text:
Blue Bell Creameries
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Blue Bell Creameries
Type
Private
Industry
Ice cream
Founded
Brenham, Texas, U.S.
(1907; 111 years ago (1907))
Headquarters
Brenham, Texas
Key people
Ricky Dickson, President[1]
Revenue
Estimated US$680 million (2014)[2]
Website
bluebell.com
Blue Bell Creameries is an American food company that manufactures ice cream. It was founded in 1907 in Brenham, Texas. For much of its early history, the company manufactured both ice cream and butter locally. In the mid-20th century, it abandoned butter production and expanded to the entire state of Texas and soon much of the Southern United States. The company's corporate headquarters are located at the "Little Creamery" in Brenham, Texas.[3] Since 1919, it has been in the hands of the Kruse family. Despite being sold in a limited number of states, as of 2015 Blue Bell is the fourth highest-selling ice cream brand in the United States as a whole.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Operations
3 Products
4 2015 Listeriosis outbreak
4.1 Return
4.2 Justice Department investigation
5 See also
6 Further reading
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
A restored delivery truck at the Brenham factory.
The company has its roots in the Brenham Creamery Company, which opened in 1907 to purchase excess cream from local dairy farmers and sell butter to people in Brenham, Texas, a town situated approximately 70 miles northwest of Houston. In 1911, the creamery began to produce small quantities of ice cream.[4]
By 1919, the Creamery was in financial trouble and considered closing its doors. The board of directors hired E.F. Kruse, a 23-year-old former schoolteacher, to take over the company on April 1, 1919. Kruse refused to accept a salary for his first few months in the position so that the company would not be placed in further debt.[5] Under his leadership, the company expanded its production of ice cream to the surrounding Brenham area and soon became profitable. At his suggestion, the company was renamed Blue Bell Creameries in 1930 after the Texas Bluebell, a wildflower native to Texas, and which like ice cream thrives during the summer.[3][4]
Until 1936, the creamery made ice cream by the batch. It could create a 10-US-gallon (38 L) batch of ice cream every 20 minutes. That same year, in 1936, the company purchased its first continuous ice cream freezer, which could make 80 US gallons (300 L) of ice cream per hour. The ice cream would run through a spigot, allowing it to be poured into any size container.[6]
Kruse was diagnosed with cancer in 1951 and died within 8 weeks. His sons Ed and Howard took over leadership of the company. By the 1960s, the company completely abandoned the production of butter and began focusing solely on ice cream. After many years of selling ice cream only in Brenham, the company began selling its ice cream in the Houston area, eventually expanding throughout most of Texas including the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and the state capital of Austin. By the end of the 1970s, sales had quadrupled, and by 1980 the creamery was producing over 10 million gallons (37,850,000 liters) of ice cream per year, earning $30 million annually.[7]
In 1989, Blue Bell began selling its ice cream in Oklahoma, and throughout the 1990s expansion pushed throughout the South Central and Southern United States, eventually expanding out to New Orleans and Jackson, Mississippi. In 1992, Blue Bell built a new manufacturing facility in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma.[3] Four years later, in 1996, Blue Bell opened a third manufacturing facility opened in Sylacauga, Alabama, east of Birmingham, and eventually expanded into Atlanta and Miami. Once Blue Bell establishes itself within a market, word-of-mouth usually ensures that consumers in adjacent areas become aware of the brand. Blue Bell has been slow to expand: company executives say they thoroughly research each new market and ensure that all employees in the new markets are fully trained in Blue Bell practices so that product quality can be upheld.[8] Blue Bell often tends to expand to markets during March each year, expanding to Colorado on March 14, 2011, followed by the Richmond and Hampton Roads areas of Virginia in 2013, and Las Vegas in 2014.[9][10] These expansions are accompanied with the purchase and/or construction of distribution centers in new markets that serve areas within a 75-mile radius.
In 2015, Blue Bell issued a series of recalls that eventually shut down production and led to all of its products being recalled on April 20, culminating in job cuts and furloughs (as well as the reduction of its 23-state sales territory) resulting from the shutdown the following May. In conjunction with factory cleanup procedures and agreements with state and federal authorities, the company returned to production three months later on a limited basis, returning its products to the market on August 31 in portions of Texas and Alabama as part of a five-phase plan to return to much of its pre-recall distribution territory, which has been reduced to 20 states based on Blue Bell's limited distribution capabilities in the near term.
Operations[edit]
The Blue Bell factory in Brenham
As of 2015, the company operated three manufacturing facilities, with the largest facility in Brenham, and auxiliary facilities in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, and Sylacauga, Alabama. Before the 2015 recalls, there were 50 sales and distribution centers, known as branches, spread throughout its 23-state market. These facilities employed a combined 2,800 employees, with 850 of the employees working out of Brenham. In 2006, annual sales exceeded $400 million.[11]
Blue Bell retains control over all aspects of its business, primarily to ensure quality control and the use of the freshest ingredients available.[8] The Kruses claim "the milk we use is so fresh it was grass only yesterday."[12] The company uses milk from approximately 60,000 cows each day, and the cream used during each day's production run is always less than 24 hours old. All production and packaging takes place within Blue Bell facilities, which are able to produce over 100 pints per minute.[12][13] Drivers of delivery vehicles personally stock store shelves so they can ensure it is handled properly.[6]
According to figures gathered by Statista, a market data and statistics portal, while combined private labels sold more, in 2014 Blue Bell was the best-selling ice cream brand in the United States.[14] The sales area is primarily concentrated in the Southern United States, and has been sold as far west as Las Vegas, as far north as Indianapolis and Denver, and as far east as Richmond, Virginia. Overall, this area comprises only 20% of the United States.[15] By comparison, each of Blue Bell's top four competitors sells its products in over 86% of the United States. To become one of the three biggest ice cream manufacturers, Blue Bell has consistently been the top seller in the majority of the markets the company has entered.[8] For example, in its home state of Texas, the company has a 52% market share.[16] Within five months of its entry into Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the company had garnered 35% of the ice cream market.[17] People living outside the sales area can have the ice cream shipped to them (although this has temporarily been halted while the company is ramping up production after the recalls), and former President George W. Bush (a former Governor of Texas) often had the ice cream shipped to Camp David during his administration.[18] In 2006 and 2012, astronauts aboard the International Space Station were also treated to Blue Bell ice cream "to help out (the crew's) happiness quotient."[19]
Products[edit]
Blue Bell shop at George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Blue Bell produces over 250 different frozen products. Of these, 66 are flavors of ice cream. Twenty of the flavors are offered year-round, while an additional two to three dozen are offered seasonally.[20] In addition to ice cream, the company produces frozen yogurt, sherbet, and an array of frozen treats on a stick.[20] Unlike competitors which have reduced their standard containers to 48-56 fluid ounces (1.42-1.66 L), Blue Bell continues to sell true half-gallon (64 fl oz/1.89 L) containers, a fact it mentions prominently in its advertising.[21]
Blue Bell introduced its flagship flavor, Homemade Vanilla, in 1969[3] and was the first company to mass-produce the flavor Cookies 'n Cream.[22] Although the company at one time made Cookies 'n Cream from Nabisco's Oreo cookies, buying ordinary retail packages, today it bakes its own cookies.[12] As of 1997, Blue Bell Homemade Vanilla was the best-selling single flavor of ice cream in the United States,[6] and in 2001, Forbes named Blue Bell the best ice cream in the country.[23]
R.W. Apple, Jr., of The New York Times claimed in 2006 that "[w]ith clean, vibrant flavors and a rich, luxuriant consistency achieved despite a butterfat content a little lower than some competitors, it hooks you from the first spoonful. Entirely and blessedly absent are the cloying sweetness, chalky texture, and oily, gummy aftertaste that afflict many mass-manufactured ice creams."[12]
Occasionally, when Blue Bell enters a market the company marks the occasion with the introduction of a regional flavor within that market. For example, when it entered Colorado on March 14, 2011, Blue Bell introduced a new flavor exclusive to Colorado, Rocky Mountain Road, made with more premium ingredients (including chocolate-covered nuts and a marshmallow swirl) compared to its year-round Rocky Road. While the test market was in the Denver metropolitan area, there was speculation that the rest of the state would soon see Blue Bell on store shelves.[24] Eventually, this flavor would be distributed to Blue Bell's entire sales territory.
2015 Listeriosis outbreak[edit]
In 2015, Blue Bell issued its first recall in its 108-year history. The recall was issued on an assortment of items produced at its creameries, due to the discovery of five cases of listeriosis in Kansas believed to be caused by products produced at its creamery in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma.[25] Three of the five patients with listeria died.[26]
Despite a series of subsequent recalls, and the temporary shutdown of its Broken Arrow plant, "an enhanced sampling program" launched by Blue Bell produced "several positive tests for Listeria in different places and plants", including three further cases in Texas.[27] As a result, on the evening of April 20, 2015 the company took precautionary measures and expanded its recall to cover all of its products—a recall of over eight million gallons, to be disposed of in a sanitary landfill.[28][29]
At the same time, the company shut down production and commenced cleanup and repair operations at its manufacturing facilities. The FDA found that the company failed to follow standard practices to prevent contamination; two years prior to the recalls, the company "repeatedly found listeria" in its Broken Arrow facility.[30] At its main production facility in Brenham, one of its production machines (which produced most of the recalled products) was so contaminated that Blue Bell announced it would permanently stop using the machine, and condensation was also reported in parts of the Brenham facility.[31]
Although a spokeswoman for Blue Bell had previously demurred on the subject of job losses,[32] on May 15, Blue Bell announced a series of job cuts and furloughs.[33] 1,450 (or 37 percent) of the company's employees would be laid off, while another 1,400 employees were furloughed until cleanup/repair operations concluded, and the remaining 1,050 involved in essential operations and cleanup/repair operations had wage reductions imposed on them.[34]
In addition, due to limited supply and distribution capabilities expected in the near term, Blue Bell announced it would suspend operations at 15 of its over 50 distribution centers indefinitely, though it has not ruled out returning to these markets eventually.[35] The affected distribution centers included:
Phoenix, Arizona (2 branches)
Tucson, Arizona
Denver, Colorado
Indianapolis, Indiana
Kansas City, Kansas
Wichita, Kansas
Louisville, Kentucky
Las Vegas, Nevada
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Charlotte, North Carolina
Raleigh, North Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
Richmond, Virginia
Suffolk, Virginia (Hampton Roads area)
The recalls were so severe that they threatened to shut down the company; executives warned shareholders that they faced a "capital crisis."[30] On July 14, 2015, Sid Bass, a prominent Texas investor, became a partner and investor with the company; Blue Bell secured a $125 million loan to continue operations.[36] Around the same time, Blue Bell's plant in Sylacauga, Alabama resumed production, creating test batches as part of a "test and hold" procedure in which ice cream is not packaged for sale until the batch tests negative for all strains of bacteria including the strain of listeria responsible for the aforementioned recalls.
Return[edit]
On August 17, 2015, Blue Bell announced a five-phase plan to return to store shelves:[37]
Phase 1: Houston and Austin areas of Texas, plus Birmingham and Montgomery areas of Alabama (near the company's Sylacauga facility).
Phase 2: North central Texas (Dallas-Fort Worth) and southern Oklahoma including Tulsa (near the company's Broken Arrow facility).
Phase 3: Southwest Texas (San Antonio) and central Oklahoma including Oklahoma City.
Phase 4: Majority of Texas plus southern Louisiana including Baton Rouge and New Orleans.
Phase 5: Remainder of Texas, Alabama, Oklahoma and Louisiana, plus all of Arkansas, Florida and Mississippi and parts of Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
Even in those states where Blue Bell plans to return, it will not necessarily return to all of its pre-recall markets by the final phase. However these markets, including Charlotte, Kansas City, Louisville, Phoenix and Richmond, may be added in the future based on whether or not Blue Bell can effectively service these areas.
Phase 1 began on August 31, 2015. Phase 2 began in November, 2015. A month later phases 3 and 4 began.
The day following its initial rollout, September 1, Blue Bell resumed production at its Broken Arrow, Oklahoma facility.[38]
On January 28, 2016, the company resumed distribution to large portions of the Southeastern US.[39]
In March 2018, the company began distribution to much of Indiana, midsection of Kentucky & northern New Mexico.
Justice Department investigation[edit]
External video
"Department of Justice investigating Blue Bell Listeria outbreak". CBS Evening News report dated December 29, 2015, outlining the United States Department of Justice investigation into Blue Bell Creameries.
In December 2015, CBS Evening News reported that the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) had launched a federal criminal investigation into Blue Bell Creameries, to determine "what exactly Blue Bell executives knew about the contaminations and unsanitary conditions, when they knew, and what they did in response".[40][41][42][43] The investigation, by the DOJ's Consumer Protection Branch, is reportedly led by trial attorney Patrick Hearn, who successfully prosecuted executives of the Peanut Corporation of America in 2015.[44][45] Mark Abueg, a DOJ spokesman, told the Houston Press: "As a matter of policy, the Justice Department generally neither confirms nor denies whether a matter is under investigation."[46]
See also[edit]
List of dairy product companies in the United States
Further reading[edit]
Inampudi, Naveen and Debbie Z. Harwell. "BLUE BELL: The Cream Rises to the Top." Houston History Magazine. Center for Public History, University of Houston. Volume 9, No. 2. p. 2-7.
Hlavaty, Craig. "Who exactly are those people on the Blue Bell ice cream boxes?" Houston Chronicle. Wednesday September 4, 2013.
Ed Kruse - MyBestYears.com INTERVIEW SPOTLIGHT
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pulsinelli, Olivia (February 21, 2017). "Blue Bell names new president, new chairman". Houston Business Journal. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell Creameries". privco.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Blue Bell Creameries from the Handbook of Texas Online
^ Jump up to: a b Ferrell, David (May–June 2007), "Tasteful Celebration", Texas Aggie, p. 33 |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Ferrell, David (May–June 2007), "Tasteful Celebration", Texas Aggie, p. 32 |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Travis, Christopher K. (1997), "The Kings of Ice Cream", The Round Top Register, archived from the original on 2007-07-03, retrieved 2007-04-30
Jump up ^ Ferrell, David (May–June 2007), "Tasteful Celebration", Texas Aggie, pp. 34–35 |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Pamela Accetta (January 2002). "True blue". Dairy Field. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell expanding to Vegas due to popular demand". Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell ice cream expanding to North Las Vegas area with distribution centre". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Ferrell, David (May–June 2007), "Tasteful Celebration", Texas Aggie, p. 36 |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Apple Jr., R.W. (May 31, 2006), "Making Texas Cows Proud", The New York Times, retrieved 2007-04-30
Jump up ^ Ferrell, David (May–June 2007), "Tasteful Celebration", Texas Aggie, pp. 36–37 |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Statista (August 10, 2014). "The leading 10 ice cream brands of the United States in 2014, based on sales (in million U.S. dollars)". Statista. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
Jump up ^ Cornyn, John (March 30, 2007), "The Little Creamery that Could" (PDF), Texas Times Weekly, Office of Senator John Cornyn, retrieved 2015-04-22
Jump up ^ cullar, Meg (September 13, 2006). "Second Helping". Baylor Line. Archived from the original on September 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
Jump up ^ Dexheimer, Ellen (April 1990). "Blue Bell Creameries Inc - Movers & Shakers - company profile". Dairy Foods. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
Jump up ^ Ma, Ji (October 21, 2004), "Blue Bell CEO encourages students to meet future challenges head-on", The Battalion, archived from the original on 2007-09-29, retrieved 2007-04-30
Jump up ^ Watson, Traci (September 14, 2006), "Orbiting station gets solar panels, and then dessert", USA Today, retrieved 2007-04-30
^ Jump up to: a b Levey, Kelli (June 4, 2004), "Recipe For Success", The Bryan-College Station Eagle, archived from the original on March 28, 2006, retrieved 2007-04-30
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell Ice Cream- Still a Half Gallon". Bluebell.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
Jump up ^ Dudlicek, James (2007). "Homemade Success". Dairy Field. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
Jump up ^ "50 of America's Best", Forbes, April 30, 2001, retrieved 2007-04-30
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell Ice Cream arrives in Denver". Retrieved 13 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell Recalls All Products After Listeria Outbreak". Retrieved April 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Products (Final Update)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2016. Three of these people died as a result of their Listeria infection.
Jump up ^ Yan, Holly (April 21, 2015). "Blue Bell recalls all its ice cream products over Listeria concerns". CNN. Atlanta. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell to dispose of 8 million gallons of ice cream after recall".
Jump up ^ "Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Ice Cream Products". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jesse Newman (August 1, 2015). "Ice-Cream Recall Sends Chill Through Food Industry". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Inside Blue Bell: Grime and discontent". 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell: We haven't laid off anyone in 100 years and we won't do it now". CNNMoney. New York. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "1,450 Blue Bell workers losing jobs after listeria problems". Associated Press. May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "An agonizing decision". Blue Bell Creameries. May 15, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "An Agonizing Decision". Blue Bell Creameries. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell receives investment". Blue Bell Creameries. 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
Jump up ^ Owens, Marjorie (17 August 2015). "Blue Bell will begin limited distribution Aug. 31". USA Today. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Broken Arrow facility begins production". cdn.bluebell.com. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bell Locator". cdn.bluebell.com. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Axelrod, Jim (December 29, 2015). "Dept. of Justice investigating Blue Bell for deadly Listeria outbreak". CBS News. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Heneghan, Carolyn (December 30, 2015). "DOJ begins Blue Bell investigation". Food Dive. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Newman, Jesse (December 30, 2015). "DOJ Investigating Blue Bell Creameries Response to Listeria Contamination". The Wall Street Journal. New York City. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CBS News Reports Department of Justice Opens Criminal Investigation of Blue Bell". Food Safety News. Seattle. December 29, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "US Department of Justice probes into Blue Bell's Lysteria outbreak". Food Processing Technology. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ LaMotte, Sandee; Perez, Evan (January 2, 2016). "Justice Department investigates Blue Bell Creameries over listeria response". CNN. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wray, Dianna (December 30, 2015). "Why would the Justice Department be investigating Blue Bell now?". Houston Press. Houston. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Companies portal
Food portal
Texas portal
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text:
Latissimus dorsi muscle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Latissimus Dorsi
Latissimus dorsi originates from the mid to lower back
Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column.
Details
Origin
Spinous processes of vertebrae T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs and inferior angle of scapula
Insertion
Floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus
Artery
Thoracodorsal branch of the subscapular artery
Nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)
Actions
Adducts, extends and internally rotates the arm when the insertion is moved towards the origin. When observing the muscle action of the origin towards the insertion, the lats are a very powerful rotator of the trunk.
Antagonist
Deltoid and trapezius muscle
Identifiers
Latin
Musculus latissimus dorsi
TA
A04.3.01.006
FMA
13357
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
The latissimus dorsi (/ˌləˈtɪsɪməs ˈdɔːrsaɪ/) a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline. The word latissimus dorsi (plural: latissimi dorsi) comes from Latin and means "broadest [muscle] of the back", from "latissimus" (Latin: broadest)' and "dorsum" (Latin: back). The pair of muscles are commonly known as "lats", especially among bodybuilders. The latissimus dorsi is the largest muscle in the upper body.
The latissimus dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction, flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint. It also has a synergistic role in extension and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine.
Due to bypassing the scapulothoracic joints and attaching directly to the spine, the actions the latissimi dorsi have on moving the arms can also influence the movement of the scapulae, such as their downward rotation during a pull up.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Variations
1.2 Triangles
1.3 Nerve supply
2 Function
2.1 Training
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Cardiac support
3.2 Injury
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Variations[edit]
Axillary arches shown from two different angles.
The number of dorsal vertebrae to which it is attached varies from four to eight; the number of costal attachments varies; muscle fibers may or may not reach the crest of the ilium.
A muscular slip, the axillary arch, varying from 7 to 10 cm in length, and from 5 to 15 mm in breadth, occasionally springs from the upper edge of the latissimus dorsi about the middle of the posterior fold of the axilla, and crosses the axilla in front of the axillary vessels and nerves, to join the under surface of the tendon of the pectoralis major, the coracobrachialis, or the fascia over the biceps brachii. This axillary arch crosses the axillary artery, just above the spot usually selected for the application of a ligature, and may mislead a surgeon. It is present in about 7% of the population and may be easily recognized by the transverse direction of its fibers. Guy et al. extensively described this muscular variant using MRI data and positively correlated its presence with symptoms of neurological impingement.[1]
A fibrous slip usually passes from the upper border of the tendon of the Latissimus dorsi, near its insertion, to the long head of the triceps brachii. This is occasionally muscular, and is the representative of the dorsoepitrochlearis brachii of apes.[2][3] This muscular form is found in ~5% of humans and is sometimes termed the latissimocondyloideus.[4]
The latissimus dorsi crosses the inferior angle of the scapula. A study found that, of 100 cadavers dissected:[5]
43% had "a substantial amount" of muscular fibers in the latissimus dorsi originating from the scapula.
36% had few or no muscular fibers, but a "soft fibrous link" between the scapula and the latissimus dorsi
21% had little or no connecting tissue between the two structures.
Triangles[edit]
The lateral margin of the latissimus dorsi is separated below from the obliquus externus abdominis by a small triangular interval, the lumbar triangle of Petit, the base of which is formed by the iliac crest, and its floor by the obliquus internus abdominis.
Another triangle is situated behind the scapula. It is bounded above by the trapezius, below by the latissimus dorsi, and laterally by the vertebral border of the scapula; the floor is partly formed by the rhomboideus major. If the scapula is drawn forward by folding the arms across the chest, and the trunk bent forward, parts of the sixth and seventh ribs and the interspace between them become subcutaneous and available for auscultation. The space is therefore known as the triangle of auscultation.
The latissimus dorsi can be remembered best for insertion as "A Miss Between Two Majors". As the latissimus dorsi inserts into the floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus it is surrounded by two major muscles. The teres major inserts medially on the medial lip of the intertubercular groove and the pectoralis major inserts laterally onto the lateral lip.
Nerve supply[edit]
The latissimus dorsi is innervated by the sixth, seventh, and eighth cervical nerves through the thoracodorsal (long scapular) nerve. Electromyography suggests that it consists of six groups of muscle fibres that can be independently coordinated by the central nervous system.[6]
Function[edit]
The latissimus dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction, flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint.[citation needed] It also has a synergistic role in extension (posterior fibers) and lateral flexion (anterior fibers) of the lumbar spine, and assists as a muscle of both forced expiration (anterior fibers) and an accessory muscle of inspiration (posterior fibers).[7]
Most latissimus dorsi exercises concurrently recruit the teres major, posterior fibres of the deltoid, long head of the triceps brachii, among numerous other stabilizing muscles. Compound exercises for the 'lats' typically involve elbow flexion and tend to recruit the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis for this function. Depending on the line of pull, the trapezius muscles can be recruited as well; horizontal pulling motions such as rows recruit both latissimus dorsi and trapezius heavily.
Training[edit]
The power/size/strength of this muscle can be trained with a variety of different exercises. Some of these include:
Vertical pulling movements such as pull-downs and pull-ups (including chin-ups).
Horizontal pulling movements such as bent-over row, T-bar row and other rowing exercises.
Shoulder extension movements with straight arms such as straight-arm lat pulldowns and Pull-overs.
Deadlift.
Clinical significance[edit]
Tight latissimus dorsi has been shown to be one cause of chronic shoulder pain and chronic back pain.[8] Because the latissimus dorsi connects the spine to the humerus, tightness in this muscle can manifest as either sub-optimal glenohumeral joint (shoulder) function which leads to chronic pain or tendinitis in the tendinous fasciae connecting the latissimus dorsi to the thoracic and lumbar spine.[9]
The latissimus dorsi is a potential source of muscle for breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy (e.g. Mannu flap) [10] or to correct pectoral hypoplastic defects such as Poland's syndrome.[11][12] An absent or hypoplastic latissimus dorsi can be one of the associated symptoms of Poland's syndrome.[13][14]
Cardiac support[edit]
For heart patients with low cardiac output and who are not candidates for cardiac transplantation, a procedure called cardiomyoplasty may support the failing heart. This procedure involves wrapping the latissimus dorsi muscles around the heart and electrostimulating them in synchrony with ventricular systole.
Injury[edit]
Injuries to the latissimus dorsi are rare. They occur disproportionately in baseball pitchers. Diagnosis can be achieved by visualization of the muscle and movement testing. MRI of the shoulder girdle will confirm the diagnosis. Muscle belly injuries are treated with rehabilitation while tendon avulsion injuries can be treated surgically, or with rehab. Regardless of treatment, patients tend to return to play without any functional losses.[15]
Additional images[edit]
Position of the latissimus dorsi muscle (shown in red). Animation.
Animation. Rib cage is not shown, except for 10th rib, 11th rib and 12th rib.
Lumbar triangle
Latissimus dorsi
Full back muscle flex showing the latissimus dorsi muscle
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latissimus dorsi muscles.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Muscle energy techniques
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 432 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Guy MS, Sandhu SK, Gowdy JM, Cartier CC, Adams JH. MRI of the axillary arch muscle: prevalence, anatomic relations, and potential consequences. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Jan;196(1):W52-7.
Jump up ^ Haninec P, Tomás R, Kaiser R, Cihák R., Development and clinical significance of the musculus dorsoepitrochlearis in men, Clin Anat. 2009 May;22(4):481-8. PMID 19373904.
Jump up ^ Edwards, William E., The Musculoskeletal Anatomy of the Thorax and Brachium of an Adult Female Chimpanzee,6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, New Mexico, 1965. [1]
Jump up ^ "Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus I: Muscular System: Alphabetical Listing of Muscles: L:Latissimus Dorsi". www.anatomyatlases.org.
Jump up ^ Giacomo, Giovanni Di; Pouliart, Nicole; Costantini, Alberto; Vita, Andrea de (25 September 2008). "Atlas of Functional Shoulder Anatomy". Springer Science & Business Media.
Jump up ^ Brown JM, Wickham JB, McAndrew DJ, Huang XF. (2007). Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 17(1):57-73. PMID 16458022 doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007
Jump up ^ Muscles Testing and Function With Posture and Pain. 2005. p. 238. ISBN 9780781747806.
Jump up ^ Arnheim, D.D., Prentice, W.E., Principles of athletic training. 9th ed. McGraw Hill, pp 570-574, 1997.
Jump up ^ Francis, P., Applied anatomy and kinesiology, supplemental materials. KB Books., p 19-25, 1999.
Jump up ^ Mannu, G. S., Farooq, N., Down, S., Burger, A. and Hussien, M. I. (2013), Avoiding back wound dehiscence in extended latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction. ANZ J Surg, 83: 359–364. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06292.x/full
Jump up ^ Yang CE, Roh TS, Yun IS, Kim YS, Lew DH (2014). "Immediate partial breast reconstruction with endoscopic latissimus dorsi muscle flap harvest". Arch Plast Surg. 41 (5): 513–9. doi:10.5999/aps.2014.41.5.513. PMC 4179355  . PMID 25276643.
Jump up ^ Lantzsch T, Lampe D, Kantelhardt EJ (2013). "Correction of Poland's Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Current Literature". Breast Care (Basel). 8 (2): 139–42. doi:10.1159/000350778. PMC 3683949  . PMID 24419214.
Jump up ^ Masia J, Pons G, Loschi P, Sanchez Porro-Gil L, Nardulli ML, Olivares L (2015). "Autologous reconstruction of a complex form of Poland syndrome using 2 abdominal perforator free flaps". Ann Plast Surg. 74 (5): 580–3. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31829a39b1. PMID 24322640.
Jump up ^ Beer GM, Kompatscher P, Hergan K (1996). "Poland's syndrome and vascular malformations". Br J Plast Surg. 49 (7): 482–4. PMID 8983554.
Jump up ^ Donohue, Benjamin; Lubitz, Marc (December 20, 2016). "Sports Injuries to the Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:10.1177/0363546516676062.
External links[edit]
Anatomy figure: 01:03-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Superficial layer of the extrinsic muscles of the back."
Cross section image: pembody/body8a—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
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