text:
Connective tissue
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Connective tissue
Section of epididymis. Connective tissue (blue) is seen supporting the epithelium (purple)
Identifiers
FMA
9640
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelope the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers),[1] ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood[2] or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leucocytes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Characteristics
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Staining of connective tissue
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper, and special connective tissue.[3][4] Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue (which is further subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.)[5] Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.[6] Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues.[7] New vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue.[8] Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production of some CT.
Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue, and makes up about 25% of the total protein content of the mammalian body.[9]
Characteristics[edit]
Characteristics of CT:
Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid.
Ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces. Ground substance slows the spread of pathogens.
Fibers. Not all types of CT are fibrous. Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives "mechanical cushioning" to the body, among other functions.[10][11] Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose tissue, groups of adipose cells are kept together by collagen fibers and collagen sheets in order to keep fat tissue under compression in place (for example, the sole of the foot). The matrix of blood is plasma.
Both the ground substance and proteins (fibers) create the matrix for CT. Connective tissues are derived from the mesenchyme.
Types of fibers:
Tissue
Purpose
Components
Location
Collagenous fibers Bind bones and other tissues to each other Alpha polypeptide chains tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc.
Elastic fibers Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil Elastic microfibril and elastin extracellular matrix
Reticular fibers Form a scaffolding for other cells Type III collagen liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs
Function[edit]
Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved. Loose and dense irregular connective tissue, formed mainly by fibroblasts and collagen fibers, have an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation. They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces. Dense regular connective tissue, which forms organized structures, is a major functional component of tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses, and is also found in highly specialized organs such as the cornea.[12]:161 Elastic fibers, made from elastin and fibrillin, also provide resistance to stretch forces.[12]:171 They are found in the walls of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments, particularly in the ligamenta flava.[12]:173
In hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, reticular fibers made by reticular cells provide the stroma—or structural support—for the parenchyma—or functional part—of the organ.[12]:171
Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue.[13] Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is mucous connective tissue, found inside the umbilical cord.[12]:160
Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue, and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone.[12]:158 Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells and eosinophils are found scattered in loose connective tissue, providing the ground for starting inflammatory and immune responses upon the detection of antigens.[12]:161
Clinical significance[edit]
Main articles: Connective tissue disease and Connective tissue neoplasm
It is estimated that 1 in 10 people have a connective tissue disorder.[14][better source needed] Diseases of connective tissue include:
Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue.
Congenital diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.
Myxomatous degeneration – a pathological weakening of connective tissue.
Mixed connective tissue disease – a disease of the autoimmune system, also undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue
Scurvy, caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen.
Staining of connective tissue[edit]
For microscopic viewing, most of the connective tissue staining-techniques, color tissue fibers in contrasting shades. Collagen may be differentially stained by any of the following:
Van Gieson's stain
Masson's trichrome stain
Mallory's trichrome stain
Aniline blue stain
Eosin
Reticulin stain
See also[edit]
Connective tissue in skeletal muscle
Endometrium
Fascia
Parametrium
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Connective Tissue Study Guide". 2 January 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Dorland, W. A. Newman (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 1931. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Shostak, Stanley. "Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Carol Mattson Porth; Glenn Matfin (1 October 2010). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-58255-724-3. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Potter, Hugh. "The Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Caceci, Thomas. "Connective Tisues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ King, David. "Histology Intro". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Granulation Tissue Definition". Memidex. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Di Lullo; G. A. (2002). "Mapping the Ligand-binding Sites and Disease-associated Mutations on the Most Abundant Protein in the Human, Type I Collagen". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (6): 4223–31. PMID 11704682. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110709200.
Jump up ^ Xu, H.; et al. (2008). "Monitoring Tissue Engineering Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 106 (6): 515–527. PMID 19134545. doi:10.1263/jbb.106.515.
Jump up ^ Laclaustra, M.; et al. (2007). "Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology: The role of adiposetissue". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 17 (2): 125–139. PMID 17270403. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.10.005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ross M, Pawlina W (2011). Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 158–197. ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6.
Jump up ^ Young B, Woodford P, O'Dowd G (2013). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (6th ed.). Elsevier. p. 65. ISBN 978-0702047473.
Jump up ^ EDS Awareness.com (2012). "EDS Awareness Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome." Acquired by (EDSawareness.com)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connective tissues.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Connective Tissue
Overview at kumc.edu
UIUC Histology Subject 230
Connective tissue atlas at uiowa.edu
Questions and Answers about Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Connective Tissue Photomicrographs
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God bless you
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Bless You" redirects here. For other uses, see Bless You (disambiguation).
Look up God bless you in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
God bless you (variants include God bless or bless you[1]) is a common English expression, used to wish a person blessings in various situations,[1][2] especially as a response to a sneeze, and also, when parting or writing a valediction.[1][3]
The phrase has been used in the Hebrew Bible by Jews (cf. Numbers 6:24), and by Christians, since the time of the early Church as a benediction, as well as a means of bidding a person Godspeed.[4][5] Many clergy, when blessing their congregants individually or as a group, use the phrase "God bless you".[6]
Origins and legends[edit]
National Geographic reports that during the plague of AD 590, "Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately ("God bless you"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague."[7] By AD 750, it became customary to say "God bless you" as a response to one sneezing.[8]
The practice of blessing someone who sneezes dates as far back as at least AD 77, although it is far older than most specific explanations can account for.[9] Some have offered an explanation suggesting that people once held the folk belief that a person's soul could be thrown from their body when they sneezed,[9] that sneezing otherwise opened the body to invasion by the Devil or evil spirits,[10][11] or that sneezing was the body's effort to force out an invading evil presence.[9] In these cases, "God bless you" or "bless you" is used as a sort of shield against evil.[12] The Irish Folk story "Master and Man" by Thomas Crofton Croker, collected by William Butler Yeats, describes this variation.[13] Moreover, in the past some people may have thought that the heart stops beating during a sneeze, and that the phrase "God bless you" encourages the heart to continue beating.[9][10][11]
In some cultures, sneezing is seen as a sign of good fortune or God's beneficence.[9][14] As such, alternative responses to sneezing are the French phrase à vos souhaits (meaning "to your wishes"), the German word Gesundheit (meaning "health") sometimes adopted by English speakers, the Irish word sláinte (meaning "good health"), the Spanish salud (also meaning "health") and the Hebrew laBri'ut (colloquial) or liVriut (classic) (both spelled: "לבריאות") (meaning "to health").
In Persian culture, sneezing sometimes is called "sabr =صبر," meaning "to wait or be patient." And when trying to do something or go somewhere and suddenly sneezing, one should stop or sit for a few minutes and then restart. By this act the "bad thing" passes and one will be saved.
In Greek culture, sneezing was widely recognized as a divine omen. In Book 17 of Homer’s Odyssey, Penelope speaks to Eumaeus in private about the suitors feasting in the halls of the king's palace, and how surely Odysseus will return and kill them. Suddenly her son Telemachus sneezes and Penelope laughed. A sneeze meant the intercession of the gods to make her statement come true. It was a blessing from the gods, connecting the sneeze to the "God Bless You."
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jucker, Andreas H.; Taavitsainen, Irma (10 April 2008). Speech Acts in the History of English. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 171. ISBN 9789027291417. God bless you has been attested as a leave-taking term since 1740 and can be today heard in the US as an explicit wish or blessing and as an implicit leave-taking term. Some also use the reduced variant of God bless.
Jump up ^ Alhujelan, Naser S. (2008). Worldviews of the Peoples of the Arabian Peninsula: A Study of Cultural System. ProQuest. p. 369. ISBN 9780549703549. The expression "May God bless you" includes blessing, meaning growth, happiness, and many other good things. It is often said by family and loved ones as a kind of prayer.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Roger (1997). The Life and Death of Peter Sellers. Applause. p. 415. ISBN 9781557832481. The letter ends with the solemn valediction 'God bless you .'
Jump up ^ Everett, Isaac (1 May 2009). The Emergent Psalter. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 132. ISBN 9780898696172. The beginning of this psalm echoes the priestly benediction from Numbers 6: May God bless you and keep you.
Jump up ^ Wachspress, Amy (8 June 2012). Memories from Cherry Harvest. Counterpoint LLC. p. 91. ISBN 9781593764890. reciting the ancient Jewish benediction a parent gives to a child: "May God bless you and keep you and may God's countenance shine upon you and bring you peace."
Jump up ^ Driscoll, Rev. Michael S.; Hilgartner, Rev. Msgr. Richard B.; Kelly, Maureen A.; John Thomas Lane; James Presta; Corinna Laughlin; Jim Schellman; D. Todd Williamson; Paul Turner; Catherine Combier-Donovan; Diana Macalintal; Sr. Genevieve (2012). The Liturgy Documents, Volume Two: Essential Documents for Parish Sacramental Rites and Other Liturgies. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 439. ISBN 9781616710279. Thus, in the Book of Blessings, as in the Divine Office, while clergy may close with a true blessing ("May almighty God bless you."), laypersons can only request God's blessing ("May the Lord bless us.")
Jump up ^ Patrick, Bethanne Kelly; Thompson, John Milliken (2009). An Uncommon History of Common Things. National Geographic. p. 74. ISBN 9781426204203. In Rome during the plague of 590, Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately ("God bless you"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague. Although the populace did not understand that the sneeze was the source of transmittal, they may have sensed it was connected to the disease. "God bless you" became a verbal totem invoking divine mercy on the sneezer.
Jump up ^ Whiting, Bartl Jere (1977). Early American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. Harvard University Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780674219816. The year 750, is commonly reckoned the era of the custom of saying "God bless you," to one who happens to sneeze, etc.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Snopes Urban Legends - Bless You!
^ Jump up to: a b Ed Zotti, Editor. Why Do We Say "God Bless You" After a Sneeze?, Straight Dope, 27 September 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Madsci.org, Mad Scientist posting by Tom Wilson, M.D./PhD, Pathology, Div. of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine
Jump up ^ Stollznow, Karen (2014). ""God Bless You!" – A Blessing in Disguise?". Skeptic Magazine. 19 (4). Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Gutenberg.org, Project Gutenberg story by T. Crofton Croker, 1898.
Jump up ^ Re: Why does plucking my eyebrows make me sneeze?, MadSci Network posting by Robert West, Post-doc/Fellow, 1997-08-05
Opie, Iona, and Moira Tatem. A Dictionary of Superstitions. Oxford University Press; Oxford, 1992. ISBN 0-19-282916-5
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Mendicant orders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mendicant orders are, primarily, certain Christian religious orders that have adopted a lifestyle of poverty, traveling, and living in urban areas for purposes of preaching, evangelism, and ministry, especially to the poor. At their foundation these orders rejected the previously established monastic model. This foresaw living in one stable, isolated community where members worked at a trade and owned property in common, including land, buildings and other wealth. By contrast, the mendicants avoided owning property, did not work at a trade, and embraced a poor, often itinerant lifestyle. They depended for their survival on the goodwill of the people to whom they preached.
The term "mendicant" is also used with reference to some non-Christian religions to denote holy persons committed to an ascetic lifestyle, which may include members of religious orders and individual holy persons.
Cluny Abbey, a former Benedictine monastery in Saône-et-Loire, France. It was at one time the center of Western monasticism.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of the friars
1.1 Dominicans
1.2 Franciscans
2 Characteristics
3 Early mendicant orders
4 Other mendicant orders
5 Former mendicant orders
5.1 Extinct mendicant orders
5.2 Orders no longer mendicant
6 Non-Christian mendicant orders
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Origins of the friars[edit]
What is called the mendicant movement in Church history arose primarily in the 13th century in Western Europe. Until that time the monks of Europe worked at their trade in their monastery. Renouncing personal property, they owned all things in common as a community after the example of chapters 2 and 4 of the Acts of the Apostles.[1]
With the rise of Western monasticism, monasteries attracted not only individuals aspiring to become monks and nuns, but also property, buildings and hence riches. In the view of some, the idea that Christ came down to earth poor and that the true Church must be the church of the poor clashed with this phenomenon. The desire for true Christian authenticity was thus seen by some to contrast to the empirical reality of the Church.[2]
The twelfth century saw great changes in western Europe. As commerce revived, urban centers arose and with them an urban middle class. New directions in spirituality were called for. Church reform became a major theme of the cultural revival of this era. In response to this, there emerged the new mendicant orders founded by Francis of Assisi (c.1181-1226) and Dominic Guzman (c.1170–1221).[3]
The mendicant friars were bound by a vow of poverty and dedicated to an ascetic way of life, renouncing property and travelling the world to preach. Their survival was dependent upon the good will and material support of their listeners. It was this way of life that gave them their name, "mendicant", derived from the Latin mendicare, meaning "to beg".[4]
The mendicant movement had started in France and Italy and became popular in the poorer towns and cities of Europe at the beginning of the thirteenth century. The refusal of the mendicants to own property and therefore to pay taxes was seen as threatening the stability of the established Church which was then planning a crusade, to be financed by tithes. For this and other reasons some mendicant orders were officially suppressed by Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 and others were reformed, so as to be capable of contributing funds or men to support the war effort.[5][6]
Dominicans[edit]
Main article: Dominican Order
While on a visit to southern France, Saint Dominic met the Albigensians, a religious sect which had a great popularity partly because of the economic situation of the times. Dominic, who had begun as a secular canon, responded to a desperate need for informed preaching by founding the Order of Preachers and thus embarking on a new form of religious life, the life of the friar. Before this time, religious life had been monastic, but with Dominic the secluded monastery gave way to priories in the cities. By the time of his death in 1221, the Order had spread through Western Europe, hundreds of young men had joined, and the presence of the Order of Preachers was felt at the major universities of the time.[7][8]
Franciscans[edit]
Main article: Franciscans
Francis came to this manner of life through a period of personal conversion. The Franciscans spread far and wide the devotion to the humanity of Christ, with the commitment to imitate the Lord.[2] Many of them were priests and men of learning whose contributions were notable in the rapid evolution and contemporary relevance of the movement.[1] Notable Franciscans include Anthony of Padua, who were inspirations to the formation of Christian mendicant traditions.
Characteristics[edit]
With deep insight the Franciscans and Dominicans put into practice a pastoral strategy suited to the social changes. The emergence of urban centers meant concentrated numbers of the homeless and the sick. This created problems for the parish churches who found themselves unable to address these issues.[9] Since many people were moving from the countryside to the cities, they no longer built their convents in rural districts but rather in urban zones.
In another innovation, the mendicant orders relinquished their principle of stability, a classical principle of ancient monasticism, opting for a different approach. Unlike the Benedictine monks, the mendicants were not permanently attached to any one particular convent and to its abbot.[1] Because the orders' primary aim was the evangelization of the masses, the church granted them freedom from the jurisdiction of the bishops and they travelled about to convert or reinforce faith.[4] The freedom of mendicancy allowed Franciscans and Dominicans mobility. Since they were not tied to monasteries or territorial parishes, they were free to take the gospel into the streets, to preach, hear confessions and minister to people wherever they were.[9] Friars Minor and Preachers travelled with missionary zeal from one place to another.
Consequently, they organized themselves differently in comparison with the majority of monastic orders. Instead of the traditional autonomy that every monastery enjoyed, they gave greater importance to the order as such and to the Superior General, as well as to the structure of the order Provinces. Their flexibility enabled them to send out the most suitable friars on specific missions, and the mendicant orders reached North Africa, the Middle East and Northern Europe.[2]
As students and professors, Friars Minor and Friars Preacher, Franciscans and Dominicans, entered the leading universities of the time, set up study centres, produced texts of great value and were protagonists of scholastic theology in its best period and had an important effect on the development of thought. The great thinkers, St Thomas Aquinas and St Bonaventure, were mendicants.[2]
In all the great cities of western Europe, friaries were established, and in the universities theological chairs were held by Dominicans and Franciscans. Later in the 13th century they were joined by the mendicant orders of Carmelites, Augustinian Hermits, and Servites.
They attracted a significant level of patronage, as much from townsfolk as aristocrats. Their focus of operation rapidly centered on towns where population growth historically outstripped the provision of rural parishes. Most medieval towns in Western Europe of any size came to possess houses of one or more of the major orders of friars. Some of their churches came to be built on grand scale with large spaces devoted to preaching, something of a specialty among the mendicant orders.
Early mendicant orders[edit]
Despite conforming to a recognizable model, the mendicant orders of friars had origins that were generally very different. The original mendicant orders of friars in the Church in the Middle Ages were the
Dominicans – Order of Preachers, commonly called the Black Friars, founded 1215.
Franciscans – who in modern times include the Order of Friars Minor (O.F.M.); the Order of Friars Minor Conventual (O.F.M. Conv.), who are commonly known as the Grey Friars; the Capuchins (Order of Friars Minor Capuchin) (O.F.M. Cap.), founded 1209; and the Third Order Regular of St. Francis, whose origins lie in the 15th century.
Augustinians – Hermits of St. Augustine, commonly called the Austin Friars, various loosely organized groups of hermits who accepted the Augustinian rule 1244–1256, in order to fall under the provisions of the decree "Ne nimium" of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215. In modern times two reform groups, the Augustinian Recollects and the Discalced Augustinians, exist as separate orders.
Carmelites – Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Carmel, commonly known as the White Friars, a groups of hermits on Mount Carmel in the Crusader states, who adopted a rule sometime between 1206 and 1214, before they began migrating to Western Europe around 1238[10] In modern times a reform group, the Discalced Carmelites, founded 1593, exists as a separate order.[11]
The Second Council of Lyons (1274) recognized these as the four "major" mendicant orders, and suppressed certain others. The Council of Trent loosened the restrictions on their owning property. Afterwards, except for the Franciscans and their offshoot the Capuchins, members of the orders were permitted to own property collectively as do monks.
Other mendicant orders[edit]
The other mendicant orders recognized by the Holy See today are the
Trinitarians – Order of the Most Blessed Trinity, sometimes called the Red Friars, founded 1193.
Mercedarians – Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy, founded 1218; and after a reform Discalced Mercedarians.
Servites – Order of Servants of Mary, founded 1233 by the Seven Holy Men of Florence, Italy. The order was suppressed by the Second Council of Lyon in 1272, on the basis of the restrictions in the decree "Ne nimium" of 1215; the suppression was not fully enforced and was subsequently overturned by Pope Benedict XI in his Bull, "Dum levamus", of 11 February 1304.[12]
Minims – Hermits of St. Francis of Paola, founded 1436.
Hospitaller Order of the Brothers of Saint John of God – founded in 1572 by Saint John of God for the care of the sick.
Order of Bethlehemite Brothers, founded in Guatemala in 1653 and refounded in 1984.[13][14]
Like the monastic orders, many of the mendicant orders, especially the larger ones, underwent splits and reform efforts, forming offshoots, permanent or otherwise, some of which are mentioned in the lists given above.
Former mendicant orders[edit]
Mendicant orders that formerly existed but are now extinct, and orders which for a time were classed as mendicant orders but now no longer are.
Extinct mendicant orders[edit]
Ambrosians or Fratres sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus, existed before 1378, suppressed by Pope Innocent X in 1650.
Fraticelli of Monte Malbe, founded at Monte Malbe near Perugia in Italy in the 14th century, by the end of the century they had dispersed.
Hospitallers of San Hipólito (Saint Hippolytus) or Brothers of Charity of de San Hipólito were founded in Mexico and approved by Rome as a mendicant order in 1700. In the 18th century they were absorbed by the Brothers Hospitaller of Saint John of God.
Jesuati, or Clerici apostolici Sancti Hieronymim, Apostolic Clerics of Saint Jerome, founded in 1360, suppressed by Pope Clement IX in 1668.
Saccati or Friars of the Sack (Fratres Saccati), known also variously as Brothers of Penitence and perhaps identical with the Boni Homines, Bonshommes or Bones-homes, whose history is obscure.[15]
Crutched Friars or Fratres Cruciferi (cross-bearing friars) or Crossed Friars, Crouched Friars or Croziers, named after the staff they carried which was surmounted by a crucifix, existed by 1100, suppressed by Pope Alexander VII in 1656.
Scalzetti, founded in the 18th century, suppressed by Pope Pius XI in 1935.[16]
Orders no longer mendicant[edit]
Jesuits or Society of Jesus, founded in 1540, and for a time considered a mendicant order, before being classed instead as an Order of Clerks Regular.
Teutonic Order or Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, founded c. 1190, reorganized 1929 as a religious order in 1929.[17]
Non-Christian mendicant orders[edit]
The term "mendicant" may also be used to refer to other non-Catholic and non-Christian ascetics, such as Buddhist monks and Hindu sannyasis. The Pali scriptures of Theravada Buddhism use the term bhikkhu for mendicant, and in Mahayana scriptures, the equivalent Sanskrit term bhikṣu is used.[citation needed] Mendicant traditions in Islam are found in Sufism and Dervishes.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Mendicant
Missionary order
Teaching order
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mendicant movement", Augnet Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Benedict XVI, "The Mendicant Orders", General Audience, 13 January 2010
Jump up ^ Guiraud, Jean (1909). Saint Dominic. p. 175.
^ Jump up to: a b Labatt, Annie, and Charlotte Appleyard. "Mendicant Orders in the Medieval World". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000 (October 2004)
Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Mendicant Friars". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump up ^ Tironensian Order Military School. Histoire Et Costumes Des Ordres Religieux, Civils Et Militaires (in French). Brussels, 1845 reprinted Nabu Press 2012. ISBN 978-1278531496.
Jump up ^ "Who we are", Dominican Friars, Central Province
Jump up ^ The sequence followed in listing the different orders follows the official precedence recognized by the Holy See, cf. Annuario Pontificio 2014 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2014, p. 1421-1425
^ Jump up to: a b "The Mendicant Orders", University of Saint Thomas–Saint Paul, Minnesota, 2003
Jump up ^ "Origins of the Carmelite Order", The British Province of Carmelite Friars Archived 2013-08-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The sequence followed in listing the different orders follows the official precedence recognized by the Holy See, cf. Annuario Pontificio 2014 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2014, p. 1421-1425
Jump up ^ Griffin, Patrick. "Order of Servites". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 19 Aug. 2013
Jump up ^ Giancarlo Rocca (dir.), Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, Edizioni Paoline, Roma, vol. V, 1978, col. 1185.
Jump up ^ The sequence followed in listing the different orders follows the official precedence recognized by the Holy See, cf. Annuario Pontificio 2014 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2014, p. 1421-1425
Jump up ^ Giancarlo Rocca (dir.), Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, Edizioni Paoline, Roma, vol. V, 1978, col. 1185.
Jump up ^ Giancarlo Rocca (dir.), Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, Edizioni Paoline, Roma, vol. V, 1978, col. 1185.
Jump up ^ Giancarlo Rocca (dir.), Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, Edizioni Paoline, Roma, vol. V, 1978, col. 1185.
External links[edit]
Audience of Benedict XVI, 13 January, 2010
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Mendicant Friars". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Mendicant Movement and Orders". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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Impractical Jokers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the British television series, see Impractical Jokers UK.
Impractical Jokers
Genre
Hidden camera
Directed by
Peter Fowkes
P. J. Morrison
Starring
Brian "Q" Quinn
James "Murr" Murray
Sal Vulcano
Joe Gatto
Narrated by
Drew Patterson
Bill St. James
Erik Falcon
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
7
No. of episodes
160 (and 27 specials) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Charlie DeBevoise
Mark Hickman
Brian Quinn
James Murray
Joe Gatto
Sal Vulcano
Pete McPartland
Simmy Kustanowitz[1]
Location(s)
New York
Camera setup
Hidden camera
Running time
21 minutes (season 1-5)
24 minutes (season 5-present)
Production company(s)
NorthSouth Productions
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television[2]
Release
Original network
TruTV
Comedy Central UK
Picture format
576i (season 1)
1080i (season 2-present)
Original release
December 15, 2011 (2011-12-15) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes
Jokers Wild
Impractical Jokers: After Party
External links
Website
Impractical Jokers is an American hidden camera reality series that premiered on TruTV on December 15, 2011, and is produced by NorthSouth Productions. It follows Joseph "Joe" Gatto, James "Murr" Murray, Brian "Q" Quinn, and Salvatore "Sal" Vulcano, the four members of the comedy troupe The Tenderloins, as they coerce one another into doing public pranks while being filmed by hidden cameras. The show differs from other prank television programs, as the stars of Impractical Jokers do not know the details of the prank until the moment they are performing it on strangers.
It was announced in 2017 that the show will be syndicated to broadcast television outlets via Trifecta Entertainment & Media. It will be cleared in 85% of the U.S. markets.[3]
In March 2018, TruTV announced that the show would be renewed for an eighth season that will have 26 episodes and is expected to air in February of 2019. TruTV also announced that an Impractical Jokers feature-length movie will go into production in the spring of 2018.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Episodes
3 Statistics
4 Cast
4.1 Main
4.2 Guest appearances
5 Reception
6 Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes
7 Impractical Jokers: After Party
8 Impractical Jokers movie
9 International versions
10 International broadcasts
11 References
12 External links
Development[edit]
Intertitle used since Season 3. From left to right: Q, Murr, Sal, and Joe.
Joseph "Joe" Gatto, James "Murr" Murray, Brian "Q" Quinn, and Salvatore "Sal" Vulcano, four high school friends who attended Monsignor Farrell High School, from Staten Island, New York, formed the live improv and sketch comedy troupe The Tenderloins in 1999.
After a long and successful history, including winning the $100,000 grand prize in NBC's "It’s Your Show" competition, the group went into television. In 2008, they filmed a pilot episode for a scripted sitcom for Spike TV, but the show did not go to series. TruTV announced the series Impractical Jokers, originally slated to be named Mission: Uncomfortable, on April 12, 2011, eight months before the show's debut. Murray explained how the hidden camera format made sense based on the jokesters' skills. "We needed to find the right format... thing is, we've been doing this for years, but when it's on camera, the embarrassment is amplified."[5] Q and Sal have said when they gave their pilot episode to TruTV, it was recorded on their iPhones. At the time they pitched the idea to TruTV, Murray was VP of Development for NorthSouth Productions, the company that has produced the series since its inception.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Impractical Jokers episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 16 December 15, 2011 (2011-12-15) May 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)
2 28 September 6, 2012 (2012-09-06) December 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)
3 31 January 2, 2014 (2014-01-02) October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)
4 26 January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29) October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
5 26 February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11) November 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)
6 26 February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09) November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
7 26[6] February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01) November 2018 (2018-11)
Specials 27 February 2, 2012 (2012-02-02) TBA
Before every challenge, the Jokers explain where they are, what the challenge is, and what will happen if they fail. Often (but not always) the cast member(s) performing the prank wears an earpiece, while the others have a mic in a covert location. Cameras are hidden near the area to capture the action. The challenge location is usually a public area in or around New York City such as a city park, or store. The criteria of each challenge are the same for each of the Jokers competing in the round. If the Joker cannot complete their task, they get a thumbs-down. At the end of the episode, the Joker or Jokers with the most thumbs down is punished, and the punishments are usually more embarrassing, humiliating, disgusting, painful or scary than any of the challenges. Punishments cannot be refused, or the Joker will be kicked off the show.
Statistics[edit]
Up to date as of April 14, 2018.
Impractical Jokers statistics
Joker
Punishments
Thumbs down
Thumbs up
Challenges
Joe
36 (23.4%) 136 (35.9%) 254 (68.5%) 377 (92.0%)
Murr
50 (34.0%) 168 (48.7%) 228 (59.3%) 379 (92.6%)
Q
40 (26.1%) 140 (38.0%) 252 (69.0%) 375 (91.4%)
Sal
55 (36.0%) 163 (42.6%) 239 (66.2%) 377 (92.0%)
Punishments include double, separate, triple, and in one episode, all four punished.
Some statistics have been rounded.
Some challenges involved double-thumbs down (10) (Sal 4, Murr 3, Joe 2, Q 2); punishment percentage rates are based on total episodes that involve punishments (147 out of 150); challenge percentage rates are based on total challenges attempted (418 as of October 12, 2017).
In some instances, a joker can bet that another Joker can't complete a (usually difficult) task. If the task is complete, the challenge will end (even if not all Jokers participated), and the Joker who loses the bet loses the entire episode, regardless of the loser board. This has only happened on three occasions in the show's run; one of those occasions, the Joker was successful on the bet and didn't take the loss on the episode.
Cast[edit]
The Tenderloins in Times Square in 2010.
Main[edit]
Brian "Q" Quinn (born March 14, 1976) is an improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island. He attended Monsignor Farrell High School, where he was involved in numerous activities including drama and sports.[7] He attended Brooklyn College and later went on to join the New York City Fire Department.[8] He is the third host of the podcast Tell 'Em Steve-Dave! on SModcast.com.
James "Murr" Murray (born May 1, 1976) is an improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island. He attended Monsignor Farrell High School there, and was also part of a community theatre.[7] He continued his education at Georgetown University where he received a BA in English.[9] He continues to work at NorthSouth Productions, where he is the Senior Vice President of Development.[10]
Salvatore "Sal" Vulcano (born November 5, 1976) is an improvisational and stand-up comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island. He attended Monsignor Farrell High School, where he took part in various sports such as hockey, basketball and football. He received a degree in Finance from St. John's University.
Joseph "Joe" Gatto Jr. (born June 5, 1976) is an improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island, where he attended Monsignor Farrell High School.[7] He studied at LIU Post where he received a degree in Accounting.[11] He founded the Tenderloins comedy troupe in 2000 and worked at the baby retail store Giggle, until January 2011. He is the only married Joker, and has two children with his wife Bessy.[12]
Guest appearances[edit]
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Daniel Ribacoff
Rosie O'Donnell
Dan Reynolds
Wayne Sermon
Casey Jost
Rob Emmer
Casey Jost
Joey Fatone
Tommy Dreamer
Soren Thompson
Danica McKellar
Byamba
Grant Marshall
Colin White
Howie Mandel
Johnny Launonen
Mike Langan
Rob Emmer
Joey Fatone
Casey Jost
Johnny Launonen
Rob Emmer
Dr. Frank Contacessa
Alex Brightman
James Buckley
Travis Pastrana
Joey Fatone
Tommy Dreamer
Danica McKellar
Casey Jost
Rob Emmer
Gary Busey
Bully Ray
Velvet Sky
Jesse Bravo
Matthew Lewis
Victoria Justice
Noah Syndergaard
Kayla Harrison
Australia's Thunder from Down Under
Joey Fatone
Soren Thompson
Gary Busey
Kayla Harrison
Casey Jost
Dr. Frank Contacessa
Big Jay Oakerson
Doug McDermott
Enes Kanter
Reception[edit]
Impractical Jokers has been well received by some critics, with Linda Stasi of the New York Post calling it "possibly the funniest, most ridiculous show I’ve seen in years."[13]
While it has been compared to earlier hit prank shows such as Candid Camera and Jackass, critics have offered praise for its unique twist on the genre, wherein the stars' reactions to the pranks are often equally as humorous as those of the innocent bystanders. Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times stated that "the gag pays off twice: once in the reaction of the unsuspecting passer-by, once in the discomfort of the fellow doing the asking." He later wrote that the cast-members' occasional integrity [kept] these four clowns a little bit lovable."[14] Dean Robbins of The Daily Page echoed this sentiment, stating that "the friends are jovial rather than Jackass-obnoxious, even rejecting some dares as too offensive."[15]
The series has been generally well received, garnering 1.5 million viewers during its December 15, 2011, premiere.[16]
The review of the show by Variety's Brian Lowry was less positive, ending with this statement: "Nobody will ever confuse Impractical Jokers with high art, certainly, but as low-brow, micro-cost comedy in the context of TruTV's programming resources, it's actually quite practical—and occasionally funny."[17]
Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes[edit]
Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes is a spin-off of Impractical Jokers in which episodes that have already aired are shown again with pop-up facts throughout, including behind-the-scenes stories and facts directly from the Jokers. The first episode of Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes aired on July 14, 2016, following the mid-season British special.[18][19]
Impractical Jokers: After Party[edit]
Impractical Jokers: After Party is a spin-off hosted by Joey Fatone, in which the Jokers and surprise guests go through a deep dive of challenges, special play-by-play punishment analysis from the latest episode, and bonus content from the latest episode or the whole show. The first episode of the series aired on August 3, 2017 after the episode "The Q-Pay" had aired. After Party is filmed at The Flagship Brewing Company bar in Staten Island.
Impractical Jokers movie[edit]
On March 7, 2018 it was announced that a feature-length Impractical Jokers movie was in the works. It will be directed by Chris Henchy and produced by Funny or Die. Production on the film is set to begin in the spring of 2018.[20]
International versions[edit]
A UK version of Impractical Jokers began airing in winter 2012 on BBC Three. It starred comedians Paul McCaffrey, Joel Dommett, Marek Larwood and Roisin Conaty.[21] The pilot was filmed and placed online as part of "The Comedy Kitchen" in 2012. The first series included six episodes, which aired from November 15 to December 20, 2012. The second series also included six episodes, and aired from February 24 to April 2, 2014. It was produced by Yalli Productions.[22] It was cancelled after Series 2 in April 2014, mainly due to its unpopularity. However, more recently, Comedy Central and Channel 5 picked up the rights to co-produce a third season of Impractical Jokers UK with Yalli Productions, starring Late Night Gimp Fight.[23]
A Dutch version was broadcast on Veronica in 2013, called De Fukkers. In 2015 a new version started at RTL 5, named Foute Vrienden, like the Flemish version.[24]
A Belgian (Flemish) version broadcast on 2BE in the fall of 2012, titled Foute Vrienden. James Murray appeared in episode 5 of the first season.[25] The second season, which started in March 2014, included 10 episodes.
A Brazilian version is currently being broadcast on SBT titled Amigos da Onça. The series premiere aired on January 7, 2013[26] and ended on August 13, 2013. James Murray appeared in episode 3 of the second season.
A Lebanese version was broadcast on Al Jadeed in the fall of 2013.
A Mexican version broadcast on TBS Latin America started on May 20, 2015 with the title Impractical Jokers.
A Greek version was broadcast on Ant1 in February 2014 with the title Wanted.
A French-Canadian version was broadcast on V on February 24, 2014 with the title Les Jokers.
A Swedish version was broadcast on TV6 in April 2014 with the title Radiostyrd.
A Spanish version was broadcast on Neox in 2014 with the title Sinvergüenzas.
An Egyptian version was released in 2015 with the title Al Mohayesoun.[27]
International broadcasts[edit]
On April 18, 2014, during the first ever live recording of their What Say You? podcast at the Prince Charles Cinema in London, Q and Sal stated that, when the BBC bought the rights to create a UK version of the show, they also bought the rights to air the US version of the show in the UK. This was meant to be aired after the first season of the UK show, but the BBC never aired it. However, it finally came to air on August 22, 2014. The US version now airs on Comedy Central UK and Channel 5.
The show is presently airing on RTÉ2 in Ireland.
The series currently airs on Comedy Central India (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives), WB Channel (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives) and WB Channel Pakistan (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan).
The series currently airs in Canada on ACTION, CMT and OLN.[28]
It is currently being shown in Australia on The Comedy Channel.
It is currently being shown in New Zealand on Comedy Central New Zealand.
The series currently airs in France and Belgium on MTV France with the title Les Jokers.
The series currently airs in Italy on DMAX with the title Cattivissimi amici.
The series currently airs in Mexico on cable companies carrying the Tru TV channel with the original title.
The series currently airs in Spain on Neox and Comedy Central Spain with the title Agárralos como Puedas.
The series currently airs in Brazil on TBS with the title Tirando a Maior Onda.
The series currently airs in Bulgaria on BTV with the title Шегаджии.[29]
The series currently airs in Germany on ProSieben Maxx.[30]
The original series currently airs in Poland on TTV.
The original series currently airs in Russia on MTV Russia with the title Нереальные подставы (Unreal Trolling).[31]
The show aired on +TVI and Sic Radical with the original title.
In Malaysia, Impractical Jokers is shown on Warner TV.
The original series currently airs in the Netherlands on RTL 5.
The series currently airs in Vietnam on Warner TV.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 22, 2016). "'Impractical Jokers' Renewed For Season 6 By TruTV". Deadline. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "WBITVP Appoints Jean-Louis Blot to Lead Warner Bros.' Newly Launched TV Production Operations in France".
Jump up ^ TruTV's 'Impractical Jokers' Cleared in 85% of U.S. - Deadline Hollywood (Published May 24, 2017; accessed September 7, 2017)
Jump up ^ "TruTV Renews 'Impractical Jokers,' Orders Feature Film From Funny or Die (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
Jump up ^ Moye, David (December 14, 2011). "'Impractical Jokers': TruTV's New Hidden Camera Program (VIDEO)". HuffPost Weird News. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 12, 2017). "TruTV Renews 'Impractical Jokers', 'Carbonaro Effect', Orders 5 New Series & More". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tulloch, Katrina (2014-08-16). "'Impractical Jokers' star Brian Quinn: April Fools' Day is amateur hour". syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
Jump up ^ Steussy, Lauren (2015-10-20). "Quinn donates $50K: FDNY, not 'Impractical Jokers,' is proudest moment". SILive.com. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
Jump up ^ Fox, Joanne (2013-03-15). "Impractical Jokers present behind-the-scenes look at comedy". Sioux City Journal. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Team | North South". www.northsouth.tv. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Post Homecoming 2015 - Registration Closed - Long Island University". community.liu.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
Jump up ^ Lovece, Frank (2017-02-04). "'Impractical Jokers' reflect on their comedy roots ahead of season 6". Newsday. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
Jump up ^ Stasi, Linda. "Jokers' on you". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Genzlinger, Neil (December 14, 2011). "Four Pranksters, Giving as Good as They Get". New York Times Television. The New York Times Publishing Company. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Dean. "Impractical Jokers wallows in embarrassment". Isthmus The Daily Page. Isthmus Publishing Company, Inc. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert. "Thursday Cable Ratings: Jaguars/Falcons Top Nigh". Renew/Cancel Index. TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian. "Impractical Jokers". Variety TV Review. Reed Business Information. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Impractical Jokers: Inside Jokes". truTV. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "truTV to Present Mid-Season Premiere IMPRACTICAL JOKERS: BRITISH INVASION, Today". broadwayworld.com. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2018/03/08/Impractical-Jokers-renewed-for-Season-8-feature-film-announced/6241520514929/
Jump up ^ "BBC Impractical Jokers profiles".
Jump up ^ "BBC Three announces series of online pilots - News - British Comedy Guide". Comedy.co.uk. November 30, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Szalai, Georg (February 23, 2015). "'Impractical Jokers' to Get U.K. Version on Viacom's Channel 5, Comedy Central". Hollywood Reporter. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "RTL 5 maakt Nederlandse versie Foute Vrienden" (in Dutch). Showbizznetwork.nl. February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Euro nets line up pranks format | News". C21Media. February 22, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ ""Amigos da Onça", novo humorístico do SBT, aposta em câmera escondida". UOL. December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stargate Entertainment - Al Mohayesoun
Jump up ^ "Schedule". action-tv.ca. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Програма - bTV".
Jump up ^ TV-Programm. rtv.de. Retrieved June 25, 2016 (german).
Jump up ^ ""Нереальные подставы" MTV Russia — когда смотреть по ТВ в Шадринске — Яндекс.Телепрограмма".
External links[edit]
Official website of Impractical Jokers
Impractical Jokers on IMDb
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Banlieue
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Banlieue of Clichy-sous-Bois
Example of a wealthy banlieue near Versailles
In France, a banlieue (French: [bɑ̃ljø]) is a suburb of a large city. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the city proper. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the Paris area live outside the city of Paris.[1] Like the city centre, suburbs may be rich, middle-class or poor—Versailles, Le Vésinet, Maisons-Laffitte and Neuilly-sur-Seine are affluent banlieues of Paris, while Clichy-sous-Bois, Bondy and Corbeil-Essonnes are less so. However, since the 1970s, banlieues increasingly means, in French of France, low-income housing projects (HLMs) in which mainly foreign immigrants and French of foreign descent reside, in what are often called poverty traps.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Geography of the banlieues
1.1.1 Paris
1.1.2 Paris: Banlieues rouges
1.1.3 Lyon and Marseille
2 Crime and arrest
2.1 1981 riots
2.2 2005 riots
3 Filmography
4 See also
5 Bibliography
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
An illustration of the terms Centre-ville (city centre), Banlieue (suburb), Couronne périurbaine (near-urban ring), Unitė urbaine (urban unit) and Aire urbaine (urban area), by INSEE
In France, since the establishment of the Third Republic at the beginning of the 1870s, communities beyond the city centre essentially stopped spreading their own boundaries, as a result of the extension of the larger Paris urban agglomeration. The city — which in France corresponds to the concept of the "urban unit" – does not necessarily have a correspondence with a single administrative location, and instead includes other communities that link themselves to the city centre and form the banlieues.
Since annexing the banlieues of major French cities during the Second Empire period (Lyon in 1852, Lille in 1858, Paris in 1860, Bordeaux in 1865), the French communities have in effect extended their boundaries very little beyond their delimitations, and have not followed the development of the urban unit existing prior to 1870 as well as almost all large and mid-sized cities in France having a banlieue develop a couronne pėriurbaine (in English: near-urban ring).
Communities in the countryside beyond the near-urban ring are regarded as being outside the city's strongest social and economic sphere of influence, and are termed communes périurbaines. In either case, they are divided into numerous autonomous administrative entities.
Geography of the banlieues[edit]
Middle-class and upper-class residents essentially live in the west of the city, while the northeast has a concentration of residents who are immigrants and who live in poverty.
The word banlieue is, in formal use, a socially neutral term, designating the urbanized zone located around the city centre, comprising both sparsely and heavily populated areas. Therefore, in the Parisian metropolitan area, for example, the wealthy suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine may be referred to as a banlieue the same as the poor suburb of La Courneuve. To distinguish them, Parisians refer to a banlieue aisée (in English: comfortable suburb) for Neuilly, and to a banlieue défavorisée (in English: disadvantaged suburb) for Clichy-sous-Bois.
Paris[edit]
The Paris region can be divided into several zones. In the northwest and the northeast, many areas are vestiges of former working-class and industrial zones, in the case of Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-d'Oise. In the west, the population is generally upper class, and the centre of business and finance, La Défense, is also located there.
The southeast banlieues are less homogenous. Close to Paris, there are many communities that are considered "sensitive" or unsafe (Bagneux, Malakoff, Massy, Les Ulis), divided by residential zones with a better reputation (Verrières-le-Buisson, Bourg-la-Reine, Antony, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Sceaux).
The farther away from the Paris city centre, the more the banlieues of the south of Paris can be divided into two zones. On one side, there are the banks of the Seine, where working-class residents used to live (there are still pockets of disadvantaged areas) but also other areas that are especially well off. Also are large cities close to Paris, such as Chanteloup-les-Vignes, Sartrouville, Les Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie, Poissy, Achères, Limay, Trappes, Aubergenville Évry, Courcouronnes, Grigny, Corbeil-Essonnes and Fleury-Mérogis.
Small communities that are socially disparate can be found in the Yvelines department with Villennes-sur-Seine, Chatou, Croissy-sur-Seine, Le Pecq, Maisons-Laffitte but also in the Essonne and Seine-et-Marne departments: Etiolles, Draveil, Soisy-sur-Seine, Saint-Pierre-du-Perray or Seine-Port.
Paris: Banlieues rouges[edit]
The banlieues rouges ("red banlieues") are the outskirt districts of Paris where, traditionally, the French Communist Party held mayorships and other elected positions. Examples of these include Ivry-sur-Seine, and Malakoff. Such communities often named streets after Soviet personalities, such as rue Youri Gagarine.
Lyon and Marseille[edit]
The banlieues of large cities like Lyon and Marseille, especially those around Paris (with a metropolitan area population of 12,223,100 inhabitants), are severely criticized and forgotten by the country's territorial spatial planning administration. Ever since the French Commune government of 1871, they were and still are often ostracised and considered by other residents as places that are "lawless" or "outside the law", "outside the Republic", as opposed to "deep France", or "authentic France" associated with the provinces.[3] However, it is in the banlieues that the young working households are found that raise children and pay taxes but lack in public services, in transportation, education, sports, as well as employment opportunities.[4]
Crime and arrest[edit]
Main article: Social situation in the French suburbs
Since the 1980s, petty crime has increased in France,[citation needed] much of it blamed on juvenile delinquency fostered within the banlieues. As a result, the banlieues are perceived to have become unsafe places to live,[citation needed] and youths from the banlieues are perceived to be one important source of increased petty crimes and uncivil behavior.[citation needed] As a result of criminality[citation needed], the Front National, a far-right political party led by Jean-Marie Le Pen, rose to prominence during the early 1990s on a platform of tougher law enforcement and immigration control.
1981 riots[edit]
In the summer of 1981, events involving young Franco-Maghrebis brought about many different reactions from the French public.[5] Within the banlieues, events, called rodeos, would occur, where young "banlieusards" would steal cars and perform stunts and race them. Then, before the police could catch them, they would abandon the cars and set them on fire.[5]
In July and August 1981, around 250 cars were vandalized. Shortly afterward, grass- roots groups began to demonstrate in public in 1983 and 1984 to publicize the problems of the Beurs and immigrants in France. In doing so, Arabs (Algerians, Moroccans, and Tunisians) in France began to develop a stronger identity unified by the problems that have been imposed on them economically and politically. The banlieue became a unifying point for the marginalised immigrants of France even if there are various identities that constitute these individual groups. "We don't consider ourselves completely French... Our parents were Arabs.... We were born in France (and only visited Algeria a few times).... So what are we? French? Arab? In the eyes of the French we are Arabs... but when we visit Algeria some people call us immigrants and say we've rejected our culture. We've even had stones thrown at us."[5] Overall, the displacement of identities that Franco-Maghrebis feel becomes a unifying factor in French society and assimilation is particularly difficult because of their placement in the banlieue, and the violence portrayed at events such as the summer 1981.
2005 riots[edit]
Main article: 2005 Paris suburb riots
Violent clashes between hundreds of youths and French police in the Paris banlieue of Clichy-sous-Bois began on 27 October 2005 and continued for more than 17 nights.[6] The 2005 Paris suburb riots were triggered by the deaths of two teenagers allegedly/attempting to hide from police in an electrical substation and were electrocuted.[7]
Banlieues 89, backed by the French government, renovated over 140 low-cost estates, such as Les Minguettes and the Mas du Taureau block in Vaulx-en-Velin. Improvements were made in road and rail access, cafes and shops were built, and the towers and blocks were made to look more attractive. In Vaulx-en-Velin, for instance, shops and a library were built, houses were built to make the landscape more interesting, 2,500 homes were renovated, and the blocks were repainted.[8]
Filmography[edit]
L'amour existe, Maurice Pialat, 1961
2 ou 3 choses que je sais d'elle, Jean-Luc Godard, 1967
Elle court, elle court la banlieue, Gérard Pirès, 1973
La Haine, Mathieu Kassovitz, 1995
100% Arabica, Mahmoud Zemmouri, 1997
Ma 6-T va crack-er, Jean-François Richet, 1997
L'Esquive, Abdellatif Kechiche, 2004
Banlieue 13, Pierre Morel, 2004
Neuilly sa mère, film by Gabriel Julien-Laferrière, 2008
De l’autre côté du Périph’, Bertrand Tavernier, 2012
Bande de filles, Céline Sciamma, 2014
See also[edit]
France portal
Aire urbaine
Bidonville
Faubourg
Poverty in France#Bidonvilles
Sensitive urban zone
Bibliography[edit]
Bronner, Luc (2010): La loi du ghetto : Enquête sur les banlieues françaises, Calmann-Lévy, Paris, ISBN 978-2702140833
Dikec, Mustafa (2007): Badlands of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy. ISBN 978-1-4051-5630-1
Glasze, Georg; Robert Pütz, Mélina Germes et al. (2012): The Same but not the Same: the Discursive Constitution of Large Housing Estates in Germany, France and Poland. Urban Geography (33) 8: 1192-1211 doi:10.2747/0272-3638.33.8.1192
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
Jump up ^ Lepoutre, David. Coeur de banlieue: codes, rites, et langages. Odile Jacob, 1997.
Jump up ^ Anne-Marie Thiesse (1997) Ils apprenaient la France, l'exaltation des régions dans le discours patriotique, MSH.
Jump up ^ La ville mal aimée, colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle, juin 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gross, Joan; McMurray, David; Swedenburg, Ted (1994). "Arab Noise and Ramadan Nights: Rai, Rap, and Franco-Maghrebi Identities". Diaspora. 3 (1): 3–39. Reprinted in Gross, Joan; McMurray, David; Swedenburg, Ted (2002). "Arab Noise and Ramadan Nights: Rai, Rap, and Franco-Maghrebi Identities". In Inda, Jonathan Xavier; Rosaldo, Renato. The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 198–230. ISBN 978-0-631-22233-0.
Jump up ^ BBC News Timeline: French Riots, 14 November 2005 – retrieved 14 March 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4413964.stm
Jump up ^ Emilio Quadrelli, Grassroots Political Militants: Banlieusards and Politics, Mute Magazine, May 2007 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
Jump up ^ Modern Industrial World: France by Mick Dunford, Wayland Publishers Ltd, 1994
External links[edit]
Look up banlieue in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The New French Ghettos by Hervé Marchal & Jean-Marc Stébé, in Metropolitics.eu, December 16, 2010.
The Barbarians at the Gates of Paris by Theodore Dalrymple in City Journal, Autumn 2002.
The Other France - Are the suburbs of Paris incubators of terrorism? by George Packer in The New Yorker, August 31st, 2015.
So long, Marianne on burning girls and burning cars in France by Alice Schwarzer at signandsight.com
The price of disdain French author François Bon has spent years giving writing workshops to youths in the suburbs that are now being set ablaze. He looks critically at where the violence originated and with despair at where it is headed, at signandsight.com
French Riots Special A dossier with four related feature articles as well as a comprehensive collection of international voices from In Today's Feuilletons and the Magazine Roundup of sighandsight.com
From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated
Website featuring underground rap music from the banlieues.
Troubled Suburbs Erupt Again
(in French) Audio book (mp3) of the introduction and first chapter of Éric Maurin's book : Le ghetto français, enquête sur le séparatisme social
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