text:
Malvolio
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Malvolio
Twelfth Night character
Malvolio and the Countess, 1859 engraving
Created by
William Shakespeare
Source
Twelfth Night
Information
Role
Antagonist
Malvolio is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's comedy Twelfth Night, or What You Will. He is the vain, pompous steward of Olivia's household. He is often portrayed as the main antagonist.
Contents
[hide]
1 Style
2 Inspiration
3 Famous lines
4 References
Style[edit]
In the play, Malvolio is defined as a kind of Puritan. He despises all manner of fun and games, and wishes his world to be completely free of human sin, yet he behaves very foolishly against his stoic nature when he believes that Olivia loves him. This leads to major conflicts with characters such as Sir Toby Belch, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, and Maria, mistress of the household.
Much of the play's humour comes from Maria, Feste, Toby Belch, and Andrew Aguecheek tormenting Malvolio with drinking, joking, and singing. Later in the play, Maria devises a way to have revenge upon Malvolio, and proposes it to Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Feste. Maria composes a love letter in Olivia's handwriting, and leaves it so Malvolio will find it. Beforehand, Malvolio had been wishing to marry Olivia. The letter convinces Malvolio that Olivia loves him, and leads Malvolio to think that Olivia wishes him to smile, wear yellow stockings and cross garters. Olivia is in mourning for her brother's death, and finds smiling offensive, and yellow is "a colour she abhors, and cross garters a fashion she detests", according to Maria. When Malvolio is imprisoned for being a supposed lunatic after acting out the instructions in the letter, Feste visits him both as himself and in the guise of "Sir Topas the curate", and torments Malvolio by making him swear to heretical texts, for example, Pythagorean precepts. At the end of the play he vows, "I’ll be reveng’d on the whole pack of you" for his public humiliation, and Olivia acknowledges that he has "been most notoriously abused."
The role was first played by Richard Burbage at the Globe Theatre. John Westland Marston notes that the actors of his time often played the role with "contemptuous superiority"; by contrast his favourite Malvolio, William Ferrin, performed it with "lofty condescension". Other actors famed for their performance of Malvolio include Sir Alec Guinness, Henry Irving, E. H. Sothern, Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Henry Ainley, Sir John Gielgud, Simon Russell Beale, Maurice Evans, Ken Dodd, Richard Briers, Sir Nigel Hawthorne and Sir Derek Jacobi.[1] Richard Wilson took on the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2009 production. In 2012, Stephen Fry assumed the role at Shakespeare's Globe. In 2017, actress Tamsin Greig portrayed a female version of the character (renamed Malvolia) in Simon Godwin's revival of the play at the Royal National Theatre[2].
Inspiration[edit]
Some Shakespearean scholars hypothesize that the character Malvolio was inspired by Puritan landowner Sir Thomas Posthumous Hoby, who was involved in a well known court case against many of his Yorkshire neighbours in the 1600s. Hoby sued his neighbours when they came uninvited to his house, drank, played cards, mocked his religion, and threatened to rape his wife. Hoby won damages in the case, which may have influenced the scene in Twelfth Night when Malvolio interrupts Sir Toby's late-night reveling.[3]
Famous lines[edit]
"[S]ome are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon 'em." (Act II, Scene v; although Malvolio says this, he does so while reading from the letter that Maria wrote).
"My masters, are you mad?"
The lines would later be repeated, with a slight alteration, by Feste in the final scene of the play as he mocks Malvolio, who afterward storms off.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Entertainment | Tennant's Shakespearean triumph". BBC News. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/feb/23/twelfth-night-review-olivier-national-theatre-tamsin-greig
Jump up ^ "Shakespeare A to Z" by Charles Boyce, Roundtable Press, 1990
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text:
List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 6)
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Jump to: navigation, search
Dragon Ball Z (season 6)
DVD release poster
Country of origin
Japan
No. of episodes
29
Release
Original network
Fuji Television
Original release
Invalid date range
List of Dragon Ball Z episodes
The Cell Games Saga is the sixth season of Dragon Ball Z anime series. The episodes are produced by Toei Animation, and are based on the final 26 volumes of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama.
The 29-episode season originally ran from November 1992 to July 1993 in Japan on Fuji Television. The first English airing of the series was on Cartoon Network where Funimation Entertainment's dub of the series ran from November to December 2000. The episodes also aired in Australia and New Zealand. The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and Canada, all received a different English dub: one made in Canada.[citation needed]
Funimation released the season in a box set on September 16, 2008 and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the "Dragon Boxes". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, the first set was released November 10, 2009.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Episode list
2 References
Episode list[edit]
Orig. ep#
Initial dub ep#
Translated title/Funimation's dub title
Original Japanese title
Original airdate
English airdate
166
151 "A Final Battle Closes In on Goku!! The Mystery of the New Tenkaichi Tournament" / "What is the Tournament?"
"Gokū ni Semaru Daikessen!! Shin-Tenkaichi Budōkai no Nazo" (悟空に迫る大決戦!!新天下一武道会の謎) November 25, 1992 November 9, 2000
Trunks tells the others about Cell's tournament. It will be held in nine days, which doesn't give them much time to prepare. Cell builds the tournament ring, and begins to get the word out about the Cell Games.
167
152 "100% Ratings!! The Cell Games Call Forth Death with an Exclusive Live Broadcast" / "The Doomsday Broadcast"
"Shichōritsu Hyaku Pāsento!! Shi o Yobu Seru Gēmu Dokusen Namahōsō" (視聴率100%!!死を呼ぶセルゲーム独占生放送) December 2, 1992 November 13, 2000
As Goku and Gohan continue to train in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber, Yamcha and Krillin begin to get ready for the Cell Games. Cell goes on television and announces his plan to the world. He challenges Earth's best fighters to beat him.
168
153 "Goku and Gohan... The Hero Father and Son's Ultimate Level-Up" / "Meet Me in the Ring"
"Gokū to Gohan... Hīrō Oyako Kyūkyoku Reberu Appu" (悟空と悟飯…ヒーロー親子究極レベルアップ) December 9, 1992 November 14, 2000
Goku and Gohan finally emerge from the Hyperbolic Time Chamber, and Trunks gets them up to speed on what's happening. They decide that in the nine remaining days until the Cell Games, Piccolo will go in the Chamber first, followed by Vegeta, and finally Trunks. Goku decides that he and Gohan don't need another period of training in the Chamber, and will finish their training outside. Goku confronts Cell to size him up.
169
154 "Goku's Composure!? Let's Rest and Wait for the Cell Games" / "No Worries Here"
"Gokū no Yoyū!? Yasunde Matō Seru Gēmu" (悟空の余裕!?休んで待とうセルゲーム) December 16, 1992 November 15, 2000
Goku asks Korin to weigh his strength against Cell's, and the verdict is that Cell is still stronger than Goku. However, Goku doesn't seem worried by this at all. He seems to have a secret plan. Meanwhile, Cell begins to warm up for the tournament by flying into space and destroying some meteors. Goku sets out he and Gohan's training regimen, which is three days of rest, three days of training, and then three more days of rest.
170
155 "A Warrior's Rest... The Girl, the Lies, and Gohan's Resolution" / "A Girl Named Lime"
"Senshi no Kyūsoku... Shōjo to Uso to Gohan no Ketsui" (戦士の休息…少女と嘘と悟飯の決意) January 13, 1993 November 16, 2000
As Goku continues to relax, Gohan goes into town and befriends a young girl named Lime. While there, he discovers that the villagers are panicked about Cell, and have built a shelter. Mr. Bourbon, the rich man who owns the shelter, hired General Tao to force the villagers to do what he says. Gohan is forced to step in and take him on.
171
156 "Hidden Power!! When Gohan Was a Baby" / "Memories of Gohan"
"Himerareta Chikara!! Gohan ga Akanbō datta Koro" (秘められた力!!悟飯が赤ン坊だった頃) January 20, 1993 November 20, 2000
Chi Chi reminisces about the story of how Gohan was named. Goku, Gohan, and Krillin relax by picking apples. Goku remembers an incident involving the tree and a baby Gohan. Later, they celebrate Gohan's birthday.
172
157 "Seek Out Kami-sama!! Goku's Great Instantaneous Movement" / "A New Guardian"
"Kamisama o Sagashidase!! Goku, Dai Shunkan Idō" (神様を探し出せ!!悟空、大瞬間移動) January 27, 1993 November 21, 2000
Piccolo emerges from the Hyperbolic Time Chamber as a much more powerful warrior, and Vegeta takes his place inside to begin his training. As Cell awaits the start of the games, the Royal Military shows up to try and stop him. Of course, their attempts are futile, and Cell smites the entire force. Goku, wanting to bring all of these innocent people back to life, decides to locate the remaining Nameks and ask one of them to become the new guardian of Earth.
173
158 "Dende's First Task!! The Dragon Balls Restored" / "Dende's Dragon"
"Dende no Hatsu Shigoto!! Doragon Bōru Fukkatsu da" (デンデの初仕事!!ドラゴンボール復活だ) February 3, 1993 November 22, 2000
Goku travels to the Nameks' new planet, and Dende decides to become the new guardian. Mr. Satan announces that he will be fighting against Cell in the Tournament. Once Dende arrives on Earth, he creates a new Dragon and a new set of Dragon Balls. This new Dragon will be able to grant two wishes at a time. Goku then begins to gather up the seven balls.
174
159 "A Hard Problem for Goku!? Take Back the Dragon Balls" / "The Puzzle of General Tao"
"Gokū ni Nanmon!? Doragon Bōru o Torimodose" (悟空に難問!?神龍球をとり戻せ) February 10, 1993 November 23, 2000
With the Cell Games right around the corner, Mr. Satan is busy attending rallies in his own support. Meanwhile, Goku is tracking down the last two Dragon Balls. He finds that General Tao is in possession of them. Rather than risk a fight that he knows he'll lose, Tao challenges Goku to unlock three puzzle rings to earn his Dragon Balls. Finally, Goku gathers all seven Dragon Balls, and just in time, because the Cell Games are ready to start.
175
160 "Those Who Would Challenge Cell!! The Curtain Rises on the Battle" / "The Games Begin"
"Seru ni Idomu Mono Tachi!! Kessen no Makuake" (セルに挑む者たち!!決戦の幕開け) February 17, 1993 November 27, 2000
The Cell Games have finally begun, and all of the Earth's fighters have come to take on the evil tyrant Cell. Mr. Satan shows up first, convinced that he will be the one to take down Cell.
176
161 "Just a Moment!! The Satan Squad Goes On the Rampage" / "Losers Fight First"
"Chotto Matta!! Satangundan Daiabare" (ちょっと待った!!サタン軍団大暴れ) March 3, 1993 November 28, 2000
Mr. Satan's students show up and decide to fight Cell first. Each of them is defeated with virtually no effort from Cell. Mr. Satan then steps in, and is defeated in a more "forceful" manner, with Cell pushing Mr. Satan aside... into the mountainside. Finally, Goku steps into the ring to fight Cell.
177
162 "Fight Time, Goku!! The Ultra-Tense Cell Games" / "Goku vs. Cell"
"Shōbu da Gokū!! Chō Kinpaku Seru Gēmu" (勝負だ悟空!!超緊迫セルゲーム) March 10, 1993 November 29, 2000
The fight between Cell and Goku begins, and the Earth begins to shake as they fight. After they finally land back on the ring, it is revealed that it was just their warm-up. Goku prepares to power up to full strength as the real battle is about to begin.
178
163 "Direct Hit to Earth!! Cell's Extra-Large Kamehame-Ha" / "Cell's Bag of Tricks"
"Chikyū Chokugeki!! Seru no Tokudai Kamehameha" (地球直撃!!セルの特大カメハメ波) March 17, 1993 November 30, 2000
With Goku and Cell fully powered up, the battle begins, and as the match progresses, Cell realizes that they are very evenly matched, and so he resorts to trickery. First, he uses Tien's multi-form trick. Then he tries Piccolo's Special Beam Cannon and Frieza's final attack. Frustrated, he fires an incredibly powerful Kamehameha wave. Luckily, Goku is able to direct it away from the planet, and teleport back to the ring.
179
164 "Defeat or Death!? Goku's Turnabout Ploy" / "No More Rules"
"Haiboku ka Shi ka!? Gokū, Gyakuten no Hisaku" (敗北か死か!?悟空、逆転の秘策) March 31, 1993 December 4, 2000
The battle between Goku and Cell continues to heat up. Both of them seem to have even strength and speed. After Goku nearly falls out of the ring, Cell decides to destroy the ring and continue the fight with no rules. With nothing restricting them, the battle quickly intensifies, and as they fight, their power seems to increase. As they fight on, Goku decides to attempt to trick Cell by preparing a Kamehameha wave from up in the air. Cell doesn't believe that Goku would risk destroying the Earth, and so does nothing to defend himself. As the other fighters look on in horror, believing that Goku will release it from the air, Goku uses his Instant Transmission technique, and appears directly beneath Cell. He unleashes the wave directly into Cell's chest, and when the dust clears, Cell is severely maimed. It appears that Goku has won the tournament.
180
165 "A Conclusion to the Deathmatch!! Goku's Declaration of Surrender!?" / "The Fight is Over"
"Shitō ni Ketchaku!! Gokū no Kōsan Sengen!?" (死闘に決着!!悟空の降参宣言!?) April 7, 1993 December 5, 2000
As the dust clears, Cell's mangled body becomes visible. While the rest of the Z Fighters believe that they've won, Goku thinks differently. He senses that something isn't right when he can still feel a large amount of energy in what's left of Cell's body. Suddenly, Cell's body stands up, to the horror of virtually everybody, and regenerates the missing parts. Cell's energy has been depleted by the attack, but Goku's energy has been depleted more severely, and as the battle continues, it becomes clear that Goku is no match for Cell. Knowing that he cannot win, he declares that Cell is the winner. The Z Fighters, and Cell, can't believe it.
181
166 "He Who Takes Over as Strongest... His Name is Gohan" / "Faith in a Boy"
"Saikyō o Tsugu Mono... Sono Na wa Gohan" (最強を継ぐ者…その名は悟飯) April 14, 1993 December 6, 2000
After Goku's shocking declaration, Cell claims victory over Earth. But, Goku says that Cell has one more competitor to fight. Cell has already fought and defeated Vegeta, Trunks, and Piccolo, and these three are supposed to be the strongest of the remaining fighters. Goku stuns everyone by selecting Gohan. He claims that Gohan's strength far exceeds his own. Despite the rest of the Z Fighters' protests, and even despite the fact that Goku willingly gives Cell one of their Senzu beans, Goku remains confident in Gohan's strength. Gohan then powers up and begins his battle with Cell.
182
167 "Become Enraged, Gohan — Call Forth Your Dormant Power" / "Gohan's Desperate Plea"
"Okore Gohan Nemureru Chikara o Yobiokose" (怒れ悟飯眠れる力を呼び起せ) April 21, 1993 December 7, 2000
It appears that Cell has delivered the final blow to Gohan. But, Gohan is able to recover, and he looks more powerful than ever. He warns Cell that if he is pushed, an unbelievable power will be unleashed. He tells him about the time Raditz came to Earth and he was forced to let loose his amazing strength to save Goku. He also tells Cell about the time he had to do the same thing to save Krillin from Frieza. Instead of being scared by this, Cell is intrigued, and is determined to push Gohan to his limit so he can test himself against this awesome strength.
183
168 "Teeny Menaces!! Attack of the Cell Juniors" / "Android Explosion"
"Chitchana Kyōi!! Seru Junia Raishū" (ちっちゃな脅威!!セルジュニア来襲) April 28, 1993 December 11, 2000
Cell begins to punish Gohan in every way he can think of in order to unleash his hidden power. He inflicts as much pain as he can on the young Saiyan warrior. As Cell is trying to crush Gohan, Android 16 jumps in and grabs Cell. He attempts to use the self-destruct explosive inside his chest, but finds that he can't. Krillin reveals that Bulma removed it while repairing him. Cell destroys 16 with one blast, and then turns his attention on Gohan's friends. His tail opens up and seven tiny "Cell Juniors" pop out, one for each of the Z Fighters.
184
169 "The Tragic No. 16!! An Enraged Super Gohan Begins Taking Action" / "Cell Juniors Attack!"
"Jūrokugō Muzan!! Ugokidasu Ikari no Sūpā Gohan" (16号無惨!!動き出す怒りの超悟飯) May 5, 1993 December 12, 2000
The Cell Juniors are attacking the Z Fighters, and there's nothing they can do to defend themselves. Only Trunks and Vegeta are able to remotely put up a fight. As they continue to beat up on them, Android 16's head rolls towards the camera crew, and makes his final wish: he asks Mr. Satan to bring him to Gohan. Running through the crossfire caused by Piccolo's "Rapid fire" technique, he throws 16's head towards Gohan. Once there, 16 tells Gohan that it is okay to fight if you're doing it for the right reasons, and to unleash his power. After he utters his final words, he is crushed by Cell. This is enough to push Gohan over the edge, and to transform into a Super Saiyan 2.
185
170 "Devastating True Power!! The Cell Juniors Pulverized" / "The Unleashing" and "Awakening"
"Fukiareru Shin no Pawā!! Seru Junia Funsai" (吹き荒れる真の力!!セルジュニア粉砕) May 12, 1993 December 13, 2000
Gohan, angered by the destruction of Android 16, begins to ascend to a Super Saiyan 2. Cell initially thinks that Gohan is making the same mistake that Trunks did, by simply powering up. Eventually though, Gohan fully transforms into a Super Saiyan 2, to the amazement of the Z Fighters. Gohan is fully powered up now, to the delight of Cell, until Gohan snatches the bag of Senzu beans from Cell before he realizes it. With the beans in hand, he begins to attack the Cell Juniors. One by one, he destroys each of the Cell Juniors, each with a single blow. Trunks comments that he did the transformation right, increasing his strength without losing speed. When Gohan is finished destroying the Cell Juniors, he gives the senzu beans to Trunks, to distribute to the wounded Z Fighters, and moves on to Cell himself.
186
171 "Cell Gets KO'ed!! Just Two Super Ironfisted Blows" / "The Unstoppable Gohan"
"Seru o Nokkuauto!! Tatta Nihatsu no Chō Tekken" (セルをKO（ノックアウト）!!たった２発の超鉄拳) May 19, 1993 December 14, 2000
Cell and Gohan begin to fight, and from the start it is clear that Gohan is far superior to Cell. None of Cell's punches are landing, and Gohan doesn't even appear to be trying. Piccolo comments that the reason Goku fought Cell first was to show Gohan how Cell fights. Cell decides that he should fight at full strength. As he powers up, the Earth itself shakes. But even at full power, and delivering a quick blow to Gohan, Gohan is able to easily deliver two crushing blows to Cell, severely damaging Cell. It appears that Gohan has won, although Piccolo comments that it's not over yet.
187
172 "Something Amiss With Cell!! His Perfect Form Crumbles" / "Cell's Mighty Breakdown"
"Seru ni Ihen!! Kuzusareta Kanzentai" (セルに異変!!崩された完全体) May 26, 1993 December 18, 2000
Gohan, no matter how many attacks Cell throws at him, is totally unfazed by Cell's attacks, and it looks more and more like Gohan will win the battle. Desperate, Cell aims a massive Kamehameha wave at the Earth, hoping to destroy it. Gohan counters this with an even bigger wave, which hits Cell, and dismembers him. Gohan starts to reveal the sadistic qualities of the Super Saiyan 2, preferring to let Cell suffer, despite Goku's protests that Gohan must destroy Cell now. Cell regenerates himself, and becomes enraged, and powers up to an extreme power level, but makes the same mistake that Trunks did, and is unable to hit Gohan due to his size. Gohan then delivers several crushing blows to Cell, including a kick to his gut, which eventually causes Cell to regurgitate Android 18.
188
173 "Bye-Bye, Everyone!! Goku's Last Instantaneous Movement" / "A Hero's Farewell"
"Bai Bai Minna!! Gokū Saigo no Shunkan Idō" (バイバイみんな!!悟空最後の瞬間移動) June 2, 1993 December 19, 2000
With Android 18 no longer a part of Cell, he regresses to his second imperfect form and finds himself absolutely no match for Gohan. Goku pleads with Gohan to end the battle immediately, but Gohan's new found arrogance causes him to simply toy with Cell. In desperation, Cell decides to blow himself up along with the planet, but Goku makes the ultimate sacrifice. He transports Cell to King Kai's planet, and they are destroyed in the blast. Goku has managed to save the Earth from certain doom...at the cost of his own life. As the Z Fighters are mourning the loss of their friend, and Gohan angered that his arrogance caused him to lose his father, Cell suddenly reappears and easily kills Trunks with a single blast.
189
174 "A Nightmare in Broad Daylight!! The Terror Becomes Even More Perfect" / "Cell Returns!"
"Hakuchū no Akuma!! Kyōfu wa yori Kanpeki ni" (白昼の悪夢!!恐怖はより完璧に) June 16, 1993 December 20, 2000
Cell is once again in his perfect form after regenerating from his own explosion. He reveals that one single cell was left after the explosion, and that was enough for him to come back. Vegeta becomes enraged at the loss of his son and attempts to take on Cell on his own. He unleashes a barrage of blasts at Cell, but is eventually tossed aside easily by the even more powerful Cell. Cell aims a blast at Vegeta, attempting to finish him off, but Gohan dives in front of him and takes the blast himself. Gohan survives, but is severely injured, losing the use of his left arm, and what's more, Krillin has no senzu beans left. Cell then begins to charge up a Kamehameha blast to destroy the Earth, and proclaims that he will live forever.
190
175 "From Goku to Gohan... The Spirit of the Father is Handed Down" / "The Horror Won't End"
"Gokū kara Gohan e... Chichi no Tamashii wa Tsutawatta" (悟空から悟飯へ…父の魂は伝わった) June 23, 1993 December 21, 2000
Cell is through playing games, so he decides to take out Gohan, and the Earth, once and for all. While powering up his Kamehameha wave, he explains how he became Dr. Gero's "ultimate perfection". Gohan thinks this is the end of the world, but suddenly Goku begins to speak to him telepathically through King Kai. He tells Gohan that he has the strength and that he cannot give up. So, despite only being able to use one arm, Gohan powers up the biggest Kamehameha wave he can maneuver and aims it directly at Cell, just as Cell releases his wave.
191
176 "The Battle is Over... Thank You, Son Goku" / "Save the World"
"Tatakai wa Owatta... Arigatō Son Gokū" (戦いは終った…ありがとう孫悟空) June 30, 1993 December 26, 2000
Gohan and Cell's waves collide, creating a crater in the Earth. As Gohan struggles to put all of his energy into his wave, Cell's wave begins to overtake his, despite the telepathic encouragement of Goku. Seeing that Gohan is losing, Piccolo comes to his aid and attacks Cell. Although the attack is deflected with no effort from Cell, he continues his efforts. Tien, Yamcha, and Krillin all join in, but it is all for nought. Just as it looks like Cell is going to win, Vegeta fires a giant beam directly at Cell, and this distraction is just enough for Gohan to make the final push and defeat Cell. The Perfect Android disintegrates into nothingness, thanks to Gohan's Kamehameha Wave, and the battle was won.
192
177 "I'm Going to Train In the Next World!! A Smile at Parting" / "Goku's Decision"
"Ora Ano Yo de Shugyō suru!! Egao no Wakare" (オラあの世で修業する!!笑顔の別れ) July 7, 1993 December 27, 2000
With Cell defeated, the Z Fighters head to the lookout to summon the dragon. This dragon is able to grant two wishes, but unfortunately Goku can't be wished back because he's already been brought back from the afterlife. Although they think of a way to revive him, Goku suddenly speaks to all of them through King Kai. He says that all of the trouble that has been caused on Earth is because of him. Frieza, the Androids, and Cell were all after him. He seems to be a magnet for trouble, so he decides to remain in the Other World for the Earth to be safe without Goku. Now they have one more wish left.
193
178 "New Days... Father! I'm Hanging In There" / "One More Wish"
"Atarashii Hibi... Tōsan! Boku Ganbaru" (新しい日々…父さん！ボクがんばる) July 14, 1993 December 28, 2000
Because no one can think of a good wish, Krillin decides to use it to turn Android 18 into a human. However, Shenron says it is beyond his power to do that. Then Krillin wishes to take the explosives out of her, which Shenron accepts. After Trunks goes back to his own time, life returns to normal for the rest of the Z Fighters as Gohan tells Chi-Chi that Goku will not come back this time and Chi-Chi begins crying about her loss.
194
179 "One More Conclusion!! I Will Defend the Future" / "Free the Future"
"Mō Hitotsu no Ketsumatsu!! Mirai wa Ore ga Mamoru" (もう一つの結末!!未来はオレが守る) July 21, 1993 December 29, 2000
Back in his own time, Trunks decides it is time to end the fight once and for all. He finds androids 17 and 18 and easily defeats them. Later, the Imperfect Cell tries to sneak up on Trunks, but Trunks is too quick for him. Trunks, being much more powerful than Cell, quickly dispatches him. The nightmare is finally over. Meanwhile, Goku and King Kai begin their journey to the Otherworld.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box" (Press release). Funimation. July 20, 2009. Archived from the original on September 15, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
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Twelve Days of Christmas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the religious period. For the Christmas song, see The Twelve Days of Christmas (song). For the album of Ross O'Carroll-Kelly, see The Twelve Days of Christmas (album).
Twelve days of Christmas
The Adoration of the Magi. Fresco in the Lower Church of the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in Assisi, Italy
Observed by
Christians
Type
Christian
Observances
Varies by denomination, culture, and nation
Date
25 December – 5 January, inclusive
Frequency
annual
Related to
Christmas Day, Christmastide, Twelfth Night, Epiphany, and Epiphanytide
The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ. In most Western ecclesiastical traditions, "Christmas Day" is considered the "First Day of Christmas" and the Twelve Days are 25 December – 5 January, inclusive.[1] For many Christian denominations; for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church, the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide,[2][3][4] but for others, e.g., the Roman Catholic Church, "Christmastide" lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Eastern Christianity
1.1 Eastern Orthodoxy
2 Western Christianity
2.1 Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages
2.2 England
2.3 Colonial North America
3 Modern Western customs
3.1 United Kingdom and Commonwealth
3.2 United States of America
4 References
Eastern Christianity[edit]
Because the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church celebrate the Birth and Baptism of Christ on the same day,[6] they do not have a series of twelve days between a feast of Christmas and a feast of Epiphany.
The Oriental Orthodox, other than the Armenians, the Eastern Orthodox, and the Eastern Catholics who follow the same traditions do have the interval of twelve days between the two feasts. If they use the Julian Calendar, they celebrate Christmas on what is for them 25 December, but is 7 January of the Gregorian Calendar, and they celebrate Epiphany on what is for them 6 January, but is 19 January of the Gregorian Calendar.
Eastern Orthodoxy[edit]
For the Eastern Orthodox, both Christmas and Epiphany are among the Twelve Great Feasts that are only second to Easter in importance.[7]
The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast-free.[7] During this period one celebration leads into another. The Nativity of Christ is a three-day celebration: the formal title of the first day (i. e. Christmas Eve) is "The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord, God and Saviour Jesus Christ", and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus, but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi; the second day is referred to as the "Synaxis of the Theotokos", and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation; the third day is known as the "Third Day of the Nativity", and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen. 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents. The Afterfeast of the Nativity (similar to the Western octave) continues until 31 December (that day is known as the Apodosis or "leave-taking" of the Nativity).
Russian icon of the Theophany.
The Saturday following the Nativity is commemorated by special readings from the Epistle (1 Tim 6:11-16) and Gospel (Matt 12:15-21) during the Divine Liturgy. The Sunday after the Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of "The Righteous Ones: Joseph the Betrothed, David the King and James the Brother of the Lord".
Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January.[7] On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great, and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil.
On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting, on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night. This day is known as Paramony (Greek Παραμονή "Eve"), and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve. That morning is the celebration of the Royal Hours and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with Vespers, at the conclusion of which is celebrated the Great Blessing of Waters, in commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River. There are certain parallels between the hymns chanted on Paramony and those of Good Friday, to show that, according to Orthodox theology, the steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross. That night the All-Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany.
Western Christianity[edit]
Within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are celebrations both secular and religious.
Christmas Day, if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days,[2] is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord. It is a public holiday in many nations, including some where the majority of the population is not Christian. On this see the articles on Christmas and Christmas traditions.
26 December is "St. Stephen's Day", a feast day in the Western Church. In Great Britain and its former colonies, it is also the secular holiday of Boxing Day. In some parts of Ireland it is denominated "Wren Day".
New Year's Eve on 31 December is the feast of Pope St. Sylvester I and is known also as "Silvester". The transition that evening to the new year is an occasion for secular festivities in many nations, and in several languages is known as "St. Sylvester Night" ("Notte di San Silvestro" in Italian, "Silvesternacht" in German, "Réveillon de la Saint-Sylvestre" in French, and "סילבסטר" in Hebrew).
New Year's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before. In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, it is the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas. It has also been celebrated, and still is in some denominations, as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His Birth, inclusively counting the first day and last day. This day, or some day proximate to it, is also celebrated by the Pope and Roman Catholics as World Day of Peace.[8]
In many nations, e. g., the United States, the Solemnity of Epiphany is transferred to the first Sunday after 1 January, which can occur as early as 2 January. That solemnity, then, together with customary observances associated with it, usually occur within the Twelve Days of Christmas, even if these are considered to end on 5 January rather than 6 January.
Other Roman Catholic liturgical feasts on the General Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen, Proto-Martyr on 26 December; Feast of St. John, Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket, Bishop and Martyr on 29 December; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or, if there is no such Sunday, on 30 December. Outside the Octave, but within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are the feast of Sts. Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus on 2 January and the Memorial of the Holy Name of Jesus on 3 January.
Other saints are celebrated at a local level.
Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages[edit]
The Second Council of Tours of 567 noted that, in the area for which its bishops were responsible, the days between Christmas and Epiphany were, like the month of August, taken up entirely with saints' days. Monks were therefore in principle not bound to fast on those days.[9] However, the first three days of the year were to be days of prayer and penance so that faithful Christians would refrain from participating in the idolatrous practices and debauchery associated with the new year celebrations. The Fourth Council of Toledo (633) ordered a strict fast on those days, on the model of the Lenten fast.[10][11]
England[edit]
Twelfth Night (The King Drinks) by David Teniers c. 1634-1640
In England in the Middle Ages, this period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking, which climaxed on Twelfth Night, the traditional end of the Christmas season. In Tudor England, Twelfth Night itself was forever solidified in popular culture when William Shakespeare used it as the setting for one of his most famous stage plays, titled Twelfth Night. Often a Lord of Misrule was chosen to lead the Christmas revels.[12]
Some of these traditions were adapted from the older pagan customs, including the Roman Saturnalia and the Germanic Yuletide.[13] Some also have an echo in modern-day pantomime where traditionally authority is mocked and the principal male lead is played by a woman, while the leading older female character, or 'Dame', is played by a man.
Colonial North America[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The early North American colonists brought their version of the Twelve Days over from England, and adapted them to their new country, adding their own variations over the years. For example, the modern-day Christmas wreath may have originated with these colonials.[14][15] A homemade wreath would be fashioned from local greenery and fruits, if available, were added. Making the wreaths was one of the traditions of Christmas Eve; they would remain hung on each home's front door beginning on Christmas Night (1st night of Christmas) through Twelfth Night or Epiphany morning. As was already the tradition in their native England, all decorations would be taken down by Epiphany morning and the remainder of the edibles would be consumed. A special cake, the king cake, was also baked then for Epiphany.
Modern Western customs[edit]
United Kingdom and Commonwealth[edit]
Many in the UK and other Commonwealth nations still celebrate some aspects of the Twelve Days of Christmas. Boxing Day, 26 December, is a national holiday in many Commonwealth nations. Victorian era stories by Charles Dickens, and others, particularly A Christmas Carol, hold key elements of the celebrations such as the consumption of plum pudding, roasted goose and wassail. These foods are consumed more at the beginning of the Twelve Days in the UK.
Twelfth Night is the last day for decorations to be taken down, and it is held to be bad luck to leave decorations up after this.[16] This is in contrast to the custom in Elizabethan England, when decorations were left up until Candlemas; this is still done in some other Western European countries such as Germany.
United States of America[edit]
Twelfth Night costumers in New Orleans
In the United States, Christmas Day is a holiday for Christians and for some non-Christians.[17]
The traditions of the Twelve Days of Christmas have been nearly forgotten in the United States. Contributing factors include the popularity of the stories of Charles Dickens in nineteenth-century America, with their emphasis on generous giving; introduction of secular traditions in the 19th and 20th centuries, e. g., the American Santa Claus; and increase in the popularity of secular New Year's Eve parties. Presently, the commercial practice treats the Solemnity of Christmas, 25 December, the first day of Christmas, as the last day of the "Christmas" marketing season, as the numerous "after-Christmas sales" that commence on 26 December demonstrate. The commercial calendar encourages the error that the Twelve Days of Christmas terminate on Christmas Day and therefore begin on 14 December.[18]
Many American Christians still celebrate the traditional liturgical seasons of Advent and Christmas, especially Amish, Anglo-Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Mennonites, Methodists, Moravians, Orthodox Christians, Presbyterians, and Roman Catholics. In Anglicanism, the designation of the "Twelve Days of Christmas" is used liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US, having its own invitatory antiphon in the Book of Common Prayer for Matins.[3]
Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them, with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year. They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany. Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day, singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous The Twelve Days of Christmas, and lighting a yule log on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights. For some, the Twelfth Night remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts. Some households exchange gifts on the first (25 December) and last (5 January) days of the Twelve Days. As in former times, the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which Christmas trees and decorations are deposed.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hatch, Jane M. (1978). The American Book of Days. Wilson. ISBN 9780824205935. January 5th: Twelfth Night or Epiphany Eve. Twelfth Night, the last evening of the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas, has been observed with festive celebration ever since the Middle Ages.
^ Jump up to: a b Bratcher, Dennis (10 October 2014). "The Christmas Season". Christian Resource Institute. Retrieved 20 December 2014. The Twelve Days of Christmas ... in most of the Western Church are the twelve days from Christmas until the beginning of Epiphany (January 6th; the 12 days count from December 25th until January 5th). In some traditions, the first day of Christmas begins on the evening of December 25th with the following day considered the First Day of Christmas (December 26th). In these traditions, the twelve days begin December 26[th] and include Epiphany on January 6[th].
^ Jump up to: a b "The Book of Common Prayer" (PDF). New York: Church Publishing Incorporated. January 2007. p. 43. Retrieved 24 December 2014. On the Twelve Days of Christmas Alleluia. Unto us a child is born: O come, let us adore Him. Alleluia.
Jump up ^ Truscott, Jeffrey A. Worship. Armour Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 9789814305419. As with the Easter cycle, churches today celebrate the Christmas cycle in different ways. Practically all Protestants observe Christmas itself, with services on 25 December or the evening before. Anglicans, Lutherans and other churches that use the ecumenical Revised Common Lectionary will likely observe the four Sundays of Advent, maintaining the ancient emphasis on the eschatological (First Sunday), ascetic (Second and Third Sundays), and scriptural/historical (Fourth Sunday). Besides Christmas Eve/Day, they will observe a 12-day season of Christmas from 25 December to 5 January.
Jump up ^ Bl. Pope Paul VI, Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year, #33 (14 February 1969)
Jump up ^ Kelly, Joseph F (2010). Joseph F. Kelly, The Feast of Christmas (Liturgical Press 2010 ISBN 978-0-81463932-0). ISBN 9780814639320.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kallistos Ware, The Orthodox Church
Jump up ^ United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, "World Day of Peace"
Jump up ^ Jean Hardouin; Philippe Labbé; Gabriel Cossart (1714). "Christmas". Acta Conciliorum et Epistolae Decretales (in Latin). Typographia Regia, Paris. Retrieved 16 December 2014. De Decembri usque ad natale Domini, omni die ieiunent. Et quia inter natale Domini et epiphania omni die festivitates sunt, itemque prandebunt. Excipitur triduum illud, quo ad calcandam gentilium consuetudinem, patres nostri statuerunt privatas in Kalendariis Ianuarii fieri litanias, ut in ecclesiis psallatur, et hora octava in ipsis Kalendis Circumcisionis missa Deo propitio celebretur. (Translation: "In December until Christmas, they are to fast each day. Since between Christmas and Epiphany there are feasts on each day, they shall have a full meal, except during the three-day period on which, in order to tread Gentile customs down, our fathers established that private litanies for the Calends of January be chanted in the churches, and that on the Calends itself Mass of the Circumcision be celebrated at the eighth hour for God's favour.")
Jump up ^ Christopher Labadie, "The Octave Day of Christmas: Historical Development and Modern Liturgical Practice" in Obsculta, vol. 7, issue 1, art. 8, p. 89
Jump up ^ Adolf Adam, The Liturgical Year (Liturgical Press 1990 ISBN 978-0-81466047-8), p. 139
Jump up ^ Frazer, James (1922). The Golden Bough. New York: McMillan. ISBN 1-58734-083-6. Bartleby.com
Jump up ^ Count, Earl (1997). 4,000 Years of Christmas. Ulysses Press. ISBN 1-56975-087-4.
Jump up ^ New York Times, 27 December 1852: a report of holiday events mentions 'a splendid wreath' as being among the prizes won.
Jump up ^ In 1953 a correspondence in the letter pages of The Times discussed whether Christmas wreaths were an alien importation or a version of the native evergreen 'bunch'/'bough'/'garland'/'wassail bush' traditionally displayed in England at Christmas. One correspondent described those she had seen placed on doors in country districts as either a plain bunch, a shape like a torque or open circle, and occasionally a more elaborate shape like a bell or interlaced circles. She felt the use of the words 'Christmas wreath' had 'funereal associations' for English people who would prefer to describe it as a 'garland'. An advertisement in The Times of Friday, 26 December 1862; pg. 1; Issue 24439; col A, however, refers to an entertainment at Crystal Palace featuring 'Extraordinary decorations, wreaths of evergreens ...', and in 1896 the special Christmas edition of The Girl's Own Paper was titled 'Our Christmas Wreath':The Times Saturday, 19 December 1896; pg. 4; Issue 35078; col C. There is a custom of decorating graves at Christmas with somber wreaths of evergreen, which is still observed in parts of England, and this may have militated against the circle being the accepted shape for door decorations until the re-establishment of the tradition from America in the mid-to-late 20th century.
Jump up ^ "Epiphany in United Kingdom". timeanddate.com. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
Jump up ^ Sirvaitis, Karen (1 August 2010). The European American Experience. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 52. ISBN 9780761340881. Christmas is a major holiday for Christians, although some non-Christians in the United States also mark the day as a holiday.
Jump up ^ HumorMatters.com Twelve Days of Christmas (reprint of a magazine article). Retrieved 3 January 2011.
"Christmas". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 December 2005. Primarily subhead Popular Merrymaking under Liturgy and Custom.
"The Twelve Days of Christmas". Catholic Culture. Retrieved 22 January 2012. Primarily subhead 12 Days of Christmas under Catholic and Culture.
Bowler, Gerald (2000). The World Encyclopedia of Christmas. Toronto: M&S. ISBN 978-0-7710-1531-1. OCLC 44154451.
Caulkins, Mary; Jennie Miller Helderman (2002). Christmas Trivia: 200 Fun & Fascinating Facts About Christmas. New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-22070-2. OCLC 49627774.
Collins, Ace; Clint Hansen (2003). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-24880-4. OCLC 52311813.
Evans, Martin Marix (2002). The Twelve Days of Christmas. White Plains, New York: Peter Pauper Press. ISBN 978-0-88088-776-2. OCLC 57044650.
Wells, Robin Headlam (2005). Shakespeare's Humanism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82438-5. OCLC 62132881.
Hoh, John L., Jr. (2001). The Twelve Days of Christmas: A Carol Catechism. Vancouver: Suite 101 eBooks.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmastide.
Look up Twelve Days of Christmas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&oldid=819365901"
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