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Green algae
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Green algae
Stigeoclonium, a chlorophyte green alga genus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Included groups
Chlorophyta
Charophyta
Excluded groups
Embryophyta (cladistically included but traditionally excluded)
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyte and Charophyte algae, which are now placed in separate divisions.
The land plants, or embryophytes, are thought to have emerged from the charophytes.[1] Therefore, cladistically, embryophytes belong to green algae as well. However, because the embryophytes are traditionally classified as neither algae nor green algae, green algae are a paraphyletic group. Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.[2] The clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. In the Charales, the closest relatives of higher plants, full cellular differentiation of tissues occurs. There are about 8,000 species of green algae.[3] Many species live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.
A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them. The chloroplasts in euglenids and chlorarachniophytes were acquired from ingested green algae,[1] and in the latter retain a nucleomorph (vestigial nucleus). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate Paramecium, and in Hydra viridissima and in flatworms. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera Trebouxia of the class Trebouxiophyceae and Trentepohlia (class Ulvophyceae), can be found in symbiotic associations with fungi to form lichens. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus. Trentepohlia is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family Graphidaceae.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cellular structure
2 Origins
3 Evolution and classification
4 Reproduction
4.1 Sex pheromone
5 Physiology
6 References
7 External links
Cellular structure[edit]
Green algae have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll a and b, giving them a bright green color, as well as the accessory pigments beta carotene and xanthophylls,[4] in stacked thylakoids.[5] The cell walls of green algae usually contain cellulose, and they store carbohydrate in the form of starch.[6]
All green algae have mitochondria with flat cristae. When present, paired flagella are used to move the cell. They are anchored by a cross-shaped system of microtubules and fibrous strands. Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of charophytes[7] bryophytes, pteridophytes, cycads and Ginkgo, but are absent from the gametes of Pinophyta and flowering plants.
Members of the class Chlorophyceae undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae, which occurs via a phycoplast.[8] By contrast, charophyte green algae and land plants (embryophytes) undergo open mitosis without centrioles. Instead, a 'raft' of microtubules, the phragmoplast, is formed from the mitotic spindle and cell division involves the use of this phragmoplast in the production of a cell plate.[9]
Origins[edit]
Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary endosymbiotic event, where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium-like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane-bound organelle: the plastid.[10] This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three autotrophic clades with primary plastids: the green plants, the red algae and the glaucophytes.[11]
Evolution and classification[edit]
A growth of the green seaweed Enteromorpha on rock substratum at the ocean shore. Some green seaweeds, such as Enteromorpha and Ulva, are quick to utilize inorganic nutrients from land runoff, and thus can be indicators of nutrient pollution.
Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant clade Viridiplantae (or Chlorobionta). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and glaucophyte algae, form the supergroup Primoplantae, also known as Archaeplastida or Plantae sensu lato. The ancesterial green algae was a unicellular flagellate.[12]
The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades. The Chlorophyta include the early diverging prasinophyte lineages and the core Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The Streptophyta include charophytes and land plants. Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
Viridiplantae = green algae (incl. Embryophyta)
Chlorophyta
core Chlorophyta
Chlorophytina
Ulvophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Trebouxiophyceae
Chlorodendrophyceae
Pedinophyceae
Prasinophytes Clade VIIA
Prasinophytes Clade VIIC
Pycnococcaceae
Nephroselmidophyceae
Mamiellophyceae
Pyramimonadales
Palmophyllophyceae
Palmophyllales
Prasinococcales
Streptophyta = Charophyta (incl. Embryophyta)
Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Klebsormidiophyceae
Phragmoplastophyta
Charophyceae
Zygnematophyceae
Embryophyta (land plants)
Coleochaetophyceae
The algae of this paraphyletic group "Charophyta" were previously included in Chlorophyta, so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms. As the green algae clades get further resolved, the embryophytes, which are a deep charophyte branch, are included in "algae", "green algae" and "Charophytes", or these terms are replaced by cladistic terminology such as Archaeplastida, Plantae, Viridiplantae or streptophytes, respectively.[20]
Reproduction[edit]
Green algae conjugating
Green algae are eukaryotic organisms that follow a reproduction cycle called alternation of generations.
Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells (isogamy) to fertilization of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one (oogamy). However, these traits show some variation, most notably among the basal green algae called prasinophytes.
Haploid algal cells (containing only one copy of their DNA) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes. When filamentous algae do this, they form bridges between cells, and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope. This process is called conjugation and occurs for example in Spirogyra.
The species of Ulva are reproductively isomorphic, the diploid vegetative phase is the site of meiosis and releases haploid zoospores, which germinate and grow producing a haploid phase alternating with the vegetative phase.[21]
Sex pheromone[edit]
Sex pheromone production is likely a common feature of green algae, although only studied in detail in a few model organisms. Volvox is a genus of chlorophytes. Different species form spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. One well-studied species, Volvox carteri (2,000 – 6,000 cells) occupies temporary pools of water that tend to dry out in the heat of late summer. As their environment dries out, asexual V. carteri quickly die. However, they are able to escape death by switching, shortly before drying is complete, to the sexual phase of their life cycle that leads to production of dormant desiccation-resistant zygotes. Sexual development is initiated by a glycoprotein pheromone (Hallmann et al., 1998). This pheromone is one of the most potent known biological effector molecules. It can trigger sexual development at concentrations as low as 10−16M.[22] Kirk and Kirk[23] showed that sex-inducing pheromone production can be triggered experimentally in somatic cells by heat shock. Thus heat shock may be a condition that ordinarily triggers sex-inducing pheromone in nature.[22]
The Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale (C. psl) complex is a unicellular, isogamous charophycean alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants. Heterothallic strains of different mating type can conjugate to form zygospores. Sex pheromones termed protoplast-release inducing proteins (glycopolypeptides) produced by mating-type (-) and mating-type (+) cells facilitate this process.[24]
Physiology[edit]
The green algae, including the characean algae, have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes, osmoregulation, turgor regulation, salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials.[25]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1437–1445. PMID 21652302. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437.
Jump up ^ Delwiche, Charles F.; Timme, Ruth E. "Plants". Current Biology. 21 (11): R417–R422. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021.
Jump up ^ Guiry, M.D. (2012). "How many species of algae are there?". Journal of Phycology. 48: 1057–1063. PMID 27011267. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x.
Jump up ^ Burrows 1991. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2 Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-00981-8
Jump up ^ Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae An introduction to phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
Jump up ^ Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. and Donoghue, M.J. Sinauer (2002) Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach. Associates Inc., Sunderland Mass. ISBN 0-87893-403-0 , p156
Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, D; Medlin, L (1998). "Algal phylogeny and the origin of land plants". Plant Physiology. 116: 9–15. doi:10.1104/pp.116.1.9.
Jump up ^ Pickett-Heaps, J. (1976). "Cell division in eucaryotic algae". BioScience. 26 (7): 445–450. doi:10.2307/1297481.
Jump up ^ P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005): Biology of Plants, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, ISBN 0-7167-1007-2
Jump up ^ Keeling, PJ (2010). "The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1541): 729–748. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2817223  . PMID 20124341. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103.
Jump up ^ De Clerck, O; Bogaert, KA; Leliaert, F (2012). "Diversity and Evolution of Algae". Advances in Botanical Research. 64: 55–86. ISSN 0065-2296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391499-6.00002-5.
Jump up ^ "Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae". Frederik Leliaert. 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ Lewis, L. A & R. M. McCourt (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–1556. PMID 21652308. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535.
Jump up ^ Leliaert, Frederik; Smith, David R.; Moreau, Hervé; Herron, Matthew D.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Delwiche, Charles F.; De Clerck, Olivier (2012). "Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705.
Jump up ^ Marin, Birger (2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or Independent Class? Phylogeny and Classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Complete Nuclear and Plastid-encoded rRNA Operons". Protist. 163: 778–805. PMID 22192529. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004.
Jump up ^ Laurin-Lemay, Simon; Brinkmann, Henner; Philippe, Hervé (2012). "Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data". Current Biology. 22: R593–R594. PMID 22877776. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013.
Jump up ^ "BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:23".
Jump up ^ Leliaert, Frederik; Tronholm, Ana; Lemieux, Claude; Turmel, Monique; DePriest, Michael S.; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Karol, Kenneth G.; Fredericq, Suzanne; Zechman, Frederick W. (2016-05-09). "Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov.". Scientific Reports. 6: 25367. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4860620  . PMID 27157793. doi:10.1038/srep25367.
Jump up ^ Lecointre, Guillaume; Guyader, Hervé Le (2006). The Tree of Life: A Phylogenetic Classification. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674021839.
Jump up ^ Cook, Martha E.; Graham, Linda E. (2017). Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Slamovits, Claudio H., eds. Handbook of the Protists. Springer International Publishing. pp. 185–204. ISBN 9783319281476. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_36.
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Hallmann A, Godl K, Wenzl S, Sumper M (1998). "The highly efficient sex-inducing pheromone system of Volvox". Trends Microbiol. 6 (5): 185–9. PMID 9614342. doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01234-7.
Jump up ^ Kirk DL, Kirk MM (1986). "Heat shock elicits production of sexual inducer in Volvox". Science. 231 (4733): 51–4. PMID 3941891. doi:10.1126/science.3941891.
Jump up ^ Sekimoto H, Satoh S, Fujii T (1990). "Biochemical and physiological properties of a protein inducing protoplast release during conjugation in the Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex". Planta. 182 (3): 348–54. PMID 24197184. doi:10.1007/BF02411384.
Jump up ^ Tazawa, Masashi (2010). "Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology". Progress in Botany. 72: 5–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_1. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
External links[edit]
Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens
Green algae (UC Berkeley)
Monterey Bay green algae
[hide]
v
t
e
Classification of Archaeplastida / Plantae sensu lato
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(Supergroup
Plant
Hacrobia
Heterokont
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animal
Fungi)
Rhodophyta
(red algae)
Cyanidiophyceae
Porphyridiophyceae
Compsopogonophyceae
Stylonematophyceae
Rhodellophyceae
Bangiophyceae
Florideophyceae
Glaucocystophyta
(glaucophytes)
Glaucocystophyceae
Glaucocystis
Cyanophora
Gloeochaete
Viridiplantae
(green algae
& land plants)
Chlorophyta
Palmophyllales
Nephroselmidophyceae
Prasinophyceae
Pseudoscourfieldiales
Pyramimonadophyceae
Scourfieldiales
Pedinophyceae
Chlorodendrophyceae
UTC clade
Ulvophyceae
Trebouxiophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Streptophyta
(charophytes,
& land plants)
Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Klebsormidiophyceae
Phragmo-
plastophyta
Charophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae
Zygnematophyceae
Embryophyta
(land plants)
Bryophytes
(non-vascular)
Marchantiophyta
Anthocerotophyta
Bryophyta "Moss"
†Horneophytopsida
Tracheophyta
(vascular)
Lycopodiophyta
(microphylls)
†Zosterophyllopsida
†Sawdoniales
Isoetopsida
Lycopodiopsida
Euphyllophyta
(megaphylls)
Moniliformopses
(ferns)
†Cladoxylopsida
†Stauropteridales
†Zygopteridales
Equisetopsida
Psilotopsida
Marattiopsida
Filicopsida
Spermatophyta
(seed plants)
†Seed ferns
Gymnosperms
Gnetopsida
Pinopsida
Cycadopsida
Ginkgoopsida
Angiosperms or flowering plants
Amborellales
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales
Magnoliids
Monocots
Eudicots
Other
†Trimerophytopsida
†Progymnosperm
Other
†Rhyniopsida
† = extinct. See also the list of plant orders.
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text:
Pacta sunt servanda
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pacta sunt servanda (Latin for "agreements must be kept"[1]), a brocard, is a basic principle of civil law, canon law, and international law.
In its most common sense, the principle refers to private contracts, stressing that contained clauses are law between the parties, and implies that nonfulfillment of respective obligations is a breach of the pact.
Contents
[hide]
1 Civil law
2 International law
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Civil law[edit]
In civil law jurisdictions this principle is related to the general principle of correct behavior in commercial practice — including the assumption of good faith — is a requirement for the efficacy of the whole system, so the eventual disorder is sometimes punished by the law of some systems even without any direct penalty incurred by any of the parties.[citation needed] However, common law jurisdictions usually do not have the principle of good faith in commercial contracts, therefore it is inappropriate to state that pacta sunt servanda includes the principle of good faith.
International law[edit]
With reference to international agreements, "every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith."[2] Pacta sunt servanda is related to good faith, while pacta sunt servanda does not equate with good faith [clarification needed]. This entitles states to require that obligations be respected and to rely upon the obligations being respected. This good faith basis of treaties implies that a party to the treaty cannot invoke provisions of its municipal (domestic) law as justification for a failure to perform. However, with regards to the Vienna Convention and the UNIDROIT Principles it should be kept in mind that these are heavily influenced by civil law jurisdictions. To derive from these sources that pacta sunt servanda includes the principle of good faith is therefore incorrect.
The only limit to pacta sunt servanda are the peremptory norms of general international law, called jus cogens (compelling law). The legal principle clausula rebus sic stantibus, part of customary international law, also allows for treaty obligations to be unfulfilled due to a compelling change in circumstances.
See also[edit]
List of legal Latin terms
Efficient breach of contract
Breach of contract
Breach of the peace
Fundamental breach
Hugo Grotius
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004)
Jump up ^ From the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, signed at Vienna on May 23, 1969, entered into force on January 27, 1980, art. 26, and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, signed at Vienna on March 21, 1986, not yet entered into force, art. 26.
References[edit]
H Wehberg, 'Pacta Sunt Servanda' (1959) 53(4) The American Journal of International Law 775
External links[edit]
Britannica Online Encyclopedia - Pacta sunt servanda
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacta_sunt_servanda&oldid=830851096"
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text:
Maze Runner (film series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Maze Runner
Directed by
Wes Ball
Produced by
Ellen Goldsmith-Vein
Wyck Godfrey
Marty Bowen
Lee Stollman
Screenplay by
T.S. Nowlin
Based on
The Maze Runner series
by James Dashner
Starring
Dylan O'Brien
Kaya Scodelario
Thomas Brodie-Sangster
Ki Hong Lee
Dexter Darden
Patricia Clarkson
(see also)
Music by
John Paesano
Production
company
Gotham Group
Temple Hill Entertainment
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
Total (2 films):
$95 million
Box office
Total (2 films):
$660 million
The Maze Runner film series consists of science-fiction dystopian action adventure films based on The Maze Runner novels by the American author James Dashner. Produced by Ellen Goldsmith-Vein and distributed by 20th Century Fox, the films star Dylan O'Brien, Kaya Scodelario, Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Ki Hong Lee, Dexter Darden and Patricia Clarkson. Wes Ball directed all three films.
The first film, The Maze Runner, was released on September 19, 2014 and became a commercial success grossing over $348 million worldwide. The second film, Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials was released on September 18, 2015, and was also a success, grossing over $312 million worldwide. The film series will conclude with the release of the third film, Maze Runner: The Death Cure on January 26, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Films
1.1 The Maze Runner (2014)
1.2 Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015)
1.3 Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018)
2 Cast and characters
3 Crew
4 Music
5 Reception
5.1 Box office performance
5.2 Critical and public response
6 References
Films[edit]
The Maze Runner (2014)[edit]
Main article: The Maze Runner (film)
The film features Thomas who wakes up trapped in a maze with a group of other boys, he has no memory of the outside world other than dreams about an organization known as W.C.K.D. Only by piecing together fragments of his past with clues he discovers in the maze can Thomas hope to uncover his purpose and a way to escape.[1]
Development for the film began in January 2011 when Fox purchased the film rights to Dashner's novel The Maze Runner.[2] Principal photography began in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in May 2013 and ended in July.[3][4] It was released on September 19, 2014.[5]
Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015)[edit]
Main article: Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials
The film features Thomas and his fellow Gladers as they search for clues about the organization known as W.C.K.D. Their journey takes them to the Scorch, a desolate landscape filled with obstacles. Teaming up with resistance fighters, the Gladers take on W.C.K.D's "vastly superior" forces and uncover its plans for them all.[6]
Principal photography commenced in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in October 2014 and ended in January 2015.[7][8] It was released on September 18, 2015.[9]
Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018)[edit]
Main article: Maze Runner: The Death Cure
In March 2015, T.S. Nowlin, who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film, was hired to write Maze Runner: The Death Cure based on the novel The Death Cure.[10] In September 2015, Ball was hired to direct the film.[11] Ball said that the film will not be split into two films.[12] Principal photography took place in Cape Town, South Africa between March and June 2017 for a January 26, 2018 release.[13][14][15][16]
Cast and characters[edit]
Character
Films
The Maze Runner
Maze Runner:
The Scorch Trials
Maze Runner:
The Death Cure
Thomas
Dylan O'Brien
Teresa
Kaya Scodelario
Newt
Thomas Brodie-Sangster
Minho
Ki Hong Lee
Frypan
Dexter Darden
Ava Paige
Patricia Clarkson
Winston
Alexander Flores
Gally
Will Poulter Will Poulter
Alby
Aml Ameen
Chuck
Blake Cooper
Zart
Joe Adler
Ben
Chris Sheffield
Clint
Randall D. Cunningham
Brenda
Rosa Salazar
Aris
Jacob Lofland
Jorge
Giancarlo Esposito
Janson
Aidan Gillen
Vince
Barry Pepper
Harriet
Nathalie Emmanuel
Mary Cooper
Lili Taylor
Marcus
Alan Tudyk
Lawrence
Walton Goggins
Crew[edit]
Occupation
Film
The Maze Runner
Maze Runner:
The Scorch Trials
Maze Runner:
The Death Cure
Director
Wes Ball
Producer(s)
Ellen Goldsmith-Vein
Wyck Godfrey
Marty Bowen
Lee Stollman Ellen Goldsmith-Vein
Wyck Godfrey
Marty Bowen
Lee Stollman
Joe Hartwick Jr. Ellen Goldsmith-Vein
Wyck Godfrey
Marty Bowen
Lee Stollman
Wes Ball
Writer(s)
Noah Oppenheim
Grant Pierce Myers
T.S. Nowlin T.S. Nowlin
Director of photography
Enrique Chediak Gyula Pados
Editor(s)
Dan Zimmerman
Music[edit]
Title
U.S. release date
Composer(s)
Label
The Maze Runner — Original Motion Picture Soundtrack[17] September 12, 2014 (2014-09-12) John Paesano Sony Classical
Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials — Original Motion Picture Soundtrack[18] September 11, 2015 (2015-09-11)
Reception[edit]
Box office performance[edit]
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Production budget
Ref(s)
North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide
The Maze Runner September 19, 2014 (2014-09-19) $102,427,862 $245,891,999 $348,319,861 580 285 $34 million [19]
Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials September 18, 2015 (2015-09-18) $81,697,192 $230,627,911 $312,325,103 810 337 $61 million [20]
Total
[21]
$7008184125054000000♠184,125,054
$7008476519910000000♠476,519,910
$7008660644964000000♠660,644,964
$95 million
The first two Maze Runner films both opened at number-one at the North American box-office during their opening weekend.[22][23] In North America, the Maze Runner film series is the fifth highest grossing film series based on young adult books, after the film series of Harry Potter, The Hunger Games, The Twilight Saga, and The Divergent Series respectively earning over $184 million.[24] Worldwide, it is the fourth highest grossing film series based on young-adult books, after the film series of Harry Potter, The Twilight Saga, and The Hunger Games respectively, earning over $660 million with a $95 million total budget.[21]
Critical and public response[edit]
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore
The Maze Runner 65% (150 reviews)[25] 57 (34 reviews)[1] A-[26]
Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials 47% (131 reviews)[27] 43 (29 reviews)[6] B+[26]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Maze Runner Reviews - Metacritic". Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Zeitchik, Steven (January 4, 2011). "Young-adult sensation 'The Maze Runner' gets ready to run the movie gantlet (Updated)". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Maze Runner Movie Set". jamesdashner.com. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Maze Runner Movie Release Date, News, and Updates: 2 New Clips Released in Anticipation of The Premiere". hallels.com. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (September 21, 2014). "Box Office Sunday: 'Maze Runner' Finds $32.5M; Liam's 'Walk' Limps In; 'Where I Leave You' No. 3". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials Reviews - Metacritic". Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Maze Runner Official Twitter (October 27, 2014). "Maze Runner: Scorch Trials begins filming". Twitter. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wentz, Brook (January 29, 2015). "'The Maze Runner' sequel 'The Scorch Trials' officially wraps filming". Hypable. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dashner, James (September 21, 2014). "And like that's not cool enough, it's official: THE SCORCH TRIALS movie is coming September 18, 2015. Doesn't this look sweet: #ScorchTrials". Twitter. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (March 4, 2015). "'Maze Runner: The Death Cure' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave; Chi, Paul (September 16, 2015). "Wes Ball Returning to Direct Third 'Maze Runner'". Variety. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sciretta, Peter (October 9, 2014). "'The Maze Runner' Finale 'The Death Cure' Won't Be Split Into Two Movies". /Film. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Anita Busch (August 29, 2016). "'The Maze Runner: The Death Cure' Will Restart Production In February". Deadline. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ian Bailey (September 4, 2016). "Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (April 22, 2017). "Deadpool 2', 'New Mutants' & 'Dark Phoenix' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox's Slew Of Release Changes & Additions". Deadline. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dave, McNary (August 25, 2017). "Steven Spielberg's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled 'The Post'". Variety. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Maze Runner (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by John Paesano on Apple Music". Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by John Paesano on Apple Music". Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Maze Runner (2014)". Retrieved November 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015)". Retrieved December 28, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Maze Runner Moviesat the Box Office". Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Subers, Ray (September 21, 2014). "Weekend Report: 'Maze Runner' Franchise Off to Strong Start". Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brevet, Brad (September 20, 2015). "'Maze' and 'Mass' Top Box Office, but 'Everest' and 'Sicario' are the Story". Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Young-Adult Book Adaptations Movies at the Box Office". Retrieved November 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Maze Runner - Rotten Tomatoes". Retrieved July 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cinemascore". Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015) - Rotten Tomatoes". Retrieved July 1, 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Maze Runner series by James Dashner
Main trilogy
The Maze Runner
The Scorch Trials
The Death Cure
Prequels
The Kill Order
The Fever Code
Film series
The Maze Runner
Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials
Maze Runner: The Death Cure
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text:
64th National Film Awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
64th National Film Awards
Awarded for
Best of Indian cinema in 2016
Awarded by
Directorate of Film Festivals
Presented by
Directorate of Film Festivals
Announced on
7 April 2017
Presented on
3 May 2017 (2017-05-03)
Official website
dff.nic.in
Highlights
Best Feature Film
Kaasav
Best Non-Feature Film
Fireflies in the Abyss
Best Book
Lata : Sur Gatha
Best Film Critic
G. Dhananjayan
Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Kasinadhuni Viswanath
Most awards
Allama (3)
Dashakriya (3)
Ventilator (3)
← 63rd
National Film Awards
The 64th National Film Awards was an award ceremony during which the Directorate of Film Festivals presents its annual National Film Awards to honour the best films of 2016 in the Indian cinema. The awards were announced on 7 April 2017, and the ceremony was held on 3 May 2017.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Selection process
2 Best Film Friendly State
2.1 Golden Lotus Award
3 Dadasaheb Phalke Award
4 Feature Films
5 Jury
5.1 All India Award
5.1.1 Golden Lotus Award
5.1.2 Silver Lotus Award
5.2 Regional Awards
6 Non-Feature Films
6.1 Jury
6.2 Golden Lotus Award
6.3 Silver Lotus Award
7 Best Writing on Cinema
7.1 Jury
7.2 Golden Lotus Award
8 Controversy
9 References
10 External links
Selection process[edit]
The Directorate of Film Festivals invited online entries for the first time on 16 January 2017 and the acceptable last date for entries was until 21 January 2017.[2] Feature and Non-Feature Films certified by Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January 2016, and 31 December 2016, were eligible for the film award categories. Books, critical studies, reviews or articles on cinema published in Indian newspapers, magazines, and journals between 1 January 2016, and 31 December 2016, were eligible for the best writing on cinema section. Entries of dubbed, revised or copied versions of a film or translation, abridgements, edited or annotated works and reprints were ineligible for the awards.[3]
For the Feature and Non-Feature Films sections, films in any Indian language, shot on 16 mm, 35 mm, a wider film gauge or a digital format, and released in cinemas, on video or digital formats for home viewing were eligible. Films were required to be certified as a feature film, a featurette or a Documentary/Newsreel/Non-Fiction by the Central Board of Film Certification.[2]
Best Film Friendly State[edit]
The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through a State Government Policy.
Award
Name of State
Citation
Best Film Friendly State
State of Uttar Pradesh For implementing a unique film policy, taking into account that the film medium is not only about entertainment but is also a very important vehicle of employment, social awareness and cultural development. The State’s Film Policy includes various measures to create a suitable environment, which not only invites shooting of films on a large scale in the State but also promotes other activities, which are related to various aspects of film production at the ground level, including financial incentives for filmmakers.
Best Film Friendly State - Special Mention
State of Jharkhand To foster the film Industry and their endeavour to give incentives to filmmakers from across India. In addition to the above, the Film Policy also provides growth opportunities to the local filmmaking talent from within the State.
Golden Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Swarna Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)'.
Dadasaheb Phalke Award[edit]
Introduced in 1969, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium, its growth and promotion. "[4]
A committee consisting five eminent personalities from Indian film industry was appointed to evaluate the lifetime achievement award, Dadasaheb Phalke Award. Following were the jury members:[5]
Jury Members
Manoj Kumar • T. S. Nagabharana • Asha Bhosle • Kamal Haasan • S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Name of Award
Awardee(s)
Awarded As
Awards
Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Kasinathuni Viswanath Filmmaker Swarna Kamal, ₹1 million (US$16,000) and a shawl
Feature Films[edit]
Feature films will be awarded at All India as well as regional level. Following will be the awards given in each category:
Jury[edit]
For the Feature Film section, six committees were formed based on the different geographic regions in India. The two-tier evaluation process included a central committee and five regional committees. The central committee, headed by the director Priyadarshan, included the heads of each regional committee and five other jury members. At regional level, each committee consisted of one chief and four members. The chief and one non-chief member of each regional committee were selected from outside that geographic region. The table below names the jury members for the central and regional committees:[5]
Central Jury
• Priyadarshan (Chairperson)
• N. Chandra • Vasant S. Sai
• K. J. Suresh • Imo Singh
• Girish Mohite • Deboshruti Roy Chowdhury
• C. V. Reddy • P. C. Reddy
• Ashok Rane • Devdas Chhottrey
Northern Region: (Bhojpuri, Dogri, English, Hindi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Urdu)
• K. J. Suresh (Head)
• Rakesh Mittal • Advaita Kala
• Uma Maheswar Rao • S. S. Bhakhoo
Eastern Region: (Assamese, Bengali, Oriya and North-Eastern dialects)
• Shyamaprasad (Head)
• Sanjeev Hazarika • Tanushree Hazarika
• Girish Mohite • Jagora Bandyopadhyay
Western Region: (Gujarati, Konkani, Marathi)
• N. Chandra (Head)
• Sanjay Pawar • B. Diwakar
• Pramod Pawar • Gopi Desai
Southern Region I: (Malayalam, Tamil)
• Imo Singh (Head)
• R. S. Vimal • Balaji Sakthivel
• Suresh Chandra • Priya Krishnaswamy
Southern Region II: (Kannada, Telugu)
• Vasant S. Sai (Head)
• G. Bhageeradha • K. S. Ramesh
• H. N. Maruthi • Aslam Sheikh
All India Award[edit]
Following will be the awards given:
Golden Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Swarna Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.
Name of Award
Name of Film
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize
Best Feature Film
Kaasav Marathi Director(s): Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar
Producer(s): • Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar
• Mohan Agashe ₹ 250,000/- Each
Best Debut Film of A Director
Alifa Bengali Director: Deep Choudhury
Producer: Arman Ahmed ₹ 125,000/- Each
Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment
Sathamanam Bhavati Telugu Producer: V. Venkata Ramana Reddy
Director: Satish Vegesna ₹ 200,000/- Each
Best Children's Film
Dhanak Hindi Director: Nagesh Kukunoor
Producer: Drishyam Films ₹ 150,000/- Each
Best Direction
Ventilator Marathi Rajesh Mapuskar ₹ 250,000/-
Best Animated Film
Mahayodha Rama Hindi Producer: Contiloe Pictures Pvt. Ltd.
Director: Rohit Vaid
Animator: Deepak S.V ₹ 100,000/- Each
Silver Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Rajat Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.
Name of Award
Name of Film
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize
Best Feature Film on National Integration
Dikchow Banat Palaax Assamese Director: Sanjib Sabha Pandit
Producer: Canvascope ₹ 150,000/- Each for
Best Film on Other Social Issues
Pink Hindi Director: Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury
Producer: Rashmi Sharma Films ₹ 150,000/- Each
Best Film on Environment/Conservation/Preservation
Loktak Lairembee Manipuri Haoban Paban Kumar ₹ 150,000/- Each
Best Actor
Rustom Hindi Akshay Kumar ₹ 50,000/-
Best Actress
Minnaminungu – the Firefly Malayalam Surabhi Lakshmi ₹ 50,000/-
Best Supporting Actor
Dashkriya Marathi Manoj Joshi ₹ 50,000/-
Best Supporting Actress
Dangal Hindi Zaira Wasim ₹ 50,000/-
Best Child Artist
Railway Children Kannada Manohara K ₹ 50,000/- (Cash component to be shared)
Sahaj Paather Gappo Bengali • Nur Islam
• Samiul Alam
Kunju Daivam Malayalam Adish Praveen
Best Male Playback Singer
Joker
(For the song "Jasmine E") Tamil Sundarayyar ₹ 50,000/-
Best Female Playback Singer
Praktan
(For the song "Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho") Bengali Iman Chakraborty ₹ 50,000/-
Best Cinematography
24 Tamil Tirru ₹ 50,000/-
Best Screenplay
• Screenplay Writer (Original)
Maheshinte Prathikaaram Malayalam Syam Pushkaran ₹ 50,000/-
Best Screenplay
• Screenplay Writer (Adapted)
Dashakriya Marathi Sanjay Krishnaji Patil ₹ 50,000/-
Best Screenplay
• Dialogues
Pelli Choopulu Telugu Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam ₹ 50,000/-
Best Audiography
• Sound Designer
Kaadu Pookkunna Neram Malayalam Jayadevan Chakka Dath ₹ 50,000/-
Best Audiography
• Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track
Ventilator Marathi Alok De ₹ 50,000/-
Best Editing
Ventilator Marathi Rameshwar S. Bhagat ₹ 50,000/-
Best Production Design
24 Tamil • Subrata Chakraborthy
• Shreyas Khedekar
• Amit Ray ₹ 50,000/-
Best Costume Design
Cycle Marathi Sachin Lovalekar ₹ 50,000/-
Best Make-up Artist
Allama Kannada NK Ramakrishna ₹ 50,000/-
Best Music Direction
• Songs
Allama Kannada Bapu Padmanabha ₹ 50,000/-
Best Music Direction
• Background Score
Allama Kannada Bapu Padmanabha ₹ 50,000/-
Best Lyrics
Praktan
(For the song "Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho") Bengali Anupam Roy ₹ 50,000/- (Cash Component To Be Shared)
Dharma Durai
(For the song "Entha Pakkam") Tamil Vairamuthu
Best Special Effects
Shivaay Hindi Naveen Paul ₹ 50,000/-
Best Choreography
Janatha Garage Telugu Raju Sundaram ₹ 50,000/-
Best Stunt Choreographer
Pulimurugan Malayalam Peter Hein ₹ 50,000/-
Special Jury Award
• Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol
• Janatha Garage
• Pulimurugan Malayalam
Telugu
Malayalam Mohanlal ₹ 200,000/-
Special Mention
Kadvi Hawa Hindi Producer: Eleeanora Images Private Ltd.
Director: Nila Madhab Panda Certificate only
Mukti Bhawan Hindi Producer: Red Carper Moving Pictures
Director: Shubhashish Bhutiani
Mukti Bhawan Hindi Adil Hussain (Actor)
Neerja Hindi Sonam Kapoor (Actress)
Regional Awards[edit]
National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India. Awards for the regional languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India. Awardees included producers and directors of the film. No films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible.
Name of Award
Name of Film
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize
Best Feature Film in Assamese
Maj Rati Keteki Producer: Udara Films
Director : Santwana Bardoloi ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Bengali
Bisarjan Producer: M/s Opera
Director : Kaushik Ganguly ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Gujarati
Wrong Side Raju Producer: Cineman Productions Ltd.
Director: Mikhil Musale ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Hindi
Neerja Producer: Fox Star Studios India Pvt. Ltd.
Director : Ram Madhvani ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Kannada
Reservation Producer: Thotadamane
Director : Nikhil Manjoo ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Konkani
K Sera Sera - Ghodpachem Ghoddtelem Producer: de Goan Studio
Director: Rajiv Shinde ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Malayalam
Maheshinte Prathikaaram Producer: Dream Mill Cinemas and Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
Director: Dileesh Pothan ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Marathi
Dashkriya Producer: Rangneel Creations
Director: Sandeep Bhalachandra Patil ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Tamil
Joker Producer: Dream Warrior Pictures
Director: Raju Murugan ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Telugu
Pelli Choopulu Producer: Dharamapatha Creations
Director: Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified In the Schedule VIII of the Constitution
Name of Award
Name of Film
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize
Producer
Director
Best Feature Film in Moran
Haanduk Mayamara Production Jaicheng Jai Dohutia ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Feature Film in Tulu
Madipu Aastha Production Chetan Mundadi ₹ 100,000/- Each
Non-Feature Films[edit]
Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.
Jury[edit]
A committee of seven, headed by Raju Mishra, was appointed to evaluate the Non-Feature Films entries. The jury members were:[5]
• Raju Mishra (Chairperson)
• Ashok Sharan • M. C. Rajanarayanan
• M. Maniram • Sanjeev Ratan
• Preethi Tripathi • Sushmit Ghosh
Golden Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Swarna Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.
Name of Award
Name of Film
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize
Best Non-Feature Film
Fireflies in the Abyss English Producer: Chandrasekhar Reddy
Director: Chandrasekhar Reddy ₹ 100,000/- Each
Best Director in Non-Feature Film
Aaba... Aiktaay Na? Marathi Producer: Shri Mahalasa Productions Ponda
Director: Aaditya Jambhale ₹ 150,000/- to the Director
Silver Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Rajat Kamal
All the Awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.
Name of Award
Name of Film
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize
Best First Non-Feature Film
SOZ...A Ballad of Maladies Hindi Producer: Rajiv Mehrotra, PSBT
Director: Tushar Madhav & Sarvnik Kaur ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Biographical Film / Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film
Zikr Us Parivaksha: Begum Akhtar Urdu Producer: Snageet Natak Akademi
Director: Nirmal Chander ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Arts / Cultural Film
In the Shadow of Time
The Lord of the Universe English Producer: Indira Gandhi National Center for Arts
Director: Shankhajeet Dey
Producer: Shibu Prusty
Director: Shibu Prusty ₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)
Best Environment Film including Best Agricultural Film
The Tiger Who Crossed The Line English Producer: Krishnendu Bose
Director: Krishnendu Bose ₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)
Best Promotional Film
Weaves of Maheshwar Hindi, English Producer: Storyloom Films
Director:Keya Vaswani & Nidhi Kamath ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Film on Social Issues
I am Jeeja
Sanath English
Hindi Producer: Rajiv Mehrotra
Director: Swaty Chakraborty
Producer: Priya Arun
Director: Vasanth S. Sai ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film
The Water Fall English Producer: Syed Sultan Ahmed
Director: Lipika Singh Darai ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Exploration / Adventure Film
Matitle Kusti Telugu & English Producer: Madhavi Reddy
Director: Prantik Vivek Deshmukh ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Investigative Film
Placebo English Producer: Archana Fadke
Director: Abhay Kumar ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Animation Film
Hum Chitra Banate Hai Hindi Producer: IDC, IIT MUmbai
Director: Nina Sabnani
Animator: Piyush Varma And Shyam Sundar Chatterjee ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Short Fiction Film
Aaba English Producer: Raj Kumar Gupta
Director: Amar Kaushik ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Film on Family Welfare
Little Magician English Producer: Syed Sultan Ahmed
Director: Neha Sharma ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Cinematography
Kalpvriksha
Adnyat Hindi
English Cameraman:Alpesh Nagar
Cameraman:Vishal Sangwai
₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Audiography
In Return Just A Book English Ajith Abraham George ₹ 50,000/-
Best Editing
Gudh English Jishu Sen ₹ 50,000/-
Best Music Direction
Leeches Hindi, English Tanuj Tiku ₹ 50,000/-
Best Narration / Voice over
Makino English Setsu Makino Togawa ₹ 50,000/- Each
Special Jury Award
The Cinema Travellers English Producer: Shirley Abraham
Director: Shirely Abraham ₹ 50,000/- Each
Special Mention
Chembai:Descoperire A Mei Unai Legende Chembai My discovery of a legend (Documentary) English Soumya Sadanandan Certificate
Sikar Aru Sitkar Assamese Ramesh Borah and Sibanu Borah Certificate
The Eyes of Darkness English Amitabh Parashar Certificate
Best On Location - Sound Recordist
Remembering Kurdi English Christopher Bhurchell ₹ 50,000/- Each
Best Writing on Cinema[edit]
The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.
Jury[edit]
A committee of three, headed by the National Award-winning writer Bhavana Somaya was appointed to evaluate the nominations for the best writing on Indian cinema. The jury members were as follows:[5]
• Bhavana Somaya (Chairperson)
• Mohan V. Raman • Prabhat Kumar
Golden Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Swarna Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with the Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal) accompanied with a cash prize.
Name of Award
Name of Book
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize
Best Book on Cinema
Sur Gatha Hindi Author: Yatindra Mishra Publisher: Vani Prakashan ₹ 75,000/- Each
Best Film Critic
NA English G. Dhananjayan ₹ 75,000/-
Special Mention
A Fly in the Curry English Author: K.P. Jayashankar & Anjali Monteiro Certificate Only
Controversy[edit]
There was controversy over the National Film Award for Best Actor, which the committee awarded to Akshay Kumar for his performance in Rustom,[6][7] snubbing Aamir Khan's performance for Dangal.[8][9][10] Committee member Priyadarshan, who has worked with Kumar on several films,[6][10] gave the following explanation for awarding Kumar instead of Khan:[10]
Why should we have given the Best Actor award to Aamir Khan when he has made it very clear that he doesn’t attend awards functions? If he doesn’t want to accept the honour, what is the point in honouring him? Nowadays, we have seen people returning their awards. We didn’t want to take that risk.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Notice for inviting tender for Hiring of Event Management Agency for 64th National Film Awards Ceremony 2016" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Call for entries; 64th National Film Awards for 2016" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ National Film Awards 2016
Jump up ^ "17th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 38. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "64th National Film Awards" (PDF) (Press release). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "64th National Film Awards 2017: Why Akshay Kumar's win is a fiasco for once prestigious honour". Firstpost. 8 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Forget Akshay Kumars national award win. How many of THESE actors deserved it?". India Today. 10 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "National Film Awards complete winner list: Aamir Khan and Dangal face a royal snub!". Catch News. 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Chauhan, Gaurang (7 April 2017). "3 revelations made by Priyadarshan on Akshay Kumar, Aamir Khan and National Film Awards that stumped us". Bollywood Life.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Priyadarshan on Akshay's National Award: Why honour Aamir when he doesn't accept it?". Hindustan Times. 8 April 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Page of the 64th National Film Awards, Directorate of Film Festivals, India
National Film Awards Archives
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value: ദേശീയ ചലച്ചിത്ര പുരസ്കാരം 2016 – Malayalam

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