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Interwar period
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"Between the Wars" redirects here. For other uses, see Between the Wars (disambiguation).
Europe, 1923
Population densities in Europe, 1923
In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939.
Despite the relatively short period of time, this period represented an era of significant changes worldwide. Petroleum and associated mechanisation expanded dramatically leading to the Roaring Twenties (and the Golden Twenties), a period of economic prosperity and growth for the middle class in North America, Europe and many other parts of the world. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio broadcasts and more became commonplace among populations in the developed world. The indulgences of this era subsequently led to the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn which severely damaged many of the world's largest economies.
Politically, this era saw the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution, at the end of World War I, and ultimately the rise of fascism, particularly in Germany. China was in the midst of long period of instability and civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. The Empires of Britain, France and others faced challenges as imperialism was increasingly viewed negatively in Europe, and independence movements in British India, French Vietnam, Ireland and other regions gained momentum. The former Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian and German Empires were dismantled, with the Ottoman and German Empire's colonies redistributed among the Allies. The far western part of the Russian Empire broke into independent states: Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. However, the Communists in Moscow managed to regain control in Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Ireland was split, with the larger part being independent of Britain. In the Middle East, Egypt and Iraq gained independence. During the Great Depression, Latin American countries nationalised many foreign companies (particularly American) in a bid to strengthen their local economies. Japanese, German, Italian and Russian territorial ambitions led to expansions of these empires, which set the stage for the subsequent world war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Turmoil in Europe
2 International relations
3 Roaring Twenties
4 Great Depression
4.1 Fascism displaces democracy
5 Britain and its Empire
6 French Empire
7 Germany
7.1 Weimar Republic
7.2 Nazi era, 1933–39
8 Italy
9 Regional patterns
9.1 East Asia: Japanese dominance
9.2 Latin America
9.2.1 Sports
9.3 Africa and Asia
10 End of an era
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
Turmoil in Europe[edit]
Main article: Aftermath of World War I
Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended World War I, the years 1919–24 were marked by turmoil as affected regions struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War and the destabilising effects of the loss of four large historic empires: the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. There were numerous new nations in Eastern Europe, most of them small in size. The United States gained dominance in world finance. Thus, when Germany could no longer afford war reparations to Britain, France and other Allies, the Americans came up with the Dawes Plan and Wall Street invested heavily in Germany, which repaid its reparations to nations that, in turn, used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington. By the middle of the decade, prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known, especially in Germany, as the "Golden Twenties".[1]
International relations[edit]
Main article: International relations (1919–1939)
The important stages of interwar diplomacy and international relations included resolutions of wartime issues, such as reparations owed by Germany and boundaries; American involvement in European finances and disarmament projects; the expectations and failures of the League of Nations; the relationships of the new countries to the old; the distrustful relations of the Soviet Union to the capitalist world; peace and disarmament efforts; responses to the Great Depression starting in 1929; the collapse of world trade; The collapse of democratic regimes one by one; the growth of economic autarky; Japanese aggressiveness toward China; Fascist diplomacy, including the aggressive moves by Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany; the Spanish Civil War; the appeasement of Germany's expansionist moves toward the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and the last, desperate stages of rearmament as the second world war increasingly loomed.[2]
Roaring Twenties[edit]
Main articles: 1920s, Roaring Twenties, Golden Twenties, and Années folles
The "Roaring Twenties" highlighted novel and highly visible social and cultural trends and innovations. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin and London. The Jazz Age began and Art Deco peaked.[3][4] For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave. The women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers.[5] Not all was new: “normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional wartime passions in the United States, France, and Germany.[6] The leftist revolutions in Finland, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Spain were defeated by conservatives, but succeeded in Russia, which became the base for Soviet Communism.[7] In Italy the fascists came to power under Mussolini after threatening a march on Rome.[8]
Most independent countries enacted women's suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain in 1918 and the United States in 1920. There were a few major countries that held out until after the Second World War (such as France, Switzerland and Portugal).[9] Leslie Hume argues:
The women's contribution to the war effort challenged the notion of women's physical and mental inferiority and made it more difficult to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work; the point was that women's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women's entry into the public arena.[10]
In Europe, according to Derek Aldcroft and Steven Morewood, "Nearly all countries registered some economic progress in the 1920s and most of them managed to regain or surpass their pre-war income and production levels by the end of the decade." The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Greece did especially well, while Eastern Europe did poorly.[11] In advanced economies the prosperity reached middle class households and many in the working class. with radio, automobiles, telephones, and electric lighting and appliances. There was unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars. Major cities built large sports stadiums for the fans, in addition to palatial cinemas. The mechanization of agriculture continued apace, producing on expansion of output that lowered prices, and made many farm workers redundant. Often they moved to nearby industrial towns and cities.
Great Depression[edit]
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place after 1929. The timing varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.[12] It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.[13] The depression originated in the United States and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession.[14] Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II.[15]
The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%.[16] Prices fell sharply, especially for mining and agricultural commodities. Business profits fell sharply as well, with a sharp reduction in new business starts.
Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%.[17][18][19] Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most.[20]
The Weimar Republic in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by the worldwide depression, resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regard to China.[21]
Fascism displaces democracy[edit]
Democracy and prosperity largely went together in the 1920s. Economic disaster led to a distrust in the effectiveness of democracy and its collapse in most of Europe, including the Baltic and Balkan countries, Poland, Spain, and Portugal. Powerful expansionary dictatorships emerged in Italy, Japan and Germany.[22]
While communism was tightly contained in the isolated Soviet Union, fascism took control of Italy in 1922; as the depression worsened, it took over Germany, and played a major role in numerous countries in Europe, and several in Latin America.[23] Fascist parties sprang up, attuned to local right-wing traditions, but also possessing common features that typically included extreme militaristic nationalism, economic self containment, threats and aggression toward neighboring countries, oppression of minorities, ridicule of democracy while using its techniques to mobilize an angry lower middle class base, and disgust with cultural liberalism. Fascists believed in power, violence, male superiority, and a natural hierarchy, often led by dictators such as Benito Mussolini or Adolf Hitler. Fascism in power meant that liberalism and human rights were discarded and individual pursuits and values were subordinated to what the party decided was best.[24]
Britain and its Empire[edit]
Main article: Interwar Britain
The Second British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921
The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy.[25] Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the British pride, its finance and its trade-oriented economy.[26][27]
George V with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference
India strongly supported the Empire in the First World War. It expected a reward, but failed to get home rule as the Raj kept control in British hands and feared another rebellion like that of 1857. The Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Mounting tension, particularly in the Punjab region, culminated in the Amritsar Massacre in 1919. Nationalism surged, and centered in the Congress Party led by Gandhi.[28] In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion.[29][30]
Egypt had been under de facto British control since the 1880s, despite its nominal ownership by the Ottoman Empire. In 1922 it was granted formal independence, though it continued to be a client state following British guidance. Egypt joined the League of Nations. Egypt's King Faud and his son King Farouk, and their conservative allies, stayed in power with lavish life styles thanks to an informal alliance with Britain who would protect them from both secular and Muslim radicalism.[31] Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, gained official independence in 1932 when King Faisal agreed to British terms of a military alliance and an assured flow of oil.[32][33]
In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The 1917 Balfour Declaration, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly revolted in 1936. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency.[34] The Dominions (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland) were self-governing and gained semi-independence in the World War. Britain still controlled foreign policy and defence. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy was recognised in 1923 and formalised by the 1931 Statute of Westminster. Ireland effectively broke all ties with London in 1937.[35]
French Empire[edit]
French Empire in Interwar period
Main article: French colonial empire
French census statistics from 1931 show an imperial population, outside of France itself, of 64.3 million people living on 11.9 million square kilometers. Of the total population, 39.1 million lived in Africa and 24.5 million lived in Asia; 700,000 lived in the Caribbean area or islands in the South Pacific. The largest colonies were Indochina with 21.5 million (in five separate colonies), Algeria with 6.6 million, Morocco, with 5.4 million, and West Africa with 14.6 million in nine colonies. The total includes 1.9 million Europeans, and 350,000 "assimilated" natives.[36]
A hallmark of the French colonial project from the late 19th century to the post-World War Two era was the civilising mission (mission civilisatrice). The principle was that it was France's duty to bring civilisation to benighted peoples.[37] As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco-Europeanisation in French colonies, most notably French West Africa and Madagascar.
Catholicism was a major factor in the civilising mission, and many missionaries were sent. Often they operated schools and hospitals.[38] During the 19th century, French citizenship along with the right to elect a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies was granted to the four old colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyanne and Réunion as well as to the residents of the "Four Communes" in Senegal. Typically the elected deputies were white Frenchmen, although there were some blacks, such as the Senegalese Blaise Diagne, who was elected in 1914.[39] Elsewhere, in the largest and most populous colonies, a strict separation between "sujets français" (all the natives) and "citoyens français" (all males of European extraction) with different rights and duties was maintained until 1946. French colonial law held that the granting of French citizenship to natives was a privilege and not a right. Two 1912 decrees dealing with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa enumerated the conditions that a native had to meet in order to be granted French citizenship (they included speaking and writing French, earning a decent living and displaying good moral standards). For the 116 years from 1830 to 1946, only between 3,000 and 6,000 native Algerians were granted French citizenship. In French West Africa, outside of the Four Communes, there were 2,500 "citoyens indigènes" out of a total population of 15 million.
French conservatives had been denouncing the assimilationist policies as products of a dangerous liberal fantasy. In the Protectorate of Morocco, the French administration attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration, with mixed results. After World War II, the segregationist approach modeled in Morocco had been discredited by its connections to Vichyism, and assimilationism enjoyed a brief renaissance.[39]
Critics of French colonialism gained an international audience in the 1920s, and often used documentary reportage and access to agencies such as the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization to make their protests heard. The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives. Major critics included Albert Londres, Félicien Challaye, and Paul Monet, whose books and articles were widely read.[40]
Germany[edit]
Main article: History of Germany
Weimar Republic[edit]
The humiliating peace terms in the Treaty of Versailles provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. That Treaty stripped Germany of all of its overseas colonies, of Alsace and Lorraine, and of predominantly Polish districts. The Allied armies occupied industrial sectors in Germany's West, who was not allowed to have a real Army, Navy or Air Force, stationed troops in the Rhineland. Reparations were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments.[41]
When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities of paper money, causing hyperinflation, which also damaged the French economy. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the hyperinflation caused many prudent savers to lose all the money they had saved. Weimar added new internal enemies every year, as anti-democratic Nazis, nationalists and Communists battled each other in the streets. See 1920s German inflation.[42]
Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union. Under the Treaty of Rapallo, Germany accorded the Soviet Union de jure recognition, and the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. In October 1925 the Treaty of Locarno was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rheinland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926.[43]
Nazi era, 1933–39[edit]
Main articles: Nazi Germany and Causes of World War II
Hitler came to power in January 1933, and inaugurated an aggressive power designed to give Germany economic and political domination across central Europe. He did not attempt to recover the lost colonies. Until August 1939, the Nazis denounced Communists and the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy, along with the Jews.[44]
Japanese poster promoting the Axis cooperation in 1938
Hitler's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the League of Nations (1933), rejected the Versailles Treaty and began to re-arm (1935), won back the Saar (1935), remilitarized the Rhineland (1936), formed an alliance ("axis") with Mussolini's Italy (1936), sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), seized Austria (1938), took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French appeasement of the Munich Agreement of 1938, formed a peace pact with Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union in August 1939, and finally invaded Poland in September 1939. Britain and France declared war and World War II began – somewhat sooner than the Nazis expected or were ready for.[45]
After establishing the "Rome-Berlin axis" with Benito Mussolini, and signing the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an attempted Nazi coup had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered Vienna, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation (Anschluss) of their country Austria to the German Reich. After Austria, Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia, where the 3.5 million-strong Sudeten German minority was demanding equal rights and self-government. At the Munich Conference of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by Czechoslovakia. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smoldering quarrel between Slovaks and Czechs as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In the same month, he secured the return of Memel from Lithuania to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed.[46][47]
Italy[edit]
Main articles: Second Italo-Ethiopian War and Italian invasion of Albania
Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. The map shows territories to become sovereign or dependency territory (in dark-green) and client states (in light-green).
Maximum extent of Imperial Italy
In 1922, the leader of the Italian fascist movement, Benito Mussolini, became Prime Minister of Italy after the March on Rome. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the Dodecanese at the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which formalized Italian administration of both Libya and the Dodecanese Islands, in return for a payment to Turkey, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, though he failed in an attempt to extract a mandate of a portion of Iraq from Britain.
The month following the ratification of the Lausanne treaty, Mussolini ordered the invasion of the Greek island of Corfu after the Corfu incident. The Italian press supported the move, noting that Corfu had been a Venetian possession for four hundred years. The matter was taken by Greece to the League of Nations, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate Italian troops, in return for reparations from Greece. The confrontation led Britain and Italy to resolve the question of Jubaland in 1924, which was merged into Italian Somaliland.[48]
During the late 1920s, imperial expansion became an increasingly favoured theme in Mussolini's speeches.[49] Amongst Mussolini's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.[49] Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty.[50] This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism.[50] This text asserted that maritime position determined a nation's independence: countries with free access to the high seas were independent; while those who lacked this, were not. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a "semi-independent nation", and alleged to be a "prisoner in the Mediterranean":[50]
"The bars of this prison are Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, and Cyprus. The guards of this prison are Gibraltar and Suez. Corsica is a pistol pointed at the heart of Italy; Tunisia at Sicily. Malta and Cyprus constitute a threat to all our positions in the eastern and western Mediterrean. Greece, Turkey, and Egypt have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. Thus Greece, Turkey, and Egypt must be considered vital enemies of Italy's expansion ... The aim of Italian policy, which cannot have, and does not have continental objectives of a European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison ... Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto – to march to the oceans."
—  Benito Mussolini, The March to the Oceans[50]
In the Balkans, the Fascist regime claimed Dalmatia and held ambitions over Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vardar Macedonia, and Greece based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions.[51] Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states.[52] The regime also sought to establish protective patron-client relationships with Austria, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.[51]
In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a League of Nations mandate of the former German Cameroon and a free hand in Ethiopia from France in return for Italian support against Germany (see Stresa Front).[53] This was refused by French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot, who was not yet sufficiently worried about the prospect of a German resurgence.[53] The failed resolution of the Abyssinia Crisis led to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, in which Italy annexed Ethiopia to its empire.
Italy's stance towards Spain shifted between the 1920s and the 1930s. The Fascist regime in the 1920s held deep antagonism towards Spain due to Miguel Primo de Rivera's pro-French foreign policy. In 1926, Mussolini began aiding the Catalan separatist movement, which was led by Francesc Macià, against the Spanish government.[54] With the rise of the left-wing Republican government replacing the Spanish monarchy, Spanish monarchists and fascists repeatedly approached Italy for aid in overthrowing the Republican government, in which Italy agreed to support them in order to establish a pro-Italian government in Spain.[54] In July 1936, Francisco Franco of the Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, "future relations would be more than friendly" and that Italian support "would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of Spain".[55] Italy intervened in the civil war with the intention of occupying the Balearic Islands and creating a client state in Spain.[56] Italy sought the control of the Balearic Islands due to its strategic position – Italy could use the islands as a base to disrupt the lines of communication between France and its North African colonies and between British Gibraltar and Malta.[57] After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Allied intelligence was informed that Italy was pressuring Spain to permit an Italian occupation of the Balearic Islands.[58]
Italian newspaper in Tunisia that represented Italians living in the French protectorate of Tunisia.
After the United Kingdom signed the Anglo-Italian Easter Accords in 1938, Mussolini and foreign minister Ciano issued demands for concessions in the Mediterranean by France, particularly regarding Djibouti, Tunisia and the French-run Suez Canal.[59] Three weeks later, Mussolini told Ciano that he intended for Italy to demand an Italian takeover of Albania.[59] Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to "breathe easily" if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them.[49] In 1938, Italy demanded a sphere of influence in the Suez Canal in Egypt, specifically demanding that the French-dominated Suez Canal Company accept an Italian representative on its board of directors.[60] Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because, under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company, all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal.[60]
In 1939, Italy invaded and captured Albania and made it a part of the Italian Empire as a separate kingdom in personal union with the Italian crown. The region of modern-day Albania had been an early part of the Roman Empire, which had actually been held before northern parts of Italy had been taken by the Romans, but had long since been populated by Albanians, even though Italy had retained strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its sphere of influence.[61] It is possible that Mussolini simply wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany's absorption of Austria and Czechoslovakia.[61] Italian King Victor Emmanuel III took the Albanian crown, and a fascist government under Shefqet Verlaci was established to rule over Albania.
Regional patterns[edit]
East Asia: Japanese dominance[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017)
Latin America[edit]
The Great Depression posed a great challenge to the region. The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined, undermining many of the economies of Latin America. Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned toward import substitution industrialization. The goal was to create self-sufficient economies, which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the ups and downs of the global economy. Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests, the Roosevelt administration (1933–1945) understood that the United States could not wholly oppose import substitution. Roosevelt implemented a Good Neighbor policy and allowed the nationalization of some American companies in Latin America. Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized American oil companies, out of which he created Pemex. Cárdenas also oversaw the redistribution of a quantity of land, fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the Mexican Revolution. The Platt Amendment was also repealed, freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics. The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together, with Argentina the main hold out.[62]
Sports[edit]
Sports became increasingly popular, drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadia.[63] The International Olympic Committee (IOC) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation. Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition. In Brazil, however, sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought for control of international sport. The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics games in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes.[64] English and Scottish engineers brought futebol (soccer) to Brazil in the late 1800s. The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches.[65] Across the globe after 1912, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) played the chief role in the transformation of association football into a global game, working with national and regional organizations, and setting up the rules and customs, and establishing championships such as the World Cup.[66]
Africa and Asia[edit]
End of an era[edit]
The interwar period ended in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.[67]
See also[edit]
1920s
1930s
European Civil War
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Jump up ^ Elizabeth Foster, Faith in Empire: Religion, Politics, and Colonial Rule in French Senegal, 1880–1940 (2013)
^ Jump up to: a b Spencer Segalla, The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956. 2009)
Jump up ^ J.P. Daughton, "Behind the Imperial Curtain: International Humanitarian Efforts and the Critique of French Colonialism in the Interwar Years," French Historical Studies, (2011) 34#3 pp. 503–28
Jump up ^ Ian Kershaw, Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail?
Jump up ^ Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy (2013)
Jump up ^ Wolfgang Elz, "Foreign policy" in Anthony McElligott, ed., Weimar Germany (2009) pp. 50–77
Jump up ^ Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (2005) and Evans, The Third Reich in Power (2006).
Jump up ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg, Hitler's foreign policy 1933–1939: The road to World War II. (2013), Originally published in two volumes.
Jump up ^ Donald Cameron Watt, How war came: the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939 (1989).
Jump up ^ R.J. Overy, The Origins of the Second World War (2014).
Jump up ^ Lowe, pp. 191–199
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Dennis Mack (1981). Mussolini, p. 170. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). Vital crossroads: Mediterranean origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940, pp. 105–106. Cornell University Press
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries. A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1998. Pp. 467.
Jump up ^ Allan R. Millett, Williamson Murray. Military Effectiveness, Volume 2. New edition. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 184.
^ Jump up to: a b Burgwyn, James H. (1997). Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940, p. 68. Praeger Publishers.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert H. Whealey. Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role In The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Paperback edition. Lexington, Kentucky, USA: University Press of Kentucky, 2005. P. 11.
Jump up ^ Sebastian Balfour, Paul Preston. Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1999. P. 152.
Jump up ^ R. J. B. Bosworth. The Oxford handbook of fascism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Pp. 246.
Jump up ^ John J. Mearsheimer. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton & Company, 2003.
Jump up ^ The Road to Oran: Anglo-Franch Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. Pp. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds Mathewson Salerno. Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940. Cornell University, 2002. p 82–83.
^ Jump up to: a b "French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy", LIFE, 19 Dec 1938. Pp. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Dickson (2001), pg. 69
Jump up ^ Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence (2nd ed. 2003) pp. 189–231.
Jump up ^ David M.K. Sheinin, ed., Sports Culture in Latin American History (2015).
Jump up ^ Cesar R. Torres, "The Latin American 'Olympic Explosion’ of the 1920s: causes and consequences." International Journal of the History of Sport 23.7 (2006): 1088–111.
Jump up ^ Claudia Guedes, "‘Changing the cultural landscape’: English engineers, American missionaries, and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil–the 1870s to the 1930s." International Journal of the History of Sport 28.17 (2011): 2594–608.
Jump up ^ Paul Dietschy, "Making football global? FIFA, Europe, and the non-European football world, 1912–74." Journal of Global History 8.2 (2013): 279.
Jump up ^ Overy, R J (2015) [1st pub. 2010:Longman]. The Inter-war Crisis, 1919-1939 (2nd revised ed.). London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1381-379-36. OCLC 949747872.
Further reading[edit]
Albrecht-Carrié, René. (1958). A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna. – 736 pp; basic survey
Dailey, Andy, and David G. Williamson. (2012) Peacemaking, Peacekeeping: International Relations 1918–36 (2012) 244 pp; textbook, heavily illustrated with diagrams and contemporary photographs and colour posters.
Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. (2013). World History, Volume II: Since 1500 (Cengage Learning ed.). pp. 678–736.
Grenville, J.A.S. (2000). A History of the World in the Twentieth Century. pp. 77–254.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1994). The age of extremes: a history of the world, 1914–1991. – a view from the Left.
Kaiser, David E. (1980). Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War: Germany, Britain, France, and Eastern Europe, 1930–1939. Princeton University Press.
Keylor, William R. (2001). The Twentieth-century World: An International History (4th ed.).
Marks, Sally (2002). The Ebbing of European Ascendancy: An International History of the World 1914–1945. Oxford University Press. pp. 121–342.
Mowat, C. L. ed. (1968). The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945 (2nd ed.). – 25 chapters by experts; 845 pp; the first edition (1960) edited by David Thompson has the same title but numerous different chapters.
Seton-Watson, Hugh. (1945) Eastern Europe Between The Wars 1918–1941 (1945) online
Somervell, D.C. (1936). The Reign of King George V (PDF). – 550 pp; wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910–35
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Wynonna Earp (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the comic book series, see Wynonna Earp.
Wynonna Earp
Wynonna Earp title card
Genre
Dark fantasy
Drama
Horror Western
Supernatural
Created by
Emily Andras
Based on
Wynonna Earp
by Beau Smith
Starring
Melanie Scrofano
Shamier Anderson
Tim Rozon
Dominique Provost-Chalkley
Opening theme
"Tell That Devil" by Jill Andrews
Composer(s)
Robert Carli
Peter Chapman
Country of origin
Canada
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
25 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Brian Dennis
Ted Adams
David Ozer
Rick Jacobs
Todd Berger
Jordy Randall
Tom Cox
Emily Andras
Location(s)
Canada:
Calgary, Alberta
Didsbury, Alberta
Springbank, Alberta
Running time
43 minutes
Production company(s)
SEVEN24 Films
IDW Entertainment
Distributor
IDW Entertainment
Dynamic Television
Release
Original network
Syfy
CHCH-DT (season 1)
Space (season 2–)
Original release
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01) – present (USA)
April 4, 2016 (2016-04-04) – present (Canada)
External links
Syfy
Seven24 Films
Wynonna Earp (/waɪˈnoʊnə ˈɜːrp/ wy-NOH-nə URP) is a supernatural Western horror television series. Developed by Emily Andras,[1][2] it is based on the comic book series by Beau Smith. Melanie Scrofano plays the series' titular character.[3] Wynonna Earp premiered in the United States on Syfy on April 1, 2016.[4][5] Originally scheduled to premiere in Canada on March 28 on CHCH-DT,[6] the series debut was moved to April 4.[7][8]
On July 23, 2016, the renewal for a second season was announced at the Wynonna Earp panel at San Diego Comic-Con.[9][10] Originally slated for ten episodes,[11] the season was increased to 12 episodes in October 2016.[12][13] In Canada, Wynonna Earp moved from CHCH-DT to Space effective April 15, 2017.[14][15] In anticipation of the premiere of Season 2, Space began airing Season 1 on the same date with a special double-episode series debut.[16][17] Season 2 premiered simultaneously on Syfy and Space on June 9, 2017.[18][19][20]
On July 22, 2017, David Ozer, president of IDW Entertainment, announced at the show's San Diego Comic-Con panel that the series had been renewed for a third season with the premiere scheduled for 2018.[21][22] Space announced on the same day that it had ordered 12 episodes for a third season, together with Syfy.[23][24] Andras credited Wynonna Earp's passionate fan base (nicknamed "Earpers") with gaining the renewal.[25][26]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Episodes
3 Cast and characters
3.1 Main
3.2 Recurring
4 Development and production
4.1 Season 1
4.2 Season 2
4.3 Season 3
5 Release
5.1 Broadcast
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Media information
6.2 Awards and nominations
6.2.1 Canadian Screen Awards
6.2.2 Dragon Awards
6.2.3 GLAAD Media Award
6.2.4 Rockie Awards
6.2.5 Rosie Awards
6.2.6 WGC Screenwriting Awards
6.3 Contests
6.3.1 E! Online
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Wynonna Earp, the great-great-granddaughter of legendary lawman Wyatt Earp, battles revenants, the reincarnated outlaws that Wyatt killed. She also fights other supernatural beings that inhabit the Ghost River Triangle, a cursed territory near the Canadian Rockies that includes Purgatory, her home town. Upon her 27th birthday, Wynonna inherited the special power to return revenants to Hell with her ancestor's 16-inch barrel special "Peacemaker" revolver. She is recruited by the Black Badge Division (BBD), a secret government agency led by Special Agent Xavier Dolls which eventually includes an ageless Doc Holliday and Wynonna's sister, Waverly Earp. Nicole Haught, Waverly's girlfriend and a Purgatory Sheriff's Deputy, assists the team in her local police role.
The first season centers on Wynonna fighting the revenants who kidnapped her older sister Willa from their homestead when they were girls, and the threat posed by Bobo Del Rey, leader of the local revenants. In the second season Wynonna discovers she is pregnant, while Waverly struggles with possession by a demon and doubts about her lineage. At the same time, two sister-wife widows of the dead sheriff who cursed Wyatt Earp seek to resurrect him.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Wynonna Earp episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 13 April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01) June 24, 2016 (2016-06-24)
2 12 June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09) August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
Cast and characters[edit]
Cast at "Camp Conival" during 2016 San Diego Comic-Con. From left: Melanie Scrofano, Shamier Anderson, Dominique Provost-Chalkley, Katherine Barrell and Tim Rozon.
Main[edit]
Melanie Scrofano as Wynonna Earp, a great-great-granddaughter of Wyatt Earp, who wields the power of Wyatt's "Peacemaker" handgun.
Shamier Anderson as Deputy Marshal Xavier Dolls, a special agent with the Black Badge division of the United States Marshals Service, a combustible mutant lizard-man generated by Black Badge.
Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday, Wyatt Earp's famed partner, cursed by the Stone Witch who cured his tuberculosis by way of eternal health.
Dominique Provost-Chalkley as Waverly Earp, Wynonna's younger sister and expert on Earp history who studied ancient cultures and languages.
Recurring[edit]
Greg Lawson as Sheriff Randy Nedley, the sheriff of Purgatory who is aware of the town's supernatural nature. (First appearance: "Purgatory")
Michael Eklund as Bobo Del Rey (né Robert Svane), leader of the revenants and former friend to Wyatt Earp. Executed by Wynonna in the season 1 finale but unexpectedly revived in season 2. (First appearance: "Keep the Home Fires Burning")
Katherine Barrell as Officer Nicole Haught, a deputy sheriff of Purgatory and Nedley's intended successor who becomes Waverly's girlfriend and collaborates with Black Badge. She has a cat, Calamity Jane, that dislikes men except for Sheriff Nedley. (First appearance: "Keep the Home Fires Burning")
Rayisa Kondracki as Constance Clootie, also known as the Stone Witch. (First appearance: "Diggin' Up Bones"; Season 1)
Kate Drummond as Agent Lucado, Dolls' superior officer at Black Badge. Killed by a demon. (First appearance: "Walking After Midnight"; Seasons 1–2)
Natalie Krill as Willa Earp (first known by the name Eve), Wynonna and Waverly's older sister, also able to wield the power of Wyatt's "Peacemaker". Mercy-killed by Wynonna in the Season 1 finale. (First appearance: "She Wouldn't Be Gone"; Season 1)
Shaun Johnston as Juan Carlo, a mysterious local revealed to be Purgatory's non-ageing priest. Mercy-killed by Dolls after being fatally wounded by The Widows. (First appearance: "Landslide"; Seasons 1–2)
Varun Saranga as Jeremy Chetri, a Black Badge Division scientist who helps the Earps against their BBD blood contract. (First appearance: "Steel Bars and Stone Walls"; Season 2)
Tamara Duarte as Rosita Bustillos, a revenant and Doc's girlfriend with advanced degrees in biochemistry and engineering whom he recruits, in exchange for his protection, to work as a bartender at Shorty's while also helping to create Dolls's serum. (First appearance: "Shed Your Skin"; Season 2)
Dani Kind as Mercedes Gardner, Wynonna's rich high-school best friend, head of the Gardner Family and its purse strings, but disliked by her siblings Beth and Tucker. Along with her sister Beth, her face is stolen by demonic widow spiders (The Widows), leaving human Mercedes comatose. The possessing Widow is executed by Wynonna in the Season 2 finale. (First appearance: "Shed Your Skin"; Season 2)
Caleb Ellsworth-Clark as Tucker Gardner, younger brother of the Gardner sisters and local miscreant, who has an unhealthy obsession with Waverly. He is killed by the Widow possessing Beth Gardner. (First appearance: "Gonna Getcha Good"; Season 2)
Meghan Heffern as Beth Gardner, the younger of the two Gardner sisters. Along with her sister Mercedes, her face is stolen by demonic widow spiders (The Widows), killing human Beth. Widow Beth is executed by Wynonna in the Season 2 finale. (First appearance: "Gonna Getcha Good"; Season 2)
Episodes of Season 1 featured Dylan Koroll as Champ Hardy, Waverly's boyfriend before she met Officer Nicole Haught; Natascha Girgis as Gus McCready, aunt of the Earp girls; and David LeReaney as Judge Cryderman, an antagonist of Wynonna Earp.
Development and production[edit]
Syfy acquired the U.S. rights to Wynonna Earp from SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment in July 2015 and placed an order for 13 episodes.[27] International distribution of the series was acquired by Dynamic Television in September 2015.[28] On September 30, 2015, SEVEN24 Films announced the acquisition of Canadian broadcast rights by over-the-air independent station CHCH-DT.[6]
Melanie Scrofano was cast in the title role,[29] with Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday and Shamier Anderson as Agent Dolls.[1] Dominique Provost-Chalkley was cast as Waverly Earp.[30] In recurring roles, Michael Eklund was cast as villain Bobo Del Rey[31] and Katherine Barrell as Officer Nicole Haught.[32]
"Tell That Devil" by singer-songwriter Jill Andrews was selected as the theme music for the series.[33] The titles of Wynonna Earp episodes are based on country and western songs.[34][35]
Viacom International Media Networks acquired the rights to broadcast Wynonna Earp on its multinational Spike channels in July 2016.[36][37] In March 2017, Bell Media announced the new partnership between Space and SEVEN24 Films as Canadian co-producers of the series.[15]
Season 1[edit]
Filming of Season 1 took place from September 14, 2015, to February 12, 2016, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.[38][39] Locations included Bridgeland, Inglewood, and Heritage Park.[40] Didsbury, Alberta, was used as the setting for the series' small town of Purgatory.[41][42]
Syfy released the first promotional images and synopsis for the series on November 6, 2015.[43] The teaser trailer was released through IGN in January 2016.[44]
Wynonna Earp premiered on April 1, 2016, on Syfy;[45] and on April 4, 2016, on CHCH-DT.[8]
Season 2[edit]
After the series was renewed for a second season, Melanie Scrofano found out that she was pregnant. Emily Andras decided to incorporate her pregnancy in the arc of the titular character, she informed IDW Entertainment of the prospective storyline, and Syfy added two more episodes, increasing Season 2 from 10 to 12 episodes.[46][47]
Season 2 began filming in Calgary and surrounding areas from December 12, 2016, to April 13, 2017.[48][49] Additional location shooting took place in Springbank, Alberta.[24] The recurring cast was joined by Varun Saranga in the role of Jeremy Chetri and Tamara Duarte as Rosita.[50]
The 'sneak peek' of the teaser trailer for the new season was released on April 1, 2017,[51] and the trailer released officially by IGN on May 19, 2017.[52] Syfy released the poster for the season on May 24, 2017.[50]
Season 2 premiered on June 9, 2017, on Syfy and Space.[53][54]
Season 3[edit]
Filming of Season 3 began January 15, 2018, and scheduled to wrap on May 7, 2018.[55][56] On February 5, 2018, the series announced the casting of Megan Follows in the role of Michelle Earp, the mother of Wynonna Earp.[57] On March 15, the addition of a bounty hunter character named Kate, with Chantel Riley cast in the recurring role, was announced.[58] Bell Media announced on April 24 that musician Jann Arden had joined the cast as Bunny Loblaw, a member of Purgatory's town council.[59]
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
Wynonna Earp premiered in the United Kingdom on Spike on July 29, 2016, at 9:00 p.m.[60][61] Season 2 premiered in the UK on June 13, 2017, at 10:00 p.m.[62] The series premiered in Australia on Spike on February 5, 2017.[63]
Home media[edit]
Wynonna Earp became available on Amazon Video as video on demand on May 6, 2016.[64][65]
In December 2016, SEVEN24 Films producer Jordy Randall announced in an interview with the Calgary Herald that Season 1 would be streaming on Netflix.[48] The series became available on Netflix on April 1, 2017.[66][67]
The Season 1 DVD for Region 4 and Blu-ray for Region B were released first in Australia by Roadshow Entertainment on May 3, 2017.[68][69] A crowdfunding campaign for a region free Blu-ray release was launched on May 23, 2017, by IDW Entertainment on Indiegogo.[70][71]
The Season 2 DVD was released in Region 4 and the Blu-ray in Region B by Roadshow Entertainment on November 1, 2017. [72][73]
Reception[edit]
In its new series review, Collider gave Wynonna Earp four stars, calling it "a fresh and familiar take on zombies, the Wild West, and gunslinger culture" and "something that also feels different to anything we're seeing on TV currently, thanks not only to its setting, but its prominent placement of so many strong, profane, kickass female characters."[74] Digital Journal said the series was "smart" and "complex" with "a lot going for it".[75] The A.V. Club called Melanie Scrofano "the right woman for the job...an easy, authoritative presence"; and "when it's allowed the room to run, Wynonna Earp delights in itself," adding that the series "could grow into the good-time Western pulp it has the potential to be."[76] In a post-Season 1 review for Salon, Melanie McFarland wrote: "This modern Western proved its mettle by dint of unexpectedly weird plotting and witty dialogue...[Melanie] Scrofano lends a hardened and slightly feral swagger to Wynonna that's vastly entertaining...Much of the show's winning spirit rests in its exploration of family loyalty and the popular conviction that one's blood and dynastic ties compel one to fulfill a prescribed destiny."[77]
E! Entertainment Television named Wynonna Earp the "Best New Show" of 2016.[78] It was chosen by Variety as one of the 20 best new series of 2016, stating "what this prairie-set Canadian import lacks in budget, it makes up for in gumption, sass and camaraderie."[79] In its annual "Best of TV" highlight, Collider named Wynonna Earp the "Best New Sci-Fi" show of 2016.[80]
In the United States, Season 1 averaged a total rating of 0.13 with 0.56 viewers.[81] The season received a 75% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 6.11/10.[82] Metacritic gave the season an average score of 68 out of 100.[83]
Season 2 averaged a 0.12 rating in the United States with 0.50 viewers.[84] In Canada, overall viewership increased 52% on Space compared to Season 1 on CHCH-DT.[23][24] The season received an average rating of 8.67/10 on Rotten Tomatoes.[85] There is no average score (yet) on Metacritic.[86]
Maureen Ryan of Variety named Wynonna Earp one of the best television shows of 2017, praising it's "fierce and committed performances".[87]
"Wayhaught", the portmanteau for the relationship between Waverly Earp and Nicole Haught, was considered one of the favorite 2017 fan "ships" on Tumblr, and the series was praised for how it is portrayed and acknowledged by Dominique Provost-Chalkley and Katherine Barrell.[88]
Media information[edit]
Wynonna Earp producers and cast members appeared at the Calgary International Film Festival on September 30, 2017, in a special program showcasing film and television productions in Alberta, Canada. The event was live-streamed and featured behind-the-scenes stories, insights, and a Q&A session.[89][90]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Canadian Screen Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2017 Best Writing in a Dramatic Series Emily Andras (episode: "Purgatory") (Channel (Broadcaster): CHCH (Channel Zero)) Nominated [91]
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
Best Achievement in Make-Up Joanne Jacobsen, Jo-Dee Thomson (episode: "Diggin' Up Bones") Nominated
Best Costume Design Jennifer Haffenden (episode: "Keep the Home Fires Burning") Nominated
Best Original Music Score for a Series Robert Carli and Peter Chapman (episode: "House of Memories") Nominated
Best Visual Effects Geoff Scott, William Garrett, Sarah Wormsbecher, Eric Doiron, Nathan Larouche, Anthony DeChellis, Lon Molnar (episode: "I Walk the Line") Nominated
Best Cross-Platform Project – Fiction (Digital Media) Wynonna Earp Interactive, Daniel Dales, Jarrett Sherman, Alex Lalonde, Jordy Randall, Emily Andras (Production Company: Digital Howard Inc.) Won [96][97]
2018 Best Writing, Drama Series Emily Andras (episode: "I Hope You Dance") (Channel (Broadcaster): Space (Bell Media)) Nominated [98][99]
Best Cross-Platform Project, Fiction Wynonna Earp Digital, Daniel Dales, Jarrett Sherman, Alex Lalonde, Emily Andras, Jordy Randall, Tom Cox (Production Company: Digital Howard Inc.) Won [100][101]
Dragon Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Wynonna Earp Nominated [102]
GLAAD Media Award[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2017 Outstanding Drama Series Wynonna Earp Nominated [103]
Rockie Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2017 Sci-Fi, Fantasy and Action Wynonna Earp Nominated [104][105]
Rosie Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2017 Best Dramatic Series Tom Cox and Jordy Randall, Producers, SEVEN24 Films Won [106]
[107][108]
Best Performance by an Alberta Actor Peter Skagen (episode: "Leavin On Your Mind") Nominated
Shaun Johnston (episode: "Landslide") Nominated
Best Overall Sound (Drama Over 30 Minutes) Michael Playfair, Robert "Arjay" Joly, Steve Forst, & Paul Shubat (episode: "I Walk the Line") Nominated
Best Production Designer/Art Director Trevor Smith (episode: "Two-Faced Jack") Nominated
Best Costume Designer Jennifer Haffenden (episode: "She Wouldn't Be Gone") Nominated
Best Make-Up & Hair Artist(s) Joanne Jacobsen, Jo-Dee Thomson, Gunther Schetterer & Linda Nelson (episode:"Diggin Up Bones") Nominated
WGC Screenwriting Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2017 Best Script from a Rookie Series Alexandra Zarowny (episode: "Bury Me With My Guns On") Won [109][110]
Contests[edit]
E! Online[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2017 Girl on Top Melanie Scrofano Won [111]
See also[edit]
Ghost Town
Jonah Hex
List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters
List of fantasy television programs
List of LGBT characters in television and radio
List of science fiction TV and radio shows produced in Canada
Weird West
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Volmers, Eric (December 17, 2016). "Passionate fan base has high expectations for second season of Alberta-shot Wynonna Earp". Calgary Herald. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "2017 WGC Screenwriting Awards Finalists". Writers Guild of Canada. March 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
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Further reading[edit]
Brodsky, Katherine (Summer 2017). "Andras and The Making of Wynonna and The Revenants Relevant" (PDF). Canadian Screenwriter. Writers Guild of Canada.
Liszewski, Bridget (March 18, 2016). "11 Things to Know About Wynonna Earp". The TV Junkies.
Logan, Megan (June 14, 2016). "Emily Andras Unbroke Wynonna Earp". Inverse.
Meushaw, Catherine (June 24, 2016). "Wynonna Earp Showrunner Emily Andras Talks Finale, Spoilers, And The Show's Future". 4 Your Excitement.
Mullican, AJ (May 20, 2016). "Exclusive Interview with Emily Andras and Melanie Scrofano of Wynonna Earp". Talk Nerdy With Us.
Piccoli, Dana (June 25, 2016). "Interview: Wynonna Earp's Dominique Provost-Chalkley and Katherine Barrell On The Finale and Defying The Lesbian Death Trope". The Mary Sue.
Pickard, Michael (July 29, 2016). "The will to Wyn". Drama Quarterly.
Podcast
Kevin Bachelder (2017). "Tales of the Black Badge". Tuning in to SciFi TV (Podcast).
External links[edit]
Official website
Wynonna Earp at Space
Wynonna Earp at CHCH-DT (2016 archive)
Wynonna Earp at CHCH-DT (2017 archive)
Wynonna Earp at SEVEN24 Films
Wynonna Earp at IDW Entertainment
Wynonna Earp Character Guide at Syfy
Wynonna Earp Purgatory Case Files at Syfy
Wynonna Earp on IMDb
Wynonna Earp at TV Guide
Wynonna Earp - Comic Creator Beau Smith. GeekWorldRadio interview, YouTube
Eisinger, Justin; Simon, Alonzo, eds. (2017). Wynonna Earp Yearbook: Season 1. IDW Publishing. ISBN 978-1631408939.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wynonna_Earp_(TV_series)&oldid=838146907"
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2016 American television series debuts
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