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A Hologram for the King (film)
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A Hologram for the King
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Tom Tykwer
Produced by
Stefan Arndt
Gary Goetzman
Arcadiy Golubovich
Tom Hanks
Uwe Schott
Tim O'Hair
Screenplay by
Tom Tykwer
Based on
A Hologram for the King
by Dave Eggers
Starring
Tom Hanks
Alexander Black
Sarita Choudhury
Sidse Babett Knudsen
Ben Whishaw
Tom Skerritt
Music by
Johnny Klimek
Tom Tykwer
Cinematography
Frank Griebe
Edited by
Alexander Berner
Production
company
Playtone
Primeridian Entertainment
X-Filme Creative Pool (de)
Fábrica de Cine
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Roadside Attractions
Saban Films
Release date
April 20, 2016 (2016-04-20) (Tribeca Film Festival)
April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22) (United States)
Running time
97 minutes[1]
Country
France[2]
Germany[2]
Cayman Islands[2]
Mexico[2]
United States[2]
Language
English
Budget
$35 million[3][4]
Box office
$7.8 million[5]
A Hologram for the King is a 2016 comedy-drama film directed, written and co-scored by Tom Tykwer, based on the 2012 novel of the same name written by Dave Eggers,[6][7] and starring Tom Hanks as a washed-up corporate salesman, who goes to Saudi Arabia to propose a business deal.
Sidse Babett Knudsen, Tom Skerritt and Sarita Choudhury also star in this international co-production between France, Germany, the Cayman Islands, Mexico, and the United States.[2] The film was released on April 22, 2016, by Lionsgate, Roadside Attractions and Saban Films. It received positive reviews but was a box-office flop, becoming the lowest-grossing film to feature Tom Hanks in top billing since Every Time We Say Goodbye in 1986.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
5 References
6 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The film tells the story of a washed-up, desperate American salesman who travels to Saudi Arabia to sell a holographic teleconferencing system to the Saudi government.[7][9] Set in 2010, before the Arab Spring, American consultant Alan Clay is depressed after losing his house and being divorced by his wife during the Great Recession; he arrives in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to make a sale in an upcoming development called the King’s Metropolis of Economy and Trade (a fictionalized version of King Abdullah Economic City).[9]
Cast[edit]
Tom Hanks as Alan Clay
Alexander Black as Yousef, Alan's driver
Sarita Choudhury as Zahra
Sidse Babett Knudsen as Hanne
Ben Whishaw as Dave
Tom Skerritt as Ron, Alan's father
Tracey Fairaway as Kit, Alan's daughter
David Menkin as Brad
Khalid Laith as Karim Al-Ahmed
Rolf Saxon as Joe Trivoli
Jay Abdo as Dr. Hadad
Dhaffer L'Abidine as Hassan
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On June 12, 2013, Tom Tykwer was reported to be developing an adaptation of 2012 novel A Hologram for the King, written by Dave Eggers. Tykwer wrote and directed the film, which stars Tom Hanks as the lead. The film was made by Playtone, Primeridian Entertainment, and X-Filme Creative Pool.[6] On September 5, 2013, Lotus Entertainment began licensing international rights to the film.[10] On March 6, 2014 it was announced that Sarita Choudhury, Alexander Black, Tracey Fairaway, David Menkin, and Tom Skerritt had joined the cast of the film.[11]
Tom Hanks on set, March 13, 2014.
Filming[edit]
Production was set to begin in first quarter of 2014.[10] Principal photography commenced on March 6, 2014 in Morocco.[12] Filming also took place in Hurghada in Egypt, as well as in Berlin and Düsseldorf in Germany. Shooting wrapped in June 2014.[13][14]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Writing for the New York Times, Stephen Holden called the movie "a story of confusion, perplexity, frustration and panic," praising Tom Hanks's ability to turn it into "an agreeably uncomfortable comedy," meriting a "Critic's Pick" designation.[15] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 73% based on 139 reviews and an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Hologram for the King amiably ambles through a narrative desert, saved by an oasis of a performance from the ever-dependable Tom Hanks."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 59 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[17]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed $1.1 million in its opening weekend, finishing 11th at the box office. With a total worldwide gross of $8,244,651 (U.S. domestic gross of $4,212,494), it is the lowest-grossing film to feature Tom Hanks in top billing since Every Time We Say Goodbye in 1986.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A HOLOGRAM FOR THE KING (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. March 17, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "A Hologram for the King (2016)". BFI. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood's comedy crisis with the Middle East". NewsTalk. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Hologram For The King". BoxOfficeFlops.com. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Hologram for the King (2016)". The Numbers. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Billington, Alex (12 June 2013). "Tom Hanks & Tom Tykwer Reteaming to Adapt a Dave Eggers Novel". FirstShowing. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b McClintock, Pamela (14 May 2014). "First Look at Tom Hanks in 'A Hologram for the King'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tom Hanks". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Steven Holden, Review: ‘A Hologram for the King’ Is Elevated by Tom Hanks’s Portrayal of an American Everyman, The New York Times, April 21, 2016, accessed April 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (5 September 2013). "Lotus Stakes 'A Hologram For The King' With Tom Hanks And Tom Tykwer". Deadline.com. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tom Tykwer's Tom Hanks-Starrer 'A Hologram For The King' Finalizes Cast". Deadline.com. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Kay, Jeremy (6 March 2014). "Hologram shoot underway in Morocco". Screen Daily. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (6 March 2014). "Sarita Choudhury, Omar Elba Join Tom Hanks in 'Hologram for the King'". Variety. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tom Hanks: Ballett Lessons in Berlin (in German)". TV Today. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review: 'A Hologram for the King' Is Elevated by Tom Hanks's Portrayal of an American Everyman". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Hologram for the King (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Hologram for the King reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
A Hologram for the King on IMDb
A Hologram for the King at Box Office Mojo
A Hologram for the King at Rotten Tomatoes
A Hologram for the King at Metacritic
[show]
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Works by Tom Tykwer
Feature films
Deadly Maria (1993)
Winter Sleepers (1997)
Run Lola Run (1998)
The Princess and the Warrior (2000)
Heaven (2002)
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006)
The International (2009)
Three (2010)
Cloud Atlas (2012)
A Hologram for the King (2016)
Short films
Paris, je t'aime (2006; segment "Faubourg Saint-Denis")
60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero (2011; segment)
Writer only
Life is All You Get (1997)
Producer only
Absolute Giganten (1999)
A Friend of Mine (2006)
Soul Boy (2010)
Nairobi Half Life (2012)
Veve (2014)
Kati Kati (2016)
[show]
v
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Dave Eggers
Novels
You Shall Know Our Velocity
What Is the What
The Wild Things
A Hologram for the King
The Circle
Your Fathers, Where Are They? And the Prophets, Do They Live Forever?
Heroes of the Frontier
Short story collections
How We Are Hungry
Non-fiction
A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius
Teachers Have It Easy
Zeitoun
The Monk of Mokah
Projects
1,000 Days, 1,000 Songs
826 Valencia
The Best American Nonrequired Reading
McSweeney's
Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern
The Believer
Wholphin
Might
ScholarMatch
Adaptations
Where the Wild Things Are (2009)
A Hologram for the King (2016)
The Circle (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Hologram_for_the_King_(film)&oldid=831688946"
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German films
German comedy-drama films
Films set in Saudi Arabia
Films based on American novels
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in Morocco
Holography in films
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World Teachers' Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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See also: Teachers' Day
This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article.
When placing this tag, consider associating this request with a WikiProject. (May 2016)
World Teachers' Day
Mesrop Mashtots teaching Yeghishe the Armenian alphabet, a statue in Yerevan.
Observed by
Тeachers’ organizations worldwide
Date
October 5
Next time
5 October 2018 (2018-10-05)
Frequency
annual
Related to
Teachers' Day
World Teachers' Day, also known as International Teachers Day, is held annually on October 5. Established in 1994, it commemorates the signing of the 1966 "Teaching in Freedom". "Empowering Teachers” is the theme of this year's (2017) World Teachers' Day, celebrated around the world since 1994 after the UNESCO/ILO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers.[1]
Its aim is to focus on "appreciating, assessing and improving the educators of the world" and to provide an opportunity to consider issues related to teachers and teaching.[2]
In 2017, World Teachers' Day commemorated the 20th anniversary of the 1997 UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel, bringing the sometimes-neglected area of teaching personnel at Higher Education institutions into the conversation about the status of teachers.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 See also
2 References
3 Bibliography
4 External links
See also[edit]
List of Teachers' Days
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "World Teachers' Day - 5 October 2017". UNESCO. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked and Questions | Education | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Teaching in Freedom, Empowering Teachers". UNESCO. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
Bibliography[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2016)
External links[edit]
World Teachers’ Day: why 5 October?
Queensland (Australia) World Teachers' Day web site
This holiday-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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NOx
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This article is about nitrogen oxides produced during combustion. For a more extensive list of nitrogen oxides, see nitrogen oxide. For other meanings of "Nox", see Nox.
In atmospheric chemistry, NOx is a generic term for the nitrogen oxides that are most relevant for air pollution, namely nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).[1][2] These gases contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain, as well as tropospheric ozone.
NOx gases are usually produced from the reaction among nitrogen and oxygen during combustion of fuels, such as hydrocarbons, in air; especially at high temperatures, such as occur in car engines.[1][2][3] In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in large cities, the nitrogen oxides emitted can be a significant source of air pollution. NOx gases are also produced naturally by lightning.
The term NOx is chemistry shorthand for molecules containing one nitrogen and one or more oxygen atom. It is generally meant to include nitrous oxide (N2O),[1] a fairly inert oxide of nitrogen that has many uses as an oxidizer for rockets and car engines, an anesthetic, and a propellant for aerosol sprays and whipped cream. Nitrous oxide plays hardly any role in air pollution, although it may have a significant impact on the ozone layer,[4] and is a significant greenhouse gas.
NOy (reactive, free radical) is defined as the sum of NOx plus the NOz compounds produced from the oxidation of NOx which include nitric acid.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation and reactions
1.1 Formation of nitric acid and acid rain
2 Sources
2.1 Natural sources
2.2 Biogenic sources
2.3 Industrial sources (anthropogenic sources)
2.3.1 Thermal
2.3.2 Fuel
2.3.3 Prompt
3 Health and environment effects
4 Biodiesel and NOx
5 Regulation and emission control technologies
6 References
Formation and reactions[edit]
Oxygen and nitrogen do not react at ambient temperatures. But at high temperatures, they undergo an endothermic reaction producing various oxides of nitrogen. Such temperatures arise inside an internal combustion engine or a power station boiler, during the combustion of a mixture of air and fuel, and naturally in a lightning flash.
In atmospheric chemistry, the term NOx denotes the total concentration of NO and NO2. During daylight, these concentrations together with that of ozone are in steady state; the ratio of NO to NO2 is determined by the intensity of sunshine (which converts NO2 to NO) and the concentration of ozone (which reacts with NO to again form NO2). The time constant to establish the steady state is 1/k[NO] where k is the rate coefficient of the reaction
NO + O3 → NO2 + O2
for mixing ratio of NO, [NO], = 1 part per billion (ppb), the time constant is 40 minutes; for [NO] = 10 ppb, 4 minutes.[6]:211
When NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, they form photochemical smog, a significant form of air pollution, especially in the summer. Children, people with lung diseases such as asthma, and people who work or exercise outside are particularly susceptible to adverse effects of smog such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function.[7]
Formation of nitric acid and acid rain[edit]
NO2 is further oxidized in the gas phase during daytime by reaction with OH
NO2 + OH (+M) → HNO3 (+M),
where M denotes a third molecule required to stabilize the addition product. Nitric acid (HNO3) is highly soluble in liquid water in aerosol particles or cloud drops.
NO2 also reacts with ozone to form nitrate radical
NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2.
During the day NO3 is quickly photolyzed back to NO2, but at night it can react with a second NO2 to form dinitrogen pentoxide
NO2 + NO3 (+M) → N2O5 (+M).
N2O5 reacts rapidly with liquid water (in aerosol particles or cloud drops, but not in the gas phase) to form nitric acid HNO3,
N2O5 + H2O(liq) → 2 HNO3(aq)
These are thought to be the principal pathways for formation of nitric acid in the atmosphere.[6]:224–225 This nitric acid contributes to acid rain or may deposit to soil, where it makes nitrate, which is of use to growing plants. The aqueous phase reaction
2 NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3
is too slow to be of any significance in the atmosphere.[6]:336
Sources[edit]
Natural sources[edit]
Nitric oxide is produced during thunderstorms due to the extreme heat of lightning,[8] and is caused by the splitting of nitrogen molecules. This can result in the production of acid rain, if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation.
Scientists Ott et al.[9] estimated that each flash of lightning on average in the several mid-latitude and subtropical thunderstorms studied turned 7 kg (15 lb) of nitrogen into chemically reactive NOx. With 1.4 billion lightning flashes per year, multiplied by 7 kilograms per lightning strike, they estimated the total amount of NOx produced by lightning per year is 8.6 million tonnes. However, NOx emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion are estimated at 28.5 million tonnes.[10]
A recent discovery indicated that cosmic ray and solar flares can significantly influence the number of lightning strikes occurring on Earth. Therefore, space weather can be a major driving force of lightning-produced atmospheric NOx.[3] It should also be noted that atmospheric constituents such as nitrogen oxides can be stratified vertically in the atmosphere. Ott noted that the lightning-produced NOx is typically found at altitudes greater than 5 km, while combustion and biogenic (soil) NOx are typically found near the sources at near surface elevation (where it can cause the most significant health effects).[11]
Biogenic sources[edit]
Agricultural fertilization and the use of nitrogen fixing plants also contribute to atmospheric NOx, by promoting nitrogen fixation by microorganisms.[12][13]
Industrial sources (anthropogenic sources)[edit]
The three primary sources of NOx in combustion processes:
thermal NOx
fuel NOx
prompt NOx
Thermal NOx formation, which is highly temperature dependent, is recognized as the most relevant source when combusting natural gas. Fuel NOx tends to dominate during the combustion of fuels, such as coal, which have a significant nitrogen content, particularly when burned in combustors designed to minimise thermal NOx. The contribution of prompt NOx is normally considered negligible. A fourth source, called feed NOx is associated with the combustion of nitrogen present in the feed material of cement rotary kilns, at between 300 and 800 °C, where it is also a minor contributor.
Thermal[edit]
Thermal NOx refers to NOx formed through high temperature oxidation of the diatomic nitrogen found in combustion air.[14] The formation rate is primarily a function of temperature and the residence time of nitrogen at that temperature. At high temperatures, usually above 1600 °C (2900 °F), molecular nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) in the combustion air disassociate into their atomic states and participate in a series of reactions.
The three principal reactions (the extended Zel'dovich mechanism) producing thermal NOx are:
N2 + O → NO + N
N + O2 → NO + O
N + OH → NO + H
All three reactions are reversible. Zeldovich was the first to suggest the importance of the first two reactions.[15] The last reaction of atomic nitrogen with the hydroxyl radical, •HO, was added by Lavoie, Heywood and Keck[16] to the mechanism and makes a significant contribution to the formation of thermal NOx.
Fuel[edit]
It is estimated that transportation fuels cause 54% of the anthropogenic (i.e. human-caused) NOx. The major source of NOx production from nitrogen-bearing fuels such as certain coals and oil, is the conversion of fuel bound nitrogen to NOx during combustion.[14] During combustion, the nitrogen bound in the fuel is released as a free radical and ultimately forms free N2, or NO. Fuel NOx can contribute as much as 50% of total emissions when combusting oil and as much as 80% when combusting coal.
Although the complete mechanism is not fully understood, there are two primary paths of formation. The first involves the oxidation of volatile nitrogen species during the initial stages of combustion. During the release and before the oxidation of the volatiles, nitrogen reacts to form several intermediaries which are then oxidized into NO. If the volatiles evolve into a reducing atmosphere, the nitrogen evolved can readily be made to form nitrogen gas, rather than NOx. The second path involves the combustion of nitrogen contained in the char matrix during the combustion of the char portion of the fuels. This reaction occurs much more slowly than the volatile phase. Only around 20% of the char nitrogen is ultimately emitted as NOx, since much of the NOx that forms during this process is reduced to nitrogen by the char, which is nearly pure carbon.
Prompt[edit]
This third source is attributed to the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen, N2, with radicals such as C, CH, and CH2 fragments derived from fuel, where this cannot be explained by either the aforementioned thermal or fuel processes. Occurring in the earliest stage of combustion, this results in the formation of fixed species of nitrogen such as NH (nitrogen monohydride), HCN (hydrogen cyanide), H2CN (dihydrogen cyanide) and •CN (cyano radical) which can oxidize to NO. In fuels that contain nitrogen, the incidence of prompt NOx is especially minimal and it is generally only of interest for the most exacting emission targets.
Health and environment effects[edit]
NOx reacts with ammonia, moisture, and other compounds to form nitric acid vapor and related particles. Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases. Inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases, such as emphysema or bronchitis, or may also aggravate existing heart disease.[17]
NOx reacts with volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight to form and to destroy ozone. Ozone can cause adverse effects such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function mostly in susceptible populations (children, elderly, asthmatics). Ozone can be transported by wind currents and cause health impacts far from the original sources. The American Lung Association estimates that nearly 50 percent of United States inhabitants live in counties that are not in ozone compliance.[18] In South East England, ground level ozone pollution tends to be highest in the countryside and in suburbs, while in central London and on major roads NO emissions are able to "mop up" ozone to form NO2 and oxygen.[19]
NOx also readily reacts with common organic chemicals, and even ozone, to form a wide variety of toxic products: nitroarenes, nitrosamines and also the nitrate radical some of which may cause DNA mutations. Recently another pathway, via NOx, to ozone has been found that predominantly occurs in coastal areas via formation of nitryl chloride when NOx comes into contact with salt mist.[20]
NOx emissions also cause global cooling through the formation of •OH radicals that destroy methane molecules, countering the effect of greenhouse gases. The effect can be significant. For instance, according to the OECD "the large NOx emissions from ship traffic lead to significant increases in hydroxyl (OH), which is the major oxidant in the lower atmosphere. Since reaction with OH is a major way of removing methane from the atmosphere, ship emissions decrease methane concentrations. (Reductions in methane lifetimes due to shipping-based NOx emissions vary between 1.5% and 5% in different calculations)." "In summary, most studies so far indicate that ship emissions actually lead to a net global cooling. However, it should be stressed that the uncertainties with this conclusion are large, in particular for indirect effects, and global temperature is only a first measure of the extent of climate change in any event."[21]
The ultimate destination of much NOx is to end up in the soil as nitrite or nitrate, which are useful to growing plants.
Biodiesel and NOx[edit]
Biodiesel and its blends in general are known to reduce harmful tailpipe emissions such as: carbon monoxide; particulate matter (PM), otherwise known as soot; and unburned hydrocarbon emissions.[22] While earlier studies suggested biodiesel could sometimes decrease NOx and sometimes increase NOx emissions, subsequent investigation has shown that blends of up to 20% biodiesel in USEPA-approved diesel fuel have no significant impact on NOx emissions compared with regular diesel.[23] The state of California uses a special formulation of diesel fuel to produce less NOx relative to diesel fuel used in the other 49 states. This has been deemed necessary by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to offset the combination of vehicle congestion, warm temperatures, extensive sunlight, PM, and topography that all contribute to the formation of ozone and smog. CARB has established a special regulation for Alternative Diesel Fuels to ensure that any new fuels, including biodiesel, coming into the market do not substantially increase NOx emissions. The reduction of NOx emissions is one of the most important challenges for advances in vehicle technology. While diesel vehicles sold in the US since 2010 are dramatically cleaner than previous diesel vehicles, urban areas continue to seek more ways to reduce the formation of smog and ozone. NOx formation during combustion is associated with a number of factors such as combustion temperature. As such, it can be observed that the vehicle drive cycle, or the load on the engine have more significant impact on NOx emissions than the type of fuel used. This may be especially true for modern, clean diesel vehicles that continuously monitor engine operation electronically and actively control engine parameters and exhaust system operations to limit NOx emission to less than 0.2 g/km. Low-temperature combustion or LTC technology.[2] may help reduce thermal formation of NOx during combustion, however a tradeoff exists as high temperature combustion produces less PM or soot and results in greater power and fuel efficiency.
Regulation and emission control technologies[edit]
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) reduce post combustion NOx by reacting the exhaust with urea or ammonia to produce nitrogen and water. SCR is now being used in ships,[24] diesel trucks and in some diesel cars. The use of exhaust gas recirculation and catalytic converters in motor vehicle engines have significantly reduced vehicular emissions. NOx was the main focus of the Volkswagen emissions violations.
Other technologies such as flameless oxidation (FLOX) and staged combustion significantly reduce thermal NOx in industrial processes. Bowin low NOx technology is a hybrid of staged-premixed-radiant combustion technology with a major surface combustion preceded by a minor radiant combustion. In the Bowin burner, air and fuel gas are premixed at a ratio greater than or equal to the stoichiometric combustion requirement.[25] Water Injection technology, whereby water is introduced into the combustion chamber, is also becoming an important means of NOx reduction through increased efficiency in the overall combustion process. Alternatively, the water (e.g. 10 to 50%) is emulsified into the fuel oil before the injection and combustion. This emulsification can either be made in-line (unstabilized) just before the injection or as a drop-in fuel with chemical additives for long term emulsion stability (stabilized). Inline emulsified fuel/water mixtures show NOx reductions between 4 and 83%.[26]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Mollenhauer, Klaus; Tschöke, Helmut (2010). Handbook of Diesel Engines. Springer. pp. 445–446. ISBN 978-3540890829.
^ Jump up to: a b c Omidvarborna; et al. "NOx emissions from low-temperature combustion of biodiesel made of various feedstocks and blends". Fuel Processing Technology. 140: 113–118. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.08.031.
^ Jump up to: a b Annamalai, Kalyan; Puri, Ishwar K. (2007). Combustion Science and Engineering. CRC Press. p. 775. ISBN 978-0-8493-2071-2.
Jump up ^ A. R. Ravishankara, J. S. Daniel, R. W. Portmann (2009), "Nitrous Oxide (N2O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century". Science, volume 326, issue 5949, pages 123–125. PMID 19713491doi:10.1126/science.1176985
Jump up ^ US Environmental Protection Agency. "Air Monitoring Instrumentation Nitrogen Oxides (NOy)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c Seinfeld, J. H.; Pandis, S. N. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd rev. ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72018-8.
Jump up ^ "Health and Environmental Impacts of NOx". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
Jump up ^ Joel S. Levine; Tommy R. Augustsson; Iris C. Andersont; James M. Hoell Jr. & Dana A. Brewer (1984). "Tropospheric sources of NOx: Lightning and biology". Atmospheric Environment. 18 (9): 1797–1804. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(84)90355-X. PMID 11540827. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ Lesley E. Ott; Kenneth E. Pickering; Georgiy L. Stenchikov; Dale J. Allen; Alex J. DeCaria; Brian Ridley; Ruei-Fong Lin; Stephen Lang & Wei-Kuo Tao (2010). "Production of lightning NOx and its vertical distribution calculated from three-dimensional cloud-scale chemical transport model simulations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115: D04301. doi:10.1029/2009JD011880. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
Jump up ^ U. Schumann & H. Huntrieser (2007). "The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source" (PDF). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 3823. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ Lesley E. Ott; Kenneth E. Pickering; Georgiy L. Stenchikov; Dale J. Allen; Alex J. DeCaria; Brian Ridley; Ruei-Fong Lin; Stephen Lang & Wei-Kuo Tao (2010). "Production of lightning NOx and its vertical distribution calculated from three-dimensional cloud-scale chemical transport model simulations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115: D04301. doi:10.1029/2009JD011880. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ J.N. Galloway; et al. (September 2004). "Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future". Biogeochemistry. 70 (2): 153–226. doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0.
Jump up ^ E.A. Davidson & W. Kingerlee (1997). "A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils". Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 48: 37–50. doi:10.1023/A:1009738715891.
^ Jump up to: a b Milton R. Beychok (March 1973). "NOX emission from fuel combustion controlled". Oil & Gas Journal: 53–56.
Jump up ^ Y.B. Zel'dovich (1946). "The Oxidation of Nitrogen in Combustion Explosions". Acta Physicochimica U.S.S.R. 21: 577–628.
Jump up ^ G.A. Lavoie; J.B. Heywood; J.C. Keck (1970). "Experimental and Theoretical Study of Nitric Oxide Formation in Internal Combustion Engines". Combust. Sci. Tech. 1 (4): 313–326.
Jump up ^ "How nitrogen oxides affect the way we live and breathe" (PDF). Environmental protection agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
Jump up ^ Ozone, Environmental Protection Agency.
Jump up ^ London Air - What is Ozone?, King's College London, Environmental Research Group
Jump up ^ Carol Potera (2008). "Air Pollution: Salt Mist Is the Right Seasoning for Ozone". Environ Health Perspect. 116 (7): A288. doi:10.1289/ehp.116-a288. PMC 2453175  . PMID 18629329.
Jump up ^ http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-transport/45095528.pdf
Jump up ^ https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/otaq/models/analysis/biodsl/p02001.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40554.pdf
Jump up ^ Wärtsilä Low NOx Solutions Archived 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Wärtsilä, 2008
Jump up ^ Bob Joynt & Stephen Wu, Nitrogen oxides emissions standards for domestic gas appliances background study Combustion Engineering Consultant; February 2000
Jump up ^ "NOx-Reduction by Oil/Water-Emulsification". Retrieved 2010-05-18.
[show]
v
t
e
Nitrogen species
Hydrides:
NH3
NH4+
NH2− MNH2
N3−
NH2OH
N2H4
N3–
Organic:
-NH2
-CHR=NHR
-CONHR2
HCN
CN−
C2N2
H2NCN
CH2N2
Oxides:
N2O
NO
NO2
N2O3
N2O4
N2O5
HNO2
HNO3
NO2−
NO3−
NO+
NO2+
Halides:
NF3
NCl3
NBr3
NI3
FN3
ClN3
NH2Cl
Chemical formulas
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text:
Christ the Redeemer (statue)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other statues with this name and for other uses, see Christ the Redeemer.
Christ the Redeemer
Coordinates
22°57′7″S 43°12′38″W / 22.95194°S 43.21056°W / -22.95194; -43.21056Coordinates: 22°57′7″S 43°12′38″W / 22.95194°S 43.21056°W / -22.95194; -43.21056
Location
Corcovado mountain,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Designer
Created by the French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the engineer Heitor da Silva Costa Brazil in collaboration with the French engineer Albert Caquot. Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face of the statue
Material
Soapstone
Height
30 metres (98 ft) and 38 metres (125 ft) tall with its pedestal
Completion date
Dedicated October 12, 1931
Consecrated October 12, 2006
New Seven Wonders of the World July 7, 2007
National Historic Heritage of Brazil
Designated
2001
Reference no.
1478
Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈkɾistu ʁedẽˈtoʁ], local dialect: [ˈkɾiɕtŭ̻ xe̞dẽ̞ˈtoɦ]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with the French engineer Albert Caquot. Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida fashioned the face. Constructed between 1922 and 1931, the statue is 30 metres (98 ft) tall, excluding its 8-metre (26 ft) pedestal. The arms stretch 28 metres (92 ft) wide.[1][2]
The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro. A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.[3] It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Restoration
3 Similar structures
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
A view of the Corcovado before the construction, 19th century
Aerial view of the statue.
Vincentian priest, Pedro Maria Boss, first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid 1850s to honor Princess Isabel, princess regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II, however the project died due to lack of support.[1] In 1889 the country became a republic, and due to the separation of church and state, the idea of the statue was dismissed.[7]
The Catholic Circle[clarification needed] of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920.[8][better source needed] The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento ("Monument Week") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. What motivated the organization was what they perceived as 'Godlessness' in the society at the time. The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics.[4] The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world.[9] The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.
Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue. French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work.[10]
In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy. Leonida's portrayal of Christ's face made him famous.[11][12]
A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue. The outer layers are soapstone, chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use.[5] Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US$250,000 (equivalent to $3,400,000 in 2017) and the monument opened on October 12, 1931.[5][6] During the opening ceremony, the statue was to be lit by a battery of floodlights turned on remotely by Italian shortwave radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi, stationed 5,700 miles (9,200 km) away in Rome but because of bad weather, the lights were activated on-site.[8]
In October 2006, on the 75th anniversary of the statue's completion, Archbishop of Rio, Cardinal Eusebio Oscar Scheid, consecrated a chapel, named after Brazil's patron saint—Our Lady of the Apparition, under the statue, allowing Catholics to hold baptisms and weddings there.[6]
Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10, 2008, causing some damage to the fingers, head and eyebrows. The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue. Lightning damaged it again, on January 17, 2014, dislodging a finger on the right hand.[13][14][15][16]
In 2010, a massive restoration of the statue began. Work included cleaning, replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior, restoring iron in the internal structure, and waterproofing the monument. Vandals attacked the statue during renovation, spraying paint along the arm. Mayor Eduardo Paes called the act "a crime against the nation". The culprits later apologized and presented themselves to the police.[17][18][19]
In 2015 two Russian and Ukrainian urban explorers, Vadim Makhorov and Vitaly Raskalov from Ontheroofs, climbed the statue with captured video footage and photos.[20][21][22]
Restoration[edit]
A panoramic view of the statue at the top of Corcovado Mountain with Sugarloaf Mountain (centre) and Guanabara Bay in the background.
Christ the Redeemer at night as seen from Tijuca Forest
Corcovado Rack Railway
In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo, oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator IBAMA, National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work.
More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010. In 2003, a set of escalators, walkways, and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue. The four-month restoration in 2010[23] focused on the statue itself. The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks. The lightning rods located in the statue’s head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue.[24]
The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue.[23] During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[23]
Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes.[25] The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantities, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue.[26]
Similar structures[edit]
Cristo del Otero in Palencia, Spain built in 1930 (21 m)
Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m)
Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m)
Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m)
Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations
Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m)
Christ of Vũng Tàu in Vietnam (32 m)
Christ the King in Świebodzin, Poland (33 m)
Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile)
Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer(23 m)
Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru
Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba, Bolivia
Cristo de las Noas in Torreón, Mexico (22 m)
Cristo del Pacífico in Lima, Peru, erected in 2011 (37 m)
Patung Yesus Kristus[27] in Mansinam Island, West Papua, Indonesia (30 m)
Cristo Redentore (Christ the Redeemer) of Maratea, Italy (21 m)
Cristo Rei (Christ the King) in Almada, Portugal (28 m)
Cristo Rei of Dili in Dili, Timor-Leste (27 m)
Cristo Rei, Madeira on Madeira island, completed in 1927 (15 m)
Cristo Rei in Lubango, Angola (14 m)
Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain
Tas-Salvatur, Malta (12 m)
Statue of Jesus Christ, Monte Urgull, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain - 12 m
Jesus de Greatest in Imo, Nigeria, Africa’s tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent (8.53 m)
Cristo del Picacho in Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Cristo Redentor, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
Christ The King Lebanon
Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.(Shrish Patil)
Christ the Redeemer of Malacca is at Portuguese Settlement Square Melaka,Malaysia (20' tall)
Gallery[edit]
The statue
Access escalators
Christ the Redeemer after restoration
The statue illuminated in yellow and green, the colors of Brazil, during the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
Christ the Redeemer lit in the colours of the French flag after the November 2015 Paris attacks
The Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain.
See also[edit]
Sanctuary of Christ the Redeemer at Google Cultural Institute
Approximate heights of various notable statues:
1. Spring Temple Buddha 153 m (incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne)
2. Statue of Liberty 93 m (incl. 47 m pedestal)
3. The Motherland Calls 91 m (excl. pedestal)
4. Christ the Redeemer 38 m (incl. 8 m pedestal)
5. Statue of David 5.17 m (excl. 2.5 m pedestal)
List of statues by height
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Murray, Lorraine. "Christ the Redeemer (last updated 13 January 2014)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Giumbelli, Emerson (2014). Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia (in Portuguese). São Paulo. 244. ISBN 978-85-7816-137-8.
Jump up ^ "The New Seven Wonders of the World". Hindustan Times. July 8, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Christ the Redeemer". TIME. October 26, 1931. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Brazil: Crocovado mountain – Statue of Christ". Travel Channel. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sanctuary Status for Rio landmark". BBC News. October 13, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cristo Corcovado by Sergi Lla on Prezi". Prezi.com. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cristo Redentor – Histórico da Construção" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Victor, Duilo. "Redentor, carioca até a alma" (in Portuguese). Jornal do Brasil. Retrieved July 17, 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Phil, Damon (June 29, 1983). "Vote now for Phoneheng". The Sun. London.
Jump up ^ "Cristo Redentor: santuário carioca que virou símbolo da cidade no mundo". Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. October 20, 2014. (in Portuguese)
Jump up ^ Dima, Alina. "Gheorghe Leonida – Romanian contribution to "Cristo Redentor"".
Jump up ^ "Cristo Redentor vai passar por restauração até junho ("Christ the Redeemer under restoration 'til June")". Estadão.
Jump up ^ Moratelli, Valmir. "Cristo Redentor, castigado por raios, passa por ampla reforma (Christ the Redeemer, punished by lightnings, go by ample refit)". Último Segundo.
Jump up ^ "Cristo Redentor renovado para 2010" (PDF). Rio de Janeiro Government. December 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Lightning breaks finger off Rio's Christ". The Age. January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vandals cover Rio's Christ statue with graffiti". Reuters. April 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tabak, Bernardo. "Estátua do Cristo Redentor é alvo de pichação". Globo.
Jump up ^ Infosur hoy: Christ the Redeemer to get new outfit Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Climbing Christ the Redeemer youtube video". Ontheroofs. December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Climbing Christ the Redeemer ontheroofs story with photos and video". Ontheroofs. December 10, 2015. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Millward, David (December 12, 2015). "Watch the stunning footage taken by photographers who climbed Rio's 125-feet tall Christ the Redeemer Statue". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Brazil's Christ state returns after renovation". BBC News. July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Christ the Redeemer se la come, YouTube video, accessed January 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Reforma no cartão-postal". Veja Rio. May 18, 2010. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bowater, Donna; Mulvey, Stephen; Misra, Tanvi (March 10, 2014). "Arms wide open". BBC Online. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kompas Cyber Media. "Presiden Resmikan Patung Yesus Kristus di Pulau Mansinam – Kompas.com Regional". Regional.kompas.com. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Blanes, Ruy Llera (2014). "Review: Giumbelli, Emerson (2014), Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia. São Paulo: Terceiro Nome". Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology (in Portuguese). 11 (2): 470–472. doi:10.1590/S1809-43412014000200016. ISSN 1809-4341. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010.
Giumbelli, Emerson (2008). "A modernidade do Cristo Redentor". Dados (in Portuguese). 51 (1): 75–105. doi:10.1590/S0011-52582008000100003. ISSN 0011-5258.
Giumbelli, Emerson & Bosisio, Izabella (2010). "A Política de um Monumento: as Muitas Imagens do Cristo Redentor". Debates do NER (in Portuguese). 2 (18): 173–192. ISSN 1982-8136.
Giumbelli, Emerson (2013). "O Cristo Pichado". Ponto Urbe. Revista do Núcleo de Antropologia Urbana da USP (in Portuguese) (12). doi:10.4000/pontourbe.586. ISSN 1981-3341.
Ranquetat-Júnior, Cesar Alberto (2012). Laicidade à brasileira: um estudo sobre a controvérsia em torno da presença de símbolos religiosos em espaços públicos (Doutorado em Antropologia Social) (in Portuguese). UFRGS. 310 pp. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
Ranquetat-Júnior, Cesar Alberto (2015). "Giumbelli, Emerson. Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia. São Paulo: Terceiro Nome, 2014". Debates do NER (in Portuguese). 1 (27): 429–437. ISSN 1982-8136.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristo Redentor do Rio de Janeiro.
Official website
Corcovado Train
Map (in Portuguese)
Government bulletin about the statue's restoration[permanent dead link] (in Portuguese)
Poliakoff, Martyn. "Soapstone @ Cristo Redentor". The Periodic Table of Videos. University of Nottingham.
Map (in Portuguese)
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value: تمثال المسيح الفادي – Arabic

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value: Хрыстос Збавіцель (статуя) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value: Статуя на Христос Спасител – Bulgarian

value: Crist Redemptor de Rio de Janeiro – Catalan

value: Socha Krista Spasitele (Rio de Janeiro) – Czech

value: Cristo Redentor (Rio de Janeiro) – German

value: ކްރައިސްޓް ދިރިޑީމަރގެ ބުދު – Divehi

value: Άγαλμα του Χριστού Λυτρωτή – Greek

value: Statuo de Kristo Savinto (Rio de Janeiro) – Esperanto

value: Kristo Berreroslea (Rio de Janeiro) – Basque

value: تندیس مسیح – Persian

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value: A Megváltó Krisztus szobra (Brazília) – Hungarian

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value: क्राइस्ट द रिडिमर – Nepali

value: コルコバードのキリスト像 – Japanese

value: Kristusstatuen (Rio de Janeiro) – Norwegian

value: ਮੁਕਤੀਦਾਤਾ ਈਸਾ (ਬੁੱਤ) – Punjabi

value: Pomnik Chrystusa Odkupiciela w Rio de Janeiro – Polish

value: Статуя Христа-Искупителя – Russian

value: Христос Өрөһүйээччи (статуя) – Sakha

value: Christ the Redeemer (statue) – Simple English

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value: Tượng Chúa Kitô Cứu Thế (Rio de Janeiro) – Vietnamese

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