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Gun laws in Texas
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Location of Texas in the United States
Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Firearms possession
3 Firearms carry
3.1 License to Carry
3.2 College Carry Laws
3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry
3.3.1 30.06 signage
3.4 Open Carry
3.4.1 30.07 signage
4 Castle Doctrine
4.1 Stand Your Ground
4.2 Civil Immunity
5 Motorists Protection Act
6 National Firearms Act
7 See also
8 References
Summary[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State permit to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No
Owner license required? No No
Assault weapon law? No No
Magazine capacity restriction? No No
Carry license required? No Yes GC Ch. 411.172[1] Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.
Open carry? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.
Concealed carry on college campus? No Yes May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes LGC §229.001. State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.
NFA weapons restricted? No No PC 46.01, PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]
Peaceable journey laws? Yes Yes PC 46.02, PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).
Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.
Background checks required for private sales? No No
A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin, Texas prohibits concealed handguns. This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required, and is no longer enforceable under current law.[3]
Firearms possession[edit]
Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sale, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.
In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.
Firearms carry[edit]
There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.
License to Carry[edit]
The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.
The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]
This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.
"Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.
An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]
College Carry Laws[edit]
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]
While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more (Penal Code 49.01.)
30.06 signage[edit]
TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.
Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:
In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:
"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]
In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".
Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:
License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.
Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.
Open Carry[edit]
As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.
Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.
Exceptions to Open Carry
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]
30.07 signage[edit]
This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.
TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)
The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.
Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.
Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:
Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"
[16]
Castle Doctrine[edit]
On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).
Stand Your Ground[edit]
Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).
Civil Immunity[edit]
In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.
This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.
Motorists Protection Act[edit]
Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]
Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.
National Firearms Act[edit]
Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]
See also[edit]
Gun violence and gun control in Texas
Law of Texas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Texas Government Code - Section 411.172". Texas Constitution and Statutes. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
Jump up ^ "NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas". ammoland.com. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "NRA/ILA Firearms Laws for Texas" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws" (PDF). Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23. ]
Jump up ^ "Welcome | License To Carry A Handgun | Texas.gov". Txapps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Texas: Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
Jump up ^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16, Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Texas CCW information" (PDF). Handgunlaw.us. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS – Agreements with other states". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "TEX PE. CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06: TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing". www.dps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30. BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Texas Legislature Online – History of Senate Bill 378". Capitol.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86. LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83. USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Texas H.B. 1815". Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on". Usacarry.com. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "DA warns handgun law won't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. 2005-08-30. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas". Texasgunlaws.org. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
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Dust Cave
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dust Cave is a Paleoindian archaeology site located in northern Alabama.[1] It is in the Highland Rim in the limestone bluffs that overlook Coffee Slough, a tributary of the Tennessee River.[2] The site was occupied during the Pleistocene and early Holocene eras.[1] 1LU496, another name for Dust Cave, was occupied seasonally for 7,000 years. The cave was first discovered in 1984 by Dr. Richard Cobb and first excavated in 1989 under Dr. Boyce Driskell from the University of Alabama.[2]
Other major Paleoindian sites in northern Alabama include Stanfield-Worley, Mulberry Creek, the Quad site and Heaven's Half Acre.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Site description
2 Excavation
3 Lithics
4 Burials
5 Selected publications
6 References
7 External links
Site description[edit]
The cave became habitable at 10,600 B.P. due to the water tables dropping and flushing river sediment that once filled and buried the cave between 17,000 and 15,000 B.P.[2] The site represents five cultural components. These are Quad/Beaver Lake/Dalton (10,650-9200 cal B.C.), Early Side-Notched (10,000-9000 cal B.C.), Kirk Stemmed (8200-5800 cal B.C.), Eva/Morrow Mountain (6400-4000 cal B.C.), and Benton (4500-3600 cal B.C.).[3] The stratigraphic profile of the cave is made up of zones labeled A through Y. A is considered the youngest and Y, determined to have been from the Pleistocene, the oldest.[2]
Excavation[edit]
During the first field season (1989) five 30 by 30 centimeter test units were excavated that were one meter deep. The test unit A was enlarged to 160 centimeters by the end of the season. This unit exposed a complex layering that included 20 human and dog burials associated with a phase in the Middle Archaic.[2]
In the 1990 and 1991 field seasons seven test units were excavated and they went down to bedrock. These units are labeled A through G. During the 1992, 1993, and 1994 seasons a 2 by 12 meter trench was excavated. This revealed the stratigraphic composition of the cave. Excavations still occurred from 1996 to 2002, with 2002 being the concluding field season for the site.[2]
Lithics[edit]
The first lithic analysis was conducted on 130 chipped stone tools from the test unit F. These stone tools came from one of the units that had been excavated down to bedrock. This unit was chosen for that reason and because it had representation from all of the five cultural components. Zones T and U represent the Paleoindian period. A reworked Cumberland point, Quad, Beaver Lake, Hardaway Side-Notched, and Dalton projectile points were found in these two units. These are all Paleoindian projectile points and date in between 12,650 and 11,200 cal B.P.[2]
Burials[edit]
Burials that were found in the cave originated in Zone N and extended into Zone P. These zones mark the period between the Kirk Stemmed occupation and the Eva/Morrow Mountain component. The Eva/Morrow Mountain occupations represent the most intensive periods of human activity at Dust Cave.[2]
Selected publications[edit]
2010 British Archaeological Reports “The Hunter-gatherer Use of Caves and Rockshelters”.
2009 Erin E. Pritchard "The Dust Cave Archaeological Project, Lauderdale County, Alabama" TVA Archaeology: Seventy-five Years of Prehistoric Site Research. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 235.
2009 Kandace D. Hollenbach “Foraging in the Tennessee River Valley, 12,500 to 8,000 Years Ago” Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama.
2007 Renee Beauchamp Walker “Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America” Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
2001 S. C. Sherwood and P. Goldberg. A Geoarchaeological Framework for the Study of Karstic Cave Sites in the Eastern Woodlands. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology. 26(2): 145-167.
2001 S. C. Sherwood and J. F. Simek (editors). Cave Archaeology in the Eastern Woodlands. Special issue of the Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 26(2).
2001 S. C. Sherwood "The Geoarchaeology of the Late Pleistocene through Early Holocene at Dust Cave." Paper presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Chattanooga, TN.
2001 S. C. Sherwood and P. Goldberg "Recognition and Organization of Prepared Surfaces at Dust Cave: A Microstratigraphic Approach" Paper presented at the 66th Annual Meeting for the Society of American Archaeology, New Orleans, LA.
2000 S. C. Sherwood and P. Goldberg "The Stratigraphy Of Dust Cave And Basket Cave In The Context Of The Middle Tennessee River Valley" Paper presented at the National Speleological Society Convention, Elkins West Virginia.
2000 Scott C. Meeks “The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth” Moundville, Ala. (13075 Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville 35474): Office of Archaeological Services, University of Alabama Museums.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Alabama Heritage Summer 2002, Issue 65." Alabama Heritage Magazine. <http://www.alabamaheritage.com/Issues/issue65.htm>.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Carmody, Stephen Byrnes, "Hunter/Gatherer Foraging Adaptations During the Middle Archaic Period at Dust Cave, Alabama." Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2009. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/515
Jump up ^ Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks. "Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama." <http://www.saa.org/AbouttheSociety/Publications/AmericanAntiquity/Volume69Number3July2004/ChronologyandStratigraphyatDustCaveAlabama/tabid/555/Default.aspx>.
External links[edit]
UT Knoxville | College of Arts & Sciences - Department of Anthropology.
Coordinates: 34°46′41″N 87°43′26″W / 34.77806°N 87.72389°W / 34.77806; -87.72389
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Wonders of the Universe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wonders of the Universe
Genre
Documentary series
Directed by
Chris Holt
Presented by
Professor Brian Cox
Theme music composer
Sheridan Tongue
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
1
No. of episodes
4
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jonathan Renouf
Running time
59 minutes
Release
Original network
BBC Two
BBC HD
Picture format
SD: 576i 16:9
HD: 1080i
Audio format
SD: Stereo
HD: Stereo
Original release
6 March (2011-03-06) – 27 March 2011 (2011-03-27)
Chronology
Preceded by
Wonders of the Solar System (2010)
Followed by
Wonders of Life (2013)[1]
External links
Website
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zdhtg
Wonders of the Universe is a 2011 television series produced by the BBC, Discovery Channel, and Science Channel, hosted by physicist Professor Brian Cox. Wonders of the Universe was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two from 6 March 2011. The series comprises four episodes, each of which focuses on an aspect of the universe and features a 'wonder' relevant to the theme. It follows on from Cox's 2010 series for the BBC, Wonders of the Solar System. An accompanying book with the same title was also published.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
1.1 1. "Destiny"
1.2 2. "Stardust"
1.3 3. "Falling"
1.4 4. "Messengers"
2 Rebroadcast
3 Reception
4 Merchandise
5 International broadcast
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Episodes[edit]
“ Why are we here? Where do we come from? These are the most enduring of questions. And it's an essential part of human nature to want to find the answers.
We can trace our ancestry back hundreds of thousands of years to the dawn of humankind. But in reality, our story extends far, further back in time. Our story starts with the beginning of the universe. It began 13.7 billion years ago, and today, it's filled with over a hundred billion galaxies, each containing hundreds of billions of stars.
In this series, I want to tell that story, because ultimately, we are part of the universe, so its story is our story.
”
— Professor Brian Cox's opening narration
1. "Destiny"[edit]
In the first episode, Cox considers the fundamental nature of time while pondering the ruins at Chankillo in Peru. He explores the familiarly brief cycles of time that define the lives of humans on Earth (such as days, months, and years), and compares them to the cycles of time on a cosmically universal scale (such as our solar system's 250 million year circuit around the Milky Way). At the Perito Moreno Glacier Cox introduces the Arrow of Time and the idea of irreversible change using GRB 090423 as an remnant of the early Stelliferous Era. At Kolmanskop he further discusses the thermodynamic arrow of time citing the inevitable increase of entropy, and stellar evolution. He continues by looking at Proxima Centauri, a slow burning red dwarf, and concludes the show over the Skeleton Coast of the Namib Desert, using the wreck of the Eduard Bohlen to illustrate the inevitable heat death of the universe.
2. "Stardust"[edit]
Cox travels to Kathmandu and visits the Pashupatinath Temple where he discusses the link between the stars and the elements of which all living things, including humans, are made. He explores the beginnings of the universe and the origins of humanity, going far back in time to look at the process of stellar evolution and comparing it to the formation cycle of the Himalayas. He describes 92 known elements found on Earth, which are mirrored in the spectrum observed through stellar classification. In northern Chile at El Tatio he compares the three states of water to the states found in the universe. He further explains how these basic elements are combined to form complexity through nuclear fusion. However, 26 more complex elements only form when stars die and eject material during a supernova. In an abandoned prison in Rio de Janeiro Cox describes the dying stages of fusion, and in the 16-to-1 Mine he describes how the rarest and heaviest elements are made. In the Atacama Desert he concludes with the recycling of matter in the Universe and the possibility that the Earth was seeded with life from space.
3. "Falling"[edit]
This episode documents how gravity has a profound effect across the universe, and Cox seeks out a non-space zero-gravity experience to highlight his point. From the formation of galaxies and stars to the patterns of uplift and erosion seen on Earth, gravity is centrally important. Examples are given, such as the tidal force that captured and locked our moon over time, or more massively in the projected collision between the Andromeda and Milky Way Galaxies. Cox then enters a high-G training centrifuge to show how on Earth, gravity is a relatively weak force, but elsewhere in the Universe it is significantly stronger. In Chaco Culture National Historical Park he refers to Carl Sagan's Cosmos, and its link to a 3-week long supernova in 1054. The almost unimaginable crushing gravitational power of the Crab Pulsar is then contrasted to the distance of an atom's nucleus to its orbiting electrons. Finally, there is a look back at how Einstein's research on gravity has enabled us to better understand how gravity actually works within both "the falling valley" of spacetime and the "event horizon" of black holes.
4. "Messengers"[edit]
The final episode shows how the unique properties of visible light provide an insight into the origins and development of mankind and the Universe. At Karnak Temple in Egypt he observes the sunrise of the winter solstice through precisely aligned stone columns. The central star of the Lagoon Nebula, Herschel 36, and Eta Carinae are then compared to our sun, and the light from distant objects such as these allows us to engage on a journey back in time. Aboard a Hawker Hunter he easily breaks the sound barrier, but a speed of light was not first considered until the time of Ole Rømer in the 1670s. Cox then explains how the limitations of the light barrier allow scientists to measure distance and time with accuracy, and to peer back into the distant corners of the universe's creation. In 2003-2004 the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field captured images of galaxies 13 billion light-years distant, and a rainbow over the Victoria Falls in Zambia reveals a red-blue spectrum. The stretched "Invisible light" of the Big Bang is also discussed as part of the Cosmic microwave background as seen in the WMAP image. At Burgess Shale in Yoho National Park he concludes the series with the evolution of the eye and pikaia.
Rebroadcast[edit]
The US broadcast was originally aired weekly from on 27 July to 17 August 2011, with the episodes re-titled as "Cosmos Made Conscious", "Children of the Stars", "The Known", and "On Beams of Light". The four episodes were repeated as part of the BBC Learning Zone (intended for use in Secondary Schools) in an early morning slot (5.00 - 6.00 am) on Wednesdays from the end of September 2011 on BBC Two. Each one-hour programme carried a subtitle ("Learning Shorts") and was segmented into 3 continuous short films (of approximately 20 minutes' duration) with separate titles, making 12 in total. The original episode titles were not used.
Reception[edit]
The initial episode gained viewing figures of 6 million people when it was first shown on the BBC, and it was the first BBC factual show to top the iTunes chart.[2] The series received generally positive reviews. Chris Harvey of the Daily Telegraph said "Cox is different. Scientists who can capture the popular imagination come along extremely rarely ... These days, science programmes regularly provide some of the most striking images ever seen on the small screen",[3] and Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent commented "it's big on cosmic dazzlement and mind-boggling perspectives and full of epic orchestration and screen-saver graphics."[4] Sam Wollaston of The Guardian chose to focus on Cox's presenting style rather than the scientific content of the programme.[5]
Following complaints from viewers that the background music was loud enough to make Cox's narration difficult to hear, the BBC agreed to remix the sound for all the episodes.[6] Cox thought this was a mistake, as he believed the series should be a "cinematic experience".[7] The DVD and Blu-ray versions are released with the original sound mix as opposed to the broadcast versions.
Merchandise[edit]
The accompanying hardcover book was released on 3 March 2011: Cox, Brian (2011). Wonders of the Universe (book). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-739582-8. [8] A soundtrack album of music composed for Wonders of the Universe by Sheridan Tongue (including selected music from Wonders of the Solar System) was released to coincide with the first airing of the show on BBC Two. The Region 1 DVD and Blu-ray discs were released on 30 August 2011.[9] The Region 2 DVD and Blu-ray discs were released on 4 April 2011.[10][11] The Region 4 DVD and Blu-ray discs were released on 1 September 2011.[12][13]
International broadcast[edit]
Australia - aired by ABC1 each Tuesday at 8:30pm from 19 July 2011.[14]
Denmark - aired by DR2 every night at 7pm from 2–5 January 2012, retitled as, Universets gåder (Mysteries of the Universe).[15]
India - aired by BBC Entertainment each Wednesday at 9pm from 7 March 2012.[16]
New Zealand - aired by TVNZ 7 each Saturday at 7:05pm from 6 August 2011.[17]
United States - aired by Science each Wednesday at 9pm E/P from 27 July 2011.[18] The episodes were renamed and were not shown in order, instead broadcasting episode 2, 1, then 3 and 4.[19]
See also[edit]
Wonders of the Solar System
Wonders of Life
Human Universe
Forces of Nature
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Seale, Jack (2 April 2012). "New Brian Cox series to be co-produced by Chinese state television". RadioTimes. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Jeffries, Stewart (24 March 2011). "Brian Cox: 'Physics is better than rock'n'roll'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Chris (7 March 2011). "Wonders of the Universe, BBC Two, review". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Sutcliffe, Tom (7 March 2011). "The Weekend's TV: Wonders of the Universe, Sun, BBC2 Civilization: Is the West History? Sun, Channel 4". The Independent. London. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam (6 March 2011). "TV review: Wonders of the Universe, Civilization: Is the West History?, South Riding". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Singh, Anita (14 March 2011). "BBC turns down the volume on Professor Brian Cox programme after viewer complaints". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brian Cox says BBC is wrong over show music". BBC News. BBC. 14 March 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "BBC Shop: Wonders of the Universe Book". BBC Shop Online. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (20 April 2011). "Wonders of the Universe - The New 4-Part Documentary from BBC/Discovery is Coming to DVD and Blu-ray". TVshowsonDVD.com. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ "BBC Shop: Wonders of the Universe DVD". BBC Shop Online. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ "BBC Shop: Wonders of the Universe Blu-ray". BBC Shop Online. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ "ABC Shop: Wonders of the Universe DVD". ABC Shop Online. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
Jump up ^ "ABC Shop: Wonders of the Universe Blu-ray". ABC Shop Online. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
Jump up ^ "ABC1 Programming Airdate: Wonders of the Universe (episode one)". ABC Television Publicity. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ "DR2: Universets gåder 1-4". Danmarks Radio. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "BBC Entertainment India: TV Schedule 2012/07/03". BBC Entertainment India. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Coming up in August on TVNZ 7: Spotlight on Science and Innovation". TVNZ. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Science Channel Announces WONDERS OF THE UNIVERSE - Premieres July 27 at 9:00PM (ET/PT)". RealityTVWebsite.com. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Science Episode Guide: Wonders of the Universe". Science Online. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
External links[edit]
"Wonders of the Universe". BBC Programmes.
Wonders of the Universe on IMDb
Wonders of the Universe on Eden
NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Wonders of the Universe (18 April 2011)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_Universe&oldid=801286341"
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