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List of amendments to the United States Constitution
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This article is about the 33 constitutional amendments approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification since 1789. For proposals to amend the United States Constitution introduced in but not approved by the U.S. Congress, see List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution.
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Thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution have been proposed by the United States Congress and sent to the states for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on March 4, 1789. Twenty-seven of these, having been ratified by the requisite number of states, are part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states. Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it.
Article Five of the United States Constitution detailed the two-step process for amending the nation's frame of government. Amendments must be properly Proposed and Ratified before becoming operative. This process was designed to strike a balance between the excesses of constant change and inflexibility.[1]
An amendment may be proposed and sent to the states for ratification by either:
The United States Congress, whenever a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives deem it necessary;
OR
A national convention, called by Congress for this purpose, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds (currently 34) of the states.
To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either (as determined by Congress):
The legislatures of three-fourths (currently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period—if any;
OR
State ratifying conventions in three-fourths (currently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period—if any.
Upon being properly ratified, an amendment becomes an operative addition to the Constitution.
Approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in Congress since 1789 (as of December 2014).[2] Collectively, members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two–year term of Congress.[3] Most, however, never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed, and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process. Beginning in the early 20th century, Congress has usually, but not always, stipulated that an amendment must be ratified by the required number of states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states in order to become part of the Constitution. Congress' authority to set ratification deadline was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939).
The thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution—both ratified and unratified—are listed and detailed in the tables below.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ratified amendments
1.1 Synopsis of each ratified amendment
1.2 Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment
2 Unratified amendments
2.1 Synopsis of each unratified amendment
2.2 Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment
3 See also
4 References
5 Sources
6 External links
Ratified amendments
Synopsis of each ratified amendment
No.
Subject
Date submitted for Ratification[4]
Date ratification completed[4]
Ratification time span
1st Prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
2nd Protects the right to keep and bear arms. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
3rd Places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent, prohibiting it during peacetime. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
4th Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause as determined by a neutral judge or magistrate. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
5th Sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain, protects the right to due process, and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
6th Protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury, including the rights to be notified of the accusations, to confront the accuser, to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
7th Provides for the right to trial by jury in certain civil cases, according to common law. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
8th Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishment. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
9th Protects rights not enumerated in the Constitution. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
10th Reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the states or the people through the Constitution. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
11th Makes states immune from suits from out-of-state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders; lays the foundation for sovereign immunity. March 4, 1794 February 7, 1795 11 months
3 days
12th Revises presidential election procedures by having the President and Vice President elected together as opposed to the Vice President being the runner up. December 9, 1803 June 15, 1804 6 months
6 days
13th Abolishes slavery, and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. January 31, 1865 December 6, 1865 10 months
6 days
14th Defines citizenship, contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause, the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and deals with post–Civil War issues. June 13, 1866 July 9, 1868 2 years
0 months
26 days
15th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude. February 26, 1869 February 3, 1870 11 months
8 days
16th Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. July 12, 1909 February 3, 1913 3 years
6 months
22 days
17th Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. May 13, 1912 April 8, 1913 10 months
26 days
18th Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States.
(Repealed December 5, 1933, via 21st Amendment.) December 18, 1917 January 16, 1919 1 year
0 months
29 days
19th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex. June 4, 1919 August 18, 1920 1 year
2 months
14 days
20th Changes the date on which the terms of the President and Vice President (January 20) and Senators and Representatives (January 3) end and begin. March 2, 1932 January 23, 1933 10 months
21 days
21st Repeals the 18th Amendment and makes it a federal offense to transport or import intoxicating liquors into US states and territories where such transport or importation is prohibited by the laws of those states and territories. February 20, 1933 December 5, 1933 9 months
15 days
22nd Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president: a person cannot be elected president more than twice, and a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected cannot be elected more than once. March 24, 1947 February 27, 1951 3 years
11 months
6 days
23rd Grants the District of Columbia electors (the number of electors being equal to the least populous state) in the Electoral College. June 16, 1960 March 29, 1961 9 months
12 days
24th Prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax or any other tax. September 14, 1962 January 23, 1964 1 year
4 months
27 days
25th Addresses succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. July 6, 1965 February 10, 1967 1 year
7 months
4 days
26th Prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens, eighteen years of age or older, to vote on account of age. March 23, 1971 July 1, 1971 3 months
8 days
27th Delays laws affecting Congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives. September 25, 1789 May 5, 1992[5] 202 years
7 months
10 days
Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment
" Y " indicates that state ratified amendment
" N " indicates that state rejected amendment
" Y(‡) " indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it
" Y(×) " indicates that state ratified amendment, later recinded that ratification, but subsequently re-ratified it
" — " indicates that state did not complete action on amendment
" … " indicates that amendment was ratified before state joined the Union
State
(in order of statehood)
1–10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Delaware Y Y N Y(‡) Y(‡) Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Pennsylvania Y — Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —
New Jersey Y — Y Y(‡) Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Georgia Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y — Y — — — Y Y
Connecticut Y Y N Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Massachusetts Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y —
Maryland Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
South Carolina Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y N Y — — Y Y Y
New Hampshire Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Virginia Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y N — Y Y(‡) Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y
New York Y Y Y Y Y Y(×) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —
North Carolina Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y — Y Y Y Y
Rhode Island Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Vermont Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kentucky … Y Y Y(‡) Y(‡) Y(‡) Y — Y Y Y Y — — Y Y — Y
Tennessee … … Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Ohio … … Y Y Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Louisiana … … … Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y — Y — — Y Y Y
Indiana … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Mississippi … … … Y(‡) Y Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y — Y — N Y — —
Illinois … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Alabama … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Maine … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Missouri … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Arkansas … … … Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y N — Y Y Y
Michigan … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Florida … … … Y Y Y — — Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y — Y
Texas … … … Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y
Iowa … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Wisconsin … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
California … … … Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Minnesota … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Oregon … … … Y Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kansas … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y
West Virginia … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Nevada … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Nebraska … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y
Colorado … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
North Dakota … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y — — Y
South Dakota … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y — — Y
Montana … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Washington … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Idaho … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Wyoming … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y
Utah … … … … … … N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Oklahoma … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — N Y — Y Y Y
New Mexico … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Arizona … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y — Y Y Y
Alaska … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y
Hawaii … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y
State
(in order of statehood)
1–10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Unratified amendments
Synopsis of each unratified amendment
Title
Subject
Status
Congressional Apportionment Amendment Would strictly regulate the size of congressional districts for representation in the House of Representatives. Pending since September 25, 1789
Titles of Nobility Amendment Would strip citizenship from any United States citizen who accepts a title of nobility from a foreign country. Pending since May 1, 1810
Corwin Amendment Would make the states' "domestic institutions" (slavery) impervious to the constitutional amendment procedures established in Article V and immune to abolition or interference from Congress. Pending since March 2, 1861
Child Labor Amendment Would empower the federal government to limit, regulate, and prohibit child labor. Pending since June 2, 1924
Equal Rights Amendment Would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights by the federal or state governments on account of sex. Initial ratification period ended March 22, 1979, and extension period ended June 30, 1982; amendment failed
District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment Would have treated the District of Columbia as if it were a state regarding representation in the United States Congress (including repealing the 23rd Amendment), representation in the Electoral College and participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended. Ratification period ended August 22, 1985; amendment failed
Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment
" Y " indicates that state ratified amendment
" N " indicates that state rejected amendment
" Y(‡) " indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it
" Y(×) " indicates that state ratified amendment, but later recinded that ratification
" ⋈ " indicates that state did not complete action on amendment during stated ratification period.
" " An empty cell indicates that state has not completed action on pending amendment.
State
(in alphabetical order)
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin
Child Labor
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
Alabama ⋈ ⋈
Alaska Y ⋈
Arizona Y ⋈ ⋈
Arkansas Y ⋈ ⋈
California Y Y ⋈
Colorado Y Y ⋈
Connecticut N N N Y Y
Delaware N Y N Y Y
Florida N ⋈ ⋈
Georgia N Y N ⋈ ⋈
Hawaii Y Y
Idaho Y Y(×) ⋈
Illinois Y Y ⋈ ⋈
Indiana Y(‡) Y ⋈
Iowa Y Y Y
Kansas Y(‡) Y ⋈
Kentucky Y Y Y Y(‡) Y(×) ⋈
Louisiana N ⋈ Y
Maine Y(‡) Y Y
Maryland Y Y Y(×) N Y Y
Massachusetts N Y N Y Y
Michigan Y Y Y
Minnesota Y(‡) Y Y
Mississippi ⋈ ⋈
Missouri N ⋈ ⋈
Montana Y Y ⋈
Nebraska Y(×) ⋈
Nevada Y Y ⋈
New Hampshire Y Y Y(‡) Y ⋈
New Jersey Y Y Y Y Y
New Mexico Y(‡) Y ⋈
New York Y N Y ⋈
North Carolina Y Y N ⋈ ⋈
North Dakota Y Y ⋈
Ohio Y Y(×) Y Y Y
Oklahoma Y ⋈ ⋈
Oregon Y Y Y
Pennsylvania Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y ⋈
Rhode Island Y N Y Y Y
South Carolina Y N ⋈ ⋈
South Dakota N Y(×) ⋈
Tennessee Y N Y(×) ⋈
Texas N Y ⋈
Utah Y(‡) ⋈ ⋈
Vermont Y Y N Y ⋈
Virginia Y N ⋈ ⋈
Washington Y Y ⋈
West Virginia Y Y Y
Wisconsin Y Y Y
Wyoming Y Y ⋈
Number of ratifications:
11
12
5(×2)
28
36(×5)
16
See also
History of the United States Constitution
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
References
Jump up ^ England, Trent & Spalding, Matthew. "Essays on Article V: Amendments". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution". Statistics & Lists. United States Senate.
Jump up ^ "C-SPAN's Capitol Questions". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Congress, House. The Constitution of the United States of America, As Amended, H. Doc. 102-188, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., (Washington: GPO, 1992).
Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2012. pp. 105–108. ISBN 9781615307555.
Sources
Congressional Research Service. (1992). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. (Senate Document No. 103–6). (Johnny H. Killian and George A. Costello, Eds.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
External links
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The United States Constitution, USConstitution.net
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List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII.
This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl. The U.S. national anthem ("The Star-Spangled Banner") has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967; Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful" in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977. Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982, famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games.
Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem every year. Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem, and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Performances
2 Multiple and hometown performances
3 Notable performances
4 Controversies
5 Other patriotic performances
6 See also
7 References
Performances[edit]
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]
I 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir
II 1968 Orange Bowl, Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band
III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.
IV 1970 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans Al Hirt
V 1971 Orange Bowl, Miami Tommy Loy (trumpet)
VI 1972 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale
VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church
VIII 1974 Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas Charley Pride
IX 1975 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)
X 1976 Orange Bowl, Miami Tom Sullivan
XI 1977 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")
XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University
XIII 1979 Orange Bowl, Miami The Colgate Thirteen
XIV 1980 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Cheryl Ladd
XV 1981 Superdome, New Orleans Helen O'Connell
XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan Diana Ross
XVII 1983 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook
XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida Barry Manilow
XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus
XX 1986 Superdome, New Orleans Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)
XXI 1987 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Neil Diamond
XXII 1988 Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego Herb Alpert (trumpet)
XXIII 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Billy Joel
XXIV 1990 Superdome, New Orleans Aaron Neville
XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium, Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling
XXVI 1992 Metrodome, Minneapolis Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary
XXVII 1993 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin
XXVIII 1994 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley
XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone
XXX 1996 Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla
XXXI 1997 Superdome, New Orleans Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz
XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich
XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium, Miami Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands
XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir
XXXV 2001 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney
XXXVI 2002 Superdome, New Orleans Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse
XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell
XXXVIII 2004 Reliant Stadium, Houston Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy
XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent
XL 2006 Ford Field, Detroit Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia
XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)
XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]
XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos
XLIV 2010 Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles
XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]
XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]
XLVII 2013 Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]
XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion
XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8] Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]
50 2016 Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]
LI 2017 NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].
LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].
Multiple and hometown performances[edit]
Acts that have performed three times:
Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)
Acts that have performed two times:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)
Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)
Notable performances[edit]
The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.
The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.
Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]
At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.
Controversies[edit]
Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]
Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]
Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]
Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]
At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]
Other patriotic performances[edit]
The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII.
The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]
Pledge of Allegiance
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew
"America the Beautiful"
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].
"God Bless America"
2003: Céline Dion
See also[edit]
Super Bowl
List of Super Bowl halftime shows
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Super Bowl – Entertainment". National Football League. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III". Paley Center for Media. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wong, Scott (January 29, 2008). "Living the dream: Prof to sign anthem for deaf". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl". National Association of the Deaf. February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XLVI: PepsiCo and the NAD". National Association of the Deaf. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ King (January 19, 2013). "Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII". KING Says. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NAD, NFL, & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience". National Association of the Deaf. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Tickets 2015". Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl". National Football League. January 16, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50". National Football League. Associated Press. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI". National Football League. January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII". National Football League. January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Byron, Master Sgt. David (February 1, 2005). "Super Bowl goes super blue". Air Force Print News. af.mil. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hudson's Super Bowl Lip-Sync No Surprise to Insiders". ABC News. February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "A fitting wartime rendition". St. Petersburg Times. February 4, 1991. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Warner can't match '07 magic vs. Steelers". Chicago Tribune. February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Our National Anthem: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". Rolling Stone. July 3, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film, NFL Films, 1991
^ Jump up to: a b "Oh, Say, Can She Sing". St. John's Downtown. January 31, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dunkerley, Beville; Leahhey, Andrew; Parton, Chris; Moss, Marissa R.; Shelburne, Craig (September 21, 2015). "Faith Hill's 10 Greatest Live Performances". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl". CBS Sports. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cuomo, Chris; Paparella, Andrew (February 16, 2012). "Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston's Star-Spangled Secret". ABC News. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Discography". The Official Garth Brooks Official Website. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Collins, Scott; James, Meg (February 4, 2005). "The Nation; After '04 Fiasco, Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides". The Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. A01.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 14, 2005). "Football? They Play a Game?". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX". Air Force Print News. af.mil. January 25, 2005. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Callow, James (February 7, 2011). "Super Bowl 2011: Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Schabner, Dean (February 6, 2011). "Christina Aguilera Mangles 'Star-Spangled Banner' at Super Bowl". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (February 6, 2011). "Singing, Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Entertainment". Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weseling, Chris (January 30, 2013). "Sandy Hook, Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl". National Football League. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Jennifer (January 31, 2013). "I'm blessed & honored to be singing "America The Beautiful" with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday". Twitter. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/
Jump up ^ Paulson, Michael (January 27, 2017). "'Hamilton' Is Coming to the Super Bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ NFL.com (January 15, 2018). "Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl". Retrieved January 15, 2018.
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text:
Isotopes of hydrogen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The three most stable isotopes of hydrogen: protium (A = 1), deuterium (A = 2), and tritium (A = 3).
Main isotopes of hydrogen
Isotope
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
1H
99.98% stable
2H
0.02% stable
3H
trace 12.32 y β− 3He
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)
[7000100784000000000♠1.00784, 7000100811000000000♠1.00811][1]
Conventional: 1.008
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edit
Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted 1H, 2H, and 3H. The first two of these are stable while 3H has a half-life of 12.32 years. All heavier isotopes are synthetic and have a half-life less than one zeptosecond (10−21 second). Of these, 5H is the most stable, and 7H is the least.[2][3]
Hydrogen is the only element whose isotopes have different names that are in common use today. The 2H (or hydrogen-2) isotope is usually called deuterium, while the 3H (or hydrogen-3) isotope is usually called tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium. The IUPAC states in the 2005 Red Book that while the use of D and T is common, it is not preferred because it can cause problems in the alphabetic sorting of chemical formulas. The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, with no neutrons, is sometimes called "protium". (During the early study of radioactivity, some other heavy radioactive isotopes were given names, but such names are rarely used today.)
Contents
[hide]
1 Hydrogen-1 (protium)
2 Hydrogen-2 (deuterium)
3 Hydrogen-3 (tritium)
4 Hydrogen-4
5 Hydrogen-5
6 Hydrogen-6
7 Hydrogen-7
8 List of isotopes
8.1 Notes
9 Decay chains
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
Hydrogen-1 (protium)[edit]
Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, consists of one proton and one electron. Unique among all stable isotopes, it has no neutrons. (see diproton for a discussion of why others do not exist)
For more details on this topic, see hydrogen atom.
1H (atomic mass 7000100782503224100♠1.007825032241(94) u) is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98%. Because the nucleus of this isotope consists of only a single proton, it is given the formal name protium.
The proton has never been observed to decay, and hydrogen-1 is therefore considered a stable isotope. Some grand unified theories proposed in the 1970s predict that proton decay can occur with a half-life between 1031 and 1036 years. If this prediction is found to be true, then hydrogen-1 (and indeed all nuclei now believed to be stable) are only observationally stable. To date, however, experiments have shown that the minimum proton half-life is in excess of 1034 years.
Hydrogen-2 (deuterium)[edit]
For more details on this topic, see deuterium.
A deuterium atom contains one proton, one neutron, and one electron
2H (atomic mass 7000201410177811000♠2.01410177811(12) u), the other stable hydrogen isotope, is known as deuterium and contains one proton and one neutron in its nucleus. The nucleus of deuterium is called a deuteron. Deuterium comprises 0.0026 – 0.0184% (by population, not by mass) of hydrogen samples on Earth, with the lower number tending to be found in samples of hydrogen gas and the higher enrichment (0.015% or 150 ppm) typical of ocean water. Deuterium on Earth has been enriched with respect to its initial concentration in the Big Bang and the outer solar system (about 27 ppm, by atom fraction) and its concentration in older parts of the Milky Way galaxy (about 23 ppm). Presumably the differential concentration of deuterium in the inner solar system is due to the lower volatility of deuterium gas and compounds, enriching deuterium fractions in comets and planets exposed to significant heat from the Sun over billions of years of solar system evolution.
Deuterium is not radioactive, and does not represent a significant toxicity hazard. Water enriched in molecules that include deuterium instead of protium is called heavy water. Deuterium and its compounds are used as a non-radioactive label in chemical experiments and in solvents for 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator and coolant for nuclear reactors. Deuterium is also a potential fuel for commercial nuclear fusion.
Hydrogen-3 (tritium)[edit]
For more details on this topic, see tritium.
A tritium atom contains one proton, two neutrons, and one electron
3H (atomic mass 7000301604928199000♠3.01604928199(23) u) is known as tritium and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus. It is radioactive, decaying into helium-3 through β− decay with a half-life of 12.32 years.[4] Trace amounts of tritium occur naturally because of the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric gases. Tritium has also been released during nuclear weapons tests. It is used in thermonuclear fusion weapons, as a tracer in isotope geochemistry, and specialized in self-powered lighting devices.
The most common method of producing tritium is by bombarding a natural isotope of lithium, lithium-6, with neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
Tritium was once used routinely in chemical and biological labeling experiments as a radiolabel, which has become less common in recent times. D-T nuclear fusion uses tritium as its main reactant, along with deuterium, liberating energy through the loss of mass when the two nuclei collide and fuse at high temperatures.
Hydrogen-4[edit]
4H (atomic mass is 7000402643000000000♠4.02643(11) u) contains one proton and three neutrons in its nucleus. It is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen. It has been synthesised in the laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast-moving deuterium nuclei.[5] In this experiment, the tritium nucleus captured a neutron from the fast-moving deuterium nucleus. The presence of the hydrogen-4 was deduced by detecting the emitted protons. It decays through neutron emission into hydrogen-3 (tritium) with a half-life of about 139 ± 10 yoctoseconds, or (1.39 ± 0.10) × 10−22 seconds.[6]
In the 1955 satirical novel The Mouse That Roared, the name quadium was given to the hydrogen-4 isotope that powered the Q-bomb that the Duchy of Grand Fenwick captured from the United States.
Hydrogen-5[edit]
5H is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus consists of a proton and four neutrons. It has been synthesised in the laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast-moving tritium nuclei.[5][7] In this experiment, one tritium nucleus captures two neutrons from the other, becoming a nucleus with one proton and four neutrons. The remaining proton may be detected, and the existence of hydrogen-5 deduced. It decays through double neutron emission into hydrogen-3 (tritium) and has a half-life of at least 910 yoctoseconds (9.1 × 10−22 seconds).[6]
Hydrogen-6[edit]
6H decays either through triple neutron emission into hydrogen-3 (tritium) or quadruple neutron emission into hydrogen-2 (deuterium) and has a half-life of 290 yoctoseconds (2.9 × 10−22 seconds).[6]
Hydrogen-7[edit]
7H consists of a proton and six neutrons. It was first synthesised in 2003 by a group of Russian, Japanese and French scientists at RIKEN's Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory by bombarding hydrogen with helium-8 atoms. In the resulting reaction, all six of the helium-8's neutrons were donated to the hydrogen's nucleus. The two remaining protons were detected by the "RIKEN telescope", a device composed of several layers of sensors, positioned behind the target of the RI Beam cyclotron.[3] Hydrogen-7 has a half life of 23 yoctoseconds (2.3×10−23 seconds).
List of isotopes[edit]
nuclide
symbol
Z(p)
N(n)
isotopic mass (u)
half-life
decay
mode(s)[8]
Daughter Isotope(s)[n 1]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)[n 2]
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
1H 1 0 7000100782503224000♠1.00782503224(9) Stable[n 3][n 4] 1⁄2+ 6999999885000000000♠0.999885(70) 6999999816000000000♠0.999816–6999999974000000000♠0.999974
2H (D)[n 5] 1 1 7000201410177811000♠2.01410177811(12) Stable 1+ 6996115000000000000♠0.000115(70)[n 6] 6995259999999999999♠0.000026–6996184000000000000♠0.000184
3H (T)[n 7] 1 2 7000301604928199000♠3.01604928199(23) 7008388789632000000♠12.32(2) y β− 3
He
1⁄2+ Trace[n 8]
4
H
1 3 7000402643000000000♠4.02643(11) 6978139000000000000♠1.39(10)×10−22 s
[6987737001184020000♠4.6(9) MeV] n 3
H
2−
5
H
1 4 7000503531000000000♠5.03531(10) >6978910000000000000♠9.1×10−22 s ? 2n 3
H
( 1⁄2+)
6
H
1 5 7000604496000000000♠6.04496(27) 6978290000000000000♠2.90(70)×10−22 s
[6987256348237920000♠1.6(4) MeV] 3n 3
H
2−#
4n 2
H
7
H
1 6 7000705275000000000♠7.05275(108)# 6977229999999999999♠2.3(6)×10−23 s# 4n 3
H
1⁄2+#
Jump up ^ Bold for stable isotopes
Jump up ^ Refers to that in water.
Jump up ^ Greater than 7041347133600000000♠1.1×1034 yr. See proton decay.
Jump up ^ This and 3He are the only stable nuclides with more protons than neutrons.
Jump up ^ Produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Jump up ^ Tank hydrogen has a 2
H
abundance as low as 6995320000000000000♠3.2×10−5 (mole fraction).
Jump up ^ Produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but not primordial, as all such atoms have since decayed to 3He
Jump up ^ Cosmogenic
Notes[edit]
Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations from the given mass and composition can occur.
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)
Decay chains[edit]
The majority of heavy hydrogen isotopes decay directly to 3H, which then decays to the stable isotope 3He. However, 6H has occasionally been observed to decay directly to stable 2H.
1 3 H → 12.32 y 2 3 H e + e − {\displaystyle \mathrm {{}_{1}^{3}H} \ {\xrightarrow {\ \mathrm {12.32\ y} }}\ \mathrm {{}_{2}^{3}He} +\mathrm {e{}_{}^{-}} }
1 4 H → 139 y s 1 3 H + 0 1 n {\displaystyle \mathrm {{}_{1}^{4}H} \ {\xrightarrow {\ \mathrm {139\ ys} }}\ \mathrm {{}_{1}^{3}H} +\mathrm {{}_{0}^{1}n} }
1 5 H → > 910 y s 1 3 H + 2 0 1 n {\displaystyle \mathrm {{}_{1}^{5}H} \ {\xrightarrow {\ \mathrm {>910\ ys} }}\ \mathrm {{}_{1}^{3}H} +\mathrm {2{}_{0}^{1}n} }
1 6 H → 290 y s 1 3 H + 3 0 1 n {\displaystyle \mathrm {{}_{1}^{6}H} \ {\xrightarrow {\ \mathrm {290\ ys} }}\ \mathrm {{}_{1}^{3}H} +\mathrm {3{}_{0}^{1}n} }
1 6 H → 290 y s 1 2 H + 4 0 1 n {\displaystyle \mathrm {{}_{1}^{6}H} \ {\xrightarrow {\ \mathrm {290\ ys} }}\ \mathrm {{}_{1}^{2}H} +\mathrm {4{}_{0}^{1}n} }
1 7 H → 23 y s 1 3 H + 4 0 1 n {\displaystyle \mathrm {{}_{1}^{7}H} \ {\xrightarrow {\ \mathrm {23\ ys} }}\ \mathrm {{}_{1}^{3}H} +\mathrm {4{}_{0}^{1}n} }
Note that the decay times are in yoctoseconds for all isotopes except 3H, which is expressed in years.
See also[edit]
Book: Hydrogen
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry
Muonium
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
Jump up ^ Y. B. Gurov; et al. (2004). "Spectroscopy of superheavy hydrogen isotopes in stopped-pion absorption by nuclei". Physics of Atomic Nuclei. 68 (3): 491–497. Bibcode:2005PAN....68..491G. doi:10.1134/1.1891200.
^ Jump up to: a b A. A. Korsheninnikov; et al. (2003). "Experimental Evidence for the Existence of 7H and for a Specific Structure of 8He". Physical Review Letters. 90 (8): 082501. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90h2501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.082501.
Jump up ^ G. L. Miessler; D. A. Tarr (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-035471-6.
^ Jump up to: a b G. M. Ter-Akopian; et al. (2002). "Hydrogen-4 and Hydrogen-5 from t+t and t+d transfer reactions studied with a 57.5-MeV triton beam". AIP Conference Proceedings. 610: 920. doi:10.1063/1.1470062.
^ Jump up to: a b c G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
Jump up ^ A. A. Korsheninnikov; et al. (2001). "Superheavy Hydrogen 5H". Physical Review Letters. 87 (9): 92501. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87i2501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.092501.
Jump up ^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
General references
Isotope masses from:
W.J.Huang; G.Audi; M.Wang; F.G.Kondev; S.Naimi; X.Xu (2017). "The Ame2016 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data; and adjustment procedures" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 7. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0002H. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030002.
M.Wang; G.Audi; F.G.Kondev; W.J.Huang; S.Naimi; X.Xu (2017). "The Ame2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 7. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0003W. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isotopes of hydrogen.
B. Dumé (7 March 2003). "Hydrogen-7 makes its debut". Physics World.
Neutron Isotopes of hydrogen Isotopes of helium
Table of nuclides
[hide]
v
t
e
Isotopes of the chemical elements
1
H 2
He
3
Li 4
Be 5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
Ne
11
Na 12
Mg 13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
19
K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co 28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh 46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
55
Cs 56
Ba 57
La 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir 78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At 86
Rn
87
Fr 88
Ra 89
Ac 104
Rf 105
Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt 110
Ds 111
Rg 112
Cn 113
Nh 114
Fl 115
Mc 116
Lv 117
Ts 118
Og
58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm 63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu
90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu 95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr
Table of nuclides
Categories: Isotopes
Tables of nuclides
Metastable isotopes
Isotopes by element
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text:
I See the Want To in Your Eyes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I See the Want To in Your Eyes"
Single by Conway Twitty
from the album I'm Not Through Loving You Yet
B-side
"Girl from Tupelo"
Released
July 29, 1974
Recorded
May 30, 1974
Bradley's Barn, Mt. Juliet, Tennessee
Genre
Country
Length
2:52
Label
MCA
Songwriter(s)
Mischa Scorer
Wayne Carson
Producer(s)
Owen Bradley
Conway Twitty singles chronology
"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet"
(1974) "I See the Want To in Your Eyes"
(1974) "Linda on My Mind"
(1975)
"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet"
(1974) "I See the Want To in Your Eyes"
(1974) "Linda on My Mind"
(1975)
"I See the Want To in Your Eyes" is a song written by Mischa Scorer and Wayne Carson. The song was first recorded by honky-tonk singer Gary Stewart. Country music artist Conway Twitty heard Stewart's version on the radio and decided to record it.[1] Twitty's version was released in July 1974 as the second single from the album I'm Not Through Loving You Yet. "I See the Want To in Your Eyes" was Conway Twitty's 11th number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for two weeks and spent a total of 13 weeks on the chart.[2]
A filmed performance of Twitty on That Good Ole Nashville Music singing the song is featured in "The Juice Is Loose", an episode of Family Guy. The song was aired in its entirety.
Personnel[edit]
Conway Twitty — vocals
Harold Bradley — 6-string electric bass guitar
Ray Edenton — acoustic guitar
John Hughey — steel guitar
Tommy Markham — drums
Grady Martin — electric guitar
Bob Moore — bass
Hargus "Pig" Robbins — piano[3]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[4] 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dave's Diary - 12/12/03 - Gary Stewart RIP". Nucountry.com.au. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 361.
Jump up ^ The Conway Twitty Collection (Media notes). Conway Twitty. Universal City, California: MCA Records. MCAD4-11095.
Jump up ^ "Conway Twitty Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Preceded by
"Please Don't Stop Loving Me"
by Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
October 19-October 26, 1974 Succeeded by
"I Overlooked an Orchid"
by Mickey Gilley
Preceded by
"Bonaparte's Retreat"
by Glen Campbell RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
October 26, 1974 Succeeded by
"Woman to Woman"
by Tammy Wynette
[hide]
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Conway Twitty
Studio albums
Sings
Saturday Night with Conway Twitty
Lonely Blue Boy
Borderline
Still in Your Dreams
House on Old Lonesome Road
Crazy in Love
Even Now
Final Touches
Collaboration albums
We Only Make Believe
Lead Me On
Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man
Country Partners
Dynamic Duo
Compilation albums
25 Number Ones
Notable singles
"It's Only Make Believe"
"Mona Lisa"
"Danny Boy"
"Next in Line"
"I Love You More Today"
"To See My Angel Cry"
"Hello Darlin'"
"Fifteen Years Ago"
"How Much More Can She Stand"
"I Can't See Me Without You"
"(Lost Her Love) On Our Last Date"
"I Can't Stop Loving You"
"She Needs Someone to Hold Her (When She Cries)"
"You've Never Been This Far Before"
"There's a Honky Tonk Angel (Who'll Take Me Back In)"
"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet"
"I See the Want To in Your Eyes"
"Linda on My Mind"
"Touch the Hand"
"This Time I've Hurt Her More Than She Loves Me"
"After All the Good Is Gone"
"The Games That Daddies Play"
"I Can't Believe She Gives It All to Me"
"Play Guitar Play"
"I've Already Loved You in My Mind"
"Georgia Keeps Pulling on My Ring"
"Boogie Grass Band"
"Your Love Had Taken Me That High"
"Don't Take It Away"
"I May Never Get to Heaven"
"Happy Birthday Darlin'"
"I'd Love to Lay You Down"
"Rest Your Love on Me"
"Tight Fittin' Jeans"
"Red Neckin' Love Makin' Night"
"The Clown"
"Slow Hand"
"We Did But Now You Don't"
"The Rose"
"We Had It All"
"Lost in the Feeling"
"Heartache Tonight"
"Three Times a Lady"
"Somebody's Needin' Somebody"
"I Don't Know a Thing About Love (The Moon Song)"
"Ain't She Somethin' Else"
"Don't Call Him a Cowboy"
"Between Blue Eyes and Jeans"
"Desperado Love"
"Fallin' for You for Years"
"Julia"
"I Want to Know You Before We Make Love"
"That's My Job"
"Goodbye Time"
"Saturday Night Special"
"I Wish I Was Still in Your Dreams"
"She's Got a Single Thing in Mind"
"House on Old Lonesome Road"
"Fit to Be Tied Down"
"Crazy in Love"
"I Couldn't See You Leavin'"
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
Collaboration singles
"After the Fire Is Gone"
"Lead Me On"
"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man"
"Feelins'"
"The Letter"
"I Can't Love You Enough"
"Making Believe"
"Don't Cry Joni"
Related articles
Discography
Discography with Loretta Lynn
Joni Lee
This 1970s country song–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_See_the_Want_To_in_Your_Eyes&oldid=832852355"
Categories:
1974 singles
Conway Twitty songs
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
RPM Country Tracks number-one singles
Songs written by Wayne Carson
Song recordings produced by Owen Bradley
MCA Records singles
1974 songs
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Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
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This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 10:16.
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