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McDonald's Monopoly
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The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sales promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro, which uses the theme of the latter's board game Monopoly. The game first ran in the U.S. in 1987 and has since been used worldwide.
The promotion has used other names, such as Monopoly: Pick Your Prize! (2001), Monopoly Best Chance Game (2003–2005), Monopoly/Millionaire Game, Prize Vault (2013-2014), Money Monopoly (2016-), Coast To Coast (2015-) in Canada, Golden Chances in the UK (2015-), Prize Choice in the UK (2016-) and Win Win in the UK (2017-).[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Fraud
2 Gameplay
2.1 Coupon pieces
2.2 Products with game pieces
2.3 Rare pieces in US/Canada
2.3.1 Germany
2.4 Online games
2.5 Restrictions
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
The promotion has been offered in the United States, Canada,[1] Australia, Austria, France, Germany, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, and United Kingdom since 1987. Argentina and Brazil were included in 2013 as well as Ireland in 2016. From 2003-2009, Best Buy was involved in the U.S. version, and later in the Canadian version.
Like many merchants, McDonald's offered sweepstakes to draw customers into its restaurants. Laws generally forbid a company from administering its own contests, in order to prevent fraud and to ensure that all prizes are given away. McDonald's had a relationship with Simon Worldwide Inc., which was responsible for the distribution of the contest pieces and the awarding of major prizes.
In 2015, the Monopoly game was replaced in the US by "Game Time Gold", using an NFL theme.[2] In 2016, the Monopoly game returned, but not for 2017.
Fraud[edit]
In 2000, the U.S. promotion was halted after fraud was uncovered. A subcontracting company called Simon Marketing (a then-subsidiary of Cyrk), which had been hired by McDonald's to organize and promote the game, failed to recognize a flaw in its procedures. Chief of security Jerome P. Jacobson[3] was able to remove the most expensive game pieces, which he then passed to associates who would redeem them and share the proceeds. The associates won almost all of the top prizes between 1995 and 2000, including McDonald's giveaways that did not have the Monopoly theme. The associates netted over $24 million. While the fraud appeared to have been perpetrated by only one key employee of the promotion company, and not by the company's management, eight people were originally arrested, leading to a total of 21 indicted individuals.[4] The relationship between McDonald's and Simon Marketing broke down in a pair of lawsuits over breach of contract, eventually settled out of court, with McDonald's' claim being thrown out and Simon receiving $16.6 million.[5] Due to a constitutional violation, four of those convicted of the fraud were later released as they were not initially charged with the offense.[6]
In 1995, St. Jude Children's Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee received an anonymous letter postmarked Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning game piece. Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule and made its last $50,000 annual payment in 2014.[7] Investigations later indicated that Jacobson had admitted to sending the winning piece to the hospital.[8]
Gameplay[edit]
Example of a variety of tokens from the UK version of the game, 2014 (serial numbers censored)
The promotion mimics the game Monopoly. Originally, customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase, but now tokens come only with certain menu items. Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board (with the exception of the Golden Avenue/Arches Avenue "properties", which were added in the 2008 edition; and Electric Company/Water Works utilities added in 2014). When combined into color-matched properties, the tokens may be redeemed for money. Historically, the grand prize ($1 million, annuity only) has been the combination of the two most costly properties, Park Place and Boardwalk, but in the 2006–2007 games the top prize ($5 million, with the traditional $1 million prize for Boardwalk/Park Place) was awarded for collecting the four railroads. There are also "instant win" tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald's food (typically small menu items, such as a free small McFlurry or medium fries) but never for any food item that has game pieces, money, or other prizes. The 2001 edition was titled "Pick Your Prize!", in which winners could choose which of three ways they wanted their prize awarded to them (i.e. they could choose if they wanted their $1 million in gold, diamonds, or $50,000 per year for 20 years). In 2016, the game changed where all available prizes were cash, including the $1 million for Park Place and Boardwalk, and was titled "Money Monopoly".
Coupon pieces[edit]
Additionally, in the 2005 edition, certain foods always came with one coupon which could be used at either Best Buy, Toys R Us, or Foot Locker (including online stores). The value of each coupon was random, with Toys R Us coupons ranging from $1 to $5; up to $5 in coupons could be used in a single transaction. In 2008, these coupons were redeemed for up to 25% off any Foot Locker item(s). Since 2009, the promotion has not featured any coupons.
Products with game pieces[edit]
2017 (in Canada) has the following products featured in those game pieces:
Canada[9]
USA[10]
Big Mac (Single/Double) Big Mac
Chicken McNuggets (10/20 pc.)
McChicken Sandwich
Angus sandwiches (Bacon Cheddar/Mighty/Smokehouse) Filet-O-Fish
Medium French Fries
Medium & Large Hot McCafe Beverages
Medium & Large Soft Drink Cups/Milkshakes Medium Soft Drink Cups
Coffee (Medium/Large/X-Large)
Muffin
McMuffin Sandwiches (except Sausage McMuffin)
Hashbrowns
Quarter Pounder with Cheese/BLT sandwiches (Single/Double)
Signature McWraps
Regular McFlurry
Breakfast McWraps Biscuit Sandwiches (except Sausage Biscuit)
Canada & US Laws require that game pieces be available upon request with no purchase necessary (Alternative Method of Entry, "AMOE"), and can be requested by the mailing of a handwritten, self-addressed stamped envelope.[10]
Rare pieces in US/Canada[edit]
The rare collectible pieces that dictate the odds of winning are as follows:
Property
2017 Canadian Name*****[11]
2017 code
2017 prize
2016 code
2016 prize
2014 code
2014 prize
2013 code
2013 prize
2012 code
2012 prize
2011 code
2011 prize
2010 code
2010 prize
2009 code
2009 prize
2008 code
2008 prize
2007 code
2007 prize
Mediterranean Avenue Rideau Canal 801 CN$150,000 601 $50 ($100 in Canada) 501 $50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada) 431/461 $1,000 ($25 McDonald's Gift Card in Canada) 925 $50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada) 321 $50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada) 750 $50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada) 101 $50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada) 251 $100 801 $50
Vermont Avenue Mackenzie River 804 2 Yamaha SnoScoot Snowmobiles & two 250 Yamabucks gift cards 604 $1,000 (Berkley Family Equipment Package in Canada) 504 Shell fuel for 1 Year ($2,500 in Canada) 434/464 $5,000 ($50 McDonald's Gift Card in Canada) 928 $5,000 324 $100 753 104 254 804
Virginia Avenue Percé Rock 806 CN$10,000 608 $2,000 ($10,000 in Canada) 508 $5,000 438/468 $10,000 ($20,000 in Canada) 932 Beach Resort Vacation 328 $200 Spa Certificate 757 108 258 808
Tennessee Avenue Tunnels of Moose Jaw 811 Cineplex Premiere Card for winner & guest for 1 year 610 $5,000 (Cineplex Premiére Card in Canada) 510 Softcard Mobile Wallet Prize + $2,500 for wireless service ($5,000 Wal-Mart Gift Card in Canada) 440/470 EA Sports Super Bowl XLVIII trip for 2 ($5,000 Wal-Mart Gift Card in Canada) 934 $10,000 330 Beach Resort Vacation 759 $1,000 110 $5,000 260 $5,000 810 $5,000
Kentucky Avenue Confederation Bridge 812 CN$5,000 in Prepaid MasterCard Gift Card 612 $10,000 ($5,000 in Vanilla Prepaid Gift Cards in Canada) 512 Any Delta Air Lines Vacations Destination for 2 442/472 Any Delta Air Lines Destination for 2 936 Any Delta Air Lines Destination for 2 332 $50,000 761 Beaches Resorts Vacation 112 $10,000 262 $10,000 812 $10,000
Ventnor Avenue Whistler 817 Cabela's Camping Package 616 $25,000 (Polaris Snowmobile in Canada) 516 Beaches Resorts Vacation 446/476 $20,000 ($10,000 in Canada) 940 $20,000 336 $100,000 765 $25,000 116 $25,000 266 $25,000 816 $25,000
Pennsylvania Avenue Portage and Memorial 820 CN$2,000 Hudson's Bay Gift Card 620 $50,000 ($2,000 Hudson's Bay Gift Card in Canada) 520 Cessna Private Jet Trip 450/480 2014 Fiat 500L (2013 Fiat POP in Canada) 944 2013 Fiat 500 Sport Hatchback 340 2012 Nissan Leaf or 2012 Nissan 370z 769 $50,000 120 $50,000 270 $50,000 820 $50,000
Boardwalk Le Château Frontenac 821 2018 Volkswagen Atlas SUV 622 $1,000,000 (annuity, 2017 Volkswagen Golf SportsWagen in Canada) 522 $1,000,000 (annuity) 452/482 $1,000,000 (annuity, $100,000 for Canada) 946 $1,000,000 (annuity) 342 $1,000,000 (annuity) 771 $1,000,000 (annuity) 122 $1,000,000 (annuity) 274 $1,000,000 (annuity) 822 $1,000,000 (annuity)
Short Line Vancouver International Airport 826 3,000 WestJet Dollars 626 $500 (A "dream vacation" in Canada) 526 $5,000 Target Shopping Experience on Black Friday ($1,000 in Canada) 456/486 Shell Fuel for 1 Year ($5,000 in Canada) 950 EA SPORTS Fan Trip Championship Get-A-Way 346 EA SPORTS Trip 775 EA SPORTS Trip 126 $500 278 $500 826 $5,000,000 (annuity)
Reading Railroad Route Transcan Highway 828 Shell "Fuel for a Year"
Water Works*** 527 $10,000
Golden Avenue** 271 $100,000
Free Parking**** ??? $100,000
Note that the rare piece is alphabetically the last property in each group, except for Boardwalk. In 2013, McDonald's allowed two Boardwalk pieces to be produced, previously there was only one produced.
[*] Until 2007, Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues were dark purple properties on the traditional Monopoly board; since 2008, it has been brown.
[**] McDonald's added Golden Avenue and Arches Avenue for 2008 only; obtaining both won $100,000.
[***] Electric Company & Water Works were added for 2014; obtaining both won $10,000.
[****] One Free Parking $100,000 prize was seeded on each of the following in only the US Territory: Bacon Clubhouse (1 in 9,836,000), Filet-O-Fish (1 in 19,585,000), Big Mac (1 in 45,000,000) and Large Fries (1 in 150,254,000)[12]
[*****] In 2016, the Canadian version would replace all properties with famous Canadian landmarks (Such as replacing Boardwalk with Le Château Frontenac or placing Kentucky Avenue with the Confederation Bridge) and would replace all train stations with well known Canadian airports (Such as Toronto Pearson International Airport or Vancouver International Airport).
Germany[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The German version of the rare piece list is as follows:
Property
2009 code
2009 prize
2009 number awarded
Jackpot ??? 1 each of the below + 1 each of the instant win prizes. 1x 0 property 1 instant
Turmstraße 902 Monopoly Game set. 1000x 340 property 660 instant
Elisenstraße & Poststraße 904 & 905 €1,000 Prepaid Visa Card 1000x 950 property 50 instant
Hafenstraße 907 LG Netbook 500x 170 property 330 instant
Wiener Straße & Berliner Straße 910 & 911 Audi A3 Cabriolet 100x 90 property 10 instant
Museumstraße 913 Nintendo Wii with Avatar the game 777x 259 property 518 instant
Schillerstraße 916 MSC cruise for two 5x 2 property 3 instant
Hauptstraße 919 ETI dream vacation to Egypt 100x 34 property 66 instant
Parkstraße 921 Hercules Mountain Bike 100x 34 property 66 instant
Südbahnhof & Westbahnhof 932 & 924 €100,000 from Visa 10x 10 property 0 instant
In addition to the property pieces, there are also Instant Win pieces for a Samsung MP3 player, a LG Touchscreen cellphone, €150 gift certificates to S.Oliver, a JBL iPod dock, a Funai Flatscreen television, Nikon digital camera, Noxon internet radio, and SnowTrex one-week ski vacation for two.
Online games[edit]
In 2005, McDonald's introduced an online counterpart to its traditional game. In addition to the traditional "sticker" game, participants can play online. Each game piece lists a code which can be entered online, to a maximum of 10 entries per 24 hours, a day starts at midnight EDT. Up to 2014 each code entered grants the user one roll on a virtual Monopoly game board, identical to the board game's board. Rolling "doubles" (two dice sharing the same number), as with the real board game, allows the user to move again.
Landing on Electric Company, Income Tax, Jail/Just Visiting, Go to Jail, Water Works, or Luxury Tax does not count towards any prize. If a player lands on an unowned property (not landed upon by the player in a previous turn), the user will "collect" that property. When all properties of a colored set are collected, the user wins a prize, with prize values similar to those of the sticker game. In addition to collecting property sets, users can also win by landing on certain "instant win" spaces, including Go, Chance, Community Chest, and Free Parking. Landing on Go (but not simply passing it) gives the player a code worth one free hour of WiFi access at participating McDonald's restaurants. Landing on Chance is worth money to spend at Foot Locker. Landing on Community Chest allows the user to be given a code worth 25 My Coke Rewards points. Landing on Free Parking is a prize of a $50 refillable gas card from Shell, or alternatively 25 complimentary apple pies.
In 2007, landing on Community Chest won game downloads.[13]
In 2009, the prizes became two hours of Wi-Fi and a $25 Arch Card for landing on Go, an entry into an online roll for $1,000,000 (annuity) for landing on Chance, 25 My Coke Rewards points for landing on Community Chest, and a $50 refillable Shell gift card for landing on Free Parking.
The values of the dice are not random. As stated in the contest rules, one property in each set is "rare," similar to the sticker game. These rare properties are landed on only when the game server "seeds" a winning roll. Winning rolls are seeded at specific times on specific dates, and the first user to roll the dice once a win has been seeded will land on a winning piece. This allows McDonald's to declare the odds of winning certain prizes, a legal requirement for contests in most jurisdictions.
In 2010, the online game was changed, removing the dice and the game board, presenting only 3 Chance cards from which to pick. One has a prize, starting at 30 My Coke Rewards points, but may be (non-randomly) seeded with a higher-valued prize. Player chooses one card, is asked if that is the choice the player wants to make, and the card is flipped. If it is the pre-selected winning card, player wins the pre-selected prize. Odds of winning: Based on time you enter code not the card you choose.
In 2011, the game was changed again – the mascot, Rich Uncle Pennybags (aka "Mr. Monopoly"), is shown attempting to throw a Chance card into a top hat. If the card lands in the hat, the player can claim a prize. Players must choose a "throwing style", which only changes the animations used – it does nothing to affect one's odds of winning.
In 2012, the game was changed once more. Players must click on "Spin" first, and if it landed on "GO!", the player wins the online prize shown. The next year, players had to click on "Play"; a win resulted in the prize shown onscreen; regardless of outcome, players received an entry to win a 2013 Fiat 500 Cabrio. For the 2014 game, players must click on "GO!", and if it results in a win, the online prize is shown onscreen; regardless of outcome, the participant receives an entry to win $50,000.
In 2016, players can enter up to ten codes daily in order to win weekly sweepstakes with a $50,000 grand prize.
Restrictions[edit]
For all versions of the online game, players are restricted to a set number of online entries per day.[14] In the UK, this is restricted to 24 entries. In USA, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Saipan, the limit is 10.
Note that the official rules state: "The purchase, sale, trading, or barter of Game Pieces, Game Stamps, FREE Codes or Game Codes via Online or live auctions, or any other methods, does not constitute Legitimate Channels and is expressly prohibited."[14] This includes eBay as it is a violation of their lottery policy.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Business Insider". Business Insider. October 24, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ McDonald's Plays on Love for NFL Teams in New Giveaway Game November 2015
Jump up ^ Stout, David (August 22, 2001). "Eight Charged With Rigging McDonald's Prize Contests". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Associated Press. Twenty-one indicted in McDonald's scam, St. Petersburg Times, September 11, 2001.
Jump up ^ "McDonald's to Pay Simon $16.6 Million Settlement". New York Times. August 20, 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "USA Today". USA Today. July 20, 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Donor Turns Fast Food Into Big Bucks For Hospital, The New York Times.
Jump up ^ St. Judes' Mystery Million Came From Embezzler, CNN transcript, September 11, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules". McDonald's Monopoly Sweepstakes. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2016 Money MONOPOLY Game at McDonald's | Online Game". Playatmcd.com. March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://mcdpromotion.ca/en-ca/OfficialRules
Jump up ^ http://news.mcdonalds.com/getattachment/75e01167-bc36-46e9-9ce0-29b5a249659f
Jump up ^ "Monopoly at McDonalds". Bizzia.com. October 9, 2007. Archived from the original on July 11, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Rules". McDonald's Monopoly. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
External links[edit]
McDonalds Monopoly UK 2015 at the Wayback Machine (archived October 29, 2015)
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James Monroe Iglehart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
James Monroe Iglehart
Born
September 4, 1974 (1974-09-04) (age 43)
Hayward, California
Occupation
Actor, singer
Height
6 ft (183 cm)[1]
Spouse(s)
Dawn Iglehart (m. 2002) [2]
James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974)[3] is an American stage actor and singer.
Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of Aladdin. Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of Hamilton in April 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Theatre credits
3 Personal life
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Career[edit]
Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in Bat Boy at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in Grease at the American Musical Theatre, San Jose, California.[4]
In 2005, he directed Bat Boy the Musical at Ray of Light Theatre.[5] He has played Mitch Mahoney in The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee on Broadway as a replacement starting in April 2007.[6][7] He originated the role of Bobby in Memphis on Broadway in October 2009.
Iglehart performed the role of the Genie in Aladdin on Broadway, a performance for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical[8] and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for this role. When asked about the role, he said, "It's not as exhausting as you think. I'm kind of an energetic guy in general, so basically I'm kind of being me with the volume turned up."[1] Iglehart departed the company of Aladdin in February 2017 to begin rehearsals in the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of Hamilton.
Igleheart also guest starred in two episodes of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt as Coriolanus Burt, the rival of male protagonist Titus Andromedon.
Igleheart will voice the character Lance Strongbow in Tangled: The Series.
Theatre credits[edit]
Year(s)
Production
Role
Location
Category
2006 The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee Mitch Mahoney Wilbur Theatre Regional/Boston
2007–08 Circle in the Square Theatre Broadway
2009–11 Memphis Bobby Shubert Theatre Broadway
2011 Aladdin The Genie 5th Avenue Theatre Seattle/Pre-Broadway
2013-14 Ed Mirvish Theatre Toronto/Pre-Broadway
2014–17 New Amsterdam Theatre Broadway
2017 Hamilton Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson Richard Rodgers Theatre Broadway
Personal life[edit]
He was raised in Hayward, California, with his brother. His father is a business man, and his mother is a former high school choir teacher. He met his future wife Dawn in the Mt. Eden High School show choir[3][4] and married her in 2002.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2014 Tony Awards Best Featured Actor in a Musical Aladdin Won
Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Won
Broadway.com Audience Choice Award Favorite Featured Actor in a Musical Nominated
Favorite Diva Performance Nominated
Favorite Funny Performance Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Ng, David (21 May 2014). "James Monroe Iglehart releases the genie inside". latimes.com. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "10 Things You May Not Know: James Monroe Iglehart of 'Aladdin'". New York Shows. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Igleharts Wish Granted" nypost.com, March 9, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Blank, Matthew. "The Genie of Broadways Aladdin James Monroe Iglehart" playbill.com, March 18, 2014
Jump up ^ "James Monroe Iglehart Nominated for a Tony" rayoflighttheatre.com
Jump up ^ "James Monroe Iglehart" broadwayworld.com
Jump up ^ "James Monroe Iglehart" Internet Broadway Database
Jump up ^ Staff. Just the Winners, Please: Who Won the 68th Annual Tony Awards" playbill.com, June 8, 2014
External links[edit]
James Monroe Iglehart on IMDb
James Monroe Iglehart at the Internet Broadway Database
James Monroe Iglehart at Playbill Vault
[show]
Awards for James Monroe Iglehart
[show]
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Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
Ted Ross (1975)
George Rose (1976)
Ken Bichel / Michael Mark / John Miller / Joseph Saulter (1977)
Kevin Kline (1978)
Ken Jennings (1979)
Bob Gunton (1980)
Tony Azito (1981)
Cleavant Derricks (1982)
Charles Coles (1983)
Martin Vidnovic (1984)
René Auberjonois (1985)
Michael Rupert (1986)
Michael Maguire (1987)
Robert Westenberg (1988)
Michael Jeter (1990)
Bruce Adler (1991)
Scott Waara (1992)
Mark Michael Hutchinson (1993)
Jarrod Emick (1994)
Wilson Jermaine Heredia (1996)
Joel Grey (1997)
Gregg Edelman (1998)
Roger Bart (1999)
Stephen Spinella (2000)
Gary Beach (2001)
Shuler Hensley (2002)
Dick Latessa (2003)
Raúl Esparza (2004)
Denis O'Hare (2005)
Jim Dale (2006)
Gavin Lee (2007)
Boyd Gaines (2008)
Gregory Jbara (2009)
Christopher Fitzgerald (2010)
John Larroquette (2011)
Michael McGrath (2012)
Bertie Carvel (2013)
James Monroe Iglehart (2014)
Christian Borle (2015)
Christopher Fitzgerald (2016)
Gavin Creel (2017)
[show]
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Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical
David Wayne (1947)
Myron McCormick (1950)
Russell Nype (1951)
Yul Brynner (1952)
Hiram Sherman (1953)
Harry Belafonte (1954)
Cyril Ritchard (1955)
Russ Brown (1956)
Sydney Chaplin (1957)
David Burns (1958)
Russell Nype (1959)
Tom Bosley (1960)
Dick Van Dyke (1961)
Charles Nelson Reilly (1962)
David Burns (1963)
Jack Cassidy (1964)
Victor Spinetti (1965)
Frankie Michaels (1966)
Joel Grey (1967)
Hiram Sherman (1968)
Ron Holgate (1969)
René Auberjonois (1970)
Keene Curtis (1971)
Larry Blyden (1972)
George S. Irving (1973)
Tommy Tune (1974)
Ted Ross (1975)
Sammy Williams (1976)
Lenny Baker (1977)
Kevin Kline (1978)
Henderson Forsythe (1979)
Mandy Patinkin (1980)
Hinton Battle (1981)
Cleavant Derricks (1982)
Charles Coles (1983)
Hinton Battle (1984)
Ron Richardson (1985)
Michael Rupert (1986)
Michael Maguire (1987)
Bill McCutcheon (1988)
Scott Wise (1989)
Michael Jeter (1990)
Hinton Battle (1991)
Scott Waara (1992)
Anthony Crivello (1993)
Jarrod Emick (1994)
George Hearn (1995)
Wilson Jermaine Heredia (1996)
Chuck Cooper (1997)
Ron Rifkin (1998)
Roger Bart (1999)
Boyd Gaines (2000)
Gary Beach (2001)
Shuler Hensley (2002)
Dick Latessa (2003)
Michael Cerveris (2004)
Dan Fogler (2005)
Christian Hoff (2006)
John Gallagher Jr. (2007)
Boyd Gaines (2008)
Gregory Jbara (2009)
Levi Kreis (2010)
John Larroquette (2011)
Michael McGrath (2012)
Gabriel Ebert (2013)
James Monroe Iglehart (2014)
Christian Borle (2015)
Daveed Diggs (2016)
Gavin Creel (2017)
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text:
History of the world's tallest buildings
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The tallest building in the world as of 2017 is Burj Khalifa. Before Burj Khalifa, the title of "world's tallest building" has been borne by various buildings, such as Rouen Cathedral and the Empire State Building.
The skyscraper was invented in Chicago in 1884. For the next hundred years, the world's tallest building was always in the United States with New York City accumulating 86 years, and Chicago accumulating 30 years. After just over a century (1885–1998) the distinction moved to the Eastern Hemisphere. Malaysia was the first country to break United States' record of building tallest buildings in the world by building Petronas Twin Towers in 1998, which held the record for 6 years before losing it to Taipei 101 in 2004. Before the current era of commercial skyscrapers, there was an era where the tallest buildings were Christian churches/cathedrals (c. 1250–1901), dominated by England and Germanic territories.
Before this time, it is not possible to conclusively state what was the tallest building in the world. For instance, the Lighthouse of Alexandria (completed about 280 BC) was very tall, but its true height is not known. For thousands of years, the Great Pyramid in Egypt was the tallest structure in the world, but the Great Pyramid is not considered a building since it was not habitable.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition of terms
1.1 Meaning of "building"
1.2 Determination of height
2 Tallest buildings (13th century–1901)
2.1 Churches and cathedrals
2.2 Skyscrapers
3 Tallest buildings (from 1901)
4 Charts
4.1 1870–present
4.2 1300–present
5 History of increment in height of skyscrapers
6 History of supertall skyscrapers by location
7 Increment in usage of skyscrapers
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Definition of terms[edit]
Meaning of "building"[edit]
The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids, with the Great Pyramid of Giza, at an original height of 146.5 metres (481 ft), being the tallest man–made structure in the world for over 3,800 years, until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300. From then until the completion of the Washington Monument (capped in 1884) the world's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals. Later, the Eiffel Tower and, still later, some radio masts and television towers were the world's tallest structures.
However, though all of these are structures, some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied. It is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term "building" is generally understood to mean when determining what is the world's tallest building. The non-profit international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), which maintains a set of criteria for determining the height of tall buildings, defines a "building" as "(A) structure that is designed for residential, business or manufacturing purposes" and "has floors".[1]
Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground: their lower areas are regularly occupied, but much of their height is in bell towers and spires which are not. Whether a church or cathedral is a "building" or merely a "structure" for the purposes of determining the title of "world's tallest building" is a subjective matter of definition (this article treats churches and cathedrals as buildings).
Determination of height[edit]
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a tall building, each of which may give a different result. "Height of the highest floor" is one criterion, and "height to the top of any part of the building" is another, but the default criterion used by the CTBUH is "height of the architectural top of the building", which includes spires but not antennae, masts or flag poles.[1]
Tallest buildings (13th century–1901)[edit]
Churches and cathedrals[edit]
Tallest buildings diagram from 1850
From the 13th century until 1901, the world's tallest building was always a church or cathedral. In the 13th century Old St Paul's Cathedral with its spire was completed. Completed in the early 14th century, the central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it. In 1549 this spire collapsed, beginning a long sequence where the status of world's tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings. On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral's spire, then St. Mary's Church in Stralsund became the world's tallest building. In 1647, the bell tower of St. Mary's burned down, thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world's tallest building.
It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever, surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral.
Years tallest Name Location Height Increase
13th century–1300 Old St Paul's Cathedral* London 149 metres (489 ft) 1.7%
1300–1549 Lincoln Cathedral* Lincoln 159.7 metres (524 ft) 6.7%
1549–1647 St. Mary's Church Stralsund 151 metres (495 ft) -5.8%
1647–1874 Strasbourg Cathedral Strasbourg 142 metres (466 ft) -6.3%
1874–1876 Church of St. Nicholas Hamburg 147 metres (482 ft) 3.4%
1876–1880 Rouen Cathedral Rouen 151 metres (495 ft) 2.6%
1880–1890 Cologne Cathedral Cologne 157.38 metres (516.3 ft) 4.1%
1890–1901 Ulm Minster* Ulm 161.53 metres (530.0 ft) 2.6%
* – Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built.
The 524 feet (160 m) height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some,[2] but accepted by most sources.[3][4][5][6][7][8] The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources.[9] Also the 489 feet (149 m) height of the spire of Old St Paul's Cathedral, destroyed by lightning in 1561, is disputed, for example Christopher Wren (1632–1723) judged that an overestimate and gave a height of 460 feet (140 m).[10]
The top of the spire of the Antonelli Edifice in Turin, completed in 1889, is 167.5 metres (550 ft) tall. However, the upper part of the structure was destroyed by a 1953 tornado and rebuilt. If the original spire top was 167.5 metres (as claimed by some sources),[11] the Antonelli Edifice might have been the world's tallest building from 1889 to 1908.
Skyscrapers[edit]
Main article: Early skyscrapers
In the 19th Century, a new kind of structure was developed in Shrewsbury, UK using an iron or steel internal structure (instead of the outer walls) to bear the building's weight. The taller of these buildings are called skyscrapers. The Ditherington Flax Mill was the first iron framed building, and for this reason is often seen as 'the world's first skyscraper', despite being only five storeys tall. This design feature would become standard in skyscrapers all across the world. The Ditherington Flax Mill was constructed 87 years before the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, which is often credited with being the first metal-framed building.
The buildings that were the tallest skyscrapers – but still shorter than the tallest church or cathedral – were:
Years tallest Name Location Height Increase
1797–1884 Ditherington Flax Mill Shrewsbury 16 metres (52 ft) 0
1884–1890 Home Insurance Building Chicago 42 metres (138 ft) 6.15%
1890–1894 New York World Building New York 94 metres (308 ft) 136.92%
1894–1895 Manhattan Life Insurance Building New York 100 metres (330 ft) 7.14%
1895–1899 Milwaukee City Hall Milwaukee 108 metres (354 ft) 7.27%
1899–1908 Park Row Building New York 119 metres (390 ft) 10.17%
Tallest buildings (from 1901)[edit]
Multiple tall buildings taller than Ulm Minster were completed in 1901: 167 metres (548 ft) Philadelphia City Hall and 167.5 metres (550 ft) Mole Antonelliana. However, none of these was skyscraper by most definitions as they were supported like other pre-skyscraper tall buildings by thick outer walls.
Years tallest Name Location Height Increase
1901–1908 Philadelphia City Hall Philadelphia 167 metres (548 ft) 3.4%
1908–1909 Singer Building New York City 186.57 metres (612.1 ft) 11.7%
1909–1913 Metropolitan Life Tower New York 213.36 metres (700.0 ft) 14.36%
1913–1930 Woolworth Building New York 241.4 metres (792 ft) 12.95%
1930 Bank of Manhattan Trust Building New York 283 metres (928 ft) 17.43%
1930–1931 Chrysler Building New York 318.8 metres (1,046 ft) 13.04%
1931–1972 Empire State Building New York 381 metres (1,250 ft) 19.1%
1972–1974 World Trade Center New York 417 metres (1,368 ft) 9.45%
1974–1998 Sears Tower Chicago 442 metres (1,450 ft) 6%
1998–2004 Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur 451.9 metres (1,483 ft) 2.24%
2004–2010 Taipei 101 Taipei 509.2 metres (1,671 ft) 12.68%
2010- Burj Khalifa United Arab Emirates 828 metres (2,717 ft) 62.61%
The list of tallest buildings is based on the default metric of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), that of measuring to the highest architectural element. Other criteria would generate a different list. Shanghai World Financial Center is not on the above list, but it surpassed Taipei 101 in 2008 to become the building with the highest occupied floor. Using the criteria of highest tip (including antennae), the World Trade Center in New York City was the world's tallest building from 1972 to 2000, until the Sears Tower in Chicago (which already had a higher occupied floor than the World Trade Center) had its antenna extended to give that building the world's tallest tip; a title it held until the 2010 completion of Burj Khalifa. Petronas Towers and Taipei 101 were never the world's tallest buildings by the highest–tip criteria.
Since 2010, Burj Khalifa has been the tallest building by any criteria. It has the highest architectural element, tip and occupied floor, and is indeed the tallest structure of any kind ever built, surpassing the (now destroyed) 646.38 metres (2,120.7 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast.
Since the completion of the Washington Monument in 1884, the world's tallest building has not usually also been the world's tallest structure. The exceptions are 1930–1954, when the Chrysler Building and then the Empire State building surpassed the Eiffel Tower (to be surpassed in turn by a succession of broadcast masts, starting with the Griffin Television Tower in Oklahoma), and from 2010 with the completion of Burj Khalifa.
Charts[edit]
1870–present[edit]
1300–present[edit]
In this chart, time progresses from right to left. Note the early buildings that lost the title as their spires collapsed.
History of increment in height of skyscrapers[edit]
After the construction of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in the 19th century, the incrementation in the height of skyscrapers began with the construction of the Chrysler Building, followed by the Empire State Building, in New York City. The Chrysler Building was the first building in the world to break the 300 metres (984 ft) barrier, and the Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It stands at 381 metres (1,250 ft) and has 102 floors. The next tallest skyscraper was the World Trade Center, which was completed in 1971. The north tower was 417 m (1,368 ft) and the south 415 m (1,362 ft) tall. It surpassed the height of the Empire State Building by 36 m (118 ft). Two years later the Sears Tower was built in Chicago, standing at 442 m (1,450 ft) with 110 floors, surpassing the height of the World Trade Center by 25 metres (82 ft). The Petronas Towers rose 10 meters above the Sears Tower, standing at a height of 452 m (1,483 ft) and each having 88 floors.
In 2004, the construction of Taipei 101 brought the height of skyscrapers to a new level, standing at 509 m (1,670 ft) with 101 floors. It is 59 metres (194 ft) taller than the previous record holders, the Petronas Towers. Burj Khalifa surpassed the height of Taipei 101 by 319 metres (1,047 ft) in 2009, making it 60% taller.[12] It has broken several skyscraper records, and it is almost twice as tall as the Empire State Building. Burj Khalifa has also broken the record of the world's tallest structure.
NOTE: The CTBUH defines a building as a supertall if it is 300 metres (984 ft) or taller.[13]
History of supertall skyscrapers by location[edit]
Since the early skyscraper boom that took place in North America, the significant number of skyscrapers in North America have dominated the 100 tallest buildings in the world. In 1930, 99 of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were located in North America. In the future, this percentage is expected to decline to only 22 percent.[12] The predominance of skyscrapers in North America is decreasing due to the building of skyscraper construction in other parts of the world, especially in Asia, that are finally catching up to progress that began in North America in the 19th century.[citation needed]
In Asia, there has been an increase in the number of supertall skyscrapers beginning with the construction of Petronas Twin Towers. There are currently sixty buildings in the world's 100 tallest that are located in Asia (including the Middle East). However, skyscraper construction is still prevalent in the United States.[citation needed]
Increment in usage of skyscrapers[edit]
Since the skyscraper boom, the great majority of skyscrapers in the world were used predominantly as office space. From 1930 to 2000 the percentage of office towers never fell below 86 percent, but in the future it is expected to be as low as 46 percent.[12] In 2010 less than half of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were office towers with the majority utilized as residential and mixed use.[12] Today, only four out of the ten tallest buildings in the world, and twenty eight out of the fifty tallest in the world, are used primarily as offices.[14]
A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (uses), where each of the functions occupies a significant proportion of the tower's total space[A]. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not contribute towards mixed-use status.[13]
Skyscrapers used as hotels and as residential space are generally smaller. There are only a few super tall skyscrapers of that type among the 100 tallest skyscrapers in the world. The tallest residential building in the world is 432 Park Avenue.[citation needed] There are few supertall hotel skyscrapers in the world.[citation needed] The Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa, Rose Tower and Burj Al Arab are the only three supertall hotels standing, while the topped-out Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa is currently the tallest hotel in the world at 377 m (1,237 ft).[citation needed]
See also[edit]
History portal
Architecture portal
History of tallest skyscrapers
List of tallest buildings and structures
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of tallest buildings
List of tallest churches
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
Notes[edit]
A. ^ This significant proportion can be judged as 15% or greater of either the total floor area, or the total building height in terms of number of floors occupied for the function. However, care should be taken in the case of supertall buildings. For example, a 20-story hotel function as part of a 150-story tower does not comply with the 15% rule, though this would clearly constitute mixed use.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Marshall Gerometta. "Height: The History of Measuring Tall Buildings". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ A.F.K. "The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cathedral Church of LINCOLN, by A.F. KENDRICK, B.A". Gwydir.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
Jump up ^ Haughton, Brian(2007),Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries,p.167
Jump up ^ Michael Woods, Mary B. Woods(2009), Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,p.41
Jump up ^ "Lincoln Cathedral".
Jump up ^ Darwin Porter, Danforth Prince(2010), Frommer's England 2010,p.588
Jump up ^ Mary Jane Taber(1905), The cathedrals of England: an account of some of their distinguishing characteristics,p.100
Jump up ^ A Brief History of the World's Tallest Buildings Time magazine
Jump up ^ "Cathedrals and the birth of freedom - Institute of Public Affairs Australia".
Jump up ^ Benham, William (1902). Old St. Paul's Cathedral. London: Seeley & Co at Project Gutenberg
Jump up ^ "Mole Antonelliana". Museo Nazionale del Cinema (Italian National Film Museum) website. Maria Adriana Prolo Foundation. Retrieved March 18, 2014. Construction was completed in 1889... At the time of its completion, at 167.5 meters in height, it was the tallest masonry building in all of Europe.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The History of Measuring Tall Buildings". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings. 2009
Jump up ^ Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Tallest Single-Function Office Buildings in the World
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Former world's tallest buildings.
CTBUH.org
Tallest buildings past, present and future
Illinois.edu
Capital-chronicle.com
Tallestbuildingintheworld.com
Skyscraper.org
Information of Skyscrapers
fredmanonthemillhill.com
Geography.about.com: Worlds Tallest Skyscrapers
Shift of Skyscrapers from USA to Asia
A Brief History of the World’s Tallest Skyscrapers
Facts About Worlds tallest Buildings
The History of Skyscrapers, A Race at the Top
Timeline of Worlds Tallest Buildings
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Bed size
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Single size bed
Standard bed sizes are based on standard mattress sizes, which vary from country to country. Bed sizes also vary according to the size and degree of ornamentation of the bed frame. Dimensions and names vary considerably around the world, with most countries having their own standards and terminology. In addition, two mattresses with the same nominal size may still have slightly different dimensions, due to manufacturing tolerances, amount of padding, and support type.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table of common sizes
2 Canada and United States
2.1 Standard sizes
2.2 Other sizes
3 Europe
3.1 UK and Ireland
3.2 France
3.3 Italy
3.4 Northern Europe
3.5 Portugal
3.6 Spain
3.7 Switzerland
4 Australia
5 New Zealand
6 South Africa
7 Singapore and Malaysia
8 China
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Table of common sizes[edit]
See also: Bedding § Bedding sizes
Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes. Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below. These dimensions are for the mattress – actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress. Mattress thickness varies considerably.
Mattress size (width × length)
US & Canada
Australia
Ireland & UK
New Zealand
Continental Europe
Japan
Taiwan
Thailand
Singapore
Small single
or Cot
30 in × 75 in
76 cm × 191 cm 60 cm × 190 cm
24 in × 75 in 80 cm × 190 cm
31 in × 75 in 85 cm × 195 cm
33 in × 77 in 91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in
Single, Twin,
or Bunk
38[1] in × 75 in
97 cm × 191 cm 92 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 190 cm
35 in × 75 in 91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 200 cm
35 in × 79 in 97 cm × 195 cm
38 in × 77 in 106 cm × 188 cm
42 in × 74 in 107 cm × 198 cm
42 in × 78 in 91 cm × 191 cm
36 in × 75 in
Twin extra long
38[2] in × 80 in
97 cm × 203 cm 91 cm × 203 cm
36 in × 80 in 90 cm × 210 cm
35 in × 83 in 97 cm × 205 cm
38 in × 81 in
King single
or Super single
107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in 107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in 120 cm × 200 cm
47 in × 79 in 110 cm × 195 cm
43 in × 77 in 107 cm × 191 cm
42 in × 75 in
Small double
or Three-quarter
48 in × 75 in
122 cm × 191 cm 120 cm × 190 cm
47 in × 75 in 122 cm × 195 cm
48 in × 77 in
Double or Full
54 in × 75 in
137 cm × 191 cm 138 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in 135 cm × 190 cm
53 in × 75 in 137 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in 140 cm × 200 cm
55 in × 79 in 140 cm × 195 cm
55 in × 77 in 152 cm × 188 cm
60 in × 74 in 122 cm × 198 cm
48 in × 78 in
Double extra long
54 in × 80 in
137 cm × 203 cm 140 cm × 205 cm
55 in × 81 in
Queen
60 in × 80 in
152 cm × 203 cm 153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in 153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in 154 cm × 195 cm
61 in × 77 in 182 cm × 188 cm
72 in × 74 in 152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in 152 cm × 191 cm
60 in × 75 in
Expanded, Super,
or Olympic queen
66 in × 80 in
168 cm × 203 cm
King
76 in × 80 in
193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in
198 cm square 183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in 152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in 167 cm × 203 cm
66 in × 80 in 160 cm × 200 cm
63 in × 79 in 170 cm × 195 cm
67 in × 77 in 182 cm × 212 cm
72 in × 83 in 183 cm × 198 cm
72 in × 78 in 183 cm × 191 cm
72 in × 75 in
California king
or King long
72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm 72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm 80 in × 80 in
203 cm × 203 cm 170 cm × 205 cm
67 in × 81 in
Grand king,
Super king,
Athletic King
or Texas king
80 in × 98 in
203 cm × 249 cm 203 cm × 203 cm
80 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in 183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in
194 cm × 205 cm
76 in × 81 in
Canada and United States[edit]
Standard North American sizes
A pillowtop queen-size mattress.
Standard sizes[edit]
Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are:
Twin or single
38 in × 75 in (97 cm × 191 cm)
It is an untrue rumor that a single bed is sometimes smaller than a twin.[3]
Full or double
54 in × 75 in (137 cm × 191 cm)
Queen
60 in × 80 in (152 cm × 203 cm)
King
76 in × 80 in (193 cm × 203 cm)
Foundation or box spring size can be of two single L or twin XL.
California king
72 in × 84 in (183 cm × 213 cm): A good choice for adjustable beds [1]
Other sizes[edit]
Single L or twin XL
39 in × 80 in (99 cm × 203 cm)[4]
Three-quarters
48 in × 75 in (122 cm × 191 cm)[5]
Full XL
54 in × 80 in (137 cm × 203 cm)
Texas (or athletic) king
80 in × 98 in (203 cm × 249 cm)
California queen waterbed insert
Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame. Subtract 2.0 inches from California queen waterbed size.
58 in × 82 in (147 cm × 208 cm)
California king waterbed insert
Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame. Subtract 2.0 inches from California king waterbed size.
70 in × 82 in (178 cm × 208 cm)
Europe[edit]
UK and Ireland[edit]
Most modern beds/mattresses sold in the UK and Ireland are constructed using metric dimensions.
Size
Dimensions
Notes
Small-single 75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Common UK size for hospitality (zip & link) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a king bed.[citation needed]
European single 75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Standard single 90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Ireland standard hospitality sized single, two mattresses can be zip linked to make a Super king bed.
Small-double (Three Quarter)/Queen 120 cm × 190 cm (47 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Standard Double 135 cm × 190 cm (53 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
King 152 cm × 198 cm (60 in × 78 in)[citation needed]
Extra-king 180 cm × 190 cm (71 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Hospitality size formed by zip & linking two standard single beds together.[citation needed]
Superking 180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)[citation needed] Also known as "European King".
Eastern King 200 cm × 210 cm (79 in × 83 in)[citation needed]
Emperor 215 cm × 215 cm (85 in × 85 in)[citation needed]
Caesar 245 cm × 220 cm (96 in × 87 in)[citation needed]
It is worth noting that "bed size" in the UK generally refers to mattress size. This is because mattresses have a standard size grading, whereas bed frames do not. While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services, most mass-produced bed linens, bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above. It should be noted that a Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world. However, at 120cm in width, it is smaller than a UK double. Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress.
France[edit]
Single size beds are usually 90 cm wide by 190 cm long.
Most common sizes for double beds are:
140 cm wide by 190 cm long
160 cm wide by 200 cm long
180 cm wide by 200 cm long (less common, but increasing popularity).
Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 cm length is becoming more common.[citation needed]
Italy[edit]
In Italy, beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in "one place" Standard sizes are:[citation needed]
Una piazza or singolo ("single")
80 cm (31.5 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Una piazza e mezza (1½)
120 cm (47.2 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Due piazze or letto matrimoniale
160 cm (62.99 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Less common:[citation needed]
Piazza francese or "Piazza e Mezza francese"
140 cm x 190 cm
Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 cm length is becoming more common.[citation needed]
Northern Europe[edit]
These sizes are for Germany, Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations, but these are the most common sizes:
Single:
80 cm × 190 cm (31 in × 75 in), traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany
90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in), traditional standard in Germany
75 cm × 200 cm (30 in × 79 in), standard in Norway[citation needed]
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in)
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), standard single bed in Sweden and Germany.
90 cm × 210 cm (35 in × 83 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common variant in The Netherlands
90 cm × 220 cm (35 in × 87 in), Xlarge variant in The Netherlands
100 cm × 200 cm (39 in × 79 in), now very common in Germany
105 cm × 200 cm (41 in × 79 in)
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)[citation needed]
Double:
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), referred to as a "doubter" in the Netherlands, somewhat common for younger people
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in)
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in), common
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), very common[citation needed]
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), very common double bed in current Swedish and Norwegian standards[citation needed]
180 cm × 210 cm (71 in × 83 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in) (very wide)
Most beds are 200 cm (79 in) cm long. Extra long beds are usually 220 cm (87 in), but they are rare.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are:
Solteiro (single) 80 cm (31.5 inches) wide by 190 cm long (can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long)
Casal (double) 140 cm (55 in) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
Queen Size 160 cm (63 inches) or 180 cm (71 inches) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
King Size 180 cm (71 inches) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
Super King Size 200 cm (78.74 inches) wide by 200 cm long
Spain[edit]
In Spain the most common sizes are:
180/190/200 cm long
80/90/105/120/135/150 cm wide, the most common:
"Individual" (single) = 90 cm wide
"Matrimonio" (marital) = 135/150 cm wide
Switzerland[edit]
Single:
70 cm × 200 cm (28 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common single bed
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), uncommon, mainly available as European-style futon beds that are sold with mattress, slats and frame
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in), common, especially among young people
Double:
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), common
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), common
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in), proposed when enough space is available
Australia[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in Australia
Single
92cm x 188cm (36in x 74in)
Long Single
92cm x 204cm (36in x 80in)
Three-quarter (obsolete, but still present)
120 cm × 188 cm (47in x 74in)
King Single
107cm x 203cm (42in x 80in)
Double
138cm x 188cm (54in x 74in)
Queen
153cm x 203cm (60in x 80in - Same as American Queen)
King
183cm x 203cm (72in x 80in)
California King
183cm x 213cm (72in x 82in)
Super King
204 cm x 204cm (80in x 80in)
New Zealand[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand
Single
91cm x 188cm
Single XL
91cm x 203cm
Three-quarter (uncommon)
120 cm × 188 cm
King Single
107cm x 203cm
Double
137cm x 188cm
Queen
153cm x 203cm
King
167cm x 203cm
Super King
183cm x 203cm
Californian King
203cm x 203cm
Water Bed King
213cm x 203cm
South Africa[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in South Africa:
Single
92 cm × 188 cm
Three-quarter
107 cm × 188 cm
Double
137 cm × 188 cm
Queen
152 cm × 188 cm
King
183 cm × 188 cm (equals two single mattresses)
Beds are also available in extra length, which is 200 cm.
Singapore and Malaysia[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in Singapore and Malaysia:
Single
36 in × 75 in (91 cm x 191 cm)
Super single
42 in × 75 in (107 cm × 191 cm)
Queen (double)
60 in × 75 in (152 cm × 191 cm)
King (double)
72 in × 75 in (183 cm × 191 cm)
China[edit]
In China, the regulation standard has following sizes available:[6]
Length: 1900 mm, 1950 mm, 2000 mm, 2100 mm;
Width: Single: 800 mm, 900 mm, 1000 mm, 1100 mm, 1200 mm;
Width: Double: 1350 mm, 1400 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm.
In practice, bed sizes are usually categorized by the width. The length is typically two meters, but may vary. The most common sizes are:
1.2 m
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)
1.5 m
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in)
1.8 m
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)
There are also extra size beds available, but they are less common.
See also[edit]
Design portal
Infant bed
Bed sheet
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://bettersleep.org/mattresses-and-more/mattress-sizes
Jump up ^ http://bettersleep.org/mattresses-and-more/mattress-sizes
Jump up ^ Apodaca, Frank (25 March 2017). "Single vs Twin Bed Size". The Sleep Judge. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Auer, Joe (22 December 2016). "Mattress Sizes And Dimensions- A Comprehensive Overview". Mattress Clarity. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "What size is a three-quarter bed?". Reference. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "中华人民共和国轻工业标准 QB/T1952.2—99 -- 弹 簧 软 床 垫". 国家轻工业局. 1999-07-12. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
External links[edit]
Media related to Beds at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Mattresses at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
Pir Panjal Range
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pir Panjal range as seen from Banihal (pic: Shoaib Tantray)
Kashmir valley seen from satellite. Snow-capped Pir Panjal range separates the valley from plains.
Pir Panjal Range
The Pir Panjal Range is a group of mountains in the Inner Himalayan region, running from east-southeast (ESE) to west-northwest (WNW) across the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir where the average elevation varies from 1,400 m (4,600 ft) to 4,100 m (13,500 ft).[1] The Himalayas show a gradual elevation towards the Dhauldhar and Pir Panjal ranges. Pir Panjal is the largest range of the lower Himalayas. Near the bank of the Sutlej river, it dissociates itself from the Himalayas and forms a divide between the rivers Beas and Ravi on one side and the Chenab on the other. The famous Galyat mountains are also located in this range.
Contents
[hide]
1 Peaks
2 Passes
3 Tunnels
3.1 Jawahar Tunnel
3.2 Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel
3.3 Rohtang Tunnel
3.4 Banihal Railway Tunnel
4 See also
5 References
Peaks[edit]
Deo Tibba (6,001 m (19,688 ft)) and Indrasan (6,221 m (20,410 ft)) are two important peaks at the eastern end of the mountain range. They can be approached from both the Parvati-Beas Valley (Kulu District) and the Chandra (Upper Chenab) Valley (Lahaul and Spiti District) in Himachal Pradesh. The hill station of Gulmarg in Kashmir lies in this range.[2]
Passes[edit]
The Pir Panjal pass lies to the west of Srinagar.
The Banihal pass (2,832 m (9,291 ft)) lies at the head of the Vitasta river at the southern end of the Kashmir valley. Banihal and Qazigund lie on either side of the pass.
The Sinthan pass connects Jammu and Kashmir with Kishtwar.
Pir ki Gali connects Kashmir valley with Rajouri and Poonch via Mughal road. Pir ki Gali is the highest point of Mughal road (11500 ft approx) and lies to the south west of the Kashmir valley. Nearest town to Pir Ki Gali is Shupian, the apple town of Kashmir valley.
Rohtang La (altitude 3,978 m (13,051 ft)) is a mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal range connecting Manali in the Kullu Valley to Keylong in the Lahaul Valley.
Coordinates: 33°53′36″N 74°29′19″E / 33.89333°N 74.48861°E / 33.89333; 74.48861
Haji Pir Pass (altitude 2,637 m (8,652 ft)) on the western Pir Panjal range on the road between Poonch and Uri is in the area of Kashmir administered by Pakistan.
A view towards the massive Pir Panjal range
Tunnels[edit]
Jawahar Tunnel[edit]
The Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long tunnel through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass connects Banihal with Qazigund on the other side of the mountain. The Jawahar Tunnel was named after the first Prime Minister of India was constructed in early 1950s and commissioned in December 1956 to ensure snow-free passage throughout the year. It is at elevation of about 2,100 m (6,900 ft). It was designed for 150 vehicles per day but now used by more than 7,000 vehicles per day.[3] Therefore, a new wider and longer tunnel has been planned at a lower elevation.
Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel[edit]
Construction of a new 8.45 km (5.25 mi) long twin-tube Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel started in 2011. The new tunnel is at a lower elevation than the existing Jawahar tunnel and, when completed, would reduce the road distance between Banihal and Qazigund by 16 km (9.9 mi). It would also be less prone to snow avalanche as it will be at a lower elevation.[4]
Rohtang Tunnel[edit]
The Rohtang Tunnel is being built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway. With 8.8 km (5.5 mi) length, the tunnel will be the longest road tunnel in India and is expected to reduce the distance between Manali and Keylong by about 60 km (37 mi). The tunnel is at 3,100 metres (10,171 ft) elevation whereas the Rohtang pass is at 3,978 metres (13,051 ft) elevation. Lying on the Manali-Leh axis, this is one of the two routes to Ladakh..
Banihal Railway Tunnel[edit]
The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, an 11.215 kilometres (6.969 mi) railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range in Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Quazigund and Banihal and is a part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla railway project. The tunnel was commissioned on 26 June 2013 for regular service. It is India's longest and Asia's third longest railway tunnel.[5]
See also[edit]
Ganga Choti
Banni Mata Temple
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Home ministry chalks out plan to settle Kashmiri Pandits".
Jump up ^ Pir Panjal Range (mountain system, Asia) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Beacon Light in the Tunnel
Jump up ^ "Passages of employment to Srinagar's denizens".
Jump up ^ "India's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir". The Times of India. 14 October 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pir_Panjal_Range&oldid=821139845"
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Mountain ranges of India
Mountain ranges of Pakistan
Landforms of Azad Kashmir
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This page was last edited on 18 January 2018, at 17:11.
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value: Pīr Panjāl Range (kabukiran sa Indya, State of Jammu and Kashmīr, lat 33,86, long 74,40) – Cebuano

value: पीर पंजाल पर्वतमाला – Hindi

value: ਪੀਰ ਪੰਜਾਲ – Punjabi

value: Пир-Панджал – Russian

value: பிர் பாஞ்சல் மலைத்தொடர் – Tamil

value: پیر پنجال – Urdu

value: 比爾本賈爾嶺 – Chinese

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