text:
Paul Tibbets
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the WWII United States Air Force pilot. For his grandson, see Paul W. Tibbets IV. For the American animator, see Paul Tibbitt.
Paul Tibbets
Brigadier General Paul W. Tibbets Jr.
Birth name
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr.
Born
(1915-02-23)23 February 1915
Quincy, Illinois, United States
Died
1 November 2007(2007-11-01) (aged 92)
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Allegiance
United States of America
Service/branch
United States Army Air Forces
Years of service
1937–1966
Rank
Brigadier General
Commands held
340th Bombardment Squadron
509th Composite Group
308th Bombardment Wing
6th Air Division
Battles/wars
World War II:
Operation Torch
Combined Bomber Offensive
Air raids on Japan
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Awards
Distinguished Service Cross
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross (2)
Purple Heart
Air Medal (4)
Other work
Charter Pilot and President of Executive Jet Aviation
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the pilot who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Tibbets enlisted in the United States Army in 1937 and qualified as a pilot in 1938. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he flew anti-submarine patrols over the Atlantic. In February 1942, he became the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, which was equipped with the Boeing B-17. In July 1942 the 97th became the first heavy bombardment group to be deployed as part of the Eighth Air Force, and Tibbets became deputy group commander. He flew the lead plane in the first American daylight heavy bomber mission against Occupied Europe on 17 August 1942, and the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe on 9 October 1942. Tibbets was chosen to fly Major General Mark W. Clark and Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower to Gibraltar. After flying 43 combat missions, he became the assistant for bomber operations on the staff of the Twelfth Air Force.
Tibbets returned to the United States in February 1943 to help with the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. In September 1944, he was appointed the commander of the 509th Composite Group, which would conduct the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war, he participated in the Operation Crossroads nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946, and was involved in the development of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet in the early 1950s. He commanded the 308th Bombardment Wing and 6th Air Division in the late 1950s, and was military attaché in India from 1964 to 1966. After leaving the Air Force in 1966, he worked for Executive Jet Aviation, serving on the founding board and as its president from 1976 until his retirement in 1987.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Early military career
3 War against Germany
4 War against Japan
5 Post-war military career
6 Later life and death
7 Awards and decorations
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Early life[edit]
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. When he was five years old the family moved to Davenport, Iowa, and then to Iowa's capital, Des Moines, where he was raised, and where his father became a confections wholesaler. When he was eight, his family moved to Hialeah, Florida, to escape from harsh midwestern winters. As a boy he was very interested in flying. One day his mother agreed to pay one dollar to get him into an airplane at the local carnival. In 1927, when he was 12 years old, he flew in a plane piloted by barnstormer Doug Davis, dropping candy bars with tiny parachutes to the crowd of people attending the races at the Hialeah Park Race Track.[1][2]
In the late 1920s, business issues forced Tibbets's family to return to Alton, Illinois, where he graduated from Western Military Academy in 1933. He then attended the University of Florida in Gainesville,[1] and became an initiated member of the Epsilon Zeta Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity in 1934.[3] During that time, Tibbets took private flying lessons at Miami's Opa-locka Airport with Rusty Heard, who later became a captain at Eastern Airlines.[3] After his undergraduate work, Tibbets had planned on becoming an abdominal surgeon. He transferred to the University of Cincinnati after his second year to complete his pre-med studies there, because the University of Florida had no medical school at the time. However, he attended for only a year and a half as he changed his mind about wanting to become a doctor. Instead, he decided to enlist in the United States Army and become a pilot in the United States Army Air Corps.[1]
Early military career[edit]
Because he went to a military school, attended some college, and had some flight experience, Tibbets qualified for the Aviation Cadet Training Program.[4] On 25 February 1937, he enlisted in the army at Fort Thomas, Kentucky, and was sent to Randolph Field in San Antonio, Texas, for primary and basic flight instruction. During his training, he showed himself to be an above-average pilot. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant and received his pilot rating in 1938 at Kelly Field in San Antonio.[1]
After graduation, Tibbets was assigned to the 16th Observation Squadron, which was based at Lawson Field, Georgia, with a flight supporting the Infantry School at nearby Fort Benning.[1] It was at Fort Benning that Tibbets met Lucy Frances Wingate, then a clerk at a department store in Columbus, Georgia. The two quietly married in a Roman Catholic seminary in Holy Trinity, Alabama on June 19, 1938. Tibbets did not inform his family or his commanding officer, and the couple arranged for the notice to be kept out of the local newspaper.[5] They had two sons. Paul III was born in 1940, in Columbus, Georgia, and graduated from Huntingdon College and Auburn University. He was a colonel in the United States Army Reserves and worked as a hospital pharmacist. He died in West Monroe, Louisiana, in 2016.[6] The younger son, Gene Wingate Tibbets, was born in 1944, and was at the time of his death in 2012 residing in Georgiana in Butler County in southern Alabama.[7][8]
While Tibbets was stationed at Fort Benning, he was promoted to first lieutenant[9] and served as a personal pilot for Brigadier General George S. Patton, Jr., in 1940 and 1941.[1] In June 1941, Tibbets transferred to the 9th Bombardment Squadron of the 3d Bombardment Group at Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia, as the engineering officer, and flew the A-20 Havoc.[10] While there he was promoted to captain. In December 1941, he received orders to join the 29th Bombardment Group at MacDill Field, Florida, for training on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On 7 December 1941, Tibbets heard about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor while listening to the radio during a routine flight.[9] Due to fears that German U-Boats might enter Tampa Bay and bombard MacDill Field, the 29th Bombardment Group moved to Savannah.[11] Tibbets remained on temporary duty with the 3d Bombardment Group, forming an anti-submarine patrol at Pope Army Airfield, North Carolina, with 21 B-18 Bolo medium bombers.[1] The B-18s were used as an intermediate trainer, which pilots flew after basic flight training in a Cessna UC-78 and before qualifying in the B-17.[12]
War against Germany[edit]
Boeing B-17D in flight
In February 1942, Tibbets reported for duty with the 29th Bombardment Group as its engineering officer. Three weeks later he was named the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, equipped with the B-17D.[13] It was initially based at MacDill, and then Sarasota Army Airfield, Florida, before moving to Godfrey Army Airfield in Bangor, Maine.[14]
In July 1942 the 97th became the first heavy bombardment group of the Eighth Air Force to be deployed to England, where it was based at RAF Polebrook.[15] It had been hastily assembled to meet demands for an early deployment, and arrived without any training in the basics of high altitude daylight bombing. In the first weeks of August 1942, under the tutelage of Royal Air Force veterans, the group received intensive training for its first mission. The group commander, Lieutenant Colonel Cornelius W. Cousland,[16] was replaced by Colonel Frank A. Armstrong Jr., who appointed Tibbets as his deputy.[17]
Tibbets flew the lead bomber Butcher Shop[18] for the first American daylight heavy bomber mission on 17 August 1942, a shallow penetration raid against a marshalling yard in Rouen in Occupied France, with Armstrong as his co-pilot. This was not Tibbets's regular aircraft, Red Gremlin, nor his regular crew, which included bombardier Thomas Ferebee and navigator Theodore Van Kirk, who later flew with him in Enola Gay.[19] On 9 October 1942, Tibbets led the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe, attacking industrial targets in the French city of Lille. Poor bombing accuracy resulted in numerous civilian casualties and less damage to the rail installations than hoped, but the mission was hailed an overall success because it reached its target against heavy and constant fighter attack. Of the 108 aircraft in the raid, 33 were shot down or had to turn back due to mechanical problems.[20][21]
On that first mission, Tibbets saw in real-time that his bombs were falling on innocent civilians. At the time, he thought to himself, "People are getting killed down there that don't have any business getting killed. Those are not soldiers." But then he thought back to a lesson he had learned during his time at medical school from his roommate who was a doctor. This doctor explained to him about his former classmates who failed the program and ended up in drug sales. The reason why they had failed the program was because "they had too much sympathy for their patients", which "destroyed their ability to render the medical necessities". It dawned on Tibbets that:
I am just like that if I get to thinking about some innocent person getting hit on the ground. I am supposed to be a bomber pilot and destroy a target. I won’t be worth anything if I do that... I made up my mind then that the morality of dropping that bomb was not my business. I was instructed to perform a military mission to drop the bomb. That was the thing that I was going to do the best of my ability. Morality, there is no such thing in warfare. I don’t care whether you are dropping atom bombs, or 100-pound bombs, or shooting a rifle. You have got to leave the moral issue out of it.[22]
In the leadup to Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, the commander of the Eighth Air Force, Major General Carl Spaatz was ordered to provide his best two pilots for a secret mission. He chose Tibbets and Major Wayne Connors. Tibbets flew Major General Mark W. Clark from Polebrook to Gibraltar while Connors flew Clark's chief of staff, Brigadier General Lyman Lemnitzer.[23] A few weeks later Tibbets flew the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, there.[24] "By reputation", historian Stephen Ambrose wrote, Tibbets was "the best flier in the Army Air Force [sic]."[25]
Tibbets had flown 25 combat missions against targets in France[13] when the 97th Bomb Group was transferred to North Africa as part of Major General Jimmy Doolittle's Twelfth Air Force. For Tibbets, the war in North Africa introduced him to the realities of aerial warfare. He claimed that he saw the real effects of bombing civilians and the trauma of losing his brothers in arms. In January 1943, Tibbets, who had now flown 43 combat missions,[26] was assigned as the assistant for bomber operations to Colonel Lauris Norstad, Assistant Chief of Staff of Operations (A-3) of the Twelfth Air Force.[13] Tibbets had recently been given a battlefield promotion to colonel, but did not receive it, as such promotions had to be confirmed by a panel of officers. He was told that Norstad had vetoed the promotion, saying "there's only going to be one colonel in operations."[27]
Tibbets did not get along well with Norstad, or with Doolittle's chief of staff, Brigadier General Hoyt Vandenberg. In one planning meeting, Norstad wanted an all-out raid on Bizerte to be flown at 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Tibbets protested that flak would be most effective at that altitude. When challenged by Norstad, Tibbets said he would lead the mission himself at 6,000 feet if Norstad would fly as his co-pilot. Norstad backed down, and the mission was successfully flown at 20,000 feet (6,100 m).[28]
War against Japan[edit]
Tibbets waves from Enola Gay before the Hiroshima bombing mission.
When General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, the Chief of United States Army Air Forces, requested an experienced bombardment pilot to help with the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, Doolittle recommended Tibbets.[29] Tibbets returned to the United States in February 1943. At the time, the B-29 program was beset by a host of technical problems, and the chief test pilot, Edmund T. Allen, had been killed in a crash of the prototype aircraft.[30]
Working with the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, Tibbets test-flew the B-29 and soon accumulated more flight time in it than any other pilot. He found that without defensive armament and armor plating, the aircraft was 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) lighter, and its performance was much improved. In simulated combat engagements against a P-47 fighter at the B-29's cruising altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 m), he discovered that the B-29 had a smaller turning radius than the P-47, and could avoid it by turning away.[31][32]
After a year of developmental testing of the B-29, Tibbets was assigned in March 1944 as director of operations of the 17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing (Very Heavy), a B-29 training unit based at Grand Island Army Air Field, Nebraska, and commanded by Armstrong. Its role was to transition pilots to the B-29.[13] Tibbets taught two Women Airforce Service Pilots, Dora Dougherty and Dorothea (Didi) Moorman, to fly the B-29 as demonstration pilots.[33]
On 1 September 1944, Tibbets reported to Colorado Springs Army Airfield, the headquarters of the Second Air Force, where he met with its commander, Major General Uzal Ent, and three representatives of the Manhattan Project, Lieutenant Colonel John Lansdale Jr., Captain William S. Parsons, and Norman F. Ramsey Jr., who briefed him on the project.[34] Tibbets was told that he would be in charge of the 509th Composite Group, a fully self-contained organization of about 1,800 men, which would have 15 B-29s and a high priority for all kinds of military stores. Ent gave Tibbets a choice of three possible bases: Great Bend Army Airfield, Kansas; Mountain Home Army Airfield, Idaho; or Wendover Army Air Field, Utah.[35] Tibbets selected Wendover for its remoteness.[36]
When the operation was still in its development stages, Armstrong and Colonel Roscoe C. Wilson were the leading candidates to command the group who was designated to drop the atomic bomb. Wilson was the Army Air Force project officer who provided liaison support to the Manhattan Project. Armstrong was an experienced combat veteran against German targets, but he was in his forties and had been severely injured in a fire in the summer of 1943. Wilson had no combat experience and was qualified primarily because of his engineering background and association with the project. Tibbets was considerably younger than both men and had experience in both staff and command duties in heavy bomber combat operations. He was already an experienced B-29 pilot, which made him an ideal candidate for the top-secret project.[37]
The "Tinian Joint Chiefs": Rear Admiral William R. Purnell, Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell, Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, and Captain William S. Parsons
Tibbets was promoted to colonel in January 1945[38] and brought his wife and family along with him to Wendover. He felt that allowing married men in the group to bring their families would improve morale, although it put a strain on his own marriage. In order to disguise all the civilian engineers on base who were working on the Manhattan Project, Tibbets was forced to lie to his wife; he told her that the engineers were "sanitary workers." At one point, Tibbets found that Lucy had co-opted a scientist to unplug a drain.[39]
On 6 March 1945 (concurrent with the activation of Project Alberta), the 1st Ordnance Squadron, Special (Aviation) was activated at Wendover, again using Army Air Forces personnel on hand or already at Los Alamos. Its purpose was to provide "skilled machinists, welders and munitions workers"[40] and special equipment to the group to enable it to assemble atomic weapons at its operating base, thereby allowing the weapons to be transported more safely in their component parts. A rigorous candidate selection process was used to recruit personnel, reportedly with an 80% rejection rate. The 509th Composite Group reached full strength in May 1945.[41]
With the addition of the 1st Ordnance Squadron to its roster in March 1945, the 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom deployed to Tinian, an island in the northern Marianas within striking distance of Japan, in May and June 1945. The 320th Troop Carrier Squadron kept its base of operations at Wendover. In addition to its authorized strength, the 509th had attached to it on Tinian all 51 civilian and military personnel of Project Alberta. Furthermore, two representatives from Washington, D.C. were present on the island:[42] the deputy director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee.[43]
The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group received movement orders and moved by rail on 26 April 1945, to its port of embarkation at Seattle, Washington. On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas, while the group's materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner.[44] An advance party of the air echelon flew by C-54 to North Field, Tinian, between May 15 and 22,[45] where it was joined by the ground echelon on 29 May 1945.[46] Project Alberta's "Destination Team" also sent most of its members to Tinian to supervise the assembly, loading, and dropping of the bombs under the administrative title of 1st Technical Services Detachment, Miscellaneous War Department Group.[47][48]
General Carl Spaatz decorates Tibbets with the Distinguished Service Cross after the Hiroshima mission
On 5 August 1945, Tibbets formally named his B-29 Enola Gay after his mother.[49] Enola Gay had been personally selected by him while it was still on the assembly line at the Glenn L. Martin Company plant in Bellevue, Nebraska.[50] The regularly assigned aircraft commander, Robert A. Lewis, was unhappy to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission, and became furious when he arrived at the aircraft on the morning of August 6 to see the aircraft he considered his painted with the now-famous nose art. Lewis would fly the mission as Tibbets's co-pilot.[49][51]
At 02:45 the next day—in accordance with the terms of Operations Order No. 35—the Enola Gay departed North Field for Hiroshima, Japan, with Tibbets at the controls. Tinian was approximately 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away from Japan, so it took six hours to reach Hiroshima. The atomic bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was dropped over Hiroshima at 08:15 local time. Tibbets recalled that the city was covered with a tall mushroom cloud after the bomb was dropped.[52]
Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by Spaatz immediately after landing on Tinian.[53] He became a celebrity, with pictures and interviews of his wife and children in the major American newspapers. He was seen as a national hero who had ended the war with Japan. Tibbets later received an invitation from President Harry S. Truman to visit the White House.[54] The 509th Composite Group was awarded an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1999.[55]
Tibbets was interviewed extensively by Mike Harden of the Columbus Dispatch, and profiles appeared in the newspaper on anniversaries of the first dropping of an atomic bomb. In a 1975 interview he said: "I'm proud that I was able to start with nothing, plan it and have it work as perfectly as it did ... I sleep clearly every night."[56][57] "I knew when I got the assignment," he told a reporter in 2005, "it was going to be an emotional thing. We had feelings, but we had to put them in the background. We knew it was going to kill people right and left. But my one driving interest was to do the best job I could so that we could end the killing as quickly as possible."[58]
Post-war military career[edit]
The 509th Composite Group returned to the United States on 6 November 1945, and was stationed at Roswell Army Airfield, New Mexico.[59] Colonel William H. Blanchard replaced Tibbets as group commander on 22 January 1946, and also became the first commander of the 509th Bombardment Wing, the successor to the 509th Composite Group.[60] Tibbets was a technical advisor to the 1946 Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, but he and his Enola Gay crew were not chosen to drop another atomic bomb.[61]
A B-47 takes off using rocket-assisted take off (RATO)
Tibbets then attended the Air Command and Staff School at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. On graduating in 1947 he was posted to the Directorate of Requirements at Air Force Headquarters at the Pentagon.[13] When the head of the directorate, Brigadier General Thomas S. Power, was posted to London as air attaché, he was replaced by Brigadier General Carl Brandt. Brandt appointed Tibbets as director of Directorate of Requirements's Strategic Air Division, which was responsible for drawing up requirements for future bombers. Tibbets was convinced that the bombers of the future would be jet aircraft and thus became involved in the Boeing B-47 Stratojet program.[62] He subsequently served as B-47 project officer at Boeing in Wichita from July 1950 until February 1952. He then became commander of the Proof Test Division at Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, Florida, where flight testing of the B-47 was conducted.[13]
Tibbets returned to Maxwell Air Force Base, where he attended the Air War College. After he graduated in June 1955, he became Director of War Plans at the Allied Air Forces in Central Europe Headquarters at Fontainebleau, France.[13] He left Lucy and his sons behind in Alabama,[63] and he and Lucy divorced that year.[64] During his posting to France, he met a French divorcee named Andrea Quattrehomme, who became his second wife. He returned to the United States in February 1956 to command the 308th Bombardment Wing at Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia, and married her in the base chapel on 4 May 1956.[65] They had a son, James Tibbets.[66]
In January 1958, Tibbets became commander of the 6th Air Division at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida.[13] and was promoted to brigadier general in 1959.[67] This was followed by another tour of duty at the Pentagon as director of Management Analysis. In July 1962, he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staff as deputy director for operations, and then, in June 1963, as deputy director for the National Military Command System.[13] In 1964, Tibbets was named military attaché in India. He spent 22 months there on this posting, which ended in June 1966.[67] He retired from the United States Air Force (USAF) on 31 August 1966.[68]
Later life and death[edit]
Tibbets in 2003
After his retirement from the Air Force, Tibbets worked for Executive Jet Aviation (EJA), an air taxi company based in Columbus, Ohio, and now called NetJets. He was one of the founding board members and attempted to extend the company's operations to Europe, but was unsuccessful. He retired from the company in 1968, and returned to Miami, Florida, where he had spent part of his childhood. The banks foreclosed on EJA in 1970, and Bruce Sundlun became president. Sundlun lured Tibbets back to EJA that year. Tibbets succeeded Sundlun as president on 21 April 1976, and remained in the role until 1986. He served for a year as a consultant before his second and final retirement from EJA in 1987.[8][57][69]
Barry Nelson played Tibbets in the film The Beginning or the End (1947).[70] Above and Beyond (1952) depicted the World War II events that involved Tibbets; Robert Taylor starred as Tibbets and Eleanor Parker played the role of his first wife Lucy.[71] Tibbets was also the model for screenwriter Sy Bartlett's fictional character "Major Joe Cobb" in the film Twelve O'Clock High (1949), and for a brief period in February 1949 was slated to be the film's technical advisor until his replacement at the last minute by Colonel John H. deRussy.[72] Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb, a 1980 made-for-television movie, somewhat fictionalized, told the story of Tibbets crew. Patrick Duffy played Tibbets and Kim Darby played Lucy.[73]
In other fictional portrayals, Nicholas Kilbertus was Tibbets in the film Day One (1989),[74] David Gow played him in the TV movie Hiroshima (1995),[75] and Ian Shaw played the part in the BBC's TV docudrama Hiroshima (2005), for which Tibbets was also interviewed on camera.[76] An interview with Tibbets also appeared in the movie Atomic Cafe (1982),[77] as well as was in the 1970s British documentary series The World at War,[78] and the "Men Who Brought the Dawn" episode of the Smithsonian Networks' War Stories (1995).[79] Tibbets figured largely in the 2000 book Duty: A Father, His Son and the Man Who Won the War by Bob Greene of the Chicago Tribune.[80]
In 1976, the United States government apologized to Japan after Tibbets re-enacted the bombing—complete with a mushroom cloud—in a restored B-29 at an air show in Texas. He said that he had not intended for the re-enactment to insult the Japanese people.[56][81] In 1995, he denounced the 50th anniversary exhibition of the Enola Gay at the Smithsonian Institution, which attempted to present the bombing in context with the destruction it caused, as a "damn big insult",[56] due to its focus on the Japanese casualties rather than the brutality of the Japanese government.[56] He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1996.[68]
Tibbets's grandson Paul W. Tibbets IV graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1989, and in April 2006 became commander of the 393d Bomb Squadron, flying the B-2 Spirit at Whiteman AFB, Missouri. The squadron was one of the two operational squadrons that had formed part of the 509th Composite Group when Tibbets commanded it. Paul Tibbets IV was promoted to brigadier general in 2014, and became Deputy Director for Nuclear Operations at the Global Operations Directorate of the United States Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. As such, he was responsible for America's strategic nuclear forces.[82] On 5 June 2015, he assumed command of the 509th Bomb Wing.[83]
Tibbets died in his Columbus, Ohio, home on 1 November 2007, at the age of 92.[56][84] He had suffered small strokes and heart failure during his final years and had been in hospice care.[8][85] He was survived by his French-born wife, Andrea,[81] and two sons from his first marriage, Paul III and Gene as well as his son, James, from his second marriage.[8][85] Tibbets had asked for no funeral or headstone, because he feared that opponents of the bombing might use it as a place of protest or destruction. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated,[86] and his ashes were scattered over the English Channel;[87] he had flown over the Channel many times during the war.[85]
Awards and decorations[edit]
Command pilot
Distinguished Service Cross
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross with one oak leaf cluster
Purple Heart
Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Army Commendation Medal
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with "V" Device and one bronze oak leaf cluster
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with three service stars
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two service stars
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal with one service star
Air Force Longevity Service Award with a silver and oak leaf cluster
Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
Source: Ohio History Central.[88]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kingseed 2006, pp. 153–155.
Jump up ^ Marx 1967, p. 79.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 52–53.
Jump up ^ "Paul Warfield Tibbets, III". The News-Star. 23 October 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gene Tibbets Obituary". Montgomery Advertiser. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Paul Tibbets Jr., who flew plane that dropped first atomic bomb, dies at 92". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 62–63.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 66–67.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 70.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Brigadier General Paul W. Tibbets Jr". United States Air Force. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 70–73.
Jump up ^ Goldberg 1948, pp. 639–645.
Jump up ^ Goldberg 1948, pp. 656–657.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 79.
Jump up ^ "VIII Bomber Command 1 - 17 August 1942". American Air Museum in Britain. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 81–82.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 155–156.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 96–99.
Jump up ^ "General Paul Tibbets - Reflections on Hiroshima". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 102–105.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 107–109.
Jump up ^ Ambrose 1998, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 157–158.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 129–132.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 158–159.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 149–150.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 152–155.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 583–584.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 157–163.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 167–168.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, p. 160.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 173.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, p. 1.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 100.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 15–18.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 19–22.
Jump up ^ "509th Timeline: Inception to Hiroshima". Children of the Manhattan Proj ect. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2006.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, p. 25.
Jump up ^ "509th CG Activation and Organization". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977, pp. 382–383.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, pp. 191–192.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 702–704.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 705–711.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Stelpflug 2007, p. 163.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 221.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Hiroshima bomb pilot dies aged 92". BBC News Online. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Miamian who bombed Hiroshima in 1945 dies". Miami Herald. 2 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Harden, Mike (6 August 2005). "Still No regrets for Frail Enola Gay Pilot". Columbus Dispatch.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 260–261.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 266–267.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 280.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (1 November 2007). "Paul W. Tibbets Jr., Pilot of Enola Gay, Dies at 92". New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 283–285.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Adam (2 November 2007). "Paul Tibbets Jr., 92; piloted Enola Gay over Hiroshima". Boston Globe.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, pp. 288–291.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul Tibbets Jr". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paul Tibbets: A Rendezvous with History by Di Freeze". Airport Journals. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Beginning or the End (1947)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Above and Beyond on IMDb
Jump up ^ Duffin & Mathies 2005, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980) (TV) on IMDb
Jump up ^ Day One on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Colonel Paul Tibbetts (Character)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ Hiroshima on IMDb
Jump up ^ The Atomic Cafe on IMDb
Jump up ^ The World at War on IMDb
Jump up ^ Men Who Brought the Dawn on IMDb
Jump up ^ Reinebach, Rob (Winter 2000). "Duty: A Father, His Son, and the Man Who Won the War". Air and Space Power Journal. 14 (4). ISSN 1554-2505. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul W. Tibbets". Miami Herald. 2 November 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Bocchino, Stefan. "Face of Defense: Grandson Carries on Grandfather's Service". Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Sudekum, Maria (5 June 2015). "Grandson of Enola Gay Pilot Takes Command of B-2 Bomb Wing". ABC News. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (1 November 2007). "Paul W. Tibbets Jr., Pilot of Enola Gay, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Man Who Dropped Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima Dies at 92". Fox News Channel. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Holyoke, Cody. "American War Hero Remembered". WSFA.com. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Steve (13 November 2007). "Tibbets did his duty, and this country should be thankful". Daily Herald. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paul W. Tibbets Jr". Ohio History Central. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
References[edit]
Ambrose, Stephen (1998). The Victors: Eisenhower and his Boys – The Men of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85628-X.
Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-2139-8.
Duffin, Allan T.; Mathies, Paul (2005). The 12 O'Clock High Logbook: The Unofficial History of the Motion Picture, Novel, and TV Series. Boalsburg, Pennsylvania: BearManor Media. ISBN 1-59393-033-X.
Goldberg, Alfred (1948). "Establishment of the Eighth Air Force in the United Kingdom". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea. Volume One – Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 – August 1942 (PDF). The Army Air Forces In World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 612–654. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Kingseed, Cole C. (2006). Old Glory Stories: American Combat Leadership in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-440-3.
Marx, Joseph L. (1967). Seven Hours to Zero. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 4050364.
Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81378-5.
Stelpflug, Peggy A. (2007). Home of the Infantry: The History of Fort Benning. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-88146-087-2.
Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). Ruin from the Air: The Enola Gay's Atomic Mission to Hiroshima. London: Hamilton. OCLC 491239101.
Tibbets, Paul W. (1998). Return Of The Enola Gay. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered. ISBN 0-9703666-0-4.
509th Composite Group (1945). History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to 15 August 1945 (PDF). Tinian: 509th CG (AFHRA archived). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Tibbets.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Paul Tibbets
509th Composite Group
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
BBC News item announcing Tibbets' death
In pictures: Paul Tibbets
General Paul Tibbets: Reflections on Hiroshima Voices of the Manhattan Project
A dramatic retelling of the Hiroshima mission with Paul Tibbets Voices of the Manhattan Project
Nuclear War Radio Series Voices of the Manhattan Project
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 2 November 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 2 November 2007
Obituary, The Times, 2 November 2007
"Hiroshima; Enola Gay's Crew Recalls The Flight Into a New Era", New York Times, 6 August 1995
Paul Tibbets interviewed in 1982 by Ann Blythe
[hide]
v
t
e
Manhattan Project
Timeline
Sites
Ames
Berkeley
Chicago
Dayton
Hanford
Inyokern
Los Alamos
Montreal
New York
Oak Ridge
Trinity
Wendover
Heavy water sites
Administrators
Vannevar Bush
Arthur Compton
James Conant
Priscilla Duffield
Thomas Farrell
Leslie Groves
John Lansdale
Ernest Lawrence
James Marshall
Franklin Matthias
Dorothy McKibbin
Kenneth Nichols
Robert Oppenheimer
Deak Parsons
William Purnell
Frank Spedding
Charles Thomas
Paul Tibbets
Bud Uanna
Harold Urey
Stafford Warren
Ed Westcott
Roscoe Wilson
Scientists
Luis Alvarez
Robert Bacher
Hans Bethe
Aage Bohr
Niels Bohr
Norris Bradbury
James Chadwick
John Cockcroft
Harry Daghlian
Enrico Fermi
Richard Feynman
Val Fitch
James Franck
Klaus Fuchs
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
George Kistiakowsky
George Koval
Ralph Lapp
Willard Libby
Edwin McMillan
Mark Oliphant
Norman Ramsey
Isidor Isaac Rabi
James Rainwater
Bruno Rossi
Glenn Seaborg
Emilio Segrè
Louis Slotin
Henry DeWolf Smyth
Leo Szilard
Edward Teller
Stanisław Ulam
John von Neumann
John Wheeler
Eugene Wigner
Robert Wilson
Leona Woods
Operations
Alsos Mission
Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Operation Crossroads
Operation Peppermint
Project Alberta
Silverplate
509th Composite Group
Enola Gay
Bockscar
The Great Artiste
Weapons
Fat Man
Little Boy
Pumpkin bomb
Thin Man
Related topics
Atomic Energy Act of 1946
British contribution
Chicago Pile-1
Demon core
Einstein–Szilárd letter
Interim Committee
Oppenheimer security hearing
Plutonium
Quebec Agreement
RaLa Experiment
S-1 Executive Committee
S-50 Project
Smyth Report
Uranium
X-10 Graphite Reactor
Manhattan Project
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 43036142
LCCN: n78000305
ISNI: 0000 0000 8223 6615
GND: 133748383
SNAC: w64b3s96
Biography portal
United States Air Force portal
World War II portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tibbets&oldid=819770530"
Categories:
1915 births
2007 deaths
Recipients of the Air Medal
People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
University of Florida alumni
Amateur radio people
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
American World War II bomber pilots
United States Air Force generals
American airline chief executives
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
People from Quincy, Illinois
Stroke survivors
American expatriates in India
People from Columbus, Ohio
Military personnel from Illinois
United States air attachés
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from October 2015
Featured articles
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 January 2018, at 05:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: span

tag: th

tag: tr

value: text-align:center;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em

attr: scope style

value:
row
padding-right: 1em

value:
/wiki/340th_Bombardment_Squadron
mw-redirect
340th Bombardment Squadron

value: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

value: Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

value: Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)

value:
/wiki/Atomic_bombs
mw-redirect
Atomic bombs

value:
/wiki/97th_Bombardment_Group
mw-redirect
97th Bombardment Group

value:
/wiki/Boeing_B-17
mw-redirect
Boeing B-17

value:
/wiki/Occupied_Europe
mw-redirect
Occupied Europe

value:
/wiki/Opa-locka_Airport
mw-redirect
Opa-locka Airport

value:
/wiki/Eastern_Airlines
mw-redirect
Eastern Airlines

value:
/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas
mw-redirect
San Antonio, Texas

value:
/wiki/Kelly_Air_Force_Base
mw-redirect
Kelly Air Force Base

value:
/wiki/Lawson_Field
mw-redirect
Lawson Field

value:
/wiki/Infantry_School
mw-redirect
Infantry School

value:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism

value:
/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserves
mw-redirect
United States Army Reserves

value:
/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Brigadier General (United States)

value:
/wiki/George_S._Patton_Jr.
mw-redirect
George S. Patton Jr.

value:
/wiki/9th_Bombardment_Squadron
mw-redirect
9th Bombardment Squadron

value:
/wiki/3d_Bombardment_Group
mw-redirect
3d Bombardment Group

value:
/wiki/Hunter_Air_Force_Base
mw-redirect
Hunter Air Force Base

value:
/wiki/29th_Bombardment_Group
mw-redirect
29th Bombardment Group

value:
/wiki/Pope_Air_Force_Base
mw-redirect
Pope Air Force Base

value:
/wiki/Cessna_UC-78
mw-redirect
Cessna UC-78

value:
/wiki/Godfrey_Army_Airfield
mw-redirect
Godfrey Army Airfield

value:
/wiki/Frank_A._Armstrong_Jr.
mw-redirect
Frank A. Armstrong Jr.

value:
/wiki/Marshalling_yard
mw-redirect
Marshalling yard

value:
/wiki/Occupied_France
mw-redirect
Occupied France

value:
/wiki/Bombardier_(air_force)
mw-redirect
Bombardier (air force)

value:
/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Major General (United States)

value:
/wiki/Carl_Spaatz
mw-redirect
Carl Spaatz

value:
/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose
mw-redirect
Stephen Ambrose

value: A man waves from the cockpit window of a plane with the words "Enola Gay" written on it

value:
/wiki/Grand_Island_Army_Airfield
mw-redirect
Grand Island Army Airfield

value:
/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Army_Airfield
mw-redirect
Colorado Springs Army Airfield

value:
/wiki/William_S._Parsons
mw-redirect
William S. Parsons

value:
/wiki/Norman_F._Ramsey_Jr.
mw-redirect
Norman F. Ramsey Jr.

value:
/wiki/Great_Bend_Army_Airfield
mw-redirect
Great Bend Army Airfield

value:
/wiki/Mountain_Home_Army_Airfield
mw-redirect
Mountain Home Army Airfield

value:
/wiki/Wendover_Army_Air_Field
mw-redirect
Wendover Army Air Field

value:
/wiki/Roscoe_C._Wilson
mw-redirect
Roscoe C. Wilson

value:
/wiki/Atomic_bomb
mw-redirect
Atomic bomb

value: Four men in rumpled fatigues sit on the ground. Tibbets is wearing shorts.

value:
/wiki/Thomas_F._Farrell
mw-redirect
Thomas F. Farrell

value:
/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Rear Admiral (United States)

value:
/wiki/Military_Policy_Committee
mw-redirect
Military Policy Committee

value: A man in a flight suit and peaked cap exchanges salutes with a man in uniform. Multiple photographers capture the moment.

value:
/wiki/Hiroshima,_Japan
mw-redirect
Hiroshima, Japan

value:
/wiki/Columbus_Dispatch
mw-redirect
Columbus Dispatch

value:
/wiki/Roswell_Army_Airfield
mw-redirect
Roswell Army Airfield

value:
/wiki/509th_Bombardment_Wing
mw-redirect
509th Bombardment Wing

value: A shiny needle-nosed four-engine jet aircraft takes off. It is trailing an enormous amount of smoke.

value:
/wiki/Air_Command_and_Staff_School
mw-redirect
Air Command and Staff School

value:
/wiki/Fontainebleau,_France
mw-redirect
Fontainebleau, France

value:
/wiki/308th_Bombardment_Wing
mw-redirect
308th Bombardment Wing

value: A grey-haired man wearing glasses, in a grey suit with blue shirt and tie.

value:
/wiki/Executive_Jet_Aviation
mw-redirect
Executive Jet Aviation

value:
/wiki/Hiroshima_(documentary)
mw-redirect
Hiroshima (documentary)

value:
/wiki/Atomic_Cafe
mw-redirect
Atomic Cafe

value:
/wiki/Smithsonian_Networks
mw-redirect
Smithsonian Networks

value:
/wiki/Whiteman_AFB
mw-redirect
Whiteman AFB

value:
/wiki/File:Bronze_oakleaf-3d.svg
image
Bronze oak leaf cluster

value: position: absolute; left: 32px; top: 3px; padding: 0;

value: position:relative; width:80px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline; position:relative; display:inline-block;

value: position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 3px; padding: 0;

value: position: absolute; left: 55px; top: 3px; padding: 0;

value:
/wiki/Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal
mw-redirect
Joint Service Commendation Medal

value:
/wiki/File:%22V%22_device,_brass.svg
image
Valor device

value: position: absolute; left: 17px; top: 3px; padding: 0;

value: position: absolute; left: 48px; top: 3px; padding: 0;

value:
/wiki/Outstanding_Unit_Award
mw-redirect
Outstanding Unit Award

value:
/wiki/%22V%22_Device
mw-redirect
"V" Device

value:
/wiki/File:Bronze-service-star-3d.png
image
Bronze service star

value: European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal

value:
/wiki/Service_stars
mw-redirect
Service stars

value:
/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal
mw-redirect
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal

value:
/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal
mw-redirect
World War II Victory Medal

value:
/wiki/File:Silver_oakleaf-3d.svg
image
Silver oak leaf cluster

value:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

value:
/wiki/Boston_Globe
mw-redirect
Boston Globe

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0044324/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080689/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097159/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0475296/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083590/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1129882/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0256194/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1554-2505

value:
/wiki/Fox_News_Channel
mw-redirect
Fox News Channel

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4050364

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/491239101

value: The rising mushroom cloud from the Nagaskai "Fat Man" bomb, August 9, 1945

value:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: British contribution to the Manhattan Project

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/43036142

value:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000082236615

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/133748383

value: Heinkel He 111 during the Battle of Britain.jpg

value:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

value: Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

value: Category:United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II

value: Category:United States Army Air Forces officers

value: Category:American World War II bomber pilots

value: Category:United States Air Force generals

value: Category:American airline chief executives

value: Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

value: Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit

value: Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)

value: Category:Military personnel from Illinois

value: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2015

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Paul_Tibbets
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: بول تيبيتس – Arabic

value: Пол Тибетс – Bulgarian

value: Πολ Τίμπετς – Greek

value: پل تیبت – Persian

value: पॉल टिब्बेत्स – Hindi

value: פול טיבטס – Hebrew

value: ポール・ティベッツ – Japanese

value: Тиббетс, Пол – Russian

value: Пол Тіббетс – Ukrainian

value: 保罗·蒂贝茨 – Chinese

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Paul_Tibbets rootpage-Paul_Tibbets skin-vector action-view


text:
International Yoga Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
International Day of Yoga
International Day of Yoga 2015 in New Delhi
Official name
International Day of Yoga - IDY
Also called
Yoga Day
Observed by
Worldwide
Type
International
Significance
Official United Nations promotion of global health, harmony and peace
Celebrations
Practice of yoga, meditation, spreading awareness about yoga and adopting it in one's lifestyle by discussing its benefits
Date
21 June
Next time
21 June 2018 (2018-06-21)
Frequency
Annual
First time
21 June 2015
Related to
Yoga, meditation, cultural performances, health and fitness
Play media
International Yoga day at a glance
International Day of Yoga, or commonly and unofficially referred to as Yoga Day, is celebrated annually on 21 June since its inception in 2015. An international day for yoga was declared unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).[1] Yoga is a physical, mental and spiritual practice attributed mostly to India. The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his UN address suggested the date of 21 June, as it is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and shares special significance in many parts of the world.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 UN Declaration
3 Editions
3.1 2015
3.2 2016
3.3 2017
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origin[edit]
The idea of International Day of Yoga was first proposed by the current Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi during his speech at the UNGA, on 27 September 2014.[3] He stated:[4]
Yoga is an invaluable gift of India's ancient tradition. It embodies unity of mind and body; thought and action; restraint and fulfillment; harmony between man and nature; a holistic approach to health and well-being. It is not about exercise but to discover the sense of oneness with yourself, the world and the nature. By changing our lifestyle and creating consciousness, it can help in well being. Let us work towards adopting an International Yoga Day.
—  Narendra Modi, UN General Assembly
Following this initial proposal, the UNGA held informal consultations on the draft resolution entitled "International Day of Yoga", on 14 October 2014. The consultations were convened by the delegation of India.[5]
UN Declaration[edit]
Yoga training
On 11 December 2014, India's Permanent Representative Asoke Mukherji introduced the draft resolution in UNGA. The draft text received broad support from 177 Member States who sponsored the text, which was adopted without a vote. This initiative found support from many global leaders. A total of 177 nations co-sponsored the resolution, which is the highest number of co-sponsors ever for any UNGA resolution of such nature.[6]
When proposing 21 June as the date, Modi said that the date was the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere (shortest in the southern hemisphere), having special significance in many parts of the world. From the perspective of yoga, the summer solstice marks the transition to Dakshinayana. The first full moon after summer solstice is known as Guru Poornima. Shiva, the first yogi (Adi Yogi), is said to have begun imparting the knowledge of yoga to the rest of mankind on this day, and became the first guru (Adi Guru).[7] Dakshinayana is also considered a time when there is natural support for those pursuing spiritual practices.
Following the adoption of the UN resolution, several leaders of the spiritual movement in India voiced their support for the initiative. The founder of Isha Foundation, Sadhguru, stated, "this could be a kind of a foundation stone to make scientific approach to the inner well-being of the human being, a worldwide thing... It's a tremendous step for the world."[8] The founder of Art of Living, Ravi Shankar, lauded the efforts of Modi, saying, "It is very difficult for any philosophy, religion or culture to survive without state patronage. Yoga has existed so far almost like an orphan. Now, official recognition by the UN would further spread the benefit of yoga to the entire world."[9]
Editions[edit]
2015[edit]
International Yoga Day on board an INS Jalashwa
The first International Day of Yoga was observed all over the world on 21 June 2015. The Ministry of AYUSH made the necessary arrangements in India. 35,985 people, including Narendra Modi and a large number of dignitaries from 84 nations, performed 21 yoga asanas (postures) for 35 minutes at Rajpath in New Delhi. The day devoted to yoga was observed by millions across the world.[10] NCC cadets entered the Limca Book of Records for the "largest yoga performance simultaneously by a single uniformed youth organisation" by performing at multiple venues.[11]
The event at Rajpath established two Guinness world records awarded to the Ministry of AYUSH and received by AYUSH minister Shripad Yesso Naik. The two records were for the largest yoga class, featuring 35,985 people,[12] and for the largest number of participating nationalities (84 nations).[13] In San Francisco, 5,000 participants gathered in the Marina Green park to practice yoga.[14]
2016[edit]
A senior government official said, "The government of India has decided to take forward the momentum created by International Day of Yoga, 2015 with greater and more active participation of youth during the current year celebrations."[15] The ministry organized an event titled "The National Event of Mass Yoga Demonstration" at Chandigarh, which was to be attended by the Indian Prime Minister.[16]
India's Permanent Mission to the UN organized celebrations at the United Nations on 20 and 21 June 2016. A special event titled "Conversation with Yoga Masters – Yoga for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)" was the centerpiece.[17] Sadhguru was the main speaker at the event.[18]
2017[edit]
In Lucknow, the Indian prime minister Narendra Modi participated to the event and practiced yoga along with 51,000 participants.[19][20] Many business leaders in India also took part in the event.[21][22] In New York, thousands of participants gathered to practice yoga on Times Square. Japan created a Parliamentary League for the promotion of yoga just prior to the event, in April 2017.[23] In China, the largest gathering was 10,000 participants in the city of Wuxi.[24] In Athens, the event took place on June 25 as part of the Greek Open Yoga Day[25] and in Kyiv, the event happened on June 18 and gathered a few hundred participants.[26] In Ireland, participants met in the round room of the City Hall in Dublin.[27]
See also[edit]
Yoga
Summer solstice
United Nations General Assembly
World Tai Chi and Qigong Day
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UN Declared 21 June as International Day of Yoga Archived 9 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "UN declares June 21 as 'International Day of Yoga'".
Jump up ^ "India's Modi calls for reform in speech to UN". BBC. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Modi calls for Yoga Day in UN General Assembly Archived 9 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "UN General Assembly to hold informal consultations on International Day of Yoga". The Economic Times. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "United Nations General Assembly adopts Resolution on International Day of Yoga with a record number of 177 country co-sponsors".
Jump up ^ Sadhguru, J (3 July 2012). "The first Guru is born". Times of India. Times News Service. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ International Day of Yoga: A Historic Event. YouTube. 21 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sri Sri Ravi Shankar Speaks on International Yoga Day".
Jump up ^ "Massive turnout for Yoga day".
Jump up ^ "NCC cadets' Yoga Day feat enter Limca Book of Records". NDTV. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Largest yoga class". Largest yoga class. Guinness world record. 21 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "PM Modi Leads Yoga Session, India Sets Guinness Records: 10 Developments". NDTV. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco, Silicon Valley Yogis Join International Yoga Day". Siliconvalleyoneworld.com. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Experts Training Government Staff For Upcoming International Yoga Day". NDTV. 5 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "PM Modi To Attend International Yoga Day At Chandigarh". NDTV. 22 May 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sadhguru to lead yoga session at UN on 2nd International Yoga Day". The Indian Express. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Everything you need to know about International Yoga Day", Dainik Bhaskar 20 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Shylaja Varma (21 June 2017). "International Yoga Day 2017: Rainy Start To Yoga Day, PM Narendra Modi Leads Asanas In Lucknow - Highlights". Ndtv.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thousands join India's Modi, hit the mat for International Yoga Day". Reuters.com. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramarko Sengupta (21 June 2017). "International Yoga Day: CEOs who're into the ancient science". Indiatimes.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "We asked nine of India's CEOs and entrepreneurs to tell us their favourite yoga pose". Qz.com. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "International Yoga Day 2017: A Look at the Celebrations Around the World". Zenyogastrap.com. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "International Yoga Day: Record 10,000 people participate in event in China's largest ever congregation". Firstpost.com. 25 June 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Celebration of the 3rd International Day of Yoga in Greece". Elinepa.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Oleg Petrasiuk; Denys Krasnikov (18 June 2017). "Namaste: Hundreds gather in Kyiv to celebrate International Yoga Day (PHOTOS)". Kyivpost.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "International Yoga Day 2017". Yogatherapyireland.com. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Yoga Day.
Ministry of Ayush - International Day of Yoga
International Day of Yoga, on Un.org
Yoga portal
Spirituality portal
[hide]
v
t
e
Yoga
Yoga physiology
Three bodies
Five sheaths
Chakra
Nadi
Hinduism
Four Yogas
Karma yoga
Bhakti yoga
Jnana yoga
Raja yoga
Classical yoga
Yoga (philosophy)
Bhagavad Gita
Yoga Vasistha
History of yoga
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
Eight Limbs
Yama
Niyama
Āsana
Prāṇāyāma
Pratyahara
Dhāraṇā
Dhyāna
Samādhi
Mantra Yoga
Pranava yoga
Nāda yoga
Tantra
Yogi
Yogini
Siddhi
Shaiva Siddhanta
Kundalini
Chakra
Subtle body
Hatha yoga
Hatha Yoga Pradipika
Gherand Samhita
Shiva Samhita
Yoga as exercise or alternative medicine
Chair Yoga
Anti-gravity yoga
Mudras
List of asanas
List of styles
Contemporary yoga
styles and schools
Ananda Marga Yoga
Ananda Yoga
Anusara Yoga
Ashtanga vinyasa yoga
Bihar School of Yoga
Bikram Yoga
Forrest Yoga
Hot yoga
Integral yoga
Integral yoga (Satchidananda)
Isha Yoga
Iyengar Yoga
Jivamukti Yoga
Kripalu Yoga
Kriya Yoga
Kundalini Yoga
Sahaj Marg
Satyananda Yoga
Sivananda Yoga
Svādhyāya
Viniyoga
Vinyāsa
Buddhism
Theravada
Samatha
Samadhi (Buddhism)
Vipassana
Anapanasati
Visuddhimagga
Mahayana
Yogacara
Zazen
Vajrayana
Indian Buddhist Tantra
Anuttarayoga Tantra
Tibetan Buddhism
Trul khor
Six Yogas of Naropa
Tummo
Dream yoga
Ösel
China
Tangmi
Japan
Shingon Buddhism
Tendai
Related
Yoga texts
International Yoga Day
Shinshin-tōitsu-dō
Book
Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource texts
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Yoga_Day&oldid=837687014"
Categories:
Yoga
United Nations days
Recurring events established in 2014
June observances
Health awareness days
International observances
United Nations observances
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
EngvarB from July 2015
Use dmy dates from July 2015
Infobox holiday fixed day (2)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
বাংলা
Brezhoneg
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
한국어
हिन्दी
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
कॉशुर / کٲشُر
Lietuvių
मैथिली
മലയാളം
नेपाली
日本語
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Русский
संस्कृतम्
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Lingua Franca Nova
22 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 April 2018, at 10:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: colspan class style

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: International Day of Yoga 2015 in New Delhi.jpg

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: colspan style

value:
/wiki/Health_and_fitness
mw-redirect
Health and fitness

value: File:Yoga for the world Celebrating the International Day of Yoga (Abridged version).webm

value: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm/640px--Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:360px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="599.015" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_(Abridged_version).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm/Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="572880" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file, 640 × 360 (842 kbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="842136" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm/Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="222472" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm/Yoga_for_the_world_Celebrating_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_%28Abridged_version%29.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="322648" data-framerate="25"/></video>

value:
/wiki/Indian_Prime_Minister
mw-redirect
Indian Prime Minister

value:
/wiki/UN_General_Assembly
mw-redirect
UN General Assembly

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Guru_Poornima
mw-redirect
Guru Poornima

value:
/wiki/INS_Jalashwa
mw-redirect
INS Jalashwa

value: Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy

value:
/wiki/Guinness_world_records
mw-redirect
Guinness world records

value:
/wiki/Times_of_India
mw-redirect
Times of India

value: -moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
https://yoga.ayush.gov.in/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.un.org/en/events/yogaday/
external text

value:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

value:
/wiki/Yoga_physiology
mw-redirect
Yoga physiology

value:
/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine
mw-redirect
Three Bodies Doctrine

value:
/wiki/Four_Yogas_(Hinduism)
mw-redirect
Four Yogas (Hinduism)

value:
/wiki/History_of_yoga
mw-redirect
History of yoga

value:
/wiki/Gherand_Samhita
mw-redirect
Gherand Samhita

value: Yoga as exercise or alternative medicine

value:
/wiki/Anusara_Yoga
mw-redirect
Anusara Yoga

value:
/wiki/Satyananda_Yoga
mw-redirect
Satyananda Yoga

value:
/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga
mw-redirect
Sivananda Yoga

value:
/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)
mw-redirect
Samadhi (Buddhism)

value:
/wiki/%C3%96sel_(yoga)
mw-redirect
Ösel (yoga)

value:
/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism
mw-redirect
Japanese Buddhism

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Recurring events established in 2014

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/International_Yoga_Day
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value: اليوم العالمي لليوغا – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

value: আন্তর্জাতিক যোগ দিবস – Bangla

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value: روز جهانی یوگا – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: 국제 요가의 날 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय योग दिवस – Hindi

value: יום היוגה הבינלאומי – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಯೋಗ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ – Kannada

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

value: بَین الاَقوٲمی یوگا دۄہ – Kashmiri

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ks
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value: अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय योग दिवस – Maithili

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

value: അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര യോഗ ദിനം – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value: अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय योग दिवस – Nepali

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

value: 国際ヨーガの日 – Japanese

value: ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଯୋଗ ଦିବସ – Odia

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

value: ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਯੋਗ ਦਿਵਸ – Punjabi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Международный день йоги – Russian

value: अन्ताराष्ट्रीययोगदिवसः – Sanskrit

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: பன்னாட்டு யோகா நாள் – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: Міжнародний день йоги – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: بین الاقوامی یوم یوگا – Urdu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value: Dia Internasional de Ioga – Lingua Franca Nova

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-International_Yoga_Day rootpage-International_Yoga_Day skin-vector action-view