[edit]
In 1996, the Canada Cup was officially replaced by the World Cup of Hockey. The Canada Cup trophy was retired. The tournament expanded to eight teams: as the national teams of Canada, United States, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and Sweden, popularly dubbed as the Big Six,[3] were joined by Germany and Slovakia. The United States defeated Canada to win the inaugural event.
Eight years later, the second installment of the World Cup of Hockey took place in 2004, just prior to the 2004–05 NHL lockout. Canada won its first tournament championship, defeating the Czech Republic in the semifinals and Finland in the final match.
On January 24, 2015, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman announced the 2016 World Cup of Hockey to be held in September 2016 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto. The 2016 edition featured a slightly modified format: alongside the Big Six countries, there were two all-star teams, consisting of Team Europe and an under-23 Team North America. Canada again won the championship, defeating Team Europe in the finals.
For the 2020 edition, the all-star teams will be replaced by qualifying teams. There are also plans for a spin-off event beginning in 2018, which would pit a European all-star team against a North American all-star team in a five or seven-game series. This event would also occur every four years, alternating biannually with the World Cup of Hockey. These moves are intended, primarily, to help expand the international prominence of the NHL.[4]
Trophy[edit]
1996 World Cup trophy
In 2004, Canadian American architect Frank Gehry designed a new trophy for the tournament. It is made from a composite alloy of copper and nickel as well as solid cast urethane plastic.[5] The trophy was criticized by the sports community, noting the Toronto Sun's headline "What is that?"[6]
Tournaments[edit]
Year
Final host
Champion
Runner-up
Final score
Semi-finalists
1996 Montreal United States Canada 3–4 (OT), 5–2, 5–2 Russia and Sweden
2004 Toronto Canada Finland 3–2 Czech Republic and United States
2016 Toronto Canada Europe 3–1, 2–1 Russia and Sweden
2020 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
See also[edit]
National Hockey League
International Ice Hockey Federation
Ice Hockey World Championships
World Professional Hockey Championships
List of international ice hockey competitions featuring NHL players
1972 Summit Series
1974 Summit Series
Canada Cup
Ice hockey at the Olympic Games
Super Series '76-77
Super Series
Subway Super Series
2007 Super Series
NHL Challenge
Rendez-vous '87
Victoria Cup
List of KHL vs NHL games
List of international ice hockey competitions featuring NHL players
List of international games played by NHL teams
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Cup of Hockey.
Jump up ^ "Canada Cup (World Cup of Hockey)". Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ The Canada Cup of Hockey Fact and Stat Book, p. 2, H.J. Anderson, ISBN number: 1412055121, 9781412055123, Publisher: Trafford Publishing, 2005[self-published source]
Jump up ^ "NHL announces World Cup of Hockey for 2016". The Canadian Press. 2015-01-24. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New-look World Cup of hockey back for 2016". Sportsnet.ca. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Baurick, Tristan (May 13, 2004). "Architect's love of the game inspiration behind Cup trophy", Ottawa Citizen, p. C2.
Jump up ^ Adams, Noah (September 3, 2004). "Frank Gehry's World Cup of Hockey Trophy" (Radio Interview.). National Public Radio. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
Müller, Stephan : International Ice Hockey Encyclopedia 1904-2005 / BoD GmbH Norderstedt, 2005 ISBN 3-8334-4189-5
[show]
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Summit Series / Canada Cup / World Cup of Hockey
Summit Series
1972
1974
Canada Cup
1976
rosters
1981
rosters
1984
rosters
1987
rosters
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rosters
World Cup of Hockey
1996
rosters
2004
rosters
2016
rosters
statistics
2020
[show]
v
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Canada Cup / World Cup of Hockey Finals venues
Canada Cup
1976: Maple Leaf Gardens & Montreal Forum
1981: Montreal Forum
1984: Olympic Saddledome & Northlands Coliseum
1987: Montreal Forum & Copps Coliseum
1991: Montreal Forum & Copps Coliseum
World Cup of Hockey
1996: CoreStates Center & Molson Centre
2004: Air Canada Centre
2016: Air Canada Centre
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See also: Template:Main world championships
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