text:
April Kepner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
April Kepner
Grey's Anatomy character
The Season 9 Gallery Picture of Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner
First appearance
"Invasion"
6x05, October 15, 2009
(as recurring cast)
"With You I'm Born Again"
7x01, September 23, 2010
(as main cast)
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
Sarah Drew
Information
Nickname(s)
Virgin Mary
Apes
Shepherd's flunkey
Ducky
Dud
Keps The Machine
Occupation
Attending trauma surgeon
Interim Chief of General Surgery (former)
Title
M.D.
F.A.C.S.
Family
Joe Kepner (Father)
Karen Kepner (Mother)
Libby, Kimmie and Alice
(sisters)
Spouse(s)
Jackson Avery (divorced)
Significant other(s)
Matthew Taylor (ex-fiancé)
Children
Samuel Norbert Avery (son, with Jackson; deceased)
Harriet Kepner-Avery (daughter, with Jackson)
Religion
Christianity
April Kepner M.D., is a fictional character from the television medical drama Grey's Anatomy which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Sarah Drew.[1] She was introduced in the episode "Invasion" as a former surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital who joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the two hospitals merge to compensate for the absence of some of the central cast members, and was created to be disliked by her colleagues.[2] The character was originally set to appear in two episodes, Drew's contract was extended to the remainder of the sixth season, with her becoming a series regular in the seventh season.[2][3] The character's focal storyline involved her struggle with fitting into the new work environment, her religious beliefs and balancing her duties as the hospital's chief resident and her friendship with her colleagues and as of the end of season eight, her relationship with her best friend and now ex-husband Jackson Avery.
Although initially focusing on neurosurgery during her residency,[4] Kepner finally settles on trauma surgery as a specialty.[5] After failing her boards, Kepner departs upon her contract’s expiration, but returns as a surgical attending when Chief Hunt offers her job back. Characterizing the character, ABC noted her determination, thoroughness, and intelligence as her main traits, while her insecurity, over-eagerness and vulnerability were highlighted as her main weakness. The character received mixed reviews from critics.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
2.3 Relationships
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
[hide]This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings. (November 2014)
This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
April Kepner was born in Columbus, Ohio on April 23, 1982.[8] Her mother Karen is a teacher and her father Joe is a farmer. She is the second of four daughters; her sisters are Libby, Kimmie, and Alice. Kepner is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital. She joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals, alongside Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), Reed Adamson (Nora Zehetner), and Charles Percy (Robert Baker). Kepner is first shown to possess a red diary, in which she writes all her feelings and thoughts which is stolen by Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh). Grey uses the personal information written in the notebook to unnerve and blackmail Kepner but later apologizes. After she made a mistake that led to a patient's death, she is fired. However, Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) rehires her when he becomes the new Chief of Surgery. As she is not confident anymore, she spends her time doing errands for Shepherd and develops a crush on him, earning her the nickname "Shepherd's flunky". In the season six finale, she discovers the body of her best friend Reed Adamson, who has been shot. She later runs into the shooter, Gary Clark, who lets her go after she tells him about her life after remembering a technique she says she learned from Oprah. Following the shooting, Kepner and Avery move into Meredith Grey's (Ellen Pompeo) house.
Kepner reveals that she is a virgin because she is a Christian and made a promise to God to stay a virgin until she was married, she also states that she thinks men find her annoying after yelling at Alex, Meredith, Lexie and Jackson about secrets, she claims that the fact that she is a 28 year old virgin is not a drinks conversation. She shows potential as a trauma surgeon during a trauma drill. She develops feelings for Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) who almost makes her lose her virginity. When Avery, now her best friend finds out about this, he assaults Karev. Later, Kepner agrees to go on a date with Robert Stark, believing him to have a good side. Her fellow residents make fun of her which prompts her to break up with him. April also impresses Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) and she is ultimately granted the position of Chief Resident in the season seven finale. Kepner initially struggles with her new status as her fellow doctors do not listen to her and do not take her seriously.
As the end of the fifth year of residency is near, the surgical residents, including Kepner, prepare for their boards exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining. The night before taking the exam, April loses her virginity to Avery. This causes her to re-evaluate her faith during her Boards Exams, making the examiners feel uncomfortable. It is revealed that she is the only one out of the residents to have failed her Boards Exams. She receives phone calls from other hospital retracting their offers of fellowships and is laid off from Seattle Grace. Although Avery has true feelings for her, she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her. As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies, the former chief of surgery Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) organizes his annual dinner for them. The eighth season ends with Kepner, Avery, Karev and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang, who are victims of an aviation accident.
Months later, Hunt goes to visit April, who had moved back to her parents' farm in Moline, Ohio. In the wake of the tragic aviation accident, he offers her an attending position at the hospital. When she gets back to Seattle Grace, she resumes her sexual relationship with Avery, despite claiming she wants to re-virginise. April has a pregnancy scare and Jackson promises that he will be there every step of the way, even marry her, if she tests positive. When April finds out that she is not pregnant, she is overjoyed, but inadvertently hurts Jackson's feelings by saying that they dodged a bullet, seemingly thrilled that they don't have to get married anymore. Jackson breaks up with April.
April suggests to Jackson that they each take a date to Bailey's wedding in an attempt to move on. Jackson takes intern Stephanie; the two bond and eventually have sex. When Jackson tells April that he is sleeping with somebody else, she is visibly crushed and tells him that they can't be friends again until she has gotten over him. In the next episode, a very attractive paramedic named Matthew (Justin Bruening) asks April out for coffee and they start seeing each other. Shortly afterwards she turns to Jackson for dating advice and it is hinted that Jackson is still in love with her when he shows signs of jealousy but Jackson overcomes his jealousy and they then re-establish their friendship. She confesses to Matthew that she is not a virgin anymore as she led him to believe and he breaks up with her because she lied to him. However, in the next episode, Matthew forgives April and they get back together. He asks her to marry him through a flash mob and she says yes. In the season 9 finale, April thinks she lost Jackson when a bus blew up and tells him she loves him, but he only has a few injuries. She remains engaged to Matthew while Jackson dates Stephanie. At the wedding, Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love. Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later it is revealed that they have secretly eloped.
At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage, but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital. Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son's elopement with April, and the fact that there wasn't a prenuptial agreement. They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement. Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious. Not long after their fight, April realizes she is pregnant. April and Jackson's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2, and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth. Jackson believes that termination is the best option, however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long. They scheduled an induction for the next day, at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby's death certificate, which is too hard for the couple to bear. April doesn't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle, while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancé the night before. They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then. She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery, and he died a few hours after birth. In the following weeks after Samuel's death, April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another. After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet, Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son, leaving April to storm out in anger. In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon with the army; this not being well received by Jackson. But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave. Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army, this having a strain on her and Jackson's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone. On Christmas Day after already being away for some time, April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period, Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April's base camp, leaving her to terminate the call; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home. On Valentine's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson, and they embrace in the foyer.
In Season 12, April and Jackson go through divorce proceedings started by Jackson. The morning before they sign the divorce papers, April discovers that she is expecting a second baby. She does not inform Jackson, and he is told by Arizona Robbins, which leads to additional tension. After Catherine Avery convinces Jackson to fight for full custody of his unborn child, April takes out a restraining order against him. The Averys' lawyer asks for all documentation of their marriage, when reading through their wedding vows, Jackson realizes that they should fix the situation for their child. He and April decide to raise their son or daughter together as friends. Complications arise when April's water breaks and when rushed to the hospital, she appears to be in critical condition; however she survives the delivery (via c-section) and she and Jackson are shown their new daughter.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
"I think it's a really fun character and, of course, getting to be on that show is wonderful and exciting for any actress in Hollywood."
Drew on her role in Grey's Anatomy.[2]
Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace.[2] Drew was brought aboard Grey's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes;[3] she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box (2009) which was eventually not picked up by ABC.[3] Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members, notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo's absence due to pregnancy.[2][3]
Drew was originally contracted to guest star in a multi-episodes story arc where her character would be eventually fired from the series after two episodes.[3] She explained: "I came on to the show and I was told from day one that I was only going to be there for two episodes. I did not expect anything beyond that. The morning my firing episode aired, my agent got a call that they were talking about a contract and I was just completely floored."[3] However she was promoted to a series regular on June 9, 2010 for the seventh season of the show.[9] Rhimes said in the wake of the news: "Kepner has really been folded into the group" of Grey's Anatomy adding "It'll depend on what the studio and the network decide to do with those actors, but I fully advocate to have [the characters]".[10] Drew received the call for her promotion the morning after the sixth episode of season six was telecast on October 29, 2009. She described the call as a "totally happy surprise".[11]
Characterization[edit]
"I love the idea that there's this person that everybody kind of hates, yet they all have to deal with, [and even] lean on. She is one of them, even though they find her terribly annoying, and I think that that's sort of charming."[12]
Drew's character has been called intelligent, hardworking, thorough and determined by Grey's Anatomy executives.[13] But she is also considered vulnerable, insecure, sensitive and overly eager by her colleagues.[13] Of the character, Drew said: "April is a very, very good doctor. She really knows what she's doing, she's worked really hard, and she certainly wants to do her best and stick around."[2] but also described her as "annoying", "neurotic" and "really insecure".[14] In the eighth season, April's position as chief resident and her struggle to get a handle on her fellow residents formed the central arc of her storyline. Rhimes explained: "Watching April try to be in charge of Cristina and Alex and Jackson is a pretty impossible task, and it’s made for comedy, it’s one of the funniest things we’re working on this season."[15] One of Kepner's central characteristics is her religious belief, notably her chastity and her instance on saving herself for someone she truly loves.[16] In an interview, Drew assessed that: There certainly has never been a 28-year-old virgin on Grey’s. I don’t even think there’s been a 28-year-old virgin on television. Unless it’s someone who is sort of a recluse. A normal, smart, doctor….pretty, healthy…that in and of itself is really fascinating, and really interesting, and totally different. It’s neat to see someone who is just totally clueless in that area. Everyone else [On Grey' Anatomy] seems like they know exactly what they’re doing. April is totally, totally clueless. Shonda told one of the directors, there are virgins that have sort of done everything else. But not April. April’s really pretty much done nothing. She’s completely untouched."[17]
Relationships[edit]
April and Jackson (Jesse Williams)'s sexual encounter makes her re-evaluate her faith and jeopardizes the course of her career.
Kepner entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey's Anatomy. In her early appearances, she is introduced as the best friend and roommate of her fellow Mercy West resident, Reed Adamson. In the season six finale, when Reed is tragically murdered by Gary Clark during the shooting, April is the first to find her when she trips over her dead body. In season seven April forms a friendship with Meredith Grey and she eventually moves into her house. Ellen Pompeo offered regarding their bond: "Meredith will accept April in order to get the audience to accept her,"[18] and Drew further explained: "She’s being plugged into the community. Meredith has really taken her under her wing, is really looking out for her. Having Meredith come around to April helps the audience come around to April."[17]
She first develops a crush on Derek Shepherd in season six. Carina MacKenzie from The Los Angeles Times called it "ridiculous" and added: "April is drooling all over Chief McDreamy. Vomit. (...) She's been reduced to a 12-year-old with hearts in her eyes and a painful inability to be subtle."[7] Drew herself was skeptical about it, saying: "The biggest thing that people did not like about my character was they thought I was a threat for the Mer/Der relationship, which I kind of found was super ridiculous (...) I never saw it as anything that would ever transpire into something that might threaten them. I only saw it as a really pathetic little crush."[17] She briefly has feelings for Alex Karev who almost makes her lose her virginity when he tries to sleep with her in Something's Gotta Give. Wetpaint commented that he made her feel "worthless and unwanted when she was at her most vulnerable."[19] Kepner also briefly dates Dr. Robert Stark, a senior pediatric surgical attending. After her fellow residents make fun of her, she breaks up with him, creating a coldness between them. However, it is Stark who recommends her as chief resident to Dr. Hunt. Drew stated: “She sees a side to Dr. Stark that he doesn’t show to anyone else at the hospital, and she finds that part endearing...I think they enjoy the companionship.”[20]
In the end of season eight, Kepner embarks on a relationship with her best friend turned lover Jackson Avery (Williams), who she loses her virginity to and that eventually leads her to reflect on her faith and fail her boards.[21] Critics praised the chemistry between April and Jackon.[22] Rhimes commented on the dynamic between the two in season nine and said: “I think it’s going to be funny, sexy, and good.”[23]
Reception[edit]
Kepner's crush on Shepherd in season six was disliked among television critics.
The character received mixed reviews from critics and fans alike. Initially, Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times highly praised the characterization of Kepner. writing: "One of my favorite Mercy Westers is intern April (Sarah Drew). Her saccharine-sweet attitude and wide-eyed insincerity were hilarious, as was her super-mysterious hot pink notebook full of morale-boosting platitudes."[7] However, she criticized the later development of her story, especially her crush on Derek Shepherd calling it "vomit"[24] PopSugar noted similarities between Kepner and Lexie Grey, stating: "Am I the only one who thinks the new doctor is kind of like Lexie 2.0? Their dynamic reminded me of when Lexie first started and tries really hard to make nice with Mere, but gets the cold shoulder in return."[25] Mariella Mosthof from Wetpaint stated: "Despite her obnoxious yet well-meaning tendencies, we briefly flirted with the idea of liking April's character last season, and it looks like there's plenty of opportunity for her to come back and charm us again yet again this time around." Reviewing the first part of the eight season, Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic wrote: "Although the girl has grown in terms of likeability, her downfalls still outweigh the positives. She doesn't really bring too much to the table. She wasn't the best choice for Chief Resident; she doesn't seem to be on the same level surgical wise and she hasn't carried a story on her own that makes us care about her."[26]
Kepner was included in TV Guide's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters, adding: "The extremely neurotic April (she makes Liz Lemon look laid back) has slowly made strides with fans thanks to her personal setbacks — she lost her treasured virginity to her best friend and failed her boards — but she still has a long way to go."[6] Entertainment Weekly also named her one of the "21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever", commenting: "April's lightened up a little this season [season 9], but a few episodes of sympathetic behavior can't erase the painful memories of Seattle Grace-Mercy West's most irritating doctor being."[27] TV Fanatic included her in their list of Worst Character on TV. Christina Tran commented: "Could she be any more annoying?!?"[28] Drew stated that it was initially "hard" for her as an actress to play an unpopular character but deemed her "interesting" and when she was informed by the writers that her character would get Dr. Shepherd (Dempsey) shot in the season six finale, her reaction was: "Oh, come on, guys, really? They already hate my character, now they're going to hate her even more!"[14]
Critics reception gradually changed positively. Entertainment Weekly noted: "April was chirpy, irritating, and immature, and her crush on Derek didn't endear her to us either. But these days, we say hooray for April; since Meredith declared that the two of them are pals, April's become a lot more tolerable, instead of being Lexie 2.0."[29] Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote: "April has grown since her character was introduced. She’s no longer much less annoying than she used to be, and she’s honest. A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well." and described her and Avery as "a couple for whom viewers can root".[30] The Hollywood Reporter also remarked: "It's nice to see April with a bit of a backbone and putting Alex in his place as the newfound confidence suits her well."[31]
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ "Character Bios". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Marsi, Steve (October 21, 2009). "Sarah Drew Previews Character, Grey's Anatomy Role". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Marsi, Steve (November 15, 2010). "Sarah Drew Dishes on Dream Grey's Anatomy Gig". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brian Tanen (writer), Chandra Wilson (director) (October 21, 2010). "Almost Grown". Grey's Anatomy. Season 7. Episode 05. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Sarah Drew". Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Most Loathed TV Characters Pictures, April Photos". TV Guide. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c MacKenzi, Carina (October 16, 2009). "'Grey's Anatomy': Mercy West is in, Izzie Stevens is out". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes (writer); Rob Corn (director) (May 20, 2010). "Death and All His Friends". Grey's Anatomy. Season 6. Episode 24. ABC. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: 'Grey's Anatomy' promotes Sarah Drew". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 8, 2010). "'Grey's Anatomy' Exclusive: Jesse Williams Gets Full-Time Upgrade". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Samson, Janalen (April 26, 2012). "'Grey's Anatomy' Interview with Sarah Drew: April is 'Super Freaked-Out'". BuddyTV. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy: Shonda Rhimes Talks Mer-Der's Struggle, Cristina's Pregnancy". Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "April Kapner Bio". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Diaz, Glenn (June 27, 2010). "'Grey's Anatomy': Sarah Drew Knows April is 'Annoying'". BuddyTV. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "What is in store for April this season". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. August 31, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marsi, Steve (July 29, 2011). "Will Grey's Anatomy Incorporate Sarah Drew's Pregnancy?". TV Fanatic. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sarah Drew Exclusive: "I had no idea…"". The Star Scoop. October 28, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wightman, Catriona (August 24, 2010). "Pompeo: 'Grey's Meredith, April will bond'". Digital Spy. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Clarendon, Dan (November 12, 2010). "Top 5 OMG Moments From Grey's Anatomy Season 7, Episode 8: "Something's Gotta Give"". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "April and Stark?! Sarah Drew Speaks on Unexpected Grey's Anatomy Romance". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. March 1, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (October 1, 2012). "Grey's Anatomy Spoiler: Will April and Jackson Get Together in Season 9? - Grey's Anatomy". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Courtney (October 21, 2012). "Grey's Anatomy Round Table: "Love the One You're With"". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Grey's Anatomy' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane's exit, teases unique season opener". EW.com. July 28, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Carina (April 30, 2010). "'Grey's Anatomy': He's a Sloan all right". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy Rundown, "Invasion"". PopSugar. Sugar Inc. October 20, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Courtney (November 18, 2011). "Grey's Anatomy Midseason Report Card: B+". TV Fanatic. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. April 1, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Staff Round Table: Worst Character on TV". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. May 3, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (November 4, 2010). "'Grey's Anatomy':10 Reasons We Love It Again! - Finally, April Is Less Annoying". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Courtney (October 18, 2012). "Grey's Anatomy Review: Nothing Left To Squeeze". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (October 25, 2012). "'Grey's Anatomy' Recap: Get Up, Stand Up". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
General
"April Kepner's Character Journey". ABC. 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
"Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide". ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
External links[edit]
Grey's Anatomy portal
Fictional characters portal
April Kepner on IMDb
April Kepner at ABC.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Grey's Anatomy
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Characters
(cast members)
Meredith Grey
Cristina Yang
Izzie Stevens
Alex Karev
George O'Malley
Miranda Bailey
Richard Webber
Derek Shepherd
Preston Burke
Addison Montgomery
Mark Sloan
Callie Torres
Lexie Grey
Erica Hahn
Owen Hunt
Sadie Harris
Arizona Robbins
Teddy Altman
Jackson Avery
April Kepner
Amelia Shepherd
Stephanie Edwards
Maggie Pierce
Other
Awards and nominations
Soundtrack
Video game
Private Practice
Untitled Grey's Anatomy spinoff
A Corazón Abierto (Mexican telenovela)
A Corazón Abierto (Colombian telenovela)
Portal
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Kepner&oldid=814151186"
Categories:
Grey's Anatomy characters
Fictional surgeons
Fictional characters introduced in 2009
Fictional characters from Ohio
Fictional female doctors
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: dates
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles that may be too long from November 2014
Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2014
All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 December 2017, at 04:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

attr: href title

tag: i

tag: td

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: br

value: With You I'm Born Again (Grey's Anatomy)

value:
/wiki/General_Surgery
mw-redirect
General Surgery

value: Fellow of the American College of Surgeons

value:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

value:
/wiki/Fictional_character
mw-redirect
Fictional character

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long

value: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-in-universe

value:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

value:
/wiki/James_Pickens,_Jr.
mw-redirect
James Pickens, Jr.

value:
/wiki/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta
mw-redirect
Osteogenesis Imperfecta

value: float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:24em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

value: Inside the Box (TV series) (page does not exist)

value: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:24em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9; position: relative; text-align: left;

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Almost_Grown_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)
mw-redirect
Almost Grown (Grey's Anatomy)

value:
/wiki/Tribune_Company
mw-redirect
Tribune Company

value: Death and All His Friends (Grey's Anatomy)

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value: List of awards and nominations received by Grey's Anatomy

value:
/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy:_The_Video_Game
mw-redirect
Grey's Anatomy: The Video Game

value: A corazón abierto (Colombian telenovela)

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2009

value: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

value: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

value: Category:Articles that may be too long from November 2014

value: Category:Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2014

value: Category:All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction

value: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/April_Kepner
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: آپریل کپنر – Persian

value: 에이프릴 케프너 – Korean

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-April_Kepner rootpage-April_Kepner skin-vector action-view


text:
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 1975 film, see Rime of the Ancient Mariner (film). For the 1925 silent film, see The Ancient Mariner (film).
The mariner up on the mast in a storm. One of the wood-engraved illustrations by Gustave Doré of the poem.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797–98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads. Some modern editions use a revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss.[citation needed] Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads, it is often considered a signal shift to modern poetry and the beginning of British Romantic literature.[citation needed]
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1800 edition)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner relates the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage. The mariner stops a man who is on the way to a wedding ceremony and begins to narrate a story. The wedding-guest's reaction turns from bemusement to impatience to fear to fascination as the mariner's story progresses, as can be seen in the language style: Coleridge uses narrative techniques such as personification and repetition to create a sense of danger, the supernatural, or serenity, depending on the mood in different parts of the poem.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Inspiration for the poem
3 Coleridge's comments
4 Wordsworth's comments
5 Early criticisms
6 Interpretations
7 In popular culture
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The mariner's tale begins with his ship departing on its journey. Despite initial good fortune, the ship is driven south by a storm and eventually reaches Antarctic waters. An albatross appears and leads them out of the ice jam where they are stuck, but even as the albatross is praised by the ship's crew, the mariner shoots the bird:
With my cross-bow,
I shot the albatross.
The crew is angry with the mariner, believing the albatross brought the south wind that led them out of the Antarctic. However, the sailors change their minds when the weather becomes warmer and the mist disappears:
'Twas right, said they, such birds to slay,
That bring the fog and mist.
They soon find that they made a grave mistake in supporting this crime, as it arouses the wrath of spirits who then pursue the ship "from the land of mist and snow"; the south wind that had initially led them from the land of ice now sends the ship into uncharted waters near the equator, where it is becalmed.
Day after day, day after day,
We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
Water, water, every where,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where,
Nor any drop to drink.
The very deep did rot – Oh Christ!
That ever this should be.
Yea, slimy things did crawl with legs,
Upon the slimy sea.
Engraving by Gustave Doré for an 1876 edition of the poem. "The Albatross," depicts 17 sailors on the deck of a wooden ship facing an albatross. Icicles hang from the rigging.
The sailors change their minds again and blame the mariner for the torment of their thirst. In anger, the crew forces the mariner to wear the dead albatross about his neck, perhaps to illustrate the burden he must suffer from killing it, or perhaps as a sign of regret:
Ah! Well a-day! What evil looks
Had I from old and young!
Instead of the cross, the albatross
About my neck was hung.
Eventually, the ship encounters a ghostly hulk. On board are Death (a skeleton) and the "Night-mare Life-in-Death", a deathly-pale woman, who are playing dice for the souls of the crew. With a roll of the dice, Death wins the lives of the crew members and Life-in-Death the life of the mariner, a prize she considers more valuable. Her name is a clue to the mariner's fate: he will endure a fate worse than death as punishment for his killing of the albatross.
One by one, all of the crew members die, but the mariner lives on, seeing for seven days and nights the curse in the eyes of the crew's corpses, whose last expressions remain upon their faces. Eventually, this stage of the mariner's curse is lifted after he appreciates the sea creatures swimming in the water. Despite his cursing them as "slimy things" earlier in the poem, he suddenly sees their true beauty and blesses them ("a spring of love gush'd from my heart, and I bless'd them unaware"); suddenly, as he manages to pray, the albatross falls from his neck and his guilt is partially expiated. The bodies of the crew, possessed by good spirits, rise again and help steer the ship. In a trance, the mariner hears two spirits discussing his voyage and penance, and learns that the ship is being powered supernaturally:
The air is cut away before,
And closes from behind.
Finally the mariner comes in sight of his homeland, but is initially uncertain as to whether or not he is hallucinating.
Oh! Dream of joy! Is this indeed
The light-house top I see?
Is this the hill? Is this the kirk?
Is this mine own countree?
We drifted o'er the harbour-bar,
And I with sobs did pray—
O let me be awake, my God!
Or let me sleep alway.
The rotten remains of the ship sink in a whirlpool, leaving only the mariner behind. A hermit on the mainland had seen the approaching ship and had come to meet it with a pilot and his boy, in a boat. When they pull him from the water, they think he is dead, but when he opens his mouth, the pilot has a fit. The hermit prays, and the mariner picks up the oars to row. The pilot's boy goes crazy and laughs, thinking the mariner is the devil, and cries, "The Devil knows how to row". As penance for shooting the albatross, the mariner, driven by guilt, is forced to wander the earth, telling his story over and over, and teaching a lesson to those he meets:
He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and small;
For the dear God who loveth us,
He made and loveth all.
After relaying the story, the mariner leaves, and the wedding guest returns home, and wakes the next morning "a sadder and a wiser man".
The poem received mixed reviews from critics, and Coleridge was once told by the publisher that most of the book's sales were to sailors who thought it was a naval songbook. Coleridge made several modifications to the poem over the years. In the second edition of Lyrical Ballads, published in 1800, he replaced many of the archaic words.
Inspiration for the poem[edit]
Commemorative statue at Watchet, Somerset: the albatross hangs on a rope looped around the ancient mariner's neck.
"Ah ! well a-day ! what evil looks
Had I from old and young!
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung."
The poem may have been inspired by James Cook's second voyage of exploration (1772–1775) of the South Seas and the Pacific Ocean; Coleridge's tutor, William Wales, was the astronomer on Cook's flagship and had a strong relationship with Cook. On this second voyage Cook crossed three times into the Antarctic Circle to determine whether the fabled great southern continent existed.[1] Critics have also suggested that the poem may have been inspired by the voyage of Thomas James into the Arctic.[2]
According to William Wordsworth, the poem was inspired while Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Wordsworth's sister Dorothy were on a walking tour through the Quantock Hills in Somerset.[3] The discussion had turned to a book that Wordsworth was reading, A Voyage Round The World by Way of the Great South Sea (1726) by Captain George Shelvocke. In the book, a melancholy sailor, Simon Hatley, shoots a black albatross:
We all observed, that we had not the sight of one fish of any kind, since we were come to the Southward of the streights of le Mair, nor one sea-bird, except a disconsolate black Albatross, who accompanied us for several days ... till Hattley, (my second Captain) observing, in one of his melancholy fits, that this bird was always hovering near us, imagin'd, from his colour, that it might be some ill omen ... He, after some fruitless attempts, at length, shot the Albatross, not doubting we should have a fair wind after it.
As they discussed Shelvocke's book, Wordsworth proffers the following developmental critique to Coleridge, which importantly contains a reference to tutelary spirits: "Suppose you represent him as having killed one of these birds on entering the south sea, and the tutelary spirits of these regions take upon them to avenge the crime."[3] By the time the trio finished their walk, the poem had taken shape.
Bernard Martin argues in The Ancient Mariner and the Authentic Narrative that Coleridge was also influenced by the life of Anglican clergyman John Newton, who had a near-death experience aboard a slave ship.[citation needed]
The poem may also have been inspired by the legends of the Wandering Jew, who was forced to wander the earth until Judgement Day for a terrible crime, found in Charles Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer, M.G. Lewis' The Monk (a novel Coleridge reviewed) and the Flying Dutchman.[4][5]
It is claimed that the harbour at Watchet in Somerset was the primary inspiration for the poem, although some time before, John Cruikshank, a local acquaintance of Coleridge’s, had related a dream about a skeleton ship manned by spectral sailors.[6] In September 2003, a commemorative statue, by Alan B Herriot of Penicuik, Scotland, was unveiled at Watchet harbour.[7]
Coleridge's comments[edit]
"The Albatross about my Neck was Hung," etching by William Strang. Poem illustration published 1896.
In Biographia Literaria, Coleridge wrote:
The thought suggested itself (to which of us I do not recollect) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts. In the one, incidents and agents were to be, in part at least, supernatural, and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions, as would naturally accompany such situations, supposing them real. And real in this sense they have been to every human being who, from whatever source of delusion, has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency. For the second class, subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life...In this idea originated the plan of the 'Lyrical Ballads'; in which it was agreed, that my endeavours should be directed to persons and characters supernatural, or at least Romantic; yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith. ... With this view I wrote the 'Ancient Mariner'.[8]
In Table Talk, Coleridge wrote:
Mrs Barbauld once told me that she admired The Ancient Mariner very much, but that there were two faults in it -- it was improbable, and had no moral. As for the probability, I owned that that might admit some question; but as to the want of a moral, I told her that in my own judgement the poem had too much; and that the only, or chief fault, if I might say so, was the obtrusion of the moral sentiment so openly on the reader as a principle or cause of action in a work of such pure imagination. It ought to have had no more moral than the Arabian Nights' tale of the merchant's sitting down to eat dates by the side of a well, and throwing the shells aside, and lo! a genie starts up, and says he must kill the aforesaid merchant, because one of the date shells had, it seems, put out the eye of the genie's son.[9]
Wordsworth's comments[edit]
Wordsworth wrote to Joseph Cottle in 1799:
From what I can gather it seems that the Ancient Mariner has upon the whole been an injury to the volume, I mean that the old words and the strangeness of it have deterred readers from going on. If the volume should come to a second Edition I would put in its place some little things which would be more likely to suit the common taste.
However, when Lyrical Ballads was reprinted, Wordsworth included it despite Coleridge's objections, writing:
The Poem of my Friend has indeed great defects; first, that the principal person has no distinct character, either in his profession of Mariner, or as a human being who having been long under the control of supernatural impressions might be supposed himself to partake of something supernatural; secondly, that he does not act, but is continually acted upon; thirdly, that the events having no necessary connection do not produce each other; and lastly, that the imagery is somewhat too laboriously accumulated. Yet the Poem contains many delicate touches of passion, and indeed the passion is every where true to nature, a great number of the stanzas present beautiful images, and are expressed with unusual felicity of language; and the versification, though the metre is itself unfit for long poems, is harmonious and artfully varied, exhibiting the utmost powers of that metre, and every variety of which it is capable. It therefore appeared to me that these several merits (the first of which, namely that of the passion, is of the highest kind) gave to the Poem a value which is not often possessed by better Poems.
Early criticisms[edit]
Illustration by Gustave Doré, 1878
Upon its release, the poem was criticized for being obscure and difficult to read. The use of archaic spelling of words was seen as not in keeping with Wordsworth's claims of using common language. Criticism was renewed again in 1815–16, when Coleridge added marginal notes to the poem that were also written in an archaic style. These notes or glosses, placed next to the text of the poem, ostensibly interpret the verses much like marginal notes found in the Bible. There were many opinions on why Coleridge inserted the gloss.[10] Charles Lamb, who had deeply admired the original for its attention to "Human Feeling", claimed that the gloss distanced the audience from the narrative, weakening the poem's effects. The entire poem was first published in the collection of Lyrical Ballads. Another version of the poem was published in the 1817 collection entitled Sibylline Leaves[11] (see 1817 in poetry).
Interpretations[edit]
On a surface level the poem explores a violation of nature and the resulting psychological effects on the mariner and on all those who hear him. According to Jerome McGann the poem is like a salvation story. The poem's structure is multi-layered text based on Coleridge's interest in Higher Criticism. "Like the Iliad or Paradise Lost or any great historical product, the Rime is a work of transhistorical rather than so-called universal significance. This verbal distinction is important because it calls attention to a real one. Like The Divine Comedy or any other poem, the Rime is not valued or used always or everywhere or by everyone in the same way or for the same reasons."[12]
George Whalley, in his 1946–47 essay, "The Mariner and the Albatross", suggests that the Ancient Mariner is an autobiographical portrait of Coleridge himself, comparing the mariner's loneliness with Coleridge's own feelings of loneliness expressed in his letters and journals.[13]
In popular culture[edit]
Main article: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in popular culture
In addition to being referred to in several other notable works, due to the popularity of the poem the phrase "albatross around one's neck" has become an English language idiom referring to "a heavy burden of guilt that becomes an obstacle to success".[14]. Monty Python's "Albatross Sketch" [15] in which an irascible movie-theatre refreshment vendor tries a sell a single albatross from a tray around his neck, is a parody of Coleridge's description of the Mariner.
The phrase "Water, water, every where, | Nor any drop to drink" has appeared widely in popular culture, but usually given in a more natural modern phrasing as "Water, water, everywhere | But not a drop to drink"; some such appearances have, in turn, played on the frequency with which these lines are misquoted.[16]
The poem is referenced in the script of the 1939 film The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.[17]
The Iron Maiden song "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" from their fifth studio album Powerslave was inspired by and based on the poem.[18]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Andrew C. F. David, ‘Cook, James (1728–1779)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008:'On 26 January 1774 he crossed into the Antarctic Circle for the third time (having done so a second time the previous month) and four days later, at 71°10' S, 106°54' W, achieved his farthest south.'
Jump up ^ Cooke, Alan (2000). "Thomas James". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Keach, William (ed.): "The Complete Poems / Samuel Taylor Coleridge", pages 498–99. Penguin, 1997.
Jump up ^ Fulmer, O. Bryan (October 1969). "The Ancient Mariner and the Wandering Jew". Studies in Philology. 66 (5): 797–815. JSTOR 4173656. (pay site)
Jump up ^ John Clute and John Grant, eds. (1999). The encyclopedia of fantasy. Macmillan. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-312-19869-5. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) Excerpt available at Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Samuel Taylor Coleridge". poetryfoundation.org. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Coleridge and Watchet – Watchet Museum". watchetmuseum.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "Chapter XIV". Biographia Literaria. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
Jump up ^ TableTalks, p. 106 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Duncan Wu, A Companion to Romanticism, Blackwell Publishing, 1998, p 137. ISBN 0-631-21877-7
Jump up ^ "GradeSaver: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner-Study Guide – About The Rime of the Ancient Mariner".
Jump up ^ McGann, Jerome J. The Beauty of Inflections: Clarendon Press, 1985.
Jump up ^ Whalley, George (July 1947). "The Mariner and the Albatross". The University of Toronto Quarterly. 16: 381–398. doi:10.3138/utq.16.4.381. Reprinted in Kathleen Coburn, eds. (1967). Coleridge: A Collection of Critical Essays. Prentice-Hall. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "albatross around one's neck". Houghton Mifflin. 1997.
Jump up ^ Chadner (14 September 2008). "Monty Python - Albatross" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Ten literary quotes we all get wrong". The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, The (1939) Movie Script - SS". Springfield! Springfield!.
Jump up ^ "Rime Of The Ancient Mariner by Iron Maiden Songfacts". www.songfacts.com.
References[edit]
Gardner, Martin, The Annotated Ancient Mariner, New York: Clarkson Potter, 1965; Reprinted by Prometheus Books, 19??, ISBN 1-59102-125-1
John Livingston Lowes, The Road to Xanadu – A Study in the Ways of the Imagination, Houghton Mifflin, 1927
Scott, Grant F. "'The Many Men so Beautiful': Gustave Doré's Illustrations to 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,'" Romanticism 16.1 (2010): 1–24.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
Illustrations from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Gustave Doré illustrations from the University at Buffalo Libraries’ Rare & Special Books collection
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, text from Project Gutenberg
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, audiobook (Jane Aker) from Project Gutenberg
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: Critical Analysis and Summary
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Abstracts of literary criticism of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
[hide]
v
t
e
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Topics
Early life
Opium use
Albatross metaphor
Lake Poets
Pantisocracy
Coleridge's theory of life
Early poetry
"The Destruction of the Bastile"
"Dura Navis"
"Easter Holidays"
"Monody on the Death of Chatterton"
"On Quitting School"
"Pain: Composed in Sickness"
"Songs of the Pixies"
Plays
The Fall of Robespierre
Remorse (Osorio)
Zapolya
Cambridge and
Bristol poetry
The Destiny of Nations
Lines on an Autumnal Evening
Lines Written at Shurton Bars
On Receiving an Account
Ode on the Departing Year
Religious Musings
To a Young Ass
To Fortune
To the River Otter
Eminent
Characters
"To Erskine"
"To Burke"
"To Priestley"
"To Fayette"
"To Kosciusko"
"To Pitt"
"To Bowles"
"To Mrs Siddons"
"To Godwin"
"To Southey"
"To Sheridan"
"To Lord Stanhope"
Conversation
poems
Dejection: An Ode
The Eolian Harp
Fears in Solitude
Frost at Midnight
The Nightingale: A Conversation Poem
Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement
This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison
To William Wordsworth
Late poetry and
Lyrical Ballads
Christabel
"France: An Ode"
"Hymn Before Sunrise"
"Kubla Khan"
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Biographical and
other works
Biographia Literaria
The Watchman
Notebooks
Family
Sara Coleridge (daughter)
Derwent Coleridge (son)
Hartley Coleridge (son)
Christabel Rose Coleridge (granddaughter)
Ernest Hartley Coleridge (grandson)
Herbert Coleridge (grandson)
James Coleridge (brother)
Henry Nelson Coleridge (nephew and son-in-law)
John Taylor Coleridge (nephew)
Arthur Coleridge (great-nephew)
Henry James Coleridge (great-nephew)
John Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge (great-nephew)
Authority control
BNE: XX2171367
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner&oldid=834298265"
Categories:
Poetry by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
British poems
Maritime folklore
1798 poems
Antarctica in fiction
Narrative poems
Birds in popular culture
Poems adapted into films
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
EngvarB from September 2013
Use dmy dates from September 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Articles with LibriVox links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Български
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
Français
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Italiano
Македонски
മലയാളം
Nederlands
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
16 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 23:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: href class title

attr: class style

tag: b

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Romantic_literature
mw-redirect
Romantic literature

value: File:Rime ancient mariner coleridge mlc.ogg

value: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

value: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

value: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

value:
/wiki/Tutelary_spirit
mw-redirect
Tutelary spirit

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)

value:
/wiki/Charles_Lamb_(writer)
mw-redirect
Charles Lamb (writer)

value:
/wiki/Higher_Criticism
mw-redirect
Higher Criticism

value: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (film)

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4173656

value: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3138%2Futq.16.4.381

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Clarkson_Potter
mw-redirect
Clarkson Potter

value: wikisource:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

value: q:Special:Search/The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

value: commons:Category:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/151

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12713

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Poetry by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

value: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2013

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: قصيدة البحار العجوز – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

value: Балада за Стария моряк – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner – German

value: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner – Spanish

value: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner – Esperanto

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: द राइम ऑफ़ द एन्शियंट मेरिनर – Hindi

value: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner – Indonesian

value: Ballada del Vetule Marinero – Interlingua

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

value: La ballata del vecchio marinaio – Italian

value: Поемата на стариот морнар – Macedonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value: ദ് റൈം ഓഫ് ദ് എൻഷ്യന്റ് മാരിനർ – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner – Norwegian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner – Norwegian Nynorsk

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value: ਦ ਰਾਈਮ ਆਫ਼ ਦੀ ਏਨਸੀਐਂਟ ਮੇਰੀਨਰ – Punjabi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

value: Rymy o starym marynarzu (poemat) – Polish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner – Portuguese

value: Сказание о старом мореходе – Russian

value: Песма о старом морнару – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: Поема про старого моряка – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner rootpage-The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner skin-vector action-view


text:
Light-dependent reactions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane
In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.
The four photosystems absorb light energy through pigments—primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.
Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.
The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:
2H
2O + 2NADP+
+ 3ADP + 3Pi → O
2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP
The two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
Contents
[hide]
1 The reaction center
2 Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts
2.1 Photosystem II
2.1.1 The water-splitting complex
2.1.2 The reaction center
2.1.3 Link of water-splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation
2.1.4 Summary
2.2 Cytochrome b6
2.3 Photosystem I
3 Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria
3.1 Cyanobacteria
3.2 Purple bacteria
3.3 Green sulfur bacteria
4 History
5 See also
6 References
The reaction center[edit]
Main article: Photosynthetic reaction center
The reaction center is in the thylakoid membrane. It transfers light energy to a dimer of chlorophyll pigment molecules near the periplasmic (or thylakoid lumen) side of the membrane. This dimer is called a special pair because of its fundamental role in photosynthesis. This special pair is slightly different in PSI and PSII reaction center. In PSII, it absorbs photons with a wavelength of 680 nm, and it is therefore called P680. In PSI, it absorbs photons at 700 nm, and it is called P700. In bacteria, the special pair is called P760, P840, P870, or P960. Where "P" means pigment, and the number following it is the wavelength of light absorbed.
If an electron of the special pair in the reaction center becomes excited, it cannot transfer this energy to another pigment using resonance energy transfer. In normal circumstances, the electron should return to the ground state, but, because the reaction center is arranged so that a suitable electron acceptor is nearby, the excited electron can move from the initial molecule to the acceptor. This process results in the formation of a positive charge on the special pair (due to the loss of an electron) and a negative charge on the acceptor and is, hence, referred to as photoinduced charge separation. In other words, electrons in pigment molecules can exist at specific energy levels. Under normal circumstances, they exist at the lowest possible energy level they can. However, if there is enough energy to move them into the next energy level, they can absorb that energy and occupy that higher energy level. The light they absorb contains the necessary amount of energy needed to push them into the next level. Any light that does not have enough or has too much energy cannot be absorbed and is reflected. The electron in the higher energy level, however, does not want to be there; the electron is unstable and must return to its normal lower energy level. To do this, it must release the energy that has put it into the higher energy state to begin with. This can happen various ways. The extra energy can be converted into molecular motion and lost as heat. Some of the extra energy can be lost as heat energy, while the rest is lost as light. (This re-emission of light energy is called fluorescence.) The energy, but not the e- itself, can be passed onto another molecule. (This is called resonance.) The energy and the e- can be transferred to another molecule. Plant pigments usually utilize the last two of these reactions to convert the sun's energy into their own.
This initial charge separation occurs in less than 10 picoseconds (10−11 seconds). In their high-energy states, the special pigment and the acceptor could undergo charge recombination; that is, the electron on the acceptor could move back to neutralize the positive charge on the special pair. Its return to the special pair would waste a valuable high-energy electron and simply convert the absorbed light energy into heat. In the case of PSII, this backflow of electrons can produce reactive oxygen species leading to photoinhibition.[1][2] Three factors in the structure of the reaction center work together to suppress charge recombination nearly completely.
Another electron acceptor is less than 10 Å away from the first acceptor, and so the electron is rapidly transferred farther away from the special pair.
An electron donor is less than 10 Å away from the special pair, and so the positive charge is neutralized by the transfer of another electron
The electron transfer back from the electron acceptor to the positively charged special pair is especially slow. The rate of an of electron transfer reaction increases with its thermodynamic favorability up to a point and then decreases. The back transfer is so favourable that it takes place in the inverted region where electron-transfer rates become slower.[1]
Thus, electron transfer proceeds efficiently from the first electron acceptor to the next, creating an electron transport chain that ends if it has reached NADPH.
Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts[edit]
The photosynthesis process in chloroplasts begins when an electron of P680 of PSII attains a higher-energy level. This energy is used to reduce a chain of electron acceptors that have subsequently lowered redox-potentials. This chain of electron acceptors is known as an electron transport chain. When this chain reaches PS I, an electron is again excited, creating a high redox-potential. The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is often put in a diagram called the z-scheme, because the redox diagram from P680 to P700 resembles the letter z.[3]
The final product of PSII is plastoquinol, a mobile electron carrier in the membrane. Plastoquinol transfers the electron from PSII to the proton pump, cytochrome b6f. The ultimate electron donor of PSII is water. Cytochrome b6f proceeds the electron chain to PSI through plastocyanin molecules. PSI is able to continue the electron transfer in two different ways. It can transfer the electrons either to plastoquinol again, creating a cyclic electron flow, or to an enzyme called FNR (Ferredoxin—NADP(+) reductase), creating a non-cyclic electron flow. PSI releases FNR into the stroma, where it reduces NADP+
to NADPH.
Activities of the electron transport chain, especially from cytochrome b6f, lead to pumping of protons from the stroma to the lumen. The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.
The overall process of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in chloroplasts is:
H
2O → PS II → plastoquinone → cytb
6 → plastocyanin → PS I → NADPH
Photosystem II[edit]
Main article: Photosystem II
PS II is extremely complex, a highly organized transmembrane structure that contains a water-splitting complex, chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments, a reaction center (P680), pheophytin (a pigment similar to chlorophyll), and two quinones. It uses the energy of sunlight to transfer electrons from water to a mobile electron carrier in the membrane called plastoquinone:
H
2O → P680 → P680* → plastoquinone
Plastoquinone, in turn, transfers electrons to cytb
6, which feeds them into PS I.
The water-splitting complex[edit]
The step H
2O → P680 is performed by a poorly understood structure embedded within PS II called the water-splitting complex or the oxygen-evolving complex. It catalyzes a reaction that splits water into electrons, protons and oxygen:
2H
2O → 4H+ + 4e− + O
2
The actual steps of the above reaction are running in the following way (Dolai's diagram of S-states): (I) 2H2O(monoxide) (II) OH. H2O (hydroxide) (III) H2O2(peroxide) (IV)HO2(super oxide)(V) O2(di-oxygen).[4]
The electrons are transferred to special chlorophyll molecules (embedded in PS II) that are promoted to a higher-energy state by the energy of photons.
The reaction center[edit]
The excitation P680 → P680*of the reaction center pigment P680 occurs here. These special chlorophyll molecules embedded in PS II absorb the energy of photons, with maximal absorption at 680 nm. Electrons within these molecules are promoted to a higher-energy state. This is one of two core processes in photosynthesis, and it occurs with astonishing efficiency (greater than 90%) because, in addition to direct excitation by light at 680 nm, the energy of light first harvested by antenna proteins at other wavelengths in the light-harvesting system is also transferred to these special chlorophyll molecules.
This is followed by the step P680*→ pheophytin, and then on to plastoquinone, which occurs within the reaction center of PS II. High-energy electrons are transferred to plastoquinone before it subsequently picks up two protons to become plastoquinol. Plastoquinol is then released into the membrane as a mobile electron carrier.
This is the second core process in photosynthesis. The initial stages occur within picoseconds, with an efficiency of 100%. The seemingly impossible efficiency is due to the precise positioning of molecules within the reaction center. This is a solid-state process, not a chemical reaction. It occurs within an essentially crystalline environment created by the macromolecular structure of PS II. The usual rules of chemistry (which involve random collisions and random energy distributions) do not apply in solid-state environments.
Link of water-splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation[edit]
When the chlorophyll passes the electron to pheophytin, it obtains an electron from P680*. In turn, P680* can oxidize the Z (or YZ) molecule. Once oxidized, the Z molecule can derive electrons from the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC).[5] Dolai's S-state diagrams show the reactions of water splitting in the oxygen-evolving complex.
Summary[edit]
PS II is a transmembrane structure found in all chloroplasts. It splits water into electrons, protons and molecular oxygen. The electrons are transferred to plastoquinone, which carries them to a proton pump. Molecular oxygen is released into the atmosphere.
The emergence of such an incredibly complex structure, a macromolecule that converts the energy of sunlight into potentially useful work with efficiencies that are impossible in ordinary experience, seems almost magical at first glance. Thus, it is of considerable interest that, in essence, the same structure is found in purple bacteria.
Cytochrome b
6[edit]
PS II and PS I are connected by a transmembrane proton pump, cytochrome b
6 complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; EC 1.10.99.1). Electrons from PS II are carried by plastoquinol to cytb
6, where they are removed in a stepwise fashion (reforming plastoquinone) and transferred to a water-soluble electron carrier called plastocyanin. This redox process is coupled to the pumping of four protons across the membrane. The resulting proton gradient (together with the proton gradient produced by the water-splitting complex in PS II) is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.
The similarity in structure and function between cytochrome b
6 (in chloroplasts) and cytochrome bc
1 (Complex III in mitochondria) is striking. Both are transmembrane structures that remove electrons from a mobile, lipid-soluble electron carrier (plastoquinone in chloroplasts; ubiquinone in mitochondria) and transfer them to a mobile, water-soluble electron carrier (plastocyanin in chloroplasts; cytochrome c in mitochondria). Both are proton pumps that produce a transmembrane proton gradient.
Photosystem I[edit]
The cyclic light-dependent reactions occur only when the sole photosystem being used is photosystem I. Photosystem I excites electrons which then cycle from the transport protein, ferredoxin (Fd), to the cytochrome complex, b6f, to another transport protein, plastocyanin (Pc), and back to photosystem I. A proton gradient is created across the thylakoid membrane (6) as protons (3) are transported from the chloroplast stroma (4) to the thylakoid lumen (5). Through chemiosmosis, ATP (9) is produced where ATP synthase (1) binds an inorganic phosphate group (8) to an ADP molecule (7).
Main article: Photosystem I
PS I accepts electrons from plastocyanin and transfers them either to NADPH (noncyclic electron transport) or back to cytochrome b
6 (cyclic electron transport):
                        plastocyanin → P700 → P700* → FNR → NADPH ↑ ↓ b
6 ← plastoquinone

PS I, like PS II, is a complex, highly organized transmembrane structure that contains antenna chlorophylls, a reaction center (P700), phylloquinine, and a number of iron-sulfur proteins that serve as intermediate redox carriers.
The light-harvesting system of PS I uses multiple copies of the same transmembrane proteins used by PS II. The energy of absorbed light (in the form of delocalized, high-energy electrons) is funneled into the reaction center, where it excites special chlorophyll molecules (P700, maximum light absorption at 700 nm) to a higher energy level. The process occurs with astonishingly high efficiency.
Electrons are removed from excited chlorophyll molecules and transferred through a series of intermediate carriers to ferredoxin, a water-soluble electron carrier. As in PS II, this is a solid-state process that operates with 100% efficiency.
There are two different pathways of electron transport in PS I. In noncyclic electron transport, ferredoxin carries the electron to the enzyme ferredoxin NADP+
reductase (FNR) that reduces NADP+
to NADPH. In cyclic electron transport, electrons from ferredoxin are transferred (via plastoquinone) to a proton pump, cytochrome b
6. They are then returned (via plastocyanin) to P700.
NADPH and ATP are used to synthesize organic molecules from CO
2. The ratio of NADPH to ATP production can be adjusted by adjusting the balance between cyclic and noncyclic electron transport.
It is noteworthy that PS I closely resembles photosynthetic structures found in green sulfur bacteria, just as PS II resembles structures found in purple bacteria.
Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria[edit]
PS II, PS I, and cytochromeb
6 are found in chloroplasts. All plants and all photosynthetic algae contain chloroplasts, which produce NADPH and ATP by the mechanisms described above. In essence, the same transmembrane structures are also found in cyanobacteria.
Unlike plants and algae, cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. They do not contain chloroplasts. Rather, they bear a striking resemblance to chloroplasts themselves. This suggests that organisms resembling cyanobacteria were the evolutionary precursors of chloroplasts. One imagines primitive eukaryotic cells taking up cyanobacteria as intracellular symbionts in a process known as endosymbiosis.
Cyanobacteria[edit]
Cyanobacteria contain structures similar to PS II and PS I in chloroplasts. Their light-harvesting system is different from that found in plants (they use phycobilins, rather than chlorophylls, as antenna pigments), but their electron transport chain
         H
2O → PS II → plastoquinone → b
6 → cytochrome c
6 → PS I → ferredoxin → NADPH ↑ ↓ b
6 ← plastoquinone

is, in essence, the same as the electron transport chain in chloroplasts. The mobile water-soluble electron carrier is cytochrome c
6 in cyanobacteria, plastocyanin in plants.
Cyanobacteria can also synthesize ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, in the manner of other bacteria. The electron transport chain is
           NADH dehydrogenase → plastoquinone → b
6 → cytochrome c
6 → cytochrome aa
3 → O
2

where the mobile electron carriers are plastoquinone and cytochrome c
6, while the proton pumps are NADH dehydrogenase, b
6 and cytochrome aa
3.
Cyanobacteria are the only bacteria that produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Earth's primordial atmosphere was anoxic. Organisms like cyanobacteria produced our present-day oxygen-containing atmosphere.
The other two major groups of photosynthetic bacteria, purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, contain only a single photosystem and do not produce oxygen.
Purple bacteria[edit]
Purple bacteria contain a single photosystem that is structurally related to PS II in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts:
P870 → P870* → ubiquinone → bc
1 → cytochrome c
2 → P870
This is a cyclic process in which electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule (bacteriochlorophyll; P870), passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump (cytochrome bc
1 complex, similar but not identical to cytochrome bc
1 in chloroplasts), and then returned to the chlorophyll molecule. The result is a proton gradient, which is used to make ATP via ATP synthase. As in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, this is a solid-state process that depends on the precise orientation of various functional groups within a complex transmembrane macromolecular structure.
To make NADPH, purple bacteria use an external electron donor (hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, or organic molecules such as succinate and lactate) to feed electrons into a reverse electron transport chain.
Green sulfur bacteria[edit]
Green sulfur bacteria contain a photosystem that is analogous to PS I in chloroplasts:
                           P840 → P840* → ferredoxin → NADH ↑ ↓ cyt c553 ← bc
1 ← menaquinone

There are two pathways of electron transfer. In cyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule, passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump, and then returned to the chlorophyll. The mobile electron carriers are, as usual, a lipid-soluble quinone and a water-soluble cytochrome. The resulting proton gradient is used to make ATP.
In noncyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule and used to reduce NAD+ to NADH. The electrons removed from P840 must be replaced. This is accomplished by removing electrons from H
2S, which is oxidized to sulfur (hence the name "green sulfur bacteria").
Purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria occupy relatively minor ecological niches in the present day biosphere. They are of interest because of their importance in precambrian ecologies, and because their methods of photosynthesis were the likely evolutionary precursors of those in modern plants.
History[edit]
The first ideas about light being used in photosynthesis were proposed by Colin Flannery in 1779[6] who recognized it was sunlight falling on plants that was required, although Joseph Priestley had noted the production of oxygen without the association with light in 1772.[7] Cornelius Van Niel proposed in 1931 that photosynthesis is a case of general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photo decompose a hydrogen donor and the hydrogen being used to reduce CO
2.[8] Then in 1939, Robin Hill showed that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen, but not fix CO
2 showing the light and dark reactions occurred in different places. Although they are referred to as light and dark reactions, both of them take place only in the presence of light.[9] This led later to the discovery of photosystems I and II.
See also[edit]
Light-independent reaction
Photosynthetic reaction centre
Photosystem II
Compensation point
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Vass, Imre; Cser, Krisztian (April 2009). "Janus-faced charge recombinations in photosystem II photoinhibition". Trends in Plant Science. 14 (4): 200–205. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.01.009. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 19303349. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ Keren, Nir; Berg, Alexander; van Kan, Paul J. M.; Levanon, Haim; Ohad, Itzhak (1997-02-18). "Mechanism of photosystem II photoinactivation and D1 protein degradation at low light: The role of back electron flow". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (4): 1579–1584. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.4.1579. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 19834  . PMID 11038602. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ Rajni Govindjee. "The Z-Scheme Diagram of Photosynthesis". Retrieved March 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ Dolai, U. (2017). "Chemical Scheme of Water -Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis ". IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 12(6):65-67. doi: 10.9790/3008-1206026567. ISSN 2319-7676.
Jump up ^ "Photosynthesis". McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. 2007. p. 472.
Jump up ^ Ingenhousz, J (1779). Experiments Upon Vegetables. London: Elmsly and Payne.
Jump up ^ Priestley, J (1772). "Observations on Different Kinds of Air". 62. London: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.: 147–264. doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0021.
Jump up ^ van Niel, C. B. (1931). "On the morphology and physiology of the purple and green sulfur bacteria". Arch. Microbiol. 3: 1–114. doi:10.1007/BF00454965.
Jump up ^ Hill, R. (May 1939). "Oxygen Produced by Isolated Chloroplasts". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 127 (847): 192–210. doi:10.1098/rspb.1939.0017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-dependent_reactions&oldid=837057160"
Categories:
Light reactions
Photosynthesis
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Galego
한국어
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
සිංහල
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Tagalog
Türkçe
13 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 13:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Thylakoid_membranes
mw-redirect
Thylakoid membranes

tag: p

value:
/wiki/Reaction_center
mw-redirect
Reaction center

value:
/wiki/Thylakoid_lumen
mw-redirect
Thylakoid lumen

value:
/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_center
mw-redirect
Photosynthetic reaction center

value:
/wiki/Resonance_energy_transfer
mw-redirect
Resonance energy transfer

value: Edit section: Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts

value:
/wiki/Cytochrome_b6f
mw-redirect
Cytochrome b6f

value: Edit section: The water-splitting complex

value: Edit section: Link of water-splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation

value:
nofollow
external text
https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.10.99.1

value: Noncyclic electron transport (page does not exist)

value: Cyclic electron transport (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Iron-sulfur_protein
mw-redirect
Iron-sulfur protein

value: Edit section: Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria

value:
/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Niel
mw-redirect
Cornelius Van Niel

value:
/wiki/Light-independent_reaction
mw-redirect
Light-independent reaction

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1360-1385

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19303349

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pnas.org/content/94/4/1579

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.4.1579

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11038602

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1772.0021

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00454965

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1939.0017

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: تفاعل ضوئي – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: Световая фаза – Russian

value: අලෝක-පරායත්ත ප්‍රතික්‍රියා – Sinhala

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

value: Light-dependent reaction – Simple English

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value: Светла фаза фотосинтезе – Serbian

value: Svetla faza fotosinteze – Serbo-Croatian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Light-dependent_reactions rootpage-Light-dependent_reactions skin-vector action-view