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Astronomical spectroscopy
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The Star-Spectroscope of the Lick Observatory in 1898. Designed by James Keeler and constructed by John Brashear.
Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light and radio, which radiates from stars and other hot celestial objects. Spectroscopy can be used to derive many properties of distant stars and galaxies, such as their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance, luminosity, and relative motion using Doppler shift measurements.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Optical spectroscopy
1.2 Radio spectroscopy
1.3 X-ray spectroscopy
2 Stars and their properties
2.1 Chemical properties
2.2 Temperature and size
3 Galaxies
4 Interstellar medium
4.1 Gaseous emission nebulae
4.2 Complex molecules
5 Motion in the universe
5.1 Doppler effect and redshift
5.2 Peculiar motion
5.3 Binary stars
6 Planets, asteroids, and comets
6.1 Planets
6.2 Asteroids
6.3 Comets
7 See also
8 References
Background[edit]
Electromagnetic transmittance, or opacity, of the Earth's atmosphere
Astronomical spectroscopy is used to measure three major bands of radiation: visible spectrum, radio, and X-ray. While all spectroscopy looks at specific areas of the spectrum, different methods are required to acquire the signal depending on the frequency. Ozone (O3) and molecular oxygen (O2) absorb light with wavelengths under 300 nm, meaning that X-ray and ultraviolet spectroscopy require the use of a satellite telescope or rocket mounted detectors.[1]:27 Radio signals have much longer wavelengths than optical signals, and require the use of antennas or radio dishes. Infrared light is absorbed by atmospheric water and carbon dioxide, so while the equipment is similar to that used in optical spectroscopy, satellites are required to record much of the infrared spectrum.[2]
Optical spectroscopy[edit]
Incident light reflects at the same angle (black lines), but a small portion of the light is refracted as coloured light (red and blue lines).
Physicists have been looking at the solar spectrum since Isaac Newton first used a simple prism to observe the refractive properties of light.[3] In the early 1800s Joseph von Fraunhofer used his skills as a glass maker to create very pure prisms, which allowed him to observe 574 dark lines in a seemingly continuous spectrum.[4] Soon after he combined telescope and prism to observe the spectrum of Venus, the Moon, Mars, and various stars such as Betelgeuse; his company continued to manufacture and sell high-quality refracting telescopes based on his original designs until its closure in 1884.[5]:28–29
The resolution of a prism is limited by its size; a larger prism will provide a more detailed spectrum, but the increase in mass makes it unsuitable for highly detailed work.[6] This issue was resolved in the early 1900s with the development of high-quality reflection gratings by J.S. Plaskett at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, Canada.[5]:11 Light striking a mirror will reflect at the same angle, however a small portion of the light will be refracted at a different angle; this is dependent upon the indices of refraction of the materials and the wavelength of the light.[7] By creating a "blazed" grating which utilizes a large number of parallel mirrors, the small portion of light can be focused and visualized. These new spectroscopes were more detailed than a prism, required less light, and could be focused on a specific region of the spectrum by tilting the grating.[6]
The limitation to a blazed grating is the width of the mirrors, which can only be ground a finite amount before focus is lost; the maximum is around 1000 lines/mm. In order to overcome this limitation holographic gratings were developed. Volume phase holographic gratings use a thin film of dichromated gelatin on a glass surface, which is subsequently exposed to a wave pattern created by an interferometer. This wave pattern sets up a reflection pattern similar to the blazed gratings but utilizing Bragg diffraction, a process where the angle of reflection is dependent on the arrangement of the atoms in the gelatin. The holographic gratings can have up to 6000 lines/mm and can be up to twice as efficient in collecting light as blazed gratings. Because they are sealed between two sheets of glass, the holographic gratings are very versatile, potentially lasting decades before needing replacement.[8]
Light dispersed by the grating or prism in a spectrograph can be recorded by a detector. Historically, photographic plates were widely used to record spectra until electronic detectors were developed, and today optical spectrographs most often employ charge-coupled devices (CCDs). The wavelength scale of a spectrum can be calibrated by observing the spectrum of emission lines of known wavelength from a gas-discharge lamp. The flux scale of a spectrum can be calibrated as a function of wavelength by comparison with an observation of a standard star with corrections for atmospheric absorption of light; this is known as spectrophotometry.[9]
Radio spectroscopy[edit]
Radio astronomy was founded with the work of Karl Jansky in the early 1930s, while working for Bell Labs. He built a radio antenna to look at potential sources of interference for transatlantic radio transmissions. One of the sources of noise discovered came not from Earth, but from the center of the Milky Way, in the constellation Sagittarius.[10] In 1942, JS Hey captured the sun's radio frequency using military radar receivers.[1]:26 Radio spectroscopy started with the discovery of the 21-centimeter H I line in 1951.
Radio interferometry was pioneered in 1946, when Joseph Lade Pawsey, Ruby Payne-Scott and Lindsay McCready used a single antenna atop a sea cliff to observe 200 MHz solar radiation. Two incident beams, one directly from the sun and the other reflected from the sea surface, generated the necessary interference.[11] The first multi-receiver interferometer was built in the same year by Martin Ryle and Vonberg.[12][13] In 1960, Ryle and Antony Hewish published the technique of aperture synthesis to analyze interferometer data.[14] The aperture synthesis process, which involves autocorrelating and discrete Fourier transforming the incoming signal, recovers both the spatial and frequency variation in flux.[15] The result is a 3D image whose third axis is frequency. For this work, Ryle and Hewish were jointly awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics.[16]
X-ray spectroscopy[edit]
Main article: X-ray astronomy
Stars and their properties[edit]
Chemical properties[edit]
Continuous spectrum
Emission lines
Absorption lines
Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin. In the 1850s, Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen described the phenomena behind these dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, hot gases emit light at specific wavelengths, and hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gases show a near-continuous spectrum with dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gases.[5]:42–44[17] By comparing the absorption lines of the sun with emission spectra of known gases, the chemical composition of stars can be determined.
The major Fraunhofer lines, and the elements with which they are associated, appear in the following table. Designations from the early Balmer Series are shown in parentheses.
Designation
Element
Wavelength (nm)
y O2 898.765
Z O2 822.696
A O2 759.370
B O2 686.719
C (Hα) H 656.281
a O2 627.661
D1 Na 589.592
D2 Na 588.995
D3 or d He 587.5618
e Hg 546.073
E2 Fe 527.039
b1 Mg 518.362
b2 Mg 517.270
b3 Fe 516.891
b4 Mg 516.733
Designation
Element
Wavelength (nm)
c Fe 495.761
F (Hβ) H 486.134
d Fe 466.814
e Fe 438.355
G' (Hγ) H 434.047
G Fe 430.790
G Ca 430.774
h (Hδ) H 410.175
H Ca+ 396.847
K Ca+ 393.368
L Fe 382.044
N Fe 358.121
P Ti+ 336.112
T Fe 302.108
t Ni 299.444
Not all of the elements in the sun were immediately identified. Two examples are listed below.
In 1868 Norman Lockyer and Pierre Janssen independently observed a line next to the sodium doublet (D1 and D2) which Lockyer determined to be a new element. He named it Helium, but it wasn't until 1895 the element was found on Earth.[5]:84–85
In 1869 the astronomers Charles Augustus Young and William Harkness independently observed a novel green emission line in the Sun's corona during an eclipse. This "new" element was incorrectly named coronium, as it was only found in the corona. It was not until the 1930s that Walter Grotrian and Bengt Edlén discovered that the spectral line at 530.3 nm was due to highly ionized iron (Fe13+).[18] Other unusual lines in the coronal spectrum are also caused by highly charged ions, such as nickel and calcium, the high ionization being due to the extreme temperature of the solar corona.[1]:87,297
To date more than 20 000 absorption lines have been listed for the Sun between 293.5 and 877.0 nm, yet only approximately 75% of these lines have been linked to elemental absorption.[1]:69
By analyzing the width of each spectral line in an emission spectrum, both the elements present in a star and their relative abundances can be determined.[7] Using this information stars can be categorized into stellar populations; Population I stars are the youngest stars and have the highest metal content (our Sun is a Pop I star), while Population III stars are the oldest stars with a very low metal content.[19][20]
Temperature and size[edit]
Black body curves for various temperatures.
In 1860 Gustav Kirchhoff proposed the idea of a black body, a material that emits electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths.[21][22] In 1894 Wilhelm Wien derived an expression relating the temperature (T) of a black body to its peak emission wavelength (λmax).[23]
λ max T = b {\displaystyle \lambda _{\text{max}}T=b}
b is a constant of proportionality called Wien's displacement constant, equal to 6997289777290000000♠2.8977729(17)×10−3 m⋅K.[24] This equation is called Wien's Law. By measuring the peak wavelength of a star, the surface temperature can be determined.[17] For example, if the peak wavelength of a star is 502 nm the corresponding temperature will be 5778 kelvins.
The luminosity of a star is a measure of the electromagnetic energy output in a given amount of time.[25] Luminosity (L) can be related to the temperature (T) of a star by
L = 4 π R 2 σ T 4 {\displaystyle L=4\pi R^{2}\sigma T^{4}} ,
where R is the radius of the star and σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, with a value of 6992567036700000000♠5.670367(13)×10−8 W⋅m−2⋅K−4.[26] Thus, when both luminosity and temperature are known (via direct measurement and calculation) the radius of a star can be determined.
See also: Luminosity and Magnitude (astronomy)
Galaxies[edit]
The spectra of galaxies look similar to stellar spectra, as they consist of the combined light of millions of stars.
Doppler shift studies of galaxy clusters by Fritz Zwicky in 1937 found that most galaxies were moving much faster than seemed to be possible from what was known about the mass of the cluster. Zwicky hypothesized that there must be a great deal of non-luminous matter in the galaxy clusters, which became known as dark matter.[27] Since his discovery, astronomers have determined that a large portion of galaxies (and most of the universe) is made up of dark matter. In 2003, however, four galaxies (NGC 821, NGC 3379, NGC 4494, and NGC 4697) were found to have little to no dark matter influencing the motion of the stars contained within them; the reason behind the lack of dark matter is unknown.[28]
In the 1950s, strong radio sources were found to be associated with very dim, very red objects. When the first spectrum of one of these objects was taken there were absorption lines at wavelengths where none were expected. It was soon realised that what was observed was a normal galactic spectrum, but highly red shifted.[29][30] These were named quasi-stellar radio sources, or quasars, by Hong-Yee Chiu in 1964.[31] Quasars are now thought to be galaxies formed in the early years of our universe, with their extreme energy output powered by super-massive black holes.[30]
The properties of a galaxy can also be determined by analyzing the stars found within them. NGC 4550, a galaxy in the Virgo Cluster, has a large portion of its stars rotating in the opposite direction as the other portion. It is believed that the galaxy is the combination of two smaller galaxies that were rotating in opposite directions to each other.[32] Bright stars in galaxies can also help determine the distance to a galaxy, which may be a more accurate method than parallax or standard candles.[33]
Interstellar medium[edit]
The interstellar medium is matter that occupies the space between star systems in a galaxy. 99% of this matter is gaseous - hydrogen, helium, and smaller quantities of other ionized elements such as oxygen. The other 1% is dust particles, thought to be mainly graphite, silicates, and ices.[34] Clouds of the dust and gas are referred to as nebulae.
There are three main types of nebula: absorption, reflection, and emission nebulae. Absorption (or dark) nebulae are made of dust and gas in such quantities that they obscure the starlight behind them, making photometry difficult. Reflection nebulae, as their name suggest, reflect the light of nearby stars. Their spectra are the same as the stars surrounding them, though the light is bluer; shorter wavelengths scatter better than longer wavelengths. Emission nebulae emit light at specific wavelengths depending on their chemical composition.[34]
Gaseous emission nebulae[edit]
In the early years of astronomical spectroscopy, scientists were puzzled by the spectrum of gaseous nebulae. In 1864 William Huggins noticed that many nebulae showed only emission lines rather than a full spectrum like stars. From the work of Kirchhoff, he concluded that nebulae must contain "enormous masses of luminous gas or vapour."[35] However, there were several emission lines that could not be linked to any terrestrial element, brightest among them lines at 495.9 nm and 500.7 nm.[36] These lines were attributed to a new element, nebulium, until Ira Bowen determined in 1927 that the emission lines were from highly ionised oxygen (O+2).[37][38] These emission lines could not be replicated in a laboratory because they are forbidden lines; the low density of a nebula (one atom per cubic centimetre)[34] allows for metastable ions to decay via forbidden line emission rather than collisions with other atoms.[36]
Not all emission nebulae are found around or near stars where solar heating causes ionisation. The majority of gaseous emission nebulae are formed of neutral hydrogen. In the ground state neutral hydrogen has two possible spin states: the electron has either the same spin or the opposite spin of the proton. When the atom transitions between these two states, it releases an emission or absorption line of 21 cm.[34] This line is within the radio range and allows for very precise measurements:[36]
Velocity of the cloud can be measured via Doppler shift
The intensity of the 21 cm line gives the density and number of atoms in the cloud
The temperature of the cloud can be calculated
Using this information the shape of the Milky Way has been determined to be a spiral galaxy, though the exact number and position of the spiral arms is the subject of ongoing research.[39]
Complex molecules[edit]
Main article: List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
Dust and molecules in the interstellar medium not only obscures photometry, but also causes absorption lines in spectroscopy. Their spectral features are generated by transitions of component electrons between different energy levels, or by rotational or vibrational spectra. Detection usually occurs in radio, microwave, or infrared portions of the spectrum.[40] The chemical reactions that form these molecules can happen in cold, diffuse clouds[41] or in the hot ejecta around a white dwarf star from a nova or supernova.[42] Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as acetylene (C2H2) generally group together to form graphites or other sooty material,[43] but other organic molecules such as acetone ((CH3)2CO)[44] and buckminsterfullerenes (C60 and C70) have been discovered.[42]
Motion in the universe[edit]
Redshift and blueshift
Stars and interstellar gas are bound by gravity to form galaxies, and groups of galaxies can be bound by gravity in galaxy clusters.[45] With the exception of stars in the Milky Way and the galaxies in the Local Group, almost all galaxies are moving away from us due to the expansion of the universe.[18]
Doppler effect and redshift[edit]
The motion of stellar objects can be determined by looking at their spectrum. Because of the Doppler effect, objects moving towards us are blueshifted, and objects moving away are redshifted. The wavelength of redshifted light is longer, appearing redder than the source. Conversely, the wavelength of blueshifted light is shorter, appearing bluer than the source light:
λ − λ 0 λ 0 = v 0 c {\displaystyle {\frac {\lambda -\lambda _{0}}{\lambda _{0}}}={\frac {v_{0}}{c}}}
where λ 0 {\displaystyle \lambda _{0}} is the emitted wavelength, v 0 {\displaystyle v_{0}} is the velocity of the object, and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the observed wavelength. Note that v<0 corresponds to λ<λ0, a blueshifted wavelength. A redshifted absorption or emission line will appear more towards the red end of the spectrum than a stationary line. In 1913 Vesto Slipher determined the Andromeda Galaxy was blueshifted, meaning it was moving towards the Milky Way. He recorded the spectra of 20 other galaxies — all but 4 of which were redshifted — and was able to calculate their velocities relative to the Earth. Edwin Hubble would later use this information, as well as his own observations, to define Hubble's law: The further a galaxy is from the Earth, the faster it is moving away from us.[18][46] Hubble's law can be generalised to
v = H 0 d {\displaystyle v=H_{0}d}
where v {\displaystyle v} is the velocity (or Hubble Flow), H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} is the Hubble Constant, and d {\displaystyle d} is the distance from Earth.
Redshift (z) can be expressed by the following equations:[47]
Calculation of redshift, z {\displaystyle z}
Based on wavelength
Based on frequency
z = λ o b s v − λ e m i t λ e m i t {\displaystyle z={\frac {\lambda _{\mathrm {obsv} }-\lambda _{\mathrm {emit} }}{\lambda _{\mathrm {emit} }}}} z = f e m i t − f o b s v f o b s v {\displaystyle z={\frac {f_{\mathrm {emit} }-f_{\mathrm {obsv} }}{f_{\mathrm {obsv} }}}}
1 + z = λ o b s v λ e m i t {\displaystyle 1+z={\frac {\lambda _{\mathrm {obsv} }}{\lambda _{\mathrm {emit} }}}} 1 + z = f e m i t f o b s v {\displaystyle 1+z={\frac {f_{\mathrm {emit} }}{f_{\mathrm {obsv} }}}}
In these equations, frequency is denoted by f {\displaystyle f} and wavelength by λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . The larger the value of z, the more redshifted the light and the farther away the object is from the Earth. As of January 2013, the largest galaxy redshift of z~12 was found using the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, corresponding to an age of over 13 billion years (the universe is approximately 13.82 billion years old).[48][49][50]
The Doppler effect and Hubble's law can be combined to form the equation z = v H u b b l e c {\displaystyle z={\frac {v_{Hubble}}{c}}} , where c is the speed of light.
Peculiar motion[edit]
Objects that are gravitationally bound will rotate around a common center of mass. For stellar bodies, this motion is known as peculiar velocity, and can alter the Hubble Flow. Thus, an extra term for the peculiar motion needs to be added to Hubble's law:[51]
v t o t a l = H 0 d + v p e c {\displaystyle v_{total}=H_{0}d+v_{pec}}
This motion can cause confusion when looking at a solar or galactic spectrum, because the expected redshift based on the simple Hubble law will be obscured by the peculiar motion. For example, the shape and size of the Virgo Cluster has been a matter of great scientific scrutiny due to the very large peculiar velocities of the galaxies in the cluster.[52]
Binary stars[edit]
Two stars of different size orbiting the center of mass. The spectrum can be seen to split depending on the position and velocity of the stars.
Just as planets can be gravitationally bound to stars, pairs of stars can orbit each other. Some binary stars are visual binaries, meaning they can be observed orbiting each other through a telescope. Some binary stars, however, are too close together to be resolved.[53] These two stars, when viewed through a spectrometer, will show a composite spectrum: the spectrum of each star will be added together. This composite spectrum becomes easier to detect when the stars are of similar luminosity and of different spectral class.[54]
Spectroscopic binaries can be also detected due to their radial velocity; as they orbit around each other one star may be moving towards the Earth whilst the other moves away, causing a Doppler shift in the composite spectrum. The orbital plane of the system determines the magnitude of the observed shift: if the observer is looking perpendicular to the orbital plane there will be no observed radial velocity.[53][54] For example, if you look at a carousel from the side, you will see the animals moving toward and away from you, whereas if you look from directly above they will only be moving in the horizontal plane.
Planets, asteroids, and comets[edit]
Planets, asteroids, and comets all reflect light from their parent stars and emit their own light. For cooler objects, including solar-system planets and asteroids, most of the emission is at infrared wavelengths we cannot see, but that are routinely measured with spectrometers. For objects surrounded by gas, such as comets and planets with atmospheres, further emission and absorption happens at specific wavelengths in the gas, imprinting the spectrum of the gas on that of the solid object. In the case of worlds with thick atmospheres or complete cloud cover (such as the gas giants, Venus, and Saturn's satellite Titan (moon)), the spectrum is mostly or completely due to the atmosphere alone.[55]
Planets[edit]
The reflected light of a planet contains absorption bands due to minerals in the rocks present for rocky bodies, or due to the elements and molecules present in the atmosphere. To date over 3,500 exoplanets have been discovered. These include so-called Hot Jupiters, as well as Earth-like planets. Using spectroscopy, compounds such as alkali metals, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane have all been discovered.[56]
Asteroids[edit]
Asteroids can be classified into three major types according to their spectra. The original categories were created by Clark R. Chapman, David Morrison, and Ben Zellner in 1975, and further expanded by David J. Tholen in 1984. In what is now known as the Tholen classification, the C-types are made of carbonaceous material, S-types consist mainly of silicates, and X-types are 'metallic'. There are other classifications for unusual asteroids. C- and S-type asteroids are the most common asteroids. In 2002 the Tholen classification was further "evolved" into the SMASS classification, expanding the number of categories from 14 to 26 to account for more precise spectroscopic analysis of the asteroids.[57][58]
Comets[edit]
Optical spectrum of Comet Hyakutake.
The spectra of comets consist of a reflected solar spectrum from the dusty clouds surrounding the comet, as well as emission lines from gaseous atoms and molecules excited to fluorescence by sunlight and/or chemical reactions. For example, the chemical composition of Comet ISON[59] was determined by spectroscopy due to the prominent emission lines of cyanogen (CN), as well as two- and three-carbon atoms (C2 and C3).[60] Nearby comets can even be seen in X-ray as solar wind ions flying to the coma are neutralized. The cometary X-ray spectra therefore reflect the state of the solar wind rather than that of the comet.[61]
See also[edit]
Atomic and molecular astrophysics
Emission spectrum
Gunn-Peterson trough
Lyman-alpha forest
Photometry (astronomy)
Prism
Spectrometer
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Jump up ^ Hudson, Reggie L. "The Interstellar Medium". Goddard Space Flight Center Astrochemistry Laboratory. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Cami, J.; Bernard-Salas, J.; Peeters, E.; Malek, S. E. (22 July 2010). "Detection of C60 and C70 in a Young Planetary Nebula". Science. 329 (5996): 1180–1182. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1180C. doi:10.1126/science.1192035. PMID 20651118.
Jump up ^ Millar, TJ; DA Williams (1993). Dust and chemistry in astronomy. Bristol [u.a.]: Inst. of Physics. p. 116. ISBN 0-7503-0271-2.
Jump up ^ Johansson, LE; Andersson, C; Ellder, J; Friberg, P; Hjalmarson, A; Hoglund, B; Irvine, WM; Olofsson, H; Rydbeck, G (1984). "Spectral scan of Orion A and IRC+10216 from 72 to 91 GHz". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 130: 227–56. Bibcode:1984A&A...130..227J. PMID 11541988.
Jump up ^ "Hubble Pinpoints Furthest Protocluster of Galaxies Ever Seen". ESA/Hubble Press Release. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Haynes, Martha. "Hubble's Law". Cornell University. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Huchra, John. "Extragalactic Redshifts". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Richard S.; McLure, Ross J.; Dunlop, James S.; Robertson, Brant E.; Ono, Yoshiaki; Schenker, Matthew A.; Koekemoer, Anton; Bowler, Rebecca A. A.; Ouchi, Masami; Rogers, Alexander B.; Curtis-Lake, Emma; Schneider, Evan; Charlot, Stephane; Stark, Daniel P.; Furlanetto, Steven R.; Cirasuolo, Michele (20 January 2013). "THE ABUNDANCE OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES IN THE REDSHIFT RANGE 8.5-12: NEW RESULTS FROM THE 2012 HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD CAMPAIGN". The Astrophysical Journal. 763 (1): L7. arXiv:1211.6804  . Bibcode:2013ApJ...763L...7E. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/763/1/L7.
Jump up ^ "Hubble census finds galaxies at redshifts 9 to 12". NASA/ESA. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Planck reveals an almost perfect universe". ESA. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Peculiar Velocity". Swinburne University of Technology. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Yasuda, Naoki; Fukugita, Masataka; Okamura, Sadanori (February 1997). "Study of the Virgo Cluster Using the B‐Band Tully‐Fisher Relation". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 108 (2): 417–448. Bibcode:1997ApJS..108..417Y. doi:10.1086/312960.
^ Jump up to: a b "Types of Binary Stars". Australia Telescope Outreach and Education. Australia Telescope National Facility. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Gray, Richard O.; Christopher J. Corbally (2009). Stellar spectral classification. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 507–513. ISBN 978-0-691-12510-7.
Jump up ^ Goody, Richard M.; Yung, Yuk Ling (1989). Atmospheric Radiation: Theoretical Basis. New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505134-3.
Jump up ^ Tessenyi, M.; Tinetti, G.; Savini, G.; Pascale, E. (November 2013). "Molecular detectability in exoplanetary emission spectra". Icarus. 226 (2): 1654–1672. arXiv:1308.4986  . Bibcode:2013Icar..226.1654T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.08.022.
Jump up ^ Bus, S (July 2002). "Phase II of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey A Feature-Based Taxonomy". Icarus. 158 (1): 146–177. Bibcode:2002Icar..158..146B. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6856.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Clark R.; Morrison, David; Zellner, Ben (May 1975). "Surface properties of asteroids: A synthesis of polarimetry, radiometry, and spectrophotometry". Icarus. 25 (1): 104–130. Bibcode:1975Icar...25..104C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(75)90191-8.
Jump up ^ Sekanina, Zdenek; Kracht, Rainer (3 Jun 2015). "Disintegration of Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) Shortly Before Perihelion: Evidence From Independent Data Sets". arXiv:1404.5968v6  [astro-ph.EP].
Jump up ^ Knight, Matthew. "Why does ISON look green?". Comet ISON Observing Campaign. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Lisse, C. M.; Dennerl, K.; Englhauser, J.; Harden, M.; Marshall, F. E.; Mumma, M. J.; Petre, R.; Pye, J. P.; Ricketts, M. J.; Schmitt, J.; Trumper, J.; West, R. G. (11 October 1996). "Discovery of X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Emission from Comet C/Hyakutake 1996 B2". Science. 274 (5285): 205–209. Bibcode:1996Sci...274..205L. doi:10.1126/science.274.5285.205.
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I Just Called to Say I Love You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Single by Stevie Wonder
from the album The Woman in Red (soundtrack)
B-side
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" (instrumental)
Released
August 1, 1984[1]
Length
6:44 (Extended version)
6:16 (Album version)
4:25 (Single version)
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Stevie Wonder[2]
Producer(s)
Stevie Wonder
Stevie Wonder singles chronology
"Front Line"
(1983) "I Just Called to Say I Love You"
(1984) "Love Light in Flight"
(1984)
"Front Line"
(1983) "I Just Called to Say I Love You"
(1984) "Love Light in Flight"
(1984)
Music video
"I Just Called To Say I Love You" on YouTube
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" is a ballad written, produced, and performed by Stevie Wonder.[2] It remains Wonder's best-selling single to date, having topped a record 19 charts.
The song was the lead single from the 1984 soundtrack album The Woman in Red,[2] along with two other songs by Wonder, and scored number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from October 13 to October 27, 1984. It also became his tenth number-one on the R&B chart, and his fourth on the adult contemporary chart; it spent three weeks atop both charts, and for the same weeks as on the Hot 100.[3] The song also became Wonder's only solo UK number-one success, staying at the top for six weeks, in the process also becoming Motown Records' biggest-selling single in the UK, a distinction it still holds as of 2015.[2] In addition, the song won both a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[2] The song also received three nominations at the 27th Grammy Awards for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Instrumental Performance.
There was a dispute among Wonder, his former writing partner Lee Garrett, and Lloyd Chiate as to who actually wrote the song. Chiate claimed in a lawsuit that he and Garrett wrote the song years before its 1984 release; however, a jury ultimately sided with Wonder.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Personnel
2 Charts and certifications
2.1 Charts
2.2 Year-end charts
2.3 Decade-end charts
2.4 Sales and certifications
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Personnel[edit]
Stevie Wonder – vocals, synthesizer, drums, vocoder, organ
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA) 1
Austrian Singles Chart[5] 1
Canadian Singles Chart[6] 1
Danish Singles Chart 1
Dutch Singles Chart[7] 1
European Billboard Hot 100 Singles 1
French Singles Chart[8] 1
German Singles Chart[9] 1
Irish Singles Chart[10] 1
Italian Singles Chart[11] 1
Norwegian Singles Chart[12] 1
New Zealand Singles Chart 1
Spain (AFYVE)[13] 1
Swedish Singles Chart[14] 1
Swiss Singles Chart[15] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[16] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[17] 1
US Billboard Hot Black Singles[17] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100 25
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1980–1989)
Position
Australian Singles Chart 5
UK Singles Chart 3
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[18]
3× Platinum 300,000^
France (SNEP)[19]
Gold 926,000[20]
Germany (BVMI)[21]
Gold 250,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[22]
Platinum 1,874,225[23]
United States (RIAA)[24]
Gold 1,000,000
Total available sales:
4,326,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Careless Whisper" by George Michael UK number one single
September 8, 1984
(for six weeks) Succeeded by
"Freedom" by Wham!
Preceded by
"Let's Go Crazy" by Prince and the Revolution Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
October 13, 1984
(three weeks) Succeeded by
"Caribbean Queen" by Billy Ocean
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1980s
List of RPM number-one singles of 1984
List of European number-one hits of 1984
List of number-one hits of 1984 (France)
List of number-one hits of 1984 (Germany)
List of number-one singles of 1984 (Ireland)
List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1984
List of number-one singles in 1984 (New Zealand)
List of number-one hits in Norway
List of number-one hits (Sweden)
List of number-one hits of 1984 (Switzerland)
List of number-one singles from the 1980s (UK)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1984 (U.S.)
List of number-one R&B singles of 1984 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1984 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Database". Riaa.org. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 136. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "I Just Called to Say I Love You" topped the Billboard Hot 100, Adult Contemporary, and R&B charts simultaneously from October 13 to 27, 1984:
Hot 100 singles chart. Billboard. October 27, 1984. p. 64. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Hot Adult Contemporary chart. Billboard. October 27, 1984. p. 19. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Hot Black Singles chart. Billboard. October 27, 1984. p. 50. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Weinstein, Henry (February 23, 1990). "Wonder Wins Suit Over Song". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You". austriancharts.at. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lwin, Nanda. Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Mississauga, Ontario: 1999.
Jump up ^ "De Nederlandse Top 40, week 41, 1984". Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You". lescharts.com. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived January 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived June 3, 2009, at WebCite (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hit parade Italia (Retrieved May 30, 2008)
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You". hitparade.ch. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stevie Wonder: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Billboard AllMusic. (Retrieved April 17, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Canadian certifications – Stevie Wonder – I Just Called to Say I Love You". Music Canada. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "French certifications – Stevie Wonder – I Just Called to Say I Love You" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved March 29, 2012. Select STEVIE WONDER and click OK
Jump up ^ "Les Singles en Or :" (in French). Infodisc.fr. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Stevie Wonder; 'I Just Called to Say I Love You')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "British certifications – Stevie Wonder – I Just Called to Say I Love You". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 29, 2012. Enter I Just Called to Say I Love You in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (September 19, 2017). "The UK's Official Chart 'millionaires' revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Stevie Wonder – I Just Called to Say I Love You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
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Stevie Wonder
Studio albums
The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie
Tribute to Uncle Ray
With a Song in My Heart
Stevie at the Beach
Up-Tight
Down to Earth
I Was Made to Love Her
Someday at Christmas
Eivets Rednow
For Once in My Life
My Cherie Amour
Signed, Sealed & Delivered
Where I'm Coming From
Music of My Mind
Talking Book
Innervisions
Fulfillingness' First Finale
Songs in the Key of Life
Hotter than July
In Square Circle
Characters
Conversation Peace
A Time to Love
Live albums
Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius
Stevie Wonder Live
Live at the Talk of the Town
Natural Wonder
Soundtracks
Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"
The Woman in Red
Jungle Fever
Compilations
Looking Back
Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I
Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection
At the Close of a Century
Ballad Collection
The Definitive Collection
20th Century Masters
The Complete Stevie Wonder
Top ten singles
"Fingertips - Part 2"
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)"
"Blowin' in the Wind"
"A Place in the Sun"
"I Was Made to Love Her"
"I'm Wondering"
"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day"
"For Once in My Life"
"My Cherie Amour"
"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday"
"Never Had a Dream Come True"
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"
"Heaven Help Us All"
"If You Really Love Me"
"Superstition"
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life"
"Higher Ground"
"Living for the City"
"He's Misstra Know-It-All"
"You Haven't Done Nothin'"
"Boogie On Reggae Woman"
"I Wish"
"Sir Duke"
"Send One Your Love"
"Master Blaster (Jammin')"
"I Ain't Gonna Stand for It"
"Happy Birthday"
"That Girl"
"Do I Do"
"Ebony and Ivory"
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
"Love Light in Flight"
"Part-Time Lover"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"Go Home"
Other singles
"Hey Harmonica Man"
"Hey Love"
"I Don't Know Why"
"Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer"
"Superwoman (Where Were You When I Needed You)"
"Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing"
"As"
"Another Star"
"Lately"
"Ribbon in the Sky"
"Overjoyed"
"Faith"
Other songs
"You and I (We Can Conquer the World)"
"Golden Lady
"All in Love Is Fair"
"They Won't Go When I Go"
"Knocks Me Off My Feet"
"Pastime Paradise"
"Isn't She Lovely"
"Black Man"
Collaborations
"Ebony and Ivory"
"We Are the World"
"Just Good Friends"
"California Roll"
Related articles
Discography
Lula Mae Hardaway
Syreeta Wright
KJLH
Wonderin'
"Wonder-ful"
Book
Category
[show]
v
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Academy Award for Best Original Song
1934–1940
"The Continental"
Music: Con Conrad
Lyrics: Herb Magidson (1934)
"Lullaby of Broadway"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Al Dubin (1935)
"The Way You Look Tonight"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Dorothy Fields (1936)
"Sweet Leilani"
Music and lyrics: Harry Owens (1937)
"Thanks for the Memory"
Music: Ralph Rainger
Lyrics: Leo Robin (1938)
"Over the Rainbow"
Music: Harold Arlen
Lyrics: E. Y. Harburg (1939)
"When You Wish Upon a Star"
Music: Leigh Harline
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1940)
1941–1950
"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1941)
"White Christmas"
Music and lyrics: Irving Berlin (1942)
"You'll Never Know"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Mack Gordon (1943)
"Swinging on a Star"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Johnny Burke (1944)
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
Music: Richard Rodgers
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1945)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1946)
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
Music: Allie Wrubel
Lyrics: Ray Gilbert (1947)
"Buttons and Bows"
Music: Jay Livingston
Lyrics: Ray Evans (1948)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Music and lyrics: Frank Loesser (1949)
"Mona Lisa"
Music and lyrics: Ray Evans and Jay Livingston (1950)
1951–1960
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
Music: Hoagy Carmichael
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1951)
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"
Music: Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1952)
"Secret Love"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1953)
"Three Coins in the Fountain"
Music: Jule Styne
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1954)
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1955)
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"
Music and lyrics: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans (1956)
"All the Way"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1957)
"Gigi"
Music: Frederick Loewe
Lyrics: Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
"High Hopes"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1959)
"Never on Sunday"
Music and lyrics: Manos Hatzidakis (1960)
1961–1970
"Moon River"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1961)
"Days of Wine and Roses"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1962)
"Call Me Irresponsible"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1963)
"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
Music and lyrics: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
Music: Johnny Mandel
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1965)
"Born Free"
Music: John Barry
Lyrics: Don Black (1966)
"Talk to the Animals"
Music and lyrics: Leslie Bricusse (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Music: Michel Legrand
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1968)
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
Music: Burt Bacharach
Lyrics: Hal David (1969)
"For All We Know"
Music: Fred Karlin
Lyrics: Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin (1970)
1971–1980
"Theme from Shaft"
Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971)
"The Morning After"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972)
"The Way We Were"
Music: Marvin Hamlisch
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1973)
"We May Never Love Like This Again"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974)
"I'm Easy"
Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
Music: Barbra Streisand
Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976)
"You Light Up My Life"
Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance"
Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978)
"It Goes Like It Goes"
Music: David Shire
Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979)
"Fame"
Music: Michael Gore
Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)
1981–1990
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Music and lyrics: Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen (1981)
"Up Where We Belong"
Music: Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Music and lyrics: Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me"
Music and lyrics: Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Tom Whitlock (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Music: Franke Previte, John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz
Lyrics: Franke Previte (1987)
"Let the River Run"
Music and lyrics: Carly Simon (1988)
"Under the Sea"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1989)
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Sondheim (1990)
1991–2000
"Beauty and the Beast"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1991)
"A Whole New World"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia"
Music and lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Music: Elton John
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1994)
"Colors of the Wind"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1995)
"You Must Love Me"
Music: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On"
Music: James Horner
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1997)
"When You Believe"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart"
Music and lyrics: Phil Collins (1999)
"Things Have Changed"
Music and lyrics: Bob Dylan (2000)
2001–2010
"If I Didn't Have You (Disney song)"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music: Eminem, Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Lyrics: Eminem (2002)
"Into the West"
Music and lyrics: Fran Walsh, Howard Shore and Annie Lennox (2003)
"Al otro lado del río"
Music and lyrics: Jorge Drexler (2004)
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Music and lyrics: Juicy J, Frayser Boy and DJ Paul (2005)
"I Need to Wake Up"
Music and lyrics: Melissa Etheridge (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music and lyrics: Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007)
"Jai Ho"
Music: A. R. Rahman
Lyrics: Gulzar (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music and lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"We Belong Together"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2010)
2011–present
"Man or Muppet"
Music and lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music and lyrics: Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music and lyrics: John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall"
Music and lyrics: James Napier and Sam Smith (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz
Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"Remember Me"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
1960s
"Town Without Pity" Lyrics by Ned Washington, Music by Dimitri Tiomkin (1961)
"Circus World" Lyrics by Ned Washington, Music by Dimitri Tiomkin (1964)
"Forget Domani" Lyrics by Norman Newell, Music by Riz Ortolani (1965)
"Strangers in the Night" Lyrics by Charles Singleton, Eddie Snyder, Music by Bert Kaempfert (1966)
"If Ever I Would Leave You" Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, Music by Frederick Loewe (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind" Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Music by Michel Legrand (1968)
"Jean" Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen (1969)
1970s
"Whistling Away the Dark" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Henry Mancini (1970)
"Life Is What You Make It" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1971)
"Ben" Lyrics by Don Black, Music by Walter Scharf (1972)
"The Way We Were" Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1973)
"I Feel Love" Lyrics by Betty Box, Music by Euel Box (1974)
"I'm Easy" Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen" Lyrics by Paul Williams, Music by Barbra Streisand (1976)
"You Light Up My Life" Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance" Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara (1978)
"The Rose" Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom (1979)
1980s
"Fame" Lyrics by Dean Pitchford, Music by Michael Gore (1980)
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen, Burt Bacharach, Christopher Cross, & Carole Bayer Sager (1981)
"Up Where We Belong" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte-Marie (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" Lyrics by Irene Cara, Keith Forsey, Music by Giorgio Moroder (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me" Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away" Lyrics by Tom Whitlock, Music by Giorgio Moroder (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" Lyrics by Franke Previte, Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz (1987)
"Let the River Run" Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon/"Two Hearts" Lyrics by Phil Collins, Music by Lamont Dozier (1988)
"Under the Sea" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1989)
1990s
"Blaze of Glory" Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi (1990)
"Beauty and the Beast" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1991)
"A Whole New World" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Alan Menken (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia" Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Elton John (1994)
"Colors of the Wind" Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, Music by Alan Menken (1995)
"You Must Love Me" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by James Horner (1997)
"The Prayer" Music & Lyrics by David Foster, Tony Renis, Carole Bayer Sager, Alberto Testa (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart" Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins (1999)
2000s
"Things Have Changed" Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan (2000)
"Until..." Music and lyrics by Sting (2001)
"The Hands That Built America" Music and lyrics by Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. (2002)
"Into the West" Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox, Howard Shore & Frances Walsh (2003)
"Old Habits Die Hard" Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart (2004)
"A Love That Will Never Grow Old" Lyrics by Bernie Taupin, Music by Gustavo Santaolalla (2005)
"The Song of the Heart" Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson (2006)
"Guaranteed" Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder (2007)
"The Wrestler" Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (2008)
"The Weary Kind" Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett (2009)
2010s
"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me" Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren (2010)
"Masterpiece" Music & Lyrics by Madonna, Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry (2011)
"Skyfall" by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Ordinary Love" by U2 and Danger Mouse (2013)
"Glory" by Common and John Legend (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes (2015)
"City of Stars" by Justin Hurwitz, Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"This Is Me" by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2017)
Complete List
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Just_Called_to_Say_I_Love_You&oldid=831537138"
Categories:
1984 singles
Stevie Wonder songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Norway
Number-one singles in Sweden
Number-one singles in Switzerland
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Songs written by Stevie Wonder
Songs about telephone calls
Motown singles
1984 songs
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
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CS1 French-language sources (fr)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname
Singlechart called without song
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
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