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What's Love Got to Do with It (song)
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"What's Love Got to Do with It"
US and Canadian 7-inch vinyl single
Single by Tina Turner
from the album Private Dancer
B-side
"Don't Rush the Good Things" (UK)
"Rock and Roll Widow" (US)
Released
May 1, 1984 (US)[1]
Format
7" single
12" single
cassette single
Recorded
1983
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
3:48
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Terry Britten
Graham Lyle
Producer(s)
Terry Britten
Tina Turner singles chronology
"Help!"
(1984) "What's Love Got to Do with It"
(1984) "Better Be Good to Me"
(1984)
"Help!"
(1984) "What's Love Got to Do with It"
(1984) "Better Be Good to Me"
(1984)
Audio sample
file
help
"What's Love Got to Do with It" is a song recorded by the American singer Tina Turner, released in 1984. It was taken from her fifth solo album, Private Dancer and became Turner's most successful single.
Although Turner had already scored a UK Top 10 and US Top 30 hit some months earlier with her rendition of "Let's Stay Together", "What's Love Got to Do with It" gave Turner her first and only US number one. The song ranked #309 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". It also ranked #38 on the Songs of the Century list. It was the second-biggest single of 1984 in the US and the 17th-biggest in the United Kingdom. In 1993, the song's title was used as the title for the biographical film about Turner's life.
In 2012, "What's Love Got to Do with It" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame[2] giving Turner her third Grammy Hall of Fame Award and her eleventh Grammy Award.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Chart information
4 Versions and remixes
5 Music video
6 Awards
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Decade-end charts
7.4 Certifications and sales
8 Warren G version
8.1 Music video
8.2 Track listing
8.2.1 A-side
8.2.2 B-side
8.3 Charts
9 See also
10 References
Background[edit]
This song was written by Terry Britten and Graham Lyle, who originally offered it to Cliff Richard, but it was rejected. It was then given to Phyllis Hyman, who wanted to do the song, but Arista Records head Clive Davis wouldn't allow her. The song then was offered to Donna Summer, who has stated that she sat with it for a couple of years but never recorded it.[citation needed] Some months before Turner recorded the song, the British pop group Bucks Fizz were offered it. Member Jay Aston requested to sing lead on the track after hearing the demo, but was told by the producer that it was unsuitable for a female lead vocal. The group went on to record it in February 1984, but sung by male groupmember Bobby G.[3] Aston recalls that the demo was very similar to the eventual Tina Turner version, but their finished version was in a very different style.[4] It was intended for possible inclusion on their next album I Hear Talk but was shelved when Turner released her version first. The Bucks Fizz version went unreleased until it was included on a re-issue of their Are You Ready album in 2000. The Original Bucks Fizz went on to include the song in their reunion concert tour in October 2009. The name of the song was adapted into an autobiography film in 1993, where it revealed the abusive relationship between Tina and Ike Turner. It became a significant feminist power movement for female artists.[5]
Composition[edit]
The song is performed in the key of G♯ minor with a tempo of 98 beats per minute in common time. The key transposes to A♯ minor after the second chorus. Turner's vocals span from D♯3 to C♯5.[6]
Chart information[edit]
Up until the release of "What's Love Got to Do with It", Tina Turner had not had a US top-ten single since the early 1970s. The single went to #1[7] on the US Billboard Hot 100 and remained there for three weeks, giving Turner her first and only solo number-one hit in America. It peaked at #3 on the UK Singles Chart, which is also her highest peak there on that chart. Turner was 44 when the song hit number one, at the time making her the oldest female solo artist to place a number-one single on the US Hot 100. Grace Slick, who is older than Turner by about one month, hit #1 in 1985 and 1987 with "We Built This City" and "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now", respectively, as a member of Starship. In 1999, Cher, at age 53, became the oldest woman – solo or as part of a group – to have a US number-one hit with her song "Believe".
The song also spent five weeks at #2 on the Billboard R&B Singles chart, from July 14 to August 18, 1984; it was kept from the top spot by "When Doves Cry" by Prince (another Hot 100 number-one single). The song was also ranked the second-best performing song of 1984 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 behind "When Doves Cry".
Versions and remixes[edit]
Album version – 3:48
Extended remix – 5:43
Music video[edit]
The music video features Turner walking down the street engaging with the public, intercut with scenes where she is singing directly to camera. The video was shot in New York City during the spring of 1984. The music video also features Sleepaway Camp 2's Pamela Springsteen, Bruce Springsteen's sister, as a street dancer and Samuel L. Jackson before achieving stardom. The video was directed by Mark Robinson.
An alternate black and white video directed by Bud Schaetzle features Tina singing the song against a black background while couples argue in a bar.
Awards[edit]
The song received three awards at the 1985 Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Turner's live performance of the song at the Grammy show was released on the 1994 album Grammy's Greatest Moments Volume I.[8]
The music video for the song claimed a prize at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1985 for "Best Female Video".
In 2012, "What's Love Got to Do with It" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[9]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10]
4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[11]
20
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[12]
1
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[13]
7
Canada (The Record)[14]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[15]
26
France (SNEP)[16]
21
Germany (Official German Charts)[17]
7
Ireland (IRMA)[18]
4
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[19]
21
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[20]
10
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[21]
3
Norway (VG-lista)[22]
10
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[23]
6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24]
4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25]
8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26]
3
US Billboard Hot 100[27]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[28]
8
US Hot Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[29]
21
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[29]
2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[9]
22
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[30]
3
Germany (Official German Charts)[31]
35
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[32]
100
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33]
13
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[34]
76
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[35]
20
US Billboard Hot 100[36]
2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[36]
50
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[36]
3
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1980–1989)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100 20
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[37]
Platinum 100,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[38]
Silver 250,000^
United States (RIAA)[39]
Gold 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Warren G version[edit]
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
Single by Warren G featuring Adina Howard
from the album Supercop (soundtrack)
Released
September 3, 1996
Format
Vinyl, Cassette, CD
Recorded
1996
Genre
R&B, west coast hip hop
Length
4:17
Label
MCA/Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Terry Britten, Graham Lyle, Warren Griffin
Producer(s)
Warren G
Warren G singles chronology
"Do You See"
(1994) "What's Love Got to Do with It"
(1996) "I Shot the Sheriff"
(1997)
"Do You See"
(1994) "What's Love Got to Do with It"
(1996) "I Shot the Sheriff"
(1997)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" was also recorded by American artists Warren G and Adina Howard for the Supercop soundtrack. The song both sampled and interpolated the chorus of Tina Turner's 1984 song of the same name, though Warren G replaced the original lyrics with his own. "What's Love Got to Do with It" became a hit, making it to 32 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Warren G's third top-40 single, as well as 5 on the Hot Rap Singles. While a success in America, the single found greater success in the UK where it made it to #2 on the UK Singles chart.
Music video[edit]
A music video (directed by Joseph Kahn) was produced to promote the single, featuring footage of Warren G and Adina Howard performing the song, with clips from the film Police Story 3: Super Cop. Jackie Chan also appears near the end of the video, dancing along with the artists.
Track listing[edit]
A-side[edit]
"What's Love Got to Do with It?" (album version) – 4:17
"What's Love Got to Do with It?" (clean radio version) – 4:17
B-side[edit]
"What's Love Got to Do with It?" (a cappella) – 4:15
"What's Love Got to Do with It?" (instrumental) – 4:15
Charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[40] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[41] 5
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[42] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[43] 29
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[44] 14
France (SNEP)[45] 9
Germany (Official German Charts)[46] 3
Ireland (IRMA) 7
Italy (FIMI)[47] 14
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[48] 9
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[49] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[50] 7
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[51] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[52] 6
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 2
Billboard Hot 100 32
Billboard Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs 36
Billboard Hot Rap Singles 5
Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 27
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1984
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame". GRAMMY.org. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Jump up ^ Are You Ready re-issue sleeve notes, October 2000
Jump up ^ "The Original Bucks Fizz in conversation - official site". Theoriginalbucksfizz.org. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ Shoos, Diane (2003). "Representing Domestic Violence: Ambivalence and Difference in "What's Love Got to Do With It". Retrieved September 24, 2016 – via JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Terry, Britten,. "Tina Turner "What's Love Got to Do With It" Sheet Music in G# Minor - Download & Print". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner Music News & Info". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Grammy's Greatest Moments, Volume 1: Various Artists". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
^ Jump up to: a b David Kent (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. Australia: St Ives, N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 8512." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 6767." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ [ Nanda Lwin (1999). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Music Data Canada. ISBN 1-896594-13-1.
Jump up ^ "Singlet 1984-10 lokakuu" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner - Top Titel" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Whats Love Got to Do with It". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indice per Interprete: T". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". VG-lista. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Singles Top 100. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Tina Turner. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Tina Turner. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tina Turner Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of 1984". RPM. January 5, 1985. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts 1984" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "I singoli più venduti del 1984". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1984". RIANZ. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten - Single 1984" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Scaping, Peter, ed. (1984). "Top 100 singles: 1983". BPI Year Book 1984. British Phonographic Industry. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-906154-04-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Year in Music: 1984" (PDF). Billboard. December 22, 1984. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". British Phonographic Industry. Enter What's Love Got to Do with It in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Warren G feat. Adina Howard: What's Love Got to Do with It" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Warren G feat. Adina Howard Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete: W". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Warren G feat. Adina Howard search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It". Top 40 Singles.
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Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It". Swiss Singles Chart.
Preceded by
"Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker, Jr. Billboard Hot 100 number one single (Tina Turner version)
September 1, 1984 - September 15, 1984 Succeeded by
"Missing You" by John Waite
Preceded by
"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" by Wham! Australian Kent Music Report number-one single
September 10, 1984 Succeeded by
"Careless Whisper" by George Michael
Preceded by
"Twisted" by Keith Sweat RIANZ (New Zealand) number one single (Warren G version)
October 18, 1996 - November 15, 1996 Succeeded by
"Wannabe" by Spice Girls
[show]
v
t
e
Tina Turner singles
Acid Queen
"Baby Get It On"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"Acid Queen"
Rough
"Viva La Money"
"Root, Toot Undisputable Rock 'n Roller"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
Love Explosion
"Love Explosion"
"Back Stabbers"
"Music Keeps Me Dancin'"
Private Dancer
"Let's Stay Together"
"Help!"
"What's Love Got to Do With It"
"Better Be Good to Me"
"Private Dancer"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Show Some Respect"
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"One of the Living"
Break Every Rule
"Typical Male"
"Back Where You Started"
"Two People"
"Girls"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"Paradise Is Here"
"Afterglow"
Tina Live in Europe
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Addicted to Love"
"Tonight"
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
"634-5789"
Foreign Affair
"The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"Steamy Windows"
"Look Me in the Heart"
"Foreign Affair"
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
Simply the Best
"Nutbush City Limits (The 90s Version)"
"Way of the World"
"Love Thing"
"I Want You Near Me"
"(Simply) The Best"
What's Love Got to Do with It
"I Don't Wanna Fight"
"Disco Inferno"
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
"Proud Mary"
Wildest Dreams
"GoldenEye"
"Whatever You Want"
"On Silent Wings"
"Missing You"
"Something Beautiful Remains"
"In Your Wildest Dreams"
Twenty Four Seven
"When the Heartache Is Over"
"Whatever You Need"
"Don't Leave Me This Way"
All the Best
"Open Arms"
"Complicated Disaster"
Guest singles
"Ball of Confusion"
"Tonight"
"It's Only Love"
"Tearing Us Apart"
"It Takes Two"
"Cose della vita - Can't Stop Thinking of You"
"Teach Me Again"
Book:Tina Turner
[show]
v
t
e
Warren G
Studio albums
Regulate...G Funk Era (1994)
Take a Look Over Your Shoulder (1997)
I Want It All (1999)
The Return of the Regulator (2001)
The Hard Way (2004) (with 213)
In the Mid-Nite Hour (2005)
The G Files (2009)
EPs
Regulate... G Funk Era, Pt. II (2015)
Singles
"Regulate"
"This D.J."
"Do You See"
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
"I Shot the Sheriff"
"Smokin' Me Out"
"I Want It All"
"Game Don't Wait"
"Lookin' at You"
"My House"
Featured singles
"Indo Smoke"
"Prince Igor"
Related articles
Discography
Production discography
213
G-Funk Entertainment
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Record of the Year (1980s)
"What a Fool Believes"* by The Doobie Brothers (Jeffrey Baxter, John Hartman, Keith Knudsen, Michael McDonald, Tiran Porter, Patrick Simmons)
produced by Ted Templeman (1980) "Sailing"* by Christopher Cross
produced by Michael Omartian (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes"* by Kim Carnes
produced by Val Garay (1982) "Rosanna" by Toto (Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, Steve Porcaro)
produced by Toto (1983)
"Beat It" by Michael Jackson
produced by Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones (1984) "What's Love Got to Do with It" by Tina Turner
produced by Terry Britten (1985)
"We Are the World"* by USA for Africa
produced by Quincy Jones (1986) "Higher Love" by Steve Winwood
produced by Russ Titelman & Steve Winwood (1987)
"Graceland" by Paul Simon
produced by Paul Simon (1988) "Don't Worry, Be Happy"* by Bobby McFerrin
produced by Linda Goldstein (1989)
Complete list
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Song of the Year (1980s)
1980
Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - "What a Fool Believes"
1981
Christopher Cross - "Sailing"
1982
Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - "Bette Davis Eyes"
1983
Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson - "Always on My Mind"
1984
Sting - "Every Breath You Take"
1985
Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - "What's Love Got to Do with It"
1986
Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - "We Are the World"
1987
Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - "That's What Friends Are For"
1988
James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - "Somewhere Out There"
1989
Bobby McFerrin - "Don't Worry, Be Happy"
Complete list
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(song)&oldid=803224923"
Categories:
1984 singles
1996 singles
Tina Turner songs
Bucks Fizz (band) songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Grammy Award for Record of the Year
Grammy Award for Song of the Year
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Number-one singles in Australia
MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video
Number-one singles in New Zealand
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Graham Lyle
Songs written by Terry Britten
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
1984 songs
Rhythm and blues ballads
Funk ballads
Capitol Records singles
MCA Records singles
Interscope Records singles
Warren G songs
Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn
Adina Howard songs
Hidden categories:
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Articles with hAudio microformats
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Singlechart usages for Austria
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Singlechart called without artist
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Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary
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Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname
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Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
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Texas (steamboat)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cropped image of Chippewa, focusing on the texas which is located just aft of the pilothouse
In this c.1925 postcard of the Toronto waterfront, the Canada Steamship Lines steamboats Chippewa and Toronto show differences in the texas which is just aft of the pilothouse on the upper texas-deck
The texas is a structure or section of a steamboat that includes the crew's quarters. It is located on the hurricane deck, which is also called the texas deck. This long, narrow cabin is near and may be surmounted by the pilothouse.
History[edit]
A steamboat's texas is named in honor of the state of Texas. This innovation in steamboat construction was introduced about the same time that the state of Texas became part of the United States in 1845.[1]
In this period, steamboat cabins were conventionally named after states and the officers' quarters were the largest. This structure housing the largest cabins was identified with Texas, which was then the largest state.[2][3]
Usage[edit]
The term became widely known after the publication of Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. In the section in which Huck and Jim encounter a wrecked steamboat:
"... there ain't nothing to watch but the texas and the pilot-house; and do you reckon anybody's going to resk his life for a texas and a pilot-house such a night as this, when it's likely to break up and wash off down the river any minute?" Jim couldn't say nothing to that, so he didn't try.
—  Mark Twain, The Annotated Huckleberry Finn : Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawyer's comrade)[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "texas". Glossary of Steamboat Terms. Steamboats. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
Jump up ^ "texas". Your Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2005, retrieved 2008-05-05
Jump up ^ Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain); Kemble, E. W. (2001). Hearn, Michael Patrick, ed. The Annotated Huckleberry Finn : Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawyer's comrade). New York: Norton. p. 124. ISBN 9780393020397. OCLC 464744065.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_(steamboat)&oldid=829431544"
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