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The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert
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The Bootleg Series, Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert
Live album by Bob Dylan
Released
October 13, 1998 (1998-10-13)
Recorded
May 17, 1966
Genre
Rock, folk rock, blues rock
Length
95:18
Label
Columbia
Producer
Jeff Rosen
Bob Dylan chronology
Time Out of Mind
(1997)Time Out of Mind1997 Live 1966: The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert
(1998) The Best of Bob Dylan, Vol. 2
(2000)The Best of Bob Dylan, Vol. 22000
Bob Dylan Bootleg Series chronology
The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991
(1991) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–19911991 The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert
(1998) The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert1998 The Bootleg Series Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue
(2002) The Bootleg Series Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue2002
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
Robert Christgau B+[2]
Rolling Stone [3]
Pitchfork Media 10/10[4]
Live 1966: The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert is a two-disc live album by Bob Dylan, released in 1998. It was recorded at the Manchester Free Trade Hall during Dylan's world tour in 1966, hence the quotation marks around the false attribution to the Royal Albert Hall. Extensively bootlegged for decades, it is an important document in the development of popular music during the 1960s.[5]
The setlist consisted of two parts, with the first half of the concert being Dylan alone on stage performing an entirely acoustic set of songs, while the second half of the concert has Dylan playing an "electric" set of songs alongside his band the Hawks. The first half of the concert was greeted warmly by the audience, while the second half was highly criticized, with heckling going on before and after each song.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Reception and legacy
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
History[edit]
After touring North America from the fall of 1965 through the winter of 1966, Dylan, accompanied by the Hawks (later renamed the Band), embarked on a six-week spring tour that began in Australia, wound through western Europe, Ireland and the United Kingdom, and wrapped up in London. Dylan's move to electric music, and his apparent disconnection from traditional folk music, continued to be controversial, and his UK audiences were particularly disruptive with some fans believing Dylan had "sold out".
The electric part of this concert first surfaced in late 1970 or early 1971 on bootleg LPs with various titles. On June 3, 1971, critic Dave Marsh reviewed one bootleg in Creem magazine, writing "It is the most supremely elegant piece of rock 'n' roll music I've ever heard...The extreme subtlety of the music is so closely interwoven with its majesty that they appear as one and the same."
The same month, critic Jon Landau reviewed another edition of the concert:
“ Needless to say, the album is both musically great and an amazing path back into the temperament of the sixties. Listening to it, it isn't hard to remember Dylan on stage of the Donnelly Memorial Theatre in Boston or at Forest Hills in New York City standing toe to toe, eyeball to eyeball with Robbie Robertson between every verse of practically every song, while the guitarist played his fills. Nor is it hard to remember that long, lean, frail look that sometimes made you wonder what gave him the strength to stand up there in the first place, as he remembered the unbelievably complex lyrics to his unbelievably long songs, without ever faltering...It isn't hard for me to remember the booing, the names, the insults he endured just to be standing there with an electric band...On this album the audience claps at the wrong time, claps rhythmically as if to deliberately throw his timing off. At the beginning of 'One Too Many Mornings' he tells a completely psychotic story in a very low voice while the audience makes its noise. As they gradually lose their energy, he finds his and his voice gets louder, until, when they are almost completely silent he says plainly, 'if you only wouldn't clap so hard.' The audience applauds the statement. ”
The early bootleg LPs attributed the recording to one of Dylan's tour-closing concerts at London's Royal Albert Hall that was also recorded, as was a show in Liverpool (May 14), supervised by Dylan producer Bob Johnston. However, Dylan's now-legendary confrontation with a heckler calling out "Judas" from the audience, clearly heard on the recording, was well documented as having occurred at Manchester's Free Trade Hall on May 17, 1966. After "Judas!", there is clapping, followed by more heckles. Dylan then says "I don't believe you", then after a pause, "You're a liar." Bob Dylan then said to his band, "play it fuckin' loud" as they begin "Like a Rolling Stone." At the end, the audience erupts into applause and Dylan says, "Thank you."
After years of conflicting reports and speculation among Dylan discographers, the Manchester source was verified after the preliminary mix of a proposed Columbia edition was bootlegged in 1995 as Guitars Kissing & The Contemporary Fix. Dylan rejected that edition; three years later, he authorized a markedly different version for his second "Bootleg Series" release. One song recorded at Dylan's real Royal Albert Hall concert had been previously released: his May 26, 1966 performance of "Visions of Johanna" on the Box set Biograph. Excerpts from other 1966 UK performances are included in Martin Scorsese's 2005 television documentary No Direction Home. Film footage of the "Judas" incident was discovered and used at the end of the documentary.
The inside leaflet reveals useful information about the conditions of how the concert was recorded and transferred to disc and it confirms that the version of "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue", previously released on the Box set Biograph, duly comes from this concert.[6]
On July 29, 1966, two months after finishing his spring tour, Dylan suffered a motorcycle accident. As a result of his long recuperation, Dylan had to cancel the remaining shows he had scheduled for 1966. However, he would continue to collaborate with the Hawks, and over the next year or so, they would produce some of their most celebrated recordings, many of which were eventually released on The Basement Tapes. Dylan would not embark on another tour until 1974.
Reception and legacy[edit]
When Live 1966: The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert finally was released in 1998, it was a commercial and critical success, reaching #19 in the U.K. The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[7]
Track listing[edit]
All songs written by Bob Dylan except "Baby, Let Me Follow You Down" by Eric von Schmidt and arranged by Dylan.
Disc 1 (solo acoustic)
No.
Title
Length
1. "She Belongs to Me" 3:27
2. "4th Time Around" 4:37
3. "Visions of Johanna" 8:08
4. "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" 5:45
5. "Desolation Row" 11:31
6. "Just Like a Woman" 5:52
7. "Mr. Tambourine Man" 8:52
Disc 2 (with The Hawks)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Tell Me, Momma" 5:10
2. "I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)" 6:07
3. "Baby, Let Me Follow You Down" 3:46
4. "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" 6:50
5. "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" 4:50
6. "One Too Many Mornings" 4:22
7. "Ballad of a Thin Man" 7:55
8. "Like a Rolling Stone" 8:01
Personnel[edit]
Bob Dylan — vocal, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, harmonica; piano on "Ballad of a Thin Man"
The Hawks
Rick Danko — bass guitar, backing vocal
Garth Hudson — organ
Mickey Jones — drums
Richard Manuel — piano
Robbie Robertson — electric guitar
Technical personnel
Jeff Rosen — producer
Vic Anesini — engineering
Steven Berkowitz, Michael Brauer — mixing
Greg Calbi — mastering
Geoff Gans — art direction
Mark Wilder — editing
Tony Glover — liner notes
Photography
Barry Feinstein, David Gahr
Don Hunstein, Art Kane
Mark Makin, Hank Parker
Jan Persson, Jerry Schatzberg
Sandy Speiser
See also[edit]
Bob Dylan World Tour 1966
Eat the Document
External links[edit]
Bootleg reviews
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allmusic review
Jump up ^ Robert Christgau review
Jump up ^ Fricke, David (6 October 1998). "Bob Dylan: The Bootleg Series, Vol. 4: The 'Royal Albert Hall' Concert : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Pitchfork Media review
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "The Bootleg Series, Vol. 4: The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert – Bob Dylan". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
Jump up ^ "The Bootleg Series, Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live, 1966: The "Royal Albert Hall Concert": Bob Dylan: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
Jump up ^ Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (23 March 2010). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-2074-2.
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text:
Laika
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Laika (disambiguation).
Laika
In 1957, Laika became the first animal launched into orbit, paving the way for human spaceflight. This photograph shows her in a flight harness.
Other name(s)
Kudryavka
Species
Canis lupus familiaris
Breed
Mongrel, possibly part-husky (or part-Samoyed) and part-terrier
Sex
Female
Born
Laika
Лайка
c. 1954
Moscow, Soviet Union
Died
3 November 1957
Sputnik 2, in Low Earth orbit
Years active
1957
Known for
First animal to orbit the Earth
Owner
Soviet space program
Weight
5 kg (11 lb)
Laika (Russian: Лайка; c. 1954 – 3 November 1957) was a Soviet space dog who became one of the first animals in space, and the first animal to orbit the Earth. Laika, a stray dog from the streets of Moscow, was selected to be the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 that was launched into outer space on 3 November 1957.
Little was known about the impact of spaceflight on living creatures at the time of Laika's mission, and the technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so Laika's survival was never expected. Some scientists believed humans would be unable to survive the launch or the conditions of outer space, so engineers viewed flights by animals as a necessary precursor to human missions.[1] The experiment aimed to prove that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and endure a Micro-g environment, paving the way for human spaceflight and providing scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms react to spaceflight environments.
Laika died within hours from overheating, possibly caused by a failure of the central R-7 sustainer to separate from the payload. The true cause and time of her death were not made public until 2002; instead, it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six or, as the Soviet government initially claimed, she was euthanised prior to oxygen depletion.
On 11 April 2008, Russian officials unveiled a monument to Laika. A small monument in her honour was built near the military research facility in Moscow that prepared Laika's flight to space. It portrayed a dog standing on top of a rocket. She also appears on the Monument to the Conquerors of Space in Moscow.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sputnik 2
2 Training
3 Preflight preparations
4 Voyage
5 Ethics of animal testing
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Citations
8.2 Bibliography
9 Further reading
10 External links
Sputnik 2[edit]
Romanian stamp from 1959 with Laika (the caption reads "Laika, first traveller into Cosmos")
Main article: Sputnik 2
After the success of Sputnik 1 in October 1957, Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, wanted a spacecraft launched on 7 November 1957, the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution. Construction had already started on a more sophisticated satellite, but it would not be ready until December; this satellite would later become Sputnik 3.[2]
Meeting the November deadline meant building a new craft. Khrushchev specifically wanted his engineers to deliver a "space spectacular", a mission that would repeat the triumph of Sputnik 1, stunning the world with Soviet prowess. Planners settled on an orbital flight with a dog. Soviet rocket engineers had long intended a canine orbit before attempting human spaceflight; since 1951, they had lofted 12 dogs into sub-orbital space on ballistic flights, working gradually toward an orbital mission set for some time in 1958. To satisfy Khrushchev's demands, they expedited the orbital canine flight for the November launch.[3]
According to Russian sources, the official decision to launch Sputnik 2 was made on 10 or 12 October, leaving less than four weeks to design and build the spacecraft.[4] Sputnik 2, therefore, was something of a rush job, with most elements of the spacecraft being constructed from rough sketches. Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space, Sputnik 2 also contained instrumentation for measuring solar irradiance and cosmic rays.[2]
The craft was equipped with a life-support system consisting of an oxygen generator and devices to avoid oxygen poisoning and to absorb carbon dioxide. A fan, designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded 15 °C (59 °F), was added to keep the dog cool. Enough food (in a gelatinous form) was provided for a seven-day flight, and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste. A harness was designed to be fitted to the dog, and there were chains to restrict her movements to standing, sitting, or lying down; there was no room to turn around in the cabin. An electrocardiogram monitored heart rate and further instrumentation tracked respiration rate, maximum arterial pressure, and the dog's movements.[5][6]
Training[edit]
Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger.[3] This specimen was an eleven-pound[7] mongrel female, approximately three years old. Another account reported that she weighed about 6 kg (13 lb).[3] Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames, among them Kudryavka (Russian for Little Curly), Zhuchka (Little Bug), and Limonchik (Little Lemon). Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky, was the name popularised around the world. The American press dubbed her Muttnik (mutt + suffix -nik) as a pun on Sputnik,[8] or referred to her as Curly.[9] Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier.[3] NASA refers to Laika as a "part-Samoyed terrier."[10] A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic, saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs.[7] Vladimir Yazdovsky, who led the program of test dogs used on rockets, in a later publication wrote that “Laika was quiet and charming”.[11]
The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on sub-orbital flights.[12] Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik 2 flight: Albina, Mushka, and Laika.[13] Soviet space-life scientists Vladimir Yazdovsky and Oleg Gazenko trained the dogs.[14]
To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to 20 days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate. Laxatives did not improve their condition, and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective. The dogs were placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft. This caused their pulses to double and their blood pressure to increase by 30–65 torr. The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space.[6]
Before the launch, one of the mission scientists took Laika home to play with his children. In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine, Dr. Vladimir Yazdovsky wrote, "Laika was quiet and charming...I wanted to do something nice for her: She had so little time left to live."[15]
Preflight preparations[edit]
Vladimir Yazdovsky made the final selection of dogs and their designated roles. Laika was to be the "flight dog"—a sacrifice to science on a one-way mission to space.[16] Albina, who had already flown twice on a high-altitude test rocket, was to act as Laika's backup. The third dog Mushka was a "control dog"—she was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and life support.[6][12]
Before leaving for the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Yazdovsky and Gazenko conducted surgery on the dogs, routing the cables from the transmitters to the sensors that would measure breathing, pulse, and blood pressure.[17]
Because the existing airstrip at Turatam near the cosmodrome was small, the dogs and crew had to be first flown aboard a Tu-104 plane to Tashkent. From there, a smaller and lighter Il-14 plane took them to Turatam. Training of dogs continued upon arrival; one after another they were placed in the capsules to get familiar with the feeding system.[16]
According to a NASA document, Laika was placed in the capsule of the satellite on 31 October 1957—three days before the start of the mission.[6] At that time of year, the temperatures at the launch site were extremely cold, and a hose connected to a heater was used to keep her container warm. Two assistants were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch. Just prior to liftoff on 3 November 1957, from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Laika's fur was sponged in a weak alcohol solution and carefully groomed, while iodine was painted onto the areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions.[18]
One of the technicians preparing the capsule before final liftoff stated that "after placing Laika in the container and before closing the hatch, we kissed her nose and wished her bon voyage, knowing that she would not survive the flight."[16]
Voyage[edit]
Laika travelled on Sputnik 2 (model shown)
The exact time of the liftoff varies from source to source and is mentioned as 05:30:42 Moscow Time or 07:22 Moscow Time.[16]
At peak acceleration Laika's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre-launch rate.[6] The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats/min before launch and increased to 240 beats/min during the early acceleration. After reaching orbit, Sputnik 2's nose cone was jettisoned successfully; however the "Block A" core did not separate as planned, preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly. Some of the thermal insulation tore loose, raising the cabin temperature to 40 °C (104 °F).[10] After three hours of weightlessness, Laika's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats/min,[19] three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests, an indication of the stress she was under. The early telemetry indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food.[10] After approximately five to seven hours into the flight, no further signs of life were received from the spacecraft.[6]
The Soviet scientists had planned to euthanise Laika with a poisoned serving of food. For many years, the Soviet Union gave conflicting statements that she had died either from asphyxia,[20] when the batteries failed, or that she had been euthanised. Many rumours circulated about the exact manner of her death. In 1999, several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated on the fourth orbit.[4] In October 2002, Dimitri Malashenkov, one of the scientists behind the Sputnik 2 mission, revealed that Laika had died by the fourth circuit of flight from overheating. According to a paper he presented to the World Space Congress in Houston, TX, USA, "It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system in such limited time constraints."[5]
Over five months later, after 2,570 orbits, Sputnik 2—including Laika's remains—disintegrated during re-entry on 14 April 1958.[21]
Ethics of animal testing[edit]
NASA named this soil target on Mars after Laika during the Mars Exploration Rover mission.
Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet vs. U.S. Space Race, the ethical issues raised by this experiment went largely unaddressed for some time. As newspaper clippings from 1957 show, the press was initially focused on reporting the political perspective, while the health and retrieval—or lack thereof—of Laika only became an issue later.[22]
Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable, and Laika had always been intended to die.[4] The mission sparked a debate across the globe on the mistreatment of animals and animal testing in general to advance science.[14] In the United Kingdom, the National Canine Defence League called on all dog owners to observe a minute's silence, while the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) received protests even before Radio Moscow had finished announcing the launch. Animal rights groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at Soviet embassies.[23] Others demonstrated outside the United Nations in New York;[14] nevertheless, laboratory researchers in the U.S. offered some support for the Soviets, at least before the news of Laika's death.[14][24]
In the Soviet Union, there was less controversy. Neither the media, books in the following years, nor the public openly questioned the decision to send a dog into space. In 1998, after the collapse of the Soviet regime, Oleg Gazenko, one of the scientists responsible for sending Laika into space, expressed regret for allowing her to die:
Work with animals is a source of suffering to all of us. We treat them like babies who cannot speak. The more time passes, the more I'm sorry about it. We shouldn't have done it ... We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog.[21][22]
In other Warsaw Pact countries, open criticism of the Soviet space program was difficult because of political censorship, but there were notable cases of criticism in Polish scientific circles. A Polish scientific periodical, "Kto, Kiedy, Dlaczego" ("Who, When, Why"), published in 1958, discussed the mission of Sputnik 2. In the periodical's section dedicated to astronautics, Krzysztof Boruń described the Sputnik 2 mission as "regrettable" and criticised not bringing Laika back to Earth alive as "undoubtedly a great loss for science".[25]
Legacy[edit]
Laika is memorialised in the form of a statue and plaque at Star City, Russia, the Russian Cosmonaut training facility.[26] Created in 1997, Laika is positioned behind the cosmonauts with her ears erect.[26] The Monument to the Conquerors of Space, constructed in 1964, also includes Laika.[27] On 11 April 2008 at the military research facility where staff had been responsible for readying Laika for the flight, officials unveiled a monument of her poised on top of a space rocket.[1] Stamps and envelopes picturing Laika were produced, as well as branded cigarettes and matches.[28]
Future space missions carrying dogs would be designed to be recovered. Four other dogs died in Soviet space missions: Bars and Lisichka were killed when their R-7 rocket exploded shortly after launch on 28 July 1960;[29] Pchyolka and Mushka died when Korabl-Sputnik 3 was purposely destroyed with an explosive charge to prevent foreign powers from inspecting the capsule after a wayward atmospheric reentry trajectory on 1 December 1960.[30]
Although never shown, Laika is prominently mentioned in the 1985 film My Life as a Dog, in which the main character (a young Swedish boy in the late 1950s) identifies strongly with the dog.[31] Laika, a 2007 graphic novel by Nick Abadzis giving a fictionalized account of Laika's life, won the Eisner Award as "Best Publication for Teens".[32]
See also[edit]
Animals in space
References[edit]
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b Isachenkov, Vladimir (11 April 2008), "Russia opens monument to space dog Laika", Associated Press, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 4 August 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Harford, James J. (1997), "Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3", NASA, archived from the original on 16 January 2001, retrieved 26 September 2006
^ Jump up to: a b c d LePage, Andrew J. (1997), "Sputnik 2: The First Animal in Orbit", archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 26 September 2006
^ Jump up to: a b c Zak, Anatoly (3 November 1999), "The True Story of Laika the Dog", archived from the original on 20 February 2006, retrieved 28 September 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Malashenkov, D. C. (2002), "Abstract:Some Unknown Pages of the Living Organisms' First Orbital Flight", IAF abstracts, Astrophysics Data System: 288, Bibcode:2002iaf..confE.288M
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Grahn, Sven, "Sputnik-2, more news from distant history", archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 2 February 2004
^ Jump up to: a b "Muscovites Told Space Dog Is Dead", New York Times, p. 3, 13 November 1957
Jump up ^ Gray, Tara (1998), "A Brief History of Animals in Space", NASA, archived from the original on 11 October 2004, retrieved 26 September 2006
Jump up ^ "Space Dog Lives", The British Library, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 26 September 2006
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sputnik 2", National Space Science Data Center, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 3 November 2014
Jump up ^ ""Laika's Trust" Part Two", Operavision, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 23 May 2013
^ Jump up to: a b "Dogs in space", Space Today Online, 2004, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 28 September 2006
Jump up ^ Whitehouse, David (28 October 2002), First dog in space died within hours, BBC, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 26 September 2006
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Animals as Cold Warriors: Missiles, Medicine and Man's Best Friend", National Library of Medicine, 19 June 2006, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 28 September 2006
Jump up ^ Isachenkov, Vladimir (11 April 2008), "Space dog monument opens in Russia", MSNBC, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 15 April 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c d Zak, Anatoly, "Sputnik-2", Russianspaceweb.com, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 23 May 2013
Jump up ^ Siddiqi (2000), p. 173
Jump up ^ "Memorial to Laika", novareinna.com, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 26 September 2006
Jump up ^ West, John B. (1 October 2001), "Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program", Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (4): 1501–1511, PMID 11568130, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 26 September 2006
Jump up ^ Beischer, DE; Fregly, AR (1962), "Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960", US Naval School of Aviation Medicine, ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581), archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 14 June 2011
^ Jump up to: a b "The Story of Laika", moscowanimals.org, archived from the original on August 16, 2006, retrieved 26 September 2006
^ Jump up to: a b "Message from the First Dog in Space Received 45 Years Too Late", Dogs in the News, 3 November 2002, archived from the original on 8 January 2006, retrieved 4 October 2006
Jump up ^ On this day, BBC, 3 November 1957, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 26 September 2006
Jump up ^ "Human Guinea Pigs and Sputnik 2", National Society for Medical Research, November 1957, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 28 September 2006
Jump up ^ Boruń, Krzysztof (December 1958), "Astronautyka", Kto, Kiedy, Dlaczego, Państwowe Wydawnictwo "Iskry", 2 (1): 330–331
^ Jump up to: a b Savage, Sam, "First in Orbit, Laika the Dog Made History", redOrbit, archived from the original on 15 October 2015, retrieved 27 July 2009
Jump up ^ "A New Monument for Laika, Russia's Heroic Space Dog", 11 April 2008, archived from the original on 15 October 2015
Jump up ^ "The dog that orbited the Earth". Witness. BBC News Magazine. 2017-11-08.
Jump up ^ Siddiqi (2000), p. 252
Jump up ^ Siddiqi (2000), p. 259
Jump up ^ Dickson (2009), p. 144
Jump up ^ Khouri, Andy (8 August 2011), "Laika the Space Dog Survives in Alternate Happy Endings by Nick Abadzis", ComicsAlliance
Bibliography
Dickson, Paul (2009), Sputnik: The Shock of the Century, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, ISBN 978-0-8027-1804-4
Siddiqi, Asif. A. (2000), Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974, NASA SP-2000-4408. Part 1 (page 1-500), Part 2 (page 501-1011).
Further reading[edit]
Angliss, Sarah and Uttley, Colin. Science in the Dock: The man who trained the space dogs. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
Dubbs, Chris and Burgess, Colin. Animals In Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle, 2007.
External links[edit]
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https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Latin
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la
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https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Latvian
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lv
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https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Luxembourgish
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lb
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interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
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https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Lombard
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lmo
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interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
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interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
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value:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Malay
ms
ms
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interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Norwegian
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no
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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Norwegian Nynorsk
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nn
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value:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Occitan
oc
oc
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interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
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value: ଲାଇକା – Odia

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interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Portuguese
pt
pt
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Romanian
ro
ro
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value: Лайка (собака-космонавт) – Russian

value:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Simple English
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simple
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https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajka
Lajka – Slovak
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sk
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https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajka
Lajka – Slovenian
sl
sl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
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https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajka
Lajka – Serbian
sr
sr
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
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https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajka
Lajka – Serbo-Croatian
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sh
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
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value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajka
Lajka – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

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value: லைக்கா (நாய்) – Tamil

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
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interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

value: ไลกา (สุนัข) – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
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https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layka
Layka – Turkish
tr
tr
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value: Лайка (собака-космонавт) – Ukrainian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
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https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layka
Layka – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
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https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
Laika – Waray
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war
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interlanguage-link interwiki-war
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value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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