text:
Religion in France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Religion in France (2016)[1]
Christianity (51.1%)
No religion (39.6%)
Islam (5.6%)
Judaism (0.8%)
Other religion (2.5%)
Undecided (0.4%)
Notre-Dame de la Garde in Marseille. Catholicism is the largest religion in France.
Saint Hugon in Arvillard, Savoie, is a former charterhouse (Carthusian monastery) turned into a monastery of the Tibetan schools of Buddhism (Karma Ling).
Religion in France is diversified. Freedom of religion and freedom of thought are guaranteed by virtue of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The Republic is based on the principle of laïcité (or "freedom of conscience") enforced by the 1880s Jules Ferry laws and the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. Catholicism, the religion of a now small majority of French people, is no longer the state religion that it was before the French Revolution, as well as throughout the various, non-republican regimes of the 19th century (the Restoration, the July Monarchy and the Second French Empire).
Major religions practised in France include the Catholic Church, Islam, various branches of Protestantism, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Russian Orthodoxy, Armenian Christianity, and Sikhism amongst others, making it a multiconfessional country. Sunday mass attendance has fallen to 5% for the catholics, the overall level of observance is considerably lower than in the past.[2][3] According to the Eurobarometer Poll conducted in 2010,[4] 27% of French citizens responded that they "believe there is a God", 27% answered that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", and 40% answered that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force". This makes France one of the most irreligious countries in the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Demographics
1.1 Chronological statistics
1.2 Statistical graphics
2 Historical developments and legal status
2.1 Catholicism as a state religion
2.1.1 French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
2.1.2 Post–Edict of Nantes (1598–1789)
2.2 French Revolution (1789)
2.3 Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)
2.4 Third Republic (1870–1940)
2.4.1 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
3 Religious denominations
3.1 Buddhism
3.2 Christianity
3.2.1 Catholicism
3.2.2 Protestantism
3.2.3 Eastern Orthodoxy
3.2.4 Oriental Orthodoxy
3.2.5 Other Christians
3.3 Islam
3.4 Judaism
3.5 Paganism
3.6 Other groups
4 Controversies and incidents
4.1 Growing presence of Islam
4.2 Charlie Hebdo shooting
5 See also
5.1 Religions
6 References
7 External links
Demographics[edit]
Chronological statistics[edit]
Religious
group
Population
% 1986[5]
Population
% 1994[5]
Population
% 2007[6][7][full citation needed]
Population
% 2016[1]
Christianity
82% 69% 59% 51.1%
Catholicism
81% 67% 51% -
Protestantism
1% 2% 3% -
Other and unaffiliated Christians
- - 5% -
Islam
- - 4% 5.6%
Judaism
- - 1% 0.8%
Other religions and unspecified
2.5% 8% 5% 2.5%
Not religious
15.5% 23% 31% 39.6%
Statistical graphics[edit]
Demographics of major religious categories in France over the years according to CSA surveys.[citation needed]
Major religious categories by age group according to CSA 2013.[citation needed]
Historical developments and legal status[edit]
France guarantees freedom of religion as a constitutional right and the government generally respects this right in practice. A long history of violent conflict between groups led the state to break its ties to the Catholic Church early in the 1800s and to adopt a strong commitment to maintaining a totally secular public sector.[8]
Catholicism as a state religion[edit]
Catholicism is the largest religion in France. During the pre-1789 Ancien Régime, France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter, and the King of France always maintained close links to the Pope. This led to various conflicts, in particular between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinists) during the Reformation.
French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)[edit]
Main article: French Wars of Religion
A strong Protestant population resided in France, primarily of Reformed confession. It was persecuted by the state for most of the time, with temporary periods of relative toleration. These wars continued throughout the 16th century, with the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre as its apex, until the 1598 Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV.
For the first time, Huguenots were considered by the state as more than mere schismatics and heretics. The Edict of Nantes thus opened a path for secularism and tolerance. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, for instance, amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances directly to the king.
Post–Edict of Nantes (1598–1789)[edit]
Expanse of Protestantism in France during the 16th century. Purple: Huguenot-controlled domains; purple-lavender: territories contested by Huguenot and Catholic factions; blue-lavender: domains with a large Lutheran population, then in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
The 1598 Edict also granted the Protestants fifty places of safety (places de sûreté), which were military strongholds such as La Rochelle for which the king paid 180,000 écus a year, along with a further 150 emergency forts (places de refuge), to be maintained at the Huguenots' own expense. Such an innovative act of toleration stood virtually alone in a Europe (except for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) where standard practice forced the subjects of a ruler to follow whatever religion that the ruler formally adopted – the application of the principle of cuius regio, eius religio.
Religious conflicts resumed in the end of the 17th century, when Louis XIV, the "Sun King", initiated the persecution of Huguenots by introducing the dragonnades in 1681. This wave of violence intimidated the Protestants into converting to Catholicism. He made the policy official with the 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes. As a result, a large number of Protestants – estimates range from 200,000 to 500,000 – left France during the following two decades, seeking asylum in England, the United Provinces, Denmark, in the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire (Hesse, Brandenburg-Prussia, etc.), and European colonies in North America and South Africa.[9]
On 17 January 1686, Louis XIV himself claimed that out of a Huguenot population of 800,000 to 900,000, only 1,000 to 1,500 had remained in France. A Camisard (Huguenot) rebellion broke out in 1702 in the Cevennes mountains.
The 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes created a state of affairs in France similar to that of virtually every other European country of the period, where only the majority state religion was tolerated. The experiment of religious toleration in Europe was effectively ended for the time being. In practice, the revocation caused France to suffer a brain drain, as it lost a large number of skilled craftsmen, including key designers such as Daniel Marot.
Upon leaving France, Huguenots took with them knowledge of important techniques and production. This had a significant effect in those regions to which they relocated, on the quality of the silk, plate glass, cabinet making, and silversmithing for which the Huguenots were renowned. Some rulers, such as Frederick Wilhelm of Brandenburg who issued the Edict of Potsdam, encouraged the Protestants to flee and settle in their countries.
French Revolution (1789)[edit]
Standard of the Cult of the Supreme Being, one of the proposed state religions to replace Christianity in revolutionary France.
Further information: Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution
During the French Revolution, the Catholic Church lost much of its power and influence. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, passed in 1790, put the Catholic Church under state control. While the clergy was persecuted by the commune of Paris and by some of the representatives on mission, new religions and philosophies were allowed to compete with Catholicism.
Following the Thermidorian Reaction the persecutions ceased, but the schism between the French government and the Catholic Church continued until the Concordat of 1801 by Napoleon restored some of the privileges of the church.
Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)[edit]
After the Bourbon Restoration and the coming to power of the Ultra-royalists in the Chambre introuvable, Catholic Church again became the state religion of France. Under Villèle's ultra-royalist government, the Chamber voted the extreme 1830 Anti-Sacrilege Act.
Third Republic (1870–1940)[edit]
Further information: French Third Republic
1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State[edit]
Main article: 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
Alfred Dreyfus, a French-Jewish officer, and his false conviction of treason in 1894 revealed the intrinsic anti-Semitism of the French military brass to the public.
A 1905 law instituted the separation of Church and State and prohibited the government from recognising, salarying, or subsidising any religion. The 1926 Briand-Ceretti Agreement subsequently restored for a while a formal role for the state in the appointment of Catholic bishops, but evidence for its exercise is not easily obtained. Prior to 1905, the 1801–1808 Concordat compelled the State to support the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, the Calvinist Church, and the Jewish religion, and to fund public religious education in those established religions.
For historical reasons, this situation is still current in Alsace-Moselle, which was a German region in 1905 and only joined France again in 1918. Alsace-Moselle maintains a local law of pre-1918 statutes which include the Concordat: the national government salaries as state civil servants the clergy of the Catholic diocese of Metz and of Strasbourg, of the Lutheran Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine, of the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine, and of the three regional Israelite consistories, and it provides for now non-compulsory religious education in those religions in public schools and universities. For also historical reasons, Catholic priests in French Guiana are civil servants of the local government.
Religious buildings built prior to 1905 at taxpayers' expense are retained by the local or national government, and may be used at no expense by religious organizations. As a consequence, most Catholic churches, Protestant temples, and Jewish synagogues are owned by the government. The government, since 1905, has been prohibited from funding any post-1905 religious edifice, and thus religions must build and support all newer religious buildings at their own expense. Some local governments de facto subsidize prayer rooms as part of greater "cultural associations".
An ongoing topic of controversy is whether the separation of Church and State should be weakened so that the government would be able to subsidize Muslim prayer rooms and the formation of imams. Advocates of such measures, such as Nicolas Sarkozy at times, declare that they would encourage the Muslim population to better integrate into the fabric of French society. Opponents contend that the state should not fund religions. Furthermore, the state ban on wearing conspicuous religious symbols, such as the Islamic female headscarf, in public schools has alienated some French Muslims, provoked minor street protests and drawn some international criticism.
Religious organizations are not required to register, but may if they wish to apply for tax-exempt status or to gain official recognition. The 1901 and 1905 laws define two categories under which religious groups may register: "associations cultuelles" (associations of worship, which are exempt from certain taxes) and "associations culturelles" (cultural associations, which are not exempt from these taxes).
Associations in these two categories are subject to certain management and financial disclosure requirements. An association of worship may organize only religious activities, loosely defined as liturgical services and practices, but no social or diaconal ones. A cultural association may engage in social as well as in profit-making activity. Although a cultural association is not exempt from taxes, it may receive government subsidies for its cultural and educational operations, such as schools. Religious groups normally register entities under both of these categories; churches run strictly religious activities through associations of worship and operate schools and social activities under cultural associations.
In accordance with the provisions of Title IV, Art. 19 of the Law of 9 December 1905, these associations of worship must be exclusively for the purpose of religious ministries, i.e.: the performance of religious ceremonies and services, the acquisition and maintenance of buildings of worship, the wages and the theological education of their ministers of religion.
Under the 1905 statute, religious groups must apply with the local prefecture to be recognized as an association of worship and receive tax-exempt status. The prefecture reviews the submitted documentation regarding the association's purpose for existence. To qualify, the group's purpose must be solely the practice of some form of religious ministries.
While according to the 1905 law associations of worship are not taxed on the donations that they receive, the prefecture may decide to review a group's status if the association receives a large donation or legacy that comes to the attention of the tax authorities. If the prefecture determines that the association is not in fact in conformity with the 1905 law, its status may be changed, and it may be required to pay taxes at a rate of 70 percent on the present and past donations that fall within a legal category close to that of inheritance.
Religious denominations[edit]
Buddhism[edit]
Main article: Buddhism in France
As of the 2000s Buddhism in France was estimated to have between 1 million (Ministry of the Interior) strict adherents and 5 million people influenced by Buddhist doctrines (survey published on the journal Psychologies, 64)[full citation needed], very large numbers for a Western country. According to scholar Dennis Gira, who was the director of the Institute of Science and Theology of Religions of Paris, Buddhism in France has a missionary nature and is undergoing a process of "inculturation" that may represent a new turning of the "Wheel of the Dharma", similar to those that it underwent in China and Japan, from which a new incarnation of the doctrine — a "French Buddhism" — will possibly arise.[10]
About 2% of the working-age, internet connected population of France declared they were Buddhists as of 2016.[11] In 2012, the European headquarters of the Fo Guang Shan monastic order opened in France, near Paris. It was the largest Buddhist temple in Europe at that time.[12]
Christianity[edit]
According to a survey held by Institut Montaigne and Institut français d'opinion publique (Ifop), 51.1% of the total population of France was Christian in 2016.[1] The following year, a Ipsos survey focused on Protestants and based on 31,155 interviews found that 57.5% of the total population of France declared to be Catholic and 3.1% declared to be Protestant.[13]
In 2016, "Ipsos Global Trends", a multi-nation survey held by Ipsos and based on approximately 1,000 interviews, found that Christianity is the religion of 45% of the working-age, internet connected population of France, 42% stated they were Catholic and 2% stated that they were Protestants. A further 1% declared to belong to an Orthodox church.[11]
Catholicism[edit]
Main article: Catholic Church in France
Early Christianity was already present among the Gauls by the 2nd century; Irenaeus, bishop of Lugdunum (Lyon), detailed the deaths of ninety-year-old bishop Pothinus and other martyrs during the persecution in Lyon which took place in 177. The Gaulish church was soon established in communion with the bishop of Rome. With the Migration Period of the Germanic peoples, the Gauls were invaded by the Franks, who at first practised Frankish paganism. Their tribes were unified into a kingdom, which came to be called France, by Clovis I. He was proclaimed the king of the Franks in 509, after having been baptised in 496 by Remigius, bishop of Reims. Roman Catholicism was made the state religion of France. This made the Franks the only Germanic people who directly converted from their paganism to Roman Catholicism without first embracing Arianism, which was the first religion of choice among Germanic peoples in the Migration Period.
In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, forming the unified political and religious foundation of Christendom, medieval European Christian civilisation, and establishing in earnest France's long historical association with the Catholic Church, for which it was known as the "eldest daughter of the church" throughout the Middle Ages.[14] The French Revolution (1789–1790), which resulted in the establishment of the French First Republic (1892–1904), involved a heavy persecution of the Catholic Church, within a policy of dechristianisation, which led to the destruction of many churches, religious orders and artworks, including the very influential Cluny Abbey. During the First French Empire (1804–1814), the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830) and the following July Monarchy (1830–1848), Roman Catholicism was made again the state religion, and maintained its role as the de facto majority religion during the French Second Republic (1848–1852) and the Second French Empire (1852–1870). Laïcité (secularism), absolute neutrality of the state with respect to religious doctrines, was first established during the Third French Republic (1870–1940) and remains the official policy of the contemporary French republic.
In 2016, relying upon Ipsos data, scholars Cleuziou and Cibois estimated that Catholics represented 53.8% of the French population. According to the same study, 23.5% were engaged Catholics and 17% were practising Catholics.[15] The following year, in a survey focused on Protestantism by Ipsos, 57.5% of a sample of 31,155 people declared to be Catholic.[13]
Protestantism[edit]
Temple Saint-Étienne, a Calvinist Protestant church in Mulhouse, Alsace.
Main article: Protestantism in France
According a survey by Ifop in 2012, 770 people out of the 37,743 interviewed (or 2.1%) declared to be Protestants of various types. About 42% of them were Calvinists (Huguenots), 21% were evangelical Protestants, 17% were Lutherans and another 20% were affiliated with other Protestant churches.[16] The percentage rose to 3.1% in 2017, mainly due to recent conversions. Out of 100% of people that have become Protestants, 67% were Catholic and 27% were of no religion.[13]
In a study regarding the various religions of France, based on 51 surveys held by the Ifop in the period 2011-2014, so based on a sample of 51.770 interviewed, there were 17.4% of Protestants in the Bas-Rhin, 7.3% in the Haut-Rhin, 7.2% in the Gard, 6.8% in the Drôme and 4.2% in the Ardèche. In the other departments this presence is residual, with, for example, only 0.5% in Côte-d'Or and in the Côtes-d'Armor.[17]
Eastern Orthodoxy[edit]
Main article: Eastern Orthodoxy in France
The Eastern Orthodox Christianity in France is represented by several communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Traditionally, Eastern Orthodox Christians in France are mainly ethnic Greeks, Russians, Rumanians, Bulgarians, Serbs and Georgians, but also there are some ethnic French who converted to Eastern Orthodoxy. Different Eastern Orthodox Churches have separate jurisdictions and organizations in France, the senior of them being the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of France inder the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[18]
Oriental Orthodoxy[edit]
Main article: Coptic Orthodox Church of France
The Oriental Orthodox Christianity in France is represented by several communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Traditionally, Oriental Orthodox Christians in France are mainly ethnic Armenians, Copts, Ethiopians and Syriacs, but also there are some ethnic French who converted to Oriental Orthodoxy. Different Oriental Orthodox Churches have separate jurisdictions and organizations in France, the largest of them being the Coptic Orthodox Church of France.[19]
Other Christians[edit]
Other Christian groups in France include the Jehovah's Witnesses, the Orthodox Christians, and other small sects. The European Court on Human Rights reckoned 249,918 "regular and occasional" Jehovah's Witnesses [20] and according to their official website, there are 128,759 ministers who teach the Bible in France.[21]
Islam[edit]
Main article: Islam in France
Mosque of Massy, Essonne.
A 2016 survey held by Institut Montaigne and Ifop found that 6.6% of the French population had an Islamic background, while 5.6% declared they were Muslims by faith. According to the same survey, 84.9% of people who have an Islamic background in France are still Muslims, 3.4% are Christians, 10.0% are not religious and 1.3% belong to other religions.[1]
In the same year, Ipsos found that just 2% of the working-age, internet connected French declared they were Muslims in the Ipsos survey.[11] This gap is most likely due to the difference of the samples, since the survey held by the Institut Montaigne and the Institut français d'opinion publique has a total sample of 15,459 people, while the Ipsos Global Trends survey has a sample of only about 1,000, so the margin of error is bigger.
Judaism[edit]
Main article: History of the Jews in France
Heightening of the Torah in front of the centre of the Liberal Jewish Movement of France in Paris.
There has been a Jewish presence in France since at least the early Middle Ages. France was a center of Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, but persecution increased as the Middle Ages wore on, including multiple expulsions and returns. During the late 18th century French Revolution, France was the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population. Antisemitism has persisted despite legal equality, as expressed in the Dreyfus affair of the late 19th century.
During World War II, the Vichy government collaborated with Nazi occupiers to deport numerous French and foreign Jewish refugees to concentration camps.[22] 75% of the Jewish population in France survived the Holocaust.[23][24]
As for 2016, 0.8% of the total population of France was Jewish, or about 535.000 people.[1]
Paganism[edit]
Paganism, in the sense of contemporary Neopaganism, in France has been described as twofold, on one side represented by ethnically identitary religious movements and on the other side by a variety of witchcraft and shamanic traditions without ethnic connotations. According to the French historian of ideas and far-right ideologies Stéphane François, the term "pagan" (Latin paganus), used by Christians to define those who maintained polytheistic religions, originally meant "countryman" in the sense of "citizen", the "insiders" (inside the cultural tradition or citizenry), and its opposite term was "alien" (Latin alienus), the "others", the "outsiders", which defined Christians. Modern French Pagans of the identitary movements hearken back to this meaning.[25]
Identitary Pagan movements are the majority and are represented by Celtic Druidry and Germanic Heathenry, many of whom uphold the idea of a superiority of the white race and of the Indo-Europeans. They are aligned with the Nouvelle Droite political movement, espousing the idea that each ethnically-defined folk has its own natural land and natural religion. The identitary Pagan movement carries within itself a warrior ethic which is concerned with the erosion of French and European culture under growing immigration and Islamisation, so that Jean Haudry, longtime identitary Pagan and professor of linguistics at Lyon III, in a 2001 article entitled Païens ! for the journal of the organisation Terre et Peuple says that "Pagans will be at the forefront of the reconquest (of Europe)". Dominique Venner, who committed suicide in 2013 inside Notre-Dame de Paris in protest against the erosion of French culture, was a Pagan[25] close to the Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne (GRECE), an identitary Pagan think-tank founded by the Nouvelle Droite ideologist Alain de Benoist. Other politically-engaged Pagans include Pierre Vial, who with other members of the National Front was among the founders of Terre et Peuple.[25]
Other groups[edit]
Procession of a goddess in Paris for the Chinese New Year.
France created in 1995 the first French parliamentary commission on cult activities which led to a report registering a number of religious groups considered as socially disruptive and/or dangerous.
According to French sociologist Régis Dericquebourg, in 2003 the main small religious minorities were the Jehovah's Witnesses (130,000, though the European Court on Human Rights reckoned the number as 249,918 "regular and occasional" Jehovah's Witnesses),[20] Adventists, Evangelicals (Assemblies of God, Christian Open Door...), Mormons (31,000), Scientologists (4,000), and Soka Gakkai. According to the 2005 Association of Religion Data Archives data there are close to 4,400 Bahá'ís in France[26] and the French government is among those who have been alarmed at the treatment of Bahá'ís in modern Iran.[27]
Many groups have around 1,000 members (including Antoinism, Christian Science, Invitation to Life, Raelians, Mandarom, Hare Krishna) and Unification Church has 400. There are no longer members of the Family (formerly Children of God).[28] According to the 2007 edition of the Quid, other notable religious minorities include New Apostolic Church (20,000), Universal White Brotherhood (20,000), Sukyo Mahikari (15,000–20,000), New Acropolis (10,000), Universal Alliance (1,000), and Grail Movement (950).[29]
Controversies and incidents[edit]
Growing presence of Islam[edit]
Grand Mosque of Reims.
In Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/CNRS France and Harvard University.[30][31]
77% of Muslims in Paris have chosen a low rating when asked whether or not violence is an acceptable moral response for a noble cause (1 or 2 on a scale of 5)
73% of Muslims in Paris said that Muslims are loyal to France
18% of Muslims in Paris believe that homosexuality is acceptable[30]
In France in 2011, 150 new mosques were under construction. There are 2500 mosques in France (as of 2015; in 2011 there were 2000). Dalil Boubakeur said the number should be doubled.[32]
The financing of mosque construction was a problematic subject for a long time; French authorities were concerned that foreign capital could be used to acquire influence in France and so in the late 80s decided to simulate the emergence of a "French Islam". The 1905 law forbids funding of religious groups by the state. According to Salah Bariki, Advisor to the Mayor of Marseille in 2001: "At the Koran training institute in Nièvre 3% of the books are written in French and everything has been paid for from abroad". She supported the public participation in financing an Islamic cultural centre in Marseille to encourage Muslims to develop and use French learning materials, as an obstacle to foreign indoctrination. Also "secular Muslims" and "actors of civil society" should be represented, not just religious officials.[33]
Local authorities have financed the construction of mosques, sometimes without minarets and calling them Islamic "cultural centres" or municipal halls rented to "civil associations". In one case, due to FN, NRM, and MPF protests and tribunal decision, the rent for a 8,000 m2 (86,111 sq ft) terrain to be used for the construction of the Mosque of Marseilles was increased from €300/year to €24,000/year and the period reduced from 99 to 50 years.[33]
Charlie Hebdo shooting[edit]
After the shooting at the Charlie Hebdo satirical newspaper by Al-Qaeda's followers, 2 million people in Paris including President Hollande and more than 40 world leaders led a rally of national unity.
One teacher in Clichy-sous-Bois, a suburb with many immigrants, reported that three quarters of the students had refused to observe the minute of silence in memory of the victims of Charlie Hebdo shooting.[34]
There have been about 200 incidents in schools after the attack, some of them "glorifying terrorism".[34] In Bobigny, a suburb of Paris, a couple of students grunted "Allahu Akbar" during the minute of silence – the words that were shouted by the terrorists during the attack.[35]
See also[edit]
European Union portal
Religion portal
1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
Anti-clericalism
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
Jules Ferry laws
Laïcité, French concept of a secular society
Religious freedom in France
Religions[edit]
Bahá'í Faith in France
Buddhism in France
Hinduism in France
Irreligion in France
Islam in France
Judaism in France
Protestantism in France
Catholic Church in France
Scientology in France
Sikhism in France
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A French Islam is possible" (PDF). Institut Montaigne. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2017. p. 13
Jump up ^ Knox, Noelle (11 August 2005). "Religion takes a back seat in Western Europe". USA Today. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "France – church attendance". Church attendance stats. Via Integra. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Eurobarometer on Biotechnology" (PDF). p. 381. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Catholicisme et protestantisme en France – Analyses sociologiques et données de l'Institut CSA pour La Croix" [Catholicism and Protestantism in France – Sociological analysis and data from the CSA Institute for La Croix] (PDF) (in French). CSA. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Les Français et la critique à l'égard des religions" [The French and the criticism of religions]. CSA. 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-01-05.
Jump up ^ "Pie chart". 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Baubérot, Jean (15 March 2001). "The Secular Principle". Embassy of France in the US. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Spielvogel, Western Civilization – Volume II: Since 1500 (5th Edition, 2003). p. 410
Jump up ^ Gira, Dennis (2011–2012). "The "Inculturation" of Buddhism in France". Études. 415. S.E.R. pp. 641–652. ISSN 0014-1941.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Religion, Ipsos Global Trends". Ipsos. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. About Ipsos Global Trends survey
Jump up ^ "Europe's largest Buddhist temple to open". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sondage « Les protestants en France en 2017 » (1) : qui sont les protestants ?" [Survey "Protestants in France in 2017" (1): who are the Protestants?]. Reforme.net (in French). 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
Jump up ^ "France". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"
Jump up ^ Cécile Chambraud (12 January 2017). "Une enquête inédite dresse le portrait des catholiques de France, loin des clichés" [An unprecedented survey portrays Catholics in France, far from clichés] (in French). Le Monde. Retrieved 15 September 2017. The researchers are Yann Raison du Cleuziou, senior lecturer in political science at the University of Bordeaux, and Philippe Cibois, professor emeritus of sociology. Their research was unpublished as of the time of the article.
Jump up ^ Institut Français d'opinion publique (July 2012). "Enquête auprès des protestants" [Survey of Protestants] (PDF). Association des Familles Protestantes (in French): 37.
Jump up ^ Jérôme Fourquet, Hervé Le Bras (2014). "La religion dévoilée" (PDF). Jean Jaurès Fondation: 71. Archived from the original on 2017-04-11. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Assembly of Eastern Orthodox Bishops of France
Jump up ^ Coptic Orthodox Church of France
^ Jump up to: a b "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". cmiskp.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
Jump up ^ "France: How Many Jehovah's Witnesses Are There?". JW.ORG. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
Jump up ^ "France". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Jump up ^ "Le Bilan de la Shoah en France [Le régime de Vichy]" [The Report of the Holocaust in France [The Vichy regime]]. BS Encyclopédie.
Jump up ^ Marnix Croes. "The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival" (PDF). Yad Vashem
^ Jump up to: a b c Léa Ducré (26 March 2014). "Les deux visages du néopaganisme français" [The two faces of French Neopaganism]. Le Monde des Religions (in French). Le Monde.
Jump up ^ "Most Bahá'í Nations (2005)". The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Bahai News - UN COMMISSION EXPRESSES CONCERN OVER HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN IRAN". bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
Jump up ^ Régis Dericquebourg (2003). De la MILS à La MIVILUDES, La politique envers les sectes en France après la chute du governement socialiste [Politics towards sects in France after the fall of the socialist government]. The CENSUR International Conference April 9–12, 2003 (in French). Vilnius (Lithuanie): CESNUR. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Les sectes en France: Nombre d'adeptes ou sympathisants" [Sects in France: Number of followers or sympathizers] (in French). quid.fr. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Islam in Paris - Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America". www.euro-islam.info. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
Jump up ^ "Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris". Informed Comment. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
Jump up ^ French Muslim leader Dalil Boubaker calls for empty Catholic churches to be turned into mosques. Retrieved 30 August 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Constructing Mosques - The governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands, Amsterdam School for Social Sciences Research 2009 (retrieved 4 March 2013). pp. 155, 186, 172
^ Jump up to: a b New York Times : Charlie Hebdo attack leads to change in French schools Retrieved 30 Aug 2015
Jump up ^ "Teachers face difficult test in wake of Charlie Hebdo tragedy - France 24". France 24. 2015-01-12. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
External links[edit]
International Religious Freedom Report 2015: France, most recent International Religious Freedom Report by the United States Department of State's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
Eurel: sociological and legal data on religions in Europe
[show]
v
t
e
France topics
History
Periods
Timeline
Prehistory
Celtic Gaul
Roman Gaul
Kingdom of the Visigoths
Francia
West Francia
Middle Ages
Early modern era
Long nineteenth century
Revolutionary era
Napoleonic era
Belle Époque
Twentieth century
Regimes
Absolute monarchy
Ancien Régime
First Republic
First Empire
Constitutional monarchy
Bourbon Restoration
July Monarchy
Second Republic
Second Empire
Government of National Defense
Third Republic
France during the Second World War
Free France
Vichy France
Provisional Government of the French Republic
Fourth Republic
Fifth Republic
Geography
Administrative divisions
Cities
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Politics
Constitution
Elections
presidential
Foreign relations
Government
Human rights
Intersex
LGBT
Judiciary
Law
enforcement
Military
Parliament
Political parties
Economy
Agriculture
Banking
Central bank
Economic history
Energy
Euro
Exports
Franc (former currency)
French subdivisions by GDP
Stock exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Health care
People
Poverty
Religion
Social class
Welfare
Culture
Architecture
Art
Cinema (comedy)
Cuisine
Fashion
Gardens
Language
Literature
Media
Music
Philosophy
Public holidays
Sport
Symbols
Theatre
Outline
Book
Category
Portal
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Religion in France
Abrahamic
Evangelical Lutheran Church - Synod of France and Belgium
Islam in France
Holy Church of Jesus Christ
Old Catholic Mariavite Church
Old Catholic Mission in France
Orthodox Church of France
Reformed Church of France
Roman Catholicism in France
Dharmic/Indian
Hinduism in France
Buddhism in France
Sikhism in France
Others
Scientology in France
Irreligion in France
[show]
v
t
e
Religion in Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&oldid=838295317"
Categories:
Religion in France
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Articles needing more detailed references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Euskara
Français
Hrvatski
Italiano
Македонски
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Türkçe
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 03:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: class style

value: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black

value: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.0357839777px; border-left-color:Chartreuse

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse

value: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 542.72291637423px; border-left-color:Blue

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue

value: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 422.37116738354px; border-left-color:Green

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green

value: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 151.19816498636px; border-left-color:Honeydew

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew

value: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:6.9060025714406px 99.761250636123px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue

value: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Honeydew; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Green; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Blue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Chartreuse; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Black; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: A more detailed citation is required. (January 2018)

value:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
margin:auto;

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Edit section: Historical developments and legal status

value: Edit section: Catholicism as a state religion

value:
/wiki/King_of_France
mw-redirect
King of France

value:
/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
mw-redirect
Protestant Reformation

value: Edit section: French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)

value:
/wiki/Schism_(religion)
mw-redirect
Schism (religion)

value:
/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience
mw-redirect
Freedom of conscience

value:
/wiki/Civil_rights
mw-redirect
Civil rights

value: Edit section: Post–Edict of Nantes (1598–1789)

value:
/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth
mw-redirect
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

value:
/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes
mw-redirect
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

value:
/wiki/Brain_drain
mw-redirect
Brain drain

value: Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution

value:
/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France
mw-redirect
Napoleon I of France

value: Edit section: Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)

value: Edit section: Third Republic (1870–1940)

value: Edit section: 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

value:
/wiki/Separation_of_Church_and_State
mw-redirect
Separation of Church and State

value:
/wiki/Lutheran_Church
mw-redirect
Lutheran Church

value:
/wiki/Calvinist_Church
mw-redirect
Calvinist Church

value:
/wiki/Diocese_of_Metz
mw-redirect
Diocese of Metz

value:
/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg
mw-redirect
Archdiocese of Strasbourg

value: Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine

value: French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools

value: A more detailed citation is required. (December 2017)

value:
/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism
mw-redirect
Japanese Buddhism

value:
/wiki/Bishop_of_Lugdunum
mw-redirect
Bishop of Lugdunum

value:
/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome
mw-redirect
Bishop of Rome

value:
/wiki/Frankish_paganism
mw-redirect
Frankish paganism

value:
/wiki/King_of_the_Franks
mw-redirect
King of the Franks

value:
/wiki/Bishop_of_Reims
mw-redirect
Bishop of Reims

value: Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

value:
/wiki/Third_French_Republic
mw-redirect
Third French Republic

value:
/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox
mw-redirect
Eastern Orthodox

value: Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

value:
/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_France
mw-redirect
Coptic Orthodox Church of France

value:
/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox
mw-redirect
Oriental Orthodox

value:
/wiki/Orthodox_Christians
mw-redirect
Orthodox Christians

value:
/wiki/European_Court_on_Human_Rights
mw-redirect
European Court on Human Rights

value:
/wiki/Germanic_Heathenry
mw-redirect
Germanic Heathenry

value: French parliamentary commission on cult activities

value:
/wiki/Christian_Open_Door
mw-redirect
Christian Open Door

value:
/wiki/Children_of_God_(cult)
mw-redirect
Children of God (cult)

value: Edit section: Controversies and incidents

value:
/wiki/Mouvement_pour_la_France
mw-redirect
Mouvement pour la France

value:
/wiki/Allahu_Akbar
mw-redirect
Allahu Akbar

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
/wiki/Religious_freedom_in_France
mw-redirect
Religious freedom in France

value:
/wiki/Judaism_in_France
mw-redirect
Judaism in France

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1941

value: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

value: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aeof.fr/site/239/eveques.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
http://eocf.free.fr/eglisep_eng.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
http://dare.uva.nl/document/124687

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

value:
nofollow
http://www.eurel.info/
external text

value:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Visigoths
mw-redirect
Kingdom of the Visigoths

value: Provisional Government of the French Republic

value: List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants

value:
/wiki/Banque_de_France
mw-redirect
Banque de France

value: List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP

value:
/wiki/Remarkable_Gardens_of_France
mw-redirect
Remarkable Gardens of France

value:
/wiki/Symbols_of_France
mw-redirect
Symbols of France

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template talk:Religion in France (page does not exist)

value: Evangelical Lutheran Church – Synod of France and Belgium

value:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_France
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism in France

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra
mw-redirect
Religion in Andorra

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco
mw-redirect
Religion in Monaco

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City
mw-redirect
Religion in Vatican City

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia
mw-redirect
Religion in South Ossetia

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_%C3%85land
mw-redirect
Religion in Åland

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Religion in Gibraltar

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_Guernsey
mw-redirect
Religion in Guernsey

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_the_Isle_of_Man
mw-redirect
Religion in the Isle of Man

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_Svalbard
mw-redirect
Religion in Svalbard

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

value: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

value: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Religion_in_France
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: الدين في فرنسا – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: Религија во Франција – Macedonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Религия во Франции – Russian

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Religion_in_France rootpage-Religion_in_France skin-vector action-view


text:
Grease (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Grease
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Randal Kleiser
Produced by
Robert Stigwood
Allan Carr
Screenplay by
Bronte Woodard
Based on
Grease
by Jim Jacobs
Warren Casey
Starring
John Travolta
Olivia Newton-John
Stockard Channing
Jeff Conaway
Music by
Michael Gibson
Cinematography
Bill Butler
Edited by
John F. Burnett
Robert Pergament
Production
company
Polydor Records
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
June 16, 1978 (1978-06-16)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$6 million[1]
Box office
$395 million[1]
Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on the musical of the same name. Written by Bronte Woodard[2] and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut, the film depicts the lives of two high school seniors: a bad boy (played by John Travolta) and a good girl (played by Olivia Newton-John) in the late 1950s. Grease was successful both critically and commercially. Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second-best selling album of the year in the United States, behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster Saturday Night Fever,[3] and earned the film its lone Oscar nomination for "Hopelessly Devoted to You" (which lost the Academy Award for Best Original Song to Donna Summer's "Last Dance" from Thank God It's Friday at the 51st Academy Awards).
A sequel, Grease 2, was released in 1982, with Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer in lead roles. Few of the original cast members reprised their roles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Principal cast
2.2 School staff/others
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming locations
3.3 Post-production
4 Release and reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Home video
4.4 Awards
4.5 American Film Institute Recognition
4.6 Sequels and spin-offs
5 Soundtrack
6 Television
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In the summer of 1958, Danny Zuko and vacationing Sandy Olsson meet at the beach and fall in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they might never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is "only the beginning", and they will stay friends. The film moves to the start of the new school year at Rydell High School ("Grease"). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie, Doody, Sonny, and Putzie. The Pink Ladies, a sassy, popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo, Frenchy, Marty, and Jan.
After her parents unexpectedly decide to move from Australia, Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy, who considers dropping out of high school to become a beautician by going to a beauty school. Unaware of each other's presence at Rydell, Danny and Sandy tell their curious groups the accounts of events during the pair's brief romance, without initially mentioning the other's name. Sandy's version emphasizes the romance of the affair, and the truth and purity, while Danny's version is more sexual ("Summer Nights").
When Sandy finally tells everyone it was Danny Zuko, Rizzo arranges a surprise reunion for the two at a pep rally, where Sandy is cheering along with high-achiever and resident swot, Patty Simcox. At the rally, Sandy catches the eye of a muscly member of the football team. When Sandy and Danny are reunited, they are initially elated, but Danny soon slips back into his greaser attitude, which offends Sandy. At the same rally, Kenickie reveals his new car, a dilapidated used jalopy, and announces he has entered it into a "pinks" street race at Thunder Road.
Frenchy invites Sandy to her house for a sleepover. Sandy vomits at trying her first cigarette, drinking a dessert wine, and getting her ears pierced by Frenchy. While she recovers in the bathroom, Rizzo makes fun of her innocent and virtuous nature ("Look At Me, I'm Sandra Dee"). The T-Birds arrive in Kenickie's car, and Rizzo departs with Kenickie, leaving the other T-Birds stranded. Sandy laments over her feelings towards Danny, despite his earlier behavior ("Hopelessly Devoted to You"). Before Kenickie and Rizzo start having sex, the condom Kenickie is using breaks. The two are also interrupted by Leo, leader of the T-Birds' rival gang, the Scorpions, and his tall and brash girlfriend Cha-Cha.
The next day, the T-Birds are looking over Kenickie's car, and although they are initially skeptical of its potential, Danny and Kenickie explain the modifications they could add to make it a hot-rodding sex machine ("Greased Lightnin'"). In an attempt to impress Sandy, Danny approaches Coach Calhoun in an effort to become a high school athlete. Danny's pride and lack of experience lead to him picking fights with the jocks when he tries to play basketball, wrestling or baseball, so Calhoun suggests cross-country running, in which Danny excels. Danny's running proves to impress Sandy, prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace; when the other greasers arrive, Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort. Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up, while Putzie and Jan arrange to go to the dance. Left alone, Frenchy—who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school, only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink—is visited by a guardian angel who advises her to return to Rydell ("Beauty School Dropout").
The school dance arrives, broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine, who flirts with Marty. Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha-Cha as their dates, while Danny and Sandy arrive together. Danny and Sandy dance well and appear to be on their way to winning the competition, but a drunken Sonny pulls Sandy off the floor partway through. Cha-Cha joins Danny for the rest of the dance, and the two win ("Born to Hand Jive"). During the last dance ("Blue Moon"), Putzie leads Sonny and Doody in a mooning of the national TV audience, which Principal McGee vows to put on their permanent records.
Danny apologizes to Sandy and tries to make it up to her by taking her to a drive-in theater. She's unmoved by his pleas for forgiveness until he gives Sandy his ring, which she gleefully accepts. Moments later, Danny tries to aggressively make out with her, causing Sandy to angrily throw his ring at him and depart, leaving Danny distraught ("Sandy"). Meanwhile, because she skipped a period, Rizzo quietly admits she may be pregnant to Marty, who in turn tells Sonny, and the rumor spreads like wildfire through the drive-in, reaching Kenickie just as Rizzo is walking past. He attempts to talk to Rizzo about it, telling her he doesn't run away from his mistakes. Rizzo tells him it was someone else's mistake, a response that angers Kenickie. At school the next day, word of Rizzo's pregnancy fears reaches Patty Simcox, who has spread the gossip to her clique and sneers at Rizzo as they walk by. A visibly hurt Rizzo, who thanks Sandy for her offer of help, sings to herself about how her sins are not as bad as they could be ("There Are Worse Things I Could Do").
On the day of the race, Kenickie asks Danny to be on standby in case he decides to back out. Moments before the race is set to begin, Kenickie suffers a concussion when he bends over to pick up a penny for good luck and Putzie opens the car door on Kenickie's head, and Danny takes the helm of the car. Leo and Danny run a tight race, with Leo attempting to shred Danny's tires with bladed hubcaps (in a sequence paying homage to Ben-Hur); Danny eventually wins when Leo skids out. Sandy watches from afar and concludes that she still loves Danny. She decides to change her attitude and image to impress him and asks Frenchy for help ("Look At Me, I'm Sandra Dee (Reprise)").
On the last day of school, a sobbing Principal McGee and her equally nostalgic assistant Blanche, in a speech over the intercom, tell the students that they could be future leaders. The school hosts a carnival where Sonny and Putzie learn that, because they either never took or failed physical education, they have to take summer school with Coach Calhoun in order to get their diplomas.
Kenickie approaches Rizzo and demands to talk to her, only to have her reveal she is not pregnant after all. Overjoyed, they reunite. Danny shows up wearing a Letterman's sweater and reveals he is now a letterman for the cross-country team, to the T-Birds' dismay. Danny confesses it is a decision he has made in an effort to clean up his image so that he can be together with Sandy, telling the T-Birds that they too will have to grow up and stop following people all the time. The group is subsequently stunned when Sandy appears seconds later sporting a new hairstyle, dressed in black leather, and smoking a cigarette. In song, the two admit they love each other and reunite ("You're the One That I Want") and Sandy also tells Danny that if she was willing to change for him then it is only fair that he do the same for her by being faithful and more mature.
The gang realizes that high school is now over, and worries that they'll never see each other again. Danny insists, "Nah, that'll never happen," and everyone celebrates their friendship ("We Go Together"). As the song nears its conclusion, Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod, which takes flight, and the pair wave goodbye to their friends.
Cast[edit]
Principal cast[edit]
John Travolta as Danny Zuko, who lives a double life as leader of the greaser gang the T-Birds and as Sandy's boyfriend
Olivia Newton-John as Sandy Olsson, Danny's girlfriend and an Australian expatriate and ingénue, who transforms from square to greaser
Stockard Channing as Betty Rizzo, Danny's former fling and the cynical leader of the Pink Ladies clique
Jeff Conaway as Kenickie, Danny's best friend, Rizzo's love interest and the owner of Greased Lightnin'
Barry Pearl as Doody, a member of the T-Birds; he pairs with Frenchy at the school dance
Michael Tucci as Sonny LaTierri, a trouble-making wannabe womanizer and T-Bird who courts Marty with little success over the course of the film
Kelly Ward as Putzie, a member of the T-Birds whose relationship with Jan builds over the course of the film
Didi Conn as Frenchy, Sandy's closest friend in the Pink Ladies and an aspiring beautician
Jamie Donnelly as Jan, a quirky member of the Pink Ladies with a liking for Ipana toothpaste
Dinah Manoff as Marty Maraschino, a member of the Pink Ladies whose attractiveness regularly draws the attention of men, including Sonny and Vince Fontaine
School staff/others[edit]
Eve Arden as Principal McGee, who shows discomfort at the goings-on at Rydell High.
Dody Goodman as Secretary Blanche Hodel, who enjoys even the wilder antics at the school.
Sid Caesar as Coach Vince Calhoun, the tough-talking gym teacher and coach of all the school's perennially losing sports teams
Eddie Deezen as Eugene Felsnick, the class nerd
Susan Buckner as Patty Simcox, the head cheerleader and a rival for Danny's affections
Lorenzo Lamas as Tom Chisum, a popular jock who competes for Sandy's affections
Dennis C. Stewart as Leo "Craterface" Balmudo, head of the Scorpions, a rival greaser gang
Annette Charles as Charlene "Cha-Cha" DiGregorio, Leo's girlfriend
Joan Blondell as Vi, a waitress at the Frosty Palace
Ellen Travolta as Waitress
Frankie Avalon as Teen Angel
Edd Byrnes as Vince Fontaine, on-air personality at KZAZ radio and television
Sha-Na-Na as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers, a rock and roll band
Alice Ghostley as Mrs. Murdock, a rogue auto shop teacher who helps build Greased Lightnin' for the T-Birds
Darrell Zwerling as Mr. Lynch
Molly Brady (uncredited) as unnamed baby
Dick Patterson as Mr. Rudie
Fannie Flagg as Nurse Wilkins
Michael Biehn (uncredited) as Mike, a jock at Rydell high
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
John Travolta had previously worked with producer Robert Stigwood on Saturday Night Fever, had a nascent singing career at the time (including the top-10 hit "Let Her In" in 1976), and had previously appeared as Doody in a touring production of the stage version of Grease. He made a number of casting recommendations that Stigwood ultimately accepted, including suggesting Randal Kleiser (who had never directed a theatrical feature before this but had directed Travolta in the 1976 telefilm The Boy in the Plastic Bubble) as director, and Olivia Newton-John, then known almost exclusively as a country music singer, as Sandy.[4] Newton-John had done little acting before this film, with only one film credit (the unreleased 1970 film Toomorrow, which predated her singing breakthrough) to her name up to that time. Before accepting the role, Newton-John requested a screen test for Grease to avoid another career setback.[5] The screen test was done with the drive-in movie scene. Newton-John, who is native to England and lived most of her life in Australia, was unable to perform with a convincing American accent, and thus her character was rewritten to be Australian. Before Newton-John was hired, Allan Carr was considering numerous names such as Ann-Margret, Susan Dey and Marie Osmond for the lead role; Newton-John agreed to a reduced asking price in exchange for star billing.[5] In a case of life imitating art, Newton-John's own musical career would undergo a transformation similar to that of the Sandy Olsson character; her next album after Grease, the provocatively titled Totally Hot, featured a much more sexual and pop-oriented approach, with Newton-John appearing on the album cover in similar all-leather attire and teased hair.[6]
Jeff Conaway, like Travolta, had previously appeared in the stage version of Grease; he had played Danny Zuko during the show's run on Broadway.[7] Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan from the Broadway show, the only cast member to do so; as her hair had begun to gray by this point, she had to dye her hair to resemble her stage character.[8] Kelly Ward had previously appeared as a similar sarcastic supporting character in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble with Travolta under Kleiser; the role was substantially rewritten from the musical. Whereas "Rump" in the musical sang lead on two songs and was particularly known for his mooning, the renamed "Putzie" did not sing and shares the mooning scene with two of the other T-Birds, Sonny and Doody.
Lorenzo Lamas was a last-minute replacement for Steven Ford, who developed stage fright shortly before filming and backed out. His role contained no spoken dialogue and required Lamas to dye his hair blond to avoid looking like most of the other T-Birds (although Conaway and Ward were also blonds).[8]
Henry Winkler was once considered for a lead in the film. Winkler, who was playing Arthur Fonzarelli on Happy Days, was originally chosen to play Danny. His lack of singing experience and fear of being typecast after Happy Days and the film The Lords of Flatbush led him to decline the role.[citation needed] Adult film star Harry Reems was originally signed to play Coach Calhoun; however, executives at Paramount nixed the idea due to Reems' previous work in adult films, and producers cast Sid Caesar instead.[9] Caesar was one of several veterans of 1950s television (Eve Arden, Frankie Avalon, Joan Blondell, Edd Byrnes, Alice Ghostley, Dody Goodman) to be cast in supporting roles. Coincidentally, Frankie Avalon and Randal Kleiser had both appeared in 1966's Fireball 500, the latter as an extra.
Filming locations[edit]
The car race in the film took place at the Los Angeles River.
The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu's Leo Carrillo State Beach, making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity. The exterior Rydell scenes, including the basketball, baseball and track segments, were shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, while the Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers "Greased Lightning" and "Beauty School Dropout". The drive-in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive-In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, where many other films have been shot.[10] The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School.[11] And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles.
Post-production[edit]
Scenes inside the Frosty Palace contain obvious blurring of various Coca-Cola signs.[12] Prior to the film's release, producer Allan Carr had made a product-placement deal with Coca-Cola's main competitor Pepsi (for example, a Pepsi logo can be seen in the animated opening sequence). When Carr saw the footage of the scene with Coca-Cola products and signage, he ordered director Randal Kleiser to either reshoot the scene with Pepsi products or remove the Coca-Cola logos from the scene. As reshoots were deemed too expensive and time-consuming, optical mattes were used to cover up or blur out the Coca-Cola references. The 'blurring' covered up trademarked menu signage and a large wall poster, but a red cooler with the logo could not be sufficiently altered so was left unchanged. According to Kleiser, "We just had to hope that Pepsi wouldn't complain. They didn't."[13][14]
Release and reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Grease was originally released to North American theaters on June 16, 1978 and was an immediate box office success. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $8,941,717 in 862 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking at No. 2 (behind Jaws 2) at the box office for the weekend[15] and with the all-time opening weekend records.[16] Despite losing the weekend, it set a record gross in its first 19 days with $40,272,000.[17]
Grease has grossed $188,755,690 domestically and $206,200,000 internationally, totaling $394,955,690 worldwide. Globally, it was the highest-grossing musical ever, eclipsing the 13-year-old record held by The Sound of Music, but has since been overtaken by Les Misérables, Mamma Mia! and the 2017 release of Beauty and the Beast. Grease is now the fourth highest-grossing live action musical.[18]
Critical reception[edit]
Grease received mostly positive reviews from movie critics[19] and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978.[20][21][22][23]
Vincent Canby on its initial release in June 1978 called the film "terrific fun", describing it as a "contemporary fantasy about a 1950s teen-age musical—a larger, funnier, wittier and more imaginative-than-Hollywood movie with a life that is all its own"; Canby pointed out that the film was "somewhat in the manner of Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which recalls the science-fiction films of the '50s in a manner more elegant and more benign than anything that was ever made then, Grease is a multimillion-dollar evocation of the B-picture quickies that Sam Katzman used to turn out in the '50s (Don't Knock the Rock, 1956) and that American International carried to the sea in the 1960s (Beach Party, 1963)."[24]
Grease was voted the best musical ever on Channel 4's 100 greatest musicals in 2004.[25] The film holds a 75% approval rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 64 reviews with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Grease is a pleasing, energetic musical with infectiously catchy songs and an ode to young love that never gets old."[26] It holds a score of 70/100 on the review aggregator Metacritic based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19]
Grease premiered for the first time on American television in 1981 on ABC-TV. It was re-released to theaters in 1998 to mark the 20th anniversary. The film was also ranked number 21 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[27][28]
Home video[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Grease was first released in the US on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1982, with reissues in 1989 and 1994; the last VHS release was on June 23, 1998 and titled the 20th Anniversary Edition following a theatrical re-release that March. On September 17, 2002, it was released on DVD for the first time. On September 19, 2006, it was re-released on DVD as the Rockin' Rydell Edition, which came with a black Rydell High T-Bird jacket cover, a white Rydell "R" letterman's sweater cover or the Target-exclusive Pink Ladies cover. It was released on Blu-ray Disc on May 5, 2009.
Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
1978 Grease Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Nominated
John Travolta Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated
Olivia Newton-John Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated
"Grease" Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Nominated
"You're the One That I Want" Nominated
1979 CIC Golden Screen Award Won
Stockard Channing People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress Won
Grease People's Choice Award for Favorite Musical Motion Picture Won
Grease People's Choice Award for Favorite Overall Motion Picture Won
"Hopelessly Devoted to You" Academy Award for Best Original Song Nominated
2006 Grease Satellite Award for Best Classic DVD Nominated
2008 "You're the One That I Want" TV Land Award for Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room Nominated
American Film Institute Recognition[edit]
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions: No. 97
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: No. 70 for "Summer Nights"
AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals: No. 20
Sequels and spin-offs[edit]
The sequel, Grease 2 (1982), stars Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer. While only a few cast members from the original movie such as Dody Goodman, Sid Caesar, Eddie Deezen, Didi Conn, Dennis Stewart and Eve Arden reprise their respective roles. Dick Patterson returned, playing a different character. It was not as successful, grossing just $15 million on its $13 million budget. Patricia Birch, the original movie's choreographer, directed the ill-fated sequel. It would be the only movie that she would direct.
On July 8, 2010, a sing-along version of Grease was released to select theaters around the U.S.[29] A trailer was released in May 2010, with cigarettes digitally removed from certain scenes, implying heavy editing; however, Paramount confirmed these changes were done only for the film's advertising,[30] and the rating for the film itself changed from its original PG to that of PG-13 for "sexual content including references, teen smoking and drinking, and language."[31] The movie was shown for two weekends only; additional cities lobbied by fans from the Paramount official website started a week later and screened for one weekend.[32]
On March 12, 2013, Grease and Grease 2 were packaged together in a Double Feature DVD set from Warner Home Video.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Grease: The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture
The soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second-best selling album of the year in the United States, exceeded only by another soundtrack album, from the film Saturday Night Fever, which also starred Travolta.[3] The song "Hopelessly Devoted to You" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music—Original Song. The song "You're the One That I Want" was released as a single prior to the film's release and became an immediate chart-topper, despite not being in the stage show or having been seen in the film at that time.[33] Additionally, the dance number to "You're the One That I Want" was nominated for TV Land's award for "Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room" in 2008.[34] In the United Kingdom, the two Travolta/Newton-John duets, "You're the One That I Want" and "Summer Nights", were both number one hits and as of 2011 are still among the 20 best-selling singles of all time (at Nos. 6 and 19 respectively).[35] The movie's title song was also a number-one hit single for Frankie Valli.[36]
The song "Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee" references Sal Mineo in the original stage version. Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming, so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead. The references to Troy Donohue, Doris Day, Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version. Coincidentally, this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16, 1977, the date of Elvis Presley's death.[37]
Some of the songs were not present in the film; songs that appear in the film but not in the soundtrack are "La Bamba" by Ritchie Valens, "Whole Lotta Shaking Going On" by Jerry Lee Lewis, "Alma Mater", "Alma Mater Parody", and "Rydell Fight Song". "Alone at a Drive-in Movie (instrumental)", "Mooning", and "Freddy My Love" are not present in the film, although all three are listed in the end credits in-addition to being on the soundtrack. (Both "Mooning" and "Rock'n'Roll Party Queen," the latter of which was played in the film as background music, were written in the musical for a character named Roger that was written out of the film, replaced by the non-singing Putzie. In general, all of the songs in the musical that were performed by characters other than Danny, Rizzo, Sandy or Johnny Casino were either taken out of the film or given to other characters, including Marty Maraschino's number "Freddy My Love," Kenickie's "Greased Lightnin'," and Doody's "Those Magic Changes.") Two songs from the musical, "Shakin' at the High School Hop" "and "All Choked Up," were left off both the film and the soundtrack.
The songs appear in the film in the following order:
"Love is a Many-Splendored Thing"
"Grease"
"Alma Mater"
"Summer Nights" – Danny, Sandy, Pink Ladies and T-Birds
"Rydell Fight Song" – Rydell Marching Band
"Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee" – Rizzo and Pink Ladies
"Hopelessly Devoted to You" – Sandy
"Greased Lightnin'" – Danny and T-Birds
"La Bamba"
"It's Raining on Prom Night"
"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"
"Beauty School Dropout" – Teen Angel and Female Angels
"Rock n' Roll Party Queen"
"Rock n' Roll is Here to Stay" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Those Magic Changes" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers; Danny sings along onscreen
"Tears on My Pillow" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Hound Dog" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Born to Hand Jive" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Blue Moon" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Sandy" – Danny
"There Are Worse Things I Could Do" – Rizzo
"Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee (Reprise)" – Sandy
"Alma Mater Parody" (instrumental)
"You're the One That I Want" – Danny, Sandy, Pink Ladies, and T-Birds
"We Go Together" – Cast
"Grease (Reprise)"
Television[edit]
Main article: Somos tú y yo: un nuevo día
On August 17, 2009, a television series inspired by the film premiered in Venezuela. The series was produced and directed by Vladimir Perez. The show will explore and expand on the characters and story from the film.[38][39]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Grease at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ "Grease movie soundtrack earns its second #1 hit". History.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Year End Charts—Year-end Albums—The Billboard 200". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
Jump up ^ Travolta, John. "Inside the Actor's Studio". Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Windeler, Robert (July 31, 1978). "Ohh Sandy! – Olivia Newton-John". People. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ All music guide to country: the ... Google Books. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lovece, Frank (May 27, 2011). "'Grease,' 'Taxi' Star Jeff Conaway Dies". Newsday. Archived from the original on May 30, 2011. (Subscription required.) . Print edition, May 28, 2011, p. A32
^ Jump up to: a b Gliatto, Tom; and O'Neill Anne-Marie. "Grease Is the Word: Twenty Years Later, the Stars Are Still True to Their School", People, April 13, 1998. Accessed September 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hofler, Robert (2010). Party Animals: A Hollywood Tale of Sex, Drugs, and Rock 'n' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr. Da Capo Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-306-81655-5.
Jump up ^ "Film locations for Grease (1978)". Movie-locations.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Grease Filming Locations – part 1". Seeing-stars.com. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Grease". Scenesteal.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Stupid Question". Archives.stupidquestion.net. 2000-10-26. Archived from the original on 2007-11-30. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
Jump up ^ "DVD Savant: GREASE and the Curse of Product Placement". Dvdtalk.com. 1998-08-18. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
Jump up ^ Week June 16-18, 1978
Jump up ^ "Weekend Records Through the Years". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Superman' adds more records to his collection". Daily Variety. January 3, 1979. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Musical Movies at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grease Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Greatest Films of 1978". Filmsite.org. AMC Networks. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 10 Best Movies of 1978". Film.com. MTV. June 1, 2007. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1978". IMDb. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Best Movies of 1978 by Rank". Films101. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (June 16, 1978). "A Slick Version of 'Grease': Fantasy of the 50's". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Musicals: Channel 4 Film". Channel4.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grease (1978)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's The 50 Best High School Movies". Filmsite.org. AMC Networks. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's 50 Best High School Movies (25-1)". Amazon. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wanna Sing-A-Long with Grease? With Lyrics?!?". Screencrave.com. May 21, 2010. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Grease Sing-A-Long' trailer cuts cigarette from iconic scene: Smoking was not removed from the film itself, Ocala.com, June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Grease Sing-A-Long—Trailers, Videos, and Reviews ComingSoon.net Movie Database". Comingsoon.net. July 8, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Grease Sing-A-Long (2010) | Trailer & Official Movie Site". Greasemovie.com. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ VH1's "Behind the Music: Grease"
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077631/awards
Jump up ^ BBC Radio – Top selling singles of all time
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Getlen, Larry (2010-07-04). "Tales of Ancient 'Grease'". New York Post. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Venevisión estrena 'Somos tú y yo, un nuevo día, inspirada en Grease'".
Jump up ^ "De regreso a los años 50 con el musical 'Grease'".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Grease (film)
Official Sing-A-Long Site
Grease on IMDb
Grease at the TCM Movie Database
Grease at AllMovie
Grease at Box Office Mojo
Grease at Rotten Tomatoes
Grease at Metacritic
Original 1978 Release Trailer on YouTube
[show]
v
t
e
Grease
Adaptations
Grease (film)
Grease 2
Grease: Live
Songs
"Grease"
"Summer Nights"
"Hopelessly Devoted to You"
"Greased Lightnin'"
"Beauty School Dropout"
"Sandy"
"There Are Worse Things I Could Do"
"You're the One That I Want"
"The Grease Megamix"
Soundtracks/albums
Grease (film) soundtrack
Grease 2 soundtrack
2007 Broadway cast recording
TV series
Grease: You're the One That I Want!
Grease Is the Word
Grease: The School Musical
Miscellaneous
Grease (video game)
Grease Dance
Glee: The Music Presents Glease
Greased
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Randal Kleiser
Peege (1973)
Dawn: Portrait of a Teenage Runaway (1976)
The Boy in the Plastic Bubble (1976)
The Gathering (1977)
Grease (1978)
The Blue Lagoon (1980)
Summer Lovers (1982)
Grandview, U.S.A. (1984)
Flight of the Navigator (1986)
Big Top Pee-wee (1988)
Getting It Right (1989)
White Fang (1991)
Honey, I Blew Up the Kid (1992)
It's My Party (1996)
Shadow of Doubt (1998)
Love Wrecked (2005)
Red Riding Hood (2006)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grease_(film)&oldid=838528606"
Categories:
1978 films
English-language films
1970s musical comedy films
1970s romantic comedy films
1970s teen films
American films
American high school films
American musical comedy films
American rock music films
American rock musicals
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
American teen comedy films
American teen musical films
American teen romance films
Directorial debut films
Films based on musicals
Films directed by Randal Kleiser
Films set in 1958
Films set in 1959
Films set in the 1950s
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films with live action and animation
Flying cars in fiction
Grease (musical)
Paramount Pictures films
Screenplays by Allan Carr
Screenplays by Bronte Woodard
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
Use mdy dates from December 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Articles needing additional references from December 2017
All articles needing additional references
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Magyar
مصرى
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
26 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 15:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: i

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

tag: tr

tag: img

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: colspan style

attr: scope style

attr: href title

tag: li

value: Best-selling albums by year in the United States

value: Saturday Night Fever: The Original Movie Sound Track

value:
/wiki/Jock_(subculture)
mw-redirect
Jock (subculture)

value:
/wiki/Arthur_Fonzarelli
mw-redirect
Arthur Fonzarelli

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: John Marshall High School (Los Angeles, California)

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

value: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song

value: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value:
wikitable plainrowheaders
table-layout: fixed; margin-right: 0;

value: Edit section: American Film Institute Recognition

value:
/wiki/Troy_Donohue
mw-redirect
Troy Donohue

value:
/wiki/Those_Magic_Changes
mw-redirect
Those Magic Changes

value:
/wiki/There_Are_Worse_Things_I_Could_Do
mw-redirect
There Are Worse Things I Could Do

value: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

value: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://scenesteal.com/html/grease

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.metacritic.com/movie/grease

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.filmsite.org/1978.html

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.imdb.com/year/1978

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.films101.com/y1978r.htm

value:
nofollow
http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/grease/
external text

value:
/wiki/Fandango_Media
mw-redirect
Fandango Media

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.greasemovie.com

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
http://www.greasemovie.com/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077631/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v20546

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:American romantic musical films

value: Category:Films directed by Randal Kleiser

value: Category:Films with live action and animation

value: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

value: Category:Use mdy dates from December 2017

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2017

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Grease_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: غريس (فيلم) – Arabic

value:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease
Grease – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease
Grease – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease
Grease – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value: گریس (فیلم) – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease
Grease – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: גריז (סרט) – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease
Grease – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Бриолин (фильм) – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease
Grease – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Бріолін (фільм) – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Grease_film rootpage-Grease_film skin-vector action-view