text:
Jesus' Name doctrine
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The Jesus' Name doctrine or the Oneness doctrine has been associated with non-trinitarian theology, characterized by a belief that baptism must be performed "in the name of Jesus Christ", rather than the more common Trinitarian formula "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost". However, some argue that one can remain trinitarian and still hold fast to Jesus' name baptism.[1]
The Jesus' Name doctrine can include the "Oneness" of God. Most who ascribe to this doctrine reject the mainstream Trinitarian belief of Three Persons in One God, and holds that Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are three modes of a singular God. Those in Oneness churches believe that "Jesus" is the correct and entire name of God.
Most adherents of the doctrine are often referred to as Jesus-Only, but Oneness Pentecostals prefer the phrase Jesus' Name. Pentecostal historian Bernie L. Wade generally considers the reference "Jesus-Only" as a slur.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Baptism
2 Views
3 Adherents
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Baptism[edit]
Holders of the Jesus' Name doctrine assert that "in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins" is the proper formula for baptism, and most (not all) feel that baptism "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost" is invalid because Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are not names but titles[3]—the latter form of baptism being performed by most Christians. Alternatively, the name of the Son is Jesus, so it is argued the actual name Jesus should be used; Jesus is the name of the Son, and arguably also the name of the Father and Holy Ghost.
Many Jesus' Name believers claim the development of baptism "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost" is a post-Apostolic interpolation and corruption. Some claim that the "Trinitarian" clause in Matthew 28:19 was added to Matthew's text in the 2nd/3rd century.[4] They cite as evidence that no record exists in the New Testament of someone being baptized with the Trinitarian formula. Other adherents of the Jesus' Name doctrine believe the authenticity of Matthew 28:19, but believe that the command is correctly fulfilled by baptizing "in the name of Jesus Christ". Such adherents are generally Oneness Pentecostals who believe that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are not to be regarded as distinct persons in the Godhead, and that the name "Jesus" is the supreme revelatory name of the one God who is the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.[5]
Views[edit]
The views of mainstream Christianity to Jesus' Name baptism is varied. The Roman Catholic Church states that only Trinitarian baptisms are valid. While it does consider other baptismal formulae to be acceptable, since they were accepted by theologians of the past, the key requirement is that the baptism must have been performed by a church which (or, a person who) believes in the Trinity. St. Thomas, St. Bonaventure, and Albertus Magnus held the view that the Apostles baptized in the name of Jesus only by special dispensation. Pope Nicholas I wrote to the Bulgarians that a person is not to be rebaptized who has already been baptized "in the name of the Holy Trinity or in the name of Christ only".[6]
Martin Luther in his Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church describes disagreements over the wording of the baptism as "pedantry" and argues for acceptance of baptisms in the name of Jesus if carried out with proper intent.[7]
In circa 254, Pope Stephen I[8] in the midst of the baptismal controversies with Cyprian declared that all baptisms in the name of Jesus are valid.
St. Gennadius in his work Lives of Illustrious Men states that in the 3rd century, one Ursinus the monk, during the Cyprian controversies, argued that "those who were baptized in the name of Christ [alone], even if by heretics, did not need to be re-baptized."
St. John Chrysostom argues for a literal interpretation of the Luke's records of baptisms in the name of Jesus, as accounted in Acts.[9]
St. Basil states[10] that, "the naming of Christ is the confession of the whole."
St. Ambrose, mentor to Augustine, argued for the validity of baptisms "in the name of Jesus."[11]
St. Augustine states that "those baptized into other names need to be rebaptized into Christ."[12] Elsewhere, he states knowledge of those who had been baptized into the name of Christ alone [outside the apostolic era].[13] and likewise argues for a literal interpretation of Acts 2:38 "in the name of Jesus".[14]
St. Thomas Aquinas[15] (while arguing for Trinitarian baptism), states that the apostles (Peter, James, John, etc.) baptized in the name of Christ alone by "special dispensation." (Whereas many modern scholars, by contrast, interpret the saying "in the name of Jesus Christ" figuratively instead of literally in an attempt to reconcile the two conflicting passages [Acts 2:38 & Matt 28:19]).
The Baptist Standard Confession of 1660[16] declares baptisms in the name of "Jesus Christ" to be valid.
Adherents[edit]
Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, an Anglican, was the first modern theologian to argue that Matthew 28:19 was a spurious interpolation.
Edmond de Pressense, an evangelical church historian, in his work The Early Years of Christianity Book II, Chap 5, Part I, states that all baptisms during the apostolic era were in the name of Jesus Christ alone.
Robert Young, a Presbyterian, was the first Bible author of the modern era to put Matthew 28:19 in italics in his Bible version titled, Young's Literal Translation (YLT), along with a footnote indicating he believed it to be forged.
All Oneness Pentecostals, which adhere to a non-trinitarian view of the Godhead, baptize using the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of a confessing believer's sins.
The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World's Board of Bishops are unanimous in agreement on baptism in the name of Jesus Christ. Likewise, the United Pentecostal Church International, the world's largest Oneness denomination, is also unanimous in the belief that all baptisms are to be carried in the name of Jesus.[17]
Christ's Forgiveness Ministries, is one of the few Canadian-born churches that believes in the Trinity and mentions recognition of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit while baptizing but concludes the baptism rite in the name of The Lord Jesus Christ[citation needed].
See also[edit]
Nontrinitarianism
Oneness Pentecostalism
Sabellianism
United Pentecostal Church International
Swedenborgianism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://christsforgiveness.com/index/?page_id=15>
Jump up ^ Baptism According to Matthew 28:19, From TLFP (Truth, Liberty and Freedom Press), 1986. 2nd Printing, Page 6.
Jump up ^ Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund (2007). The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0-7391-2102-3.
Jump up ^ Matthew 28:19 text, Baptism in the New Testament, G.R. Beasley-Murray, p 83
Jump up ^ [1] Archived February 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia - see section on "form"". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
Jump up ^ see section 3.14 Archived June 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Epistle of Cyprian # 72.
Jump up ^ John Chrysostom.Homily on Acts X.44, 46 XXIV. Interestingly, Chrysostom, in Instructions to the Catechumens, makes several references to Acts 2:38, but does not reference Matt 28:19 a single instance. Additionally, in his Homily on Matthew, Ch XXVIII, he repeatedly quotes Matt 28:19 in what F.C. Conybeare called the "shorter Eusebian form", suggesting the potential that Chrysostom and Eusebius of Caesarea referenced a common, earlier source for the Gospel of Matthew.
Jump up ^ Basil. On the Holy Spirit, Ch 12, #28.
Jump up ^ Ambrose.On the Holy Spirit, Book I, Ch 3.
Jump up ^ Augustine.To Petitianus, Ch 44, sect 104.
Jump up ^ Augustine.On Baptism, Against the Donatists, Ch 28.
Jump up ^ Augustine.On Baptism, Against the Donatists, Ch 52.
Jump up ^ Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica, "On Baptism".
Jump up ^ Sam Hughey. "The Baptist Standard Confession of 1660". Reformedreader.org. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
External links[edit]
Oneness vs. Trinity links to differing views
Catholic Answers article on Trinitarian Baptism and other baptismal practices.
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List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For UK Convenience store, see List of Convenience stores of the United Kingdom. For UK discount stores, see List of discount stores in the United Kingdom. For UK Clothing & Footwear Retailers, see List of current and defunct clothing and footwear stores in the United Kingdom.
Tesco is the largest supermarket chain in the United Kingdom.
This is a list of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom. Grocery sales in the UK are dominated by Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury's and Morrisons. These, dubbed the 'big four', had a combined market share of 73.2% of the UK grocery market in the 12 weeks ending 4 January 2015,[1] a decline from 74.1% in 2007.[2] Discounters Aldi and Lidl have seen a combined rise in market share from 4.8% to 8.3% over that time, while upscale grocer Waitrose's share rose from 3.9% to 5.1%
In early 2017, Tesco announced a deal to merge with Booker, the UK's largest wholesale food retailer,[3] while Aldi became the 5th biggest supermarket.[4]
Premier Supermarkets, a subsidiary of Express Dairies, opened the UK's first supermarket in Streatham, South London in 1951, though The Co-operative Food opened Britain's first fully self-service store in March 1948 in Albert Road, Southsea.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of current UK supermarket chains
2 List of defunct UK supermarket chains
3 Waitrose Effect
4 See also
5 References
List of current UK supermarket chains[edit]
Supermarket
Image
Founded
/ came to UK
Owned by
August 2017
Market
share
February 2017
Market
share
2015
Market
share[6]
2007
Market
share[2]
2000
Market
share[7]
Number
of stores
Notes
Aldi 1990 Aldi Süd GmbH 7.0 [8] 6.2 [9] 5.3 2.6 1.5 726 No frills supermarket
Asda 1949 Walmart through subsidiary Corinth Services Ltd 15.3 [10] 15.6 17.1 16.6 14.1 603 Founded from the merger of Associated Dairies and the Asquith family owned Queens Supermarket, originally called ASDA Queens
Booths 1847 Booth Family and staff - - - 28 Found in Lancashire, Cumbria, Yorkshire, and Cheshire.
Budgens 1872 Booker Group[11] 0.4 0.4 0.4 190 Found in England and Wales, with stores up to 10,000 square feet (930 m2)
Co-op,* and Co-op Food or The Co-operative Food 1844 Various consumers' co-operatives 6.3 [12] 6.0 6.0 4.4 5.4 4,022 Identities shared by about 20 retail co-operatives, including:
The Co-operative Group
East of England Co-operative Society
Midcounties Co-operative
Central England Co-operative
Scotmid
See also: The Co-operative Group#List of corporate members
Farmfoods 1955 - 0.7 0.5 - 320 -
Fulton's Foods 1974 UK private company - - - 100 Small supermarket chain based in South Yorkshire with branches across the Midlands and North of England
Heron Foods 1979 UK private company - - - 290 Primarily frozen foods; operates stores throughout the Midlands and the North in 2017 Cooltrader were rebranded as Heron foods, five years after being sold to that company.[13]
Iceland 1970 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 1.6 2.8 850 First store opened at Oswestry, Shropshire in 1970
Lidl 1994 Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG 5.2 [14] 4.5 [9] 3.7 2.2 1.3 670 No frills supermarket
Marks & Spencer 1884 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 3.8[15] 4.3[16] - 852 Clothing and food retailer
Morrisons 1899 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 10.4 10.9 [17] 10.9 11.2 4.9 569 Fourth biggest supermarket in the UK
Ocado 2002 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 1.4 [18] - - - 0 Online only, product supply partnership with Waitrose; outsourced branded delivery partnership with Morrisons
Sainsbury's 1869 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 15.8 16.5 16.9 16.2 17.9 1,304 Superstores, as well as 'Local' and 'Central' sites
Tesco 1919 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 27.8 28.1 [17] 28.4 31.6 25.0 3,493 (UK) Including Extra, Superstores, Metro, 'Express and Homeplus outlets; UK's largest all-purpose retailer
Waitrose 1904 John Lewis Partnership 5.1 5.3 5.1 3.9 2.7 344 Waitrose has a variety of store styles, including:
Waitrose Stores
Convenience Stores and Little Waitrose
John Lewis Foodhall
Food, Fashion & Home
Food & Home
Welcome Break outlets (motorway services)
List of defunct UK supermarket chains[edit]
These supermarkets are either no longer trading, have been renamed, or have been taken over and rebranded.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Supermarket
Image
Founded
/ came to UK
Fate
Closed
Notes
APT Stores Chain of small supermarkets with the catchphrase The Store with More.[19]
Bejam 1968 Bought by Iceland 1989 Frozen foods
Big W 1998 Discontinued, rebranded as Woolworths. 2004 21 store chain of megastores styled after Walmart in America; 7 of the stores were sold to Asda and Tesco (the stores that had permission to stock groceries) and the remaining 14 stores were rebranded and downsized under the regular Woolworths banner.
Bishops Bought by Budgens[20] 1984 63 stores in south east England
BP Safeway 1962 Dissolved following Safeway takeover by Morrisons Partnership between BP plc and Safeway, listed as Equinox retailing; some stores now Tesco Express
Brian Ford's Discount Store 1975 Bought by Tesco in 2004 2010 Opened by Brian Ford after the sale of the family Ford & Lock business to Gateway in 1974. The business opened in the former Deveres Kensington engineering building in Barnstaple, Devon expanding with an extension in 1981. The business was based on the 'cash & carry' principle. The business was purchased by Tesco in 2004 but continued to be run as Brian Fords until permission was gained to build a Tesco Extra.[21]
Burton Supermarkets Bought by Fine Fare Small Nottinghamshire based supermarket chain purchased by Fine Fare and re-branded
Capital Freezer Centres Now owned by Farmfoods Chain of freezer stores located in England and Scotland; owned by United Biscuits since 1979; a management buyout happened in 1989[22][23]
Carrefour 1970s UK business sold to Gateway/Somerfield, then later to Asda 1990
Cartier's Superfoods c.1970 Bought by Tesco 1979 Small Kent based supermarket chain taken over by Tesco
Cater Brothers 1958 Became part of Prestos 1979 Cater Brothers were a South East-based chain. In 1972 they were bought out by Debenhams after the death of the chairman Leslie Cater in the same plane crash that killed F J Wallis. In 1979 Debenhams sold the chain to Allied Suppliers who re-branded the stores under their Presto brand.
Challenge Supermarket Became part of Frank Dee Supermarket based in Yorkshire that was purchased by Frank Dee in the 1980s and incorporated into the chain.[24]
Cooltrader brought out by Heron Foods 2017 Opened in Wrexham, founded by Iceland founder Malcolm Walker.[25] Cooltrader became part of Iceland after Malcolm Walker's takeover of that business, then sold in 2012 to Heron Foods.[13]
Coopers & Co Bought by Fine Fare 1955 Scotland based supermarket and grocers chain bought by Fine Fare and re-branded as Coopers Fine Fare
Cordon Bleu 1964[26] Owned by Argyll Supplies Chain of freezer shops owned by Argyll Supplies; stores were re-branded under the Lo-cost or Presto name
County Stores Sold to Gateway, converted to Somerfield 1990
Crazy Prices Bought by Tesco ABF owned Northern Ireland group
Dalgety Freezer Centres Bought by James Gullivers Argyll Supplies 38 freezer centre bought by James Gulliver and added to Argyll Supplies Cordon Bleu business.[27]
David Greig Bought by Fitch Lovell Merged into Key Markets
DEE Discount Stores Re-branded as Gateway, later Somerfield now owned by Co-op Chain of supermarkets based in North East of England; parent company Linfood Holdings purchased the smaller Gateway chain and re-branded stores as Gateway and the parent company as Dee Corporation
Downsway Supermarkets Bought by Fine Fare 1978 East Anglian based supermarket group with 80 stores owned by Vestey Group; sold in 1978 and converted to Fine Fare stores
Elmo Bought by Fine Fare Small chain of 28 stores based in East Anglia and the South of England; bought for £1m by Fine Fare; rebranded as Fine Fare
Fairway c.1960s Bought by Frank Dee 1980s Doncaster based chain of supermarkets bought by Frank Dee in 1980s and converted into that chain[28]
Fine Fare
1951 Bought by Gateway 1986 Britain's third supermarket until the 1980s behind Tesco and Sainsburys; bought by Gateway Corp. in 1986 and shops rebranded as Gateway by 1988
Ford & Lock 1960 Sold to Gateway 1974 36 shops across south-west England; owner Brian Ford went on to open a new store in his own name[29]
Freeze Fair 66 freezer store chain owned by Jobs Dairies bought by Argyll Supplies and added to Cordon Bleu chain.[27]
Freezeway Bought by Farmfoods Small chain of freezershops bought by Farmfoods[23]
FreshXpress
2007 Administration in 2008, liquidated in 2009 2009 Smaller stores of former Kwik Save chain; bought out by management team led by Brendan Murtagh
Frank Dee Supermarkets Re-branded as Gateway, later Somerfield now owned by Co-op Chain of supermarkets based in North East of England; parent company Linfood Holdings purchased the smaller Gateway chain and re-branded stores as Gateway and the parent company as Dee Corporation
Galbraith supermarkets 1894 Bought by Allied Suppliers, then Argyll Group Scottish chain
Gateway Foodmarkets
1950 Rebranded as Somerfield 1992
Grandways Some stores sold to Argyll Group for their Presto chain and Kwik Save, remainder renamed Jacksons 1992/3 Regional in Yorkshire
GT Smith Bought by Co-operative Group 2002 Regional in West Yorkshire
Haldanes 2009 (including UGO stores) 2011 Went into administration 2011
Hanburys 1889 Bought by Co-Op 1997 Started in 1889 when Jeremiah Hanbury opened a small store in Market Street, Farnworth, selling butter and bacon. In 1929, the business was bought by Bolton wholesale grocers E.H. Steele Ltd. In 1997 the 31 Hanburys stores, which cover the north-west, including 8 in Bolton, were acquired by United Norwest Co-op and subsequently re-branded.
Hillards 1880 Bought by Tesco 1988 Several locations throughout Midlands, North East
Hintons Bought by Argyll Foods to become part of Presto Mainly in North East England and Yorkshire
Irwin's Stores Bought by Tesco
International 1874 Bought by Dee Corporation 1996 Stores were re-branded gateway or sold off to competitors
Jacksons Bought by J Sainsbury 2008 See also Grandways, above, which was originally part of the same group. Stores originally traded under the Jacksons name, and were slowly converted to the Grandways brand. After the sale to Sainsbury, the Jackson name was revived for a chain of smaller stores in the Wm Jackson until they were sold and were re-branded Sainsbury Local.
Kenton Supermarkets Small chain based in North West of England
Key Markets Bought by Dee Corporation Created by food giant Fitch Lovell. Re-branded as Gateway.
Kibby's Supermarkets Chain of supermarkets bought by Unigate. Stores were sold off to various companies including WM Low and International Stores.
Kwik Save 1959 Brand now owned by Costcutter Company purchased by Somerfield in 1998. Name and 177 stores sold by Somerfield in 2006 but went into administration in 2007.
Laws Stores c.1890s Bought by Wm Low for £7.1 million in 1985 1985 Chain of supermarkets focused on North East England
Lennons Supermarkets 1958 Bought by Dee Corporation Chain of Supermarkets based in North East. Started as small chain of grocers but opened first supermarket in 1956 in Widnes. Bought by the Dee Corporation before being re-branded as Gateway.
Leos Rebranded Co-op Name given to larger co-operative stores during the 1980s
Liptons 1871 Bought by Allied Suppliers Converted to Presto or Lo-Cost stores
Lo-Cost Converted to Safeway
Lowfreeze Bought by Bejam Small chain of freezer shops bought by Bejam[23]
Mac Fisheries Bought by Dee Group 1978 Wet fish shops closed
Mainstop Acquired by Morrisons 1981
Moore Stores Bought by Cavenham and added to Allied Suppliers group 1976 Chain of small supermarkets based in the North East of England which had a turnover of £53m in 1969/70[30] Rebranded either Liptons or Presto.
Netto 1990 Bought by Asda in 2010 for £778M from Dansk Supermarked Group. 147 stores were rebranded in 2011 as Asda local stores. The remaining 47 stores have been sold off to other companies such as Morrisons and new convenience store UGO and other retailers due to competition laws. Netto then returned to UK, with a partnership with Sainsbury's and is initially opening 15 stores in the north of England.[31] In July 2016, Sainsbury's ended the joint venture, scrapping the Netto name in the UK once again. 2011 Was a no frills supermarket. On 30 September 2011, Netto UK ceased trading. In 2014, the supermarket announced they would be returning to the UK with 15 stores.[31]
Normans supermarkets Bought by Plymco
Normid Rebranded Co-op Was owned by United Co-operatives
Norco Rebranded Co-op Aberdeen based co-operative society
Orchard Frozen Foods Bought by Iceland 1986 Chain of freezer centres based in the South East of England
Premier Supermarkets Bought by Mac Fisheries 1965 Subsidiary of Express Dairies, opened UK's first supermarket in Streatham, South London in 1951.[5] Sold after losing out on purchase of Irwin's stores to Tesco
Presto 1977 After buying out Safeway, all stores were converted to Safeway 1998
Price Rite Chain of stores purchased by British American Tobacco and incorporated into International Stores; stores re-branded as International Stores, before being sold off to Fine Fare and Argyll Foods
Quality Fare Bought by the Co-operative Group
Queens Supermarkets 1958 Merged with Associated Dairies and GEN to form ASDA 1965 Small chain of supermarkets started by Asquith family in Pontefract. In 1965 merged with Associated Dairies and purchased the GEN brand, relaunching as ASDA Queens, before becoming ASDA. ASDA is an abbreviation of ASquith and DAiries.
Rainbow Discontinued, rebranded as parent Co-op
Richway Supermarkets Retail chain operating in South of England and the Isle of Wight
Safeway 1962 Bought by Morrisons 2005 Safeway Compact stores sold to Somerfield. Was still trading under Safeway in Channel Islands until becoming Waitrose in 2010.
Sainsbury's Freezer Centres 1974 Bought by Bejam 1986 Sainsburys opened the chain of freezer shops to try and compete with the new style of food store, with the first store opening in Southbourne near Bournemouth. By 1980 there was 21 freezer centres, but these were sold off in 1986 to Bejam.
Sainsbury's Savacentre 1977 Discontinued, Rebranded Sainsbury's 2005 Savacentre was a joint project started by Sainsburys and BHS to compete in Hypermarket scene. Sainsburys added when BHS pulled out of the company.
Saverite 1968 Bought by West Midlands Co-operative Society which later became Mid-counties Co-operative after a merger with Oxford, Swindon and Gloucester Co-operative 2000 Shropshire based grocery business started in 1869. Renamed Saverite in 1968 (from Morris & Co) and expanded into supermarkets. Sold to Mid-Counties Co-operative in 2000.[32]
Schofield & Martin Rebranded Waitrose c.1965 Small chain of grocers based in South Essex purchased by Waitrose in 1944. Had the first self-service supermarket store within the Waitrose group in 1951.
Shoppers Paradise Taken over by Gateway Discount food store chain created by Associated British Food from un-profitable Fine Fare stores. Became part of Gateway as part of Fine Fare purchase.
Shop Rite 1972 Bought by Kwik Save, Still trades as ShopRite in the Isle of Man stocking a range of Waitrose & Iceland products as well as locally produced goods 1994 Discount supermarket chain
Smiths Freezer Centres c.1990s Small chain of freezer stores located in Essex; went into liquidation during the 1990s
Somerfield 1865 Purchase agreed by the Co-operative Group on 16 July 2008 for £1.56bn; from 2009 many larger stores were sold off and smaller stores rebranded to The Co-operative Food[33] 2011
Food Giant Originally part of Somerfield group, all stores converted to Kwik Save following the Somerfield/Kwik Save merger
Solo Trading name of Gateways - rebranded Somerfield Trading name created by Gateways
St Catherine's Freezer Centres Bought by Iceland 1983 Chain of 18 freezer centres located in Bristol and South West area
Stewarts Supermarket Limited Bought by Tesco ABF owned Northern Ireland group
Stitchers Supermarkets Bought by Downsway Small chain of supermarkets purchased by Downsway and re-branded
Supernational Stores 1935 Bought by Gateway
Templeton supermarkets 1880 Bought by Allied Suppliers then Argyll Group Scottish chain, rebranded as Presto
Victor Value Bought by Tesco 1968/1986 Independent chain; larger stores were rebranded as Tesco, remaining sold to Bejam in 1986
Wallis 1955 Bought by Somerfield 2003 Founded by Francis J Wallis of Rainham Essex in 1955. By 1968 there were 38 stores. In 1977 the chain's 100 stores were sold to British American Tobacco and merged with their already owned chain International Stores. The stores were re-branded International. The company officially still existed and was wound up by Somerfield, who had purchased International Stores in 2003.
Wavy Line Small chain of small supermarkets and convenience stores located in the South and South East of England
Walter Willson Bought by Alldays Chain of small supermarkets and convenience stores in the north east of England and Cumbria
Wellworths Bought by Musgrave Group & Safeway 1997 Northern Ireland supermarket chain split into Supervalu and Safeway
Whelan Discount Stores Bought by Morrisons for £1.5 million[34] 1978 Chain of supermarkets based in Lancashire started by JJB Sports owner Dave Whelan
Wm Low Bought by Tesco Presence in Scotland and northern England
Williamson & Treadgold Bournemouth based grocers that opened a supermarket at The Hampshire Centre.[35] The store was eventually purchased by Sainsburys.
Woolco 1966 Discontinued, rebranded as Woolworth and later bought by Gateway in 1986 1982 Hypermarket chain started by Woolworth
Waitrose Effect[edit]
Proximity to a supermarket has been widely reported[36][37][38][39] to be an amenity that can have a significant effect on residential property prices in Britain. Beginning under Andy Hulme[40] and continuing under Mike Songer,[41] the home mortgage unit of Lloyds Bank has published pricing research that examines the premiums commanded by homes in a given neighbourhood against comparables in the same post-code and correlates the difference in price with convenience of access to the various supermarkets. The following table averages information from neighbourhoods across England and Wales, compiled by Lloyds Bank for their 2016 report using supermarket location information from CACI Datalab and house price information from the UK Land Registry.[42]
Supermarket
Nearby property
premium (%)
Nearby property
premium (£)
Waitrose 10% £38,666
Sainsbury's 10% £27,939
Marks & Spencer 9% £27,182
Tesco 9% £22,072
Iceland 8% £20,034
Co-op 8% £17,904
Morrisons 5% £10,558
Asda 2% £5,026
Lidl 2% £3,926
Aldi 1% £1,333
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
Companies portal
Business portal
Lists portal
For supermarkets worldwide, see List of supermarkets.
Kantar Worldpanel - UK grocery market share figures
List of Convenience stores of the United Kingdom
List of discount stores in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Asda overtaken by Sainsbury's as UK's second largest supermarket but big four continue to slide". CityAM. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "UK: Discounters Benefit From Downturn". KamCity. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Finance (2017-01-27). "Tesco merging with Booker in a £3.7 billion deal - Business Insider". Uk.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
Jump up ^ Sam Dean (2017-02-07). "Aldi overtakes Co-op as the UK's fifth largest supermarket". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Helen Gregory (3 November 2001). "It's a super anniversary: it's 50 years since the first full size self-service supermarket was unveiled in the UK". The Grocer. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aldi overtakes Waitrose to become UK's sixth-biggest supermarket". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Supermarket market share (UK)". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lidl tops Waitrose to become UK's seventh biggest grocer - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Gale, Adam. "Aldi and Lidl will keep on growing". Managementtoday.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Lidl tops Waitrose to become UK's seventh biggest grocer - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Musgrave Group Agrees Sale of Budgens and Londis to Booker". Musgrave Group.
Jump up ^ "Lidl tops Waitrose to become UK's seventh biggest grocer - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Iceland agrees Cooltrader sale to Heron Foods". Retrieved 31 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lidl tops Waitrose to become UK's seventh biggest grocer - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2013: Performance against our plan". Marks & Spencer. 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/investors/9e6d85996d984de181a50d1303f1c998
^ Jump up to: a b "Aldi overtakes Co-op to become UK's fifth biggest supermarket". News.sky.com. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
Jump up ^ Sarah Butler. "Lidl overtakes Waitrose as UK shoppers turn to discounters | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Vintage shoppoing bags - Little Red Dog". Retrieved 11 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Competition Commission report, para 3.10 (a)
Jump up ^ "End of an era as Brian Fords closes - North Devon Gazette p.25 Jun 2010". Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Biscuits again drawing support - The Glasgow Herald p.16 Jan 1984". Retrieved 11 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Capital assets - The Herald p. 23 December 1989". Retrieved 11 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "u09456 - Picture Sheffield". Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Malcolm Walker's biography - Iceland.co.uk". Retrieved 31 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Company Check". Retrieved 11 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Grocers: The Rise and Rise of the Supermarket Chains By Andrew Seth, Geoffrey Randall". Retrieved 23 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Supermarket opened at Denaby - South Yorkshire Times April 10, 1965". Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "End of an era as Brian Fords closes - North Devon Gazette p.25 June 2010". Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Die Nahrungsmitteldistribution in Westeuropa. 2. Dänemark, Grossbritannien By Erich Batzer, Erich Greipl, Richard Geml, Helmut Laumer, Erich Greipl". Retrieved 17 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sainsbury's & Netto stores to help create 300-plus jobs in Scunthorpe". 24 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Morris & Co - Heritage". Retrieved 11 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Co-op buys rival supermarket Somerfield". AFP via Google News. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "FA Cup final: Wigan's Whelan makes poignant Wembley return - BBC Sports Website p.9 May 2015". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Castlepoint before it was Castlepoint - Bournemouth Echo p.18 March 2015". Retrieved 19 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Living near Waitrose boosts your house value, claims research". BBC. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Waitrose's latest offer: £40,000 added to your house price". The Guardian. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Furness, Hannah (25 July 2016). "Living near Waitrose could add £38,666 to your house price, survey says". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Butterworth, Myra (24 July 2016). "The Waitrose effect adds £40,000 to homes but Aldi gives just £1,300: How a supermarket nearby can boost value". Daily Mail. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Supermarkets: top of the homebuyer shopping list?". Lloyds Bank. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2016. It's easy to assume the effect of different factors on the value of a property but this research enables us to clearly see that there is a significant association between the convenience of a local supermarket and house prices.
Jump up ^ "Living near a supermarket can bag you a £22,000 bonus on your home". Lloyds Bank. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016. Of course, there are many other drivers of house prices beyond having a supermarket on your doorstep, but our research suggests that it is a strong factor
Jump up ^ "Living near a supermarket can bag you a £22,000 bonus on your home" (PDF). Lloyds Banking Group. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
[show]
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text:
List of largest peaceful gatherings
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 2 January 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of the largest historic peaceful gatherings of people in one place for a single event.
Contents
[hide]
1 Over 10 million
2 Five million to ten million
3 Two to five million
4 One to two million
5 Methodology
6 References
Over 10 million[edit]
Event
Date
Participants
Location
Country
Ref.
Kumbh Mela 10 February 2013 30 million (est.) Allahabad India [1]
Arba'een Pilgrimage 2016 20 – 30 million (est.) Karbala Iraq [2][3]
Arba'een Pilgrimage 2015 27 million (est.) Karbala Iraq [4]
Arba'een Pilgrimage 2014 20 million Karbala Iraq [5][6]
Kumbh Mela 30 January 2001 20 million (est.) Allahabad India [7]
Arba'een Pilgrimage January 2013 15–18 million (est.) Karbala Iraq [8][9]
Arba'een Pilgrimage January 2012 15 million (est.) Karbala Iraq [10][11]
Arba'een Pilgrimage January 2011 15 million (est.) Karbala Iraq [12]
Funeral of C. N. Annadurai February 1969 15 million (est.) Tamil Nadu India [13]
Martyrdom processions of Musa al-Kadhim 2016 12 million (est.) Kadhimiya, Baghdad Iraq [14][15]
Martyrdom processions of Musa al-Kadhim 2015 12 million (est.) Kadhimiya, Baghdad Iraq [16]
Funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini 11 June 1989 10.2 million (est.) Tehran Iran [17]
Arba'een Pilgrimage January 2010 10 million (est.) Karbala Iraq [18][19][20]
Arba'een Pilgrimage 2009 10–14 million Karbala Iraq [21]
Five million to ten million[edit]
Around 7–9 million gathered in Karbala, Iraq to commemorate the martyrdom anniversary of Imam Hussein in October 2015.[22][23]
An estimated 6 to 7 million attended the Mass in Rizal Park, Manila, on 18 January 2015 that concluded the apostolic and state visit of Pope Francis in the Philippines. It was held on the Feast of the Santo Niño, and is the largest papal crowd in history.[24][25][26]
Over 6 million people gather at Karbala on July 6, 2012 to celebrate 15 Sha'ban [27]
An estimated 6 million worshippers gathered at the shrine of Imam Hussein in Karbala on 8 August 2009 during Mid-Sha'ban.[28]
Over 5.5 million turned up for the Traslación of the Black Nazarene in 2015 in Manila, Philippines, ahead of Pope Francis' visit.[29][30][31]
More than 5 millions pilgrims went on the 15th of Shaban (Mid Shaban) to Karbala at the Shrine of Imam Husain 20 July 2011.[32]
Over 5 million people attended the World Youth Day 1995 in Manila, Philippines, to see Pope John Paul II. It was the largest papal crowd in history, until being surpassed on 18 January 2015 during the visit of Pope Francis also in Manila.[33]
An estimated 5 million people attended the Democracy and Martyrs' Rally in Istanbul on 7 August 2016, according to the Istanbul Police Department.[34]
A little over 5 million people attended the 2016 World Series parade in Chicago, Illinois after the Chicago Cubs won their first World Series since 1908.
Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series victory parade and rally attracted over 5 million people
Two to five million[edit]
4 million pilgrims visit Imam Ali Shrine in Iraq on the anniversary martyrdom of the first Shia Imam on 28 June 2016.[35]
More than 2 million Muslims gather for the important ritual as part of Hajj 2016[36]
An estimated 2.8 million people made the annual Hajj to Mecca, Saudi Arabia (excluding unregistered pilgrims which were over 0.75 million, the number of pilgrims would then be over 3.5 million) in November 2010.[37]
An estimated 5 million pilgrims gathered to mourn the death anniversary of Imam Kazim at Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Kadhimiyah on 30 June 2011.[38]
An estimated 5 million people attended the funeral of Egyptian President Gamel Abdel Nasser on 1 October 1970 in Cairo, Egypt.[39][40]
An estimated 5 million devotees attended the Bishwa Ijtema in Bangladesh in 2010.[41]
An estimated 5 million people gathered in Sabarimala, India on 14 January 2007 to watch 'Makarajyothi', a bright flame that flickers three times on a remote hillside of Ponnambalamedu.[42]
An estimated 4.2 million people attended a concert given by Rod Stewart in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 31 December 1994.[43]
Over 4 million people flocked to Karbala on the day of Ashoura in the shines of Imam Husain and his younger paternal half brother Mola Abbas in 2010.[44]
An estimated 4 million people attended the funeral of Umm Kulthum in Cairo, Egypt on 6 February 1975.[45][46]
An estimated 3.5 million people attended the concert given by Jean-Michel Jarre for the celebration of the 850th birthday of Moscow, in 1997.[citation needed]
An estimated 3.16 million people made the annual Hajj to Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 2012 (1.4 million Saudis and 1.75 million foreigners)[47]
An estimated 3.2 million people gathered for the annual feast of the Santo Niño de Cebú (Child [Jesus] of Cebu) on the third Sunday of January 2014. The crowd attended the solemn procession in the main streets of Cebu City, Philippines.[48][49][50]
3 million Shia Muslims commemorated the anniversaries of the deaths of Muhammad and Imam Hassan in Najaf on shrine of Imam Ali on 28 Safra (3 February) 2011[51]
Over 3 million renew pledge of allegiance to Imam Ali in Najaf on 16 November 2011[52]
More than 3 million devotees had gathered in the first Nabakalebara Ratha Yatra of the millennium in Puri, India which took place after a gap of 19 years.[53]
3 million break their fasts at Imam Reza shrine Iran on Ramadan 13 July 2013 world's largest iftar ever.[54][better source needed]
More than 3 million people visited the shrine of Imam Reza in Mashhad, Iran during the Nowrooz holiday.[year needed][citation needed]
An estimated 2.5-4.5 million people gathered for the funeral of Iran's Ex-President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani in Tehran on 10 January 2017.[55][56][57]
More than 3 million people protested in the Circus Maximus, Rome, on 23 March 2002, in a demonstration organized by the left-wing trade union CGIL, led by Sergio Cofferati, against the labour reform promoted by the conservative government of Silvio Berlusconi.[58][59]
An estimated 3 million people marched through Rome, Italy in opposition to the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in the largest anti-war rally in history on 15 February 2003.[60][61]
An estimated 2 million people gathered at Hussani Chuk Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan on 9 August 2013 Asad Ashura Shia Muslims gathered to commemorate Majlis of Imam Hussain.[citation needed]
An estimated 3 million people welcomed Benazir Bhutto on her return from exile in 1986 in Lahore. The procession covered the 12 kilometer distance from the Lahore airport to Minar e Pakistan in over ten hours. The crowd accumulated at gardens of the landmark accommodated over 1.5 million people with queues of cars and trucks reaching outside the then city limits miles away.[62]
An estimated 3 million people attended the closing Mass of World Youth Day 2013 on Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[63] Over 2 million people gather there yearly on the night of 31 December, making it the world's largest New Year's Eve party.[64]
An estimated 3 million people gathered in London, United Kingdom on 2 June 1953 to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.[65]
An estimated 3 million people attended a parade in Boston, United States, celebrating the Boston Red Sox's 2004 World Series victory on 30 October 2004. The victory ended an 86-year drought of World Series championships and ended the era of the famous Curse of the Bambino for the Red Sox.[66]
An estimated 2 to 4 million people are reported to have attended the funeral of Pope John Paul II in Rome, Italy on 7 April 2005.[67][68]
An estimated 2.8 million people made the annual Hajj to Mecca, Saudi Arabia (excluding unregistered pilgrims which were over 0.75 million, the number of pilgrims would then be over 3.5 million) in November 2010.[37]
An estimated 2.6 million people attended the annual feast of the Black Nazarene in Manila, Philippines, in January 2008.[69]
An estimated 2.5 million people participated in Art of Living Silver Jubilee Celebration at Bangalore, India.[70]
An estimated 2.5 million people participated in a beatification mass held by Pope John Paul II in Błonia Park, Kraków, Poland.[71]
An estimated 2.5 million people participated in the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade that took place in June 2006 in São Paulo, Brazil.[72]
Over 2 million people attended the parade and rally celebrating the Chicago Blackhawks winning the 2013 Stanley Cup finals
An estimated 2 million people attended a parade and rally in Chicago, Illinois, United States for the 2013 Stanley Cup Champion Chicago Blackhawks.[73]
An estimated 2 million people attended "Millions of Breaths, A Single Voice Against Terrorism" meeting in Fatih, İstanbul just a week before Turkish local elections, 2014.[citation needed]
An estimated 2 million people gathered in Philadelphia, US, for the Stanley Cup parade for the 1974 Stanley Cup Champions, the Philadelphia Flyers.[74]
An estimated 2 million people attended the state funeral of the assassinated President of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman on 2 June 1981.[75][76]
An estimated 2 million people are reported to have gathered in Madrid, Spain for a parade celebrating the success of the Spain national football team in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[77]
An estimated 2 million Hindu women gathered at the Attukal Temple in Kerala, India on 4 March 2007, making it the largest gathering of women in history, overtaking the record set by the same festival on 23 February 1997.[78]
An estimated 2 million people participated in Baltic Way demonstration for independence, forming a 675 km uninterrupted human chain between Vilnius (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tallinn (Estonia) on 23 August 1989.[79]
On 25 May 2010, an estimated 2 million people gathered at the 9 de Julio avenue in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to attend several concerts and street art parades celebrating the Bicentennial of the May Revolution.[80]
The funeral of Bal Thackeray: 2 million,[81] and a 7 km long cortege.[82]
In 2001, 2 million devotees attended the World Ijtema in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[83][non-primary source needed]
An estimated 2 million Filipino nuns, soldiers, priests, and different people gathered for the People Power Revolution 1986 (EDSA I) held at EDSA in the Philippines, resulting in the downfall of President Ferdinand Marcos.[84][85]
An estimated 2 million Filipino people attended the funeral processions of Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983 and Corazon Aquino in 2009.[86]
An estimated 2 million Catholic youths attended World Youth Day in August 2000 in Rome, Italy.[87]
More than 2 million Muslims gather at Mount Arafat for the important ritual as part of Hajj 2016[36]
An estimated 2 million people gathered at Raja Bazaar, Rawalpindi on 24 December 2013 after threats from Takfiri groups due to Ashura riots Shia Muslims gathered to commemorate Chehlum of Imam Hussain. Takfiris despite all their threats had to retreat.[88]
An estimated 2 million members of the Iglesia ni Cristo attended the 100th anniversary celebrations of the church on 27 July 2014 in Ciudad de Victoria, Bocaue, Bulacan.[89][90]
One to two million[edit]
Over 1 million Shia Muslims on the anniversary of Muhammad 's death at Imam Reza shrine mashhad Iran on 10 December 2015.[91]
Over 1 million pilgrims visit the Al-Askari Shrine, 15 November 2016 .[92]
An estimated 1.5-2 million people in Hong Kong (the city at the time had a population of roughly 5.5 million) expressed their support for the students in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The line of people extended from North Point to Sheung Wan, with all six lanes of King's Road (Hong Kong), Hennessy Road and Des Voeux Road crowded with people. Many underground MTR stations on Hong Kong Island were full of people and many people who could not participate in the demonstration above ground were stuck in the congested MTR stations, therefore the exact amount of demonstrators could only be estimated to around 1.5-2 million people.[93]
Security officials estimated that 1.8 million people attended the inauguration of Barack Obama in Washington, D.C. on 20 January 2009.[94]
An estimated 1.8 million people claimed Catalan independence in Barcelona, 11 September 2014, drawing an 11 km. "V" shaped Catalan flag with their red & yellow T-shirt.[95]
An estimated 1.75 million people attended a parade in Chicago, Illinois, United States for the 2005 World Series champion Chicago White Sox.[96]
An estimated 1.6 million people (30 percent of Lebanon's 4 million population) gathered in Beirut, Lebanon on 14 March 2005 to demand an end to the Syrian military presence in Lebanon. This event is known as the Cedar Revolution.[97]
An estimated 1.2–1.6 million people, including several heads of state, marched in Paris (with a total of 3.7 million marching across the world) on 11 January 2015 for an anti-terrorism rally in the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo shooting; the gathering was the largest in French history.[98]
An estimated 1.5 million people were at 2013's San Francisco Pride,[99] in the wake of the Supreme Court decisions on DOMA and Proposition 8.[100]
An estimated 1.5 million people attended the Live 8 concert in Philadelphia, PA 2 July 2005.[101]
An estimated 1.5 million people attended the funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru in Delhi, India in 1964[102]
An estimated 1.5 million people claimed the independence of Catalonia in Barcelona, 11 September 2012. More info: 2012 Catalan independence demonstration.[103]
An estimated 1.4 million people gathered at Paulista Avenue in São Paulo, Brazil to protest for President Dilma Rousseff's impeachment on 13 March 2016. More info: 2015–16 protests in Brazil.[104]
An estimated 1.4 million attended World Youth Day 2011 (16–21 August) in Madrid[105]
An estimated 1.3 million people attended the 2015–2016 Cleveland Cavaliers Basketball NBA Championship Parade 22 June 2016. The victory ended a 52-year drought of no major professional sport championships for the City of Cleveland.[106]
An estimated 1.25 million people attended a papal mass given by Pope John Paul II in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland on 29 September 1979. The estimated attendance was about one third of the population of Ireland gathered in one expansive public area.[107]
More than 1.2 million Venezuelans attempted to peacefully march in the "Mother of All Marches" throughout Venezuela before they were repressed by authorities on 19 April 2017, with the demonstrations resulting from the 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis.[108]
An estimated 1.2 million people attended the Yoido rally of Sun Myung Moon in Yoido, South Korea in 1975[109]
More than 1.1 million people assembled at Yoido Plaza in Seoul in South Korea in 1973 for the Billy Graham Crusade[110][111]
An estimated more than 1 million attended the funeral of Italian Communist Party leader Enrico Berlinguer on 13 June 1984 in Rome[112]
An estimated 1 million gathered in London, United Kingdom for the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981.[113]
An estimated 1 million gathered in London, United Kingdom for the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales on 6 September 1997.[114]
An estimated 1 million gathered in London, United Kingdom for the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton on 29 April 2011.[115][116]
An estimated 1 million people gathered in The Mall outside Buckingham Palace in London, United Kingdom for the Golden Jubilee celebrations of Elizabeth II on 4 June 2002.[117]
An estimated 1 million people participated in what is considered the largest procession in the history of New Delhi, India on 8 October 1970 in commemoration of Hans Ji Maharaj, led by his son Guru Maharaj Ji (now Prem Rawat).[118][119]
An estimated crowd of over 1 million revelers attended Love Parade in Essen, Germany on 25 August 2007.[120]
An estimated crowd of over 1 million Colombians gathered in Bogotá, Colombia on 4 February 2008 to protest against FARC.[121]
On 1 March 1990, over 1 million protesters gathered at the headquarters of the UN Military Observer Group in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir to present a memorandum addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations demanding that Kashmir be given the right of self determination.[122][123]
An estimated one million Catholics gathered for the mass at Saint Peter's Square, to celebrate John Paul II's beatification on 1 May 2011[124][125][126]
An estimated 1 million people gathered at Marina Beach, Chennai, India for pro-Jallikattu protest on 21 January 2017.[127]
Over 1 million people gathered to on the anniversary of Muhammad's death at the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad, Iran on 10 December 2015.[128]
Over 1 million pilgrims visited Samarra to visit Al-Askari Shrine on 15 November 2016 .[92]
On 12 June 1982, an estimated one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race as part of an ongoing campaign of anti-nuclear protests in the United States. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history.[129]
Over 1 million Venezuelans demonstrated on 1 September 2016 during the 2014–16 Venezuelan protests in Caracas, Venezuela, demanding a recall election against President Nicolás Maduro. The gathering was called the "largest demonstration in the history of Venezuela" with over 3% of the nation's entire population.[130]
An estimated crowd of 750 thousand to 1.5 million people gathered in Central Park in New York City on 22 April 1990 to celebrate Earth Day.[131][132]
An estimated crowd of over 1 million people gathered in Denver, Colorado, United States to celebrate The National Football Leagues Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 parade. [133]
Methodology[edit]
A method of determining how many people are at an event is the scientific analysis of photographs, video images, or both. Based on the quality of the image, it is possible to do a physical head count or to estimate attendance based on the density of people within similar areas. This permits the estimation of people over large areas or where parts of the image are obscured. An extensive discussion of how images were used to estimate the number of attendees at the Million Man March can be found at the Center for Remote Sensing at Boston University's website.[134]
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