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Grace and Frankie
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Grace and Frankie
Genre
Comedy
Created by
Marta Kauffman
Howard J. Morris
Starring
Jane Fonda
Lily Tomlin
Sam Waterston
Martin Sheen
Brooklyn Decker
Ethan Embry
June Diane Raphael
Baron Vaughn
Opening theme
"Stuck in the Middle with You"
performed by Grace Potter
Composer(s)
Sam KS
Michael Skloff
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
52 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Marta Kauffman
Howard J. Morris
Jane Fonda
Lily Tomlin
Tate Taylor (pilot)
Paula Weinstein
Dana Goldberg
David Ellison
Marcy Ross
Alexa Junge
Location(s)
Los Angeles, California
Cinematography
Gale Tattersall
Editor(s)
Lisa Zeno Churgin
Michael Jablow
Sarah Lucky
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
25–35 minutes
Production company(s)
Okay Goodnight
Skydance Television
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
4K (Ultra HD)
Original release
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08) – present
External links
Official website
Grace and Frankie is an American comedy web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix. The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin (who previously starred in the 1980 film 9 to 5) in the title roles of Grace and Frankie, two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married. Sam Waterston, Martin Sheen, Brooklyn Decker, Ethan Embry, June Diane Raphael, and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles. It premiered on Netflix on May 8, 2015, with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously. The second, third, and fourth seasons, also consisting of 13 episodes each, have been released on May 6, 2016, March 24, 2017, and January 19, 2018, respectively.
Despite mixed reviews upon its debut, the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations, including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy.
On February 15, 2018, Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production and development
4.1 Casting
4.2 Filming
5 Reception
5.1 Accolades
5.2 Controversy
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Jane Fonda as Grace Hanson, a retired cosmetics mogul
Lily Tomlin as Frances "Frankie" Bergstein (née Mengela), a hippie art teacher
Martin Sheen as Robert Hanson, a successful divorce lawyer and Grace's former husband who later becomes Sol's husband
Sam Waterston as Sol Bergstein, a successful divorce lawyer and Frankie's former husband who later becomes Robert's husband
June Diane Raphael as Brianna Hanson, older daughter of Grace and Robert, head of the company founded and once run by Grace
Baron Vaughn as Nwabudike "Bud" Bergstein, son of Frankie and Sol, and also a lawyer at Robert & Sol's firm
Brooklyn Decker as Mallory Hanson, younger daughter of Grace and Robert, a wife and mother of four children
Ethan Embry as Coyote Bergstein, son of Frankie and Sol, a substitute teacher and recovering addict
RuPaul as TBA (Season 5)
Recurring[edit]
Actor
Character
Season
1
2
3
4
Ernie Hudson Jacob Recurring
Brittany Ishibashi Erica Guest Recurring Guest
Geoff Stults Mitch Recurring Guest
Tim Bagley Peter Recurring Guest Recurring
Peter Cambor Barry Recurring Guest Recurring
Craig T. Nelson Guy Recurring
Michael Charles Roman Adam Guest Recurring Guest Recurring
Marsha Mason Arlene Guest Recurring
Swoosie Kurtz Janet Guest Guest
Lindsey Kraft Allison Giampietro-Smikowitz Recurring
Megan Ferguson Nadia Guest Recurring
Peter Gallagher Nick Skolka Recurring
Jack Plotnick Paul Recurring
Lisa Kudrow Sheree Recurring
Talia Shire Teddie Recurring
Sam Elliott Phil Milstein Recurring
Mark Deklin Roy Recurring
Carrie Preston Krystle Guest
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Grace and Frankie episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 13 May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)
2 13 May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
3 13 March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
4 13 January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Production and development[edit]
In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[2]
On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]
On December 10, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season[5] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[6]
On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 19, 2018.[7][8]
On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie.[1]
Casting[edit]
Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[9] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[10] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son.[11] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son, while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[12] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[13] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[7] In February 2018, the same day as the fifth season was commissioned, RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie.[1]
Filming[edit]
Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[14] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[15][16]
Reception[edit]
The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[17] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]
The second season received a more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[19] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[20] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [21]
The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[22]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [23]
20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [24]
73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated [25]
Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated [26]
TV Performance of the Year – Actress Jane Fonda Nominated
TV Performance of the Year – Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated
LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated
27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated [27]
19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated [28]
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated
2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [29]
[30]
Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp Nominated
23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [31]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated [32]
28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated [33]
Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler Nominated [34]
20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [35]
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [36]
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Designers[show]
Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp
Nominated
Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)
Designers[show]
Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson
Nominated
2018 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [31]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Controversy[edit]
After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[37] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[38] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[39] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[39]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Erik, Pedersen (February 14, 2018). "'Grace And Frankie' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix; RuPaul To Guest Star". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in "Grace and Frankie," A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix". The Futon Critic. March 19, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Grace And Frankie' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix". Deadline.com. May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (January 17, 2016). "Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For 'Orange Is The New Black,' 'The Get Down,' 'Flaked' And Others". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (December 10, 2015). "Netflix Renews 'Grace and Frankie' for Season 3". Variety.com. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (February 8, 2017). "'Grace And Frankie' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser". Deadline.
^ Jump up to: a b Otterson, Joe (April 12, 2017). "'Grace and Frankie' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix, Adds Lisa Kudrow". Variety.com. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Kasey (April 12, 2017). "Grace and Frankie Season 4: Official Renewal Status and Release Date". whats-on-netflix.com. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana; Goldberg, Lesley (June 18, 2014). "Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix's Jane Fonda-Lily Tomlin Comedy (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Kaitlin (July 7, 2014). "Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix's Grace and Frankie". TV Guide. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy 'Grace & Frankie'". Deadline.com. July 17, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Development Update: Tuesday, July 29". The Futon Critic. July 29, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fonda, Jane (October 19, 2015). "Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2". JaneFonda.com. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Starting the New Series, Grace & Frankie, with Lily Tomlin, Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston". JaneFonda.com. August 17, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II". JaneFonda.com. July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie". JaneFonda.com. November 13, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 1 (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 1 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 2 (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 2 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wisener, Jasef (May 18, 2016). "Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review". TVOvermind. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 3 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list". CNN.com. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Satellite Awards (2015)". International Press Academy. IPA. December 2, 2015. pressacademy.com. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (December 10, 2015). "2016 Golden Globes: Lady Gaga, Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race". Variety. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
Jump up ^ "GALECA 2015/16 DORIAN AWARDS". GALECA. 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
Jump up ^ "2016/01/2016-glaad-media-award-nominations". vulture.com. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
Jump up ^ "19th Annual TV Awards (2014-15)". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/
Jump up ^ "Outstanding Contemporary TV Series". costumedesignersguild.com. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "GLAAD Media Awards Nominees #glaadawards". GLAAD. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016
Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/
Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All
Jump up ^ Kang, Inkoo. "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair 'Grace and Frankie' Paychecks". Women and Hollywood. Indiewire.com. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Vanmetre, Elizabeth (May 11, 2015). "Martin Sheen, Sam Waterston agree 'Grace and Frankie', stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Gennis, Sadie. "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity". TV Guide. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Grace and Frankie on IMDb
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List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of National Football League (NFL) players by total career receiving yards recorded. This list includes all players who have amassed at least 10,000 receiving yards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Players with at least 10,000 receiving yards
2 Active players with at least 8,000 receiving yards
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Players with at least 10,000 receiving yards[edit]
Key
^ Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame
* Denotes player who is still active in the NFL
Through Week 8 of 2017 season in progress
Rank
Player
Team(s) by season
Receptions
Yards
Average
1 Jerry Rice^ San Francisco 49ers (1985–2000)
Oakland Raiders (2001–2004[a])
Seattle Seahawks (2004) 1,549 22,895 14.8
2 Terrell Owens San Francisco 49ers (1996–2003)
Philadelphia Eagles (2004–2005)
Dallas Cowboys (2006–2008)
Buffalo Bills (2009)
Cincinnati Bengals (2010) 1,078 15,934 14.8
3 Randy Moss Minnesota Vikings (1998–2004, 2010[b])
Oakland Raiders (2005–2006)
New England Patriots (2007–2010)
Tennessee Titans (2010)
San Francisco 49ers (2012) 982 15,292 15.6
4 Isaac Bruce Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams (1994[c]–2007)
San Francisco 49ers (2008–2009) 1,024 15,208 14.9
5 Tony Gonzalez Kansas City Chiefs (1997–2008)
Atlanta Falcons (2009–2013) 1,325 15,127 11.4
6 Tim Brown^ L.A./Oakland Raiders (1988[d]–2003)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2004) 1,094 14,934 13.7
7 Larry Fitzgerald* Arizona Cardinals (2004–present) 1,170 14,883 12.7
8 Steve Smith Sr. Carolina Panthers (2001–2013)
Baltimore Ravens (2014–2016) 1,031 14,731 14.3
9 Marvin Harrison^ Indianapolis Colts (1996–2008) 1,102 14,580 13.2
10 Reggie Wayne Indianapolis Colts (2001–2014) 1,070 14,345 13.5
11 Andre Johnson Houston Texans (2003–2014)
Indianapolis Colts (2015)
Tennessee Titans (2016) 1,062 14,185 13.4
12 James Lofton^ Green Bay Packers (1978–1986)
Los Angeles Raiders (1987–1988)
Buffalo Bills (1989–1992)
Los Angeles Rams (1993[e])
Philadelphia Eagles (1993) 764 14,004 18.3
13 Cris Carter^ Philadelphia Eagles (1987–1989)
Minnesota Vikings (1990–2001)
Miami Dolphins (2002) 1,101 13,899 12.6
14 Anquan Boldin Arizona Cardinals (2003–2009)
Baltimore Ravens (2010–2012)
San Francisco 49ers (2013–2015)
Detroit Lions (2016) 1,076 13,779 12.8
15 Henry Ellard Los Angeles Rams (1983–1993)
Washington Redskins (1994–1998[f])
New England Patriots (1998) 814 13,777 16.9
16 Torry Holt St. Louis Rams (1999–2008)
Jacksonville Jaguars (2009) 920 13,382 14.5
17 Andre Reed^ Buffalo Bills (1985–1999)
Washington Redskins (2000) 951 13,198 13.9
18 Steve Largent^ Seattle Seahawks (1976–1989) 819 13,089 16.0
19 Irving Fryar New England Patriots (1984–1992)
Miami Dolphins (1993–1995)
Philadelphia Eagles (1996–1998)
Washington Redskins (1999–2000) 851 12,785 15.0
20 Art Monk^ Washington Redskins (1980–1993)
New York Jets (1994)
Philadelphia Eagles (1995) 940 12,721 13.5
21 Jimmy Smith Dallas Cowboys (1992)
Philadelphia Eagles (1994)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1995–2005) 862 12,287 14.3
22 Brandon Marshall* Denver Broncos (2006–2009)
Miami Dolphins (2010–2011)
Chicago Bears (2012–2014)
New York Jets (2015–2016)
New York Giants (2017–present) 959 12,215 12.7
23 Jason Witten* Dallas Cowboys (2003–present) 1,120 12,171 10.9
24 Charlie Joiner^ Houston Oilers (1969–1972[g])
Cincinnati Bengals (1972–1975)
San Diego Chargers (1976–1986) 750 12,146 16.2
25 Hines Ward Pittsburgh Steelers (1998–2011) 1,000 12,083 12.1
26 Mason, DerrickDerrick Mason Tennessee Oilers/Titans (1997–2004)
Baltimore Ravens (2005–2010)
New York Jets (2011)
Houston Texans ((2011) 943 12,061 12.8
27 Michael Irvin^ Dallas Cowboys (1988–1999) 750 11,904 15.9
28 Don Maynard^ New York Giants (1958)
New York Titans/Jets[h](1960–1972)
633 11,834 18.7
29 Calvin Johnson Detroit Lions (2007–2015) 731 11,619 15.9
30 Muhsin Muhammad Carolina Panthers (1996–2004, 2008–2009)
Chicago Bears (2005–2007) 860 11,438 13.3
31 Rod Smith Denver Broncos (1995–2006) 849 11,389 13.4
32 Keenan McCardell Cleveland Browns (1992–1995)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1996–2001)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2002–2003)
San Diego Chargers (2004–2006)
Houston Texans (2007)
Washington Redskins (2007) 883 11,373 12.9
33 Gates, AntonioAntonio Gates* San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers (2003–present) 910 11,311 12.4
34 Chad Johnson Cincinnati Bengals (2001–2010)
New England Patriots (2011) 766 11,059 14.4
35 Joey Galloway Seattle Seahawks (1995–1999)
Dallas Cowboys (2000–2003)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2004–2008)
New England Patriots (2009)
Washington Redskins (2010) 698 10,918 15.6
36 Roddy White Atlanta Falcons (2005–2015) 808 10,863 13.4
37 Gary Clark Washington Redskins (1985–1992)
Arizona/Phoenix Cardinals (1993[i]–1994)
Miami Dolphins (1995) 699 10,856 15.5
38 Stanley Morgan New England Patriots (1977–1989)
Indianapolis Colts (1990) 557 10,716 19.2
39 Keyshawn Johnson New York Jets (1996–1999)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2000–2003)
Dallas Cowboys (2004–2005)
Carolina Panthers (2006) 814 10,571 13.0
40 Harold Jackson Los Angeles Rams (1968, 1973–1977)
Philadelphia Eagles (1969–1972)
New England Patriots (1978–1981)
Minnesota Vikings (1982)
Seattle Seahawks (1983) 579 10,372 17.9
41 Santana Moss New York Jets (2001–2004)
Washington Redskins (2005–2014) 732 10,283 14.0
42 Lance Alworth^ San Diego Chargers (1962–1970)
Dallas Cowboys (1971–1972) 542 10,266 18.9
43 Andre Rison Indianapolis Colts (1989)
Atlanta Falcons (1990–1994)
Cleveland Browns (1995)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1996[j])
Green Bay Packers (1996)
Kansas City Chiefs (1997–1999)
Oakland Raiders (2000) 743 10,205 13.7
44 Donald Driver Green Bay Packers (1999–2012) 743 10,137 13.6
45 Shannon Sharpe^ Denver Broncos (1990–1999, 2002–2003)
Baltimore Ravens (2000–2001) 815 10,060 12.3
Active players with at least 8,000 receiving yards[edit]
Through Week 8 of 2017 season in progress. All numbers in yards.
DeSean Jackson, 9,179
Antonio Brown, 9,142
Vincent Jackson, 9,080
Demaryius Thomas, 8,093
See also[edit]
List of National Football League career receiving touchdowns leaders
List of National Football League career receptions leaders
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Rice was released during the 2004 season; he played four games for the Raiders and thirteen games for the Seahawks.
Jump up ^ Moss was traded during the 2010 season; he played four games for the Patriots and four for the Vikings. He was then released by the Vikings and was claimed on waivers by the Titans, with whom he played eight games.
Jump up ^ In the 1994 season, Bruce's first, the Rams were based in Los Angeles; the franchise relocated prior to the start of the 1995 season; it returned in 2016.
Jump up ^ Between the 1988 and 1994 seasons, the Raiders were based in Los Angeles; the franchise relocated prior to the start of the 1995 season.
Jump up ^ Lofton was traded during the 1993 season; he played one game for the Rams and nine for the Eagles.
Jump up ^ Ellard was released by the Redskins during the 1996 season and was claimed off waivers by the Patriots; he played in two games for the Redskins and five for the Patriots.
Jump up ^ Joiner was traded during the 1972 season; he played in six games for the Oilers and six for the Bengals.
Jump up ^ Prior to 1963, the Jets were known as the New York Titans
Jump up ^ During the 1993 season, the Arizona Cardinals became the Phoenix Cardinals.
Jump up ^ Rison was released by the Jaguars during the 1996 season and was claimed off waivers by the Packers; he played eleven games for the Jaguars and five for the Packers.
References[edit]
NFL Stats: Milestone Tracker
Pro-football-reference.com enumeration of career receiving leaders
[hide]
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National Football League records and leaders
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Team playoff records
Team records
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Special teams
Annual
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Punt return yards
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text:
Vacuum flask
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Thermos" redirects here. For other uses, see Thermos (disambiguation).
This article is about the vacuum-insulated flask. For the flask used in filtration under vacuum, see Büchner flask.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The typical design of a Thermos brand vacuum flask, used for maintaining the temperature of fluids such as coffee.
Laboratory Dewar flask, Deutsches Museum, Munich
Diagram of a vacuum flask
A cryogenic storage dewar of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezer
A vacuum flask (also known as a Dewar flask, Dewar bottle or thermos) is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacuum which significantly reduces heat transfer by conduction or convection.
Vacuum flasks are used domestically to keep beverages hot or cold for extended periods of time and for many purposes in industry.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design
3 Research and industry
4 Safety
5 Thermodynamics
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Gustav Robert Paalen, Double Walled Vessel, 1. Patent June 27, 1908, published July 13th 1909
The vacuum flask was designed and invented by Scottish scientist Sir James Dewar in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of cryogenics and is sometimes called a Dewar flask in his honour. While performing experiments in determining the specific heat of the element of palladium, Dewar formed a brass chamber that he enclosed in another chamber to keep the palladium at its desired temperature.[1] He evacuated the air between the two chambers creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable. Through the need for this insulated container James Dewar created the vacuum flask, which became a significant tool for chemical experiments and also became a common household item. The flask was later developed using new materials such as glass and aluminum; however, Dewar refused to patent his invention.[1]
Dewar's design was quickly transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German glassblowers, Reinhold Burger and Albert Aschenbrenner, discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm.[2][3] The Dewar flask design had never been patented, as stated above. But the German men who discovered the commercial use for the product renamed it "Thermos," and they subsequently claimed both the rights to the commercial product and the trademark to the name. In his subsequent attempt to claim the rights to the invention, Dewar instead lost a court case to the company.[4] The manufacturing and performance of the Thermos bottle was significantly improved and refined by the Viennese inventor and merchant Gustav Robert Paalen, who designed various types for domestic use, which he also patented, and distributed widely, through his Thermos Bottle Companies in the United States and Canada. The name later became a genericized trademark after the term "thermos" became the household name for such a liquid container.[2] The vacuum flask went on to be used for many different types of scientific experiments and the commercial “Thermos” was transformed into a common item. "Thermos" remains a registered trademark in some countries, but it was declared a genericized trademark in the United States in 1963, since it is colloquially synonymous with vacuum flasks in general. However, there are other vacuum flasks.
After the German glassblowers determined the commercial uses for the Dewar flask, the technology was sold to the Thermos company who used it to mass-produce vacuum flasks for at-home use.[2] Over time, the company expanded the size, shapes and materials of these consumer products, primarily used for carrying coffee on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold. Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use.
Design[edit]
The vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial-vacuum which reduces heat conduction or convection. Heat transfer by thermal radiation may be minimized by silvering flask surfaces facing the gap but can become problematic if the flask's contents or surroundings are very hot; hence vacuum flasks usually hold contents below the boiling point of water. Most heat transfer occurs through the neck and opening of the flask, where there is no vacuum. Vacuum flasks are usually made of metal, borosilicate glass, foam or plastic and have their opening stoppered with cork or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are often used as insulated shipping containers.
Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes cannot fully support the inner flask from the neck alone, so additional support is provided by spacers between the interior and exterior shell. These spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially reduce the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface.
Several technological applications, such as NMR and MRI machines, rely on the use of double vacuum flasks. These flasks have two vacuum sections. The inner flask contains liquid helium and the outer flask contains liquid nitrogen, with one vacuum section in between. The loss of precious helium is limited in this way.
Other improvements to the vacuum flask include the vapour-cooled radiation shield and the vapour-cooled neck,[5] both of which help to reduce evaporation from the flask.
Research and industry[edit]
See also: Cryogenic storage dewar
In laboratories and industry, vacuum flasks are often used to hold liquefied gases (often LN2) for flash freezing, sample preparation and other processes where maintaining an extreme low temperature is desired. Larger vacuum flasks store liquids that become gaseous at well below ambient temperature, such as oxygen and nitrogen; in this case the leakage of heat into the extremely cold interior of the bottle results in a slow boiling-off of the liquid so that a narrow unstoppered opening, or a stoppered opening protected by a pressure relief valve, is necessary to prevent pressure from building up and eventually shattering the flask. The insulation of the vacuum flask results in a very slow "boil" and thus the contents remain liquid for long periods without refrigeration equipment.
Vacuum flasks have been used to house standard cells and ovenized Zener diodes, along with their printed circuit board, in precision voltage-regulating devices used as electrical standards. The flask helped with controlling the Zener temperature over a long time span and was used to reduce variations of the output voltage of the Zener standard owing to temperature fluctuation to within a few parts per million.
One notable use was by Guildline Instruments, of Canada, in their Transvolt, model 9154B, saturated standard cell, which is an electrical voltage standard. Here a silvered vacuum flask was encased in foam insulation and, using a large glass vacuum plug, held the saturated cell. The output of the device was 1.018 volts and was held to within a few parts per million.
The principle of the vacuum flask makes it ideal for storing certain types of rocket fuel, and NASA used it extensively in the propellant tanks of the Saturn launch vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s.[6]
The design and shape of the Dewar flask was used as a model for optical experiments based on the idea that the shape of the two compartments with the space in between is similar to the way the light hits the eye.[7] The vacuum flask has also been part of experiments using it as the capacitor of different chemicals in order to keep them at a consistent temperature.[8]
The industrial Dewar flask is the base for a device used to passively insulate medical shipments.[9][10] Most vaccines are sensitive to heat[11][12] and require a cold chain system to keep them at stable, near freezing temperatures. The Arktek device uses eight one-litre ice blocks to hold vaccines at under 10 °C.[13]
Safety[edit]
Vacuum flasks are at risk of implosion hazard, and glass vessels under vacuum, in particular, may shatter unexpectedly. Chips, scratches or cracks can be a starting point for dangerous vessel failure, especially when the vessel temperature changes rapidly (when hot or cold liquid is added). Proper preparation of the Dewar vacuum flask by tempering prior to use is advised to maintain and optimize the functioning of the unit. Glass vacuum flasks are usually fitted into a metal base with the cylinder contained in or coated with mesh, aluminum or plastic to aid in handling, protect it from physical damage, and contain fragments should they break.
In addition, cryogenic storage dewars are usually pressurized, and they may explode if pressure relief valves are not used.
Thermodynamics[edit]
This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The rate of heat (energy) loss through a vacuum flask can be analyzed thermodynamically, starting from the second TdS relation:[14]
T d S = d H − V d P {\displaystyle TdS=dH-VdP}
T s u r r Δ S = m c p δ T − V d p {\displaystyle T_{surr}\Delta S=mc_{p}\delta T-Vdp}
Assuming constant pressure throughout the process,
T s u r r Δ S = c p ( T b ′ − T c ) {\displaystyle T_{surr}\Delta S=c_{p}\left(T_{b'}-T_{c}\right)}
Rearranging the equation in terms of the temperature of the outside surface of the vacuum flask's inner wall,
T b ′ = T c + T s u r r Δ S c p {\displaystyle T_{b'}=T_{c}+{\frac {T_{surr}\Delta S}{c_{p}}}}
Where
Tsurr is the temperature of the surrounding air
∆S is the change in specific entropy of stainless steel
cp is the specific heat capacity of stainless steel
Tc is the temperature of the liquid contained within the flask
Tb' is the temperature of the outside surface of the vacuum flask's inner wall
Now consider the general expression for heat loss due to radiation:
Q 0 ′ = A ϵ σ ( T 4 − T 0 4 ) {\displaystyle Q'_{0}=A\epsilon \sigma \left(T^{4}-T_{0}^{4}\right)}
In the case of the vacuum flask,
Q 0 ′ = A i n ϵ s . s . σ ( T b ′ 4 − T s u r r 4 ) {\displaystyle Q'_{0}=A_{in}\epsilon _{s.s.}\sigma \left(T_{b}'^{4}-T_{surr}^{4}\right)}
Substituting our earlier expression for Tb',
Q 0 ′ = A i n ϵ s . s . σ [ ( T c + T s u r r Δ S c p ) 4 − T s u r r 4 ] {\displaystyle Q'_{0}=A_{in}\epsilon _{s.s.}\sigma \left[\left(T_{c}+{\frac {T_{surr}\Delta S}{c_{p}}}\right)^{4}-T_{surr}^{4}\right]}
Where
Q'0 is the rate of heat transfer by radiation through the vacuum portion of the flask
Ain is the surface area of the outside of the inner wall of the flask
εs.s. is the emissivity of stainless steel
σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant
Assuming that the outer surface of the inner wall and the inner surface of the outer wall of the vacuum flask are coated with polished silver to minimize heat loss due to radiation, we can say that the rate of heat absorption by the inner surface of the outer wall is equal to the absorptivity of polished silver times the heat radiated by the outer surface of the inner wall,
α Q 0 ′ = Q i n ′ {\displaystyle \alpha Q'_{0}=Q'_{in}}
In order for energy balance to be maintained, the heat lost through the outer surface of the outer wall must be equal to the heat absorbed by the inner surface of the outer wall,
Q i n ′ = Q o u t ′ {\displaystyle Q'_{in}=Q'_{out}}
Since the absorptivity of polished silver is the same as its emissivity, we can write
Q o u t ′ = ϵ s . s . Q 0 ′ {\displaystyle Q'_{out}=\epsilon _{s.s.}Q'_{0}}
We must also consider the rate of heat loss through the lid of the vacuum flask (assuming it is made of polypropylene, a common plastic) where there is no vacuum inside the material. In this area, the three heat transfer modes of conduction, convection, and radiation are present. Therefore, the rate of heat loss through the lid is,
Q l i d ′ = Q c o n d ′ + Q c o n v ′ + Q r a d ′ {\displaystyle Q'_{lid}=Q'_{cond}+Q'_{conv}+Q'_{rad}}
Q l i d ′ = k A l i d ( T b − T s u r r Δ x ) + h A l i d ( T b − T s u r r ) + A l i d ϵ p . p . σ [ ( T c + T s u r r Δ S p . p . c p p . p . ) 4 − T s u r r 4 ] {\displaystyle Q'_{lid}=kA_{lid}\left({\frac {T_{b}-T_{surr}}{\Delta x}}\right)+hA_{lid}\left(T_{b}-T_{surr}\right)+A_{lid}\epsilon _{p.p.}\sigma \left[\left(T_{c}+{\frac {T_{surr}\Delta S_{p.p.}}{c_{p}^{p.p.}}}\right)^{4}-T_{surr}^{4}\right]}
Where
k is the thermal conductivity of air
h is the convective heat transfer coefficient of free air
εp.p is the emissivity of polypropylene
Alid is the outer surface area of the lid
cpp.p. is the specific heat capacity of polypropylene
∆Sp.p. is the specific entropy of polypropylene
∆x is the distance over which conduction across the temperature gradient takes place
Now we have an expression for the total rate of heat loss, which is the sum of the rate of heat loss through the walls of the vacuum flask and the rate of heat loss through the lid,
Q t o t a l ′ = Q o u t ′ + Q l i d ′ {\displaystyle Q'_{total}=Q'_{out}+Q'_{lid}}
where we substitute each of the expressions for each component into the equation.
The rate of entropy generation of this process can also be calculated, starting from entropy balance:
Δ S s y s t e m = S i n − S o u t + S g e n {\displaystyle \Delta S_{system}=S_{in}-S_{out}+S_{gen}}
Written in rate form,
Δ S s y s t e m ′ = S i n ′ − S o u t ′ + S g e n ′ {\displaystyle \Delta S'_{system}=S'_{in}-S'_{out}+S'_{gen}}
Assuming a steady-state process,
− ∫ d Q ′ T s u r r + S g e n ′ = 0 {\displaystyle -\int {\frac {dQ'}{T_{surr}}}+S'_{gen}=0}
S g e n ′ = Q 2 ′ − Q 1 ′ T s u r r {\displaystyle S'_{gen}={\frac {Q'_{2}-Q'_{1}}{T_{surr}}}}
Since there is no heat added to the system,
S g e n ′ = Q t o t a l ′ T s u r r {\displaystyle S'_{gen}={\frac {Q'_{total}}{T_{surr}}}}
See also[edit]
Hermetic seal
Sunshield (JWST) (the layers of its thermal shield use a vacuum barrier to provide insulation)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Soulen, Robert (March 1996). "James Dewar, His Flask and Other Achievements". Physics Today. 49 (3): 32–37. Bibcode:1996PhT....49c..32S. doi:10.1063/1.881490.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Our History". Thermos, LLC. 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "James Dewar, the man who invented the thermos flask". BBC History. 2 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Frank A. J. L. James. "Dewar, James - BRITISH CHEMIST AND PHYSICIST". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "History of Cryogenics: A Cryo Central resource from the CSA". Cryogenicsociety.org. 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ Cortright, Edgar. "Apollo Expeditions to the Moon." Official NASA publications. 1975.
Jump up ^ Haynes, John and Scott, Jesse. “A Method for Silvering a Dewar Flask for Optical Experiments.” Science. Vol. 107, No. 2777. March 19, 1948. p. 301
Jump up ^ Elliot, Willard. “A Spectrophotometric Dewar Flask with Integral Light Shield.” Public Health Records. Vol. 85, No. 3. March 1970. pps. 276-279.
Jump up ^ "This Revolutionary Cooler Could Save Millions of Lives". WIRED. 18 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gates-backed device extends cold chain to rural areas". FierceVaccines.
Jump up ^ Murhekar, MV; Dutta, S; Kapoor, AN; Bitragunta, S; Dodum, R; Ghosh, P; Swamy, KK; Mukhopadhyay, K; Ningombam, S; Parmar, K; Ravishankar, D; Singh, B; Singh, V; Sisodiya, R; Subramanian, R; Takum, T (2013). "Frequent exposure to suboptimal temperatures in vaccine cold-chain system in India: results of temperature monitoring in 10 states". 91: 906–13. PMC 3845272  . PMID 24347729. doi:10.2471/BLT.13.119974.
Jump up ^ Samant, Y; Lanjewar, H; Parker, D; Block, L; Tomar, GS; Stein, B (2007). "Evaluation of the Cold-Chain for Oral Polio Vaccine in a Rural District of India". 122: 112–21. PMC 1802111  . PMID 17236617.
Jump up ^ "ARKTEK".
Jump up ^ "Thermodynamics eBook: TdS Relations".
Further reading[edit]
Burger, R., U.S. Patent 872,795, "Double walled vessel with a space for a vacuum between the walls," December 3, 1907.
Sella, Andrea (August 2008). "Dewar's Flask". Chemistry World: 75. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
External links[edit]
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value: Q'_{lid} = kA_{lid} \left ( \frac{T_b - T_{surr}}{\Delta x} \right ) + hA_{lid} \left (T_b - T_{surr} \right ) + A_{lid} \epsilon _{p.p.} \sigma \left [ \left (T_c + \frac {T_{surr} \Delta S_{p.p.}}{c_p^{p.p.}} \right )^4 - T_{surr}^4 \right ]

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