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Left Behind
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For other uses, see Left Behind (disambiguation).
Left Behind
The Rising, The Regime, The Rapture, Left Behind, Tribulation Force, Nicolae, Soul Harvest, Apollyon, Assassins, The Indwelling, The Mark, Desecration, The Remnant, Armageddon, Glorious Appearing, Kingdom Come
Author
Tim LaHaye
Jerry B. Jenkins
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Christian novels
Published
1995 – 2007
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Left Behind is a series of 16 best-selling religious novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins, dealing with Christian dispensationalist End Times: the pretribulation, premillennial, Christian eschatological interpretation of the Biblical apocalypse. The primary conflict of the series is the members of the Tribulation Force, an underground network of converts, against an NWO-esque organization, Global Community, and its leader Nicolae Carpathia—the Antichrist. Left Behind is also the title of the first book in the series. The series was first published between 1995–2007 by Tyndale House, a firm with a history of interest in dispensationalism.
The series has been adapted into four films to date. The original series of three films are Left Behind: The Movie (2000), Left Behind II: Tribulation Force (2002), and Left Behind: World at War (2005). A reboot starring Nicolas Cage, entitled simply Left Behind, was released in 2014 through Cloud Ten Pictures.[1][2] The series also inspired the PC game Left Behind: Eternal Forces (2006) and its several sequels.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Characters
2.1 Tribulation Force
3 Response
4 Influences on the authors
5 Reception
5.1 Christian criticisms
5.1.1 From Catholics
5.1.2 From Orthodox
5.1.3 From Protestants
5.1.3.1 From premillennialists
5.1.3.2 From others
5.1.4 Violence
6 Books
7 Spin-offs
8 In other media
8.1 Movies
8.2 Video game
8.3 Albums
8.3.1 Track listing
8.4 Books
8.5 Graphic novels
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Based on a dispensationalist interpretation of prophecies in the Biblical books of Revelation, Daniel, Isaiah and Ezekiel, Left Behind tells the story of the end times (set in the contemporary era), in which true believers in Christ have been "raptured" (taken instantly to heaven), leaving the world shattered and chaotic. As people scramble for answers, an obscure Romanian politician named Nicolae Jetty Carpathia rises to become secretary-general of the United Nations, promising to restore peace and stability to all nations. What most of the world does not realize is that Carpathia is actually the Antichrist foretold in the Bible. Coming to grips with the truth and becoming born-again Christians, airline pilot Rayford Steele, his daughter Chloe, their pastor Bruce Barnes, and young journalist Cameron "Buck" Williams begin their quest as the Tribulation Force to help save the lost and prepare for the coming Tribulation, in which God will rain down judgment on the world for seven years.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of Left Behind Characters
Tribulation Force[edit]
The Tribulation Force are a group of underground post-Rapture Christian converts. Throughout the series, they are in conflict with the Antichrist Nicolae Carpathia during the Tribulation, each in accordance with his or her own divinely-determined destiny.
The most well known of the Tribulation Force include Rayford Steele, Chloe Steele, Cameron "Buck" Williams, Tsion Ben-Judah, and Bruce Barnes (Deceased) [3]
Response[edit]
Multiple books in the series have been on the New York Times best-seller list. Starting in 2000, Books 7 and 8 reached number one on the list followed by book 10, which debuted at number one.[4] Total sales for the series have surpassed 65 million copies. Seven titles in the adult series have reached #1 on the bestseller lists for the New York Times, USA Today, and Publishers Weekly.[3]
One reason often cited for the books' popularity is the quick pacing and action, and reflects the public's overall concern and fascination with the Apocalypse as portrayed in the Biblical Book of Revelation. Michelle Goldberg has written that, "On one level, the attraction of the Left Behind books isn't that much different from that of, say, Tom Clancy or Stephen King. The plotting is brisk and the characterizations Manichean. People disappear and things blow up."[5] The New York Times also compared the series to Clancy's works.[6] However, those views are not universally shared. Other reviewers have called the series "almost laughably tedious" and "fatuous and boring."[7][8]
In 2007, the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association (ECPA) recognized the Left Behind series at its CBA & ECPA Awards Celebration in Atlanta, Georgia with the ECPA Pinnacle Award. ECPA President Mark Kuyper said, "In many ways this series established Christian fiction as a significant category in publishing in general."[3] Jerry Falwell said about the first book in the series: "In terms of its impact on Christianity, it's probably greater than that of any other book in modern times, outside the Bible."[9]
Laurie Goodstein, writing in 1998 for The New York Times, placed what she called the ""Left Behind" phenonemon" in the calendrical context of the approaching year 2000. Goodstein noted a 'proliferation' of similarly apocalyptic texts appearing at that time, by authors such as Jim Bakker and John Hagee. Goodstein cited the opinion of University of Wisconsin historian Paul Boyer who described such authors as "cashing in on the public preoccupation with the year 2000".[10]
Influences on the authors[edit]
LaHaye and Jenkins cite the influence of Russell Doughten, an Iowa-based filmmaker who directed the Thief in the Night series, a series of four low-budget but popular feature-length films in the 1970s and 80s about the Rapture and Second Coming, starting with 1972's A Thief in the Night.[11] Indeed, the title Left Behind echoes the refrain of Thief's early Christian rock theme song by Larry Norman, "I Wish We'd All Been Ready," in which he sings, "There's no time to change your mind, the son has come and you've been left behind."
Reception[edit]
While writing that the series fulfills the norms of mass-market fiction, as mentioned above, magazine writer Michelle Goldberg characterized the books as an attack on Judaism and liberal secularism, and suggested that the near-future "end times" in which the books are set seem to reflect the actual worldview of millions of Americans, including many prominent conservative leaders.[12]
Christian criticisms[edit]
From Catholics[edit]
The books are written from a Protestant viewpoint. As a result, some believe the books are anti-Catholic, noting that many Catholics were not raptured concluding that no religion is free of false converts[13] and that the new pope establishes a false religion.[14] While the fictional Pope, John XXIV, was raptured, he is described as having embraced some of the views of the "Father of Protestantism" Martin Luther and it is implied that he was raptured for this reason.[15] His successor, Pope Peter II, becomes Pontifex Maximus of Enigma Babylon One World Faith, an amalgamation of all remaining world faiths and religions. Catholic Answers describes the series as anti-Catholic.[13][16]
The co-author of the book, Jerry B. Jenkins, as well as LaHaye, stated that their books are not anti-Catholic and that they have many faithful Catholic readers and friends.[17] According to LaHaye, "the books don’t suggest any particular theology, but try to introduce people to a more personal relationship with Jesus."[17]
From Orthodox[edit]
David Carlson, a Professor of Religious Studies and a member of the Greek Orthodox Church, wrote that the theology underpinning the Left Behind series promotes a "skewed view of the Christian faith that welcomes war and disaster, while dismissing peace efforts in the Middle East and elsewhere--all in the name of Christ".[18]
From Protestants[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016)
From premillennialists[edit]
Some premillennialists, while accepting many of the basic beliefs behind the series, describe problems with specific prophetical teachings in the Left Behind books. For instance, in The Mark, Chang Wong receives both the mark of the beast and the sealing of the Lord and he is later accepted into heaven, despite having the mark, because he was drugged and forced to have it against his own free will. This has led some readers[19] to wonder how a Christian can have the mark of the beast and still be saved.[20]
From others[edit]
Along with some other rapture fiction novels, the Left Behind series demonstrates a specific understanding of the Gospel and the Christian life, one with which many have taken issue theologically. The books have not sold particularly well outside of the United States.[21] Dispensationalism remains a minority view among theologians.[22] For instance, amillennial and postmillennial Christians do not believe in the same timeline of the Second Coming as premillennialists, while preterist Christians do not interpret much of the Book of Revelation to predict future events at all. Brian McLaren of the Emergent Church compares the Left Behind series to The Da Vinci Code, and states, "What the Left Behind novels do, the way they twist scripture toward a certain theological and political end, I think [Dan] Brown is twisting scripture, just to other political ends."[23] John Dart, writing in Christian Century, characterized the works as "beam me up theology."[22] A very detailed analysis and critique, both theological, and the style of writing, can be found on the Slacktivist blog
Violence[edit]
Some practicing Christians, evangelical and otherwise, along with non-Christians have shown concern that the social perspectives promoted in the Left Behind series unduly sensationalize the death and destruction of masses of people. Harvey Cox, a professor of divinity at Harvard, says part of the appeal of the books lies in the "lip-licking anticipation of all the blood," and theologian Barbara Rossing, author of The Rapture Exposed: The Message of Hope in the Book of Revelation, said the books glorify violence.[24][25][26] Time magazine said "the nuclear frights of, say, Tom Clancy's The Sum of All Fears wouldn't fill a chapter in the Left Behind series. (Large chunks of several U.S. cities have been bombed to smithereens by page 110 of Book 3.)"[25]
Paul Nuechterlein accused the authors of re-sacralizing violence, adding that "we human beings are the ones who put our faith in superior firepower. But in the Left Behind novels the darkness of that human, satanic violence is once again attributed to God."[27] In that same book ("Glorious Appearing") Jesus merely speaks and the bodies of his enemies are ripped open, forcing the Christians to drive carefully to avoid "hitting splayed and filleted bodies of men and women and horses."[28]
Books[edit]
Note: The books are listed initially in story-line (chronological) order but then numbered in order of publication.
Chron Seq.
Pub Seq.
Title (with subtitle)
Pub Date
1 13 The Rising: Antichrist is Born: Before They Were Left Behind 2005[29]
2 14 The Regime: Evil Advances: Before They Were Left Behind #2 2005[30]
3 15 The Rapture: In the Twinkling of an Eye: Countdown to Earth's Last Days #3 2006
4 1 Left Behind: A Novel of the Earth's Last Days 1995
5 2 Tribulation Force: The Continuing Drama of Those Left Behind 1996
6 3 Nicolae: The Rise of Antichrist 1997
7 4 Soul Harvest: The World Takes Sides 1999
8 5 Apollyon: The Destroyer Is Unleashed 1999
9 6 Assassins: Assignment: Jerusalem, Target: Antichrist 1999
10 7 The Indwelling: The Beast Takes Possession 2000
11 8 The Mark: The Beast Rules the World 2000
12 9 Desecration: Antichrist Takes the Throne 2001
13 10 The Remnant: On the Brink of Armageddon 2002
14 11 Armageddon: The Cosmic Battle of the Ages 2003
15 12 Glorious Appearing: The End of Days 2004
16 16 Kingdom Come: The Final Victory 2007
There are also graphic novels, CDs, a Left Behind series for teens, and movies. Audio dramatizations based on the first twelve titles[31] have also been produced for broadcast on Christian radio. The series written for teens, called Left Behind: The Kids, has the same plot as the adult series, but the main protagonists are teenagers. Several of the main books have also been turned into movies by the Canadian motion picture studio Cloud Ten Pictures; the film titles include: Left Behind: The Movie (2000), Left Behind II: Tribulation Force (2002), and Left Behind: World at War (2005).
Two spin-off series have been written: a political series by Neesa Hart and a military series by Mel Odom.
A video game, Left Behind: Eternal Forces, was released for the PC on November 6, 2006. Its sequel, Left Behind II: Tribulation Force, was released in 2009.
Spin-offs[edit]
Left Behind: Apocalypse, by Mel Odom[32]
Apocalypse Dawn
Apocalypse Crucible
Apocalypse Burning
Apocalypse Unleashed
Left Behind: The Kids by Jerry B. Jenkins & Tim LaHaye with Chris Fabry
1 The Vanishings
2 Second Chance
3 Through The Flames
4 Facing The Future
5 Nicolae High
6 The Underground
7 Busted!
8 Death Strike
9 The Search
10 On The Run
11 Into The Storm
12 Earthquake!
13 The Showdown
14 Judgment Day
15 Battling The Commander
16 Fire From Heaven
17 Terror In The Stadium
18 Darkening Skies
19 Attack Of Apollyon
20 A Dangerous Plan
21 Secrets Of New Babylon
22 Escape From New Babylon
23 Horsemen Of Terror
24 Uplink From The Underground
25 Death At The Gala
26 The Beast Arises
27 Wildfire!
28 The Mark Of The Beast
29 Breakout!
30 Murder In The Holy Place
31 Escape To Masada
32 War Of The Dragon
33 Attack On Petra
34 Bounty Hunters
35 The Rise Of False Messiahs
36 Ominous Choices
37 Heat Wave
38 The Perils Of Love
39 The Road To War
40 Triumphant Return
Left Behind: End of State, by Neesa Hart[33]
End of State
Impeachable Offense
Necessary Evils
In other media[edit]
Movies[edit]
The success of the Left Behind books has led to the release of four motion pictures based on the series so far. All four have been produced by brothers Paul & Peter LaLonde, and have been released through Cloud Ten Pictures, an independent Canadian-based Christian movie studio.
The first, Left Behind: The Movie, was based on the first book of the series and was released in 2000. In a very unusual marketing scheme, the studio released the movie on home video, and then released it to the theaters. The movie fared poorly in theaters.[34] The movie starred former Growing Pains star Kirk Cameron as Buck Williams. Cameron, who praised the book series as "inspiring", is a practicing evangelist (and co-host with Ray Comfort on the TV show The Way of the Master).
The sequel, Left Behind II: Tribulation Force, based on the second book, Tribulation Force, was released in 2002. The film debuted at #2 on Nielson's video scan reports, behind Spider-Man (2002),[35] and was #1 in terms of overall sales for two days on Amazon.com.[36]
The second sequel, Left Behind: World at War, was released first to churches on October 21, 2005 for church theatrical viewings and was released to DVD and video on October 25, 2005. Much of the main cast from the previous two films, excluding Clarence Gilyard, reprised their respective roles for Left Behind: World At War. Gilyard, who played Bruce Barnes, was unable to return for the third movie due to a scheduling conflict with a play in New York.[citation needed] The movie is based very loosely on the final 50 pages of Tribulation Force and features Louis Gossett Jr. as the President of the United States, Gerald Fitzhugh. The third movie was the least identifiable with events in any of the books. Recognizable events were the marriages of Buck with Chloe Steele, and of Rayford Steele with Amanda White; the death of Bruce Barnes; and President Fitzhugh's heading an attack, resulting in World War III, with Great Britain and Egypt fighting against the Global Community. Major parts of the movie, however, were taken from subsequent books in the series. These events include the poisoning of Barnes by GC forces, instead of Nicolae Carpathia himself, and an attempt by Fitzhugh to assassinate Nicolae Carpathia. Buck's meeting with the President in the books makes it into the movie, but in a totally different form.
The movies have been criticized for, among other things, low production values. A Slate reviewer[who?] commented that in 2004, Cloud Ten Pictures made a deal with Sony Entertainment to release all of its pictures under the Sony banner and has been doing so ever since.[citation needed]
In 2010, Cloud Ten Pictures announced that a remake of the Left Behind series was in development, with production set to begin in late 2012 for an October 2014 release date.[37] The movie, starring Nicolas Cage as Steele and Chad Michael Murray as Buck Williams, was released to theaters October 3, 2014. It earned overwhelmingly negative reviews and flopped at the box office.[38]
Video game[edit]
The video game Left Behind: Eternal Forces (2006) and its three sequels, Left Behind: Tribulation Forces, Left Behind 3: Rise of the Antichrist, and Left Behind 4: World at War, were developed by a publicly traded company, Left Behind Games. The games are real-time strategy games wherein the player controls a "Tribulation Forces" team and allows the player to "use the power of prayer to strengthen your troops in combat and wield modern military weaponry throughout the game world." The original game was released in the United States on November 14, 2006, and received mixed reviews. Distribution was initially planned to work through churches and megachurches.[citation needed]
Although the original game was accused of encouraging religious violence,[39] not all reviewers of the game or critics of the Left Behind series shared that view.[40][41][42][43] Representatives of the company have responded that the game's message is pacifist, because shooting nonbelievers instead of converting them costs the player "spirit points", which can be recovered by pausing to pray.[44] The company also responded to these criticisms in an online newsletter, stating, "There is no violence, only conflict," and, "The most successful way to fight, is through the means of spiritual warfare; PRAYER and WORSHIP. Soldiers and military weaponry are available, but once anyone plays the game, they’ll see how difficult it is to succeed by using these less effective means of warfare."[45]
Albums[edit]
People Get Ready
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
November 17, 1998
Genre
Christian music
Label
Forefront
People Get Ready: A Musical Collection Inspired by The Left Behind Series (1998) is "a musical collection inspired by the Left Behind series".[46]
Track listing[edit]
"People Get Ready" Crystal Lewis 4:24
"UFO" Geoff Moore & The Distance 3:08
"Come Quickly Lord" Rebecca Saint James 4:29
"I Wish We'd All Been Ready" dc Talk 3:44
"Horses" Margaret Becker 4:05
"Eve of Destruction" Barry McGuire 3:34
"People Get Ready" Impressions 2:38
"Thief in the Night" Big Tent Revival 3:38
"Elijah" Rich Mullins 5:14
"New Body" Audio Adrenaline 4:00
"I'll Lead You Home" Michael W. Smith 5:22
"Jesus Is Waiting" Al Green 8:08
Books[edit]
Williams professor Glenn Shuck has written the book Marks of the Beast: The Left Behind Novels and the Struggle for Evangelical Identity, published by NYU Press in 2005. He followed this with a collection of original essays co-edited with Jeffrey J. Kripal of Rice University on the Esalen Institute in California, published by Indiana University Press in 2005.
Robert M. Price has written the book The Paperback Apocalypse published by Prometheus Books in 2007 which reviewed the whole genre of apocalypse fiction.
Graphic novels[edit]
In 2002 a series of graphic novels published by Tyndale House was launched that comprised the first two books in the series, Left Behind and Tribulation Force. The original idea was to release sets of 3 to 5 novels (each about 45–50 pages) for each book in the original series. However, after the 5th and final novel for Tribulation Force was released, the graphic novel series was apparently discontinued, and the novels that were released are now (as of December 2006) out of print. A compilation of the graphic novels for the first book was later released as one novel.
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Armageddon
Christian theology
Christian Zionism
Covenantalism
Dispensationalism
Futurism
Hal Lindsey
Historicism
Idealism
The Late, Great Planet Earth
Preterism
Rapture
Summary of Christian eschatological differences
Christian science fiction
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Watch Nicolas Cage in the Left Behind Trailer". Vulture. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Left Behind official website". Retrieved 14 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Official Website of the Left Behind Series". Leftbehind.com. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "New York Times Bestsellers". New York Times. June 11, 2000.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michelle (July 29, 2002). "Fundamentally unsound". Salon. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ LaHaye, Tim; Jenkins, Jerry B.; Swanson, Sandi (2005). The Authorized Left Behind Handbook. Tyndale House Publishers. p. 336.
Jump up ^ Dreyfuss, Robert Dreyfuss (January 28, 2004). "Reverend Doomsday: According to Tim LaHaye, the Apocalypse is now". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2007-08-06.
Jump up ^ Haber, Gordon Haber (August 23, 2004). "The Ministry of Fear". New York Sun.
Jump up ^ "Tim and Beverly LaHaye". TIME. Archived from the original on 2005-02-03. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Goodstein, Laurie (October 4, 1998). "Fast-Selling Thrillers Depict Prophetic View of Final Days". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Dean A. Anderson, The original "Left Behind", Christianity Today, Published 7 March 2012, Retrieved 13 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salon.com: Fundamentally unsound". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Catholic.com – No Rapture for Rome Archived July 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 'Left Behind' authors begin tour of the South, The Associated Press via USA Today, 2004-03-31.
Jump up ^ Writing the Rapture: Prophecy Fiction in Evangelical America, Crawford Gribben, Oxford University Press, 2009.
Jump up ^ Akin, Jimmy (2008). "Catholic Answers Special Report: False Profit: Money, Prejudice, and Bad Theology in Tim LaHaye's Left Behind Series". Archived from the original on 2008-07-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tim LaHaye: The Left Behind Series". Catholic League. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-31. When a reader complained online that Tribulation Force was anti-Catholic, Left Behind co-author Jerry B. Jenkins vehemently insisted that the books are “not anti-Catholic” and that “almost every person in the book who was left behind was Protestant. Astute readers will understand where we’re coming from. True believers in Christ, regardless of their church ‘brand’ will be raptured” (Amazon.com, August 26, 1999). LaHaye responded by insisting that “our books are not anti-Catholic. In fact, we have many faithful Catholic readers and friends” (Religion News Service, June 26, 2003). The books don’t suggest any particular theology, he said, but try to introduce people to a more personal relationship with Jesus.”
Jump up ^ "Left Behind" and the Corruption of Biblical Interpretation".
Jump up ^ "Tim & Beverly LaHaye: General Teachings/Activities". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "LeftBehind.com – General FAQs". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Boston, Rob (February 2002). "If Best-Selling End-Times Author Tim LaHaye Has His Way, Church-State Separation Will Be... Left Behind". Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Archived from the original on 2011-11-18. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Dart, John (September 25, 2002). "'Beam me up' theology—The Debate Over 'Left Behind'". Christian Century Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ McLaren, Brian. "Brian McLaren on the Da Vinci Code". Grace Fellowship. Sojourners Magazine.
Jump up ^ Barbara R. Rossing (1 March 2007). The Rapture Exposed. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00496-6.
^ Jump up to: a b John Cloud and Rancho Mirage. "Meet the Prophet". Time. June 23, 2002.
Jump up ^ John W. Whitehead. "God So Loved the World that He Gave Us World War III". OldSpeak. July 1, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Re-Sacralizing Violence in the Left Behind Books". May 18, 2004.
Jump up ^ Nicholas D. Kristof. "Jesus and Jihad". New York Times. July 17, 2004.
Jump up ^ "(All Libraries)". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "(All Libraries)". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Audio". LeftBehind.com. p. Products.
Jump up ^ "Left Behind: Military Series". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Left Behind: Political Series". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Imdb.com: Left Behind (2000) – Box-office/Business". IMDb. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ clarionledger.com: Audition for TV role or be 'Left Behind' Archived 2001-07-01 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ "End-Times Thriller Left Behind II: Tribulation Force Ousts Spider-Man Over the Weekend to Become the #1 Selling Video Overall on Amazon.com". Manta. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cloud Ten Plans Big Budget Left Behind Remake" (PDF). October 13, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-27. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Left Behind". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Critics blast 'Left Behind'". USA Today. December 14, 2006. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Left Behind: Eternal Forces – The Video Game". Adl.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Left Behind: Eternal Forces Review". IGN.
Jump up ^ "Reviews: Games: Left Behind: Eternal Forces". Artstechnica. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Left Behind: Eternal Forces Review". GameSpy.
Jump up ^ Lelchuk, Ilene (January 9, 2011). "'Convert or die' game divides Christians / Some ask Wal-Mart to drop Left Behind". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "LB Games – Newsletter".
Jump up ^ People Get Ready (November 17, 1998). People Get Ready: A Musical Collection Inspired by The Left Behind Series (Enhanced Audio CD ed.). Forefront. ASIN B00000DMGR.
Further reading[edit]
DeMar, Gary, Left Behind: Separating Fact from Fiction. Powder Springs, Georgia, 2009. ISBN 0-915815-38-9
Eford, James M. Left Behind? What the Bible Really Says about the End Times. Macon, Georgia, Smyth & Helys, 2006. ISBN 1-57312-461-3
Forbes, Bruce David and Jeanne Halgren Kilde (eds.), Rapture, Revelation, and the End Times: Exploring the Left Behind Series. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 1-4039-6525-0
Frykholm, Amy Johnson. Rapture Culture: Left Behind in Evangelical America. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-515983-7
Monahan, Torin. (2008). "Marketing the Beast: Left Behind and the Apocalypse Industry" (pdf). Media, Culture, & Society. 30 (6): 813–830. doi:10.1177/0163443708096095.
Olson, Carl E. Will Catholics be Left Behind? San Francisco, Ignatius Press, 2003. ISBN 0-898709-50-4
Standaert, Michael, 2006 Skipping Towards Armageddon: The Politics and Propaganda of the Left Behind Novels and the LaHaye Empire (Soft Skull Press)
Reed, David A., LEFT BEHIND Answered Verse by Verse. Morrisville, NC: Lulu.com, 2008. ISBN 1-4357-0873-3
Rossing, Barbara R., The Rapture Exposed: The Message of Hope in the Book of Revelation, New York: Basic Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8133-4314-3
Shuck, Glenn W.. Marks Of The Beast: The Left Behind Novels And The Struggle For Evangelical Identity. New York University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8147-4005-7
Gribben, Crawford, Rapture Fiction and the Evangelical Crisis. Evangelical Press, 2006. ISBN 0-85234-610-7.
Snow Flesher, LeAnn,Left Behind? The Facts Behind the Fiction. Valley Forge, Judson Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8170-1490-X
Tuley, Glenn, Not Left Behind: A Tribulation Survival Manual. Bedford, TX, Burkhart Books, 2015. ISBN 978-1-940359-25-0
External links[edit]
Official website
Archive of Left Behind radio shows in RealAudio
WELS Topical Q&A: Left Behind Series (a Confessional Lutheran perspective)
[hide]
v
t
e
Left Behind
Tim LaHaye
Jerry B. Jenkins
Mel Odom
Chris Fabry
Neesa Hart
Novels
Main series
Left Behind
Tribulation Force
Nicolae
Soul Harvest
Apollyon
Assassins
The Indwelling
The Mark
Desecration
The Remnant
Armageddon
Glorious Appearing
Prequels/sequels
The Rising
The Regime
The Rapture
Kingdom Come
Spin-offs
Left Behind: The Kids
Films
Original series
Left Behind: The Movie (2000)
Left Behind II: Tribulation Force (2002)
Left Behind: World at War (2005)
Spin-off
Vanished – Left Behind: Next Generation (2016)
Reboot
Left Behind (2014)
Game
Left Behind: Eternal Forces
Characters
Tribulation Force
Rayford Steele
Cameron "Buck" Williams
Chloe Steele
Bruce Barnes
Global Community
Nicolae Carpathia
Leon Fortunato
Suhail Akbar
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EuroMillions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Participating countries in EuroMillions:
original countries (February 2004)
other countries (October 2004)
EuroMillions tickets
EuroMillions is a transnational lottery requiring 7 correct numbers to win the jackpot [1]. It was launched on 7 February 2004 by France's Française des Jeux, Spain's Loterías y Apuestas del Estado and the United Kingdom's Camelot. The first draw was held on Friday 13 February 2004 in Paris. Initially, only the UK, France and Spain participated, with the Austrian, Belgian, Irish, Luxembourgish, Portuguese and Swiss lotteries joining for the 8 October 2004 drawing.
Draws are held every Tuesday and Friday night at 20:45 CET[2] in Paris. A standard EuroMillions ticket costs €2.50, £2.50 or CHF3.50 per line played, depending on the local currency. An option called Plus is currently available only in Ireland, adds €1.00 per line; as of February 2014, a non-optional addition called "My Million" in France adds €0.50 per line, while in Portugal it's called "M1lhão" and represents €0.30 of the whole €2.50 bet. The cost of playing in the UK increased from £1.50 to £2.00 per line on 7 November 2009, due to the combination of the EUR/GBP exchange rate, and an automatic entry in its Millionaire Raffle. From 24 September 2016 the cost per line increased from £2.00 to £2.50 in the UK.
From September 24, 2016 the amount of lucky stars changed from a pool of 11 to a pool of 12 numbers. Decreasing the jackpot winning odds from 1:117million to 1:140million.
From September 24, 2016 the cost of entry in Ireland and Spain rose to €2.50 per line.
All prizes, including the jackpot, are tax-free (except in Switzerland, Spain and Portugal since 2013) and are paid as a lump sum.
Contents
[hide]
1 Play
2 Eligibility
3 Prize structure
4 EuroMillions Trust
5 Super Draws and Event draws
6 Distribution of revenue
7 Email scams making use of EuroMillions brand name
8 EuroMillions Plus (Ireland only)
9 UK Millionaire Maker
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Play[edit]
The player selects five main numbers which can be any number from 1 to 50.
The player selects two different lucky star numbers from a pool of 12 numbers.
Draws take place at 20:45 every Tuesday and Friday in Paris. The results are published shortly after the draw on associated and independent websites around 23:00 hours.
To participate in the EuroMillions Lotto, tickets can be purchased from many outlets, namely at licensed stores and online websites.
The gameplay changed on Tuesday 10 May 2011 with a second weekly draw and the number of "lucky stars" in the Pacquerette machine increasing from 9 to 11. A prize for matching two main numbers and no lucky stars was also introduced on the same date.
On Saturday 24 September 2016 the number of "lucky stars" increased again, from 11 to 12.
Eligibility[edit]
According to the Euromillions rules page, no restriction on nationality of buyer exists. Tourists/ Non-residents are eligible to participate in the EuroMillions lottery as long as they aged 18 or over. The minimum age differs in some countries, e.g. it is 16 years in the UK.[3]
The game is currently available to players in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, France (including overseas regions and collectivities), Ireland, the Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Prize structure[edit]
As of 24 September 2016 the structure of the draw was changed, with the Lucky Star being drawn from a pool of 12 numbers instead of the old 11. The prize structure as of Tuesday 27 September 2016 is as follows:
Main
numbers
Lucky
stars
Probability of winning (a)
% of prize fund (b)
Expected winnings (€)
Expected winnings (£)[4]
Fraction
%
2 0 1 in 22 4.57% 18.25% €4 £3.30
2 1 1 in 49 2.03% 14.85% €8 £6.00
1 2 1 in 188 0.53% 4.95% €10 £7.60
3 0 1 in 314 0.32% 3.50% €12 £9.00
3 1 1 in 706 0.14% 1.85% €14 £10.70
2 2 1 in 985 0.10% 1.75% €19 £14.20
4 0 1 in 13,811 0.0072% 0.38% €58 £43.30
3 2 1 in 14,125 0.0071% 0.67% €104 £78.00
4 1 1 in 31,075 0.0032% 0.48% €164 £123.00
4 2 1 in 621,503 0.00016% 0.45% €3,076 £2,307.30
5 0 1 in 3,107,515 0.000032% 0.92% €31,448 £23,586.00
5 1 1 in 6,991,908 0.000014% 3.95% €303,798 £227,848.80
5 2 1 in 139,838,160 0.00000072% 43.2% or 27% (X) Jackpot Jackpot
Booster fund 4.8% or 21% (X)
Overall 1 in 13 7.71% 100% €14 £10.70
The booster fund is available to contribute to the jackpot, for example to boost the initial jackpot in a sequence of growing jackpots. The amount utilized each week is determined in advance by the participating lotteries.
(a) per entry
(b) prize fund = 50% of sales main draw
(b) sales main draw = €2.20 in pounds sterling per entry (exchange rate!) times number of entries
(X) draw 1 to 6: 43.2% + 4.8% & draw 7 (or higher): 27% + 21%
expected winnings (£) exchange rate: €1.00 = £0.75
The odds of winning any prize at all are 1 in 13
The odds of getting none of the 50 main balls but getting both lucky stars is approximately 1 in 115. This means that it is less likely than getting 2 main balls and one lucky star (1 in 49). However, there is no prize for only getting 2 lucky stars.
The figures for the estimated prize are just a guide, and the actual amount varies according to the total in the prize fund and the number of winners for each prize. (Estimated prizes as per reverse of UK playslip)
If the Jackpot is not won, it rolls over to the next draw.
Effective 7 November 2009 new rules were put in place regarding rollovers.[5]
The new rules introduce the Jackpot Pool Cap. The jackpot will continue to rollover until the Jackpot reaches or exceeds €185,000,000, the Jackpot will remain at €185,000,000 and any additional prize money rolled over will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner (5 main numbers + 1 Lucky Star or possibly even just five main numbers).
After winning the Jackpot with a Jackpot Pool Cap, the Jackpot Pool Cap grows by €5,000,000. (In other words, after the capped Jackpot of €185,000,000 is won, the next Jackpot Pool Cap is €190,000,000, then the next time €195,000,000 etc.)
If the €190,000,000 Jackpot is still not won, the Jackpot will continue to be €190,000,000 for the next draw if it is won, and again any additional prize money will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner.
A new rule change of 12 January 2012 locks the Jackpot cap at €190,000,000 permanently and if the jackpot is not won after two draws, the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level. A new rule change of 24 September 2016: if the jackpot is not won after five draws, the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level.
EuroMillions Trust[edit]
The participating national lotteries in the EuroMillions game have each established a EuroMillions Trust account. This is used for the settlement of all amounts due and for holding amounts in respect of future prizes. This trust arrangement protects the participating lotteries between them from a default from one of the national companies and ultimately the players' interests. EuroMillions is the largest euro lottery, its history of creation is dated back to the distant year of 1994 when several EU countries first had the idea of launching a multi-European lottery[citation needed].
Super Draws and Event draws[edit]
Super Draws and Event draws are special drawings when the Jackpot is set to a guaranteed amount - often €100,000,000. The difference being that a Super Draw jackpot will roll over to the next drawing if not won but an Event Draw jackpot will be distributed amongst the winners in the next lower tier (i.e. match 5 + 1). So far there has not been an event draw, until now, jackpots in a Super Draw have rolled over to the next drawing if not won
The first Super draw of 2011 took place on Tuesday 10 May to mark the introduction of the second weekly Euromillions draw and changes to the game format (11 lucky stars instead of 9 and a new "match 2 main numbers and no lucky stars" prize tier).
The first Super draw of 2016 took place on Friday 30 September to introduce the change to the game format (12 lucky stars instead of 11 and increased price).
Super draws have been held to date on
9 February 2007 (€100 million);
28 September 2007 (€130 million);
8 February 2008 (€130 million);
26 September 2008 (€130 million);
6 March 2009 (€100 million);
18 September 2009 (€100 million);
5 February 2010 (€100 million);
1 October 2010 (€100 million);
10 May 2011 (€100 million);
4 October 2011 (€100 million);
28 September 2012 (€100 million);
22 March 2013 (€100 million);
7 June 2013 (€100 million);
15 November 2013 (€100 million);
7 March 2014 (€100 million);
3 October 2014 (€100 million);
6 March 2015 (€100 million);
5 June 2015 (€100 million);
6 November 2015 (€100 million);
30 September 2016 (€130 million);
30 June 2017 (€100 million);
15 September 2017 (€130 million).
20 April 2018 (€130 million).
(A €100,000,000 Super draw was planned for 6 June 2014 but was cancelled when the jackpot rolled over to €105,000,000[6]).
(This is a change to the game rules[7] as of 4 April 2011 when the Event Draw was added.)
Distribution of revenue[edit]
In the UK, the total EuroMillions revenue is broken down as follows:[8]
Breakdown of UK EuroMillions revenue
0.5% in profit to Camelot
4.5% in operating costs
5% in commission to the retailers.
12% to the UK Government (Lottery Duty)
28% for the "Good Causes"
50% to winners
Email scams making use of EuroMillions brand name[edit]
When Chris and Colin Weir, one couple who won the EuroMillions, pledged to donate their prize money to good causes,[9] cyber criminals started using the couple's name in their email scams to fool the general public and ultimately cheat them of money.[10] [11]
EuroMillions Plus (Ireland only)[edit]
In June 2007, with the success of the main EuroMillions game, the Irish National Lottery launched EuroMillions Plus. For an extra €1 per line, players could enter the additional draw with the top prize each week of €500,000. Sales of the main EuroMillions in Ireland for 2006 were over €145 million; this success led to the introduction of 'Plus'.
UK Millionaire Maker[edit]
Since November 2009 at least one UK player every week has won a guaranteed £1,000,000. With the introduction of the Tuesday EuroMillions Draw on Tuesday 10 May 2011 there were 2 Millionaire Raffle winners each week. The latest changes to Euromillions in September 2016 now mean that two guaranteed Millionaire Raffle winners are made per draw, or 4 per week across the two draws.
According to the Euromillions website, the chances of winning the UK Millionaire Maker game on a Tuesday can be estimated as 1 in 1,900,000 but can shrink to 1 in 2,250,000 in the events of rollovers. On a Friday, it can be calculated as 1 in 2,950,000 but again the odds can fall to 1 in 3,400,000 in the events of a 4 times rollover. Winning in this game depends entirely on the number of the playslips sold so the odds fluctuate. The odds may also fluctuate during a super draw or a special event in the UK Millionaire Raffle.
Prices per line in the UK increased by 50p to £2.00. The 50p was added due to weak exchange rates between the pound and the euro and to cover the expense of the new Millionaire Maker. On 24 September 2016 the price per line in the UK was increased by an additional 50p to £2.50.
See also[edit]
Eurojackpot - a similar transnational lottery in Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
Lottery
Vikinglotto - a similar transnational lottery in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Slovenia.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Paragraph 7.1 (Translation: "The draws for the Euro Millions game take place on Tuesday and Friday evenings at the time specified by the organisers of the game, which is around 21:45 (CET), Paris time.")
Jump up ^ "Home". The National Lottery. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Players' Guide to EuroMillions". National Lottery. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "EuroMillions Interactive Game Procedures". The National Lottery. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "EuroMillions draw: lottery postponed after jackpot naturally passes €100 million mark after rollovers and strong ticket sales". The Independent. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "EuroMillions Game Procedures". The National Lottery. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Correspondence with help at national-lottery.co.uk, 8 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "BBC News - Lottery win: Euromillions couple are 'tickled pink'". BBC News. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Slay Hoax: Chris and Colin Weir Email Scam". Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Internet fraudsters pose as lotto millionaires Colin and Chris Weir - Daily Record". Retrieved 4 June 2014.
External links[edit]
UK National Lottery
Irish National Lottery
Belgium National Lottery
Portugal National Lottery
Spain National Lottery
Swiss Lottery
Austrian National Lottery
Luxembourg National Lottery
French National Lottery
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EuroMillions&oldid=837709139"
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Enthalpy of fusion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the plastic welding technique, see Heat fusion.
Enthalpies of melting and boiling for pure elements versus temperatures of transition, demonstrating Trouton's rule.
The enthalpy of fusion of a substance, also known as (latent) heat of fusion, is the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, (or resulting from the release of energy from a substance during transition from liquid to solid), at constant pressure. (It is used to decribe the change in phase of matter of melting or freezing). This energy includes the contribution required to make room for any associated change in volume by displacing its environment against ambient pressure. The temperature at which the phase transition occurs is the melting point or the freezing point, according to context. By convention, the pressure is assumed to be 1 atm (101.325 kPa) unless otherwise specified.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Examples
3 Solubility prediction
3.1 Proof
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Overview[edit]
The 'enthalpy' of fusion is a latent heat, because during melting the heat energy needed to change the substance from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure is latent heat of fusion, as the temperature remains constant during the process. The latent heat of fusion is the enthalpy change of any amount of substance when it melts. When the heat of fusion is referenced to a unit of mass, it is usually called the specific heat of fusion, while the molar heat of fusion refers to the enthalpy change per amount of substance in moles.
The liquid phase has a higher internal energy than the solid phase. This means energy must be supplied to a solid in order to melt it and energy is released from a liquid when it freezes, because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and so have a higher potential energy (a kind of bond-dissociation energy for intermolecular forces).
When liquid water is cooled, its temperature falls steadily until it drops just below the line of freezing point at 0 °C. The temperature then remains constant at the freezing point while the water crystallizes. Once the water is completely frozen, its temperature continues to fall.
The enthalpy of fusion is almost always a positive quantity; helium is the only known exception.[1] Helium-3 has a negative enthalpy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4 also has a very slightly negative enthalpy of fusion below 0.77 K (−272.380 °C). This means that, at appropriate constant pressures, these substances freeze with the addition of heat.[2] In the case of 4He, this pressure range is between 24.992 and 25.00 atm (2,533 kPa).[3]
Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three.
Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period two of the periodic table of elements.
Substance
Heat of fusion
(cal/g)
Heat of fusion
(J/g)
water 79.72 333.55
methane 13.96 58.99
propane 19.11 79.96
glycerol 47.95 200.62
formic acid 66.05 276.35
acetic acid 45.90 192.09
acetone 23.42 97.99
benzene 30.45 127.40
myristic acid 47.49 198.70
palmitic acid 39.18 163.93
sodium acetate 63–69 264–289[4]
stearic acid 47.54 198.91
gallium 19.2 80.4
Paraffin wax (C25H52) 47.8-52.6 200–220
These values are mostly from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62nd edition. The conversion between cal/g and J/g in the above table uses the thermochemical calorie (calth) = 4.184 joules rather than the International Steam Table calorie (calINT) = 4.1868 joules.
Examples[edit]
A) To heat 1 kg (1.00 liter) of water from 283.15 K to 303.15 K (10 °C to 30 °C) requires 83.6 kJ. However, to melt ice also requires energy. We can treat these two processes independently; thus, to heat 1 kg of ice from 273.15 K to water at 293.15 K (0 °C to 20 °C) requires:
(1) 333.55 J/g (heat of fusion of ice) = 333.55 kJ/kg = 333.55 kJ for 1 kg of ice to melt
PLUS
(2) 4.18 J/(g·K) × 20K = 4.18 kJ/(kg·K) × 20K = 83.6 kJ for 1 kg of water to increase in temperature by 20 K
= 417.15 kJ
From these figures it can be seen that one part ice at 0 °C will cool almost exactly 4 parts water from 20 °C to 0 °C.
B) Silicon has a heat of fusion of 50.21 kJ/mol. 50 kW of power can supply the energy required to melt about 100 kg of silicon in one hour, after it is brought to the melting point temperature:
50 kW = 50kJ/s = 180000kJ/h
180000kJ/h * (1 mol Si)/50.21kJ * 28gSi/(mol Si) * 1kgSi/1000gSi = 100.4kg/h
Solubility prediction[edit]
The heat of fusion can also be used to predict solubility for solids in liquids. Provided an ideal solution is obtained the mole fraction ( x 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{2})} of solute at saturation is a function of the heat of fusion, the melting point of the solid ( T f u s ) {\displaystyle (T_{\mathit {fus}})} and the temperature (T) of the solution:
ln  x 2 = − Δ H f u s ∘ R ( 1 T − 1 T f u s ) {\displaystyle \ln x_{2}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{R}}\left({\frac {1}{T}}-{\frac {1}{T_{\mathit {fus}}}}\right)}
Here, R is the gas constant. For example, the solubility of paracetamol in water at 298 K is predicted to be:
x 2 = exp  ( − 28100 J mol − 1 8.314 J K − 1 mol − 1 ( 1 298 − 1 442 ) ) = 0.0248 {\displaystyle x_{2}=\exp {\left(-{\frac {28100{\mbox{ J mol}}^{-1}}{8.314{\mbox{ J K}}^{-1}{\mbox{ mol}}^{-1}}}\left({\frac {1}{298}}-{\frac {1}{442}}\right)\right)}=0.0248}
This equals to a solubility in grams per liter of:
0.0248 ∗ 1000 g 18.053 mol − 1 1 − 0.0248 ∗ 151.17 mol − 1 = 213.4 {\displaystyle {\frac {0.0248*{\frac {1000{\mbox{ g}}}{18.053{\mbox{ mol}}^{-1}}}}{1-0.0248}}*151.17{\mbox{ mol}}^{-1}=213.4}
which is a deviation from the real solubility (240 g/L) of 11%. This error can be reduced when an additional heat capacity parameter is taken into account.[5]
Proof[edit]
At equilibrium the chemical potentials for the pure solvent and pure solid are identical:
μ s o l i d ∘ = μ s o l u t i o n ∘ {\displaystyle \mu _{solid}^{\circ }=\mu _{solution}^{\circ }\,}
or
μ s o l i d ∘ = μ l i q u i d ∘ + R T ln  X 2 {\displaystyle \mu _{solid}^{\circ }=\mu _{liquid}^{\circ }+RT\ln X_{2}\,}
with R {\displaystyle R\,} the gas constant and T {\displaystyle T\,} the temperature.
Rearranging gives:
R T ln  X 2 = − ( μ l i q u i d ∘ − μ s o l i d ∘ ) {\displaystyle RT\ln X_{2}=-(\mu _{liquid}^{\circ }-\mu _{solid}^{\circ })\,}
and since
Δ G f u s ∘ = μ l i q u i d ∘ − μ s o l i d ∘ {\displaystyle \Delta G_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }=\mu _{liquid}^{\circ }-\mu _{solid}^{\circ }\,}
the heat of fusion being the difference in chemical potential between the pure liquid and the pure solid, it follows that
R T ln  X 2 = − ( Δ G f u s ∘ ) {\displaystyle RT\ln X_{2}=-(\Delta G_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ })\,}
Application of the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation:
( ∂ ( Δ G f u s ∘ T ) ∂ T ) p = − Δ H f u s ∘ T 2 {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial ({\frac {\Delta G_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{T}})}{\partial T}}\right)_{p\,}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{T^{2}}}}
ultimately gives:
( ∂ ( ln  X 2 ) ∂ T ) = Δ H f u s ∘ R T 2 {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial (\ln X_{2})}{\partial T}}\right)={\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{RT^{2}}}}
or:
∂ ln  X 2 = Δ H f u s ∘ R T 2 ∗ δ T {\displaystyle \partial \ln X_{2}={\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{RT^{2}}}*\delta T}
and with integration:
∫ X 2 = 1 X 2 = x 2 δ ln  X 2 = ln  x 2 = ∫ T f u s T Δ H f u s ∘ R T 2 ∗ Δ T {\displaystyle \int _{X_{2}=1}^{X_{2}=x_{2}}\delta \ln X_{2}=\ln x_{2}=\int _{T_{\mathit {fus}}}^{T}{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{RT^{2}}}*\Delta T}
the end result is obtained:
ln  x 2 = − Δ H f u s ∘ R ( 1 T − 1 T f u s ) {\displaystyle \ln x_{2}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{R}}\left({\frac {1}{T}}-{\frac {1}{T_{\mathit {fus}}}}\right)}
See also[edit]
Heat of vaporization
Heat capacity
Thermodynamic databases for pure substances
Joback method (Estimation of the heat of fusion from molecular structure)
Latent heat
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Atkins & Jones 2008, p. 236.
Jump up ^ Ott & Boerio-Goates 2000, pp. 92–93.
Jump up ^ Hoffer, J. K.; Gardner, W. R.; Waterfield, C. G.; Phillips, N. E. (April 1976). "Thermodynamic properties of 4He. II. The bcc phase and the P-T and VT phase diagrams below 2 K". Journal of Low Temperature Physics. 23 (1): 63–102. Bibcode:1976JLTP...23...63H. doi:10.1007/BF00117245.
Jump up ^ Ibrahim Dincer and Marc A. Rosen. Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications, page 155
Jump up ^ Measurement and Prediction of Solubility of Paracetamol in Water-Isopropanol Solution. Part 2. Prediction H. Hojjati and S. Rohani Org. Process Res. Dev.; 2006; 10(6) pp 1110–1118; (Article) doi:10.1021/op060074g
References[edit]
Atkins, Peter; Jones, Loretta (2008), Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight (4th ed.), W. H. Freeman and Company, p. 236, ISBN 0-7167-7355-4
Ott, BJ. Bevan; Boerio-Goates, Juliana (2000), Chemical Thermodynamics: Advanced Applications, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-530985-6
[hide]
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value: \left({\frac  {\partial ({\frac  {\Delta G_{{{\mathit  {fus}}}}^{\circ }}{T}})}{\partial T}}\right)_{{p\,}}=-{\frac  {\Delta H_{{{\mathit  {fus}}}}^{\circ }}{T^{2}}}

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text:
My Bucket's Got a Hole in It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with There's a Hole in My Bucket.
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
Single by Hank Williams
B-side
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
Released
1949
Genre
Honky-tonk, blues
Length
2:30
Label
MGM
Songwriter(s)
Clarence Williams
Hank Williams singles chronology
"Mind Your Own Business"
(1949) "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
(1949) "I Just Don't Like This Kind of Living"
(1949)
"Mind Your Own Business"
(1949) "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
(1949) "I Just Don't Like This Kind of Living"
(1949)
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" is a song widely attributed to Clarence Williams, who obtained a copyright in 1933. The song became popular performed by Hank Williams for MGM and reached #4 on the country chart in 1949.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Tom Gates version
3 Washboard Sam version
4 Hank Williams version
5 Other versions
6 References
Origins[edit]
A rendering (1927) by Tom Gates and his Orchestra (on Gennett 6184) as "The Bucket's Got A Hole In It" gives writing credit to musicians Lee Blevins and Victor Sells. This version predates the C. Williams copyright. The original melody evolved from the second theme of "Long Lost Blues" published in 1914 by J. Paul Wyer and H. Alf Kelley. The "Long Lost Blues" theme was a variation of "Bucket's Got a Hole in It", a motif that appears in several versions of "Keep A-Knockin". This tune later became the basis for several versions of the song, "You Can't Come In" recorded by multiple artists. However, "Bucket's Got a Hole in It" has also been attributed to Buddy Bolden, which would date it before 1906.[2] As one critic noted, Hank Williams "could have been given this ditty to record, [but] he may have been familiar with this ditty from previous recordings or had heard it while growing up in Alabama."[3]
Tom Gates version[edit]
Tom Gates and his Orchestra performed the earliest known recording of this song on July 25, 1927 (Gennett 6198-A Champion 15307) in St. Paul, Minnesota as "The Bucket's Got a Hole in It."[4] Band members included the composers, Lee N. Blevins on trombone and Victor Sells on trumpet. Also playing were Earl Clark, Frank Cloustier (Piano, Director), Bob Gates, Tom Gates, Tracy "Pug" Mama, Nevin Simmons (Alto Sax/Vocals), and Harold Stoddard. Even in this early recording, the melody had already been used by the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in their "She's Crying For Me Blues" ('25 - Victor), also by Louis Dumaine's Jazzola Eight in '27 as To-Wa-Bac-A-Wa-Yale Blues.
Washboard Sam version[edit]
Washboard Sam, aka Robert Brown, released a version of this song on Bluebird B-7906 known as "Bucket's Got A Hole In It." This recording was made in 1937 as one of "several historic blues recording sessions [that] took place on the top floor of the Leland Hotel located in downtown Aurora, Illinois. Lester Melrose, a freelance A&R man, and record producer, put together those recording sessions for the Bluebird label. Melrose brought together a small group of artists from St. Louis, and some of Chicago’s finest blues artists of the time, and over the course of the next 20 months, recorded over 300 tracks.[5] " Featured in this series of recordings are the performers Tampa Red, Washboard Sam, Big Bill Broonzy, Walter Davis, John Lee “Sonny Boy” Williamson, Big Joe Williams, Henry Townsend, Robert Lee McCoy, Speckled Red, Merlene Johnson, Addie “Sweet Peas” Spivey, Bill “Jazz” Gillum and One Arm Slim, amongst many others.[5]
Hank Williams playing guitar in Montgomery, Alabama in 1938
Hank Williams version[edit]
Williams likely first heard "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" from Rufus Payne, nicknamed "Tee Tot," a black street singer who taught a young Hank to play blues guitar.[6] In the essay to the 1990 Polygram box set Hank Williams: The Original Singles Collection, Colin Escott quotes Williams in an interview with Ralph Gleason in 1952: "I was shinin' shoes and sellin' newspapers and following this old Nigrah around to get him to teach me how to play the git-tar. I'd give him 15 cents or whatever I could get ahold of for a lesson." Understandably, producer Fred Rose was wary of the song's commercial potential; as country music historian Escott notes, "Fred Rose's opposition to the song had a lot to do with the fact that it mentioned beer, and probably had something to do with the fact that Acuff-Rose didn't publish it." In addition, Williams originally had a couplet mentioning a Ford automobile ("Me an' my baby, we got a Ford/Now we change the gears from the running board") and Rose demanded that, if Williams did record it, the reference be dropped because if Hank endorsed Ford, "then deejays sponsored by GM, Chrysler, and Studebaker wouldn't spin his record."[7] Williams recorded the song on August 30, 1949 at Herzog Studio in Cincinnati, Ohio (the same session that produced the B-side "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"). He is backed by members of the Pleasant Valley Boys - Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Innis (rhythm guitar) - as well as Tommy Jackson (fiddle) and Ernie Newton (bass).[8]
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" (Hank Williams version)
Hank Williams' 1949 recording of the song
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The song is significant for featuring the only guitar solo Williams ever recorded:
"Hank came into the studio with the guitar solo already worked out. He played it twice as he demo'd it for the band, then reprised it on the record, and while it didn't break new ground, it was loose and swinging and wonderfully bluesy. The entire record had a compelling swing that showed just how deeply Hank was immersed in black music."[7]
The blues influence is evident in other Williams songs, such as "Move It on Over," "Mind Your Own Business," and "Honky Tonk Blues," but "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" remains the song that displays the influence most prominently.
Other versions[edit]
Murv Shiner recorded the song for Decca.
Dave Denny recorded "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" for RCA.
T. Texas Tyler covered the song for 4-Star Records in 1949. The song reached #4 on the country chart.[9]
Fat Man Robinson recorded an R&B version for Decca that contained the lines to a Ford that Williams had dropped from his version.
Louis Armstrong recorded the song in 1950.
Sonny Burgess released a version as a single in 1957.[10]
Ken Colyer's Jazzmen released a version as a single in 1956 in the United Kingdom.[11]
Ricky Nelson released a version of the song in 1958. The song reached #6 on the R&B chart, #10 on the country chart, and #12 on the Billboard Hot 100.[12] Nelson substituted "I can't buy no beer" with "It don't work no more."
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
Single by Ricky Nelson
B-side
"Believe What You Say"
Released
March 10, 1958
Genre
Rock and roll
Length
2:00
Label
Imperial Records 5503
Songwriter(s)
Clarence Williams
Ricky Nelson singles chronology
"Stood Up"
(1957) "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
(1958) "Poor Little Fool"
(1958)
"Stood Up"
(1957) "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
(1958) "Poor Little Fool"
(1958)
The Ramsey Lewis Trio released a version on their 1962 album, Country Meets the Blues.[13]
Bob Dylan and The Band recorded the song in 1967, released in 2014 on The Bootleg Series Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete.[14]
Chris Spedding released a version as a single in 1975 in the United Kingdom.[15]
Andy Fairweather Low recorded his own version and it appeared on his 1975 album, La Booga Rooga.[16]
Jim Goad recorded a version on his 1997 album as Big Red Goad, Truck Drivin' Psycho.
Page and Plant released a version on the 2001 compilation, Good Rockin' Tonight - The Legacy Of Sun Records.[17]
Van Morrison released a version on his 2006 album, Pay the Devil.[18]
Willie Nelson and Wynton Marsalis released a version on their 2008 album, Two Men with the Blues.[19]
Tim Timebomb released a version on 2012
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It : Hank Williams : Chart positions". Musicvf.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Joop's Musical Flowers: You Can't Come In .." 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
Jump up ^ Bratkovich, Colin (2014). Just Remember This. Xlibris Xorporation. p. 690. ISBN 9781483645179. [self-published source]
Jump up ^ "Tom Gates and his Orchestra". 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Leland Bluebird Sessions". 12 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
Jump up ^ David Brackett (2000-10-25). "Interpreting Popular Music: With a new preface by the author". Books.google.com. p. 98. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Escott, Colin & 2004 126.
Jump up ^ Escott, Colin & 2004 332.
Jump up ^ "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It : T. Texas Tyler : Chart positions". Musicvf.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Sonny Burgess - My Bucket's Got A Hole In It / Sweet Misery - Sun - USA - 285". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Ken Colyer's Jazzmen - Wabash Blues / My Bucket's Got A Hole In It - Tempo - UK - A 126". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It : Ricky Nelson : Chart positions". Musicvf.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Country Meets the Blues - Ramsey Lewis | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Bob Dylan - The Basement Tapes Complete: The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 - Amazon.com Music". Amazon.com. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Chris Spedding - My Bucket's Got A Hole In It / I Can't Boogie - Island - UK - WIP 6225". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann. "La Booga Rooga - Andy Fairweather Low | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (2001-10-16). "Good Rockin' Tonight: The Legacy of Sun Records - Various Artists | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ Thom Jurek (2006-03-07). "Pay the Devil - Van Morrison | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Two Men with the Blues - Willie Nelson,Wynton Marsalis | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
[show]
v
t
e
Hank Williams
Discography
Songs
Albums
Hank Williams Sings
Hank Williams on Stage
Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts
The Complete Hank Williams
Memorial Album
Songs
"Move It On Over"
"Honky Tonkin'"
"I Saw the Light"
"Lovesick Blues"
"Mind Your Own Business"
"Lost Highway"
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
"Long Gone Lonesome Blues"
"Why Don't You Love Me"
"Cold, Cold Heart"
"Hey, Good Lookin'"
"Honky Tonk Blues"
"Half as Much"
"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)"
"You Win Again"
"I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive"
"Kaw-Liga"
"Your Cheatin' Heart"
"Take These Chains from My Heart"
"The Blues Come Around"
"Six More Miles (To the Graveyard)"
"I'm Satisfied with You"
"The Pale Horse and His Rider"
Family
Hank Williams Jr.
Jett Williams
Hank Williams III
Holly Williams
Related articles
Death of Hank Williams
List of tributes to Hank Williams
Drifting Cowboys
Sterling Records
MGM Records
Grand Ole Opry
The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams
The Garden Spot Programs, 1950
Rufus Payne
[show]
v
t
e
Ricky Nelson
James Burton
Richie Frost
Gene Garf
James Kirkland
Studio albums
Ricky Rocks (1957)
Ricky Nelson (1958)
Ricky Sings Again (1959)
Rick Is 21 (1961)
Rick Sings Nelson (1970)
Rudy the Fifth (1971)
Garden Party (1972)
Windfall (1974)
All My Best (1985)
Live album
In Concert at the Troubadour, 1969 (1970)
Singles
"I'm Walkin'"
"A Teenager's Romance"
"You're My One and Only Love"
"Have I Told You Lately That I Love You?"
"Be-Bop Baby"
"Stood Up"
"Waitin' in School"
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
"Believe What You Say"
"Poor Little Fool"
"Lonesome Town"
"I Got a Feeling"
"It's Late"
"Never Be Anyone Else But You"
"Just a Little Too Much"
"Sweeter Than You"
"I Wanna Be Loved"
"Young Emotions"
"Travelin' Man"
"Hello Mary Lou"
"A Wonder Like You"
"Everlovin'"
"Young World"
"Summertime"
"Teen Age Idol"
"It's Up to You"
"Fools Rush In"
"For You"
"The Very Thought of You"
"There's Nothing I Can Say"
"She Belongs to Me"
"Life"
"Garden Party"
"Dream Lover"
Related articles
Discography
Gunnar Nelson
Kristin Nelson
Matthew Nelson
Nelson
[show]
v
t
e
Willie Nelson
Albums
Singles
Songs
Filmography
Awards
Studio albums
1960s
...And Then I Wrote
Here's Willie Nelson
Country Willie – His Own Songs
Country Favorites-Willie Nelson Style
Make Way for Willie Nelson
The Party's Over
Texas in My Soul
Good Times
My Own Peculiar Way
1970s
Both Sides Now
Laying My Burdens Down
Willie Nelson and Family
Yesterday's Wine
The Words Don't Fit the Picture
The Willie Way
Shotgun Willie
Phases and Stages
Red Headed Stranger
The Sound in Your Mind
The Troublemaker
To Lefty from Willie
There'll Be No Teardrops Tonight
Stardust
Sings Kristofferson
Pretty Paper
The Electric Horseman
1980s
Honeysuckle Rose
Family Bible
Somewhere Over the Rainbow
Always On My Mind
Tougher Than Leather
Without a Song
City of New Orleans
Angel Eyes
Me & Paul
Partners
The Promiseland
Island in the Sea
What a Wonderful World
A Horse Called Music
1990s
Born for Trouble
Any Old Arms Won't Do
The IRS Tapes: Who'll Buy My Memories?
Across the Borderline
Moonlight Becomes You
Healing Hands of Time
Six Hours at Pedernales
Just One Love
Augusta
Spirit
How Great Thou Art
Teatro
Night and Day
2000s
Tales Out of Luck (Me and the Drummer)
Milk Cow Blues
Rainbow Connection
The Great Divide
Nacogdoches
It Always Will Be
Countryman
You Don't Know Me: The Songs of Cindy Walker
Songbird
Moment of Forever
American Classic
2010s
Country Music
Remember Me, Vol. 1
Heroes
Let's Face the Music and Dance
To All the Girls...
Band of Brothers
December Day
Django & Jimmie
Summertime: Willie Nelson Sings Gershwin
For the Good Times: A Tribute to Ray Price
God's Problem Child
Willie Nelson and the Boys
Live albums
Country Music Concert
Willie Nelson Live
Willie and Family Live
All of Me – Live in Concert
Willie Nelson & Friends – Stars & Guitars
Live and Kickin'
Live at Billy Bob's Texas
Outlaws and Angels
Songs for Tsunami Relief: Austin to South Asia
Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles
Compilations
Columbus Stockade Blues
Country Winners
The Best of Willie Nelson
Spotlight on Willie Nelson
Country Willie
What Can You Do to Me Now
The Longhorn Jamboree Presents: Willie Nelson & His Friends
Willie – Before His Time
Face of a Fighter
Sweet Memories
Always
Willie Nelson: His Very Best
Greatest Hits (& Some That Will Be)
Minstrel Man
Everybody's Talkin
The Best of Willie Nelson
20 of the Best
Collectors Series
Half Nelson
Love Songs
Yours Always
Super Hits
Super Hits, Volume 2
Revolutions of Time...The Journey 1975/1993
Willie Standard Time
16 Biggest Hits
Good Ol' Country Singin'
All the Songs I've Loved Before: 40 Unforgettable Songs
Crazy: The Demo Sessions
The Essential Willie Nelson
Songs
The Complete Atlantic Sessions
Natural Renegade: Opus Collection
16 Biggest Hits, Volume II
One Hell of a Ride
Playlist: The Very Best of Willie Nelson
Legend: The Best of Willie Nelson
Naked Willie
Lost Highway
The Classic Christmas Album
Country: Willie Nelson
Books
Willie: An Autobiography
The Facts of Life: And Other Dirty Jokes
Farm Aid: A Song for America
The Tao of Willie: A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart
On The Clean Road Again: Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm
A Tale Out of Luck
Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die: Musings from the Road
It's a Long Story: My Life
Pretty Paper
Related
Trigger
The Family
Farm Aid
Fourth of July Picnic
BioWillie
Willie's Reserve
Willie's Place
Willie's Roadhouse
Luck Films
Pedernales Country Club
The Highwaymen
Outlaw country
Willie Nelson Lifetime Achievement Award
The Western Express
Bobbie Nelson
Shirley Collie Nelson
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
Book
Category
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