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My Hero Academia
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My Hero Academia
Cover of the first volume of My Hero Academia, featuring Izuku Midoriya and All Might
僕のヒーローアカデミア
(Boku no Hīrō Akademia)
Genre
Adventure, comedy[1]
Manga
Written by
Kōhei Horikoshi
Published by
Shueisha
English publisher
AUS
Madman Entertainment
NA
Viz Media
Demographic
Shōnen
Imprint
Jump Comics
Magazine
Weekly Shōnen Jump[2]
English magazine
NA
Weekly Shonen Jump
Original run
July 7, 2014 – present
Volumes
16 (List of volumes)
Manga
My Hero Academia Smash!!
Written by
Kohei Horikoshi
Illustrated by
Hirofumi Neda
Published by
Shueisha
English publisher
NA
Viz Media
Demographic
Shōnen
Magazine
Shōnen Jump +
English magazine
NA
Weekly Shonen Jump
Original run
November 9, 2015 – present
Volumes
2
Anime television series
Directed by
Kenji Nagasaki
Written by
Yōsuke Kuroda
Music by
Yuki Hayashi
Studio
Bones
Licensed by
AUS
Madman Entertainment (former)
Universal/Sony
NA
Funimation
UK
Universal Pictures UK
Original network
JNN (MBS) (Season 1)[3]
NNS (ytv) (Season 2)[4]
English network
SEA
Animax Asia[5]
Original run
April 3, 2016 – present
Episodes
38 (List of episodes)
Game
My Hero Academia: Battle for All
Developer
Dimps
Publisher
Bandai Namco Entertainment
Platform
Nintendo 3DS
Released
JP: May 19, 2016
Manga
Vigilante: My Hero Academia Illegals
Written by
Hiyuki Furuhashi
Illustrated by
Betten Court
Published by
Shueisha
English publisher
NA
Viz Media
Demographic
Shōnen
Magazine
Shōnen Jump GIGA
Shōnen Jump +
Original run
September 2016 – present
Volumes
1
Anime and Manga portal
My Hero Academia (Japanese: 僕のヒーローアカデミア, Hepburn: Boku no Hīrō Akademia) is a comedy adventure manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi. It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014,[6] and 15 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format. The series has been licensed for English-language release by Viz Media, and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9, 2015.[7]
The story follows Izuku Midoriya, a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm, but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself, and is scouted by the world's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training. The manga was adapted into an anime television series; the first season aired from April 3 to June 26, 2016.[8] The second season aired from April 1 to September 30, 2017. A third season has been announced.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Media
2.1 Manga
2.2 Anime
2.3 Video game
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Main article: List of My Hero Academia characters
On an Earth-like world where people with superpowers known as "Quirks" (個性, Kosei) are the norm, Izuku Midoriya is a regular middle school student who has dreams of one day becoming a Hero despite being bullied by his classmates for not having a Quirk. After being the only one to try and save his childhood bully Katsuki from a Villain, the world's greatest Hero All Might bestows upon him his own quirk "One For All". The story follows Izuku's entrance into U.A. High School (雄英高校, Yūei Kōkō), a school that cultivates the next generation of Super Heroes.
Media[edit]
Manga[edit]
Main article: List of My Hero Academia chapters
My Hero Academia is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi. It began its serialization in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump in July 2014. As of September 4, 2017 the series been collected into fifteen tankōbon volumes.[10] The series is licensed for English language release in North America by Viz Media, who published the first volume on August 4, 2015. As the series is published in Japan, it is also released simultaneously in English digitally by Viz Media's Weekly Shounen Jump. As of February 7, 2017, 8 volumes have been released.[10]
Anime[edit]
Main article: List of My Hero Academia episodes
On October 29, 2015, the series' official Twitter announced that My Hero Academia would receive an anime adaptation produced by Studio Bones.[11]
With the anime announced, TOHOSHI Group registered the domain name "heroaca.com" as the anime's website.[11] The anime is directed by Kenji Nagasaki, written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and feature character designs by Yoshikiko Umakoshi and music composed by Yuki Hayashi.[12][13] The anime premiered on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in 'Nichigo' time slot at 5pm on Sundays in Japan. The opening theme is "The Day", performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is "Heroes", performed by Brian the Sun. In March 2016, Funimation Entertainment announced they had licensed the series for streaming services, home and broadcast release as well as obtaining the merchandise rights.[14] It has also been licensed in the United Kingdom by Universal Pictures UK.[15]
A second season was announced in the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine's 30th issue of 2016.[10] It premiered on April 1, 2017 on NTV and YTV, and ended on September 30, 2017, with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles.[16]
A third season was announced in the 44th issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine of 2017.[17][9]
Video game[edit]
A video game based on the anime was announced in November 2015.[18] The game is developed by Bandai Namco Studios and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console, which was released in Japan on May 19, 2016.[19]
Reception[edit]
The manga was nominated for the 8th Manga Taishō in 2015.[20] Before the anime adaptation's premiere, manga author Masashi Kishimoto praised Kōhei Horikoshi's work, believing it would be a success overseas; Horikoshi, meanwhile, has cited Kishimoto's Naruto series as a primary source of inspiration.[21]
Volume 1 reached the 7th place on the weekly Oricon manga chart with 71,575 copies sold.[22] It sold out almost immediately on its first printing.[23] Volume 2 reached the 6th place, with 167,531 copies[24] and, by January 18, 2015, had sold 205,179 copies.[25] As of March 2017, there were over 10 million copies of My Hero Academia in circulation.[26]
The story has been noted to take inspiration from elements in superhero comics, such as the aesthetics of its characters.[27]
Alex Osborn of IGN gave the anime series positive marks, saying "The first season of My Hero Academia delivers thirteen episodes of fantastic action, elevated by a heartfelt story that's wrapped around a core cast of memorable and relatable characters." Osborn went on to state that the villains were underdeveloped.[28]
The manga won the Sugoi Japan Award in 2017.[29] It also won the "Japan Expo Awards" in the same year.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Official Website for My Hero Academia". Viz Media. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Shonen Jump website". Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "My Hero Academia Anime to Air in MBS/TBS' 'Nichigo' Timeslot". Anime News Network. January 10, 2016. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "My Hero Academia Season 2 Anime to Air on NTV, YTV". Anime News Network. December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Animax Asia Airs Simulcast of My Hero Academia, Twin Star Exorcists". Anime News Network. March 28, 2016. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shonen Jump to Launch 4 Manga Series in Next 3 Issues". Anime News Network. June 25, 2014. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Viz's Shonen Jump Adds My Hero Academia". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "My Hero Academia TV Anime Adaptation Confirmed". Anime News Network. October 29, 2015. Archived from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "My Hero Academia Anime Gets 3rd Season". Anime News Network. September 30, 2017. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "My Hero Academia Anime Gets 2nd Season". Anime News Network. June 23, 2016. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Boku No Hero Academia TV Anime Adaptation Announced". OtakuTale. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "My Hero Academia TV Anime's Main Staff Revealed". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "My Hero Academia Anime's 4th Promo Video Previews Animation". Anime News Network. February 28, 2016. Archived from the original on February 29, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Funimation Licenses My Hero Academia Anime". Anime News Network. March 8, 2016. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "BBFC Lists My Hero Academia From Universal". Anime News Network. March 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Green, Scott (February 2, 2017). "Latest "My Hero Academia" Anime Cast Addition And Plans Spotted". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ ""My Hero Academia Season 3 Planned"". Crunchyroll. September 29, 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sato (November 18, 2015). "My Hero Academia Game Announced For Nintendo 3DS". Siliconera. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "My Hero Academia: Battle for All 3DS Game's Play Videos Preview Characters". Anime News Network. April 4, 2016. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "8th Manga Taisho Awards Nominates 14 Titles". Anime News Network. January 18, 2015. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Naruto Cheers on My Hero Academia's Deku". Anime News Network. April 2, 2016. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Comic Ranking, November 3–9". Anime News Network. November 12, 2014. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Up and Coming Manga Sold Out Immediately". December 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ 週間 コミックランキング 2015年01月19日付. Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Comic Ranking, January 12–18". Anime News Network. January 21, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "My Hero Academia Has Over 10 Million Copies in Print". Anime News Network. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ ""My Hero Academia" Volume 1 Horikoshi Kohei [daily cartoon guide]". November 19, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Osborn, Alex (June 30, 2016). "My Hero Academia: Season 1 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Re:ZERO, My Hero Academia Top Sugoi Japan Awards 2017 Results". Anime News Network. March 16, 2017. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japan Expo AwardsのDaruma賞受賞作品". Japan Expo. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official anime website (in Japanese)
Official page at Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese)
My Hero Academia (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
[show]
v
t
e
Series currently running in Weekly Shōnen Jump
Black Clover
Boruto: Naruto Next Generations
Food Wars!: Shokugeki no Soma
Gin Tama
Haikyu!!
Hinomaru Zumō
Hunter × Hunter
My Hero Academia
One Piece
Robot x LaserBeam
The Disastrous Life of Saiki K.
The Promised Neverland
World Trigger
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Weekly Shōnen Jump: 2010–2019
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Oumagadoki Zoo
Enigma
2011
Magico
Stars
Nisekoi
2012
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The Disastrous Life of Saiki K.
Sensei no Bulge
Assassination Classroom
Cross Manage
Food Wars!: Shokugeki no Soma
2013
World Trigger
Jaco the Galactic Patrolman
2014
Hinomaru Zumō
My Hero Academia
2015
Black Clover
Naruto Side Story: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring
2016
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The Promised Neverland
2017
Robot x LaserBeam
[show]
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Television series
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Scrapped Princess (2003)
Fullmetal Alchemist (2003–2004)
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Kurau Phantom Memory (2004)
Eureka Seven (2005–2006)
Ouran High School Host Club (2006)
Jyu-Oh-Sei (2006)
Ghost Slayers Ayashi (2006–2007)
Darker than Black (2007)
Skull Man (2007)
Soul Eater (2008–2009)
Nijū Mensō no Musume (2008)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood (2009–2010)
Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 (2009)
Darker than Black: Gemini of the Meteor (2009)
Heroman (2010)
Star Driver (2010–2011)
Gosick (2011)
No. 6 (2011)
Un-Go (2011)
Eureka Seven: AO (2012)
Blast of Tempest (2012–2013)
Tenkai Knights (2013–2015)
Space Dandy (2014)
Noragami (2014)
Captain Earth (2014)
Soul Eater Not! (2014)
Chaika - The Coffin Princess (2014)
Chaika - The Coffin Princess: Avenging Battle (2014)
Blood Blockade Battlefront (2015)
Show by Rock!! (2015)
Snow White with the Red Hair (2015–2016)
Noragami Aragoto (2015)
Concrete Revolutio (2015)
Concrete Revolutio: The Last Song (2016)
My Hero Academia (2016–present)
Bungo Stray Dogs (2016)
Show by Rock!! Short!! (2016)
Mob Psycho 100 (2016)
Show by Rock!!♯ (2016)
Blood Blockade Battlefront & Beyond (2017)
OVAs/ONAs
RahXephon Interlude: Her and Herself/Thatness and Thereness (2003)
Wolf's Rain (2004)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Premium Collection (2006)
Ayashi Divine Comedy (2007)
Darker than Black: Beneath the Fully Bloomed Cherry Blossoms (2008)
Xam'd: Lost Memories (2008–2009)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood (2009–2010)
Halo Legends (animated sequence) (2010)
Darker than Black: Gaiden (2010)
Chaika - The Coffin Princess (2015)
Snow White with the Red Hair (2016)
Blood Blockade Battlefront (2016)
Bungo Stray Dogs (2017)
Films
Escaflowne (2000)
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie (2001)
RahXephon: Pluralitas Concentio (2003)
Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa (2005)
Sword of the Stranger (2007)
Eureka Seven: Pocketful of Rainbows (2009)
Towa no Quon (film series) (2011)
Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos (2011)
Un-Go episode:0 Inga chapter (2011)
Star Driver: The Movie (2013)
Eureka Seven: Hi-Evolution (film series) (2017–2019)
Bungo Stray Dogs: Dead Apple (2018)
Video games
Robot Alchemic Drive (2002)
Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel (2003)
Fullmetal Alchemist 2: Curse of the Crimson Elixir (2004)
Fullmetal Alchemist 3: Kami o Tsugu Shōjo (2005)
Liberation Maiden (2012)
Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney (2012)
Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies (2013)
Persona 4: Dancing All Night (2015)
Category
[show]
v
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Doroku (2002-2008)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED
Fullmetal Alchemist
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Blood+
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Toward the Terra
Mobile Suit Gundam 00
Nichigo (2008-2017)
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2
Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (Season Two)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
Sengoku Basara II
Star Driver
Blue Exorcist
Mobile Suit Gundam AGE
Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic
Space Battleship Yamato 2199
Magi: The Kingdom of Magic
Haikyu!!
The Seven Deadly Sins
The Heroic Legend of Arslan
Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans
My Hero Academia
The Heroic Legend of Arslan: Dust Storm Dance
The Seven Deadly Sins: Signs of Holy War
Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans (Season Two)
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20 Fenchurch Street
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
20 Fenchurch Street
20 Fenchurch Street in 2015, viewed from the roof balcony of City Hall
Location within England
General information
Status
Complete
Architectural style
Postmodern
Location
London, EC3
United Kingdom
Coordinates
Coordinates: 51°30′41″N 0°05′01″W / 51.51139°N 0.08361°W / 51.51139; -0.08361
Construction started
January 2009
Completed
April 2014[1]
Owner
Lee Kum Kee[2]
Height
Roof
160 m (525 ft)
Technical details
Floor count
34 (plus three-storey 'sky garden')
Floor area
Offices: 668,926 square feet (62,100 m2)[3]
Design and construction
Architect
Rafael Viñoly (Acoustic consultant = Sandy Brown)
Developer
Land Securities and Canary Wharf Group
Structural engineer
Halcrow Yolles
Main contractor
Canary Wharf Contractors
Awards and prizes
Carbuncle Cup
20 Fenchurch Street is a commercial skyscraper in London that takes its name from its address on Fenchurch Street, in the historic City of London financial district. It has been nicknamed 'The Walkie-Talkie' because of its distinctive shape.[4] Construction was completed in spring 2014, and the top-floor 'sky garden' was opened in January 2015.[5] The 34-storey building is 160 m (525 ft) tall, making it the sixth-tallest building in the City of London and the 12th tallest in London.
Designed by architect Rafael Viñoly and costing over £200 million, 20 Fenchurch Street features a highly distinctive top-heavy form which appears to burst upward and outward. A large viewing deck, bar and restaurants are included on the top three floors; these are, with restrictions, open to the public.
The tower was originally proposed at nearly 200 m (656 ft) tall but its design was scaled down after concerns about its visual impact on the nearby St Paul's Cathedral and Tower of London. It was subsequently approved in 2006 with the revised height. Even after the height reduction there were continued concerns from heritage groups about its impact on the surrounding area. The project was consequently the subject of a public inquiry; in 2007 this ruled in the developers' favour and the building was granted full planning permission.[6] In 2015 it was awarded the Carbuncle Cup for the worst new building in the UK in the previous 12 months.[7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Ownership
2 Previous building
3 Design
4 Construction
5 Awards
6 Criticisms
6.1 Solar glare problem
6.2 Sky garden
6.3 Wind tunnel effect
7 Tenancy
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Ownership[edit]
In July 2017 the Hong Kong food company Lee Kum Kee Groups agreed to purchase the building from Land Securities and Canary Wharf Group for £1.3 billion.[2]
Previous building[edit]
The previous building on the site, as seen from the Monument
The previous building at 20 Fenchurch Street was 91 m (299 ft) tall with 25 storeys and was built in 1968 by Land Securities. The architect was William H. Rogers.[9]
The building was formerly occupied by Dresdner Kleinwort and was notable for being one of the first tall buildings in the City of London, and for its distinctive roof. It was one of the towers nearest to the River Thames when viewed from the southern end of London Bridge.
In 2007, one of the upper floors was used in the drama series Party Animals.
Demolition of the building was completed in 2008. Despite the top-down method of construction, it was not demolished from the bottom-up, as a temporary structure was built, allowing Keltbray, the demolition contractor, to demolish the building from the top down.
Design[edit]
The new tower at 20 Fenchurch Street was designed by Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly in a postmodern style[citation needed]. The top-heavy design is partly intended to maximise floor space towards the top of the building, where rent is typically higher.
The building uses double- and triple-glazed panelised aluminium cladding on its exterior.
The 'sky garden' at the top of the building was claimed to be London's highest public park, but since opening there have been debates about whether it can be described as a 'park', and whether it is truly 'public' given the access restrictions.[10] The garden spans the top three floors, which are accessible by two express lifts and include a large viewing area, terrace, bar and two restaurants. Fourteen double-deck lifts (seven low-rise up to the 20th floor, seven high-rise above the 20th floor) serve the main office floors of the building.
The south side of the structure is ventilated externally to improve efficiency and decrease solar gain, whilst the east and west faces incorporate extensive solar shading. There is a southern entrance in addition to the main northern entrance set back from Fenchurch Street.
Construction[edit]
In January 2009, Canary Wharf Contractors began piling on the site of 20 Fenchurch Street. Piling and ground works were completed in June 2009.[11]
In January 2011, work at the basement level of the tower began.[12] By the end of October 2011, the building was rising above street-level. December 2011 saw the tower's core begin to rise.[13][14] The concrete core was topped out in March 2012 and by July the structural steelwork was under way around the core. Structural steelwork topped out in December 2012.[15]
Fire protection contractor Sharpfibre Ltd began applying fire protection to the structural steelwork in December 2012, completing in March 2013. Cementitious spray was applied to the steelwork, which was supplied directly to the entire building using a purpose-built mixing and pumping station located on the ground floor.[16]
The building completed to shell and floor in April 2014 and the first tenants began moving into the building from May 2014 prior to final completion in August of that year.[17]
Awards[edit]
The building won the Carbuncle Cup in 2015, awarded by Building Design magazine to the worst new building in the UK during the previous year.[7][8][18] The chairman of the jury that decided the prize, Thomas Lane, said "it is a challenge finding anyone who has something positive to say about this building", whilst a town planner at the nearby Royal Town Planning Institute described the building as "a daily reminder never to let such a planning disaster ever happen again."[8]
Criticisms[edit]
Solar glare problem[edit]
During the building's construction, it was discovered that for a period of up to two hours each day if the sun shines directly onto the building, it acts as a concave mirror and focuses light onto the streets to the south.[19] Spot temperature readings at street-level including up to 91 °C (196 °F)[20] and 117 °C (243 °F) were observed[21] during summer 2013, when the reflection of a beam of light up to six times brighter than direct sunlight shining onto the streets beneath damaged parked vehicles,[22] including one on Eastcheap whose owner was paid £946 by the developers for repairs to melted bodywork. Temperatures in direct line with the reflection became so intense that a reporter for the newspaper City A.M. was able to fry an egg in a pan set out on the ground.[23] The reflection also burned or scorched the doormat of a shop in the affected area. The media responded by dubbing the building the "Walkie-Scorchie"[24][25][26] and "Fryscraper".[19][27][28]
In September 2013, the developers stated that the City of London Corporation had approved plans to erect temporary screening on the streets to prevent similar incidents, and that they were also "evaluating longer-term solutions to ensure the issue cannot recur in future".[19][29] In May 2014, it was announced that a permanent awning would be installed on the south side of the higher floors of the tower.[30]
The building's architect, Rafael Viñoly, also designed the Vdara hotel in Las Vegas which reportedly has a similar sunlight reflection problem that some employees called the "Vdara death ray".[31] The glass has since been covered with a non-reflective film.[32]
In an interview with The Guardian, Viñoly said that horizontal louvre windows on the south side that had been intended to prevent this problem were removed at some point during the planning process. While he conceded that there had been "a lot of mistakes" with the building, he agreed with the building's developers that the sun was too high in the sky on that particular day. "[I] didn't realise it was going to be so hot," he said, suggesting that global warming was at fault. "When I first came to London years ago, it wasn't like this ... Now you have all these sunny days."[32]
Sky garden[edit]
The 'sky garden' occupies the 34th to 37th storeys
The 'sky garden' has been criticised since opening for the tight restrictions and advance booking requirements placed on the visiting public, and for failing to meet pre-construction expectations of the extent and quality of the "garden". Oliver Wainright, architecture critic of The Guardian, described it as "a meagre pair of rockeries, in a space designed with all the finesse of a departure lounge".[8]
The City of London Corporation's former chief planner, Peter Rees, who approved the structure, said: "I think calling it a sky garden is perhaps misleading. If people [are] expecting to visit it as an alternative to Kew, then they will be disappointed."[33] In July 2015 it was reported that planners are to consider a landscape architect's alterations to the layout, following claims it is not consistent with illustrations submitted with the original planning application. The 'sky garden' was a key feature in sealing approval for the building, which is situated outside the main cluster of skyscrapers in the City.[34]
Wind tunnel effect[edit]
In July 2015 it was reported that the building has had an unexpected impact on wind strength at street-level. The City of London Corporation received an increased number of complaints about draughts around 20 Fenchurch Street following its completion.[35] The Corporation's head of design, Gwyn Richards, said: "The wind outcome at street level experienced post-construction on a number of projects differs somewhat to the conditions we were expecting from the one outlined in the planning application wind assessments."[36]
Tenancy[edit]
In June 2012 the insurer Markel Corporation signed a tenancy agreement with the developers to move into 20 Fenchurch Street upon its completion. Markel, previously based on Leadenhall Street, was the first confirmed tenant of the new tower and occupies the 25th to 27th floors.[37]
Another insurance company, Kiln Group, announced in September 2012 that it had agreed to become the building's second tenant[38] and Ascot Underwriting followed in November 2012.[39] Other insurance companies that have taken space in the building include RSA Group, Tokio Marine, CNA Financial, Allied World, Liberty Mutual's European operations, and Harry Townsend Corp.[40]
Other lettings have been agreed with Castleton Securities, Vanquis Bank, Jane Street Capital, DBRS, and lawyers DWF.[citation needed] Vinson & Elkins has signed a lease to take a floor of the building ahead of a summer 2015 move-in, meaning 98% of the available space is leased.[citation needed]
As of 2017 the ground floor is let for retail and the office space is fully let.[2]
See also[edit]
City of London landmarks
Plantation Place, a neighbouring office building
St Margaret Pattens, a neighbouring 17th-century church
Archimedes' heat ray
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Beioley, Kate (13 January 2014). "DWF to move into Walkie Talkie building". The Lawyer. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Butler, Sarah (27 July 2017). "London's Walkie Talkie building sold for record-breaking £1.3bn". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Schedule of areas". 20 Fenchurch Street. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Heathcote, Edwin (4 November 2011). "Points on views". Financial Times. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "20 Fenchurch Street Opens". Skyscrapernews.com. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Land Securities (July 2007). "LAND SECURITIES' 20 FENCHURCH STREET TOWER APPROVED" (PDF). Land Securities Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Lane, Thomas (2 September 2015). "Carbuncle Cup 2015 winner announced". Building Design. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wainwright, Oliver (2 September 2015). "Carbuncle Cup: Walkie Talkie wins prize for worst building of the year". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Times Online (September 2008). "William Rogers: architect of groundbreaking office towers". London: Times Newspapers, Ltd. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Lizzie Edmonds and Jonathan Prynn (12 January 2015). "Walkie Talkie park opens amid row over public access". London Evening Standard.
Jump up ^ Klettner, Andrea (19 October 2010). "Construction to start immediately on Viñoly's Walkie-Talkie". Building Design. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Construction of Walkie-Talkie Tower Begins". Londonist. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6108/6289438745_57da31881a_b.jpg
Jump up ^ http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6103/6315754111_50ce6d10e3_b.jpg
Jump up ^ Wainwright, Oliver (12 December 2012). "The Walkie-Talkie: battle of the bulge on Fenchurch Street". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sharpfibre Walks The Talk And Delivers on Time". Sharpfibre. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "20 Fenchurch Street, EC3 – List of major London properties – Land Securities".
Jump up ^ "London's Walkie Talkie judged UK's worst building". BBC News. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sherwin, Adam (2 September 2013). "Walkie Talkie City skyscraper renamed Walkie Scorchie after beam of light melts Jaguar car parked beneath it". The Independent.
Jump up ^ "Who, what, why: How does a skyscraper melt a car?". BBC. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "London's 'fryscaper' draws crowd on hottest day". Mississauga.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Smith-Spark, Laura (3 September 2013). "Reflected light from London skyscraper melts car". CNN. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ World News (3 September 2013). "Man Fries Egg in London Skyscraper Heat". YouTube.
Jump up ^ Jefford, Kasmira; Waterson, James (28 August 2013). "Walkie Talkie building scorches Londoners". CITY A.M.
Jump up ^ Waterson, James (2 September 2013). "Exclusive: Walkie Scorchie melted my Jag". CITY A.M.
Jump up ^ "London Walkie-Scorchie Skyscraper Cost-Cutting Blamed for Car-Melting, Egg-Frying Reflected Sunbeams". International Business Times. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Marsden, Sam (2 September 2013). "Glare from Walkie-Talkie skyscraper 'damaged vehicles'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Spillane, Chris (4 September 2013). "London's Walkie-Talkie 'Fryscraper' Draws Crowds in Heat". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Walkie-Talkie skyscraper to have screen put up to stop rays". BBC News. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Antonia Molloy (15 May 2014). "Walkie Talkie skyscraper to be fitted with permanent sunshade after it". The Independent.
Jump up ^ "'Death ray' at Vegas hotel pool heats up guests". MSNBC. 30 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Wainwright, Oliver (6 September 2013). "Walkie Talkie architect 'didn't realise it was going to be so hot'". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Walkie Talkie skyscraper's public garden opens amid criticism". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "More woes for Walkie Talkie – Sky Garden not built to plans". Architects Journal.
Jump up ^ Oli Smith. "London's new Walkie Talkie skyscraper boom causes wind tunnel chaos for City Workers – UK – News – Daily Express". Daily Express.
Jump up ^ "Walkie Talkie skyscraper blamed for creating wind tunnel on the street". The Daily Telegraph. 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Markel moves to Walkie Talkie in 2014". Journalism.co.uk. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Buckley, James (14 September 2012). "LandSec/Canary confirm Kiln letting at Walkie Talkie". CoStar UK. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Insurer Amlin rents space in the Cheesegrater". The Telegraph. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Research & Forecast Report". Colliers International. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
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Earth's rotation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the duration of daylight and night, see Daytime and Night.
An animation of Earth's rotation around the planet's axis
This long-exposure photo of the northern night sky over the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates.
Earth's rotation is the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion. As viewed from the north pole star Polaris, Earth turns counter clockwise.
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from Earth's North Magnetic Pole. The South Pole is the other point where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in Antarctica.
Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago,[1] slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Empirical tests
2 Rotation period
2.1 True solar day
2.2 Mean solar day
2.3 Stellar and sidereal day
2.4 Angular speed
3 Changes in rotation
3.1 Change in rotational axis
3.2 Change in rotational velocity
3.2.1 Tidal interactions
3.2.2 Resonant stabilization
3.2.3 Global events
3.3 Measurement
3.4 Ancient observations
4 Origin
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Among the ancient Greeks, several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the first was Philolaus (470–385 BCE), though his system was complicated, including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire.[3]
A more conventional picture was that supported by Hicetas, Heraclides and Ecphantus in the fourth century BCE who assumed that the earth rotated but did not suggest that the earth revolved about the sun. In the third century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos suggested the sun's central place.
However, Aristotle in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation. He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about the earth.[4] This was accepted by most of those who came after, in particular Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE), who thought the earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated.[5]
In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata wrote that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth. He provided the following analogy: "Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite direction, in the same way to a man at Lanka the fixed stars appear to be going westward."[6][7]
In the 10th century, some Muslim astronomers accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis.[8] According to al-Biruni, Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi (d. circa 1020) invented an astrolabe called al-zūraqī based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement and not to that of the sky."[9][10] The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states: "According to the geometers [or engineers] (muhandisīn), the earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars."[9] Treatises were written to discuss its possibility, either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy's arguments against it.[11] At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories, the Earth's rotation was discussed by Tusi (b. 1201) and Qushji (b. 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus.[12]
In medieval Europe, Thomas Aquinas accepted Aristotle's view[13] and so, reluctantly, did John Buridan[14] and Nicole Oresme[15] in the fourteenth century. Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of earth's rotation begin to be established. Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of the earth is violent, then the movement of the stars must be very much more so. He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion. For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun.[16]
Tycho Brahe, who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based his laws, used Copernicus's work as the basis of a system assuming a stationary earth. In 1600, William Gilbert strongly supported the earth's rotation in his treatise on the earth's magnetism[17] and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries.[18] Those like Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of the earth about the sun are often called "semi-Copernicans".[19] A century after Copernicus, Riccioli disputed the model of a rotating earth due to the lack of then-observable eastward deflections in falling bodies;[20] such deflections would later be called the Coriolis effect. However, the contributions of Kepler, Galileo and Newton gathered support for the theory of the rotation of the Earth.
Empirical tests[edit]
The earth's rotation implies that the equator bulges and the poles are flattened. In his Principia, Newton predicted this flattening would occur in the ratio of 1:230, and pointed to the 1673 pendulum measurements by Richer as corroboration of the change in gravity,[21] but initial measurements of meridian lengths by Picard and Cassini at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite. However measurements by Maupertuis and the French Geodesic Mission in the 1730s established the flattening, thus confirming both Newton and the Copernican position.[22]
In the Earth's rotating frame of reference, a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference. Because of the Coriolis effect, falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release, and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere (and left in the southern) from the direction in which they are shot. The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale, where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of cyclones in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Hooke, following a 1679 suggestion from Newton, tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of 8.2 meters, but definitive results were only obtained later, in the late 18th and early 19th century, by Giovanni Battista Guglielmini in Bologna, Johann Friedrich Benzenberg in Hamburg and Ferdinand Reich in Freiberg, using taller towers and carefully released weights.[n 1] A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m (520 ft) departed by 27.4 mm (1.08 in) from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm (1.11 in).
The most celebrated test of Earth's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended 67 m from the top of the Panthéon in Paris. Because of the Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about 11 degrees clockwise per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world.
Rotation period [edit]
Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at ESO's La Silla Observatory.[23]
True solar day[edit]
Main article: Solar time
Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun (solar noon to solar noon) is its true solar day or apparent solar day. It depends on the Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth's orbit. Both vary over thousands of years, so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies. Generally, it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two.[n 2] The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual, taking about 10 seconds longer to do so. Conversely, it is about 10 seconds shorter near aphelion. It is about 20 seconds longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual. Conversely, near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about 20 seconds. Currently, the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near 22 December by 30 mean solar seconds, but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near 19 June when it is only 13 seconds longer. The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near 26 March and 16 September by 18 seconds and 21 seconds, respectively.[24][25][26]
Mean solar day[edit]
Main article: Mean solar day
The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the mean solar day, which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds. Currently, each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal friction. The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds.[27][28][29] Random fluctuations due to core-mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms.[30][31] The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by Simon Newcomb as the independent unit of time in his Tables of the Sun. These tables were used to calculate the world's ephemerides between 1900 and 1983, so this second became known as the ephemeris second. In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second.[32]
The apparent solar time is a measure of the Earth's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the equation of time.
Stellar and sidereal day[edit]
On a prograde planet like the Earth, the stellar day is shorter than the solar day. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360° and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day).
Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.098 903 691 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.098 903 691s, 0.997 269 663 237 16 mean solar days).[33][n 3] Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, named sidereal day, is 86,164.090 530 832 88 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.090 530 832 88s, 0.997 269 566 329 08 mean solar days).[33] Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.[35]
Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about 3 minutes 56 seconds. The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005[36] and 1962–2005.[37]
Recently (1999–2010) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between 0.25 ms and 1 ms, which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds (see Fluctuations in the length of day).
Angular speed[edit]
Plot of latitude vs tangential speed. The dashed line shows that the Kennedy Space Center example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed.
The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is (7.2921150 ± 0.0000001) ×10−5 radians per SI second (mean solar second).[33] Multiplying by (180°/π radians)×(86,400 seconds/mean solar day) yields 360.9856°/mean solar day, indicating that Earth rotates more than 360° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun.[n 4] Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of 6,378,137 m (WGS84 ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of 465.1 m/s (1,526 ft/s), or 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph).[38] Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or 1,669.8 km/h.[39] This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by 24 hours. However, the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day, 1.002 737 909 350 795,[33] which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km/h.
The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude.[40] For example, the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos 28.59° × 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph; 465.1 m/s) = 1,470.23 km/h (913.56 mph; 408.40 m/s)
Changes in rotation[edit]
Main articles: Fluctuations in the length of day and ΔT
Earth's axial tilt is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing.
Change in rotational axis[edit]
The Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to the Earth's crust; this is called polar motion.
Precession is a rotation of the Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble.
Change in rotational velocity[edit]
Tidal interactions[edit]
Over millions of years, the Earth's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon. In this process, angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to r − 6 {\displaystyle r^{-6}} , where r {\displaystyle r} is the orbital radius of the Moon. This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with the Earth.
This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented with estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of tidal rhythmites and stromatolites; a compilation of these measurements[41] found the length of day to increase steadily from about 21 hours at 600Myr ago[42] to the current 24 hour value. By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides, tidal frequencies (and thus day lengths) can be estimated, much like counting tree rings, though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages.[43]
Resonant stabilization[edit]
The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high, implying the Earth's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past. Empirical data[41] tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600Myr ago. Some models suggest that the Earth maintained a constant day length of 21 hours throughout much of the Precambrian.[42] This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal resonant period of the thermally-driven atmospheric tide; at this day length, the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide, resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period. This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature. Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations broke this stable configuration about 600Myr ago, citing the resemblance of simulated results and existing paleorotational data.[44]
Deviation of day length from SI based day
Global events[edit]
Additionally, some large-scale events, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, have caused the length of a day to shorten by 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth's moment of inertia.[45] Post-glacial rebound, ongoing since the last Ice age, is also changing the distribution of the Earth's mass thus affecting the moment of inertia of the Earth and, by the conservation of angular momentum, the Earth's rotation period.[46]
Measurement[edit]
The primary monitoring of the Earth's rotation is performed with very-long-baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System, satellite laser ranging, and other satellite techniques. This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time, precession, and nutation.[47]
Ancient observations[edit]
There are recorded observations of solar and lunar eclipses by Babylonian and Chinese astronomers beginning in the 8th century BCE, as well as from the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere. These observations can be used to determine changes in the Earth's rotation over the last 27 centuries, since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and time of eclipses. A change in day length of milliseconds per century shows up as a change of hours and thousands of kilometers in eclipse observations. The ancient data is consistent with a shorter day, meaning the Earth was turning faster throughout the past.[48][49]
Origin[edit]
An artist's rendering of the protoplanetary disk.
The Earth's original rotation was a vestige of the original angular momentum of the cloud of dust, rocks, and gas that coalesced to form the Solar System. This primordial cloud was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang, as well as heavier elements ejected by supernovas. As this interstellar dust is heterogeneous, any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet.[50]
However, if the giant-impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon is correct, this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the Theia impact 4.5 billion years ago. Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth's rotation before the impact, it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact.[51] Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value.
See also[edit]
Allais effect
Axial precession
Diurnal cycle
Earth's orbit
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Geodesic (in mathematics)
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesy
Giant-impact hypothesis
History of Earth
History of geodesy, Space techniques
List of important publications in geology
Newcomb's Tables of the Sun
Nychthemeron
Spherical Earth
World Geodetic System
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation (German Wikipedia article).
Jump up ^ When Earth's eccentricity exceeds 0.047 and perihelion is at an appropriate equinox or solstice, only one period with one peak balances another period that has two peaks.[24]
Jump up ^ Aoki, the ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".[34]
Jump up ^ In astronomy, unlike geometry, 360° means returning to the same point in some cyclical time scale, either one mean solar day or one sidereal day for rotation on Earth's axis, or one sidereal year or one mean tropical year or even one mean Julian year containing exactly 365.25 days for revolution around the Sun.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCarthy; Kenneth P. Seidelmann (18 September 2009). Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-3-527-62795-0.
Jump up ^ Stephenson, F. Richard (2003). "Historical eclipses and Earth's rotation". Astronomy & Geophysics. 44 (2). pp. 2.22–2.27. Bibcode:2003A&G....44b..22S. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44222.x.
Jump up ^ Burch, George Bosworth (1954). "The Counter-Earth". Osiris. 11: 267–294. doi:10.1086/368583. JSTOR 301675.
Jump up ^ Aristotle. Of the Heavens. Book II, Ch 13. 1.
Jump up ^ Ptolemy. Almagest Book I, Chapter 8.
Jump up ^ http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_51.pdf
Jump up ^ Kim Plofker (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-691-12067-6.
Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani (1973). "Cosmology and Religion in Islam". Scientia/Rivista di Scienza. 108 (67): 762.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, M. J. L., ed. (2 November 2006). Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 413. ISBN 9780521028875.
Jump up ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1 January 1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. SUNY Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781438414195.
Jump up ^ Ragep, Sally P. (2007). "Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā". In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 570–2. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
Jump up ^ Ragep, F. Jamil (2001a), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context, Cambridge University Press, 14 (1–2): 145–163, doi:10.1017/s0269889701000060
Jump up ^ Aquinas, Thomas. Commentaria in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo. Lib II, cap XIV. trans in Grant, Edward, ed. (1974). A Source Book in Medieval Science. Harvard University Press. pages 496–500
Jump up ^ Buridan, John (1942). Quaestiones super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo. pp. 226–232. in Grant 1974, pp. 500–503
Jump up ^ Oresme, Nicole. Le livre du ciel et du monde. pp. 519–539. in Grant 1974, pp. 503–510
Jump up ^ Copernicus, Nicolas. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Book I, Chap 5–8.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, William. De Magnete, On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth. pp. 313–347.
Jump up ^ Russell, John L. "Copernican System in Great Britain". In J. Dobrzycki. The Reception of Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory. p. 208.
Jump up ^ J. Dobrzycki 1972, p. 221
Jump up ^ Almagestum novum, chapter nine, cited in Graney, Christopher M. (2012). "126 arguments concerning the motion of the earth. GIOVANNI BATTISTA RICCIOLI in his 1651 ALMAGESTUM NOVUM" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. volume 43, pages 215–226.
Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac (1846). Newton's Principia. Translated by A. Motte. p. 412.
Jump up ^ Shank, J. B. (2008). The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment. U of Chicago Press. pp. 324, 355.
Jump up ^ "Starry Spin-up". Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean Meeus; J. M. A. Danby (January 1997). Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Willmann-Bell. pp. 345–346. ISBN 978-0-943396-51-4.
Jump up ^ Equation of time in red and true solar day in blue
Jump up ^ The duration of the true solar day
Jump up ^ http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eoppc/eop/eopc04_05/eopc04.62-now
Jump up ^ Physical basis of leap seconds
Jump up ^ Leap seconds Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Prediction of Universal Time and LOD Variations
Jump up ^ R. Hide et al., "Topographic core-mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth's rotation" 1993.
Jump up ^ Leap seconds by USNO Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d IERS EOP Useful constants
Jump up ^ Aoki, et al., "The new definition of Universal Time", Astronomy and Astrophysics 105 (1982) 359–361.
Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, ed. P. Kenneth Seidelmann, Mill Valley, Cal., University Science Books, 1992, p.48, ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Jump up ^ IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86,400s … since 1623 Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Graph at end.
Jump up ^ IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962–2005
Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox, ed., Allen's Astrophysical Quantities p.244.
Jump up ^ Michael E. Bakich, The Cambridge planetary handbook, p.50.
Jump up ^ Butterworth & Palmer. "Speed of the turning of the Earth". Ask an Astrophysicist. NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, George E. (1 February 2000). "Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit". Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (1): 37–59. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38...37W. doi:10.1029/1999RG900016. ISSN 1944-9208.
^ Jump up to: a b Zahnle, K.; Walker, J. C. (1 January 1987). "A constant daylength during the Precambrian era?". Precambrian Research. 37: 95–105. Bibcode:1987PreR...37...95Z. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(87)90073-8. ISSN 0301-9268. PMID 11542096.
Jump up ^ Scrutton, C. T. (1 January 1978). Brosche, Professor Dr Peter; Sündermann, Professor Dr Jürgen, eds. Periodic Growth Features in Fossil Organisms and the Length of the Day and Month. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 154–196. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67097-8_12. ISBN 9783540090465.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Benjamin C.; Stevenson, David J. (1 January 2016). "Analysis of a Precambrian resonance-stabilized day length". Geophysical Research Letters: 2016GL068912. arXiv:1502.01421  . Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.5716B. doi:10.1002/2016GL068912. ISSN 1944-8007.
Jump up ^ Sumatran earthquake sped up Earth's rotation, Nature, 30 December 2004.
Jump up ^ Wu, P.; W.R.Peltier (1984). "Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth's rotation: a new analysis". Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 76 (3): 753–792. Bibcode:1984GeoJ...76..753W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01920.x.
Jump up ^ Permanent monitoring
Jump up ^ Sid Perkins (6 December 2016). "Ancient eclipses show Earth's rotation is slowing". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aa10469.
Jump up ^ FR Stephenson; LV Morrison; CY Hohonkerk (7 December 2016). "Measurement of the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 (2196). Bibcode:2016RSPSA.47260404S. doi:10.1098/rspa.2016.0404.
Jump up ^ "Why do planets rotate?". Ask an Astronomer.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, D. J. (1987). "Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 15 (1): 271–315. Bibcode:1987AREPS..15..271S. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415.
External links[edit]
USNO Earth Orientation new site, being populated
USNO IERS old site, to be abandoned
IERS Earth Orientation Center: Earth rotation data and interactive analysis
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
If the Earth's rotation period is less than 24 hours, why don't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun?
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Clarke Griffin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Clarke Griffin
The 100 trilogy (novel)
The 100 (television)
character
Eliza Taylor as Clarke Griffin in the television series The 100.
First appearance
Novels
The 100 (Book #1)
September 3, 2013
Television
"Pilot" (1.01)
March 19, 2014
Last appearance
Novels
The 100: Rebellion (Book #4)
December 6, 2016
Created by
Kass Morgan
Jason Rothenberg
Portrayed by
Eliza Taylor
Information
Aliases
Prisoner 319
Television
Wanheda ("Commander of Death")
Klark kom Skaikru ("Clarke of the Skypeople")
Species
Human
Gender
Female
Occupation
Co-leader of The 100
Medical student (formerly)
Family
Novels
Dr. David Griffin (father)
Dr. Mary Griffin (mother)
Television
Jake Griffin (father)
Dr. Abigail "Abby" Griffin (mother)
Significant other(s)
Novels
Wells Jaha
Bellamy Blake
Television
Finn Collins
Lexa
Niylah
Clarke Griffin is a fictional character from the American post apocalyptic young adult science fiction novel series by Kass Morgan, The 100, and television series The 100 on The CW. Clarke is one of the main characters in both the trilogy and the television series, where she is portrayed by Eliza Taylor. She first appears in Morgan's first novel, The 100, and later in the pilot episode of the television series, as a prisoner on a space colony charged with treason. Clarke was one of the original hundred delinquents sent down to Earth to test if it was inhabitable again after a nuclear apocalypse destroyed it a long period prior.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character
1.1 Novels
1.2 Television
1.2.1 Background
1.2.2 Storyline
2 Reception
3 References
Character[edit]
Novels[edit]
Clarke Griffin was born and raised in a space colony above Earth to Dr. David and Mary Griffin. She is a medical student who hopes to follow her parents’ footsteps as a physician, taught by the Council's chief medical adviser Dr. Lahiri. She is also in a relationship with the colony's Chancellor’s son, Wells Jaha. Clarke discovers that her parents are conducting illegal experiments on children under threat of the corrupt Vice Chancellor Rhodes. She confides in Wells, who despite swearing his secrecy, tells his father, hoping to save the Griffins from Rhodes. However, due to the lack of evidence of Rhodes’ involvement, the Griffins are arrested, which also ends Clarke’s relationship with Wells; Clarke assumes that her parents are executed following their arrest, leading her to hate Wells.
Two years later, the Colony decides to send one hundred of its teenage prisoners to investigate whether Earth is habitable. Among the one hundred are Clarke, Wells, Octavia Blake, her older brother Bellamy Blake, and Clarke's friend, Thalia. After arriving on Earth, Clarke and Bellamy become attracted to each other and eventually develop a romantic relationship while co-leading the 100 with Wells.
Eventually, someone sets fires on the camp they are at, ultimately they discover that they are not alone on Earth. The 100 captured an Earth-born girl, Sasha Walgrove, and she reveals there are people from the Colony who arrived before the 100. Clarke eventually meets Sasha’s father, Max, who is a leader of an underground colony underneath the ruins of Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center. Max reveals that he helped Clarke’s parents two years ago, giving her hope that they are still alive. She also discovers that Wells and Bellamy are paternal half-brothers after Wells realizes that Bellamy is his father's secret son from a previous relationship.
After drop ships from the Colony arrive, Vice Chancellor Rhodes attempts to take control over the community Clarke built with Bellamy and Wells on Earth. With Sasha's help, Clarke, Wells and Bellamy escaped, but Sasha is killed when she tries to help Octavia. As Mount Weather’s and Rhodes’ forces battle, Clarke, Bellamy and Wells are captured during the initial exchange, but their allies defeat and capture Rhodes before he can execute the trio.
During Sasha's funeral, Clarke reunites with her parents and reconcile with Wells since her parents are actually alive, but will not resume their past relationship because she is now in love with Bellamy, whom she felt happier to be with than when she was with Wells.
Television[edit]
This section needs an improved plot summary. (January 2016)
Background[edit]
Clarke was born in the year of 2131 and raised on the Ark to Jake and Abigail Griffin. Before her imprisonment, Clarke's father discovered that the Ark space station was running out of oxygen, and had an estimated 6 months worth left. He shared this information with Clarke and planned on going public with the information, only to have Abigail report him to the Chancellor in fears it might scare the public after the Chancellor ordered him not to. He was later 'floated', an act in which he is put in an airlock room and the oxygen is released, thus killing him. Clarke acting as an accomplice was imprisoned for treason instead of being 'floated', because she was under the age of 18. Because of her status of prisoner she was considered to be expendable by the council and was volunteered by her mother to be sent down to Earth to test the air to see if it was livable again with 98 other delinquents. Bellamy Blake acting as a guard, snuck onto the drop ship.
Storyline[edit]
In the first season, Clarke and the other 98 delinquents are sent down in an exodus ship which crash lands after Earth's atmosphere cuts all communication and nearly fries the ship. After the ship lands Clarke soon realizes that they landed in the wrong location. They were originally aimed for the Mount Weather complex, a quarantine zone that had food and supplies, only to find out that they were dropped on the wrong mountain.
In 2015, it was confirmed that Clarke is bisexual, making her the first lead character to be LGBT on The CW and making her the first bisexual lead on network television (in reference to the five major networks, ABC, CBS, NBC, The CW and Fox).[1][2][3]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
The character of Clarke Griffin has received extremely positive praise with some describing her as the "heart and drive" of the show.[4] Clarke was placed in Buzzfeed's "29 amazingly Badass Female characters of 2015[5] and third on Tell-Tale's 5 "TV Heroes Who Crushed It" in 2015.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CW's 'The 100' Reveals LGBT Lead Character". TheWrap. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 100 2x14 Review: Bodyguard of Lies - The Geekiary". The Geekiary. February 26, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Will The CW Have Its First Bisexual Lead Hero? –". Pop Insomniacs. February 25, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Rise and Reign of Clarke Griffin: The 100 Character Spotlight". SciFi Mafia. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "29 Amazingly Badass Female TV Characters". BuzzFeed. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "5 TV Heroes That Totally Crushed It in 2015". Tell-Tale TV. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarke_Griffin&oldid=838189376"
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